If it's difficult to live here, then you know that it's crazy here. Time goes crazy. We don't have a lot of options to move here. Housing and where we live and the changing climate will make it work. It's like you're in a metal box. In the areas, as they say, the electric system is better, the water is safer. It has better resources. Our residents are working for agricultural companies that are multimillion-dollar companies. Five-star hotels, country clubs, and yet they're taking home the absolute bare minimum wages. It's 100% a structural problem. We've been more ignored by the fact that the majority doesn't have documents. In these areas, the electricity is not safe. The arsenic, the electricity, the garbage. Those are the three similar problems that the majority of the parking lots have. These are trails that go up from 10 to 20 years. If you don't have good air conditioning, you realize you're in hell. You feel ugly. There's no insulation anymore. When it's hot, all the heat enters. There are cracks, so the air doesn't stay inside. There are trails that are even worse than this. It's difficult right now. When it's hot, it comes out to cook outside so that it doesn't get hot inside. I thought the north was pretty. I didn't think the north was ugly. It also makes my town better than Ikea here. When we met, I was like 14 years old and he was like 11 years old. Excuse me, please. At 22, what is said in Mexico, he stole me and left me there. Come here. Come here. I'm going there. I'm going to build my house. Then I'm going back and I'm going to look for a girl. I was 9 years old. When I imagined it, it was my dreams. In 2006, that's when my story began. Sometimes I get depressed because of the situation that I can't give my children a safe home. That's what I have and that's what I can do right now. Just need this. Think like this. If you're living in a mobile home, most likely you're at the most vulnerable in housing and in experiencing crazy temperatures. 2pm in August in Indian Wells, you're literally living a very different life than at 2pm also in August in thermal California. It is hot. Feels suffocating. You just drive through Avenue 66 and you see these mobile home parks here, mobile home park here. And then you see this big sign that says Thermal Beach Club Public Hearing. Thermal Beach Club is a project that was introduced August, September of 2019. It would have luxury homes, vacation homes and a lagoon with surfing wave technology that you can have up 7 feet waves. Why are we okay with this multi-billion dollar vacation home development in our community? It's just going to contribute to the perpetuation of income inequality in the area. It's laughable. It's a slap in the face for residents. Riverside County is essentially a really poor county overall. Our unincorporated areas just don't have the revenue streams we need to put the infrastructure in. So we don't have a choice. We just want to partner with private sector developments to get more infrastructure. You can't expect Thermal Beach Club to solve the problems of the legacy of under-investment and poverty in the Eastern Coachella Valley. This is what Thermal Beach Club is going to be. This is the Thermal Race Track. This is where Oasis Mobile Home Park is. The Race Track, it had a very similar beginning to Thermal Beach Club. It's right there. You hear the sounds of the Race Tracks. Wealthy folks use it as a playground for the rich. And Thermal Beach Club would not be any different from that. Everywhere in California is going to experience extreme climate effects. It's hard to think about how they'll cope with a change as severe as what we expect. Temperatures of 130 Fahrenheit are not something we think of for the weather. It's setting for your oven, right? It's shocking. The droughts are going to become more extreme. We know that a lot of the water supplies in the Coachella Valley have naturally occurring arsenic in them, which is a poisonous compound for humans to ingest. Because water supplies are going to be so stressed, these problems could be exacerbated by climate change. The water doesn't come out as white, it comes out yellow, or sometimes it comes out as chocolate. And with that water, you have to bathe. The officials didn't tell us that it could cause some kind of illness. I don't know how many years ago, we had been consuming contaminated water. We started giving water for the saving that the API gave us. A gallon per person, per day. And that's what they were doing well at the beginning. They started giving water to the three of us. How do we start? The last thing is that we had a meeting. There's not much that has changed. We're exploring other options. It's because of the despair that I've seen, that it works very slowly. And they didn't even give us any proposals from the Commander, nor did they give us any answers. It's the only relief that they've told us that we could qualify for Montevideo, some of us. The Mountain View hasn't been the solution that they've made them to see. There are families that didn't qualify. The process has been very slow. The county created this housing problem by not providing enough housing for our residents. At some point in the 80s or 90s, residents started developing on their own new forms of housing that were affordable. And that took the form mostly of mobile home parks. The housing was being developed, but in a way that was not safe for residents. Kind of Riverside became aware of the problems and in the late 1990s, starting to shut them down. And this is during a time when there was no alternative housing options for families. It was really pushing them into even worse circumstances. The fact that a lot of those residents have ended up in tribal land has provided a convenient escape hatch for county representatives to say, well, it's in tribal land. What can we really do? It did come by design. Elected officials are elected to prioritize budgets on what gets built and what doesn't get built. Local government are struggling to find resources and meet the demand of our ever-growing affordable housing prices. Mm-hmm. This room was the one we used, but we no longer use it. Since it's the most damaged part, we can no longer feel the Maria's workshop, so to speak. Do you carry it or tomorrow? Well, tell him to go. But tell him there are parts that we don't teach him, that he doesn't fill it. And at the end of the day, they deny it to me. That's what makes me a little more desperate and anxious. This is the second time we apply it. You're under pressure. Good afternoon. Hello. Hello. Hello. Well, I just tried the new trailer, so I'm happy. The people from here won't make it to this land. There are a lot of people who live there. 625? 220. That's it. The fourth trailer. And I almost gave up. Two, three, four. 12 feet. I have it here. That's good. It's right for the guys to play here. Take it. That's easy. What's the number? 228. Is that all? That's all. Hey, Charlie. Charlie, come over here with us. Oh, well, this is good. We're leaving tomorrow. You take care of the key. Thank you for letting us go there. Motivate. Motivate. Well, to fight here and fight over there. We're already without key. They're stopping the water directly from what they use, from the water tank. That doesn't mean that, because I'm going to grab the trailer, I'm not going to keep supporting the company. Of course, we're going to continue because I already lived it, and the truth is, it's great the need that we're going through most of the people here. Thank you. For now, Pedro's win is amazing. Here you see, what is the washing machine and the dryer. Look, the key is from our new house. It goes directly to the key, but look at this. What are the new keys? This one. Ah, you know. Look, and here comes the light. It's transparent. There's a lot of difference. And it doesn't smell. It's a safer community. It has the appropriate infrastructure. It has potable drinking water. It has a level of security and attention from law enforcement. Still, mobile home housing itself is not a great model of housing for anybody. It's not just about Oasis Mobile Home Park. For the rest of the Oasis residents, their fight still continues. Every day, with contaminated water and all the poor housing conditions. I think this is going to be the first good part of our lives.


Ieithi. Llyfridog, Jai iddech chi rydych i'r ddweud y ddwyg mewn syni, o'r hyn o'r holl gwych silnig o'r group i'r systeilau ac yn ei siŵr.  Felly yma mae'r gwertheg freedomiaeth o bears i'w gestion i'w rhann Modern's i'w'r cyfrifoedd o'r cyfrifoedd o'r profiad o dda, ac rydyn ni'n ddweud, chi'n gwertheg, ystod o'r cyfrifoedd, cerdd ychydig i'r pywyddoedd, ac yn y tuall hwn yn gyflawn. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r rhaglennu yn hollu'r unigol, yn dweudu'r adrwysu, yn gweithio'r ddeudau, yn economiaeth, yn sylfaenol, yn gyflawni'r dŵr, ac yn gyflawni'r hollu'r dŵr. A'r ysgrifennu ymdilych yn ymddill, yn ymddill ac yn amlwyr o Hollu ac Francis, gyda'r fanfasig amser o'r dŵr.  Ond mae gennych, ac mae gennym, oherwydd o mynd i ddiagnostics a gweithio, maen nhw i'Mtall unrhyw expreziad, sy'n meddwl iawn, sy'n ei fawr ifanc a'r fawr cymaint oherwydd rydw i'n amser i'n gweld rwylo boedol nhw i'r unrhyw sydd. Rydw i'n fawr o'r number hwn yn ddiwedd, chi'n rhaid o'r ymddangos i wneud a'r lywodraeth i'r cyframe ysgolfaeth a phatio.   Bennyn Giesig yn y dda'r ffondio'n gweithio'n ffordd am hyn, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio. Ac dweud i ddweud arweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio dechrau Gigiol unrhyw ac sy'n golygu cofnirio'n ddweudio i'r gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. a'r bydd y dyfodol yn chi'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r dweud, ac o'n meddwl i'n meddal fel ymddangos yw'r fforddol. Oherwydd, nid ydynt yn bwysig fel ydych chi'n mynd yw'r ysgolion ac yn yw'r ysgolion i'r ffordd o'r gweithi'r ysgolion, ond rwy'n meddwl i'w meddwl i'r gwbl ysgolion. Mae'n meddwl i'r meddwl i'r gweithio i'r ffordd o'r gweithi'r ffordd o'r gweithio oedd ydych chi'n mynd i gael gweithio'r ffondi yn ddysgu sydd wedi'i cynnig oedd o'r gweld rhai. Felly, rwy'n gwybod i'n ddweud flwyddyn o'r ddweud y ddiagnostig a technolig. Felly, sebastiaeth yw Fuller yn ei ddweud ddweud rhai ddweud yng Nghymru Cymru wornig i gyflawni gwazio ymddangol, ychydig i'r parwyr o'r ddweud am y dygnostig. In this particular application, his aim is to introduce an implementation point of care test for STI's in Zambia. And he's introducing an approach as an exemplar of a transferable approach that could be used for the implementation of different types of diagnostics in different contexts. And the approach, which will be introduced by the research team in collaboration with the WHO and with colleagues in Zambia yw ymwneud ymwneud ymwneud ymwneud y platdyn nhw, oedd yw'r cyffredinol gyda y cyfnodau sydd wedi cael ei ddweud fawr ddyfodol ychydig o ddifwng, gyda'r cyffredinol i ddefnyddio y ffasig ei ddwylo'r diagnostig. Felly, dyna'r cyfrwyng ymwneud ymwneud yw'r cyffredinol ymwyneud a'r cyfrwyng ymwyneud. Mae'r amser ychydig yw'r cyfrwyng hwn yn ymwyneud ymwneud, gyda'r cyfan crowding hwn yw'r cyfan i gynnig o gondol am y trawyddoedd a hynny o'r cilwyddiadol yn rhan i'r gynhytrdeol ni. Beth yw Lennard Bartyma, ac mae hwn ydw i gofio ychydig o'r Cyfan Roedd Plen o'r pthelymeddiadol yn Gwana. A hyn, mae'r gyfan o rhan i gondol ymwyslo yn ymchwilio ddechrau'r cyfan. ymwyiaid yn y ffocau ddaw i gael hyn o ffordd gyda enthau'r cyfnodau cwelir yma yw'r gwerthfyniad.  