This video will introduce you to the revenue equivalence theorem, which is one of the most important results in auction theory. I'll begin by stating the theorem and explaining why it's important. I'll show how we can use it to think about first price auctions. And then at the end of the video, I'll prove the theorem to you, which is important because there's actually a lot we can learn from the way that the proof works. So to begin, what is this revenue equivalence theorem? Well, most importantly, it's an answer to the question of which auction we should choose. So far, we've seen all kinds of different auctions. First price auction, second price, English, Dutch. It's kind of confusing. You wonder how you should actually, as an auctioneer, decide which auction you should use. Well, strangely enough, the revenue equivalence theorem says that to a large extent, it actually doesn't matter which one you pick. So let's see formally what it says. Let's assume that we have n different risk neutral agents, each of whom has an independent private valuation for the single good that's at auction, and each of which is drawn from a cumulative distribution, F. Now we're going to consider two different auction mechanisms for these two similar settings. And we want to assume two things about these auction mechanisms. First of all, that in equilibrium, they allocate the good in the same way all of the time. So for all of the different types that agents might actually have, they have the same allocations. And secondly, that an agent with valuation zero, an agent with the lowest possible type, would have an expected utility of zero in the auction. If these two properties hold across both of these auctions, then the revenue equivalence theorem tells us that both auctions yield the same expected revenue, and indeed that both result in any bidder with the same valuation making the same expected payment. So in other words, as long as two mechanisms allocate in the same way, and as long as they charge an agent with the lowest possible valuation, the same amount, zero, then the rest of their payment functions have to be the same as well. So you can't get extra money out of agents without changing the allocation function or the payment of the lowest valued agent. Now, in fact, I've stated the revenue equivalence theorem here in a way that's a bit narrower than I have to, just to make it a bit easier to say to you. So in fact, I can get beyond the independent private values assumption that I've made, and I can also get a bit beyond the single good assumption.  Okay, now let's see why the revenue equivalence theorem is useful for thinking about first and second price auctions. To do this, we need to think about a concept called the KTH order statistic of a distribution. So the KTH order statistic is the expected value of the KTH largest of N draws. So imagine that I was to independently draw five times from a distribution. What is the expected value of the biggest of those draws? Or what is the expected value of the second biggest of those draws? Those are questions about the first order and second order statistics of that distribution. For K equals one and two and for N equals five. Well, here's a useful formula to know for what we're gonna think about just now. If I make N IIAD, which is to say independent and identically distributed draws from the uniform distribution over the range zero to V max, the KTH order statistic is what you see here. It's this fraction multiplied by V max. Now, using this fact directly, I can conclude that in a second price auction, the seller's expected revenue is this fraction. And that's because I know that in a second price auction, the seller's expected revenue is the same as the expected value of the second highest bidder because the seller always gets the revenue of the second highest bid in a second price auction. So if I just substitute in, that's this is the expression that I get and you can confirm that. Now, first and second price auctions both satisfy the requirements of the revenue equivalence theorem. It's easy to see for second price auctions. For first price auctions, it's not quite as easy to see that they allocate goods in the same way, but as a second price auction does. But basically what I want to reason is that in a first price auction, the bidder with the highest value gets the good. And I can argue this essentially by saying every symmetric game has a symmetric equilibrium. The first price auction Bayesian game is a symmetric game because everyone's IID. And so in a symmetric equilibrium of this game, a higher valuation is gonna happen if and only if a bidder has a higher bid. And that's gonna mean that the person with the highest valuation wins the auction. So then I conclude that a bidder in a first price auction is going to have to pay on expectation the same amount as the same bidder would pay on expectation in a second price auction. And because only the winner has to pay anything in a first price auction, that means everyone should bid their expected payment conditional on being the winner of a second price auction. So each bidder in a first price auction should imagine that they're the highest bidder and then bid the expected second highest bid conditional on their value being the highest sample from the distribution. And you might think this is kind of strange because of all of the end bidders, N minus one of them will be wrong when they do this conditioning. Only one of them actually will be the highest bidder. So why should they all bid as though they think they're the highest bidder? Well, the reason this makes sense is that the only bidder that this matters to is the bidder with the highest valuation. And so if the bidder turns out, in fact, to win the first price auction, then he was right to do this conditioning. And otherwise his bid doesn't matter anyway. And so the fact that he conditioned wrong is okay. So thinking now about the highest bidder, if his valuation VI is the high value, then there are N minus one other values which are below his. And so all he knows is that they're drawn from the uniform distribution on the interval between zero and his bid. I hear I'm thinking about first price auctions in the case of a uniform distribution. And thus the expected value of the second highest bid is going to be the first order statistic of N minus one draws from this distribution. We're thinking about the second highest bid but we've conditioned on the first highest bid. So we're now gonna think about the biggest of the draws among the remaining agents. That's gonna be the second highest bid. And I can just substitute in to this expression for the first order statistic of N minus one draws. And I can substitute in N minus one into that expression and simplify. And what I get is this expression here. And that's something you've seen before, right? We've claimed in the past that the symmetric equilibrium of a first price auction with the independent uniform valuations is for all of the bidders to bid N minus one over N times their valuation. And now you can see actually where that comes from that we can actually find that by reasoning through revenue equivalence. So essentially there's two ways of finding the equilibrium of an auction like a first price auction. The hard way is that you do a ton of calculus to actually figure out what the equilibrium is from first principles. That's really hard. Even in the case of a first price auction that's really hard. The easy way is that you guess the equilibrium by appealing to revenue equivalence and then you just verify that it's an