Thank you this morning my mind very fresh after nine hours sleep Wonderful good morning your holiness Good morning at this morning feel very hungry so heavy breakfast You have to have a lot of energy for our debate this morning Greetings again from beautiful Dharmshala, India Welcome back to day two of the seventh generation change exchange a Dialogue between his holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and young peace builders from around the world This exchange is a partnership between the office of his holiness and the United States Institute of Peace I am David Yong from US IP and I have the honor again to moderate our discussion Your holiness yesterday we discussed with you How children of war can become leaders for peace? I stress the word can because as we discussed yesterday Peace building is just is not simply a technical vocation. It's not just a job Rather as his holiness his life exemplifies peace building is a spiritual mission requiring a spiritual Transformation his holiness yesterday told us about the difference between a Materialist education and a moral or spiritual education In that spirit your holiness we have been discussing Discussing for spiritual dimensions of peace building that one must Walk through in order to be a true leader a true peace builder Yesterday we discussed the first two Spiritual dimensions of peace building the first was belonging and the second was compassion Belonging we talked about how even amidst war and tragedy our young peace builders Can draw from the love of their mother their parents their siblings their church their neighborhood their village their nation state and How they can draw from that sense of belonging a deep sense of compassion to be Effective and loving peace builders Today we will talk about two more dimensions of the spiritual trends Formation required for leadership in peace building today. We will discuss first inner peace and second commitment to equality and justice that your life has symbolized as With yesterday your holiness our young leaders will first share stories with you In order to spark a dialogue and debate with you So we will start with inner peace. We have seven short stories of our young peace builders Going through their own self-doubt Amidst the war in their societies and then coming to some kind of Self-realization or epiphany that they Can go forward with courage with strength with compassion So your holiness we will have our short stories and then invite your reflections. I first turned to Angie Hello, your Holiness. My name is Angie. I'm from Columbia So yesterday we talked about education and I have to tell you I was my teacher's worst nightmare It was hard for me because I was very smart, but I just could not sit still I Okay Okay, so I was very smart, but I couldn't stand still it was very hard for me to go through High school and all of that Actually, I remember I constantly was asking to go to the bathroom just so I could get away from the room Fast-forward and I am dropping out of med school. I'm not feeling good I don't know what's happening with me what I'm gonna do next and In an attempt to cheer myself up. I go to a meeting in this volunteering organization And the first thing they asked me to do is to dance like a chicken I Didn't know what was going on. They also told us to act concepts like diversity Peas and education and all of a sudden I realized I was learning But I was also having fun. I was enjoying the moment and I was totally connected I was shocked perplexed and very happy It's been 12 years since that meeting and now I've been doing countless hours of training In non-informal education around the world turns out. I love education and I love learning So much that I became a psychologist and now I started my master's in educational Sciences two weeks ago, so I might still be a challenging student But now I know what I need in order to thrive and now I strive to make education Accessible and good for everyone. Thank you. Thank you, Angie. Thank you for your beautiful example of a moral education Ezra, please Good morning, you're hello your holiness. I am Mr.. Out from Sudan So my story began back in 2019 when I said with myself for four months is trying to overcome my childhood trauma when I was child I was bald I was bullied and I remember that girls come to me and said you are not beautiful. I Still have that memory in my head back in my head and I'm trying to overcome it by set with myself for four months is going through identity crisis Asking myself who am I? What do I want ending by what? Residium and how we can overcome it as this builder. We always ask ourselves What is conflict and how we can overcome it and for me after setting for myself with four months is I Come up with answer, which is education So that is why I started my initiative new generation to work with children that exposed to bullying I did workshop in schools for children And and also I Train use and monitoring them not the normal Minutering but starting with them to build hubbid and To journaling and to read I'm in it or more than 1,000 use in the past three years And yesterday one of my mentee sent me like it's raw I learned from you what inner peace mean and that is why What I'm do what I'm doing. Thank you. This is my story Thank you Ezra. Thank you for being a great teacher Patrick, please Good morning your Holiness. My name is Patrick Godi from South Sudan the newest nation in the world My country is recovering from a brutal civil conflict that has uprooted millions and displaced Thousands within the country and across borders In 2016, I found myself stranded in a foreign country unable to return home due to the fear of insecurity and war I Was at the center of helping desperately fleeing South Sudanese families friends and refugees to find a sanctuary a Year later I was selected by my peers to lead a youth movement The youth movement declared that we are tired We are tired of the war and the suffering that it brings We are tired of the injustices and inequalities perpetrated in our country We are tired of sitting and being unable to salvage our country from burning So we took a stand and with that declaration I was cast into leadership and peace building in my country from that moment I started working on peace building and Promoting the efforts of young people in the peace processes and From that time your Holiness Six years later. I am here a bit wiser more handsome Yeah, it's still struggling number yet still struggling with bearing the aspirations of South Sudanese in my case Leading the effort is faced with suppression would ridicule With exile and in some cases even death Some of my friends always tell me that Patrick you have options Yes, I do To me the struggle is my passion. I see I See I See strength with every fall and yet I still wonder How to keep the promise and Hopes alive in my loneliness hours Thank you Thank you Patrick. Thank you Thank you Thank you Arish Good morning, your Holiness. My name is Eris and I am from Tunisia I've always been impressed by the power of technology to change the world So I wanted to learn about it as much as I can and I loved to share what I learned with others That's why four years ago. I decided to open a technology club in my school It is the opening event of the club I'm standing on stage and the president of the club asks me to introduce myself So I was standing on stage and the president of the club was asking me to introduce myself It was my first time to stand and speak in front of four hundred students. I was so nervous I started shaking and I wished the ground to open up and swallow me But the ground didn't swallow me and the stage kept welcoming me for the next year Allowing me to improve at public speaking until I was able to speak confidently in public And again, I loved to share what I learned with others So I decided to help other Tunisian youth to find their voice like I found mine and I became a debate trainer Touring for the next summer's touring Tunisia giving debate trainings in different regions Allowing young Tunisians to improve at public speaking and find their voice like I said I found mine This was really important for us because not only were young Tunisians able to be Good at public speaking, but they also found a safe space where they could debate Delicate and controversial topics in our country without being threatened It's been 12 years since the Tunisian revolution happened and still Government officials decision-makers and parliament members are fighting each other even on live TV shows Some of us are losing hope that someday Tunisia will be free from conflicts But I won't lose hope and I will keep doing the work that I do Because I believe in the words of my dad who told me the priceless gift of the Tunisian revolution is hope. Thank you Thank you for that beautiful message I reached Here please Good morning your Holiness. My name is Haji. I come from the biggest nation of the world without having an State I'm a Kurd from Kurdistan region of Iraq It is 2013. It was the time to decide what I'm going to study in my university. I might my my parents for for the sake of their Please I pleased my family to go to the University and studying engineering, but it wasn't my field. I have always asked myself What do I want in my life? And why do what what do I do for achieving? What do I want? so I have always wondered at The thing that you said yesterday about equality It was really moved, but I didn't feel equality since I was born Because I am from a nation that whenever we ask for equality. We have been killed and massacred In 90 in 98 8 8 180 2,000 people were genocide by the Saddam regime just for being a Kurd in 1998 and 985,000 people including newborn children were killed by a chemical weapons by Saddam regime I have never