I'm going to give a few examples of research falling under these three groups of these boxes here now. One of these, Show B, a clinical researcher has submitted and will be interviewed in the next couple of weeks for a Welcome Trust's Early Career award. This is aimed at solving the wicked problem, a problem of many interrelated complex influences on the problem of high mortality among small, vulnerable new-borns Indonesia. Shobi is interested in better understanding the problem and then introducing with collaborators in Indonesia innovative interventions with a focus on shared decision making and family centred care. So this is an example of introducing, implementing, designing and evaluating complex interventions in health systems. So so far I've given some examples of research that's under review and that will hopefully be funded for the rest of the presentation Jake and I are going to just give you some illustrations of research that's recently received funding. One of these I'm delighted to say is an NIHR professorship and this is work that I've been funded to lead looking at moral distress amongst frontline research staff. Moral distress is our situations where people know what they ought to do in a situation but the circumstances don't allow them to to do what they ought to do and moral distress can have a whole range of symptoms and implications for the people who are experiencing it and it's something that's gained a lot more attention since COVID-19 in the NHS in UK but the kind of situations that lead to it are everyday experiences in many LMICs and the idea with this grant is to work out how this might be minimized, how it might be managed and this is important because it has implications for individuals, it's bad for science and it's bad for health system delivery as well. So this is work in collaboration with Kenya but also with the WHO and many other collaborators from different contexts at the heart of it is an international set of case studies which expose frontline staff to different types potentially of moral distress. So I'll be under I'll be keen to characterize this and then to look at through these case studies how transferable that learning is across many other LMICs with the overall goal of developing practical guidance for funders, for institution leads and for team managers and research leads. So I hope that gives a flavour of some of the work so far and I'm going to hand over to Jake who's going to talk about the rest of our work. Cheers Sassi, more on everyone. I'm going to talk to you about climate change and healthcare infrastructure first which is an area that I've been really keen to develop for quite a long time but recently got the opportunity to do it. Yeah this is already mentioned you might have otherwise heard about it too because I've been telling everyone about it but yeah this is a novel extreme weather risk insurance system for Kenya or new risk as we call it I don't know if we do prizes for acronyms but I want one if that's the case and it's led by myself and my colleague Ben Soffa in who's based in Kenya. Our focus is on preparing Kenya's health system, its counties, its communities and its patients for extreme weather. You've probably seen on any given week extreme weather events happening around the world but of course when they interact with poorer communities more vulnerable communities we get very very large disasters North Africa so on recently but Kenya gets them quite regularly droughts floods mudslides and this work is targeting that area. The funder is the NIHR and it's a collaboration with Kenry Welcome and four county governments who really do a lot of the decision making in Kenya and also St Andrews. They are yeah it's also worth saying this is three million pounds over four years beginning in January. Just to tell you a little bit about how we're approaching this because I think it does in some way speak to some of the work that we do in the health systems collaborative. The first layer of this, the first layers of this in fact are kind of GIS layers so we have a climate analysis which we can see spatially and they've got very accurate lately they can get down to one kilometer resolution and that's highly relevant if you want to look at the extreme weather effects that you'll see in each given health facility in Kenya. Now luckily previous work of Kenry Welcome shows very accurately where different health facilities are in Kenya and so we can see the climate, the extreme weather effects that we'll see in each given facility and then we also have some data on population and which populations are served by which one of these facilities and we also know how vulnerable they are so that's pre-existing indexes of their vulnerability, their economic ability, their access to education, clean water all of these things, the social determinants of health as well as access to healthcare and then finally we'll probably adjust a new WHO survey which is attempting to look at how prepared facilities are but it's the one that they've developed is this kind of internal checklist but we want to make something up with a bit more rigor in it so we can see how how affected these facilities will be and then finally a lot of the work that we do is oriented towards the users of health systems towards patients in the communities that hospitals serve and that's very much the case here as well. We want to take all of these different layers and present them back to communities and say what do you want to do about this because the truth is there's been a long and very failed history of people who look like me coming to bits of Africa and telling them what they ought to do in certain certain kinds of emergency situations so instead we want to go there and say you know how you had that flood in 2018 and it lasted like 10 days and it was terrible well what if it lasted 20 days what would you do how would you prepare and help them to build local plans? This is really important because yeah the communities have already told us some things that really changed the shape of this whole project so I can't emphasize our work with communities enough and then finally the bit that's in the the fancy acronym is the risk insurance sites we want to package this up and see whether or not we can ensure the health system to stay open during periods of extreme weather. This is a bit of a reach it's almost like a stretch goal in kind of you know entrepreneurship terms or something but the the the the truth is that well the fallback is that each one of these components speaks you know develops its own useful outputs and so this they stack together to allow us to address this larger question about whether or not insurance would work. So that's that's yeah that's climate but also just more broadly in health systems resilience and responsiveness are related and very complementary project is led by Mike but also with collaborators in Macarell and Vitz and yeah that's a large welcome trust discovery award that's five million I think over four years four years and this this work is broad but looking at that first uh layer of hospital treatment which traditionally has been a little bit underrated a little bit underloved by a lot of global health emphasis we put a lot of emphasis on primary healthcare because that's cheaper and it's closer and you know the health economists like it but we've perhaps looked past the important role of first line hospitals in both in providing services themselves which are not available in the primary healthcare setting but also in supporting that network of of lower facilities too. We had a meeting recently in Oxford this isn't all the health systems collaborative there there's some other people in it but there are a lot that is a lot of the faces that are in our group and a lot of the people that are involved in this it's really big international collaboration it's a very large project and should keep Mike and lots of others busy for for the foreseeable future. Again just thinking about the way that this has been dealt with so far again this is the map that I mentioned before that came up and put together where you can really see facilities around Africa and it's super useful to be able to to see them spatially that way but I suppose this this project is more often looking at those ones that are a little bit farther away a bit less dense those little dots that are kind of on their own and in in that way we start to see a whole different set of issues that affect those those hospitals and most often in the way that they've been dealt with so far it's been in terms of the certain levels of de jure services they should be able to offer so some people get together in in Geneva or somewhere similar and they say you know a hospital like this ought to have this this and this but of course on the ground that's not necessarily what they have and they perhaps look past their their the the role that they have in providing other services and maintaining health in the region more more more broadly strategic investment is needed in this and that will be an element of the work that's looked at but importantly for Mike and a lot of the team members we're really focused on HRH human resources for health a lot of this work that we would like to do a lot of the the the remaining goals and global health that the stuff that we want to focus on it's always dependent on people doing it on the ground and so there's always been a big focus in our group on HRH in developing that for that really came across in in in our project recently and again this is speaks to the how related these two projects are we went to tell them about this this you know this amazing climate science project that we were going to do we pulled together some community members to talk about it we said we're going to fix your local hospital we're going to put solar panels on it we're going to provide you know help help provide water for it would that be useful to you and they said no we don't want you to do that they're useless they don't show up for work and if you look a little further staff aren't paid you know that they're regularly paid it's really difficult to get to that facility and so imagine we did all that work to make that facility resilient but then it doesn't open because staff don't want to work there and that's something that Mike's going to really look at and this group's going to look at how do you support care even in these hardship areas how do you convince young doctors to go to really distant places and work under a tin roof in 45 degree temperatures not easy i'm sure and then next you're not reading this wrong we are now doing some work in the NHS thanks to Atacrit so this is a exciting new work something else that you know it's been a recurrent theme in in our group is around task shifting and i don't know if you all know about the role of physician associates in the UK but they're like the other roles that have preceded them in task shifting they've been introduced somewhat quietly and then grown rapidly and that looks to be happening to physician associates so a thousand new physician associates graduating every year and they're working in NHS hospitals sometimes much more in some areas than in others as far as i understand but little is known about their roles and the scope of their work so this exciting new work will be led by Atacrit in both in in Kenya and in the UK this is quite practical work there's some outputs for this that should really help you know people on the ground and it should lead to better data systems and tools which will you know allocate and plan for these PAs much more effectively it should help with recruitment retention and role satisfaction this is a real problem like do they become junior doctors at some stage once they're really experienced what's the top end of a PA look like what does their future career look like so just stepping into that problem but then also trying to develop some short videos to explain this and share it and sharing learning across across the different trust that we work within this project a final one from our group is Shobie i don't