Hello everybody and welcome to the class. We have been doing a lot of things here in class and I hope that all of you are practicing at home as well. That will make things easy for you. Practice will naturally make you feel more confident, more comfortable with the language. Well, we have done a lot of things in Japanese. We have learnt how to tell time, we have learnt how to tell, how to go to a certain place also about adjectives, whether a certain thing is hot or whether a certain thing is cold. The degree of adjectives also we have done. Then we have been talking a lot about verbs, different forms of verbs. For example, we have done the polite form of the verb, we have done the negative positive forms of the verb, used words which would tell you about the future tense. Then we have also done the continuous form which is te imasu form. We have done how to make requests, how to invite people. Then off late we have been doing in our previous lessons a lot of te form of the verb. You have learnt different te forms. Today also we will continue with te form and we will do something which is very very important here in Japanese which is how to ask for permission. So, well today we will do how to ask for permission whether you say yes or you say no. But before that we will do our assignments as we always do and let us see what the first assignment is. So, well there are a lot of pictures here in this assignment and you are to write Kanji characters for these pictures. So let us see the first one, it looks like an ear, mimi and everything is in Kanji and hiragana. So you practice your hiragana as well. I am sure by now you are very comfortable with hiragana. We are almost here towards the end of our series. So well you should be comfortable with hiragana and katakana as well. So the first one is mimi and the second one is mei which is I and let us see what the third one is. Well the picture is of a hand and hand is te or simple te in hiragana. Then we have ashi and kuchi, kuchi is mouth, kuruma, densha, densha you can see is a combination of this character on top and then this character which you have done, which is a field and of course sha which is kuruma. So now you will notice that kuruma has two readings, kuruma and sha over here. Then we have three apples which is mitsu, it could be sun also but when you are counting all irregular objects then su is used over here mitsu and again we have 5 oranges itsutsu and then we have one person standing over here so hito or it could also be hitori, one person standing. Counter for people is nin, one is an exception which is hitori and again two is again an exception which is futari. Then we again have kanji characters here in group A and then some hiragana written over here in group B, group A is verbs, you can see the verbs over here, the kanji is here and of course as we have hiragana after the verb to show us the tense we have the hiragana written over here. So the first one is kuru which is to come, then the second one is iku, sumu is to live, hanasu is to talk as you already know, kiku, taberu, yomu, miru, nomu. So these are your verbs in hiragana over here you can practice the kanji it is given very clearly all the strokes you can see very very clearly the stroke order is given wherever we have done these verbs in whichever lesson. So you can look it up and get the stroke order from there then we have fill in the blanks with words given below, jisho to, jibiki to, dochiraga, benri desu ka. Now this A to B to dochiraga is a typical pattern which shows comparison or preference. Kuruma no hou ga, jitensha yori, raku desu, raku is convenient or easy no hou ga, jitensha yori. This is better than jitensha or more easy to use than jitensha. Sugino nichi yobin ni, nani wo shimasu ka, ni over here is for time. Watashi wa ice cream yori, chokurei to ga suki desu, suki is like and as I have told you earlier always with suki particle ga will come. So before suki particle ga will be used and yori you already know is comparison more than. Then we have chuuka yori wa totemo oishi desu. Totemo is another way of showing degree very very or exceptionally is what it means. Chuuka yori is Chinese cuisine. Then anata wa Rao san wo shitte imasu ka? I think I remember telling you that shitte imasu means to know and the negative is shirimasen. Please not shitte imasen. It is shirimasen. Anata wa Rao san wo shitte imasu ka? Do you know Rao san? Then Tanaka san wa pikuniku e ikanai kamoshiremasen. This is something we did last time kamoshiremasen is when you are not very sure you are only 50 percent sure of what you are going to do then kamoshiremasen is used and before kamoshiremasen always