filled freedom because whenever we ask for freedom. We have been killed in 2017 we did a referendum for seeking Independency, but The regional governments allied and killed thousands of our brave soldiers for just saying that we want to be a freedom We want to be a free All these incidents moved me to work for building peace and maintaining peace in my region So when you said when you talked about inner peace, I was so moved I was so touched but I couldn't feel it's hard for us to feel inner peace while we wake up every day and Waiting for powerful countries to decide about our identity about my people It's it's hard to be in a The biggest nation of the world and you don't have any you are fighting for your preserving your identity all these Help me all this encouraged me to work for maintaining peace in my region to promote and to preserve Or and to protect my identity your holiness This is the story. This is not the story of one individual. This is the story of 40 million people from my region. Thank you Thank you, Haji Roya, good morning. My name is Raya, and I'm from Libya Self-doubt has been a big part of Hawaii was And from Libya Libyan Libya Libya Self-doubt was a big part of who I was and it impacted a lot of decisions that the young me had to make Looking back at my journey and the small moments where a college professor had validated my unpopular My unpopular opinion in the classroom or that email that says congrats You haven't accepted for this opportunity to meet the Dalai Lama Where I thought that I didn't have a chance to be accepted in the first place kind of helped me in believing in myself and all of these kind of endorsements helped me in and believing that I have the ability to make a change and also to help pay it forward for other peers like myself to believe in themselves and believe that they have the ability to make a change in their communities by Providing trainings and the tools to them and the opportunities so they can flourish and make an impact And make them realize their true potentials just like I did with the support of others So I always emphasize on the important of paying it forward And if every one of us as individuals worked on doing that for others That our communities will be better than they are today, and that is my story Thank you, Raya Good morning, your Holiness. My name is Sophia and I'm from Venezuela and I would like to share with you a story of self-knowledge So when I was in high school me and my best friends were wanting to become the next secretary general of my high school's model of United Nations It was very exciting because I really wanted this challenge, but so did my best friends So one day we were being interviewed by the people that were gonna choose us and the first question They asked was who do you think is the best fit to become to become the next secretary general and Immediately we all turned to see my best friend because she had the highest reputation and had won the most awards The second question took me by surprise Because it was who do you think is the least fit to become secretary general and I just didn't expect that all of my best Friends looked at me without hesitation It was extremely humiliating and I kindly asked the people that were recording us to delete this video But I had this idea that I wasn't fit to become the leader for the next two weeks So when we were sitting in front row waiting for the announcement I was holding my best friend's hand waiting for her name to be called because I was sure that her name was gonna be called But suddenly I'd raise my eyes and I see that they were calling my name I hear my name and I was extremely disappointed at this time because I have bought and believed that they said that I Wasn't because it fit to become the next secretary general, but everyone else around me saw it So this is an example that I always keep in the back of my mind as a reminder that being a leader also comes with self-doubt And you were mentioning yesterday that we also need compassion to others But I believe that part of being a leader is having compassion for yourself as well So that's why I always work to bring and empower young women and men in Venezuela to find their own voice and feel Empowered on themselves. Not only waiting for other people's recognition. Thank you your Holiness Thank you so much Sophia.  What was he feeling? Did he have the self-doubt that we have all felt in our own journey our own spiritual transformation? So we're all curious if you want to share your story of being 23 years old March 1959 and what you were thinking and feeling to lead your people At the initially Danger for my own community Then also my own life so things become something Urgent or desperate. I escaped I think I mentioned yesterday one information The Chinese military leader Want to know where Dalai Lama live Suppose to say they say project that But doubt whether project or target So in any way such Very serious sort of emergency I just decide escape but Now since I become refugee I feel much heavier More free And India We have a long history So I become a guest of Indian government now look world Humanity I think time come We have to think From more realistic way Not thinking Based on our past experience past our history War killing Not that we should consider past Now a new situation so There's seven billion human being Everywhere we want equal It's very right In previous time yes Western imperialist is supposed to The our leader Now that thinking no longer We all same right that are African or European or Asian We all as I mentioned yesterday so long to I one knows 100% we are same so now on this planet All seven billion human being All have same right No base To say we are superior No longer now that thinking We all 100% same So sometimes I think yesterday I mentioned I think Like you know nation You see should be Not just political representative of different country But you know nation should be Body of world Humanity Think more about the situation People So on behalf of these people Small group Their voice may not reach at top So like you know nation should be more attention This is such smaller community So now a time come we have to consider We seven billion human being we are same We have to live together on this planet The Differences of country Now no longer relevant we all same Thank you. You're only so easy. So you see really we need you see looking the today's situation according to reality Not should not repeat thinking previous sort of one nation superior dominant and other Inferior Not like that all are same the kings or queens or You know nations Secretary we all same human being Same emotion No differences so now time come All people we should consider all people hundred percent the same Same right and then I read if little critical the different countries and which different system in a way may be more efficient but Too much emphasis my country their country and then problem as I mentioned yesterday the spirit of European Union You see thinking the common interest Completely forget past history fighting killing each other killing each other Now completely change now thinking New reality So European Union the idea develop wonderful similar sort of thinking Humanities Union No basis to say Asian Western African or Like that we all They way we born same They way we grown up same and between there then you see different name of country and its own history and Thinking sometimes reflect on these Versus the reality then whole thinking change In this respect, I'm refugee no country so quite open So now we are same human being So we have same right Then too much emphasis my country their country And also my religion their religion now these are The now Out-of-date Should not think We are same the religion personal matter and country my country in their country that Which strong feeling is out-of-date it and that's my my view. I think Because I become refugee I Lost my own country So that kind of thinking so you also should be refugee So that no longer say my nation your nation like that We are same We have to live together on this planet Your Holiness, thank you for your beautiful vision and it's this generation that will lead us to that promised land I'm sure so since you slept so well last night We have many questions for you because you had a lot of sleep. Yes. Yes, okay, so as Secretary general of her model United Nations Program in her high school I'm gonna give Sophia the first question because she will she and her generation will lead the transformation of the United Nations Thank you. Thank you your Holiness. Um, I would like to know from your experience If there was a moment that you knew that you were making the right decision Probably when you migrated from Tibet to India But you still had the self-doubt when you didn't have support of other people around you How do you move past that self-doubt and still be strong with the decision that you made? there's a mainly your own feeling honest more compassionate thinking and And consider all human being are same Not much thinking my nation my sort of Community not thinking not too much emphasis but we human being same Or say the way birth the way die same So while we alive No basis proper basis to say my nation your nation and Mentally a little bit sort of distance You see not the reality You're all the same Thank You your Holiness Now today all political sort of responsibility totally resigned but in any way Whenever I carry some decision I always Consult with concerned people. What's it? They are you what are they are feeling? Thank you. Hope your Holiness Let me ask Patrick if he has a question your Holiness I've been reflecting on your journey on your people and your eventual flight out of your country And as the representative of the aspirations of