Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the twenty thirteen million dollar challenge. Thank you very much. I think most of you know my esteemed colleagues over here, Richard Saunders, Jamie in Swiss, and Chip Denner. Now, I do want to apologize, I haven't been around this convention as much as I probably should have been, but I've been very hard at working on the Chris Angel new television show for the last, I know, for the last four months, which takes my all my time, but I am here this evening, and thank you all for showing up. Thank you all very much. Last year, how many of you were here last year when we tested Andrew Needles? Okay, good. So there's some current news about Andrew, and I'm going to leave it up to a very good friend of the JRF, a gentleman who helped us out last year, also the president of the Australian Skeptics, Mr. Richard Saunders, please. Okay, thank you very much, Jamie and Bannecek. It's a great pleasure to be back here again at the amazing meeting, and to be here again to do my small part in helping out the million dollar challenge. It's very exciting indeed. So I'd like to talk briefly, if I may, about last year's challenge, especially for the benefit of those people who weren't here, and we might get that keynote slide up, if we may. There we go. Last year, for those who were here, and for the benefit of those who were not, we tested a man by the name of Andrew Needles. Now, some months before, Mr. Needles, who lives in California, had written to me directly in Australia, because he had seen some of the work I'd been involved with in exposing the power band, which I always carry some with me anyway. And what is a sign to me of his genuine outlook is that he was very keen to convince me that his power device, his band, worked. People who sincerely believe in what they're doing are very keen to convince the skeptic, and as far as he could see, I was the chief skeptic involved in this area, and I should be the one who was convinced. Very long negotiations ensued between myself, Banachek and Mr. Needles, going over protocol after protocol after protocol. In fact, I suggested to Mr. Needles that this would be the opportunity and the event that he could show the world that his device actually worked. And basically the claim was that if you were wearing his device, his band, it would show an increase in your core strength amongst other things. And we have a video clip to show you in just a moment, which illustrates how he went about doing the tests, which were very similar to the same sort of tests we've seen with the likes of Power Balance and so on. In fact, if we have that clip ready, I think we can run it now. This is the million-dollar challenge from last year. In the bag, here's what it makes. If I get number seven to step on into the box, please. Good. And if you'll take your right hand, reach in the bag, take out the box, and again make sure it's against the palm of the line. It's been around for a second at least. Thank you. Place that in there, please. Change hands. Yeah, not yet. That's in an A. Thank you. Step back over there. Face us, reach in. Make sure the line goes against the palm. Turn around, please. Place it in a B, please. Are we switching hands or are we switching hands? Do me a favor. Yep, switch hands. Make sure the line goes against the palm, please. Yep, and if you'll turn around. Thank you. Put it back in that place. Got it. If you'll turn around, please. If you'll have a seat, please. It's a dynastic bracelet in A or B. It's in A. The target is A. Into the mic place here. A. A. All right, if you open up A, please. And also open up B. The seat bow is in A. And the dynastic bracelet is in B. And would you mark that as a pass or a failure? And at this point, you do understand that the test has failed, but we agreed that we would go through every trial until we do all 20. Correct? Good. Yes, we're not going to put you through the rest of the test. It's quite all right. Just imagine about 18 more hours of that. But, of course, the point is, on the occasion, Mr. Needles failed to demonstrate that his device worked any better than a placebo band, which we had in the other box. And I think, at the time, he took it in his stride, and he was here even answering questions from the audience. And it's all well and good. But not so long ago, we discovered that he's put something on his website under the banner of Thank You, JREV. He now considers that those tests, in fact, prove his device works. We get back to what Banachek and Jamie and Swiss were saying earlier. And indeed, the subject of my talk yesterday is, to us, it's a big indication, a red flag, the sincerity of these people that they'll come up with ways to explain failure and to protect their own belief systems. It's worth looking at. If you Google Thank You, JREV and Denaktiv or Andrew Needles, you'll see that page. It makes for very, very interesting reading indeed. Well, now to this year's million-dollar challenge. We have Mr. Brahim Adun in Algeria. And that's where he's right now standing by. We're going to be hooking up with him very soon. His claim is one of remote viewing. In other words, by methods or ways we don't quite understand, Mr. Brahim Adun in Algeria can sense or view objects in another location. In this case, the other location is this very hotel. We have been fortunate to be working with Mr. Adun's representative, Mustafa, who you'll be meeting shortly. What we were asked to do in order to make this test a reality was to find 25 everyday objects. They couldn't be too small and they must be objects that one could easily see from the other side of the room. In other words, no fine details or anything like that. So we did manage to find 25 objects. We passed those on to Mr. Adun and his representative, Mustafa, who eliminated five of those objects to leave us with 20. A few things I must point out. Mr. Adun wants us to remember that normally he would prefer to do this sort of thing outside the Holy Period of Ramadan. We acknowledge that that's what he's told us, but we acknowledge that he's given us his complete confidence even though it is Ramadan, he can still achieve the result that he claims. So we do acknowledge that. And in choosing our 25 objects, we were asked to keep in mind various Islamic sensibilities. So we didn't choose a wine bottle, for example. And that was completely all right. In fact, it was up to us, the representatives of the JREF, to collect these objects. It wasn't up to the claimant. Here are the final 20. And as you can see, I think, given we were under somewhat limited time, we came up with the final 20 objects which are quite different, quite distinct. I don't think you could confuse one with another. And that certainly is our goal. And you'll notice each of them is on a large piece of paper with its corresponding number. Some numbers are missing. They were the objects that were eventually disregarded. Mr. Adun must give us three of those objects that we chose at random. Those three objects have been secured in that room across the hall you've no doubt seen, which say million dollar challenge and the door sealed. The odds we'll get into later with chill. That'll come up soon. For your interest, the five objects that were considered unsuitable were a towel, a book, a notepad, a little brush, and a deck of playing cards. That's fine. We're quite happy to accept that those items were not acceptable. Here is a photograph of the door, again, which you've no doubt seen. When it came time to secure the objects, one person and one person only knew what the objects were, smuggled them into the room, put them on the table in a very specific order as requested by Mr. Adun in Algeria with a personal item of our friend Mustafa in the middle. That person left the room, locked the door, and applied the first lot of seal, of tape you can see on the door. Then he beckoned to Jamie in Swiss, myself and Chip, and Mustafa, who were all down the other end of the hall, we walked up, examined the door, and then Mustafa continued to seal the door, all the cracks, and he wrote on a large piece of card some writing, as you can see in the close-up, put some more tape on, I countersigned it, as you can see down the bottom, even more tape, and that's where those objects have remained for the past three days as requested by Mr. Adun. Now, ladies and gentlemen, given the limitations of such a test in such a hotel at this amazing meeting when we're all quite busy doing other things and having a great time, given those limitations, I think we've come up with a bloody good protocol and I hope we'll have a very interesting result for this year's million dollar challenge. Thank you. So, as you just heard Richard say, three objects were chosen at random and kept secret. The test requires that all three be identified correctly, but we don't care what order as long as the three are identified. Now, let's take a look at some of the probabilities here. If he were merely guessing, we should be not terribly surprised if he gets at least one. There's about a 40% chance of getting at least one of those three objects. In fact, there's about one chance in 20 or 21 that he would get at least two, but to actually succeed and pass the preliminary trial, he must get all three, and the chances of that are one in 1,140. In fact, if we had asked every single person here at TAM this weekend to participate and take a guess, we might reasonably expect that just one of you would have gotten lucky and succeeded. But in this particular case, it's up to our one individual in Algeria and he has the burden of one chance in 1,140. So, of course, Mr. Ibrahim Adun could not be here. He's in Algeria, but he has a representative here. I'm going to ask that representative to come up here. Mr. Mostafa, please, would you come up, please? Give him a round of applause. Thank you. Hello, sir. How are you? Good. If you'll step right over here, please. And as the legal representative of Mr. Adun, you've read the protocol. You've agreed to the protocol. You also took a look at the room ahead of time and it was satisfactory. Is that correct? Yes. And you've agreed to the protocol and Mr. Adun has created this protocol. Is that correct? Yes. Okay. What I need you to do is to make it really official and if you just sign that and put today's date on there as well, please. Thank you. Thank you very much. Passes over here so we don't lose that. Take that, please. Thank you. Just hold on there for me. At this point, we need to get Mr. Adun up on Skype. So if we can get Mr. Adun up on the Skype, that would be fantastic, please. Still having issues right now? Yeah. So we have a backup plan if the Skype doesn't come up. They've been trying to get him on Skype this entire time. I'll ask him to speak on the phone. Speak on what? Yes? Yes. Okay. And if we can just, you know, as he speaks, if you can put it on, it's a way to put that on speakerphone because you do want to Skype call, right? No, I can't. Okay. Good. And it will be interpreting for him. Is that correct? Yeah. Sorry, ladies and gentlemen, technical difficulties. We were afraid a little bit of this and we had a backup plan, but the backup plan is, well, not working either. Sorry, I have to consult with my colleagues for one minute. Can you play it in, please? Okay. Real quickly though, is there a way he can Skype us because I would much rather see him than just hear him on the phone. Can we do this in French? The entire thing in French? Yeah. No, he's going to try and do it in French. All right. You can speak to him in his language and if he could just reveal it to us in French, that would help. But not yet. First of all, I want to make sure that he is certainly, was happy with the protocol, yes? Would you get him to say that, please? I don't know. Yes, okay. Can I get him to identify himself by name, please? I don't know. And how well does he think he's going to do on this test? I don't know. Yeah, I'll have to repeat himself. How confident is he that he's going to do this test? He has very good confidence, but just given the circumstances at the time, it's a bit harder for him to do it, but he is still confident. Very confident that he has passed this test. All right, good. Exactly. We've been in contact with him. And he just said, he asked him that. Okay, good. So can he give us the number and the name of the first item, please? Number five, which means number five, paper towel. Five paper towel, can I get him to repeat that one more time, please? Thank you. Number two, please. We're going to call him back. Now I do want you, I would like you all to keep in mind that even though I'm saying one, two, I'm getting me in that order, the order does not matter at all. He just has to get the items himself, not in any particular order. First and second, yes, exactly. I caught myself on that. The next object. He said, the number has the center, which means the number 13, the code hanging. 13 in the code hanging. Can you say it again, please? One more time. Number 13, the center. The center. Then the final object, please. Number 13, the number of items number 12, the sashay. He said number of items, the sashay, the chips, which means number 22, the chips. 