Hi, how are you doing? Today, we will discuss cytochrome P450, this is a jolly good enzyme, this is a very very important enzyme right. It can do many reactions, many different type of reaction almost any oxidation reaction that you can think of, I think it can be done by this enzyme. It is having a porphyrin center at the heart of it, you have seen the similar type of structure in let us say hemoglobin, myoglobin, it is a proto porphyrin 9 type of species ok, this is a porphyrin center. But one of the difference now you are seeing is there is a methionine unit right, cysteine sorry not methionine there is a cysteine right. And in front of it the active site structure shows that there is this organic substrate which is going to get hydroxylated. So, this is the CAM4 ok, while there are many different version of this enzyme, essentially the one great thing that it does is very simple hydroxylation chemistry, it can do effectively at the aliphatic center. Obviously, there are many other reaction that it can do very effectively, but other than hydroxylation reaction those reaction we will discuss in a moment. So, this is the organic substrate that is sitting right in front of the iron site, there is the cysteine binding and as you can imagine oxygen molecule will come and bind over here and then it will react because oxygen will get reduced by these iron species, those species are very reactive oxygen intermediate, those reactive oxygen intermediate will end up reacting with this organic substrate. So, what we are trying to tell you here is this metalloenzyme in presence of an organic substrate is capable of doing oxidation reaction right. So, if you have an aliphatic substrate in front of this metalloenzyme cytochrome P450 it will be oxidized and this is precisely the reason why lot of let us say drug medicine that we take prescribed medicine that we take. These enzymes are so good that they can react with those medicine and medicines normal function can be complicated or it does not allow the medicine to react at a desired location before medicine does its job it starts working on the medicine itself. So, this is a big problem for the pharma industry that presence of cytochrome P450 enzyme. It is such a universal reactor that almost every organic substrate perhaps can be reacted with it ok. It has many implications this enzyme has many implications in biosynthesis of many different molecule including those we will see biosynthesis of vancomycin which is a secondary metabolite also primary metabolite and different also different other materials if we accidentally inhale or accidentally consume in our body they can start reacting with them. And if sometime what happens if those material itself may not be that very problematic let us say not carcinogenic not having any bad effect, but upon reacting with cytochrome P450 it creates some intermediate which is becoming now carcinogenic in nature. So, this enzyme is really really important to understand how it is show reactive that it reacts virtually with let us say everything right that we take. And therefore, we need to understand the chemistry of the cytochrome P450 in greater detail it is simple chemistry, but very powerful and effective chemistry right. Just to tell you again that this is a porphyrin center there is a proximal site where the sulfur binding is there there is the distal site where oxygen binding will take place and along with the different protein residue there is the organic substrate that is hanging in front of the iron oxygen species as if like it is perfected to react with the iron oxygen species that will be getting generated at this site we will see that in a moment. Before that I think I we did not discuss this MO for oxygen molecular orbital diagram of oxygen as you have noticed previously that it is having these two unpaired electron at the anti-bonding orbital and this is the triplet ground state and with a bond order 2. So, as you can see over here there is 6 electron minus this 2 electron that is 4 electron divided by 2. So, that would be bond order 2 this is a triplet ground state for oxygen, but most organic compounds have singlet ground state that is quite phenomenal and that oxygen can have a triplet ground state and still it is so popular and so important and because of this triplet ground state I think a lot of reaction that can be operated while reacting with the metal center right. Let us look back at the processes of course, cytochrome P450 requires 2 electron to convert the second oxygen atom of the oxygen molecule into water where are those 2 electron coming from as we have discussed in the electron transfer cases these are coming these are coming through the chains of events that is happening over there. So, essentially iron sulfur cluster that we discussed in the electron transfer protein is the one which is delivering the electron to cytochrome P450, but before that these electrons are getting hopped in from NADPH from the flaboprotein and then to iron sulfur protein and this is what the flaboprotein looks like all of them are acting as electron transfer site ok. So, electron is hopping from this center to that one to that one and to that one right. Finally, to the cytochrome P450 so it is a chains of events that are happening to provide the desired electron to the cytochrome P450 