know if she's online Shobie are you here somewhere no good i can be really kind to her then she's saving her plushes but Shobie's amazing the Shobie did you know pediatric surgery and worked in various places around the world she's really passionate about child health and i think from her perspective so many of the things that she was dealing with were were avoidable or by the time that she saw them in the clinic that they were problems that were manifested much earlier in in kids lives and so she became interested in diet and general health and welfare of children and this led her to do some work which was quite you know it wasn't like there was a big call for loads of money in this she just did it so she's got my eternal respect for that and yeah she's been looking at food poverty in Oxford which is a shameful phrase there's even a worse one there's malnutrition in Oxford which we can talk about too but yeah she does this amazing work in pulling together a whole network of front line food bank workers and support people who work around schools people who volunteer their time and weren't you know had put themselves down to part-time work so that they could run food banks and do other things in the communities they work from she invited them all to Green Templeton and kind of united them and has since then been to the you know houses of parliament and pushed this at very very senior levels and has had all kinds of impressive um effects as a result of this so yeah a little uh cropster Shobie um that's it for now uh where we're a broad group this isn't really covering a lot of the areas that we we have been working in for example doing a um a work in Vietnam around intensive care that's closing now but um has been super interesting a lot of work and supporting different technologies different ideas for for hospitals and health systems and that implementation science method is um something which is pretty common across our group and so if you've got new technologies or new systems or new kind of clinical ideas that you'd want to bring into practice it might be worth um giving us uh giving us an email and connecting as we'd happily talk through your project and your ideas


The National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated stations present the Pacific story. This is the story of the Pacific. The drama of the millions of people who live around this greatest sea, where the United States is now committed to a long-term policy of keeping the peace. This is the background story of the events in the Pacific and their meaning to us and to the generations to come. The Golden Thread. That the east and the west shall be tied together by a golden thread. It shall reach across the sea and across the mountains and the plains. And it shall encompass the world and be a token of peace. But war shall come and calamity shall come. And they who fashion the Golden Thread shall suffer. Men will search the earth for a credit equal. But they shall find none until again there is peace. And the people of the east and the people of the west live together, one with the other. Today the silk looms are again spinning in Japan. The mills smashed by the war are being put back into operation. And the mills converted from silk manufacture for war industries are now being reconverted to silk. But a great deal of water has gone over the dam since Japan's Silk Hay Day of 1929. We're lucky to get in. This place is very exclusive, Pat. What if they raided the place while we're here? Oh, not this place. Nick has got a fix. We will bring it. Never know from the outside, but this is way down in the cellar. They say Nick sank $50,000 in this speak. Look, here comes our drinks. Well, what do you say, Alphard? Too much business. That'll be a dollar six bits. Two gin rickies and two dollars for cover charges. This gin is directed in Cuba, imported. I'll bet Nick made it in his bathtub. Well, there you are. Thanks. Well, he's looking at you, honey. At you. Oh, brother. They must have made this stuff out of motorman's mittens. So isn't this the way gin rickies are supposed to pay? Come on, Pat. Let's dance, huh? Why not? Well, at least the music's good. What's the matter, baby? Yeah, hate you? Let's sit down. Sure, I'll run it to the ferris for you. Look at that. She stepped way up on my heel, and look what she did to my stockings. Yeah, ruined them. Yes, look at that. Her new silk stockings. Well, don't worry about it, baby. I'll buy you another pair. I'll buy you a dozen pairs. What do you think about that, huh? Now, come on. Let's not let this wreck our evening. Hey, Alphard, fill them up again. That was 1929. That was the height of prosperity, the peak of the prohibition days. That was the year when everybody had money and everybody was spending it. That was the year the Japan sold to the United States alone, 100 million pounds of silk. That was the year when the golden thread meant nothing more than a run in a young flapper's sheer hose. But there was an age when silk was the fabric of kings. And in China, 3,000 years BC, the process of spinning the silk, the process of spinning and weaving the thread of the silk cocoon was a carefully guarded family secret. Observe closely, my daughter, for this tiny creature which crawls on the leaf of the mulberry tree will serve you in all your lifetime as it serves me and my father before me. It is the silkworm. See, Father, how even now it covers itself with the silk and fiber, spinning a cocoon. And from this cocoon, my daughter, you, in turn, will spin the golden thread to delight the hearts of all mankind. Yes, Father. The raiment of princes and emperors will be woven from what you spin. Documents of state will be written on your silken cloth and messages and the stories of our people. It is a heaven-sent secret guarded as you would your life. I will remember, Father. And come now to the marketplace with me. At sundown, the caravan departs for Lulang, carrying silk for Bahta in the Occident. For nearly 3,000 years, all the silk known in the civilized world was made in China and carried by slow caravan west through the mountains over primitive trails which came to be known as the Silk Road. The journey was much, sometimes years long. The first stop was Lulang, an ancient fortress near the shores of Lake Lothnore. Up the caravan, animals, we must wait outside the walls of the city. Why do they not open the gates? Sentry, open the gates. It is the caravan from Tung Weng. Sentry! See, your shouting will wake the dead. My cries have roused the village. Even now, men are climbing from the walls. Good. They come to examine the cargo. Welcome, caravan! Greetings, men of Lulang. You have come far across the great desert from Tung Weng. My men are weary. They are impatient to enter the city. Our village rejoices that you have arrived. What goods do you bring to Lulang? We bring silk from Siang, 4,000 bales. Break open the packs for the sentry to see. Silk! It is silk! The village? No, merchant. To the people of Lulang, silk is no vain at all. It is too precious to be worn. To us, it is bread for our family. For with your silk, we can buy wheat from the caravans, which come from the west. To us, your silk means life. Open the gates for the caravans! They bring silk! Lulang and other junctions on the silk road from the Orient. Silk was a medium of exchange. The bales arriving from Siang were in turn sold to other caravans, traveling west, who carried the silk to more distant cities. Byzantium, Antioch, Tyre. None but Roman patricians could afford to deck their wives and daughters in the luxurious fabric of the east. It is beautiful. Father, it is beautiful. Perhaps you will wear it at the Colosseum. Oh, it is so soft. It is surely the finest material that has ever been made. It should be fine for the price the scoundrel charged me. Did you find it in the marketplace? I have never seen it before. It is called Syracum, a seaman brought it from Tyre. Where it really comes from is a mystery. Somewhere in far eastern Asia, it is said. The process is a secret known only to the seers, or Chinese, as some call them. For over 2600 years, the Chinese did manage to keep their secrets. Although their caravans stretched the golden thread across half the ancient world, the secret process of producing silk was not revealed. Until in the third century of the Christian era, a Chinese princess married a prince of Tibet and brought a strange wedding gift to her husband's court. Fire. For highness, the princess of China. We welcome the princess of China. Your Highness. Rise, princess. Your Highness is most generous. If it pleased your Highness, I would ask permission to remove my headdress. Here, princess? Now? Now, Your Highness. I bring a gift for my people. You offer the headdress of a princess as the gift of your people? That which is concealed within the headdress, my prince. Is this a dress, princess? I see nothing, or perhaps my eyes are not so keen. Here. Here, courtiers. What do you see? What? Why? It is worms, Your Highness. Worms? Worms? Worms? A joke? A wedding gift to worms? Your Highness, please. I do not jest. This is a gift from my people to the people of Tibet. Your forgiveness, princess. What I have brought are silkworms. Silkworms? The true silkworms that have been a source of China's wealth for 3,000 years. Silk from worms? A miracle. No miracle, sire. But a knowledge which I shall consider an honor to impart to your people. Princess, you bring us a great gift. If our people can make silk, they shall never want. This is truly a gift to our people. It is written that a golden thread shall encompass the world as a token of peace. But war shall come, and calamity shall come. Please, we must flee. The enemy is upon us. But the emperor is for Qin. The house of Qin has fallen. We are lost. But where can we go? This warfare of those brothers of our land, where is there less to go? Quickly, there is no time. We go to Korea. We are leaving the country at once for Korea. But husband, our home, all we work for is here, our possession. We can take nothing except the silkworms. Quick, while there is time. With the fall of the Qin dynasty, refugees streamed into Korea, carrying as their only possessions their silkworms and the knowledge of silk production. And from Korea, the secrets of silk spread further abroad. From across the sea of Japan, in the third century B.C., the general Semirimus led his invading army against the Koreans. Peace, sire. Peace, sire. The Semibarbaric Japs horde easily conquered the more peaceful Koreans, and returned with prisoners and loot to their homeland. General Semirimus reported to the throne. Victory, excellency. Korea is conquered. I come only now from my vessel. And our fleet, Semirimus, is safe. Our ships are safely returned. There are holes filled with tribute from the enemy.  