equilibrium. And so we know from revenue equivalence by comparing to second price auctions that are easy to analyze that the expected revenue has to be the same. And then we work through to figure out how bidders would have to bid to get that expected revenue and we arrive at this expression. Okay, well all that remains for this video is for me to show you how we prove the revenue equivalence theorem. So let me now do that. This is gonna be the most technical and advanced part of the video. If you find that you bogged down and this is too much for you, you understand everything else you need to know about revenue equivalence without watching the proof. So you can stop watching the video now. But I encourage you to go on because I think this is a really cool proof actually. I actually worked really hard to make this part of the video for you because I really like this proof. So I hope you enjoy it too. So let's see how it works. We have to introduce the idea of an x-intram allocation function and an x-intram payment. So let's see what that means. Well, I'm gonna call, remember we have this choice function x. Well, I'm now gonna have the choice function xi. And what I'm gonna mean by that is the choice function from the point of view of agent i given that everybody else is following the equilibrium strategy profile s for some Bayes Nash equilibrium and that agent i has type vi. So what this xi is gonna give us is the probability that an agent i with type vi is going to be allocated the good given that everybody follows the equilibrium strategy s including i. And similarly, p sub i is going to be the expected payment that agent i has to make. Again, under the assumption that everyone is following the equilibrium strategy profile s and that agent i has type vi. So here's a stronger theorem than the revenue equivalence theorem, but it should be easy to see that this implies the revenue equivalence theorem directly. So once we have this theorem, we just basically get the revenue equivalence theorem for free. What the revenue equivalence theorem tells us is that mechanisms that allocate in the same way all have to have the same payment function. What this tells us is exactly what the payment function has to be a little bit about how the allocation has to work as well. It really shows us exactly what the equilibrium even needs to be. And so as a side effect, we'll see that any two mechanisms that allocate in the same way have to have the same payments. But let's look at what this theorem says. This is really a kind of crucial theorem for mechanism design. So here we're saying that when values are drawn from a continuous joint distribution f and agents are risk-neutral, a strategy profile s is in Bayes Nash equilibrium only if the two conditions that follow are true for all agents i. First of all, we need monotonicity. So each agent's x-interim allocation probability needs to be monotone non-decreasing in that agent's value. So in other words, as agents have higher and higher values for the good, their probability of getting the good averaged across all of the other agents' type, as well as potentially across randomness in the mechanism itself, needs to weekly increase. So as I have higher and higher values for the good, it can never reduce my chance on average of getting the good. So that's necessary for a Bayes Nash equilibrium. The other thing that's necessary for a Bayes Nash equilibrium is the following payment identity. And this probably looks kind of scary. It's just a whole lot of math, right? So I'm saying the payment function, this x-interim expected payment that an agent makes needs to look like this. It needs to be the agent's value for the good multiplied by the probability that they get the good minus this integral, the integral from zero to VI of this x-interim allocation probability plus the expected payment that an agent of type zero gets. Now, it's often the case that we just want to have auctions in which an agent with the lowest possible valuation doesn't pay anything. And if that's true, then this just goes to zero in the payment identity and we get a slightly simpler expression. But nevertheless, this integral probably seems pretty mysterious to you. And what's cool about the proof is that I can give you a really intuitive idea of where this integral comes from. The final part of the proof that is also really interesting is this last statement here. So it says if S is onto, then the converse holds. What does that mean? Well, here we've said that a strategy profile S is in base Nash equilibrium only if these two conditions hold. Here we're saying if we add the requirement that S is onto, which I'll explain in a second, then it's also sufficient. Then these two conditions imply base Nash equilibrium. So what does it mean for S to be onto? It means there's some type you could have that would lead you to make any given bid. So I can always simulate any action that I want to take in the game by pretending to have a certain valuation. So that means that I can get to any action in the game by having a valuation. Formally, we say the strategy profile is onto. That's all that means. So this proof proceeds in three parts. Let me first say this proof follows a really elegant proof that I like very much by Jason Hartline. Here's a URL to his book in which he introduces this proof. And I also use figures adapted from his proof with his permission. So this proof has three different parts. I'm going to start with the last thing. I'm going to say that the strategy profile is a base Nash equilibrium if the monasticity and payment identity properties hold and furthermore S is onto. So I'm going to show that those things suffice to give us a base Nash equilibrium. Then I'm going to show that those two things are necessary. That S is a base Nash equilibrium only when monasticity holds and that S is a base Nash equilibrium only when the payment identity holds. I'll make a couple of simplifying assumptions in this proof just to make it a little bit less annoying to follow. I'm going to consider the special case where the support of every agent's valuation function is between zero and infinity. So we just have kind of arbitrary non-negative real valued valuations. And I'm going to assume that the payment of an agent with the lowest possible type is zero as I've mentioned before. Okay. So moving on to this first part where I'm going to show that the characterization and the assumption that S is onto implies that S is a base Nash equilibrium. So to begin, if agent I deviates from taking action from the strategy profile S and instead takes the action that the strategy profile S would have him take if his type was not VI but instead with some other type VI hat then what would agent I's utility be? Well, we can write an expression here. So I'm going to, first of all, introduce some notation. I'm going to say, I'm going to use this notation U sub I comma VI to mean the utility of an agent I whose real type is VI when he reports the type of VI hat I and when everyone including him then follows the strategy profile S. And what I mean by him following the strategy profile S is that he kind of lies to himself. He applies the strategy profile S to his incorrect type VI hat I. So this is kind of the exentrum expected utility of agent I for kind of misreporting his type in the strategy profile. And so what is that expected utility? Well, it's the utility that he gets from getting the good minus the payment that he has to make. So what is the utility that he gets from consuming the good? Well, here I use his real valuation because if he