millions of Tibetans you chose To flee out of the country to save it from destruction That will emanate from your own people's resistance. I Wonder how you manage the different voices for example some sections within your people who love said for example you Advocate for violent means of reclaiming your country and sovereignty Carissa You Know among Tibetan there are some groups you see thinking fight with Chinese militarily But these are unrealistic Too much emotion Not thinking properly, so that's the I think 30 40 years ago now today situation much change So world opinion now today world opinion really makes differences and 30 40 years ago world opinion not much sort of of a relevant local condition so the Chinese also suppress Not much thinking world opinion or and Tibetan also is a fight So that our past in everywhere You see thinking fight or Now or truly The concept or the organization of military forces now no longer need Whole world should be demilitarized Any problem small small problem through discussion can solve Now using weapon no longer Should be past and then as I mentioned I think yesterday the best weapon from birth is my nail Thank you your Holiness Roya would you like to ask a question? Thank you David Thank you David. Thank you Holiness for sharing with us your wisdom my question is How was your journey to reaching inner peace and Compassion and being the person you are today. I Think I briefly mentioned it yesterday basic human nature more compassionate and then as soon as born you totally rely on mother's compassion and children I Think usually Not much I'll say Feeling differences Tibetan or Chinese or Muslim or Hindus I think children's level. I don't think all these later once Join education then in education field now I'll say create the impression Tibetan Chinese Hindus or and also religion That I think later People you see emphasis these differences so children also then gradually You see get the feeling. I'm Tibetan. I'm Chinese. I'm Hindu Go like that and a further more religion So at the beginning our life know that kind of feeling thank you Thank you your Holiness So so I really feel Education is key factor Now education should be universally thinking Not a small group this nation that nation that religion that religion That outdated past is people thinking that and result more fight You see the negative oneness of human being Now time come we must emphasis on Oneness of Entire human being Thank you your Holiness Ezra, please Okay, thank you David. I would like to ask sometimes we over thinking because as a beast builder we always like facing a problems and I want to ask you how to not over things and to be present and to have a deep live in ourselves and in our Ability to solve the problems Karsha some of the crowns or they will be back up Some time to some logic don't have a game. Yeah, I think you know the higher sort of these in the answer Never to connect to Yes, there are different points. You see in different issues So We should emphasis Over all picture that's important My nation my religion that's small Humanity world Oh and then religion Personal matter any human being you see in different color Not important We can marry happily No obstacle of color same hundred percent the same so We sometimes I think we too much emphasis color and religion That's old thinking Now time come We have to emphasis on The point of oneness of seven billion human being that's my view Thank you, your Holiness So your Holiness yesterday we heard from our Future mayor Sebastian We have our future secretary general here and then here your Holiness We have the future president of Kyrgyzstan. He's going from your Holiness He's going from Darm Shala back home To serve in his president's office in a new job. So congratulations to Pajir Okay Yes Thank you so much David and thank you so much your Holiness. I have two brief questions The first one about how was your feeling when you forced to leave your country your homeland and your pupil? And my second question will be about the 15th of Dalai Lama will be there a 15 Dalai Lama Will be a female or female When we were living You see we too much thinking Tibetan Chinese communist Tibetan Buddhist So there's a lot of problems a lot of us say the crisis in mentally Now at that time if we have thinking we are same the Land belongs to humanity so any human community can live and Important is live harmoniously Friendly helping each other. There's not much problem. So Firstly, I want to Little joke you see when I saw you see your No hair So I think some hair from here I So Me personally very helpful become refugee no country And everywhere we human being So long smiling Then really feel human brought our sister very happy No longer say it's in my nation or my country and these things so thinking humanity that's really Now very helpful to maintain peace of mind so we should not look past Past you see each nation too much thinking their own people their own country and Including their own religion now. That's all thinking as a result of that kind of thinking Weapon too many Killing now time come we have to look from different angle We all same human being and we live one small planet and Is much better logical? we live as the human brother sisters The same planet. I really emphasis now there We are same so Any any argument? Oh? He had a second part to his question about the 15th day a lot of them Or that is Not my own business Now this moment 87 perhaps according to medical checkup my physical health very good so another 10 15 20 years Then Question come next Dalai Lama, but that's not my business My business I believe rebirth so thinking and next birth So most probably I reborn on this planet This world I have some special connection. So the previous Dalai Lama first Dalai Lama He sort of express He want to born Tibet continuously serving Tibetan people and Buddha Dharma, so that is quite a reasonable quite good So I may is a time of dying I may Determined to reborn Among Tibetan community, but we'll see the situation But I really feel Oneness of seven billion human being Not much differences too much emphasis My race my nation That's to become source of conflict So we should think more about a humanity general your holiness, thank you and For your sake we hope You reach Nirvana that you deserve and you see Bishop Tutu in your Nirvana But for our sake, we hope you are Reborn into our world so your great spirit can continue My determination Serving sentin being And other sentin being other world no connection only in this world So from that viewpoint I will reborn on this planet and serving humanity as much as I can There's a practical Thank you, I may go on I may born in different planet So completely new so I don't know How to serve This planet you already know So small childhood Some sort of traces of past the memory So I myself and My own birthplace area There are some sort of event I clearly Express about my past life and previous country so some connection So I reborn on this planet Where I don't know Tibet or Europe or Latin America That's of course we also believe like our look at the shore And some we may call some higher being So so I have some connection These higher being I Acting like represented representative of these higher being So according their wish and my book where I born So one famous leg intubate shows or Now three word I come ma. Ah Amdo Ka kumbum Ma most probably my name Have more to do That show From that leg So some connection these are some mysterious thing But according my own for experience Mysterious things really very helpful To these mysterious forces they can see long-term or say Oh Long-term interest We human body Limited so life full mystery Thank you, your holiness. We have one more question from this group Arish Thank you, your holiness So when you were in my age You had to take the important decision of whether to flee India and escape and Throughout your life. You had always had to take decisions on behalf of your people My question to you is in those delicate situations where you have to take important decisions What helps you make the right decision and Know how to choose the right one clearly. Thank you I We have our own tradition Of course, we are Buddhist and a certain deities Since first the Lama special connection So we try to investigate The certain point ask their view So so far all major serious decision I always Try to investigate What is their opinion? So so far Oh Their indication is very very correct very useful sometimes human mind thinking and Their view different But I decide their view according to their view I decided So finally All these decision Become very right decision. So now here Daralama as a human being but in certain Dalmas work not a human being Some mysterious sort of a force I have some connection Maybe you can share it with us So thank you your Holiness for your stories and your thoughts before we change groups. I want to Express thanks to our colleague From the Indian Ministry of External Affairs mr. Deepak Padma Kumar. He has been He has been a Wonderful source of support for our program. We couldn't have been here without him. Thank you Deepak. Oh You're welcome He's a future Secretary General United Nation So let's now very quietly change groups and we'll get to our next topic your Holiness All of the peace builders have been very moved by your teachings about The Oneness of seven billion human beings about human ism a human ism that transcends the various great religion of the world and We interpret your teachings to mean that that human ism requires a Dignity inequality and justice for all human beings. So that's why we called this fourth and final dimension of Our spiritual transformation as peace builders as a commitment to equality and justice and so we have Five stories