22 of the chips. Can we get him to repeat that, please? Can I get him to repeat that, please? Because the call was interrupted in the middle, just to say any confusion, because the call was interrupted in the middle, can he just call off all three numbers again, please, for us? Okay, Brian. Can you get them to repeat all three numbers again, because the call was interrupted in the middle? Yes. Number 13, the number of items. Number 13, the number of items. Number 14, the number of items. Number 15, the number of items. All right, perfect. Good. Just put the phone down for right now, if you would. And what we're going to do at this point I am going to ask the only person who has the key to that particular, I'm going to come out, and that would be DJ, DJ, would you come out, please? Thank you very much. I'd like you to give the keys to Richard, please, if you will, because Richard also signed the door, as well. And we're going to take a little journey. We're going to head over there. You guys will get to watch it on the screen, and you get to see the door open. If you would just let him know what we're doing, please. What time do you need to get in? What's good? What time do you need to get in? About 10 minutes. Probably less than that, but yes, 10 minutes, I'd say. But don't tell Tom not to go anywhere, please. So keep him on the online? Yeah, DJ can afford the car, yes. Yes. Okay, that's okay. We're going to go online, but don't cut it, because we're going to get to see the door open for the maximum of 10 minutes. Okay, so. All right. You'll take over. Okay, Jamie's going to take over, and you'll see it on the screen as he comes. Right, so three of them are now going to head to the room, and Richard and Richard... Randy is going to come along with us, too. The way we originally sealed it, very good. The way we originally sealed it was the objects were put in place, only the person who... There was only one person who knew what the objects were, only one person who was present to put them in place, and then the room was initially sealed, at which point all of us came to the door, along with his representative, Mustafa. Mustafa and Richard both signed that card, you've probably seen, and then the doors were more thoroughly taped to everyone's satisfaction. So now, you can see them on video, going to the room, and... So now, what's going to happen is, they're going to unseal the tape, remove that signed paper, et cetera. I do want to point out, Jamie, I know you can hear me in there, I'm sorry to interrupt you. I want to point out we are now outside the door. The door was signed by Mustafa, it was also signed by Richard Saunders. Richard, please check and make sure your signature's on there, please. Mr. Mustafa, would you take a look and make sure that your signature's on there and it hasn't been tampered with, yes? I'm going to ask you, Mr. Mustafa, to please start to remove the tape, if you will. So once all the tape is removed... No, we'll wait until after. Then the last thing will be to unlock the door. Now, we were given instructions exactly what the configuration was of the objects on the table in there. We removed everything else from the room, other than the table and the target objects and the one personal object. And so, the first thing that's going to happen when these doors are open is we will ask that Mustafa confirm that everything is according to the originally requested and designed protocol. We didn't want to take a picture of that ahead of time or have any other confirmation of that because we didn't want any chance of leaking that information.  Thank you very much. And as I say, so I'd like you to open the door and just kind of step back to the side. I would like the camera to see what the objects are before we even really get to see what those objects are. If you would pull this door, please. So it looks like we have number 11, which is the necktie. Number 23, which is a stuffed elephant. And number 10, which is just a little tea saucer. Yes. So it looks as if none of them were correct. So we can now step in, if you would, just bring the camera in just a little bit closer. See the other object there in the middle is a t-shirt. That would be number 11. That was the personal object. Number 10. And number 23, which come on in, Mr. Mustafa. And everything is kind of as it was except for the objects before, correct, yes? And you would agree that this was indeed just a failure this time, yes? Yes, yes. So they're going to come back. The lights go on the whole time? Yep. Okay. No, you wouldn't know. All right, so let's take the objects back in there. We're going to come back here. We'll keep them occupied when we come back. We'll contact our test subject and let him know the results. So, Mr. Mustafa, you're going to reach, go back to the phone and give the information. I ask, I'm not sure, just to make sure this was completely asked, you can confirm that what you now saw in the room for the first time was completely consistent with all of the, met the requirements of the protocols. Absolutely. They were on the table according to the manner in which it was designed. Everything was consistent with that, yes? Absolutely, yes. Okay. Thank you very much. And you will have to know, Mr. Oden, to show me an open connection, yep. Whoops. They've been out now. Oh, yeah, it's DJ's phone. Yes, I'd like to take questions if that's at all possible. My first question is, is he surprised by the result? Sure. And what does he think about the result? We're 11, 10 and 23. Do you think he tried the sauce? He already knows that it's during Ramadan and it's not optimal conditions, but he did more than what he can, like his efforts. And it looks like the timing was really, the factor of timing was more than what he has anticipated that it would affect him. So he's effectively working like seventh of his normal power outside Ramadan, but he's not giving any excuses. I mean, this is what it is. Can I get you just to ask him one question? Because even before we started this, we did ask, you know, how well he thought he would do. And he did say that he thought he would succeed and that he'd be successful. I mean, it wasn't at that point where he did say that, you know, it's only one seventh of my ability at that point. But so now, you know, we're saying that. And we understand, you know, respectfully so, it is during Ramadan, he did say, you know, it's not the optimal time for him. But when that aspect was discussed, even though he mentioned that, we then asked, nevertheless, are you confident that you can use during this time or do we have to do the test at another time? And he absolutely agreed that he would be able to do it during this period. Yeah, he could have made that choice, but at the time we asked him, he really wanted to do it during this event. So that's what he was hoping for. So we have time for maybe just a couple of questions. Yeah, I wanted to ask what was the significance of the arrangement of the items or why was that chosen or why would that help him, I suppose? He said... Right, so he said none of that affected it. He repeated again, it's just... I think the question was what was the significance of the distance that you could actually see the objects and the fact you have the lights on and those things. Is that the question? Right, the T-shirts in the center, why are the objects around it? What is the significance of that? Yeah, as he said, there is no significance as the orientation of the objects. But very specifically, he wanted... the T-shirt had to be in the center, yes? No, it's just so that it's within equal distance from all the objects because he uses that as a beacon kind of thing to find the place. So, yeah. Okay, next question. What made you think that it was the paper towels, the coat hanger, and the chips? What kind of senses did he get to make him conclude that those are the items? And the... and the chips, do you hear the things that made you think that they were these? Yeah, I think, for example, when I was in college, I used to go to school, I used to go to school, but I didn't want to go to school. So, I went to school, but I didn't want to go to school. So, I went to school, but I didn't want to go to school. So, I went to school, but I didn't want to go to school but I didn't have the kind of senses to conclude the counteractivity. So, that's the kind of senses I have. Well, he essentially said that he tried his best to, he doesn't see them very clearly, so it's up to him to kind of rule out. So if he sees something that looks like a hanger, he has to somehow rule out that is it for example a tie that is oriented as the hanger or it's the hanger. So there's a kind of, what do you call it, ruling out process that he has to go through and maybe he made a mistake along the way. Next question. Can I clarify something? It sounds like it's a visual thing that he's getting, is that correct? That's actually why, one of the things that we really wanted is that he would choose the objects. Like say for example I want a small chair, a ball, a car etc etc. But just given the time of this test we weren't able to accommodate that so that's one other factor that it would be ideal for him if he chooses the objects. Of course JRF will get the actual objects so that there's no trickery there or there's no GPS chip or something. But it would be better if he chose the objects. Jamie, another question. Does this result make him doubt his ability and if not what kind of evidence would it take, what would it take for him to doubt that he does in fact have his ability? I'm going to ask you a question. Hello? Yes. I'm going to ask you if you want to be able to make a check on your ability. And what if you want to be able to make a check on your ability? What kind of test do you need and why do you want to make a check on your ability? He said he would not be able to make a check on his ability. He said he would never doubt his abilities just because for the simple fact that they have been confirmed by him and by other people and it's not like something that he's imagining or it's just the timing again he said the timing could have affected the results but at this point he has no doubt in his abilities. We'll take one more question. One more question right here. I'm just trying to understand the process a little better. The room was sealed for three days. Did he find one object each day? Did he go to the room more than once? I'm just trying to figure out how he did the process of getting these three items. Yes, so he would need three days regardless of the number of the objects. It's just he said again it's under the normal circumstances it would be much clearer because he kind of sends the question and then he gets the answer after three days and usually he gets it extremely clear but because he had never worked during the month of Ramadan this is kind of a contract that he follows and this time it was kind of fog so he had to really work and try to rule out or try to guess which object it is so that's... Mustafa could you please convey to Mr. Adun because we realize this is the time of Ramadan the James Randi Educational Foundation is willing to forgo the normal 12 month waiting period and if he wishes to reapply again he can do that when he feels comfortable. We're going to reschedule the test as soon as he wishes outside of Ramadan. Are you ready? I'm ready. Yes, I'm ready. Well, they told you about the risk of getting this test done during Ramadan and they said it's an exception that you have to apply for a new one after Ramadan and you have to wait 12 months to get it done. Thank you very much. Is it good? Yes, he appreciates that and he said then it will be fair because he will be working at his full capacity and he appreciates it. Would you convey our greatest thanks for him for being part of this time this year please and tell him we will be in touch? Thank you. We do want to say and we want to make sure that we said that applicant and also his representative Mustafa have been absolutely forthright, easy to work with throughout and made every effort to make sure that everything was communicated clearly from both sides and we're very grateful for all of you. Thank you very much. From my side I would like to thank Giraffe and really designing the protocol was really a very unique experience for me and I get to know that I'm working with professionals in this specific area. Again, I'm wearing the t-shirt. I'm actually as passionate as any one of you here in fighting the fakers as any one of you and again we're still looking for that paranormal, supernatural if it exists or if not. That's the right mindset, open but very skeptical. Thank you very very much. Mustafa ladies and gentlemen, so we come to the end of not just another MDC but we come to the end of another tan. Sadly so but also excitingly so because that means we have to start getting ready for the next year and that starts now. So once again ladies and gentlemen I'd like to thank each and every single one of you for coming here. I know some of these MDCs take a little bit long and even like here with the communication back and forth is a little bit awkward but I'm sure you understand what we have to go through and you get a much better look at what it is that we all go through and this is a collective effort. We are definitely a team and none of us could do any of this without each one of us and especially without the amazing Randy. I mean his guidance is invaluable. Something you want to say? And we also really appreciate your enthusiastic attention to this last year. I have to say we were really worried up here about the amount of time it took and it was really kind of a difficult process and later on tonight at the Del Mar where I will be in mere seconds from now. I will be there for a little bit. I'm going to pick up a dead body at 7 a.m. Grace you there Mofo. But you know people more than one and the first one I thought it was a joke I thought I was being punked but you know by the third time in the night people came up and said you know the MDC event was our favorite event of the conference and I think what that speaks to is people who really understand what we're trying to do here at the JREF what the MDC represents about our mission in the larger sense of it and your focus and your attention to that means a tremendous amount to us all. So thank you very much. Well said. Thank you very good night. Thanks a lot.