actually gets the good he values it according to his real valuation not according to the lie that he told. But the probability that he gets the good is going to depend on his declaration. So he's going to have the allocation probability of an agent with type VI hat I but then he's going to have the utility for getting the good of an agent of type VI. And his payment is of course gonna be the payment of an agent of type VI hat I because that's what he will have declared to the mechanism. And note that as I was just saying before it's possible for agent I to play any action by behaving in this way because of our assumption that S is onto. So he can find some VI hat I which will correspond to any action in the game any one of the real values in the interval. So what does it mean then for a strategy profile S to be in base Nash equilibrium? Well, it means that agent I is best responding by reporting his true type to his own strategy profile rather than kind of lying to himself sort of like we saw in the revelation principle. So in other words, his expected utility for actually using his true type has to be at least as big as his expected utility for lying to himself and reporting a different type to the strategy profile. If that's true for all agents and for all values that the agent might have and all lies that he might tell then we have a base Nash equilibrium. Okay, well, that was the fun part. It turns out we can prove this almost entirely using pictures. So let's start by considering some arbitrary and monotonic allocation rule. I'm assuming it's monotonic because recall the assumption of our proof is that the characterization holds and half of the characterization is that the allocation rule is monotonic. So let's think about what this picture says. Here on the X axis, I have the valuation that an agent might have. So this is the lowest possible valuation and this is infinitely big valuation as we go far enough out. And this is the probability of getting the good. So if the agent reports the lowest possible valuation then he doesn't win the good. And because this rule is monotonic as he reports higher and higher valuations he has an increasing chance of getting the good. It can flatten out and stay level. It can go up, it can go up gradually. It can go up discontinuously. And if it ever hits one, it has to stay at one because it's monotonic. And so there, of course it doesn't have to ever hit one. It could just gradually ramp up. But if it ever hits one as I've drawn it here then for all values beyond that point it has to stay at one. So I'm not gonna make any assumptions about what this function looks like except that it's monotonic. Okay, so now let's think about first of all agent i's value for consuming the good. Just what I talked about before. Remember that his utility has two parts. His value for consuming the good and the payment that he has to make. So first of all, let's think about his value. Well, as I argued before this is his value for telling the truth, for playing truthfully where he reports his own true value to the strategy profile. And this is his value for consuming the good when he has kind of lied to himself and so he gets a different allocation probability. So let's think about what those things look like on the picture. Well, notice that these expressions are products. It's a value multiplied by an allocation probability. So we can see that kind of in the picture as a rectangle where it's the area of this shape. Here's the valuation, right? This distance here is the valuation. It goes from zero to VI. And this distance here is the allocation probability. It goes from zero to XI of VI given as. And so this whole shaded region here is that product. So the area of that region is the product VI times XI of VI given as. What about in the case where he doesn't tell the truth to himself? Well, for this proof, I'm gonna assume that the agent is considering reporting a lower type than his true type. You, I'll leave it as an exercise for you to do the reverse proof where he considers reporting a higher type, but it's very much the same argument. So it should be easy for you to check your understanding by trying to run the proof in the other way. So when I assume that the value V hat I is lower, because of my assumption that the function is monotonic, that means that this point here is gonna be lower than this point here, the pointed V hat I as compared to the pointed VI. And so that means that this corresponding point on the Y axis is gonna be lower than this point was over here. And all of that means that the area of this rectangle here is gonna be smaller. And it also means that this corner of the rectangle is not gonna touch the line the way that it does here. That's fine. Okay, so what we've seen so far is we've kind of learned how to look at these pictures and we've seen that the area of these two rectangles is the expected utility that the agent gets for consuming the good. His true value in both cases VI multiplied by the allocation probability which depends on whether he's reporting his true type or reporting some lower type V hat I. Okay, so that was consuming the good. Now let's think about the payment that he has to make to the mechanism. Well, again, we're assuming that this characterization holds and that means that we're assuming that this payment identity is true. And remember the payment identity had a P zero in here but we don't have to worry about the P zero because we've assumed that it's zero. Oh, pardon me. Okay, so what is this? So now it's time to think about this kind of crazy integral. So let's actually think about what the payment identity is. Well, this first term here is the one that we've been thinking about all along, right? That's the area of the rectangle, right? VI multiplied by XI of VI given S, which is that. So it's that whole shaded region that we just looked at on the previous slide. Now, what are we subtracting here? This is the integral from zero to VI of XI of Z given S. So in other words, it's the area underneath this allocation curve. It's all of that. So the payment is the whole rectangle minus this stripy region here. And of course, that's the gray region that I'm showing you on the slide. So the agent's expected payment is the part of that rectangle that I showed you which lies above the curve. Well, that's kind of interesting. Whoops. Okay, so then I can put those two things together and figure out what the agent's expected utility is for playing as though his type was VI and playing as though his type was VI hat given that in fact, his type really is VI. And so, well, remember that the expression for this expected utility is simply the value for consuming the good, which as we saw before, whoops, is the rectangle minus the payment identity, which as we saw before is the part of the rectangle that lives above the line. And so this difference then is the area that lies below the line. So that's the amount of utility that the agent would get. And you can see that these two pictures are pretty similar. They're both this area under the curve. They both go up to VI. But the difference is that this one kind of gets clipped off at this lower allocation probability here, which we kind of correspond to about here, whereas this one goes a bit higher. And indeed, if I then think about the utility difference, the difference in utility between telling the truth, really playing as the true type, and the utility of playing as though you had a different type, that's gonna be this amount here. And what's important, the thing that we have done all of this in order to reason