Many captives, excellency. And the prize more precious than jewels. More precious than jewels. The secret of the white cloth of China. We have brought silkworms, excellency, from which the golden thread is produced. A silk. And captives who will teach our farmers how to reel the silk from the cocoon and weave it into fabric. This is indeed a prize, Semirimus. I have also brought the push of mulberry on which the silkworm feeds. A plant? It is part of the secret. The leaf of the mulberry tree is eaten by the silkworm as food. And then we shall plant mulberry trees throughout the land. It is my will that an edict be issued at once. Wherever possible, our farmers will cultivate mulberry trees and learn the culture of silk. As an example to the people, the Empress will tend our silkworms with her own hands. That was the Emperor Nin Ken, more than 2,000 years ago. That was the beginning of Japan silk industry, which in 1929 had grown to $100 million a year export trade. An industry which was to provide Japan's second most important peacetime foreign credit. In that time, men of many lands have marveled at the silkworm, each in his own way. My entire family engaging in manufacture of silk in all our lifetimes. Honorable father, mother, grandmother, son's wife and the four children. From youngest child to great-grandmother, nine silk workers in one Japanese farmer's family. Multiply that by the 2,200,000 families engaged in the silk culture in Japan before the war and see how closely, from birth to death, are the lives of the Japanese literally entwined with silk. But while they lived, ate, and slept with their silkworms, the average Japanese wore no silk. It was far too valuable a commodity to be wasted on clothing for domestic use, as long as 100 million pounds could be sold to the United States in a single year at $5.23 a pound. Or in the United States of the 20s, women controlled purchasing power. At a fair demand, U.S. weavers became Japan's best raw silk customers. The American wives descended their prerogatives. But Wilbur, you're just being unreasonable. You talk of silk as though it were a luxury or something. Well, I don't care what you call it. All I know is we're spending entirely too much money later.  We've got to have silk. But why? Why must it be silk, Pat? Don't ask me why, Wilbur. It's just something that's important to a woman. Why, no girl I know would think of wearing anything but silk lingerie. And as for stockings, well, just ask yourself, how many cotton stockings you've used that lately? Yeah, I know. Just... Oh, now look, darling, don't mind doing the housework. And have I ever said a word about taking care of three children without any help? Oh, honey, I'm not criticizing you. It's just that I think... I've never asked you to buy me a washing machine. Or, well, a lot of things I might have. But clothes mean a lot to a woman. Oh, honest, darling, I just couldn't do without silk stockings. Okay, baby, silk it is. The American woman's inability to get along without silk stockings was more than just a philosophic observation in some circles. To certain Japanese meeting with government officials in Tokyo in 1936, it was an important military calculation. There is too much talk of silk and not enough talk of our imperial destiny. Well, gentlemen, I beg of you, we are traveling a full course. Since the turn of the century when our economy was open to war trade, silk has been vital to the strength of our basic economic structure. It will continue to be so. Our people have prospered in the peaceful production and export of silk. More than 34% of our farmers depend for their entire livelihood on the raising of silkworms and the processing of raw silk. The industry cannot be turned to military use without disaster. This is specific talk. What best serves the interests of our people serves also his imperial highness. I give you the facts. Our armies need to steal from America. We need oil from California and East Indies. We must have chemicals and other stuff of life. And we must have them now. Gentlemen, I must warn you that increasing silk production to gain greater foreign credit for purchasing the raw materials of war is dangerous. More than half of our export is to the United States of America. Already they consider our acts unfriendly. You are unduly alarmed, sir. Our Japan produces more than three-fourths of all the raw silk in the world. That is correct, gentlemen. Now, in His Majesty's Imperial Army, I can safely assure you that your American silk market will in no way be jeopardized. They must buy from us. American women would never give us their silk stockings, even for a war. Thousands of refugees are swimming in the international waters. It had begun. Japanese intentions were now clear. But the prophecy was not entirely accurate. For on the campuses of American universities, strange meetings were taking place. Take a joke.  You tell him, Sally. We're not wearing these cotton stockings to be funny. It's not just a fair to attract attention, either. I know, it's a minstrel show. We like silk stockings just as much as any girls do. And it's going to be pretty tough to go without them, believe me. I don't know how to say it without sounding corny, but... What she's trying to say is... It's happening in China. We know that every pair of silk stockings we buy means more bombs for Japan's air force. Every silk dress means more bullets for Japanese rifles. Killing Chinese babies today and tomorrow, perhaps our own. Let's stop them now. But the earnest resolutions of an intelligent minority in the United States were not enough to stop the military machine that had been set in motion for the warlords of Japan. In 1939, meetings were being held in Washington. But Senator, I wish to point out that since Japan took on her war in China, she has been buying twice as much as she has sold to the United States. But on the evidence thus far presented, no government action can possibly be taken. True, our economic relations with Japan have greatly altered, but no overdacted has been committed. Senator, I wish to go on record as stating that Japan's purchases from us are entirely in the nature of raw materials for war. To pay for these imports, they are putting the squeeze on our silk market. Gentlemen, if all makes speech at this time... Certainly, Mr. Naturo. Gentlemen, I ask Mr. Naturo of the Japanese Embassy to come here this morning in the hope that he might be able to clarify the position of his government. Thank you, Mr. Senator. I wish first to assure you for my government that if a change occurred, it most certainly has not been a hostile one. The gentleman who spoke before me has charged that we are withholding raw silk from the market in order to increase price. I certainly did, Mr. Naturo. Silk mills in my district have informed me that the price of raw silk has reached a nine-year peak since last December alone. It has been raised $1.75 a pound and some types of silk can't be had at any price. Unfortunately, the price rise is true, but your reasons are not entirely correct. You must understand that my country is at war. Either the Japanese were being very clever in taking advantage of their world domination of silk, or they were desperate for a means of lowering their import balance. In Flynn, another type of conference was being held. In the private dining room at the Hotel Adlon. Oh, excellent humor, Mr. Secretary. Thank you, sir. Here, let me pour you another glass. Oh, thank you. Your dinner was most enjoyable. You seem to have no shortages considering it is a war time. We have no shortages. Particularly, their friendships are involved.  Then perhaps I may be permitted to mention a matter of friendship between our two governments. Naturally, naturally. Karl, he will be disturbed by no one. You were saying, Herr Kubota, that no matter of machinery on the chemicals which your government has so kindly offered to silk, I can guarantee you that shipment will begin at once. And are there any payment for these materials, Herr Schmidt? Let us be frank, Kubota. Your silk is of minor importance to Germany at the moment. We are at war. Any interference, shall we say, you could create for our enemies in the Pacific would be payment enough. And you may be assured that if for any reason your American silk market is cut off, the German government is prepared to supply Japan with sufficient ore materials to fight for her place in the world. Well, this is indeed a friendship, Herr Schmidt. Let us drink. Two friendship. But a war with Russia and the blockade of the British took friendship from fulfilling its commitment. By the fall of 1941, there was a showdown in the Far East. Japan had occupied half of China and moved down into Indochina. We must make it plain to Tokyo that we will tolerate no further move. Economic sanctions must be imposed at once. The stand was strong, but a more serious blow came from the Dutch and the East Indies. The Dutch government hereby finds it necessary to abrogate its oil-packed with Japan, providing for the shipment of 1,800,000 tons of oil per year to the Japanese Empire. As of this date, no further oil will be shipped. And in the Congress of the United States? I wish to call to the attention of Congress and in cooperation with the Allied power, and in the earnest hopes of checking the worldwide spread of the Japanese war, the United States has, to this day, declassened embargo on the import of Japanese silk. With an informed supply of raw silk, Americans have built a hard hit for the embargo, and the American women turned to cotton and rayon, and a limited supply of nylon holes. But the Japanese people were harder hit. They were piling up silk at the rate of 700 to 800 bales a day, as if caught in some ironic fairytale bewitchment, in which riches and luxury mount in unwanted profusion. Demonstrations were held in the streets of Tokyo. We demand a strong action against the United States for a decent, friendly act. Listen to me. It is no matter if the United States will not buy our silk, they are enemies of Japan. We will soon be at war, and our silk will go to war, as medical sutures, a recital inspiration for our planes and those parishes. And what we do not set abroad, we will wear. Look among you. Already it is possible for us to cold ourselves in silk. But what for, for 30 years is this? Where we wear to you, for care by foot for our families? Yes, Japan's silk had gone to war. Once again, in its 5,000 years history, the golden thread had been broken by warfare, and Columny had come to those who fashioned the golden thread. But today, silk once more promises to play an important part in the lives of Japan. According to General MacArthur's headquarters, the silk trade may be one of the first industries to be revived in the peaceful Japan. And the matter of Japanese silk is closely related to the matter of food for Japan. Unless food is sent to Japan, many Japanese will die in the monster cup. The food imports required can be paid for with silk. Silk is an agricultural product of wholly domestic origin, requiring no outside raw materials and therefore offers the best opportunity for Japan to gain rapidly the needed foreign credit. If silk can be exported at pre-war prices, it would be more economical for the Japanese to import grains and use their acreage for silk production to pay for it. Once again, the silk looms of the East are spinning out their golden thread. Silk production may never again be as great as it was in 1929, but it may become the most important single factor in the reestablishment of Japanese economy. And China, a victor in the greatest war of all time, may again pick up the golden thread. For it is written that the East and the West shall be tied together by a golden thread. It shall reach across the sea and across the mountains and the plains, and it shall encompass the world and be a token of peace. They who fashion the golden threads in peace shall prosper, and the people of the East and the people of the West shall live together, one with the other. You have been listening to the Pacific Story, presented by the National Broadcasting Company and a affiliated independent station to clarify events in the Pacific and to make understandable the cross-currents of life in the Pacific Basin. For a reprint of this Pacific Story program, send 10 cents and stamp or coin to University of California Press, Berkeley, California. The Pacific Story is produced and directed by Arnold Markowitz. The original musical score was composed and conducted by Thomas Paluso. Your narrator, Gaine Wolfman. Programs in this series of particular interests to service men and women are broadcast overseas through the worldwide facilities of the Army. The Pacific Story is produced and directed by Arnold Markowitz. This program came to you from Hollywood. This is NBC, the National Broadcasting Company.