verb will be in plain form. If you say ikanai kamoshiremasen then kanosei of not going, possibility of not going is more. If you say iku kamoshiremasen then possibility of going is more. So please remember with kamoshiremasen it is only fifty-fifty chance of whatever you are saying negative and positive is going to be governed from here whether it is in the negative or it is in the positive meaning more towards negative and more towards positive. Watashi wa kaisha e iku sumori ga arimasen. Now again sumori is something we did last time in our last lesson sumori means I intend to. It is my intention and not someone else's intention iku sumori ga arimasen. So even before sumori verb will be in plain form please remember that iku sumori ga arimasen. I do not plan to go or intend to go. If you put ikanai sumori ga arimasen, watashi wa kaisha e ikanai sumori ga arimasen then I plan to go to my office. Then Tanaka san wa osaki wo nomanai to omoimasu means to think, nomanai to omoimasu. This is something we did last time again. So please refer to that nomanai to omoimasu is I think I will not drink and again nomu to omoimasu is I think I will drink. So again before omoimasu verb is in plain form.  Well, the next one is change the words into proper forms and make proper sentences meaningful sentences. So the first one is koko de te wo arau. The verb is in plain form and with kudasai as we always use te kudasai aratte kudasai. Then kengaku ni iku kara hayai bus ni notte kudasai. Quickly hayaku bus ni notte kudasai please get on the bus very very quickly. Now norimasu, there is one verb that you have done which takes particle ni which is aimasu. Aimasu will take particle ni as we have already done in class. Now today you have another verb over here which is noru. Noru is to board.  Bus ni norimasu, densha ni norimasu. Also another one is you have done it in sentences hairu, kurasu ni hairimasu. Enter a class kyou shitsu ni hairimasu, enter a kyou shitsu which is again a class. So you enter a certain place, please remember that particle ni will come with these verbs. There are more of them but well for the time being you have these three, you can remember these. Densha wo orimasu, oriru is to oriru is the plane form to get off. Densha wo orite kara senta made jukppun gurai arukimasu. Now why te kara over here and what does it mean? Te kara means that this action generally happens or is for the future. It has not happened. Densha wo orite kara watashi wa mainichi senta made jukppun gurai arukimasu, a statement. Then we have narawashizuka de kirei na machi desu. You have done this joining two adjectives. Konomise wa hamburger ga oishii kute yasui desu. Eye adjective and eye adjective when you join kute is used. Then we have watashi wa chisakute, karui tape recorder ga hoshi desu. Hoshi will always take ga, karui is light. Rao san wa rai shoku ni e kaerimasu. Now what should it be? It is kamoshirenai over there. It should be in plane form, kaeru kamoshirenai, nai is plane form over here or kamoshiremasen. Then we have genki ni naritai kara kusuri wo nomimasu, ni naritai, genki ni naritai, want to be in good health ni narimasu, sensei ni naritai, sensei ni narimasu, ii hito ni naritai, ii hito ni narimasu, ii kodomo ni narimasu. So please remember, narimasu will take particle ni. Now there is a small conversation, just listen to that, there are lot of new things that we have to do. We will do those. Rao san, dou shimashita ka? Sensei, kodomo no gakkou kara demo agarimashita, watashi wa gakkou ikanakereba narimasen kara. Jya hayaku itte ne? Demo jikkyou shite masu kara ima itte mo ii desu ka? Daijou yo, jikken no koto wa shinpai shinakute mo ii desu. Arigatou gozaimasu. Did you understand the conversation? Well, I will read it out once to you and then explain what needs to be done. Sensei and Rao san are talking. Rao san, dou shimashita ka? Sensei, kodomo no gakkou kara denwa ga arimasita, watashi wa gakkou ikanakereba narimasen. This I am sure is alright. Sensei, kodomo no gakkou kara denwa ga arimasita, there was a phone call, watashi wa gakkou ikanakereba narimasen, means I have to go. Jya hayaku itte ne? Quickly you can please leave, you may please leave. Now, ne over here is because he is a teacher and he is much older and he can use this ne informally with Rao san, Rao san cannot do the same with his teacher. Jikken wo shite imasu kara ima itte mo ii desu ka, demo, but I am doing an experiment. Is it alright? Is it alright if I go now? Taijoubu yo, it is alright. Jikken no koto wa shinpai shinakute mo ii desu. You do not have to bother about your experiment at the moment and he says arigatou gozaimasu. So, there are a few