to share from you and then we'll invite your reflections. So first our friend Gloria Thank you, David. Good morning your Holiness. My name is Gloria. I'll be here. I'm from South Sudan It was in 22,000 when I was in class. It was a break time and we're going out and We had a very sarcastic laughter in the back of the class As we turn back someone said blood We didn't know what was happening Until we realized that one of my friend has actually started her menstrual period for the very first time There was a lot of shame Around it. I remember we're running around the compound of the school Looking for a scarf so that we can cover the blood so that nobody sees because period is dirty and it's shim Nobody should see blood After that we went home the next day we came to class. My friend did not come to school and the day after And that day evoke a lot of questions in me. I Started asking myself why will a natural body be associated with a lot of shame and stigma How many girls Not only my friend, but how many girls that has gone through the same situation as my friend Missed the school just because of that Education is a human right But because of that my friend would not able to enjoy her human rights Years later the situation has not changed still the same Women miss school because of periods. There's a lot of the stigma is still associated with period. I Took it about myself. I Felt a sense of responsibility that I have to do something. I Started a journey with young women and girls to understand their body to dismantle the stigma and taboo surrounding menstruation Enduring our work. We're able to dismantle that the taboo and stigma I wanted to see a world where women and girls are able to enjoy the human rights their rights to education and Through that I'm able to create a just an equal world Thank you Thank You gloria for your very courageous work so far on this planet all Human beings same human being but due to some color or Previously Due to military force differences now that situation Create a lot of problem now that should be passed Now I Think firstly we should be demilitarized the world all decision Not based on military power. No reason and thinking the majority of the people concerned people's view feeling So no longer Weapon become decision maker. It's absolutely wrong now past Now we have to Each people Their own way thinking What's the best for your own community then you have completely freedom to carry Not relying on force. I think the Past way of thinking we're doing is now past now we should have all human being 100% equal Oh and the majority so for so for so long Look as a community remain and then all Community have the right to Decide what kind of future for their own community They're ultimately everything should In the hand of people not leader And leader also genuine Democratically elected leader also you see should think people are still thinking and the parliament Very good is it a final decision not a president or Prime Minister but really sort of The parliament something like that you see decide so now The final Decision should in the hand of people not leader Now things are changing now So we should not now looking past or say pattern now we must Revisionize Everything should be in people's hand through discussion like that Thank you, your Holiness in glorious hands Mom do Thank You David. Thank You Holiness. My name is Mamdouha Kutzi. I'm from Syria and I believe that stories the stories we share are the first Curriculum and they are universal curriculum for human responsibilities My parents stories stress the importance of helping others until this value became an Instinct for me I Would like to take you for a journey with me in Syria in a war zone where there are bombs rockets explosions disruption and Human lives are at stake And while you're working and trying to help the donors approach and asks Ask you to work on reports on reports delivering reports and at that point I started to question How reports can be more important than human lives until this day? I did not have an answer But this make me believe that The field of activism is thriving upon exploitation and wasting resources Just three days ago a Syrian father had to throw his baby in the sea Because he died of thirst in a journey of immigration. What is your country Syria? Syria Syria No They're going into a Syrian father had to throw his kid to the sea because he died of thirst in an immigration Journey he wanted to become a refugee, but he couldn't and Yes, I want to say that both the father and the kid. They are victim of these wasted resources. I Am deeply concerned and troubled and I feel frustrated But also I feel that I have to do something and For ten years I've been trying and I've been knocking on doors on and on and on and on Some of them opened and closed, but many others Never open, but that's fine. That's fine because life is not perfect and There is no magic stick we can use to change the world, but you know who can change Everyone who believe Or everyone who will not give up on a break broken system that if we try to fix we will help ending the suffering of men Your Holiness, this is my story and this is the story that I would love to grow up telling my kids and Every living soul that is trying to make a difference. Thank you. Thank you mom too. Thank you very much Mohammed Thank you, David. Good morning. His Holiness. My name is Mohammed from Somalia It's almost four years ago when I met with Amal a middle-aged woman at the regional court of Mukdishon She has a land is a land dispute case which has been struck Which has been dragged on for almost ten years of the court as the saying goes just as delayed It's just as denied Code As I had as I had a brief conversation with her I could sense the lots of dismay from her voice and This one case represents the injustice the leg of justice pathways and the ineffectiveness of judicial institutions that thousands of Somalis grapple with daily. This was a wake-up moment for me to realize how those who are mandated to safeguard the individual righties, which are enshrined in the constitution and the supreme law of the country, Islam Sharia, a peace on self-fulfilling and activities against any moral grounds that they stand for. And for that reason, many potential youngsters have left the country to look for better option. At some point in my life I was about to take the same decision, but I have kept asking myself if not you, who else will build and revive a peaceful, compassionate and inclusive Somalia. I believe that if as a human we don't get equal justice, if we don't get an inclusive and equal justice there will be no peace and coexistence of humanity. Right now I'm working to see Somalia where individual righties are dignified and equally protected, where rule of law, equity and social justice are not only protected, but equally promoted at every state of our side. Thank you. Thank you Mohammed. Thank you for your commitment. Yes, it's very correct. Due to some problem, an escape from your own country is a lack of enthusiasm. This is where we should live and where you face some problem and try to fight. Okay, so now world much changed. So basically world truly become more democratized world. So people's voice should raise people's voice then world will take notice. Okay. Thank you Your Holiness. Issa. Your Holiness, good morning. My name is Isabella and I'm from Colombia, a country who have been in an internal armed conflict for more than 60 years and I want to share a story. It was this night with my mom at the bed and she started telling me how her dad, my grandfather, teach her how to use a gun when she was just four years old and put it into her pillow just because, just in case of. And if someone tried to open her door during the night, she should just shut without thinking. This was her growing up in a rural community in the mountains of Colombia. And I was shocked about how normal this was for her. And also because 40 years after this moment, I'm still living with fear. And I ask myself, why should I live with fear among brothers and sisters? That's why I decided that I wanted to become a lawyer. Right now I'm going to start my master's degree in international human rights. And in this journey, I stuck with the term of human dignity. And it's just the basic human sense of respect. To see each other and reflect each other in one another and connect from honesty and respect. I honor human dignity right now, helping other young leaders from all across Latin America to have access to education. As you told us yesterday, education means to be able to decide and to choose freely. I truly believe that having human dignity as my daily compass and connecting from love and respect, I can see our work without borders, without political creations. And eventually I will be able to live without fear. Thank you. Very good. So now this is one example. Now things are changing now. Now we clearly see past bad habit or wrong policy. Now time comes to change. Change by people. So you see things through that way, things change. Change by people's movement. Not revolution with gun, no. Through talk, through education, mainly through education and wider contact with the whole world. Now we should think, we should look. Our future should not repeat our past world. Now we completely knew on the basis of the strong sort of view, seven billion human being, oneness of human being. We have to live together equally. So small, small different reasons, fight, criticize, wrong. We have to live together. Thank you, your Holiness. Nisa. Good morning, your Holiness. My name is Nisa. I'm from Libya. Come. Libya. Because Libya. I agree.  