Yesterday I introduced you to the topic of distribution free methods or what we call as non-parametric statistics, non-parametric statistical inference. I mentioned that a primary quantity or you can say the primary variable or primary statistic of interest in non-parametric is the order statistics. That means, when we have the observations from the sample then we consider their ordered versions. So, they are called order statistics. Yesterday we have seen how to derive the distribution the joint distribution of the order statistics, distribution of one order statistics or the joint distribution of a couple of order statistics and a general methodology of taking any subset of the collection of order statistics how to derive the distribution of that. So, certainly as I mentioned yesterday that in various problems we are interested in different kind of order statistics. In particular we may be interested in the minimum of the observations or the maximum of the observations or the middle of the observations or a particular position. To give you an example some examples of distributions of say maximum, minimum etcetera. Let us consider say first example, let us take say x 1, x 2, x n follow a exponential distribution with parameters. Let me take the standard exponential distribution lambda. That means, I am considering the density function f x is equal to lambda e to the power minus lambda x, where x is greater than 0, lambda is greater than 0, 0 otherwise. Let us consider the distribution of say here let us consider say CDF. So, what is the CDF here? CDF here is equal to 1 minus e to the power minus lambda x for x positive and of course, it is 0 for x less than or equal to 0. If I consider say minimum of the observations that is x 1, then yesterday we have seen the distribution of the minimum can be written separately. It can be obtained in a simple way as n times 1 minus f y 1 to the power n minus 1 f y 1 if the common density is small f, where capital F is the CDF. So, if I apply this formula here, then this will have density it will be equal to n times 1 minus f x. So, this will become e to the power minus lambda y 1 to the power n minus 1 into lambda e to the power minus lambda y 1. Now, you can see here this powers will get added up. So, you are getting the density of this minimum as n lambda e to the power minus n lambda y 1. Now, this is interesting because it is of the same form. So, what you are getting that is if I am having x i is exponential lambda, then this is following exponential n lambda. So, a generalization of this could be that if I consider say x 1, x 2, x n following exponential mu lambda, then you will have x 1 following exponential mu n lambda. So, this is interesting the distribution of the minimum when we are considering the observations from a exponential distribution is again an exponentially distributed random variable. Let us take some more interesting example. Let us take say x 1, x 2, x n follow Pareto distribution with parameters say alpha and beta. That means, I am considering the density as say beta alpha to the power beta divided by x to the power beta plus 1 x greater than or equal to alpha, where alpha and beta are positive. So, I am considering this density as the Pareto density and let us consider here c d f. So, c d f here is equal to alpha to t. So, let me take 1 minus c d f here. So, that will become equal to x 2 infinity beta alpha to the power beta divided by t to the power beta plus 1 d t. So, this then simply becomes if I integrate t to the power minus beta minus 1. So, I will get t to the power minus beta divided by minus beta minus beta minus beta will cancel out and then t to the power minus beta will give me x. So, that means, I will get alpha by x to the power beta for x greater than or equal to alpha. Therefore, if I consider now the density function of the smallest then it is n times 1 minus f of y 1 to the power n minus 1 into f of y 1. So, this is equal to n times and you consider alpha by x to the power sorry y 1 to the power n minus 1 beta and then you have the density here that is beta alpha to the power beta divided by y 1 to the power beta plus 1. So, if you combine the terms you will get n beta alpha to the power n beta divided by y 1 to the power n beta plus 1 for y 1 greater than alpha. So, you compare this with this density beta has changed to n beta alpha remains the same that is we are saying x 1 follows Pareto alpha n beta. So, this is another interesting example where the distribution of the order statistics is in the same family of distributions. Let me give one example of say maximum here say x 1, x 2, x n follows say uniform 0 theta and let us consider the distribution of x n. Then by the same logic here the density function of x will be 1 by theta between 0 to theta. So, the cdf will be x by theta and if I apply this formula for the maximum here which is derived yesterday as n f to the power n minus 1 into f of y n. If I apply this formula then I will get the density of this as n y n to the power n minus 1 divided by theta to the power n 0 less than y less than or equal to theta. So, these are some of the densities where the forms of this distributions of the order statistics can be derived in a simple fashion or you can say in a closed form sometimes they are recognizable sometimes they may be in a different form also. Now, I mentioned yesterday that one of the particular order statistics that will be in use or useful is the median, median of the sampled observations. So, we also may be interested in the distribution of the sample median. Let us look at that distribution of the sample median. So, in fact, I should also mention that what is the further use of this properties. For example, here if I have shown that if x 1, x 2, x n follows exponential lambda then x 1 follows exponential n lambda. Now, if we are interested in the averages here then the average or you can say if they are denoting the lifetimes then the average life here is 1 by lambda for each of the observations, but if I am looking at the minimum then the average life is becoming 1 by n times lambda. That means, it is 1 by n th of the original lifetime. Now, this can be an eye opener because in the say in a certain industrial situation if we are interested to use any of the components then it is all right we can say that the average life is say 1 by lambda. Suppose, I am saying lambda is 6 months. So, if I put say 1 by 6 say if I put for example, lambda is equal to half suppose we are measuring in the years then it is becoming 2 years, but if I have say 10 observations and then I consider the one which fails the first for example, it may be a series system. If it is a series system then the life of the minimum will determine the whole thing and here it will become 1 by n lambda that means, it will become 2 by 10 that means, it is only. So, it is coming a few months only because 24 by 10 if I put it is turning out to be only 2 months 2.4 months which is much smaller which you are thinking that it will be 2 years, but it is not so. So, actual lifetime of the entire system will become very small compared to in a similar way you can think of the Pareto. Here this is beta here and here it has become n beta. So, in certain case when you are using beta as a parameter then it is becoming actually n times. So, that is the difference if we are making use of the order statistics. These facts provide interesting information about the nature of the means are. So, basically various characteristics of this order statistics we are able to find out. So, we will explore this further that is why the distributions and means where n says and other things asymptotic distribution etcetera will be of much interest for order statistics. So, let us now look at the distribution of the sample median. So, if the sample size n is odd. So, odd means generally we put say something like 2 k plus 1 then the sample median is the middle of the observation. Let me call it median as m then that is equal to x k plus 1. So, we have already derived the form of a general order statistics which is of the rth term. So, let me just show it again where we will substitute the value.  So, now if I take r is equal to m plus 1 here where n is 2 r is equal to k plus 1 where n is equal to 2 k plus 1. So, let us substitute here that will give me the distribution of the sample median for this particular case. So, the pdf is let me call it x f m and I will use the notation is small m is sometimes used for the sample size etc.   So, you are able to obtain the distribution of the sample median if it is if the sample size is odd it is much simpler here. You can also look at a special case that is say f is that means, original distributions are uniform distribution on the interval 0 to 1.  Now if you are looking at this one this is nothing but a beta m plus 1 m plus 1 distribution. So, we know the moment structure and other things also for a beta distribution for example, the mean of a mean of this it becomes simply half because it is alpha by alpha plus beta and similarly other moments of this can be obtained. Let us take the other case let us consider the case when n is even say n is equal to 2 k then the median is equal to median is x k plus x k plus 1 by 2.  So, now I will take r to be k and s to be k plus 1. So, if we do that then what do we get? The joint probability density function of x k and x k plus 1 this is given by f of use a notation y k y k plus 1 points that is equal to so it is 2 k factorial that is n, then you have r minus 1 that is becoming k minus 1 factorial, then you have k plus 1 minus k minus 1 that is simply becoming 0. So, 0 factorial that we take as 1 and then you have 2 k minus k plus 1 that is again k minus 1 factorial.  So, since s minus r minus 1 is becoming equal to 0 therefore, that power and that term will give me simply 1.  In order to derive the distribution of m that is half of this I have to define a transformation. So, let me write m is equal to half of x k plus x k plus 1 and I define another variable let me call it say v that is equal to x k plus 1. So, the inverse transformation we consider the inverse transformation is this will turn out to be x k plus 1. So, basically you are having x k plus 1 is equal to v. So, if I put it here I get 2 m minus v. So, the Jacobian of the transformation. So, that will give me 2 minus 1 0 1. So, that is becoming equal to 2.  