to ourselves is that this is a positive number. And the fact that it is an actual area in our graph that it has positive area goes to show that it's a positive number. And because of monotonicity, really the result that made this true is that this point here has to be weakly lower than this point here. It would have been possible for the function to be flat here in that region. And if it was, then this number would be zero rather than being positive, but it can never be negative. The only way that it could be negative would be if the function went down and the function is not allowed to go down by monotonicity. And so that tells us that this utility difference is always going to be non-negative. And remember we argued before that as long as this number is greater than or equal to this number, then S is a Bayes Nash equilibrium. And so what we've just argued is that indeed that's true. So the characterization plus our assumption that S is onto allows us to reason that S is a Bayes Nash equilibrium. So that's a really powerful thing. We've just seen something very structural about what the Bayes Nash equilibrium of a quasi-linear mechanism has to look like. Okay, now let's do the sufficient conditions. So now I want to say that S being a Bayes Nash equilibrium implies that monotonicity has to hold. Okay, so again, I'm gonna make the same kind of argument that I made before that having a Bayes Nash equilibrium implies that for all valuations that the agents could have and all other valuations that they could pretend to have, the utility that agent I gets on expectation from really having valuation VI and playing as though he has valuation VI is at least as big as the utility that he gets from really having valuation VI and playing like he has valuation VI prime. If I expand this out, I get this expression here. Here, all that I've done is just substituted in this expression that we already looked at in the previous part of the proof that says that my utility is the amount that I get by consuming the good minus the payment that I have to make in both cases, depending on the report that I really made. Okay, so you may have noticed I've switched from using V hat to V prime and that's because I wanna actually think that this has to be, it can be possible for the agent really to have valuation VI or really to have valuation VI prime and I can use these facts both ways. So I'm gonna consider two possible values, Z one and Z two that the agent really could have and I'm gonna substitute in to this expression here kind of both ways. So I'm gonna substitute in VI equals Z one, VI prime equals Z two and I'm also gonna substitute in the other way around and depending on which way I substitute, I get two different inequalities. So if I do the first substitution here, then I get this inequality which says, well, it says what you read, there's no point in my reading it out, but it gives an expression that has Z two here and Z one here for example, when I do things the other way around, everything switches. So I get Z ones and Z twos in the other way and both times I have the inequality pointing this way because that's what we always started out with. So basically what this is saying is an agent of type Z one wouldn't want to lie and pretend to have type Z two and similarly an agent of type Z two wouldn't want to lie and pretend to have type Z one either. Okay, well, I've got these two different inequalities here so I can just add them together and if I do that, then that causes these P terms to cancel out and so then I just get these two things added together and when I do that, I end up with this expression here and then I can just factor that expression and I end up with this simpler inequality here that doesn't talk about the payments at all and you can verify that for yourself. That's just some simple algebraic manipulation and really the mod ethnicity requirement just pops directly out of this expression here. So in particular, you can see that if Z two is bigger than Z one, meaning that this term here is positive, then in order for this inequality to be true, in order for this whole thing to be non-negative, we have to make sure that this is also not negative. So we can conclude that this being positive implies that this has to be positive. Oh, sorry, mistake on the slide I should say is positive. So I'll change that in the slides. So in other words, it means that the X function has to be monotone non-decreasing. It means that when this number is bigger than this number, this number has to be bigger than this number. So that means the function has to be weakly going up and that's exactly what mod ethnicity says. So that establishes the second part of the proof. All right, so now there's only one last thing to say and that is that this payment identity is required. So let's see what I wanna say here is that the strategy profile as a Bayes Nash equilibrium implies that we need the payment identity. The payment identity didn't just kind of suffice to give us a Bayes Nash equilibrium, but we actually need to have it. So I'm gonna start with those same two inequalities that we just talked about before and now I'm gonna do something different. I'm gonna solve each of them for this expression. So I'm gonna kind of rearrange them. You notice they both have a PI Z2 given S and a PI Z1 given S. And so if I rearrange things, then I can get them so they both have that on one side of the expression. And when I do that, I end up with one of the equations looking, one of the inequalities looking like this and the other one looking like that. And in total, I can think of that as upper and lower bounds on the differences in expected payments that have to be made between agents of type Z2 and agents of type Z1. So in other words, this difference in payments, whoops, this difference in payments here has to be not less than this amount and not more than this amount. Well, that's fine, but this just looks like a lot of messy math. It's not clear why these upper and lower bounds are very helpful to me. Well, here again, we wanna go back to our pictures. So let's visualize this on the graphs that we were looking at before. So here I've just written the upper and lower bound expression for you again so that you can compare it. And here is the upper bound and here is the lower bound. And let's think about what those numbers mean. Well, here I'm multiplying by Z2. So here's the distance Z2. And here I have the allocation probability of an agent of type Z2 minus the allocation probability for an agent of type Z1. And that's this difference here. And so in total, the upper bound is this shaded region here. So the payment difference can be no more than that. The lower bound is Z1 multiplied by that same difference. So I have that same difference that I had before. Now I'm multiplied by Z1. So that gives me this shaded region. And the important thing to notice about these two shaded regions is that they intersect the curve at different points. So this one touches the curve right there and this one touches the curve right there. Well, I can argue this more formally using calculus but if you think about it, it's easy to get an intuition that makes it clear that the only payment rule that can satisfy these upper and lower bounds for every given pair of types Z1 and Z2 has payment difference that's equal exactly to the shaded region that's shown here. Basically it needs to touch the curve everywhere because if I change Z1 and Z2, I still need to have the property that it's never less, so it's never more than that amount and it's never less than that amount. And