And my journey started when I watched a documentary. It's called The Inconvenient Truth. I heard a lot about climate change and a lot about global warming before. But until that moment, I never truly listened. After I watched the documentary, I started to notice things in the water that I drink, in the air that I breathe. And things that I did not notice before. I learned that every year, there are thousands of people that lose their homes because of natural disasters. People who lose their loved ones because of diseases caused by pollution. And I didn't know how to feel about that. So I started a project to teach little children about climate change. And sometimes the children cry. And that made me think, how come a little child understand the urgency of this issue, but a global world leader cannot?  I've only seen the snow once in my life. There are many people who cannot even see stars in the sky because it's so polluted. And I've never felt like I have the need to speak about something as much as this. So for five years, I worked so hard to advocate for climate change. And I don't see the impact sometimes. And I feel really bad about it. Sometimes I think, I don't want to do it anymore. But then I'm driven by the fear that there might come a day that nobody can see the stars in the sky. So I feel like I have to work harder. So this is the thing that I work for. And this was my journey. So wish me luck. Yeah, Ines, thank you. So now climate change. This is a very serious matter now. Nobody controlled that. What we can do is more green, more trees, more grass. That we can do. Like one example. I think I mentioned yesterday. Ladakh. Previously, very dry sand. Now, a lot of trees. One of my friends, I think I mentioned, he first visited Ladakh. So dry. Everywhere, I say, sand, nothing. So he cried. Now Ladakh, much changed, much more trees, much more sort of grass. So we can do now. With awareness, more green. So with knowing there is real danger, global warming, reach such a level, we can't, I say, we can't make effort. That's the end of the world. So before that, we try to cultivate more trees, more green things that we can do. I think another one century, two centuries. After that, too hot. Some Buddhist literature also say this same sun, the heat, much increase. And then eventually whole world burn. So that is, then no longer, you see, necessary fight among ourselves. Whole world now facing problem. The end of, I say, the final, the horse destruction. So I think while we are alive, it is much better. Live happily, peacefully. No use to think much emphasis. I, we, you, they no longer. We all same human being. We have to live together. So oneness of entire human being on this planet. That according my own experience, I born northeast Tibet, then came to Lhasa, central Tibet, then eventually become refugee. Now, you see, in my mind, we all same human being. So with that feeling, wherever I go, I always smile and also, you know, all my teeth from my mother give all these teeth. Every, every teeth, I'll say the original one. No new, new one. So I want to show. So, you see, thinking, we are same human being. The lot of problem which we are facing is past negligence, mistake. Now we should think, new way of thinking, basically thinking oneness of seven billion human being.  We cannot escape to other the planet and not very sure, happy or not happy. I think this planet, no matter how problem, but still it is our planet. So, so let us remain peacefully, think humanity. And basic human good quality is all hardness. Now with that, okay. Thank you, your Holiness, for sharing your thoughts about climate change. I have no doubt in my mind that leaders like Nisa will prevent the environmental destruction of our planet. But, your Holiness, I think we need a little help from your mysterious friends as well. Karasad, Mr. Karasad, know, you come on, it's clear to that mysterious force, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the. Karasad then the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, And roughly speaking, you see, our body, we know very well, very detailed. But our mind, though, there are different levels. So some subtle level of mind, still mystery. So through now, I'm speaking as a Buddhist practitioner. Meditate on one's own mind, a few minutes. Then gradually, one hour, two hours, then really, you get the feeling of the subtle level of mind. So at the time of death, the subtle mind, still there. All grosser level of mind completely stopped. So the subtle mind goes next life. So at the time of very subtle level, some Tibetan practitioner, some monk, they actually, you see, after death, their body still remain fresh. One week, two weeks, like that. So these are, their being still hold the most inner level sort of kind of mind, meditate on it, so body, not decay. Now actually, one Russian universities, some professors showing interest. So some, as our project, some of their officers, their staff member, keep in Bangalore when some Tibetan monk who meditate at the time of death, body remain very fresh. So they're trying to examine. So what result? Now I don't know. I have no clear sort of report. But idea, you see, there are some cases, according to doctor, declare that person die. But still body remain no breathing. But subtle level of mind still working here. So meditate. So body remain fresh. It's quite mysterious thing. There are actually, it happened, we notice. So some Russian, I think Moscow University, some doctors, we have some project to examine to such person. After that, body remain very fresh, like that. Thank you, your Holiness. Now I have some questions for you. Oh, yes. So I'm going to call on Iman for the first question. Good morning, your Holiness. My name is Iman, and I'm from Somalia. My question to you is regarding religion. Every religion is against inequality and injustice. However, we see and we experience in real life that religion is resulting inequality and injustice. What do you think can religious leaders and spiritual leaders do differently in order to have a peace, equality, and injustice? I think everything should look from a wider perspective. Prospect, not just one. So religious person, you see, thinking more holistic way, not just my religion. So that also, you see, I myself now more contract with people or leader from different religious tradition. I often meet. So it is important, just as a lack of contract with other religious tradition. And just believe one's own religion. So that sometimes our thinking become more narrow. OK. So if you have the wider contract with different religious tradition, then automatically, each individual's mind become more open. Just believe one. Sometimes you see, create your mind thinking more narrow. So it is useful to have discussions with different religious leaders and discuss, exchange. OK. Thank you, Your Holiness. Gloria, please. Thank you, David. My question, it regards to the T-Paid people. You've been in exile for a very long time. But then from the conversation that I had, and I hear is that there's still a hope that one day the T-Paid people will return to their place and have the ownership of their land. What is that that you hold into? What is that hope that you hold into that one day the T-Paid will have their land? I think mainly we have deep cultural heritage, much knowledge about our mind. So now in the past, some Chinese communists, they have no idea. So simply, a certain Tibetan cultural heritage, they feel a source of separation. So you see, try to destroy. But these very strong Tibetan cultural heritage related with peace of mind, you see, no force can eliminate these thinking. So now, in Tibet, people of traditional sort of faith and knowledge still kept very alive. Now, strangely, very few Tibetan become too communist. But many Chinese communists become Buddhist. So you see, some Chinese university. So after seeing some of our publication from here, which eventually translation, Chinese translation, so some Chinese university's professor, you see, saw these articles, then they, of course, privately, they cannot publicly sort of say, but privately, you see, they mentioned, oh, Tibetan Buddhism is truly Nalanda tradition, very scientific religion, like that. So therefore, now things are changing. Our cultural heritage is very strong. And also, you see, very useful. I have a lot of meeting with scientists about mind, about emotion. Then other religion, not much knowledge about emotion, how to control emotion. Tibetan Nalanda tradition, Buddhadharma, you see, plenty of method to control our destructive emotion and to preserve peace of mind. I think, may I say so, I am one of the person who really keep these 1,000-year-old Tibetan tradition to keep peace of mind, not just close eye, but you see, thinking, the old destructive emotion, no proper basis, the compassion, these positive emotions, there is plenty of reason. So thinking that way, then you get more conviction about warmheartedness. That reduce anger, fear, or jealousy. So the real peace of mind can develop through practice of genuine, I'll say, thinking, like that. Now more and more, scientists, brain specialists, now come to see me and discuss. So these great scientists about meditation, about emotion, their knowledge, almost zero. You see, we kept all these knowledge. So very useful to discuss with modern scientists and also quantum physics, very nice quantum physics. You see, nothing exists as appears. If we investigate, nothing exists as appears, that's very similar, that non-interthinking. Things not exist as appears. The reality much depends on one's own mind, like that. So don't go there. Thank you, Your Holiness. Yes. Issa, please. Thank you, David. Your Holiness, as a lawyer, I always find myself looking for justice, right? But usually justice ends up in punishment. So yesterday, we talked about compassion. And my question for you is, how can we see and pursue justice without losing the sense of compassion for everyone? Compassion towards this? No need to compassion. It's just. But as long as, including small insect, you should realize they also have the feeling of pain, so should not create any pain for this small insect. Through that way, thinking, not harming other animals. For me, also, you see, I never sort of killing animals, except when I have sound sleep, some mosquito come. You see, otherwise, you see, they keep compassionate attitude towards all sentient beings.  