Brilliant effort, I'm sure Robert Lambert, after making the start, he made thought he'd got the first turn sewn up. But Marc and Baschelik, great effort from the outside, just pinning it right down on the curb. Wouldn't expect to see too much passing in the early heats, but I'll tell you what, Mikkelsen is using the outside like a great effect. Here we go! Fantastic move from Mikkelsen, committed to the outside run, just about in the second place. Baschelik now is definitely vulnerable. Mikkelsen, one last blast on the opening lap here. They're hucking the inside, Mikkelsen's got speed, he's going to do it! Water ride for Mikkelsen, he was stoned last. This is sensational opening race in the Narodobi. Mikkelsen is just working the track out, he's working the outside line. They have ripped a little bit of the dirt up there, so already it does have a working outside dirt line and he just stuck to it lap after lap after lap. He kept the bike smooth, he didn't phase him that Robert Lambert was trying to come back underneath him, just stuck to it, and an absolutely tremendous opening ride from Mikkelsen. Here we go, wall, long pause, Woopendon a little bit on, up bounce, misses the start. The inside gate from Jason Dorr, he just roared in there. Lambert, the inside gate, Lambert hanging on, kick your eyes on Woopendon, he's elected to go high and wide. Is there enough dirt? Can he produce enough speed? But doil out in front! Tell you what, Ty, Woopendon's really got that bike, working it, hooking up around the outside. Wouldn't be surprised if he could make his way to the front here, Jason Doil seems to be spinning up, made himself very big on the opening lap. And hanging on! Here we go! That stays there every lap, last three laps, and just works it, works it, works it, gets past Robert Lambert and then the run to the line. Teasels, but that was Woopendon at his best. That's why he's won three world championships. Number four will complete the first block of the race. One last chance now for Bartosz Marzlik, right out in the dirt. Leon Matzen has ridden a storm around in front.  He's forced his way to the front. He tried, he got there, but now the speed being generated by the series leader and the current champion, Marzlik. Look at this cutback, look where he's sitting on the bike. Lifts going into the corner, moves him over, that Matzen's wheeling up against the safety fence there. At this point, I didn't even know who finished second, I just couldn't get my eyes off Marzlik. He roars into that corner, so hard. No contact there in two. Leon Matzen has to take avoiding action. Oh yeah. He does a Thomas Goeller bouncing off the air fence and certainly just about stays on board, but a tough, tough move there. Unbelievable stuff. You can see Marzlik here, he's just running across the corner, he can't actually turn any tighter than that. He knows how far he's gone, there's a look back there to the outside. Big if for that one. Here we go, heat number 19, we're under way. Great start from Kim Nielsen out of gate two, working a treat. Chopped back to the inside for Rasmus Jensen, but no room there, Kavek Chubb the inside. Here comes Freddie Lingon, roaring round the outside as they enter turn number three. Very wide indeed, Kim Nielsen blocks the door. Freddie Lingon, what a move from Freddie Lingon, stunning move there, split second decision to chop back to the inside. Bounce back after a nasty fall earlier on. Yeah, I mean what an exciting first lap, this was Kim Nielsen there, cracking start. Just leaves a little bit of a gap just on the inside there for Jan Kavek, but he can't make the most of it now here. This is where Freddie's just read the situation, got a little bit lucky with Kim Nielsen just grabbing a little bit of extra grip front wheel coming up in the air, but I'll tell you what, Freddie is so aware here of the space that he's got, and it was a pretty brave move, because if Jan Kavek had kept coming over to the right, that could have ended in carnage. Got a bit lucky there, Kim Nielsen's lost his momentum, had that had not happened, perhaps Freddie wouldn't have got himself in front. Ah, tapes up and we're away, certainly Dawler's made a smashing start, then up to Smarsley having chopped back to the inside. Here he comes, fabulous move from Smarsley, made a big long straight down the back. Right from the get-go. Yeah, absolutely, he comes off the outside gate, doesn't get there, barely just beats him to the corner here, perfectly timed cutback, he's actually got three riders ahead of him at that point, look at the speed he generates, the confidence that he rides through that gap, and well Jason Doyle, I don't think he would have known what hit him there, was just about to turn into the corner.


...and Elliot Lewis on stage. Abby Lewis and Elliot Lewis, two of the most distinguished names in radio, appearing each week in their own theater, starring in a repertory of transcribed stories of their own and your choosing. Radio's foremost player in Radio's foremost play. Ladies and gentlemen, Elliot Lewis. Good evening. May I present my wife, Kathy. Good evening. We don't know where you live. We live in a very quiet suburban community. We know approximately where you live from your letterhead and the postmarks on your letters. But if you live in, say, Kansas City, we don't know where in Kansas City. In the city or in the suburbs or way out of town. But we live in the suburbs and, living there, we've found that we have many things in common with our neighbors. We disagree on many things, but also we agree on many more. And if you were able to put those remarks into the form of a radio drama, you could get quite a story out of it. A young man named Arthur Ross did just that and tonight we're going to do it. So, if you will, listen now to A Circle of Wheels. Good morning, dear. Good morning, dear. Orange juice or prunes? Isn't today Wednesday? Yes. Prunes on Wednesday? You weren't feeling very well on Saturday and we had them instead of orange juice or orange juice for Sunday instead. Oh, yes. I'll sit down in a minute. Mm-hmm, yes. Why don't you start on your prunes? I'd better go light. Doctor today. That's in the afternoon. I know, I know.  With all that pressing and pushing, I might get sick. Upset stomach. But you'll be at the doctor's. Of course. Only if I'd come to him because I had an upset stomach, that would be different. But I'm going for an annual physical. And if I get sick, he'll say, why didn't you come sooner? Why did you wait for your annual physical? That happened to me once, remember? That's exactly what I remember.  I kept telling him I felt fine, only he didn't really believe me. I'd like to go to the doctor's and feel fine. The way we go for our annual checkup. I admit, I kind of enjoy seeing him frown all the way through it, looking for something and then straighten up and say, Alan, Alan Burke, your sound is atop. Sit as a fiddle. He always says, sound as a top, sit as a fiddle. He seems so pleased that we feel good. Sure, why not? He works hard to keep us fit and we don't let him down. It's the way I feel at the office when my salesmen go out after a meeting and boost their ratings up 50 and 100 percent. They don't let me down. Do you mind if I ask how you're coming along with Charlie McCleady? No. No, I don't mind at all. I'm coming along all right with him. Yes, all right. He doesn't ride you anymore. Well, no, not really. I mean, he does sometimes, but now I understand him. That's very important. Yes. I admit, it's a little hard to take once in a while, but a job is a job and we can't have everything our own way in life. But you do a lot of his work and he takes credit for it. I wish you hadn't said that. I'm sorry. Only because it's true. Absolutely true. His smiling face and funny talk when we have coffee. That doesn't throw me off a bit. He doesn't like you. Not really. That's what fools me. When we have coffee, he's fine. Like an old friend. And then, boom, in front of the boss, he belittles me. Takes credit. Why don't you tell the boss? Why not?  I really hate him because I can't tell the boss. Maybe he doesn't mean it. Mean it? Who cares if he means it? He does it. I mean, maybe that's just his way. Maybe he can't have it. Well, I've got a right to be. Perhaps you're right. And since you understand more than he does, I mean, really understand more, maybe you should overlook it. I am the stronger one, really. Even if it looks like he's pushing me around. That's right, dear. Even if it seems like he's getting the best of everything, I am the stronger one. You certainly are. And if I show how much I've prevented him, it'll only make him worse. Small people like Charlie McCready would react that way. Maybe we should ask him over. Sort of ease the tension. That's right. He isn't a bad sort. I find many nice things about his wife. And the man who's so pleasant at coffee. There must be something basically good in him. You know, a man who's so good-natured. I do, Alan. It sounds like a very smart thing to do. All right. Old Charlie is not a bad sort at all. I mean, once you try to get to know him. I'm glad you're not letting your emotions run away with you. 8.15. I better get going. Do you want my afternoon appointment at the doctor's? I can take your morning one. No, no. This is fine. He'll let me know what the doctor says. Of course. When will you ask Charlie? After I see the doctor. One thing at a time. Always. One thing at a time. Goodbye, Alan. Goodbye, Elsie. Alan. Yes, Elsie? You didn't eat much dinner either. Hmm? I said you didn't eat much dinner. Wasn't it very good? The dinner? Oh, yes. Very good. I got home so late from the doctor's. I didn't have time to really fix the kind of dinner we usually have. I wasn't very hungry. Neither was I. What did the doctor say about you? Oh, fine. Fine. He said I was signed as a top. That's good. What did the doctor say about you? Me? Oh, fine. Just great. That's as it is. That's good. Alan? I'm glad you're feeling so well. You look fine. You never look better, dear. I said you... Alan, I said you never look better. I shouldn't. I should look terrible. You feel terrible? Do you have a pain? Are you keeping something from me? That's the point. There is no pain. Nothing. Alan? Tell me. Alan, what is it? It's incurable. But it's nothing anyone's ever had. No one ever. There aren't any books on it. There's never been any research. There aren't any medicines. Oh, Alan. And whatever it is, they don't even know if I have it. But, uh, the symptoms... There aren't any symptoms. No signs. I told you, no aches. I never even knew I had the wheel in my liver. A wheel in your liver? Yes, a wheel. A cog, a small wheel that fits in perfectly. They x-rayed me from every angle. It isn't disturbing anything, and they can't take it out because no one's ever taken a wheel out of the liver. Now, see what I did. What's wrong? Alan, what's happening to us? What do you mean? I have the same thing. No. Alan? Alan, what is it? I don't know. He didn't tell me you. The doctor didn't even warn me about you. What is it, Alan? What's happening to us? Nothing's happening. It's a mistake, an error. An obvious error. Of course. His x-ray machine went on the blank. It must photograph right through the tabletop. And we just happened to be the first two patients. He must be told. Now, right now, tonight. What takes so long? The doctor is preparing something, something he wants to show us. Are you worried? About what? About... wheel. Say it, wheel in the liver. You see, it's just like that. Because there's nothing to it. It's a mistake, an error in his x-ray machine. We haven't failed. It's his machine. Alan, help me. Come here, please. Turn off that light switch, please.  