so as I kind of move around, I need to make sure that I always have those sort of points of contact with the curve. And the only way for that to work everywhere is to have contact with the curve everywhere. So kind of at an intuitive level that should be convincing to you and if you'd like to see the proof with calculus, you can look at the book citation that I gave you at the beginning. And that pretty much gives us the payment identity. In order to get the payment identity, we just want to set Z1 equals zero, so push this guy all the way down, set Z2 equals one and then that gives us this whole shaded region that we saw before. Okay, so that concludes our proof of the Bayes-Nash equilibrium characterization result and recall that that directly gives us the revenue equivalence theorem as a corollary because what the revenue equivalence theorem said is that having the same allocation probability implies having and also having the same payment for an agent with the lowest possible type implies having the same expected payments. What this characterization result said is something much stronger that having the same allocation probability implies exactly the payment identity that you saw. And the payment identity has a term in it for what the lowest possible type gets and so if that is set constant in both cases, then they have to be the same. So the overall claim that we want to make here that overall takeaway from all of this is that if two mechanisms have the same allocation rule, then they basically have the same payment rule too. And when I say basically essentially, all I really mean is that the only thing that can change is if I just offset everything by a constant. So if I pay you $100 for showing up in my auction and then we have an auction, then my expected revenue is different. You know, if I charge you $100 for walking in the door and you have no choice about whether to walk in the door and then we have an auction, I'll get a different amount of revenue but that's not very satisfying. That's why we have this requirement about the agent with the lowest possible type gets paid zero. As long as that's true, then there's really no other wiggle room in the payment rule. And so mechanisms with the same allocation rule just need to have the same payment rule. A key corollary is that all efficient auctions yield the same revenue and equilibrium because after all, efficiency is just one allocation rule. Efficiency means the agent with the highest valuation always gets the good. That's an example of a restriction on what the allocation rule needs to be. And so that tells us that it turns out most of the auctions we care about are efficient. And so for all of these efficient auctions, we know that there's actually nothing we can do to change the amount of revenue that we get in equilibrium by changing the auction within efficient auctions. And indeed, this applies not just to the auctions we've seen before, but to some pretty weird auctions. So you can think about not a first or second price auction, but a third price auction. And that actually turns out to be revenue equivalent. You can think about various auction designs in which not only the winners have to pay, but losers pay too. We didn't make any assumptions about these kinds of things in the proof, and so it turns out they're also revenue equivalent. One last caveat, risk neutrality did turn out to be important. So I've assumed everywhere in this video that agents are risk neutral, which means they treat expected payments the same as sure thing payments. They don't care about how much randomness there is in the environment. They just care about the expected payment they have to make. And if that isn't true, then these different auction mechanisms actually do turn out to be different. So that concludes this lecture. And you'll go on now in the next lecture to think about how to actually maximize revenue in an auction. And what we can see from today is that's going to have to happen by changing the allocation rule. There's no way of maximizing within efficiency because efficient auctions are all going to yield the same revenue. If what you want to do is to maximize your revenue, strangely enough, you are going to turn out not to want to sell to the person with the highest valuation all the time.


and here's the Gigabyte D120-S3G. So this is using anapurna. It's a quad-core ARM Cortex 850, right? So this is a CPU that's better optimized for cold storage. Cold storage, and this is the SoC for better for the cold storage. They integrate with the LAN, controller, RAID to late, even have the hardware RAID inside of the SoC. So this SoC is very good for a bunch of, it's kind of like a NAS or the kind of market, right? Yes, yes. And is it fully optimized for this? Yes. And this integrating all these things on the SoC is not something Intel was doing before? No. So before there's some extra chips? No. So the difference is for this kind of SoC is integrated with hardware RAID and it can control 8 of the hard drives. So inside of that, we also mount two of the Marvell chips. Each one, two of the Marvell chips. Which one? There? Next to them? Yeah, next to them. And what are those, they do what? Marvell. Each one of the Marvell chips can control 4 of these hard drives. So totally in one such small motherboard, we have 16 SATA hard drives and controlling 16 hard drives. What's the difference between, is this a Marvell arm, small arm CPU? Marvell? Marvell, yes. Not small arm CPU, but it's a kind of the hard drive controller. It's a very single chip, which can control 4 of the hard drives. But isn't it higher performance to use the ANAPORNA? Yes. So that means 8 will be fast and 8 will be slower or no? Yeah. We developed these kind of 16 hard drives because currently in the markets, the most of the core storage or most of the J-BAR storage is only 12 hard drives. So the first one to develop these 16 hard drives and we want to use the lower power consumption, lower latency and good efficiency to do these kind of things. But wouldn't it be most optimal to have 2 ANAPORNAs to do 2 times 8 or no? No, no, no. Is it better to combine like this? No, this is for cost concern. Cost? Cost. So how about, so you were saying there were less chips on the board if you compare over here with Intel, this is the Intel CPU. This is the new Broadway DDE, Xeon D CPU. So we use the stem system structure and we use the Broadway DDE to use to control this. So which one was the RAID controller, for example, the stuff I got? Is not on the CPU, is it separate? This is the RAID controller cards. We have the RAID controller cards. It's usually standardized cards. Ah, so the card like this? Yes. So you can see. So this one no need on the ANAPORNA? No need. Which other thing is no need? There's less RAM over there, right? Yes, because Broadway DDE can run in the same as they can run in DDR4, so it's better to use. I mean, different platform for ANAPORNA is very efficiency cost efficiency economic servers. And for Intel platform Xeon D, it's also the first one can use Windows Server to do the cost storage. So Windows Server special here, it has just Ubuntu? Only Ubuntu? Yes, only Ubuntu. And the different purpose for these kind of two things is for the ANAPORNA is good for the cost storage. But for the Xeon D, it's good for the cost storage, also warm storage. So warm storage means it's turning all the time? Turning all the time. Cold means what? Something you need to put in the data, but the data is not frequently to use it. So how's the power consumption here compared to there? This power supply is 350 