So, m is less than v that region I will get.  So, this gives me the formula for the derivation of the distribution of the sample median when the sample size is even. Again as I saw the case for the uniform distribution when it was odd we are getting simply a beta distribution. Let us see what we get the original distribution is say uniform 0 1 then this will become equal to 2 2 k factorial divided by k minus 1 factorial square m to infinity. Now, this will go only up to when I am considering the uniform distribution the range of the random variables original random variables is from 0 to 1. So, if I consider this then I will get here see 0 less than say y k less than y k plus 1 this is less than 1.  So, if I consider the region here of integration see this is 1 if I consider this line as u m is equal to v this is m here and this is m. So, m is equal to v and I consider m is equal to 2 v then we are actually getting this region here basically on this side I am having m and on this side I am showing v here.   For various values of k for example, if I consider k is equal to 5 or k is equal to here k is even. So, suppose I take k is equal to 4 or k is equal to 2 then this expressions can be directly evaluated otherwise also they can be evaluated, but you have to do several integration by parts here. The distribution of the sample median we are able to derive for both the cases when the sample size is odd then in that case it is a straight forward form, but in the case of even it is in the form of an integral, but that integral may be evaluated for a specific choices of the distributions. In every case it may not be possible to do. For example, if I consider exponential distribution then I can then one of them will become a proper term and then the other one will become a finite expansion which can be easily done and we can really evaluate. Similarly, if I consider say Pareto distribution etcetera, so this can be obtained, but in some other distributions say normal etcetera this may be much more complicated. Another quantity of interest in the case of non-parametric statistics is the range of the observations. That means, the difference between the maximum and the minimum. So, in the real life situation also you can see the range is generally taken as an important quantity and therefore, the distribution of the range is also of quite importance. When we are considering the parametric situation then we generally consider the variance or the standard deviation, but in case of non-parametric when we do not have the exact form of the CDF or the PDF it is difficult to study that. Therefore, a more useful quantity would be the distribution of the range. So, we look at that thing now. So, range is defined as xn let me call it capital R. So, xn minus x1. So, we look at the distribution of that. Now, once again if you look at this we will require the distribution of the minimum the joint distribution of the minimum and the maximum. We have already derived the separate distributions of the minimum and the maximum, but that will not be helpful. So, we again make use of the formula for the joint distribution of the order statistics yr and ys. So, here you take r is equal to 1 and s is equal to n. Now, that has some advantage here if you take this as 1 then this factorial will vanish this factorial will vanish because this will be giving you simply n minus 1 and here you will get sorry n minus n that is becoming 0 1 minus 1 that is becoming 0. So, you will get only n minus 2 here. So, this term can be simplified here and then we can write this in a closed form as the joint probability density function of x1 and xn that is equal to n into n minus 1 f of yn minus f of y1 to the power n minus 2 f of y1 into f of yn and certainly you will have that y1 is less than yn. In order to obtain the distribution of this we define the transformation r is equal to yn minus y1 and then you take say some new variable say s is equal to say yn or y1 for example. So, if you take the reverse of this you will get y1 is equal to s minus r and yn is equal to s. So, if I consider the Jacobian I will get minus 1 1 0 1. So, that is equal to minus 1. So, if I take the absolute value of this that is becoming equal to 1. So, we can easily write down the joint distribution of r and s now.  Also you look at the region here s minus r is less than s. So, r is greater than basically 0 which is true r will be greater than 0. So, because you are subtracting the maximum minus the minimum and s is anything that is means it is having the full region.  One important thing that you notice in the distribution of the sample median when the sample size was odd it was quite difficult to write down the integral form there, but in this case since the range is the full the derivation of the distribution of the sample range will not be that much complicated. In fact, we can see for example, if I consider say uniform distribution suppose we have uniform 0 1 then this is becoming s minus s minus r which is nothing, but simply becoming r to the power n minus 2 and this is simply 1. So, this is and then the integral will become from r to 1 because s is actually here you will have 0 less than y 1 less than y n less than 1. So, this will give me 0 less than s minus r less than s less than 1 because both are positive. So, this region will come here now this will give me 0 less than r less than s less than 1. So, there is a small error here because if I put the lower limit here we are actually getting here r is less than s that is coming here and at the same time from the second one r is greater than 0 also. So, when we do this one this should be from r. So, this was an error here. So, if we do that in the case of uniform then this is becoming n into n minus 1 r to 1 and this will become r to the power n minus 2 d s. So, that is becoming n into n minus 1 r to the power n minus 2 1 minus r 0 less than r less than 1 which is again simply a beta distribution. Actually, this is a beta n minus 1 2 distribution. In the general the distribution of the sample range is not so, straightforward. However, statisticians like Hartley etcetera they have tabulated the cumulative CDF of this for the normal population for n like 10 11 up to 20 and the asymptotic distribution has been studied by Gumbel in 1944. So, friends what we have done is we have discussed the distribution of the order statistics some special order statistics and certain special functions like median or the range etcetera. In a similar way we can also study say quantile for example, a particular position what is the distribution of x 4 or the one which is coming at the 20 say 1 by 4 position n by 4 or 3 n by 4 or 1 by 5 or 4 by 5 and so on. Different positions can be the distributions of all of them can be obtained sometimes they will be unique sometimes they will be average of the two values, but in all the cases the distributions can be derived. Now, next thing is that we can talk about the moments of the order statistics like we discussed the moments of the random variables. Now, when we have the distribution of the order statistics what happens to that? Now, why is that important as I mentioned in one of the examples of exponential distribution each of the x i's had the mean 1 by lambda, but the mean of x 1 that is the minimum was becoming 1 by n lambda that is 1 by n th of the original value. So, that is a drastic change. So, in general we will be interested in the distributions of the or the moments of the order statistics. So, in the next section I study this. So, we consider moments of order statistics. Now, you can see here that the general distribution of the order statistics is complicated as you have seen here the form is like this. So, if I consider say for example, what is expectation of y r to the power k then you cannot say anything about this except that this is an integral y r to the power k into all these things from minus infinity to infinity certainly the evaluation of this integral is not possible except that you may consider some sort of special cases etcetera. So, that part we will see that we will consider approximations of this expression. Another thing is that if I actually take a specific form for example, if I am taking exponential distribution or a Pareto distribution etcetera then in some cases the forms can be written. I am doing the simplest one which is the uniform distribution and uniform distribution is of course, quite important as we have seen that if original random variables are from any distribution then f of that becomes from uniform distribution. I actually started the topic of non parametric methods with that. So, if that is so then and since capital F is an increasing function therefore, it makes sense to consider the order statistics of uniform random variables. So, if I do that then I will show you that the forms can be easily calculated because we have derived the form of the distribution of order statistics of the uniform distribution as a beta distribution. Now, moments of beta distribution are known so let us consider when the sample is from say uniform 0 1.   So, this is n factorial divided by r minus 1 factorial n minus r factorial. So, this will actually give me beta of k plus r and n minus r plus 1. So, we expand this it becomes n factorial divided by r minus 1 factorial of course, you can also say it as beta k plus r n minus r plus 1 divided by beta r n minus r plus 1. So, it is simply a ratio of 2 beta, but if you want expressions in the form of fractions then we can write it as gamma k plus r that is k plus r minus 1 factorial then gamma n minus r plus 1 that is n minus r factorial and divided by k plus n and plus 1. So, it is becoming k plus n factorial. Now, this you can expand in very systematic way like this you can cancel out this term you can cancel out and sorry this will get cancelled out. So, you will get here it is equal to I adjust this term with this and this with this.  