sites ok. Let us look at some of the chemistry that can be done by utilizing this cytochrome P450 as we mentioned there are plenty of reaction that can be done by utilizing this chemistry. So, it is capable of doing substrate hydroxylation chemistry for instant if you are having a substrate like organic substrate it can go and go and give you a desired product that you would need if you have an aliphatic substrate for example, there are different sites of which can be reacted with these iron oxygen species. So, substrate aliphatic substrate hydroxylation is possible if you have the olefin, olefin can give you the olefin epoxidation product. If you have N alkylated product substituent such as let us say N N dimethyl substituent it can react from the N formyl species and then undergo a further cleavage to let us say give you NH and methyl. So, many if you have the sulfur containing compound you can get the sulfoxide species many different reaction that can be happening over here. So, most importantly you can also get these reaction quite going with these places for example, S D alkylation chemistry is also possible where this D alkylation of this moiety will be possible O D alkylation is possible this whole unit can be D alkylated to give you first of all hydroxylation and then this alcohol formation. So, the alkyl part is forming the formaldehyde in these cases you can have the N hydroxylation chemistry as you can see here N hydroxylation chemistry can happen, N oxidation can happen as you can see over here sulfur oxidation can gives you the sulfoxidation product and overall your aliphatic substrate C H bond be primary secondary or tertiary all can be hydroxylated to give the C O H product, olefin as we mentioned can give you the olefin epoxidation product. The alkyne can form into the carboxylic acid terminal carboxylic acid even a benzene ring can form an epoxide to give you finally, phenol when with the transfer or the rearrangement of the phenol. MD alkylation reaction can be also possible where this methyl group is turning into the formaldehyde and the R N H part is becoming R N H 2. So, it is a flavor of reaction it is a series of reaction that it can be done that cytochrome P 450 can do as you can imagine all these reaction put together if all these things are happening let me go back if all these things are happening these reactions are going to complicate the whole spectrum of the reaction that can happen in our body for example, right. So, cytochrome P 450 is an enzyme not to be messed with too much. So, any drug molecule that any pharmaceutical industry has to design they have to take care that these many different varieties of reactions are not easily happening or even if they are happening the molecule still remain active even after these reactions. So, that is a big challenge because cytochrome P 450 can do many, many reaction that can be unheard of that can be unthinkable by the chemist perhaps they are involved in designing the drug molecules, right. So, this is a very important enzyme once again and can give rise to the many important factors that can be happening in the enzyme, right. So, we will keep this in mind many different reaction system many different possibilities that we is coming into the picture. Well, this is the vancomycin the you know antibiotic of the last resort even in antibiotic in these cases we will see that these important carbon oxygen bond formation and carbon carbon bond formations are taking place by the cytochrome P 450. So, the biosynthesis of vancomycin is controlled by the cytochrome P 450. In fact, 3 units of 3 cytochrome P 450 comes into the picture one is for there another is for there and another is for here. So, cytochrome P 450s are involved in biosynthesis of different primary metabolites, bolides for example, steroid hormone secondary metabolites such as vancomycin and of course, it is also involved in metabolism as you are mentioning of different drugs of different medicine and it can involve in toxification or detoxification of external molecule, right. So, if any external molecule is coming into our body that can be detrimental for our body because or sometime it can convert into something good even if bad things are coming in. So, of course, it can do a lot of bad things because unknowingly since it is cannot discriminate too much it is so reactive, but of course, it is involved in many other important enzyme synthesis or you know important compound synthesis such as even this vancomycin synthesis biosynthesis. So, we will see in a moment also so these sort of CCO bond formation and CCO bond CCO bond formation CCO and CCO bond formations are taking place with the help of cytochrome P 450. So, you can imagine this porphyrin oxygen chemistry is extremely effective and that is why we need to understand this chemistry little bit in molecular level so that we know what exactly is going on in these cases. For instance if by accident this by benzo pyrin is getting incorporated in our body this benzo pyrin can be you know can be involved in oxidation reaction by utilizing cytochrome P 450. So, that therefore, molecules can be converted sometime into mutagenins and carcinogens. This is not by design of cytochrome P 450, but cytochrome P 450 once again it is so reactive if any foreign molecules are getting in it can start