watts, but in that one it's 400 watts, a little bit more. Only a little bit more? Yes. So it's not a big difference in power? Not a big difference. Because most of the power is the hard drive? Yes, and most of the power is hard drive and the fan for the ANAPORNA itself only 12 watts. But then there's a difference in price maybe for the... Yes, yes. Is that not yet public, right? Yes. But there will be a difference in... So for all the cloud storage companies, this is the solution? Yes, this is one of the solutions. And if customers want to use Intel Windows Server, you can use Xeon D. All right, cool. And this is the maximum capacity right now? No, this is the second capacity because WD, they have 8TB of sleep. Yes. Crazy. So 8TB means totally you can have the 128TB in one server. So compared with the price and the value, you can see each TB you can purchase more with the low cost. When you say that this is good for cold storage, is the Intel not good for cold storage? Cannot? It's nothing not, but it's also good for warm storage. Depends on the customer using. But when you do cold storage, the power consumption can be very low, right? Like how low does it go? If everything is cold? If everything is cold, the power consumption of this one, it can only use like 30% of the power. 30, okay. Yes. Cool. And so Anapurna have been working with them for a while? Yes, for last year. Anapurna just been merged by Amazon Web Service in a general timeframe. And this is the leader, one of the leaders for cloud service. So there's a reason. Yes. So it's because it's very good for the cloud. Yes. All right, right here.


This report is a report of contrasts. I think that is something that we can say clearly. On the one hand, the drug use appears to be relatively stable, with levels of use remaining high, but not rising overall. And in some important areas, such as cannabis use by young people, recent data show even some positive changes. We estimate that Europe has more than 1.3 million regular opiate uses. Overall, levels of use have been stable for some years now, and we observe an aging group of users and reduced levels of drug injecting. However, the illicit use of other opioids, other than heroin, both pain medicines and substitution drugs, has been identified as a growing problem in some areas. We estimate that between 10,000 and 20,000 regular opiate users die each year in Europe, and the risk of dying for them is 10 to 20 times greater than for their non-drug using peers. Over the last decade, cocaine has established itself as the most commonly used stimulant drug in Europe. We estimate that about 4 million European adults used cocaine last year through high levels of use are only found in a few countries. New data suggests that the popularity of this drug might have peaked in some high prevalence countries, and recent surveys show a decline. We see that new substances and products are continuing to be launched on the marketplace with the internet as one of the main sources for supply. Preliminary results from our 2011 snapshot exercise identified more than 600 online jobs selling psychoactive products to clients in the European Union. I'm sure that in the future, we will see synthetic drugs of all types, playing an increasingly important role in the drug problem we collectively face. But to a large extent, our policies and our responses are still configured to the need of the last decade. We now need to make sure that they are fit for our current and future challenges.


Good morning, everyone. Again, thank you very much for coming in this morning. Detective Senior Constable Damien Leading is still critically ill in the intensive care unit at the Gold Coast Base Hospital. He will have further medical examinations today and advice will be provided to his family and loved ones in that regard. We continue to update all police officers and the police family after the updates are given to his family in relation to his ongoing medical condition. I do appreciate the media and your support and I will make that available later to you in the day. Our prayers and thoughts are with him. He's an exceptional officer. He epitomises what a modern detective is about. At 8.5 years service, just recently achieved his detective classification, which is an extremely important achievement for all detectives. He has served his 8.5 years of policing in the Gold Coast. As you're all aware, it is the busiest policing environment in Queensland, if not Australia. He was a constable at Surface Paradise and then a detective at the Gold Coast CIB, Northern Regional Group, based at Surface Paradise and then 18 months ago was one of the founding detectives at the new Coomber District CIB. Both he and his wife are police officers, as you're aware. They met and graduated within months of each other from our Peace Academy in 2003. She is attached to the Gold Coast Police and as you're also aware, they have a newly born three-month-old child and other child. Damien just returned some parenting, which again is a trait of a modern police officer. He's extremely fit. For those that know, he's a local triathlete and has been one of the lead investigators in relation to our large amounts of armed robberies in the Gold Coast and Coomberia. As I said, he personifies what is a career police officer, a very experienced, competent and capable young man. As you're aware, the three offenders will be appearing in the Southport Magistrates Court this morning and it is highly inappropriate of me to comment any further in relation to that. Our forensic police are still at the scene of this incident and they're conducting further examinations which is a thorough and complete ballistic examination of the scene in relation to what has actually taken place. At this point, I am unable to comment further in that and it again would be inappropriate of me until those investigations are complete. I do like to thank all our wonderful friends at the Queensland Ambulance Service, the staff at the Gold Coast Hospital and for their great support in relation to the events that have occurred. Also our wonderful friends from the RCS Emergency Services that helped with the search of the area yesterday. As you're aware, the police were first response. Damien and his detective partner we would also like to acknowledge a female officer who also has an entire career in the Gold Coast. She is attached to our Coomberia Child Investigation Unit who also has seven and a half years policing service. Again, in an area that is extremely busy. The investigation, as I said, is progressing extremely well and have a large team of detectives as we do in this type of major incident that occurs here quite regularly and they're very, very experienced in making these investigations. At this point in time, we are asking for any other member of the public that would have any other information concerning the armed robbery at the Pacific Pines Tavern last Sunday evening which occurred shortly after 10.30 or around 10.30pm last Sunday evening. At this stage, we believe that we have all of the accused persons in relation to this matter, but we are still desirous of any further information in relation to that. I'm happy to field any questions. Who are the fellow officers handling it at the moment? As it is in this situation as the police commander, I have two responsibilities. I have to investigate a major serious crime involving our officers and we have the requirements in accordance with law to ensure that's done correctly, independently and ultimately these matters end up in the Supreme Court in a couple of