Although I, myself, I decided no take meat, vegetarian. Then I got some jaundice problem. So all my liver, liver recovery, gallbladder, gallbladder removed. And then, doctor, they advised me, I should go the original way of eating. Then some meeting, some meat. Otherwise, at least one or two decades, I remain completely vegetarian. So I really, all our major monasteries, I ask them in public level, and we should serve vegetarian food, not non-vegetarian food. So they are not going to serve it. Not the jamzi? So the pure vegetarian, that also is very good. Otherwise, you see, one person take meat. Then 10 person, 100 person, 1,000 person, how many animals get it? I think the basis of our justice is to protect basic rights, including animals. So we human beings on this planet, I think in a way, big killer of all these different animals are highly necessary than something different, but as a luxury, we should try to stop eating much meat. Thank you, your Holiness. Isabella's question reminded me of a story from your childhood that you've told when you were living as a small boy in Potala Palace, and you used to love looking through telescopes at the distance. And as you told the story, one day you saw a prisoner in chains praying to his Holiness or to the Buddha, and you felt great sadness. And so I'm wondering if that's, with that story, how you feel about punishment and whether punishment can be more compassionate. How do you feel? When you saw a prisoner in chains praying to his Holiness, you felt great sadness. Now some punishment or some measure to stop or doing wrong thing, including killing, it is right control. And like my teacher, great teacher, several years I learned from him, but he never smiled towards me. The purpose is, you see, learning or more deeper sort of what's the spiritual or I'm a text. So very good. Otherwise, apparently my teacher remain like that. So you see, according to circumstances, sometimes you should remain more tough. It is not my habit. I always smile. I never show this. Thank you, your Holiness. Thank you. Thank you, your Holiness. I have a slightly tough question about what you mentioned that sometimes we have to fight and make our voices heard. How did you fight and make your voice heard? And how can we do the same? Firstly, you stand honest. Then based on compassion, then other sort of some activities, a little harmful, then you can stand tough. No problem. In order to prevent their wrong doing, it's right. My teacher, or as I mentioned before, you see, always keep one weep to show me. When I say, summer palace, go to Potala Vindra, one of my staff member always carried that weep in order to punish them. But I never get used to that. Thank you, Mohammed. Your Holiness, as a spiritual leader of Tibetan people who went through a lot of difficulty and are currently undergoing the same difficulty, you have mentioned that your source of motivation is the principles that you believe in. What's your message for the same people who are living as immigrants, refugees, and who are going through the same difficulty that you went through? There's no problem. Buddha himself, you see, mentioned all my followers. Not necessary to listen me personally, but think the situation. If anyone, something harming other, you should stop. So, the Buddha himself, you see, made it very clear. Everything depends on the circumstances. So, no problem. And some little, little pooja prayer. Sometimes you say, I forget, I don't care. The main thing is practice of compassion and forgiveness. I never felt too negative feeling towards those Chinese communists. I feel, instead of anger, feel sympathy, feel compassion. So that I consider very important to control your anger. And through that, we also use reduced fear. So all these negative emotions ultimately related with self-centered attitude. Thank you for your holiness. No, thank you. No, I think time for straw muck. Thank you so much your holiness for your thoughts today on inner peace and equality and justice. We're very grateful to you. I'd like to just take a moment to thank your colleagues for the support for this wonderful exchange. I want to thank Tenzin Takla and Setan Samdup for their wonderful assistance on this exchange. I want to send a thank you to our good friend who's in Washington today, Kaldun Lodi, your former monk and now the director of the Tibetan service at Radio Free Asia. I want to thank our entire USIP team, our wonderful team, including our special guest, Steve Kilele from Sydney, the Institute for Economics and Peace. Sarah Austin Janess from the famous storytelling organization in New York City called The Moth. And my wife, Dr. Elizabeth Moses, who came on this journey with me. I also want to thank your audiovisual team to the wonderful Don Eisenberg and Tenzin Chejor. I want to thank all of your personal attendants who have fed us delicious pastries the last few days. I want to thank your chefs who will serve us lunch. I want to thank all of the monks at Namgyal Monastery School who hosted us, in particular the venerable Tuktin Yangfell. I want to thank your security team who made it so easy for us to enter your residence. And finally, before I thank you, your Holiness, I want to thank our 26 young leaders who have traveled to Dharmshala. They truly represent the hope and the future, and they have come, both because they have been inspired by you in the past, and they have come to learn from you in the present. I can't tell you how many of the young leaders told me yesterday after our session that today is the happiest day of my life. And that is truly so. So, your Holiness, I want to thank you for your continuing support for young peace builders around the world.  I know that you are a global leader with a global message. I didn't want to scare our young leaders before now, but I will tell them now that many of your webcasts have 1 million viewers, so we know you have a global following. But I want to tell you, your Holiness, that even though you impact 7 billion human beings around the world, your greatest impact is for individual leaders like all of these, because after you pass on to your next life at 110, they will carry on your message of hope, non-violence, and peace. So, thank you for your Holiness. Thank you very much. We are part of 7 billion human beings. You see, we all have the responsibility to create happy humanity, peaceful world. Not only our generation, but the coming generations, genuinely peace, happy. That's our goal, and a different profession, including different religion. That's a personal matter, but our common responsibility is happy world, peaceful world. Okay. Thank you. We have a few gifts for you, please. From 2019. Okay. This is our headquarters in Washington, D.C. Okay. Very good. Thank you. Thank you, your Holiness. Please join me. Thank you. It is quite heavy. So, it is necessary to fight. Thank you. Now, I think lunch is ready. Lunch. Oh, there it is. Let's go to the next menu.


At Audiology Associates of Prestonsburg, you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing. You'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. A recent settlement with the SSA is bringing the former clients of Eric C. Kahn closer to regaining their benefits. The Forgotten 500 will soon be able to request a new hearing that could earn them six years worth of back pay. After a lengthy legal battle and many collaborative efforts, attorney Ned Pillars-Dorf is committed to helping those who were wronged by Kahn. We've had 500 former clients of Eric Kahn who lost their benefits six years ago. Since then their hearings were declared unconstitutional. And as a result of numerous federal court rulings, we were able to enter into a settlement agreement with the SSA that was finalized yesterday, which will allow those 500 people to have their benefits reinstated now if they ask for a new hearing. And if they win their new hearing, they will then get six years worth of back pay, which is significant. Pillars-Dorf says most of the former Kahn clients do not know about the lawsuit and is spreading the word. This wouldn't be possible without the recent administrative changes at the SSA. First of all, there's been a change of leadership within the SSA. And as a result, instead of treating the former Kahn clients as co-conspirators with Mr. Kahn, which was ridiculous, you won't find a Kahn client ever met Mr. Kahn and they'd never been accused of any wrongdoing. They are now the SSA by virtue of this very beneficial settlement agreement that will be finally treated as victims, which they truly are. This is a really good settlement agreement for what we call the Forgotten 500. The truth is they were never forgotten, the volunteer lawyer team that I'm proud to be a member of. We've been fighting for these people for seven years. We've done thousands of hearings, hundreds of U.S. District Court cases. And the big thing is we won an every federal appellate court throughout the nation, which is what led us to this point of getting this very beneficial settlement agreement. It's not everything we wanted. I would have preferred if everybody not only got their benefits back, but their back pay now. We couldn't get that far, but like I said, I think we got nine out of ten. Reporting for Mountain Top News, I'm Nick Collum.