acting on those molecule for example, it can it can epox form the epoxide as it shown over there cis hydroxylation species it can form subsequently further epoxylation chemistry and overall once these species are forming these are not really great species right. So, these are the molecule which are carcinogen and it can intercalate it can interact with DNA it can end up damaging the DNA and can give extremely dangerous intermediate it can lead to different diseases and deadly diseases right. So, this compound itself is not carcinogenic or not too much harmful for our body, but in presence of cytochrome P 450 which is there anyway and therefore, this will start reacting with those cytochrome P 450 and then will deliver a material which in turn can damage our DNA which is not that great news for our body. So, cytochrome P 450 is a great enzyme once again, but it does perhaps more than what we would imagine and that is where it is so dangerous and we need to understand and design things according to the cytochrome P 450's need. Well, this is that camphor structure we were talking earlier. So, this is the camphor which is bound right in front of the porphyrin iron center as you can see the iron center is little bit outside oxygen is not bound with it yet as you have seen in case of hemoglobin and myoglobin upon oxygen binding these iron 2 plus center will move inside the cavity of this porphyrin and that species which is generated upon oxygen binding and the electron transfer superoxo and the subsequent reduction will see that it can affect on even on camphor to give the camphor hydroxylated product right. So, these are quite important reactions and we will be seeing that these reactions will have a overall say in how these processes are going on. So, today one more slide we will discuss here which will be discussing how these reaction mechanisms are happening ok. So, to summarize over here that we have seen many different reactions are happening. Why so many different reactions are happening? What is the mechanism of these reactions? That is what we are now trying to see. Well, the resting state of the enzyme is this iron 3 aqua species the organic substrate that we were discussing in the last slide let us say this is the organic substrate it can then come in and resides in the substrate binding pocket right in front of the digital site or right at the digital site where iron oxygen binding will take place. So, this is what is happening iron aqua molecule let us say just for drawing it is Rh over here which is sitting at the digital side and you still have a iron 3 center iron 3 center will not be reacting with the oxygen iron 3 water molecule has to go out once this organic substrate is coming into the picture ok. This organic substrate comes into the picture and resides in front of the of the of the of the digital site of the iron site. So, Rh comes in water goes out one electron as we were discussing there are overall two electrons involved into this process. Now one electron in this whole process comes in and this iron 3 as you have seen iron this electron is coming through hopping from different centers. This electron is now reducing this iron 3 center to make it iron 2 plus this reduced structure is now ready to react with oxygen ok. The substrate is sitting right in front of this iron center oxygen it reacts as you have seen in case of hemoglobin and myoglobin also this iron 2 plus reacts with oxygen to give you iron 3 plus and superoxide intermediate. So, one of the electron from the iron 2 plus is now getting transferred on the oxygen molecule to give you iron 3 plus superoxide species. Well in case of hemoglobin and myoglobin this was a completely reversible process and that is how it transports and delivers oxygen in different part of the body in the in case of let us say hemoglobin, but in this case we do see that there is a organic substrate sitting very close to this ok. It is quite interesting and this is the step why then subsequent reaction goes on because these are reversible step this is a reversible step, but from there on and another electron transfer occurs. So, this is once again it is from one iron center gives only one electron the second iron center as you have seen from the iron sulfur cluster this electron is coming through a hopping of electron from different sites including those other oxygen other organic molecule containing site which are good for the electron transfer. The second electron first electron reduce it make it active second electron reduce the superoxo species to make it iron 3 peroxo species. This is iron 3 plus this is peroxo species it got reduced to peroxo oxygen if you look at from the beginning oxygen itself is one electron reduced at this space and at this space second electron reduced, but more importantly iron in this step remain iron 3 plus. Now a proton can transfer or proton can add with these iron 3 superoxo to form these iron 3 peroxo intermediate this is also known as compound 0 in the literature compound 0. This iron 3 hydro peroxo species is quite interesting because this is the one which will be responsible for chemistry that will be happening next. So, R H is still there substrate is still sitting right over there and another proton that comes in that converts this OH into water. So, what you have seen this