years' time. So we have to then involve the local officers but move in, experienced other officers from other areas to make sure. At this point in time, the officers in the Coomber District, as you know, Damien's from the Gold Coast area which are very close so they're all being well supported and as always, as I've said previously, this for police officers and any other person in emergency services, particularly police officers, our gravest fears and our worst nightmare. Have they actually been working on the case of the Coomber Detectives or have they been taken off because of their closeness to Damien? They are working in the area but they aren't working on the case. The Detective Senior Sergeant Proctor is there as are other detectives, but the Chief Investigators of this investigation are my Senior Detective Inspectives and Detective Senior Sergeants from Logan, Gold Coast, some of the state's most qualified and experienced detectives plus detectives from our state homicide group heading up all of the major teams in relation to this investigation. I do have the resources of other areas but at this point in time they are the main investigators, some of the state's most experienced investigators and the Coomber Detectives at this time are not participating in what you would term as the ongoing investigation in relation to this but you must be very mindful, they were part of the first response. They have obligations to ensure that all of their evidentiary gathering, their observations and all their activities are done and that was done yesterday, balancing up the welfare side of things that has to be done and they are still in the area but are not participating in the investigation to say. Bluey O'Gorman was on the ABC this morning saying that there's a crime crisis on the Gold Coast and he wouldn't feel safe even filling up his character at the station at the moment the way things are. How do you respond to that from a very experienced police officer? I know Mr O'Gorman personally has known him for a long time and he's entitled to his comments in retirement but the arm robberies this year as I said I will talk about the statistics exactly later for you in the morning are similar to they have been in recent years the arm robbery statistics over the last decade have had seen a reduction in the area we currently sit between 40 and 45% clear up rate in the area any arm robbery is serious as you're aware in recent decade or so the trend has been towards softer targets of service stations 24 hour food outlets and shopping centres rather than the traditional financial institutions as they were decades ago and hotels these days seem to be classed into that softer target area the issue is investigation as I said every arm robbery is one too many but the other part of policing ladies and gentlemen is crime prevention and we are working with the Chamber of Commerce which we're here on the Gold Coast in Khmer we are working with our crime prevention people we are working with the chains of service stations, fast food outlets and other activities to provide advice in relation to securing up their premises to put modern more safer environments with their staff and their environment we continually look at the modern trends around the world in that regard and continue to give people advice so it's a two pronged approach one is crime prevention and two is unfortunately the responding and the investigation in relation to them and it's very very important that we have both arms of policing addressing both the issues There's no doubt you are doing a sort of shot to an arm robbery we had another two arm robberies on the Gold Coast you must be just extremely frustrating Extremely frustrating and it's very very dangerous and serious and we continue to ask people to be extremely vigilant in relation to it we in the police investigate and we are just the one part of the criminal justice system in that process Can you stop this? I mean realistically can you put a dent in this given the huge amount of attention that that one had gathered the other night and then two more last night? Look we can continue to investigate them and again as I said the police are that part of the criminal justice system that deal with it we investigate it and put it before the courts again we will continue to be vigilant in all the resources that we have which are crime prevention and investigative strategies and again through yourselves through the media, through the community through the community itself and the business houses in urging to make sure that we look at that but also the community support groups and from my intelligence a lot of these people that commit these offences are people that have drug habits and in relation to those activities so there's a whole range of other areas that can look at what we can do in relation to looking at this overall problem in society there's economic issues that are impacting upon society today there's social issues in relation to drugs and we the police service are the front line one arm of the entire system that needs a community approach to address these issues and you can be rest assured that we are, my police officers are very alert to their operational as you well know this area is by far the busiest policing environment that I command from the New South Wales Queensland border to eight mile plains and west to bay desert of Gold Coast Kumra and Logan districts by far the busiest policing environment in Queensland on a daily basis and of course my police are very vigilant when I leave here this morning I go out and welcome twenty new police recruits and you can all be rest assured as you would be that we talk about the vigilance and operational vigilance that they will need in this policing environment. Are you going to or have you or will you recommend to the commissioner that we have an armed robbery squad or a major crime squad on the go in light of what's happened? Look the issue that the commissioner has discussed that has got a lot of comment in recent time he's the commissioner of the Queensland Police Service I'm part of his executive he and I have had discussions in relation to this matter I did get an extra 14 detectives recently in almost my four decades of policing that is the largest increase of detective staff I've seen in months I allocated ten of them to the Gold Coast CIB and four of them to the Kumra CIB and as you're aware the Gold Coast District and the Kumra District make up the Gold Coast City Council area which we all for public purposes talk about being Gold Coast and that increase was a first to my personal experience we would as a police commander always like extra resources I can use extra resources all the time but what we have to understand is there is only so many extra police recruited and it's statistically shown that this policing region in particular the new Kumra District, Gold Coast and Logan where I am we get a major proportion of the annual distribution of extra policing staff at this point in time they're the resources I've got would I like more resources? Yes, any police commander anywhere in policing in the world would but in relation to this type of armed robbery the traditional armed robbery we know that the armed robbery squad that were formed historically in policing and they are a squad as a result of a range of issues in strategically in policing no longer tend to exist in policing it's more calmed, organised and major crime generally but these robberies whilst there has been some groups of young people in the Logan area and others that have in fact been little groups they