new things over here which we will cover right away. But again, we have your script. You can see sensei Rao san in katakana, then there is denwa, gakkou, kodomo, then you have daijoubu, shinpai, so all these words are there. You can practice them and the explanation is there. Sometimes as I have always been telling sounds a little odd, but well, this is the translation, you can just go over it and try to see what you can catch from here. Well, now what we need to do over here is nakeriba narimasen. As you can see nakeriba narimasen expresses that it is a must. You have to perform what is being said by the verb, it is necessary, you need to do it. So, this form actually tells you that it is a necessity. It is a must for you to do this activity. Now, what is it? Well, how do you make this form, verb nakeriba narimasen. Now you will notice one thing that this is in masen, but I am insisting that it means must or have to do, you need to do this. So, please remember this form though it is a negative, but always meaning is that you have to do it, you must do as the verb is saying. Now, how is it made? Ii masen, plain form is ika nai, yomi masen, yoma nai, now how will you make it? Remove the i from here, this is negative you can see masen, plain form nai, yoma nai, yoma nai. Remove this i from here and put ika nakeriba narimasen, though it is a little long, a little long, little tongue twisting, but once you get used to it, it is not that difficult at all. You can practice this like ika nakeriba narimasen, yoma nakeriba narimasen and other verbs like nomanakeriba narimasen, kakanakeriba narimasen, kikanakeriba narimasen, tabenakeriba narimasen. So, any of these verbs you can practice loudly so that the sound of nakeriba narimasen gets very clearly inside you and you feel more comfortable with nakeriba narimasen. The sentence was watashi wa ikanakeriba narimasen. So you can see from the example over here futsu wa yasumi desu ga, futsu is generally speaking yasumi desu ga kondo no nichi yobi ni kaisha ni ikanakeriba narimasen. So generally it is a holiday, but this time or the coming Sunday or next Sunday have to go to office. I must go to my office. Now over here ni is given and so far with this verb ikimasu, kimasu and kaerimasu. These two are in group one. This is in group three over here. We have always used eikimasu. I have been telling you all along that we will use particle e with ikimasu, kimasu and kaerimasu. Now we are using something else over here. We are using particle ni. Why are we using particle ni over here? Particle ni with ikimasu. Why are we doing that? Well, the reason is that this time you can always say eikimasu also, but your purpose is not known. You are going there, going to office with a certain purpose in mind. Thus you are using ikanakeriba narimasen. The purpose is very clear. The reason why you are going is very clear. Thus ni is to be used. E is also alright. It will work, but if you will use ni, it is so much better and clear for the listener that the purpose is defined in your mind and the reason is very clear. So please ni over here is for that reason. Now the second example is ashita hapyou ga aru no de rombun wo yomanakereba narimasen which is very obvious that if you have hapyou, if you have a presentation, if you have to do something next day in your thesis in front of your teachers, well, you need to practice before hand. So you need to read it or you need to practice before hand. So yomanakereba narimasen or ashita hapyou ga aru no de aru kara rombun no renshu wo shinakereba narimasen. You can also use that. So you can make different sentences and try to use nakereba narimasen which is a must. Now, let us practice Rao san and Tanaka san. Tanaka san sensei ni aitai desu ga ja gakkoe ikanakereba narimasen ne.  So well, you can practice this, replace this with this. And then you can replace gakkoe with any of this vocabulary over here and you can also replace ikanakereba narimasen depending on what verb you want to use with this. For example, you can say Tanaka san atama ga itai desu ga and you can leave it incomplete because it is understood from context. And Tanaka would say ja, byouine ikanakereba narimasen you have to go to the hospital. Once again, Tanaka san nisan nichi mai kara karada ga itai desu ga, karada is your body. You can say again, oisha san ni, oisha san is your doctor, oisha san ni soudan shinakereba narimasen or oisha san ni awanakereba narimasen. So, you have to go and meet the doctor. Again, Tanaka san jisho ga hoshi desu, I want a dictionary. Well, honya san e ikanakereba narimasen or you can again use this atama ga itai desu. Ja, kusuri wo nomanakereba narimasen, you