Now that we understand this connection between the entropy for process and the heat associated with that process, at least if it's reversible, we can use that equation to calculate the entropy many times when we already know something about the heat of the process. So I'll give you a few examples of what I mean by that. So as our first example, let's talk about something we've already discussed when we were talking more about heat. So let's say we want to change the volume of a gas, so we've got a volume change, and we'll do that reversibly and isothermally, and we'll also end up doing that for an ideal gas. And the question will be what's the entropy associated with that process. But to start with, we'll ask ourselves what we know about the heat and the work for that process. And if it's a reversible isothermal process, then if it's an ideal gas, we know that the internal energy of an ideal gas is directly related to its temperature. So if I'm not changing the temperature, if it's an isothermal process, then du is equal to zero. And so the dq for that process is the negative of dw. So in other words, any change in energy, anything that comes from heat is supplied to work. And vice versa, there's no net change in the total energy of the system because the temperature is not changing. We also know for an ideal gas, work is minus pdv. I'm talking about negative work, so that's a positive pdv. And here I've made use of the fact that it's reversible. I would have written if it were not a reversible process, I would have had to write p external. But for a reversible process, internal pressure and external pressure are the same. So dq is equal to positive pdv for any reversible isothermal volume change for an ideal gas. And now, since it's an ideal gas, we know something about the pressure of an ideal gas. Pressure is nrt over v. So dq for my reversible process is nrt over v. Now I'm to a point where I can make a statement about the entropy. I can use the Clausius theorem to turn dq into ds by dividing by t. So ds is going to be, if I just divide both sides of this equation by temperature, dq becomes dq over t, which is ds. And nrt over v becomes nr over v, still multiplied by dv. Temperatures just dropped away when I divide. So that tells me how the entropy is changing as I change the volume reversibly and isothermally for this ideal gas. And if I want to calculate the entropy change for some finite change, not just an infinitesimally small change in the volume that I need to integrate. So integrating ds gives me delta s. Integrating nr over v will give me, on the right hand side, n and r don't depend on volume, so I pull those out of the integral. And then the integral of 1 over v, dv, is just log of the volume. If I integrate that from some initial conditions to some final conditions, then log of v2 minus log of v1. As usual, I can write as the log of a ratio, log of v2 over v1. And what we've found is that similar to an equation we've had before for the heat of reversible isothermal volume change, the entropy change associated with a reversible isothermal change in volume for an ideal gas, we can calculate with this formula nr log v2 over v1. So let me give you another example of a process for which we already know something about the heat, but now we can calculate something about entropy. And let's do, let's now keep the volume constant, but change the temperature. So we're going to heat something up or cool something down, we're going to change the temperature and we're going to do that isochorically without changing the volume. So again, we can go back to the first law as a way of learning something about the heat of the process. Now du is not going to be zero because anytime we change the temperature of something, we're going to change its internal energy. But because we've chosen a constant volume process, we can certainly say something about the work. The PV work associated with the process whose volume is not changing is going to be zero. So dw is going to be zero. And that's in fact an equation that we've used several times before. At constant volume, heat is the same thing as internal energy. Now what we can say about the change in the internal energy as I change the temperature, that's just a way of describing the connection between the change in the energy and the change in temperature that's given by the heat capacity. So either the extensive heat capacity or as I've written it here, the number of moles times the intensive heat capacity times the change in temperature, that tells us the change in the internal energy. Okay, so that's what's equal to dq. So the goal here is to learn something not about the heat of the process but about the entropy of the process. So if I divide both sides of this equation by temperature, I find that dividing by temperature on the left gives me this expression, dividing by temperature on the right gives me this expression. dq over t, as long as I've got a reversible process, so as long as I do this temperature change, this heating or cooling, as long as I do it slowly and reversibly, then this dq over t, I can write as the change in the entropy. So if I now want to integrate both sides of this equation, the change in entropy, which is now on the right hand side of the equation, is just the integral of 1 over t dt with n and a heat capacity out in front. So I've got n times cv, integral of 1 over t is log t. And again, if I evaluate that between final conditions and initial conditions, I get the log of t2 over t1. So I have a similar looking expression for a temperature change as I had down here for a volume change. So I've got one expression for when I'm changing the volume without changing the temperature when I do it isothermally. I got this expression when I have a temperature change but without changing the volume. So the next natural question would be, what if I'm changing both the temperature and the volume simultaneously? Well, that's now a fairly easy question if we think about it in the right way. So let's say I have, I start the system at some initial temperature and some initial volume. So that's the state of the system right there. I've got some temperature, some volume. And I want to change it to some different final temperature and some different final volume. Entropy is not a state, is not a path function. It's a state function. So it doesn't matter whether I take this path or whether I take this path. Any path that I take to get from initial to final is going to have the same entropy as all the others. So what if I, in fact, take the path where I first change the volume isothermally, change from v1 to v2 without changing the temperature, and then change the temperature isochrically, change from t1 to t2 without changing the volume. Then for the first part of that process, I'll label that step A and step B. The total entropy change would be whatever the entropy change is from step A and whatever the entropy change is from step B. And we've got equations to describe both of those. So that's just going to be nr log v2 over v1 added to n molar heat capacity log t2 over t1. So these two equations that I've put in boxes are actually a little overly restrictive. It doesn't matter whether I'm changing just the volume or I'm changing just the temperature or whether I'm changing both at the same time. The contribution that results from the volume change is given by this nr log v2 over v1. The contribution that results from the temperature change is n heat capacity times log t2 over t1. So this tells us how to use this expression where we've already been able to know something about the heat to now know something about the entropy change for these processes.


I'm going to be introducing the topic and why I think it's relevant to study, why I think it's important to spend time doing research on this. And then I'm going to be introducing some stylized facts from the literature on foreign aid which I think are quite useful and for the interpretation and for the understanding of the results that I'm going to be presenting here. Then I'm going to be introducing some theory, especially the channels to which foreign aid can affect migration. They are both indirect and they operate through growth and welfare effects predominantly, but we'll see them in a minute. Talking about also the empirical literature on this topic, then I'll focus on our contribution, so why we improve upon the existing literature, and then conclusions to say if I've got time I'll also talk about further research a little bit. So why it's relevant? So to quote Parsis and Winters, the influence of ODA, the overseas development assistance on migration is a topic of some intrinsic interest by itself, but we can say that its intellectual interest has been dwarfed by its relevance to the policy debate over the last 20, maybe more years, and this is true especially nowadays because we've got the refugee crisis, we've got thousands of migrants arriving to the South Mediterranean coasts, so new migration policies become a sort of a key priority for the European Union and especially to, so there's a growing pressure to find an effective way to collectively deal with the crisis. And in this context, so some politicians say, not all of them, but some politicians advocate that increasing foreign aid is a solution to this so-called migration crisis. So it's thought as a sort of a key recipe to stem migration flows from developing countries, so the main argument is this one, we create development over there, that's what they say, and so they will not come over here, so this is the argument. And one of the reasons why I started doing this research is that when I wrote this in the headlines of the newspapers, but is it actually true, I mean there is some evidence that points this direction, so that's why I started to investigate a bit more. So two quotes to reinstate this argument, so let's read, so maybe the second one from Barroso. We must also continue our political and development action to improve the living conditions in a country of origin, working with them there so that people don't have to flee their homes and come over here, so you can see that the argument of foreign aid to prevent migration is quite, has been brought upon by many politicians in the last few years. The stylized facts I was talking about, so on the foreign aid literature, which I think are quite useful for the understanding of the results I'm presenting. So I don't know if you're aware of the commitment of the donor countries to give like 0.7% of their GDP to developing economies in terms of foreign aid, I mean even though very few countries met this sort of requirement, we