oxygen atom two oxygen atoms are there and from this oxygen molecule two oxygen atom out of the out of the two oxygen atom one oxygen atom is converted into water. So, now this is the water molecule this part goes out and this iron 3 now is forming iron 5. Essentially this is iron 5 it is a porphyrin radical cation with iron 4 plus that goes on in there I will come back to that in moment and the water molecules forms over there right. So, from there on it is the substrate that reacts R H reacts with iron 4 peroxo to give iron 4 hydroxo and ROH, RO water replaces ROH to gives back the general species. Let me discuss how this compound 0 to compound 1 is forming this is compound 1 and then this is known as iron 4 hydroxo porphyrin species is known as compound 2 right. So, we will see that in a moment ok, what we are trying to see how these reactions are happening. So, what you have seen over there that you have a iron 3 hydro peroxo intermediate now this hydro peroxo intermediate with a porphyrin center this is compound 0 right. So, from there what will happen that it can take one proton to give you water molecule right. So, this goes on as water molecule. So, this part gives you the water molecule. So, essentially 2 electron from iron is going and kicking out the water molecule the hydroxide comes out hydroxide binds with proton to give you the water molecule. So, this should be then iron 5 double bond O right. In these cases what happens the reduction potential is such that it is not really iron 5 oxo it is actually iron 4 and the porphyrin unit is giving out one electron iron 4 radical catalyst is forming and then oxo species is forming ok. This is why this is called this species not this is why this species is called compound 1. So, this is compound 0 and this is compound 1 as you have seen that 2 electrons are coming overall for this process one electron from the porphyrin ring another electron from the iron center that is why this species is not the right representation this is the right representation where you see this is a iron 4 oxo species, but it is a radical cation on the porphyrin moiety right. So, this is compound 1 and from this compound 1 as you can see well for chemistry purpose it is perhaps easier if you think that this is iron 5 oxo although it is not iron 5 oxo. Subsequently what will happen the organic substrate Rh will come out and then let us say this oxo will attack on it as a radical mechanism and this iron these 4 oxo species will give them iron 4 hydroxo with a radical cation is there this would be called compound 2 ok. So, once again let me clarify it it is easier for chemists to think that this is the species although this is exactly the species if you just for a moment think that this is the species it gets little easier this is little easier to understand for us let me get back once again ok. So, what we are saying that if you have iron 5 oxo and then you have let us say Rh it is easier to think that this is going to iron 4 and this is how it is that iron 4 hydroxo is form along with Rh of course, in this case that is what is happening, but during these cases you still have this porphyrin unit. Now in these cases in this compound 2 this is not the radical cation this is actually the iron 4 hydroxo that is over there originally this was iron 4 oxo with radical cation this species this is not the species, but that is what we are drawing from this species that is the species that is forming the porphyrin is no longer actually radical cation. So, this is the species known as that compound 2 right. So, let us go back once again what we have seen then we have seen that this iron 3 over here it is getting reduced by one electron to give the iron 2 species these iron 2 species reacts with oxygen to and so, one of the electron comes in into the oxygen it reduced to the super oxo. So, this is the super oxo species super oxo intermediate and iron becomes iron 3 because it gives up one electron another electron comes in this is the peroxo intermediate that is getting generated over there this is now remained iron 3. So, this electron is coming from outside. So, gives the iron electron Rh is sitting over there nothing has happened like a good guy sitting over there nothing happened the protonation on this peroxo gives you the hydro peroxo species. So, this is the hydro peroxo species this hydro peroxo peroxo species this hydro peroxo iron 3 hydro peroxo known as compound 0 once again Rh nothing happening here one proton comes in this goes out at OH in this case as I was saying 2 electron is pumping in one from iron 3 plus one from the porphyrin ring. So, it is iron 4 oxo iron 4 oxo with a radical cation on the porphyrin right. So, this intermediate which is nothing, but iron 5 oxo species this intermediate is actually responsible for reacting with Rh. So, it will take up one H dot. So, to make it iron OH and then it quenches one of the electron this quenching happens on the porphyrin. So, the R dot sits over there and porphyrin now radical cation gets quenched and it is just porphyrin. So, it is essentially iron 4 oxo in other word you can think of that that iron 5 oxo upon reacting with Rh giving you iron 4 hydroxy and R dot that is what is easy to think, but anyway you should not draw this as a iron 5 oxo because this is iron 4 plus with a radical