In particular if I consider mu 1 prime that is expectation of x 1 sorry x r that is expectation of y r then that is becoming r by n plus 1. Similarly, you can consider expectation of x r square that will become r into r plus 1 divided by n plus 1 into n plus 2. So, you can also talk about the variance here the variance of x r that is turning out to be r into n minus r plus 1 divided by n plus 1 square into n plus 2. So, this is quite interesting here we are able to obtain the moments of the order statistics from the uniform distribution.  So, for uniform distribution the form that I will obtain will be similarly the joint p d f of say y r and y s are less than s from uniform 0 1.  If I want to find out say correlation between y r and y s in that case I need the product moment also. We have already obtained the form of the expectation of x r and expectation of x s. So, similarly I can calculate the product moment. So, for example, what will be expectation of y r y s. Now, in order to evaluate this kind of integrals we can make certain transformations here. So, I will not get too much into the detailed calculations see this term will be there. You will have actually double integral from say for example, if you firstly do with respect to y r then it will be from 0 to y s and then it will be from 0 to 1 all these terms d y r d y s. So, in the first one you make the transformation y s minus y r is equal to something then or basically you make it as t y r is equal to t times y s then that thing will come out you will get 1 minus t to the power something and here it will become t to the power something. Then this will become t will be from 0 to 1 then it becomes a beta function that can be evaluated. At the next stage you can evaluate the integral whatever term you are getting as a beta function in y s. So, I am not writing all the calculations here by using all these transformations it turns out that this term will be equal to r into s plus 1 divided by n plus 1 into n plus 2. Actually it is instructive to compare it with this term we had calculated expectation of x r square as r into r plus 1 by n plus 1 into n plus 2. So, here you can see this r has been replaced by s here. So, based on this if I calculate the covariance between y r and y s then this is turning out to be r into n minus s plus 1 divided by n plus 1 square into n plus 2. So now, we can write down the formula for the correlation coefficient between y r and y s let me call it rho r s. So, that will be equal to r into n minus s plus 1 divided by square root of r into n minus r plus 1 square root s into n minus s plus 1. So, that will be equal to this can be simplified as r into n minus s plus 1 divided by s into n minus r plus 1 whole to the power half. So, if r is less than s then this is the form that you are getting r is less than s.  Another point which you may note down that this term will be positive. So, order statistics are always positively correlated which is understandable because they are in the same direction here. Another thing is that let us consider the minimum and the maximum. In particular what will be say if I consider correlation between say minimum and the maximum that is rho 1 n what it will be equal to. So, r is equal to 1 n minus n plus 1 that is 1 divided by n and n minus 1 plus 1. So, it is becoming 1 by n square to the power half. So, this is very interesting as the distance between the minimum and maximum increases. So, the correlation is actually inversely proportional to that. That means, it is simply inversely proportional to the length of this. So, actually this is going to 0 as n tends to infinity. This is a very interesting observation that is the correlation between the minimum and the maximum is inversely proportional to the sample size. So, you may also think it like this that if I have too many observations then the relationship between the minimum and the maximum will be of very mild nature. That means, they may become almost uncorrelated that means how they will vary, but if the sample size is small. So, suppose I say 4, 5 etcetera then it is still having some significance. Of course, for samples of size bigger than 20 or something like that this will have a very minor value because suppose I say n is equal to 20 then I get only 5 or 0.05 basically. Usually we have this like variance of a summation is equal to sum of the variances if the correlations are 0. That means, if the random variables are uncorrelated. Now certainly your random variables say which are now I am considering order statistics they are correlated. Therefore, if I consider say variance of say x 1 plus variance of x 2 etcetera then it will not be same as variance of x 1 plus variance of x 2. Now just as an example you can consider say variance of suppose n is equal to 2 then what is variance of x 1 that will be equal to let us consider this r by n plus 1. So, if I take n is equal to 2 then this is simply becoming 1 by 3 and what is variance of x 2 that will become s by n plus 1. So, that is equal to 2 by 3 because if I am taking 2. So, this will become 2 by 3 and what will be the covariance between x 1 and x n x 2. So, from the formula that we have derived just now here I am putting r is equal to 1 and 2 minus 2 plus 1 divided by n is equal to 2. So, this is 3 square into 4. So, this is becoming 1 by 36. So, if I look at say what is variance of say x 1 plus x 2 that is equal to variance of x 1 plus variance of x 2 plus twice covariance between x 1 x 2 that is equal to 1 by 3 plus 2 by 3 plus 1 by 18 that is equal to say 19 by 18 which is certainly in this case greater than variance of x 1 plus variance of x 2 here. This is actually equal to 1 here because the variance of x 1 is 1 by 3 and variance of x 2 is 2 by 3. Another thing which may look somewhat interesting see here you have derived the exact expressions for the I think I made some mistakes here this is actually not variance this is expectation variance will become equal to 1 and then this will be 2 minus 1 plus 1. So, that will become 2 here and this will become 2 by and 3 square into 4 that is 36. So, that is 1 by 18 here and this one will become corresponding to 2 then this is becoming 2 minus 2 plus 1 that is 2 by 36 that is equal to 1 by 18. So, I made a mistake here then this is becoming equal to 1 by 9 plus 1 by 18. So, that is equal to 1 by 6 which is obviously greater than 1 by 9 that is equal to variance of x 1 plus variance of x 2. So, this is a mistake here, but anyway now the fresh calculations show the exact values here. You also look at this the expectation of y r is directly dependent upon the positioning among the order statistics. So, if I increase r this is increasing. So, this is another interesting fact here that this term is strictly increasing function of r here. So, let me just mention this remarks here expectation of x r that is equal to r by n plus 1 is increasing in r. But if I consider the variance here that is not showing the same thing because it is r into n minus r plus 1 divided by some n plus 1 square into n plus 2. So, this term does not show the similar behavior actually it will be maximized for r equal to say n by 2 kind of thing whereas, if I take minimum or the maximum that like if I consider what is the variance of x 1 here that will give me here n divided by n plus 1 square into n plus 2. And similarly if I consider what is the variance of x n then this is again becoming equal to n divided by n plus 1 square into n plus 2. So, this is a symmetric function here this is same this function is becoming equal here ok. So, expectation increases, but the variability increases and then decreases here. So, that is the way it will come here. In the next part I will consider general order statistics right now I have considered the order statistics from the uniform distribution where we are able to obtain certain exact expressions for the moments of the order statistics. In fact, if you see I can in fact, write down even the third order moment fourth order moment and the third order and fourth order central moment. So, we can actually study the measures of skewness and kurtosis also, but if I am considering the general f here in the general f none of these calculations can be done unless I have the explicit form of the capital F function there. Even if that is available in many times for example, you consider simple normal distribution then capital F is nothing, but the capital phi function where capital phi is the cdf of the standard normal distribution. So, if I have capital phi to the power something and 1 minus capital phi to the power something and then small phi certainly this type of integrals are not easy to evaluate because I will be multiplying by x to the power k there. So, if I even if I make the transformation phi x is equal to something the distributional part will become in the form of uniform, but then this x will become phi inverse of something. So, I would not be able to evaluate that. In such cases it is useful to have certain tools which can give approximate expressions or the bounds for the moments of order statistics. So, in the next lecture I will be discussing the bounds on the expectations of order statistics.


Hi, I'm Tamsa Kamla Au, Head of the Department of Sociology. I'm really excited and pleased to announce that Dead Cell College Dimapur is introducing Bachelors of Social Work this coming semester starting June 2023. As an undergraduate program, PSWM's to address a multitude of issues be it child protection, dis-education, human behavior, research methods and social welfare policies through practical, training and theoretical principles. This degree equips students with knowledge, skills and attitude required to the feel of social work. PSWM has a wide range of employment opportunities in governmental and non-governmental organizations and private welfare firms. Students also have the option to pursue higher education. If you are someone who is interested in this area, come join PSWM at Dead Cell College. Together let's empower people towards lifelong excellence and create positive impact in the world.


Non-radiative recombination loss suppression is critical for boosting performance of organic solar cells. Here, the authors regulate self-organization of bulk heter injunction in a non-monotonic manner, and achieve device efficiency over 19% with low non-radiative recombination loss down to 0.16 ATV. This article was authored by Jiaha Fu, Patrick W. K. Fong, Han Liu, and others.