can see that foreign aid is increasing, especially after year 2000, we can see sort of a spike. So the first analyze fact is that the foreign aid is increasing, however, foreign aid allocation reflects much more the interest of donors rather than the interest of the recipients. So what I mean is that determinants sort of like political connections like colonial relationships matter much more than the GDP per capita, so the countries needs, the recipient needs, actual needs. So here is a very basic regression that is not our work, I took it from Keon in 2014. As you can see the effect of GDP per capita is always positive and statistically significant on foreign aid allocation. So it's a distortion, so basically like the richer you are among the developing, the context of the developing countries, the more foreign aid you get. Besides this distortion at the LDCs, so that the countries most in need, they depend quite a lot on foreign aid. As we can see here, the composition of external finance in LDCs is composed by 72% of ODA official development assistance. The last analyze fact that I want to talk about is that foreign aid is heterogeneous. What I mean with heterogeneous is that usually like in empirical literature foreign aid is considered like the effect of gross disbursements on outcomes like growth or welfare services, whatever. But I mean ODA is not only one thing, it varies. There are many types of ODA, so it might be transferring cash in kind. And also there is a very large percentage of non-transferred aid. For instance what I show here is that countries like Sweden spend 30% of their foreign aid within their borders, which is basically for cost for foreign aid to host refugees within their terminal borders. So back to our research question, if we want to test whether foreign aid has an effect of migration directly through growth or welfare effects, of course like the aid that doesn't even reach the developing countries likely to have a negligible, definitely lower effect. So these are the external facts. Back to their search question, but foreign aid does actually reduce migration flows. There is something that tells us that this is true in the theory, but in the theory the impact is not clear cut. We got two opposite, we got two contrasting forces. So we got the income channel on the one hand which is a positive effect and a budgetary constraint, sorry a negative effect, the budgetary constraint channel which has a positive effect. So the argument is as follows. So the additional income that is created through foreign aid will basically create incentives in the countries of origin to stay rather than leaving. So employment and income opportunities, so incentives to stay rather than leaving. And this is the income channel. The budgetary constraint channel basically says that this additional income that is created basically is going to serve to finance the migration cost. So that's why there's a positive channel. For the theory we got these two contrasting channels, but for the empirics there seems to be some agreement, some consensus on a positive effect. So the results confirm the hypothesis of the view that foreign aid doesn't reduce migration flows in poor countries. So the budgetary constraint story seems to prevail. Very briefly on the empirical literature, definitely Faini and Venturini, as the paper probably is the most important one, which is what I'm mentioning is quite old, 1993, but it postulates that income growth may fail to reduce immigration because, again, it relaxes credit constraints which tend to be especially binding in poor context. So this is related to the inverted U-shaped hypothesis, which is well known by development economists. So on the X, we got GDP per capita, and on the Y, we got the migration rate. So we got a positive slope for low level of income per capita, and the slope becomes negative after a certain threshold. So that's what they use to justify the budgetary constraint channel. So the budgetary constraint tends to be especially binding for the first part of the graph, and then is less and less binding. Another paper that is worth mentioning is Bartele Mietal, which is basically a cross-section with both bilateral aid and recipient's total aid, which have both significant positive impacts on migration. I mentioned it because this is going to be sort of the main empirical model, sort of the workhorse that we use in our empirical analysis. So they combine both bilateral aid together with total aid received by the consulate of origin. The bilateral aid is sort of a network channel because the idea behind it is that the more bilateral aid, the more contacts between the two countries you have, so the more information the migrants have to move to the country where it's sending the official development system. So finally, how are contributions? So how do we contribute in this future? So I'll think in many ways. So first of all, the model of the paper of Bartolini that I mentioned relies on a pure cross-section for year 2000. And we add a time dimension, so we are able to capture the multilateral resistance of migration, which applies to international trade but also applies to international migration as well that we've been talking about a few minutes ago. And the most important innovation, we think, is that we introduce migrant flows rather than stocks as a dependent variable. So all the studies that I showed before, they use like the effect of foreign aid on migration stocks. But these we argue that tells little about the impact of foreign aid on the migration decision. Because the stocks who are residing in a country of destination may be living there for decades. So it doesn't tell you anything about the decision to migrate in year T. So and we introduce flows and we anticipate that we are going to be having like very different results. We micro-found our econometric model. We run separate regression for poor and rich in recipient countries, which enables us to test whether the budgetary constraint channel is indeed relevant at low levels of per capita income. And we add a variety of fixed effects and we include several controls for the quality of governance in the country of origin rather than environmental factors and the presence of conflicts. So this is just simple correlation. So we are now into causality here. But this tells us that we already see that there seems to be a negative relationship between foreign aid, which is the RX, total aid received by the country of origin and the migration rate that you got on Y. What happens if we separate the whole sample in, we split the sample in two according to the GDP per capita. So the pattern would change if we, for different countries, whether they are relatively rich or relatively poor. No, we do pretty much have the same results. So this seems to point in a direction where, well, the budgetary constraint story doesn't seem to explain the results here. So it doesn't seem to hold anymore. We use a gravity model, which is built on Bayonet Parsons 2015. And of course, this is the workhorse, like to bring the data into an econometric model, actually, to get some estimates out of it. So bilateral migration rates is a dependent variable, which is a function of many controls. So our main variable of interest is going to be this one, which is total aid received by country of origin and time t minus 1. And as I said, there are many controls. Notice that the stocks that order papers use as a dependent variable here, we include it as a control. Because of course, we think that the flows of migrants at time t, they may depend on the stock because the information channel that you got in a country of destination. So this basically will trigger migration flows. So the higher the stock, the higher the flows. Yeah, so let's see the estimates. So these are the estimates. We got five columns. The first three, they estimate the same model with a different set of fixed facts. So what you can see here, like in a red box, you can see our parameter of interest, which is total aid, again, received by the country of origin. And it's always negative and statistically significant. The third column is our full specified model. And the fourth and fifth column we divide, as I already explained, to sample in two between relatively low levels, sorry, the sample in two, in terms of GDP per capita. And again, we got a negative result. So again, the budget constraint theory seems not to be binding. Another robustness check that we conduct is to look at different types of foreign aid. Remember that one of the stylized facts was the aid is heterogeneous. Here we use the share of humanitarian aid and the share of technical cooperation. And we got different, actually opposite results. We got a positive sign for technical cooperation. And we got a positive sign for humanitarian aid and a negative sign, again, for technical cooperation. The idea behind is that humanitarian aid is less development oriented. So it's very much like a short-term type of aid, which is sent for emergency reasons. Whereas the purpose of technical cooperation is more towards development. So that's why this would point to the income channel story rather than the budgetary constraint story. We replicate the same model for each cross-section. Remember that I mentioned the Bartolimi paper. And it was a cross-section for year 2000. So in the first column, you see what happens when you have like the migration flows, well, sorry, where the rate is constructed with migration flows. And in the third column, you see the estimate, the yearly estimate, when a rate is constructed by using stocks. And you always get to opposite conclusions. So the dependent variable is crucial. So I get to the conclusions. So in contrast to the previous literature, our empirical results point to a robust negative relationship between aggregate aid received and immigration rates. So this would give the impression that policymakers in rich countries are right to view the foreign aid sort of as an appropriate instrument to curb migration flows and so magically solve the so-called migration crisis. But of course, we are very careful to not oversell our results, because the aggregate results that are presented here can only provide a very rough guide for policymaking. And we have stated that by distinguishing between different types of foreign aid. And obviously, we are focusing on legal migration, which is not according to the politician's view in Europe. It's not like the main issue here. So ideally, this work should be replicated with irregular migration. But unfortunately, there are not reliable data sources available. So I think that's it.