cation on the porphyrin. So, overall this is how the radical mechanism is getting initiated this is where you see that a radical is being formed and that is quite far full radical. This is the radical which will then can let us say for hydroxylation reaction a rebound of hydroxo will happen on the R dot to give you the Rh intermediate and we will get the product formation. Well, we will come back to that in the next class what we have seen in briefly then in cytochrome T450 we have beautiful chemistry, beautiful hydroxylation chemistry, Ndalkylation chemistry, sulphoxidation chemistry, olefinipoxide chemistry, cyclization chemistry if required in hydroxylation chemistry what not I mean we have seen quite a lot of chemistry that can be done by this enzyme and this is not only a great enzyme sometime it is too great and can create problem for us even for the medicine that we take can become or can be very problematic in presence of these enzymes. So, we need to learn the better designing of the drugs because cytochrome P450 is always there it is going to be always reactive we need to learn how to prevent our medicine to get affected by this enzyme. We will come back to cytochrome P450 once again in the next class keep studying the book to follow as I said lipid and bugs bio inorganic chemistry principles of bio inorganic chemistry keep studying. Thank you very much.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards. We are doing 2022 Panini origins football hobby 16 box full case break number 12 tiered random team style Here's a look again at your random results as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the Lincoln shot Let's do it Good luck here everybody Origins I'd read one of one that'd be sick dude. I'd be so jealous of that too Dave oh my god, something a redemption in this one Yeah, Cooper cup to 199 rams Damian Harris the 299 Patriots. Yeah, David Monca or Darnell Mooney and rookie Damian Pierce Christian Watson 52 out of 99 on the patch going to the Packers two colors We've got Tyrion Davis price. That's 19 out of 99 for the Niners and Redemption is Sam Howell go to the commanders.  I Ryan is 75 Colts Cam Acres to 199 rams Hollywood And Calvin Austin got Kenny Pickett 121 out of 199 Jersey guard going to the Steelers. There you go, Mike B Small hands we've got Samir White 90 out of 99 for the Raiders on the Origins auto Michael Jordan We've got Trayvon Walker rookie jumbo Jersey autograph going to the Jaguars Oh With the old man all night, that's why Do you need us to take you back to your home? Did you Mealtime Got to 99 is AJ Dylan and Dallas Goddard to 199 you'll know me when I get to that age God Better be of a duck Dodge Debra Samuel and Kyle Pitts Nice Aiden Hutchinson two out of 49 for the Lions That's pretty sick three colored patch probably skip the recap on this actually That is Trayvon right Danny great Nice one there for the Niners. Yeah dodge duck dip dive dodge. Yeah, that's it And then we've got going to Steelers George Pickett boom Three out of five with the Steelers logo Nasty Congrats Mike B That's nasty that is nastiness one two three four five colors That's nasty congrats on that Mike sweet card for you buddy like a get that into a mag Others forest that woke forest up right there for us coming alive now Devonta Smith the one 99 Dallas Goddard to 299 That's true. It really doesn't Think I'm sleeping Chris Carson and Justin Jefferson got sauce gardener nice one there go into the jets We've got going to Dave. How about a Bailey zappy on the variation auto? 93 out of 99 congrats on that one and we've got J. Dot John Dotson behind that rookie Jersey Auto for the commanders zappy Carson Wentz to 75 commanders Jalen Hurts to 99 for the Eagles thanks for the sub there Ruben Michael Thomas slant man Wanda Robinson Yeah, there you go new card Love to see that Dave to 199 Traylon Berks jumbo Jersey for the Titans easy E Erica Zucan Muck going to the Dolphins on the on-card auto not numbered and Redemption is Traylon Berks rookie jumbo patch autograph gold. That'll be to 10 There you go. It's gonna have a nasty patch on it to a congrats Joshua Titans I don't think Ronnie Harrison ever played their SG the Steelers There's Brandon cooks to 299 Brendan cooks Cousins to 99 James Harrison there you go James Harrison David Carr Eli Mitchell.  That's so awesome Get that into a mag for you. Congrats, Jeremy. We got sourced gardener Going to the Jets I Looks like a dude That's Terry McLaurin to 199 Mike Evans the 299 Coraline Sutton James Robinson Zach Wilson geez dude what a case 77 out of 99 now. We've got a gold 9 of 10 Carson strong Go into the Eagles again the gold ain't dude. That is sick Congrats Joshua J with the Eagles and then going to the Saints Chris Olavi 69 out of 99 three colored RPA Congrats on that Saints. They're all fingers Michael Thomas the 299 Javante Williams to 25 Kenneth Walker Jersey Cards Eli Mitchell 12 out of 25 We've got going to Joshua Ellen the Titans, how about a Traylon Burks and Malik Willis three color three color Jersey auto booklet congrats on that. That's nasty Bullsig Malik Both on card That is nasty. That's gonna be number three out of 49 That's cases nuts I'm good Brady to 75 And Carson strong rookie Jersey auto. Yeah, that might be the third one of those I know second one pulled to pick it and pick