Do you want a picture? Do you want a picture? Yeah, yeah, of course! Have you seen Tal? Hello, hello, give us a hug, hello! Good day! Thank you so much! How are you? Excited? Excited, that's good, okay. I can't really, I think I didn't sleep or eat for the last past two or three days. Yes, not just dinner, but you know, it's after a lot of hard work. Yeah. There's going to be a lot of people over here and we have to be honest, this is not your house. Wow! This is what we're going to do every time you're here. James and Joey, it's you! It's me, okay. What I see here in front of me today are some of the most passionate, dedicated, strong people I've ever seen in my life. Thank you to Tal and to the ALF for inviting me to March with you in your country. Don't ever let the meat, dairy and egg industries tell us that what we're doing isn't working. It is working and we are a powerful force and there are millions of us. It's not okay. It is not okay what we're doing inside a slaughterhouse. People often ask me Joey, how long to a vegan world? Will all happen a lot faster if we all stand up and work together? Never lose hope. I wish you a day until total animal liberation. So right behind me here is the slaughterhouse here in Haifa. It smells really bad. It smells like decomposing animal flesh. It smells like feces in there.  The screams that we were playing before were the screams of the calves. It can be hard as an activist but we have to stay strong and we must always remind ourselves no matter how hard it gets or where near as hard as what the animals go through every day of their existence. I want to remind you all that we need to be there to support each other. You inspired me a lot too. Last year you missed. The person next to you might be doing it a lot harder than you. So just asking another activist if they're okay could mean the world to them. Give us a hug. Thank you so much for... Thank you so much for everything. Thank you. Thank you. I love you too. Are you a vegan? Vegan. Vegan power. It's been a very emotional night. I've been quite exhausted. We've been putting in a lot of work but it's so heartwarming to see so many people that love and care for animals standing up for justice. A vegan world is possible. Before it to manifest we all need to collectively believe that it's possible. Okay, so we're in a taxi. We're on the way to the West Bank and it's behind the wall. There's a wall that separates Palestine from Israel and we have to go around to Abu Diz and we're going to go to the university there. You see the number? It's green and white. Okay, so we're at the front of our Quds University and inside they have a vegan restaurant so we're going to go in and show our support. Hello. Nice to see you. I'm Joey. So this wall here this is the wall that separates Jerusalem. So this side is the West Bank and on the other side is Israel. It's a sylvan deck. Okay, so behind us here is the vegan cafe and restaurant called Sudfer. It translates into coincidence which is pretty amazing and it looks really beautiful out here. So let's go inside. I'm Joey. We're a little bit upset we missed lunch, we could have had something to eat. So we work with more than 200 cans like trading many different things about identity, about human rights, children rights. Then we talk about violence and animal rights, circle of violence. What did you call it, the circle of violence? A circle of suffering. We're causing suffering and violence and death and it comes back around. A very important point to make. If you do good you get good in return. They gave us an example. The soldier in the street hit his father because the soldier who was having the power so the father would go home and take that out on him. I guess the wife for example. The wife for the older brother. The younger and the younger against the animal. You've been a victim of violence yourself you're more likely to take that out. We shouldn't be doing good to get good in return though. It should just come from empathy. It's a matter of justice. You want to be treated fairly, don't we? We all want to be treated fairly. That's what justice means, to be treated fairly. Equality. And this is why we don't treat animals in a way that we wouldn't want to be treated ourselves. So it's our rule that because we are victim that didn't give us the rule to hurt another victim. We have to feel these creatures. You're trying to make them express more empathy instead of going the other way which would be to commit the violence. So they come here they have a meeting about what they want to achieve and this gives them a safe space to talk about it and they bring it into action sort of thing. Wow. Is there any slaughterhouses in the west bank that slaughter animals? Is there like a... Shifter? There is a few, yeah. There's a film. Wow. When's this release? This is amazing. Big things are happening here. That's great. Good for animals and we definitely support it. We wanted to come and tell the story here because we're obviously over there in Israel telling the story of the animal rights movement there. We wanted to come here in the west bank tell the story here. We're willing to go everywhere to tell the story of the animal rights movement wherever we are and we want to tell the whole world no matter where you go there's people that are caring about animals. Here's the wall. It goes all the way around. All the way down. It's great that you still after the situation you can still show compassion for animals at the same time even after going there's obviously a lot going on here. Like animals they cannot speak as well. They're so vulnerable and they need people like us to speak up for them and let us think it's great. Very honourable and more people need to know about that. More people need to know. Okay so we're just on our way back from the university that was a really powerful discussion and it was such a beautiful place an amazing vegan restaurant and one of the things one of the guys said to me Hadi, which was really significant he said even if we can't get our own rights if we can't get our own human rights we'd at least try to get the rights for the animals a really humble thing to say so they're doing some great work here and I'm really glad I came. Thank you, thank you! Very happy to be back in Israel. The last time I come here was for the big march. It was amazing. We're talking to the public and showing them that hey we have a choice in what happens to these animals and obviously most people you talk to 99% of rational people care about animals. Who here thinks animals can feel? Yeah? Who here found that hard to watch? Hard to watch? That was hard to watch, yeah? It's interesting how when it's hidden from our eyes it's so easy to purchase and to eat, isn't it? It's so easy for us to contribute to something we never see happening but as soon as we show you hey, this is where it comes from it's a different story, isn't it? We're giving people sort of a visual idea of it. It's more powerful to say hey, these are the happy animals that are left alone these are the victims of our food choices it's a very powerful thing people cannot unsee what they've seen and I found it's probably the most effective thing you can do to leave a mark on someone they can never forget it and they will never look at their flesh on their plate the same ever again showing slaughterhouse footage does not lie Everyone else is doing it when I seen a burger I still got hungry I was like that's food but after a while of witnessing what animals I've been inside a slaughterhouse too like I was inside a slaughterhouse so now when I see it that's all I can see is animals being cut up into pieces so I guess it's a matter of reminding yourself it's interesting how these big corporations they're selling these animal bodies to us never show us this, do they? they keep this hidden from us do you think they'd have so much success excelling their product when we met the victims? because a big motivation for me was more than what other people thought of me the fact that the animals were getting hurt and they can't defend themselves and I felt responsible for that I had an epiphany and epiphany is a moment of realisation a great moment of clarity and all animal products harm animals the fact that they're chopped up on a plate means they were harmed doesn't it? and also there's like animals or I'm talking about caring about animals I think this is probably the most powerful thing because religion can have such a strong influence on people so here we are at the Wailing Wall this is a very religious place for Jews a very significant place for Jews so people come into Jerusalem believing they're either Messiah or King David or Jesus most of them, when they lead Jerusalem, it leads them it's not a city it's a spiritual mental state wow, Jerusalem syndrome, check it out thanks mate so apparently this is the grave of Jesus Christ okay so we're in a very religious place here and they have this piece of chopped up cow so they're chopping up killing animals and selling it to people in such a religious holy place I don't think it's okay to murder a chicken to gain forgiveness I personally don't think it's okay to use religion to justify killing an innocent animal it's interesting they worship all these books and all these pieces of rocks and walls and stuff like that but we don't show respect to the animals I think God is merciful compassionate loving we think of God being merciful and compassionate and of course they'd want us to show mercy to innocent beings if we have alternatives to killing animals of course they'd want us to go for the alternative yeah so we're killing God's creation selling it it's decapitated looks like a lamb a bit decapitated people think that God wants this birds birds chopped up birds more birds I think you can get forgiveness without murdering a chicken I think it's a bit ridiculous so forcibly breeding animals into existence so we can take their life from them and eat their bodies I don't think this is anything to do with God's wishes torture chambers and slaughterhouses animals being decapitated body parts sold like since when does killing give you forgiveness I just think it just increases the evil on earth I don't know what is sacred about selling the part of an animal who probably struggled for their last breath who wanted to live I just don't see the logic there and in there it smells like a slaughterhouse blood and muscles of animals bones chopped up I mean there's many things in religion that if we followed to the tea we'd be doing some really crazy things these are the tongues of animals I'm not sure what animals do testicles in the most holy city on earth if we can't even learn to respect sentient life how can we learn to respect each other Shabbat Shalom Shabbat Shalom is have a wonderful peaceful Shabbat for the next 24 hours they just have a good stuff happening just really peaceful and calm connecting up what does this mean when we eat the bread being thankful that we get to eat bread you know the God gave us this bread grateful that's what it is because it's not a given but I realized something there was a group of beings out there that were suffering much more and no one even recognized them as victims no one cared about them at all all of us in this room here we can all agree humans deserve the right to a life of freedom women deserve rights all types of races deserve the same equal right but who here can agree that a cow deserves the same right to life a pig a chicken a fish what does this human being expect fundamental rights of freedom and liberty not to be harmed exploited used and abused you expect the same rights for your children but you're excluding this whole other part of the sentient community that's pure hypocrisy we can't do that but I could walk into a place and people would laugh at me they would laugh at me if I asked the right for a cow to live in freedom and peace they would laugh at me and they do I stand out the front of slaughterhouses with a sign saying please don't eat these animals and they point their finger if I was speaking up for dogs would people beef and laugh and point their finger we don't want animal welfare we don't want happy slaves and we don't want bigger cages we want animals never to be used as products or to be treated as property ever again you can always excuse the fact that killing animals is like part of nature's way we don't look to nature to see what's right and wrong do we because otherwise we treat each other how lions treat gazelle human beings we have sort of obligation to act in a moral way animal welfare is looking after the treatment of an animal whilst they are still enslaved they're not free we're just saying ok we'll improve the conditions here we'll give them a bigger cage we'll set them out of their cage no more cage here they can walk around free but they'll still be used for their body