have to take a medicine. So, in this manner, you can practice all that is given over here and use nakereba narimasen with whichever verb you want to use. There is a lot of vocabulary here, byouine, kusuri, honya, omiya san, nage hanaya. So, you can do all this and practice with your partner. Once again, I would like to tell you that please practice loudly. Now, we have been doing te-form as I told you in the beginning and this is the easiest way, the best way, the most polite way to ask for permission. Now, what is it? Verb in te-form, verb plus te-form is te-form. Verb in te-form that is, which you have been doing itte, kaete, matte, tatte, yonde, non de, benkyoshite plus mo i desu ka. Is it alright if I do this is what it means. So, well you can see is used to ask permission to do something and it means it is alright if or may I. Is it alright please? So, you can see from the example, koko ni swatte mo i desu ka? Is it alright if I sit over here? Ima kaette mo i desu ka or saki ni kaette mo i desu ka? Saki ni means earlier than before you, kaette mo i desu ka? Is it alright if I go now or before you? So, when you want to do something, generally you would, you are doing it in a group or you are asking for permission. This is the best way to ask, is it alright? If I do this, please may I do this. That is a polite way of asking. Now, we will practice over here and you will see how simple it is. It is not very difficult at all. Verb in te-form, itte, matte, tabete, atte, yonde, yonde. Katte plus mo i desu ka is what we want to practice. This te-form you have done with kudasai, te-form with kudasai imasu kara we just did in our exercises. So, well the same te-form is over here. Verb in te-form plus mo i desu ka. Now practice using this te-mo i desu ka. You can see it very clearly from here. Now if you want to, you have your exams or you are supposed to study, you are supposed to do your shukudai and just at that time you feel like watching TV or you feel like listening to music or you want to go play with your friends. So, what are you going to do? Well, you ask your mother and what is she supposed to say. Well, we will see right away what she says. Oka-san, ima teribi wo mite mo i desu ka? Oka-san, is it alright if I watch TV. Now, ima benkyoushita hou ga i desu teribi wo minai de. Now kudasai is not going to be used over here naturally because its mother, someone older, it is not a request. She will say, teribi wo minai hou ga i as is given over here. Ima benkyoushita hou ga i. So, let us see what happens now. You have ongaku tabako oyatsu and you have kiite, sutte and tabete, kikanai de kudasai, suwanai de kudasai and tabenai de kudasai. Naturally, if it is not your oka-san, your friend, then kudasai is going to be used in polite form and if it is someone older, then it can stop over here as well. For example, oka-san, ima ongaku wo kiite mo ii desu ka? Ima benkyoushita hou ga i desu. Simple answer. Ongaku wo kikanai de ne. A direct no. Then you have tabako. For example, you are not very comfortable with the smoke of tobacco, so your friend will ask, ima koko de tabako wo sutte mo ii desu ka? Iie, koko de tabako wo suwanai de kudasai. Please do not smoke over here or you are going to have dinner and just half an hour before dinner, you want to have oyatsu, which is snacks. So, naturally, oka-san will say, oyatsu wo tabenai hou ga ii desu. Ima oyatsu wo tabenai de kudasai. So, that is how you will use. And you can ask, oka-san ima oyatsu wo tabete mo ii desu ka? Tomodachi ni probably yukudasu tabako wo sutte mo ii desu ka? Ongaku wo kiite mo ii desu ka? Any of. Then you have comparisons over here. There is a simple small picture of this girl. She cannot read, so she wants to buy new specs. And what happens? Oka-san, megane wo katte mo ii desu ka? Katte mo ii desu or a direct answer, katte mo ii desu yo, you can buy. Permission is given. Then you can also say, oka-san, megane ga hoshi desu. Katte mo ii desu ka? Katte mo ii yo, direct answer, because it is someone who is older to you and your oka-san who can be very informal. Or just direct answer you could say, dozo. Then oka-san, megane wo kaitai kara kai ni itte mo ii desu ka? So, you have two forms, three forms over here. Join together. Oka-san, megane wo kaitai kara I want to buy megane, thus kai ni for the purpose of buying itte mo ii desu ka? And itte mo ii yo, that is alright. You can go and you can only use very, very informally where you are very, very informal and older than the person you are using yo too. You cannot use yo with your teachers or people older to you. Then we have oka-san, ashta tomodachi to issho ni megane wo kai ni itte mo ii desu