Both of the thoracic olumbar regions. There. There it is, Alan. I see it. Of course it's there. Now, doctor, you must fix that machine. You must. And here's a third, x-ray. Oh, find the wheel. Ah, it's gone. You fixed the machine. That's my liver. There is no wheel. And I had my assistant take a picture of me on the same x-ray machine. Then we really had it? You do. What now, doctor? I would like to say operate. If you have to. I can't. There's nothing wrong with your sad rate, your heart, your metabolism. Can it still end, doctor? Of course. There's no infection. Your liver is functioning without trouble or abnormality. But we can't just walk around with a wheel inside of two wheels. I know. She had one and I had one. No, no. Look, these are the x-rays I just took of you. Since your last visit this afternoon, each obtained another wheel. Healthy. Healthy. Step aside. You're healthy. Inhale this. That's fine. Good. You're keeping something from us, doctor. I've told you all I know. You're protecting us. You knew there were two wheels there all the time. I tell you, when you were here this afternoon, you only had one each. You grew a second one since then. Nobody grows wheels. Except you and your wife. That's an out-and-out lie. Alan, Elsie, I know you're disturbed, but all we can do right now is wait and see. See what? Where it leads us. Right now we know that your bodies are growing a new wheel every eight to ten hours. Alan, we'd better go home. You are listening to Kathy and Elliot Lewis on stage. Let's play A Circle of Wheels. How glorious pay raises come. I'm the glorious face at what's that? You don't know what to do with it. Well, I'm going to do it.  Yes, sir. Instead of spending that dough every month, what you're going to do is start saving it regular life. All right, thank you.  That's why you're not going to miss it. What you're doing is you're sucked that raise away in a Satan's program and you're really going to have something when you get back home. It piles up fast, then, so see if you find your software now before the raise comes in and sign up for a big 10 savings deposit. You'll get a big 10% interest on your money, price as much as you get from banks and savings and loans.  Take advantage of being in the service, over three.  Yes, sir. It's 11.30, Alan. Come to bed. Did you put out the torchlight? Yes. Good. There were three milk bottles out there. Did you want to put three on? It's Thursday. I always get an extra quart for baking on Friday. Oh, yes. Good night, Alfie. Good night, Alan. No, I must know. I'm so glad you're talking about it. I can't stand not talking about it. Nobody. Not our friends or relatives. Nobody. Absolutely nobody must know about these wheels. What could that do? How do we get to specialists if they don't hear about it? There aren't any specialists in this. Yes, of course. And our doctors won't say a word. We couldn't tell people anyway. They wouldn't believe it. They'd think we were crazy. I'd just like to see somebody say that. I'd just like to see them say we're crazy after they look at those x-rays. It isn't going to be easy keeping quiet. When I'm afraid of something, I have to talk and talk and talk about it like talking enough words about it makes it get out of my system. All right. Talk if you want to, but just remember, we're different now. Our friends would understand. Would they? Would they really remember what happened to Joe? That was different. That was something he did. It was kind of crazy. Because he liked to ride around in winter with the top of his convertible down. He really liked it. And our friends kept saying, Joe is trying to be eccentric. You know it. You heard them. It isn't the same thing. You could see that. No, it's exactly the same. And Marsha, what about Marsha? And Marsha was different. You didn't like her yourself after she changed. What doesn't that prove it? It's the same. We're the very identical same people we always were. Would they think so? Would you think so if it was a couple of our friends? If a couple of our friends suddenly had this, wouldn't you feel uncomfortable around them, not want to be around them? I'd try to understand. I'd try to see their viewpoint. You try. You try to understand them like they were something strange. You said it. You just said it yourself. We're not, we're not something strange. We're different. Different enough not to be the same. Different enough to make people feel funny around us. Different enough to make people think we've changed in what we feel and who we are. But not telling would be living a lie. Or living alone. I've never heard you talk like this before, Alan. I never thought you had so little belief in our friends. I know them. I know myself. I know you. We're just like them. When do we go to the doctor again? Saturday. Good night, Alan. Good night, Alfie. Alan? Yes. Would you please take in one of the milk bottles? I don't think I'll do any baking this week. What did the doctor say? Seven. There's seven wheels now. You? Thanks, you. Why us? Why does it have to happen to you and me? Why? What have we done in our lives to deserve this? I haven't done anything, Alan. I've been a lawyer wife. A faithful wife. I know. I know you have. I didn't mean that. And you? I've never looked at another woman. Never. Every night I've been out, you've known bowling on Tuesday nights. And Wednesday nights, we sat in. Play cards, playing bridge every Friday. Is that it? Was it wrong to play for a tenth of a center point? Is that it? We won't anymore. We won't play. We'll stop. I'll call the Gordon and tell him we won't play anymore. I always helped out people. Every year, didn't I contribute to every charity? Even more than we could afford, didn't I? Yes, that's right. You did. Even when Charlie insulted you and said you were a cheap steak, we're not giving as much as he did. I didn't tell him off. I didn't insult him. We did the same things they did. Why didn't this happen to them? We read the same newspapers. The same books? And both the same ways. And have the same friends. Why not them? Why not? Why not? We're no different from anybody we know. That isn't a question. Selfie, perhaps you're right. But you must admit, it's a very difficult thing to accept. Twelve wheels, doctor? Are you sure? Twelve? It's beyond the realm of known science. There's nothing I can do to help you. The socket joining the thigh bone to the femur has been displaced by interlocking cogs. The first and second vertebrae are converting at this moment. At least now we can see them in the process. As nearly as I can tell, you are rapidly displacing your own bodies with machinery. Robot, doctor? It's not in my field. Robot, doctor? I have an MD friend who is also a working physicist. He works in the field of relativity. I have another friend who is a mechanical engineer and another scientific colleague who is one of the foremost experts in digital and analog computers. I beg your pardon? Mechanical brain? I'll arrange a consultation. Why doesn't the doctor call? It takes time to round up such important people. I can't, I just can't believe this has happened. He's our family doctor. He's never lied to us. Would you like some coffee? No, thank you. What I mean is I can't believe this happened to us. Either can I, but a fact is a fact and there's no getting around facts. I want screaming. It wouldn't help. I want to cry. You'd only upset yourself. But I'm still human, I'm still not... I'll see all we can do is wait. Wait for what? For wheels and cogs to take us over? Sit here and wait while it goes on? Would you like to go for a walk? So many things I wanted to do. How much to fix up in the house. We don't have to wait here for the doctor's call. If you want to go for a walk, I can call him from time to time. Please, hey, it's a living room. A walk? It would help. You haven't asked me to go for a walk in a long time. I thought it might help. You used to ask me to go for a walk because it was so nice holding hands. We could do that. But you weren't thinking of it for that reason. For that too? I can't really remember... been so long. We've only been married five years. It isn't that long. It's long when a husband... Yes? When a husband? Takes his wife for granted. Loses the love they had, throws it away. Are you saying another woman? No. There are other ways, lots of other ways to cheat a wife out of her love. I did what a good husband should. You worked, period. You worked and paid bills and kept the cars running. I kept order. Oh, yes. So you did your job all right. Oh, yes. What else did you want me to do? Spend all day at home with you. Hold your hand all the time. What's a husband for? To love his wife. To work. To love his wife and make her feel like no matter what happens. She's just safe because she's loved. Safe and happy. I did my duty. I fulfilled it. Duty, duty. That's all I've ever heard from you. What about you? Just now. Now. I asked you to go for a walk. And what are you talking about? The house. How you were going to do this and that with us. A house. Always this house. You like it? Sure. In the beginning. In the beginning it was fine. Only then it was just a place to live. And what is it now? A trap. A snarling trap. Whenever we had a problem once, you used to talk to me about it. And we'd get over being mad. Only in the past couple of years, you just put up something new for the freezer or cleaned up the spots on the dining room rug or plant a petunia patch instead and go right on being mad at me. I never thought you noticed. Did you even notice anymore if I was mad or happy or loved you? Notice? How could I miss it? And it even passed the point where you were fixing it up for me. It was just so people could admire it. What else did you expect? You wanted a place to bring business context, people you did business with. You like a nice home to bring them to. Sure, sure. But who always suggested it first? Bring them home, you'd say. Bring home all your business deals. And I'll close it with a good dinner and chance curtain. I did what I thought you wanted me to do. Sure, but not at my expense. Can you say I ever once that I ever failed my duty as your wife? Housewife. What? Duty as a housewife. No, that was fine. But as a wife? Yes. Only when you forgot to be a husband.  What about you? Couldn't you have been both? Couldn't you find time for this house and me? Couldn't you? I tried. So did I. And then stopped. I wanted to do more. I wanted to tell you a thousand of, a million times about what I felt. I never thought you wanted to know. Did you know I used to spend half my days crying sometimes? No, I didn't. And even now, even now all you can do is say no, I didn't. Without any feeling. Without feeling? Without it? Sometimes. You remember when I used to go out to the garage to work on the table, do you know why it's taken almost two years to finish it? Because I never worked on it. I used to sit there staring at the wall and I used to keep saying, if only she'd want to listen. If only she'd want to know what was going on inside me. Just once, that's all. Sometimes I saw it. You never said anything. You were always so strong-willed, like you never needed anybody. I could be angry if I said I know this. Years waste. So much we wanted to say, but only inside. Never telling, never saying. Walking around like robots. What will it be like not to be able to cry anymore?  To feel no deep inside stirring, Billy. We didn't for a long time. No, we won't. There's a little time left. A little. To love each other again. Oh my darling. They hold me. First I will show you the old X-rays. You will follow the course of the growth of wheels in the bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Burke. You see them clearly, and now the latest plate, taken in your presence. They're gone, boss. They're gone. The wheels are gone. That's impossible. Gone. Doctor, in the first X-ray you take with witnesses, your claims are exploded.  There are no wheels in their liver or kidneys or femur or vertebrae or anywhere else. Good day, sir. I don't understand. I don't... I don't understand. Alan, you saw them. They're there in the other X-rays. Elsie, don't you? Oh, yes. Then where are they in the new X-rays? Gone. I know you got some special treatment. You went to someone on the side, away from me. No, no, that's impossible. There's no one, absolutely no one. Who knows anything about this? And I refuse to believe in magic. So do we. Then what happened? We fell in love again. We were always in love. Then we were able to admit it again. And enjoy it. I don't understand. That's a pity. You'd better take an X-ray of yourself immediately. Hello, little girl, overnight, you know. And we're not having Charlie McReady for dinner. Ever. Or anybody like him. Night, doctor. A circle of wheels, starring Kathy and Elliot Lewis on stage. It was our great pleasure this evening to have Woodfield Conner join us for the first time. He was a terribly confused doctor. A few weeks past, we did a story called The Seller Door. And you seemed to enjoy it very much. Thank you for writing to tell us. It was written by Bernard Gerard, who then wrote another script for it. Which we're going to do next week. It's called New York's A Nice Place to Visit, but I wouldn't want to live here. Until next week. Thank you for listening. Good night. Good night.