viewed at as a product and killed at the end of the line how is this welfare this isn't welfare that is disgraceful what I support is leaving the animals alone stop breeding them into existence stop playing god with their lives set them free the difference between animal welfare and animal liberation is freedom they're treated as property that is the fundamental problem here and if we address that then we liberate animals they see it they don't have a choice in that now is that our fault that they are seeing something that they are directly funding no it's not and I agree not everyone should see this but we are not the ones paying for it to happen they have a responsibility for paying for this I prefer not to show it I prefer not to do something so forthright and just start showing slaughterhouse footage to people who haven't asked to see that but the animals didn't ask to be put in that slaughterhouse either now you don't have to show slaughterhouse to do advocacy about animal use and how it's wrong to use them and how it's an injustice to enslave an animal and to exploit them for their body you can have a positive conversation that someone will just go wow you don't need to show them what happens to animals but I've found that it's a very profound way a very quick way to snap someone out of it and go wait that's not food that is violence apparently if you put a little note in the wall it can come true I wish let's do it so it's your job as an outreacher to go on vegan outreach to never let them leave with the idea that this could be done better that's about animal welfare but we're about animal liberation we don't want animals to be used as products at all so we've had my wish here liberation the dairy industry or the meat industry and the egg industry telling us that our movement isn't working that they're not afraid of what's happening with our movement they're not worried about it don't ever let the opposition tell you what your movement is millions of us and we're a powerful force and they are concerned about that because their days are numbered with their exploiting animals that's for sure


Welcome to Toffey TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Rafa Benitez spoke of his relief until last night as Everton ended the eight-match winless run with an injury-time victory over Arsenal at Godderson Park. Damari Grey's thunderbolt strike in the 93rd minute was enough to give the Blues a victory and a much-needed victory, our first win since beating Norwich back in September. It's been an awful run. Injuries have played the part. Let's be honest, some poor decisions from the manager didn't change the team to election, haven't helped either, but it was great to see the Blues turn at one round last night. It's put us up to 12th. You can start looking upwards, but also with a bit of relief below in a game against Crystal Palace away on Sunday. Everton can now go into that with more confidence and hopefully pick up more points this weekend. Benitez applauded the team, said the team showed fighting spirit and commitment and felt that the fans played a huge part in driving the team on. Always stayed with the team and even when the goals were being disallowed the fans were still there and they did play a huge part last night in that victory, so delighted to see the Blues win. Farad Masheri was not at the game despite being planning on being there, a change in quarantine rules reportedly the reason why the Everton majority shareholder was not at Gwldersen Park when he will be next there. Who knows, maybe less that on the 19th of December. Jerry Meane suffered a setback last night, returned to the start on 11, but lasted only 29 minutes before going off with a calf injury. He's just come off my hamstring injury, Raphael Benitez said, he don't know how serious it is at the moment. He said when you've been suffering with injuries, sometimes you pick up other injuries and that's what's happening with Meane and in this case. They've been assessed, they've been training really well, they were absolutely convinced he was a 100% fit to start the game. They'd even kept them back from games to make sure that he was fit and ready to go, so this was an unexpected injury. And Everton have got a real issue I think with Jerry Meane because he is, when he's fit in my opinion Everton's best defender, but you can't rely on him. When you start not being able to rely on someone you regard as your best defender, Everton are going to have to make a decision. He's only got 18 months left to think on his current contract. Do the Blues renew his contract and hope that he gets over this fitness worries. Or is it time to start looking for a more commandant centre back who is going to be available every week, which is what you kind of build your team on. Right now that isn't Jerry, but it's disappointing because like you say, when he's fit I feel like he is our best defender. So hopefully his injury won't keep him off for too long and he can get back because we have got a lot of games coming up and we will need them in that time. Luca Dean was left out of the squad last night, wasn't injured, wasn't in the 18. Ben Goffrey played the left back in his absence. And I guess it's up to him to get his head down and work hard and force his way back into the Everton squad. It's entirely up to him. We know when he's playing well he's one of the best left backs around but his form hasn't been great of late. Clearly something's gone on that we don't know about. So back to work, work hard and get back in the Everton side. Everton are planning to find two new board members. This is following the exit last week of Marcel Brands and of course Sarverish Milov who left a few weeks ago. Everton board currently made up of Bill Kenraig, Denise Barrabach and Dail and Grant Ingalls. That's all it's left at the moment. The board are also undertaking a strategic review of the footballing side. They're not expecting a radical overhaul, says the Liverpool Echo tonight, but they are looking at it. So it will be interesting to see certainly in terms of the board members who Everton bring on to the board. I personally hope it's external people. I hope it's people who come in from outside the football club. I would love Everton to go and get a real football person, someone who's got experience in working within football, understand exactly how it all works, someone that the board can learn from. I really hope it's that and the other person I would love to be someone who's worked in business and really got to prove and track record. Just to evidence that the club is trying to move forward and not just saying he's saying me, which is what it seems to have been, but there you go with the luck of the two new board members. Some interesting transfer news today that Everton are very interested in brush your months and glad back midfield player Dennis Sicaria. The 25-year-old is out of contract in the summer. He's been on Everton's list for quite a while. He's a rangy midfield player, I think he'd be a great addition. He's interested also Liverpool and Manchester United in the past. Obviously being out of contract makes him an exciting prospect for Everton, I guess, with no big transfer fee, but I think he'd be a really good addition for Everton's midfield, so hopefully there's something in that one. And Everton also today linked with Norwich City right back, Max Arans at Everton again, another one who's been continually linked with the under-21 England defender. But up to now the fee has always been way too high for what Everton wanted to pay, so he's playing in Norwich's face, even the Premier League, so I don't imagine his fee will have dropped, but that's a link that has been around today. That is it for the news daily. Make sure you check out the final where that's at now. It's more on Everton's victory over Arsenal. Give the video a thumbs up, subscribe if you haven't, and if you want more videos, including daily live videos, join us on Patreon. The link is in the description. See you later.


What is going on guys, today I am back with another Destiny 2 video and today I'm going to show you guys how you can get your third subclass abilities, they are the Taken King abilities. Now I know there are plenty of people out there that already know how to do this but though guys that don't, this game is still new and some people are just getting into it so this is to help them out. But before we go any further guys I am giving away a Rockstar Destiny 2 in-game exclusive gear code. To win one simply drop a like on the video and leave a comment down below. Ok so for those of you who already have your original vanilla subclasses back after you lose them when your light is drained by a ghoul, that's the Hunters Gunslinger, the Titan Striker and the Warlocks Voidwalker.  You need to get them second ones back before you get the third, it's as simple as that. So go check out the video, I've linked at the top of the video description that explains all you need to know and once you've obtained them subclasses come back here to grind for the third. Ok so the Titan Sunbreaker, the Warlock Stormcaller and the Hunters Night Stalker are all obtained the same way you obtain those vanilla subclasses, you simply need to farm chests on any given planet. I suggest the EDZ as it's much easier level wise. Also that original ghost shower that Devrim K gave you, if you still have it use it as it locates nearby chests and it can be very helpful. The actual chests you need to grind for don't matter, they can be lost sector chests, regional chests or the chests hiding behind rocks or in corners. So yes guys, grind them chests, once you have the relic you need, the Hunters is called the Fractured Arrow, the Warlocks is called the Cracked Talisman and the Titans is called the Mounted Hammer. Once you've obtained one of these, you then need to rekindle your lost abilities by defeating enemies and fighting alongside fellow guardians in public events. This however takes much much longer than the first subclasses you had to reclaim so be patient here. Once you've done this, you then have to enter the mission, the Shard of the Traveler found under EDZ. Here you have to reclaim your light and regain your abilities, it's quite straightforward and the only difference here from the last time is they are taking enemies within this mission, nothing else at all, if anything it's easier and shorter. But yes guys, this is how you reclaim your third Taken King abilities, grind chests simple as that, defeat enemies by doing public events and other things on various planets, and then do the mission, the Shard of the Traveler found under EDZ map. You will then reclaim your light and get back those Taken King abilities, the Night Stalker, the Stormcaller and the Sunbreaker. But guys I hope you enjoyed the video and I hope it helped you out, if you are new around here and enjoy daily Destiny videos be sure to subscribe, leaving a like that really does help me out and I will hopefully guys see you on that next one.