ka? Together with and oka-san can say itte mo ii yo dozo, just a simple ii desu yo. Dozo, itte mo ii yo, you can reply in any which way you want. There is another picture over here for you going for a walk with the dog. Well, sanponi itte mo ii desu ka? Dozo, you have dozo over here, could be just a simple answer dozo, dozo ii yo, dozo itte kudasai, dozo itte mo ii desu yo. It is alright if you go, it is alright with me if you go. So, that is asking permission. Now, if you do not want to give permission, then what do you say? You have this gentleman over here watching TV. Well, terubio mite mo ii desu ka? Asking, hai dozo mite kudasai, alright. Hai dozo mite mo ii desu yo or mite mo ii desu. It is alright with me if you watch. Iie, minai de kudasai, please do not watch. And then, it is alright with me. Iie, mite wa ikemasen is no, you cannot watch, mite wa ikemasen. If you watch, it is not something that I am going to accept. So, when you refuse, then you can use this form Iie, mite wa ikemasen. Terubio mite mo ii desu ka? Iie, mite wa ikemasen, not allowed, not accepted is what it means. Well, then there is another form which is a very simple form and please I would like to tell you that the forms covered here in class in these during these lectures are forms actually which you will use during daily conversation. These are simple forms which are used regularly and easy to remember. So, there is another form which I want you to do which is nagara, verb plus nagara. Now, how will you make this form and what does it mean? Iki masu, yomi masu, tabe masu, kaki, masu. Now, how will you make this form? Just remove the masu form from here and put nagara which means performing two activities, two actions at the same time. For example, watashi wa oshie nagara arukimasu or aruki nagara oshie masu. Watashi wa terubio mi nagara kocha o nomimasu or I could also say performing two actions, benkyou shinagara radio o kikimasu or benkyou shinagara ongaku o kikimasu or benkyou shinagara terubio mimasu or terubio minagara benkyou shimasu. So, whenever you are performing two activities, two actions together simultaneously, then nagara form is used. For example, over here you have Rao-san and Rao-san wa radio o kikinagara benkyou shite masu ne, daijou budesu. I am alright with it. So, Rao-san while listening to the radio, you do your benkyou, you study. So, he says, it is alright with me. You can practice this. For example, Rao-san terubio minagara repouto o kakimasu ne or kakimasu a statement and Rao-san could say, daijou budesu. Watashi wa daijou budesu. I can do both or denwa o shinagara repouto o kakimasu ne, denwa de hanashi nagara repouto o kakimasu ne or ongaku o kikinagara tabemasu ne. So, whichever time whenever you do two activities simultaneously, this nagara form can be used very easily. Now over here Rao-san wa radio o kikinagara benkyou ga dekimasu ne. You are able to study while listening to the radio. Daijou budesu. Rao-san can also say, I am absolutely alright doing both these activities. Then you can practice over here. For example, this gentleman is talking on the phone and writing something. So well, denwa de hanashi nagara shigoto o shite imasu, stalking and writing. And of course, you can see Rao-san over here, he is doing something, listening to music on the radio and benkyou shinagara radio o kikitemasu is listening to radio while studying. So, this is how you can practice nagara form and do a lot of conversation. You have done a lot of things now, a lot of forms and I am sure by now your Japanese is simple and you are able to speak and talk and say a lot of things, ask about a lot of things in Japanese. Well, you also need to finish your hiragana and katakana which is very very important. So well, you have the ba set today, ba, bi, bu, be, bo and the same is for katakana as well, ba, bi, bu, be and bo. You can compare the two, try to remember one at a time, once this is done, this series is done, then try to go on to the next series please. Then you have also the pa series and you will notice that again the syllables are same except for this small circle over here on top in all. So well, pa, pi, pu, pe and po and then you have pa, pi, pu, pe and po. Please remember that this is your katakana and hiragana. Use a graph sheet to write these that will make it very very proportionate and now we have a couple of kotowaza for you. Well, the first one is isseki-nicho as you can read over here, isseki-nicho. One stone, two birds is the literal meaning of this kotowaza. Now, we have been talking about kotowaza all along I have been telling you that what kotowaza is, these are simple words joined together, simple small