I miss going to the gym, miss the routine, miss getting ready for games, preparing for games. What we do is we had the best jobs in the world, doing your passion for a living. So when it ends like that, you start thinking about all the whole year. So, get credit to the Celtics first off, man. They're incredible team. They got a chance to do some big things. The rest of the playoffs, they played amazing. Not that you need any extra motivation, but the season ended the way that it did. The East is getting stronger, the league in general. Young players is stepping up. How much fuel does this add, or how unique is the fuel being added to your fire right now? I mean, I just focus on me. I mean, I see what's going on around the league. I mean, everybody is, it's a great time to be in our leagues. A lot of talent, a lot of skill, but at the end of the day, I just focus on being the best that I can be and adding it to the group, whatever the group is. You know, but the league is growing fast and so many great players and we got to be right there, you know, with the pack if we want to be a contending team. So we got a lot of work to do. Kevin, when you look at a series that was as lopsided as this was, do you look at Boston and just say, hey, that's a team that's, they're younger, they're longer, they're more athletic and look at it as a physical thing? Or do you look at this and say, we weren't together long enough, we weren't together enough on the court, we didn't have the cohesion we needed and this is on us? I mean, we can all just, we got a lot of stuff that made factor in to why we lose, but like, they was just a better team. I mean, they just a better team.  We, this is the best defense in the league, right?   And by the bigs, I don't know, perimeter on the switch guard and the guard, you know? So it's a lot of stuff that happened throughout the series that just didn't work in our favor. But I like the way we tried to come together towards the end of the season and salvage what was lost, you know, with guys being injured, guys being traded, just, you know? So once we finally got together, we had a mission and wanted to make the playoffs and see what kind of noise we can make. We didn't make any noise, but we got to the playoffs.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today, we are going to be talking about a news from yesterday where it was announced that the US Justice Department has filed a lawsuit against Google. It's the very same Google which has almost become a synonym with search and this lawsuit is against Google's anti-competitive monopolistic practices in the areas of search and search advertising. And now this is not only the US Justice Department at the federal level. 11 states have also joined in this lawsuit. There is also news that another probe is going on regarding the advertising space online which may lead to a separate lawsuit as well. And to talk more about this, we have with us Prabir Pulkastar. Prabir, thank you so much for joining us. So we have been discussing this issue in NewsClick over the past many months especially and there were recent hearings when all the top tech firms were summoned before Congress. There's been a lot of talk about this. But this lawsuit is especially big because it's considered one of the biggest in decades, almost two decades now. So to start with maybe a very basic question, what is wrong in Google being such a powerful player in the search engine business? We all believe Google is efficient when it comes to that. There's no denying that. So what is the case here? Well, let's put it this way, that you may technologically be very good and therefore you may have a preeminent position. But by virtue of the fact that you become a monopoly, you can utilize it to essentially get more money from others. And in this case, the advertisers of course are the ones who are paying more because they believe Google gives them better returns for it. But more than that, that you also do not allow anybody to come into that space. So if you look at what Google started as when they talked about the search engine, it says the search engine is what gives you quickly what you want to know. It transits you to other spaces, other websites very quickly. Now that's not what seems to be happening. In fact, the figures are very, very startling. They effectively says that people more or less. In fact, the figures are more than 50% of the people do not go to any other site after searching in Google, which means Google retains those people. How do they retain them? The various ways Google finds it to retain the people. One is of course go to only Google properties. If you're looking for a mapping information, Google maps. But that's only one example. The N number of other Google sites, which are Google properties, which are there. If it's videos, it will be YouTube. So effectively Google retains those search results by promoting its own search properties, own properties, which may match with some of the requirement things. Search may not be the best. Doesn't follow the criteria of the ranking. Google properties do not follow Google's criteria for ranking. So it promotes those. That's only one part of it. The second part of it, and this has also become quite dangerous these days, is the fact that you are beginning to see that the information on the sites, which my query when I search Google might have raised, Google tends to fetch the answer from those sites in a way that people then don't go any further. People may still go, but most people are looking for specific information. It's there. And they said, okay, that's all I really need. So that harvesting of the site in this particular way means even Wikipedia's search results. People don't go to Wikipedia after that. So increasingly the practices that Google has followed over the last three, four, five years have seen increasingly the number of clicks resulting from the search actually falling. So this is one part of it. And if you look at the anti-monopoly case just launched against Microsoft, that was because the Windows was the primary platform, mainly because Microsoft Windows had become the de facto choice for most people buying laptops. And most laptop vendors had also bundled Microsoft Windows as a part of the product itself. So that was the agreement between Microsoft Windows and a lot of the laptop vendors at that stage. Then they started bundling other things with it, Microsoft Explorer, that was one of the things. So the search engine, et cetera, comes up when you have already a web browser. So the web browser monopoly was what was Microsoft intention, because they had a monopoly on the Windows operating system, which was, as I said, the de facto operating system for the personal computers. So that is what the antitrust case in this Microsoft was. And they have to allow for other browsers to be either bundled by the laptop vendors, not only Windows, not only Microsoft products, but also that this led to the close integration between the Microsoft products, which have competition with the Windows operating system, that had was what was really attacked. And that is where Microsoft had to let that go. So they said, no, no, we're not using a monopoly on our operating system to force the laptop vendors to buy all our other products and give all our other products. At that point, Explorer was actually free. So give all our other products. But this is open for anybody to use and operate, use other products as well. So this is where Microsoft founded. And this is also seems to be the one which is now has got Google in trouble because Google's promoting its own properties and also retaining the searches on this platform. These are two of the things that we are talking about. There could be many more things we could talk about. But these are the two things which have made increasingly over the last five to 10 years, which has seen increasingly clicks resulting from Google search decreasing. And you know, the other interesting part of all this, there is this whole bunch of people who talk about search engine optimization. So what they have done is they then ask Google what is the best way Google can surf our sites.  So we ourselves have slowly created or increased the domination over Google. By following the instructions Google gives us how the search engine will surf site better crawler site better. And therefore increasingly, we are spending money to make Google Google's job easier. So this is the other part of it that it has become a situation where that we can't do without Google. We are in the mercy of Google. So Google can tomorrow really see that somebody who they don't like doesn't come up in the search engine. And if it doesn't, then of course a huge number of hits from the site will go down. So these are some of the key issues which are there. And there is at the moment no other solution but to break up the monopolies. That's what the US Congress report has also said, break up the monopolies. UK has talked about regulating them. Australia has talked about how to pay for the news that they use. All these discussions are being talked about, but there's no question that Google and the others, and we shouldn't forget about Amazon, we shouldn't forget Apple, we shouldn't forget Facebook. Facebook of course is a different problem. Facebook also has this hate network issue. But also let's not forget the good old Microsoft. It's still a big player in this area. So they're all monopolies in different ways. And I think this is something which is increasingly becoming a new issue in the world again, that it is not a question of being anti-competitive. If the monopoly itself is a problem and as you know, the US Supreme Court, I think when they had broken up the oil monopolies and that time they had said the monopoly is the issue. It's not just being anti-competitive. That's a consequence of but the real issue is monopoly. Exactly. And one of the factors that's being talked about is also that is how Google and other companies have done it to Google is believed to have bought up at least 260 companies in various sectors that is really strengthened. It's dominance over the entire online ecosystem. And one thing you talked about in the past is how, for instance, in Europe, various authorities have imposed very heavy fines on Googles over the past few years. But this has really done nothing much to dent their model and affect their system. And in fact, I think Justice Department sources did say that in this specific lawsuit, nothing was off the table, which means there are rumors of whether, you know, even a breakup might be considered. So how would such something like this actually work out in terms of Google? Well, it is possible to consider YouTube as a completely different platform and should be separated from Google. So those are obvious solutions that can be offered. And the question is that for a long time, the US did not have the stomach for looking at monopolies. The political climate made looking at monopolies self-difficult. I think that is one issue which is now becoming insensitive. It's become sensitive, some of it for the wrong reasons. The American conservative sections believe that all these tech monopolies are against them, which is strictly clearly not true. But nevertheless, that is the perception or at least that's what keeps their base enthused. But you know, the fact is that from the left and the right, Elizabeth Warren and others have also raised the issue of how to control monopolies. I think that's becoming a big issue. You raised the issue about how Google has bought up a huge number of products. YouTube was of course one of them. Now the question is that these what is today as Google properties are really properties that Google has also bought up at different points of time or invested in or bought and killed. So there's a huge set of behavior that happens when you are expanding and you have the market cloud. Google also has not been very successful in anything else except advertisement. More than 80%, I think 82% of the revenue really comes from advertisements. So like Facebook, which of course has 98% of the revenue from advertisements. Google has 18% of its revenue from other sources, but they have really not had any blockbusters apart from advertising revenue. Any of the other things they have done maybe at some point they might strike some gold somewhere else. But at the moment, all the things they have done have been only to strengthen the Google's advertising model. Now search engine is one part from search. You can go to maps. You can go to YouTube. You still don't exit Google or you can go to Gmail. You still don't exit Google. So Facebook tries to keep you on Facebook. Google has a number of properties which through search you may reach. You may reach to a search, but really still you are in Google properties. So Google has really created an ecosystem which you don't then see that you are enmeshed in it. So though Google started by saying we're not a wall garden unlike Facebook, effectively it is acting increasingly like one. That you are in the Google universe, you don't have to go out of it. Except that for social networking, its platform which it tried, it failed. So that is one area where others have come up. And of course in the Twitter universe, relatively much smaller, which is outside this, but increasingly it is the online universes which are becoming de facto monopolies. And that is at the end of it brought up the issue of, of course, anti monopoly law which exists and also the consequences of the monopoly, which is now becoming apparent. You know the biggest problem that platform that newspapers, television, all of the news organizations have that none of them today have a viable business model. Apart from maybe a few absolutely top ranking ones where people are willing to pay, most of them are today reading cash. And now Google does not produce any content. Content is only searched through Google. On YouTube, no content is produced by Google. The major drivers of their business is based on content of others and that is unbiable in the long run if you take for instance the whole media business because without content there is no media. But Google or Facebook do not produce any content, but yet they are the kings of media today by virtue of the advertising monopoly they exercise. Right. Thank you so much for being, for talking to us. That's all we have time for today. Keep watching.