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE! Covering AWS re-invent 2019. Brought to you by Amazon Web Services and Intel, along with its ecosystem partners. Welcome back here on theCUBE. We continue our coverage here. Day one at AWS re-invent 2019. We're on the show floor. You can probably see behind the scenes. Packed is exciting, great exhibits, great keynotes this morning. Her dad, a lot from Andy Jassy, Justin Warren, John Walls. We're joined by Jaspreet Singh, who is the founder and CEO of Druva. Jaspreet, good to have you here on theCUBE. Thank you very much for having me. And Isaiah Weiner, who's a principal technologist at AWS. And Isaiah, good to see you this morning. Thanks very much. Yeah, thanks for being here. First off, tell me a little bit about Druva for folks at home who might not be familiar. And then we're going to get into your relationship with AWS and why the two of you are sitting here. For first, just a little thumbnail about Druva. Sure, as we all know, data is growing by leaps and bounds. And data management protection has been a big challenge for all enterprises. Druva is a SaaS platform built on AWS, which helps you manage data end to end from data center to data in the cloud to at the edge locations. A simple console to manage protection, governance, management, all in a single pane of glass. All right, so the two of you together, we were talking before the interview, a little bit about maybe some of these common attributes or shared values, which make your partnership, I wouldn't say unique, but certainly make it work. So go over that a little bit about maybe where that synergy exists, where you see that overlap in your mission and why you think it's working so well for the two of you and your partnership. Wants to, Jaspreet, why don't you jump on that and then Isaiah. I think we saw a big change in the enterprise landscape in 2013. And I personally met one of Ogil back then and we understood that there's going to be a big change in enterprise buying when it comes to public cloud. We felt data belongs to public cloud the way it's growing and the way it should be managed. And we built the entire architecture around the whole notion of a centralized sort of a data lake to protect and manage data built on AWS. We thought about AWS and public cloud as a completely different operating system. And it's not just not about a technology change, public cloud is a business change as well. People want to buy an SLA across the globe at a consistent price point. So to deliver that, you have to understand how do you build differently, operate differently from security point of view, cost point of view and also sell differently, right? You go to markets, partnerships, you're selling motion, procurement, all changes. So we redesigned, re-architected an entire Drava experience around public cloud and Amazon has been a great partner all throughout to build a story on top of their platform to not just to base technology on but operating model on, selling motion on and co-signal used to customer benefits on. So one of the things that customers tell us is that when they come to the cloud they want less stuff to manage. And it can be difficult sometimes to deal with a new set of primitives, the way things worked in your data center, understanding locality, these sorts of things. A lot of this stuff gets abstracted in the cloud. And so Drava helps sort of take away all of that and create a simple solution for customers. They've been doing this for a long time actually, offering a full SaaS solution to customers not only who want to protect data in the cloud but also on-prem to the cloud. And the way that AWS goes about, and Amazon in general, goes about creating things for customers is we have what we call a working backwards process and it all ties back to our first of 14 leadership principles, customer obsession. And so one of the things that's really nice about working with Drava is that they also have a working backwards process. And so we get to do a lot of that stuff together. They're also a customer, so it's not just a partnership. They're also a customer because they operate this SaaS platform. And so for quite a long time, for example, they've been one of the larger DynamoDB customers. They've developed tight relationships with our service teams. Our field knows them. If you ask the field, name a backup provider. Chances are pretty good. They are going to know Drava, right? And because they're all in on AWS, it gives us an opportunity to launch things together. So when we have new storage classes in the past and new devices, new offerings, Drava's been a launch partner on multiple occasions. Yeah, I was going to ask about that all in on AWS. It's like as a customer, if I'm buying some cloud, so it's like I want to buy an SLA as you mentioned just for it. So do I really care which cloud you've picked as a customer? The customer, you really care about an SLA for a data recovery, which you need a guarantee across the globe, right? That's the simplest part. So in that context, they don't care. But it goes beyond that data and infrastructure is very connected tissue for the enterprise. They want the data not just to be recovered, but integrated with other services. For example, Kinesis or they have other value-added services, you want data to be part of the whole story. From that perspective, because data is so integral to their disk lessons strategy, they do care about where am I building this new epicenter for my data management. But data getting more and more fragmented in more centralized way to manage data. And in the most centralized way happens to be on the best technology provider, which happens to have all of the services to surround the data with, you do start to care about, you know, how that may transform the journey of data for the customer. Yeah, we know from the keynote this morning that I think it's only about 3% of total spend is on cloud, so there's room for cloud to grow here. But that also means that there's a lot of data that's sitting out there that isn't actually in the cloud. So a cloud-based backup service, how do customers who already have existing on-site data, how should they think about this? You mentioned that they need to think about it in a different way, change the way that you experience backup. So how do customers start to understand what they should be doing differently and how they should think about their data in a different way to start looking at something like Druva? Absolutely, so Druva's philosophy is what we call 3-plus-one. That typically customers have 3.1 backup solutions in their environment. They don't accept it, but they do have multiple softwares. They always add a new one to replace an old one, but they still keep their legacy on what they need to do, right? I used to work for Veritas before Druva, and we had turned in tons of legacy being managed in Veritas, and data was always very, very hard. You had to spend a lot of time to manage data all throughout. With Druva, our philosophy is that your next generation of workloads, your next generation of evolution towards cloud, needs to happen on Druva. For a legacy, you can still keep the legacy softwares, IBM, Veritas, and just keep on doing what you need to do with them. Your next iteration of architecture refresh, data refresh, should happen on Druva. Right, as an old backup admin who's gone through that process multiple times, managing tapers and nightmare, yes, I can absolutely attest that that is the process that enterprise tends to go through, is like you want to pick something that you want to put all the new stuff on. Do you see anyone actually bringing data from their old systems that they migrated across, sort of they just go, you know, we'll just wait for it to die? I think a lot of people do a mix of both, right? So they may have a cold data, but they may want to manually move to deep archive or glacier. From an active data management point of view, they want to see how do they change processes to impact data evolution from now on, first and foremost, before they start to look at old arcade data, which could be bought on as well. I think with the evolution of deep archive, evolution of other services are much cheaper than tapes, it's about time that people start to now look at older technologies and how the data may be encompassed as well. Yeah, to me, this stuff is kind of hard, all right? And that might be oversimplified, but you've got, like you said, you've got your warm data, you've got stuff that's cold that might sit there for years and then we're never going to worry about it again. But I have to decide what's warm and what's cold. If I've got legacy and I've got new, I've got to decide what I want to bring over and what I don't. And then I've got the edge, I've got IoT, I've got all this stuff, you know, exponential growth, data scale. So to me, it's a confounding problem of I'm an enterprise that's already got my stuff going as opposed to if I'm totally born on the cloud, right? That's a, how do you deal with, it's easy to do it from scratch. It's a lot harder to do it when I've got, I'm bringing all this baggage with me. And why do I want to bring on that headache? So the one way to think about this is that, you know, where would you want to innovate? And you start there first, right? As Andy just said this morning in Keynote that whenever someone tells you you have one tool to solve it all, you know, they're probably wrong about it, right? You solve for the best tool for the best problems. So you look at where you really want to innovate, you start there first, you bring it to cloud first, then you slowly and suddenly start to lower your workload by getting rid of legacy or by refactoring it over time. So you've been doing this for a little while, so I assume that this isn't something that only just a couple of people are dipping their toe in the water and trying out, Drew. You told us before that you've actually had quite a bit of success with this so far. I think whenever there's an interesting problem there's competition, so we do have some new age companies coming to what we do for a living. Driva is hitting scale now, we announced this morning we're $100 million revenue run rate as a business. So we have, it's just not about building it, right? But as Zia mentioned, it's about operating it at scale. We run about six million backups a week, right? With more than, with better than 0.001% efficiency in success rates, right? The amount of paranoia goes into security, house optimization, DevOps, the amount of hard work goes into building a go-to-market motion to buy from marketplace, to buy consumption models is very different from legacy. Technology for SaaS is only the first barrier. What Amazon has done for the industry which we are leading, with their leading and we are following the example of is how do you transform the buying behavior of customer with something radically simple than ever done before?  Andy's talked about it a lot, this transformation versus transition. It's kind of like being a little bit pregnant. Yo, yo, yo, you got to transform yourself, right? And maybe it's not dipping the toe but it's diving in that deep end. So from the AWS perspective and from what we've been hearing Jaspreet talk about put it in that context if you will about people who are, I guess, willing to make a full fledged commitment and jump in and go as opposed to dabbling a little bit and maybe being a little bit pregnant. So I mean something you mentioned earlier about do people just let stuff rot? Yes, there is some of that. Like don't get me wrong, I talk with customers all the time and they have three different backup providers. But the fact is is that when they go to the cloud they look at, okay, where can I cut and run, you know? And when they look at the things that not only matter in order for them to transition their operations into the cloud but then they look at the new rate of data creation that they've got going on in the cloud. A lot of customers, they look at the old models of enterprise backup suites and they say, okay, I know how to operate this, but do I want to? Or they look at some of the finer things, like am I doing all the right things from a security perspective in all of the right connection points across all of the right pieces of software? The answer may not be yes or maybe the answer is yes and they look at other things like, what is my RPO going to be? What is my RTO going to be? Can I abandon my AWS account because of a bad actor scenario and go to another account and do a restore without having to have infrastructure in there first? You can if it's in somebody else's infrastructure, in this case, Druva, right? So there's a hard way to do things and an easy way to do things and Druva's done things, arguably, I would say they've done things the hard way so that customers can do things the easy way. It's probably a good way to characterize it. Early on, Druva decided that they didn't want to be in the infrastructure business, so they built something on top of a platform that would allow them to stop having to worry about that stuff. And if you're trying to onboard a lot of customers concurrently, then that's something that you want to scale automatically, right? These kinds of things. When we talk to customers and customers ask us questions like, what are customers using to back up in AWS? They often ask qualifying questions like, I'm in a certain region or I'm in GovCloud or I have too much data on-prem for my bandwidth capabilities and I don't really want to get into a new three-year contract because I want to shut down this data center in October and maybe it's September. Maybe I don't have a lot of runway. And so they're looking for things like support for Snowball Edge, they're looking for things like not having to worry about, do I have to modify all of my traditional applications to take advantage of other storage tiers or for my cold data, how do I get it into something like Amazon S3 Glacier Deep Archive without having to really know how that works? And so when these folks look at the cloud, they think AWS, because of all of the things that AWS enables them to do without them having to have a massive learning curve. And when it comes to data protection, the cloud, Dhruva's doing the same thing. All right, all right. Well, the good news for Justin and me and Isaiah is, as Jasper said, you hit 100 million so dinner's on you tonight. This is great. That's right. Congratulations. Thank you. That is a big number. Thank you. I wish you all the best down the road and thank you both for being with us here on theCUBE. We appreciate that. Thanks very much. Thank you very much. Back with more live here in Las Vegas. You're watching theCUBE at AWS Reinvent 2019.