sentences joined together to say something in a very intelligent way, in a very small sentence you are able to say something very very important, something which has lot of meaning that is what kotowaza is. Proverbs are very very cultural also depending on the culture depending on the people idioms and phrases are made. So, this is very Japanese this kotowaza. Literal meaning of course is right here you have done this kanji also and this is for birds. Now, what does it actually mean? There is an English proverb also killing two birds with one stone doing two things by just performing a simple single action. So, well this is what it means, but what is the important part in it? The important part is that killing one bird itself is something very difficult, a very very difficult task. If you can manage to do something to get something out of it more than is expected that is what is more important that is what you should aim for and that is what the Japanese do that is what everybody probably does and would want to actually that perform one action and try to get maximum benefit from it. So, when you are multitasking when you are doing a lot of things then a kotowaza like this a proverb like this helps a lot killing two birds with one stone doing two things by just getting two things by just performing a single action.  Well what does it mean? What is the kotowaza? The kotowaza is neko-ni-ko-ban. Ko-ban is money these are old coins used were used in Japan long long back and money was transferred from one person to another in gold coins. So, well showing coins gold coins something so precious important to a cat what does it mean? Well it has no meaning at all if you show something that precious that important to someone who does not appreciate it does not know the meaning or understand the meaning of it it is given over here giving something of value to a person who does not value it who does not understand the value of the present or thing given to the person does not understand the value of what is being given or offered giving a gift to someone who cannot appreciate it meaning basically a wasted effort like over here if you give a lot of money to a cat it does not have any meaning the cat cannot do anything with the money. So, please neko-ni-ko-ban now the interesting thing what I want to tell you over here with these two kotowaza is the complete proverb is never used by the Japanese and they just say for example over here neko-ni-ko-ban half of it as you can see over here is seki-ni-cho so one stone two birds is not complete killing two birds with one stone is the actual meaning. So, well half of it is only used the whole proverb is never used in Japanese and we have a small expression for you now this you have done earlier as gomen kudasai and dozo now you have this hai-te mo ii desu ka sumimasen hai-te mo ii desu ka another expression te mo ii desu ka we have just done so well dozo hai-te kudasai. So, asking permission before entering is what it means you could say simply gomen kudasai knock knock gomen kudasai and now as you have learnt this well hai-te mo ii desu ka is it alright if I enter and after the permission is granted you may enter dozo hai-te kudasai you have the permission to enter now and there is another one over here sumimasen. Saki ni kaite mo ii desu ka is it alright if I go before you or earlier than you well ii desu yo dozo ii-te kudasai could also be used. So, you can use mo ii desu ka in this pattern these expressions are very clear they make it very very clear how to use it and then of course in the end you have your shukudai to do you have your assignments to do and there are a lot of assignments for you you can see of course the kanji is there take the correct kanji then write mass form for these verbs which are in te form then make sentences with the help of clues given. For example, you have kore tabemono sushi toyu is what you are supposed to use kore wa nan toyu tabemono desu ka? This is the example you can use these two over here I think is given in all these words English are given you can try to use these clues and write sentences and then what would you do in these situations. So, please write about this about ten lines each and let us see how much you can do you can check what you have done so far what you have learnt and you can correct it very nicely as all the forms are given and all the vocabulary is given for you. So, you can check it out yourself try to write ten lines each on these situations that have been given over here and with that I will leave you today. So, dewa minasan kore de owarimasu kara kondo mata aimashou and arigatou. Thank you very much and see you next time.