Hey curlfriends, I'm Bianca Renee and you're watching Bianca Renee Today and today is an extra special video, one because I'm partnered with one of my favorite curly hair brands of all time, Curl Keeperito. They make the Curl Keeper original and the gel which I use all the time and Curl Keeper has partnered with a beautiful charity called the Nanny Angel Network. If you haven't noticed by all the pink that I'm wearing today, October 1st is the beginning of breast cancer awareness month. So this month Curl Keeper has found a way to give back to a charity that helped with moms going through cancer. How it works is the Nanny Angel Network which is based in Toronto, Canada is a charity that focuses on lessening the burden of the difficulties of cancer for both moms and their children. Once a week a Nanny Angel will visit the mother's home and help watch her kids while she gets the cancer treatment that she needs or does some much needed rest. The Nanny Angel Network has been helping families for nearly a decade now and their professionals who are volunteering their time to help these mothers and their children. I love the message behind the Nanny Angel Network and obviously so did Curl Keeper. So what Curl Keeper is doing is they're bringing out the Curl Keeper tweak. This pink bottle, yes we're sticking on the theme of breast cancer awareness month is a hairspray in a cream form. Now I have a love-hate relationship with hairspray, I love how big it can make my hair but after I usually always regret it because it just makes my hair just so stiff and like leaves this weird film and then I just, it's just not a good thing. But the fact that this is a cream form makes everything so much better. So today I'm gonna show you exactly how I applied this product to my hair to get these amazing results but just so you know, this bottle is 8 fluid ounces, it's 23 dollars sold on Frisoff.com and for the whole month of October Curl Keeper is making it 20% off and for every bottle you purchase one dollar will be donated to the Nanny Angel Network. How amazing is that? So now that you understand this beautiful charity collab we got going on, let me show you exactly how I got these beautiful curly results. Alright let's do this. So this is my day two hair, didn't do much to it yesterday besides wash it and as you could see we're looking pretty flat on top and some of these little stragglers here because I did go to the gym today are gonna need some tweaking. So we're gonna tweak the mess out of these curls and see how well this product does. For my load of subscribers watching you'll always see me refresh my curls with this water bottle which is actually also by Curl Keeper, it's their H2O, the best water bottle for fabulous curls and it's gonna rewet the curls that kinda got stretched out from being in a ponytail from either sleeping on it or going to the gym. The Curl Keeper tweak which is called a hairspray in cream form so it's really gonna help us get that volume and just enough hold to make our curls last throughout the week. It says you can use it after something like the Curl Keeper gel or original which are two of my favorite curly hair products of all time but because I know how much I love Curl Keeper products I'm pretty confident this will work all on its own even without having to cocktail with other products so of course because I like to use one product at a time I'm gonna show you how the tweak works all on its own.  Scrunching is really gonna help get that volume that we want since this is a cream hairspray and the most important part of volume for me is my bangs and the very top of my head obviously so I'm gonna apply the product right on my roots and kind of shake it up to let it dries with some volume instead of flat on my head so I'm gonna smooth it and then raise it up smooth and scrunch. I can already tell these are gonna dry beautifully so I'll be back we'll diffuse and we'll see how it looks. Alright now I'm back and my hair is just dry enough to start diffusing let me show you my results very defined it has a great amount of hold this is the exact hold that I need to diffuse without getting any frizz. Let's do this and it does have that hold at my roots that I could feel from the product so that is going to help keep everybody up and volumized. So now I'm gonna grab my pick for some extra volume lifting it up even more. Now my hair got to look this amazing and volumized it's shiny it's not hard or crunchy I'm getting great volume amazing definition this is only my day two hair so it's gonna look even better tomorrow and throughout the rest of the week. So once again if you would like to purchase your very own bottle of the curl keeper tweak I'll make sure to put a link below in the description box you can get it from frizzoff.com and for the entire month of October 20% off and every bottle you buy will donate one dollar to the amazing nanny angel network. If you do decide to purchase your own bottle of the curl keeper tweak which I definitely think you should make sure you post a photo and put hashtag curly angel campaign that way I could see your beautiful curly results. If you'd like to know more information about the nanny angel network I'll put a link below in the description box or if you actually live in Toronto want to volunteer yourself I'll put the volunteer link below as well. If you a loved one family or friend is someone who is dealing and fighting with cancer right now my prayers go out to you and you can totally leave a comment down below and just put prayers for so and so whether it be your name or someone else and I will pray over my entire comments section and also encourage you my subscribers to also read through the comments pick a name and just give some extra prayer to them and their family. If you enjoyed this video I hope you share it with your family and friends the more I see this video the more chances we have of someone donating more to this charity you also should give me a thumbs up and subscribe I post two new videos every week once on Friday and once on Sunday today was a special random Monday but you also can follow me on Twitter Instagram and snapchat at Ms. Bianca Renee I'll see you guys next time thanks for watching Bianca Renee today


Hi, everyone. Today, I'll be giving the brief overview of this privacy-preserving smart contract industry. It's quite a hot thing now with companies like Oasis raising a lot of money. And I'll be break down the different approaches to achieving this. So the easiest example to understand why this is useful at all is let's think of a private election smart contract. We all want to vote, and the smart contract will sort of count everyone's votes and give like a winner. But as you can see in this example, let's say vote one and two come in at the same time, and vote three comes in at like 10 minutes later. The third vote can actually see what the other people have voted first. They can sort of decide, oh, it's 50-50 right now, so now if I vote, I can actually push the result in whichever favor I want, which is really bad. So what we want is actually everything hidden, all the inputs are hidden, the state of the smart contract is hidden, and we can only see the actual result. So there are sort of four ways of doing this. The first one is homomorphic encryption, which is sort of like a pipe dream, and it's really slow today, so it's not really feasible right now. But the three ones I'll cover today are trusted and execution environments, multi-party computation and zero-knowledge proofs. Zuko will be really happy. So the first one, TEEs are sort of this idea that on computer chips, there can actually be like a separate environment which is sort of hidden from the OS. And this sort of special, they call it an enclave. Imagine if this enclave had like a private key and a public key, and I encrypt the file with the enclave's public key, only the enclave can actually decrypt it. No one else in the entire world can see what it actually is. So that's how we can actually achieve this private computation. Sort of the most common thing, the most common enclave today is the Intel SGX chip, which is actually available in most Intel computers today, Intel chips today. But obviously there are some problems with like we having to trust Intel that they did not put like a backdoor or whatever. But sort of, you can think of how it will work is that we have a smart contract which actually coordinates users and off-chain trusted execution environment computers. And they don't see what you're actually computing, but they will help you do the result. That's like the easiest way and the most practical one today. The second one is quite interesting. It's a cryptographic method. It's not hardware at all. It's called MPC. Some of you guys might have heard of it. It sort of goes like this. Let's say there are three people, X, Y, Z, who want to compute the sum of their numbers or whatever. But each of them don't want to reveal what their actual number is. What person X can do is he can do like a lineage secret sharing scheme. He can break down his input like X into three pieces, maybe X1, X2, and X3. And he can send these to three different nodes. Y will do the same, Z will do the same. And in the end, one of these nodes, for example, that node there, he only gets X1, Y1, Z1. And he can calculate sum 1. So he doesn't actually see the full input of any of the XYZ, but he only gets like a piece of it. And in the end, all three of them can come together and actually produce the actual sum without anyone seeing what the actual inputs were. It's quite magical, actually. Addition is really easy. Multiplication is super hard for this MPC method. But there are a lot of cryptographic ways of doing it. And most of the cutting-edge work today is sort of trying to optimize doing multiplication. And actually, if you can do multiplication and addition, you can do any computation you want in the entire world. So that's how you can achieve sort of these Turing-complete private smart contracts. One of the big problems with that is like, for example, for the MPC thing, what if one guy actually doesn't do the correct protocol? He just does some random computation and the result is nonsense. He would have wasted everyone else's time. So that's some sort of civil attack kind of thing. So we also want to make sure that all these private computing nodes do the right thing. So how do we do that? We sort of force them to prove that they did the correct thing. They ran the correct computation. There are sort of two ways of doing this. One is the Trubit model. It's really easy to do today. It doesn't use much cryptography. It's more like economically guaranteeing that people do correct computations. But sort of, I think the more interesting one is sort of using like zero-knowledge proofs, stuff like that to make sure that nodes can actually run the computation, submit a proof to the smart contract that they actually ran the right one and there's mathematical guarantee that they did. So Snarks are quite interesting in this regard, but they need a trusted setup for each type of computation that you do. So it might be good for like one time, one contract which has, which is used many, many times like maybe like Zcash type thing. But if you want like a new trusted setup for each smart contract, that's like super unscalable. So there are a lot of cool new things that you guys have seen over the last few days like Snarks and there's this one new protocol called ZXI I think, which is by some Cornell guys, which also does this in a very interesting way. So sort of to put it all together, we can think of the original problem of hiding all the inputs, hiding the state of the smart contract and getting the output, using the three methods that I mentioned above. So we can make sure that the smart con, the people who are computing the actual output, the computing nodes, all have to run trusted execution environments. And if that is compromised, they also have to run an MPC protocol.  It's really strong adversarial guarantees actually. And lastly, we can use some sort of zero knowledge proof so that these computing nodes can show the whole world that they ran the thing correctly. And we can also sort of use the smart contract to economically incentivize this whole process. And we can do private voting stuff and a lot of other cool applications. Thank you.