ins, but yeah, I pulled two of those for us pulled one, too I believe So sick so sick Thanks for the follow their pro skills All right to 75 Ryan Tanne health do 99 Jamar Nico Collins hometown roots scary Terry 48 out of 99 commanders Hassan Haskins on card auto that's going to the Titans not numbered and Jalen Tolbert 18 out of 99 going to the Cowboys nice one there Yeah, I still have a pedigree or a blank slate most likely as well Lately snarling about over there to 99 Matt Ryan Colts Trevor Lawrence to 299 Stefan Diggs cam acres Got Rashad penny hometown or no origins Jersey 22 out of 99 Seahawks George Pickens on card auto not numbered go into the Steelers And going back to the Patriots pierce strong jr. Rookie Jersey auto not numbered nice one there add that in dude Yeah, honestly, not a bad idea Kyle It's all mess up hair Najee 199 Jamar chase the 299 T-Law Ramon Dre We've got Austin Echler 49 out of 49 nasty three-color patch for the Chargers hometown roots In Hutchinson 74 out of 99 that's going to the Lions on card so in their Leonice and Tyrion Davis price rookie Jersey auto that is not numbered I Know I love our one-of-ones incoming. I hope so be sick There we go AJ Dylan to 199 AJ Terrell to 299 AJ's there Devonta Smith Sameer white rookie Got Joe mixing one out of 25 two-colored patch nice one there for the bangles got for the Texans Damian Pierce on guard not numbered Texans And then we've got Trey McBride Rookie Jersey auto for the Cardinals nice Stefan Diggs to 50 DeAndre Hopkins to 199 I like it Trey McBride rookie Joe mixing 43 out of 99 for the bangles Isaiah Spiller one out of 99. That's going to the Chages Sold out for the night. Thank you guys appreciate that Taekwondo or in rookie Jersey auto that is going to the Patriots Ready to go. Yes, sir. Sell out Sam Sell out Sam sell out Sean Jalen Hurts to 25 Jalen Hurts also to 199 interesting to Jalen Hurts Stafford here strong junior Skymore going to the Chiefs 153 out of 199 Garrett Wilson not numbered on card auto. That's going to the Jets And Kenneth Walker rookie Jersey auto going to the Seahawks also not numbered K-9 Michael Carter to 299 Zeke Elliott to 99 Kamara Herbie God Kenneth Walker nasty patch on that one 89 out of 99 three color Seahawks got Jameson Williams rookie odd on card auto for the Lions And Skymore rookie Jersey auto going to the Chiefs And last one here guys. Good luck. Amanra to 299 Aaron Rogers to 199 Justin Ross rookie Blank slate Cooper cup very nice going to the Rams Jeremy why? Congrats, buddy case hit on that one Super Bowl MVP cup I'm back strong, buddy We've got Tramac pride to 199 B. List Jones jr. on the auto not numbered for the Bears And last hit the break Desmond Ritter rookie Jersey auto going to the Falcons. Congrats Falcons That'll do it for the break guys going to skip the recap as we are a little behind Um, thanks again for the film next up jerseys


Git is one of the most important tools on Linux, whether you're a developer or otherwise. And I say this because a lot of people, even if they don't spend all their day coding, use Git to share and backup their .files on places like GitHub or GitLab. No matter your skill level when it comes to Git, there are tools that make using Git and interfacing with those sites much easier. I've talked about a couple of them before. I've talked about the GitHub desktop application that is designed and produced by GitHub. And I've talked about Gitcrackin before. Both of those are GUI applications that interact with GitHub and GitLab through the Git interface.  I prefer using tools like that. Now today I'm going to be taking a look at a program called LazyGit. Now LazyGit has been around for quite a while and it is a terminal user interface that allows you to interact with Git and all of your Git repositories in a very efficient manner. So let's go ahead and take a look at LazyGit. So this here is LazyGit and this application is a very powerful tool when it comes to using Git. And one of the reasons why it's so cool really isn't because it does all the stuff that Git does, even though it does do those things, but it does it in conjunction with showing you a lot of information all at once. So you get all of the files that are a part of the repository that have been changed up at the top.  So you can tab down to this third part here and go through the commit history from this particular repository. And you can see all of the diffs in the main window here on the right hand side. And if you wanted to restore one of those things, you could. If you wanted to just kind of see where the repository has been over the course of the last few commits, you can do that as well. You can also see all the files that you have on stash. Basically stash just means things are placed off to the side and don't have a impact on the repository, whether you're pushing, pulling, whatever. I'm sure that's very simplistic from my understanding. It probably is more complicated than that, but that's the way that I use it. Now, like I said, the real power behind lazy Git is that it shows you all of this information all at once. So you can scroll down using the arrow keys in this first file section. And you can kind of see all of the changes that have been made to all these particular files. So most of these have just been moved to a different directory. Some of them are like this one here that have a whole bunch of changes because they're actually brand new files. And you can use the spacebar to commit or decommit these files if you want. You can add them all, whatever you want to do. And then when you're ready, you can commit them, you can push them or whatever. You can also pull stuff if the repository that you have on your computer is out of sync from the one that is online, you can do a pull just like you would normally get with Git. So let me show you what that looks like. I'm going to go ahead and hit the spacebar on the entire directory. And I'm going to hit C. It's going to ask me for a commit message. So clean up and 632. So this is for our podcast. So I've moved a whole bunch of stuff around and I've created the new show notes for our podcast this week. I'm going to enter and now all of the stuff has been committed. Now, if I wanted to push that, I would do capital P and it's going to ask me for my passphrase. And that is as simple as it gets. Now, as you can now see, there are no files there with changes. Everything is up to date. And if I were to quit LazyGit, we can actually see that I am completely even with the repository online and the repository on my computer other than that one stashed file. So LazyGit comes with a ton of key bindings. So if you want to find out what those key bindings are, just press the X key and it gives you a menu of all the things that you can do with key bindings.  And there are quite a few things here that you can do most of them having to do with just regular get commands and movement between the different portions of the interface of LazyGit. The biggest one that you should know is going to be tab tab is going to move you between each of these sections. And if you wanted to let's just say there, let's go to a different actually before we do this, let's go ahead and go to a different repository so that you can actually see some files here. So you use tab to move between the portions of the interface along this side. And if you wanted to move up and down in the main portion here of the changes, the diff, you would use page up and page down. Now, unfortunately, I do not have a page down key on my keyboard. So I can't actually do that. But you could remap that if you wanted to. Now a couple of things that we should talk about before we end. The first one is installation. Installation for LazyGit is almost amazing. Simply because it's everywhere. You can obviously build it from source, but it's also on Void, Arch, Fedora, Solis, Ubuntu, Fun2, FreeSBSD. I mean, you can just kind of see it's literally everywhere. And it was so easy to install on Fedora itself. It's just the matter of adding a copper repo and then installing it. So the fact that it's even on Solis kind of gives you an idea that it's pretty much everywhere. It was very easy to install. Now, when it comes to the configuration, you can find the configuration in the your .config file and you can do things like change the colors, change how the application refreshes and all that kind of stuff. You can also change the key bindings as well. So if you wanted to change the page up and page down key bindings, because those aren't what you wanted to use, you could do that from your configuration file very easily. So that's LazyGit. It is a very nice application if you are looking for a different way to interact with Git.  Now, I understand that most people probably have aliases for that stuff, but I've never actually gotten around to doing that. So this is a better way of doing it. And I think that LazyGit is actually a better way of using Git if what you want to do is not only see the files that you have changed, but also what those changes are all at the same time, all right in front of you. That is a powerful tool for people who make a lot of changes to their files and kind of need to see exactly what has changed before you press a commit and upload it to the world. Now, one thing that I didn't show is how to change between branches. That's fairly easy. Once you're in the application here, if this were to have a different branch, you would tap down to that and then you could navigate between branches with the arrow keys, enter on the branch that you wanted to switch to or Git checkout. You could just do it that way. Now, I don't use branches all that often in my repositories simply because they're just for me anyways, and I'm not a developer. So most of mine are just the main branch. So I don't have one to show you that has something that could change to. But if you do use branches, which most people do, it's easy to switch between them just using the tab and then the up and down and the enter key. So that is the last thing that I probably should have shown you. So that is LazyGit. If you have thoughts on LazyGit, you can leave those in the comment section below. I'd love to hear from you. You can follow me on Twitter at the Linuxcast. You can follow me on Mastodon and Odyssey. Those links will be in the video description. You can support me on Patreon at patreon.com slash Linuxcast, just like all these fine people. Thanks to everybody who does support me on Patreon and YouTube.   I can't even begin to say how grateful and thankful I am for your support. So thanks for that. Thanks everybody for watching. I'll see you next time.