aren't traditionally what we call organised and major crime there is as you're all aware a large number of offences in this Gold Coast area that fit into organised and major crime and we do work very closely with state crime operations command that's the big detective command at headquarters and whilst there they do provide a lot of resources down here there is a full time team here working with my local detectives operation alliance and they've had some huge successes in the last three years since I've been here and that's been implemented in not only offenders in relation to robberies property crime we also work closely with the outlaw biker gang from state crime command the majority of the state crime command work is here in that Gold Coast area particularly in frauds as well so the squads do come here the majority of the time actually to set up an armed robbery squad here the general detectives investigate this type but as you're aware the volume of homicides and other crime that does occur in this area which would have been part of the decision of my request recently for active detective staff in the allocation of 14 the matter is on the table as the commissioner says and I've had discussions with him in relation to it and the resources of state crime command in conjunction with my people I'm talking to the assistant commissioner there again today strategically looking at what we can continue to do to investigate these armed robberies in part of the crime problem here and as I said they don't fit into the police definition of organized a major crime but they are still very serious crimes with the violence that's occurring that we need to work together with the community and receive information as we did in this particular matter from someone that saw this offence taking place on Sunday night not just one shot do you know if he fired his gun? at this stage it would be inappropriate for me to comment I am briefed on it and in due course depending on the persons now being charged before the court I am confident to say that there is more than one shot being fired but at this point it would be highly inappropriate for me to comment and especially that my ballistics experts that and as you well understand it does well and truly take some time to work through these crime scenes we still have the crime scene and we'll probably have it as for the most of today as well I am prepared to say that the paperwork has come to my desk and when you offer senior detectives in charge of various 14 extraditions you can be rest assured well and truly the process is expedited and I am very confident to have them on the ground the detectives here have been as you know for decades and in particularly recent times under a lot of scrutiny and we have worked extremely hard in our recruitment of them bearing in mind all of that it is that scrutiny that does occur and the unfortunate media coverage that occurred with Operation Tesco it is often a struggle to get police to come and work in this environment but you can be rest assured that the paperwork is on my desk we have turned that around and we have selectively selected some very senior detectives to come in who are heading up this investigation and as I say in my experience some of the most competent and capable detectives the service has when will they start they progressively come online as you can understand in your own professions in your own organisations people come and go all the time and with a policing staff sworn staff of 1400 and approximately four and a half hundred unsworn staff I have a large movement of staff all around so they would be coming online the next day, next week but you can be rest assured they would all be online within the next couple of months you said that City Constable letting's condition is still critical have you received any advice that has stabilised or improved at all? it is stable and of course with these serious head injuries the first 24 hours in relation to them I have received from the Neurosurgeons is critical in relation to that I am aware and I am aware of the media reports that he is far but does live in England and we have been in touch with him and I am aware and expecting him to arrive in the not too distant future you are talking about this afternoon or tonight? it is correct that I heard that the QPS had done and paid for his flights it is incorrect you are helping his father and sister to get here the sister is and the service is helping the system you mentioned working with the Chamber of Commerce there was a presentation here recently in conjunction with them I think 7000 people were advised and only 20 turned up is that a bit frustrating? one person I will talk to I go to a lot of functions when you have a breakfast in the morning the Chamber of Commerce has a lot of people that run small businesses are there like us all at 7am in the morning opening them up and of course their priorities and the current economic climate and other activities require them to look at those things but what we do we go to them we proactively go out to food chains store chains hotels we have had some other ones through Chamber of Commerce we have had dozens of people turn up and as I say with my crime prevention staff we are happy to go to them 7 days a week which we do do and you are all aware of them so again it may be the numbers are down on that occasion and that is disappointing but each and every one of those people have a network and we have our crime prevention email network where we send out our crime bulletins electronic leader people as a Facebook site and we do all of those modern media information sessions and again but please we rely upon information and again in relation to that I urge as well as our crime prevention our community to continue to provide us with this information and from my decades of experience in solving a lot of major and organised crime it is that information we receive from the public which it is vital and that marvellous institution being created of crime stoppers allows people to provide that information with amenity and we work through it and so yes it is disappointing to consult with my staff consult with their areas in relation to what we can do to improve community safety especially in this area of soft targets but it is a community response that needs to occur so when you've really gone the ambulance hold up last night talking about soft targets will you brief on the hold up of the ambulance hold up I am aware of that and the offender has been arrested and charged so how do you ascribe an attack like that look it is before the court to me when there is a hold up on ambulance officers going about their duties that is to the core of society here we are having people responding to provide medical assistance to people and I have spoken to my counterpart at the ambulance service the Assistant Commissioner Barnes last night about it in relation to it just after it happened my police, the detectives and general police caught the offenders and the offender I beg your pardon and they will be going to court now that really when people are providing assistance like that that really goes to the art of society is there a message you would like to get across if there are people contemplating on small targets soft targets like this if they are watching what would you say to them look if these people are people dependent habits which time and time again appears to be the motive behind a lot of this getting small amounts of cash there are agencies that are available and this is when I talk about the community becoming involved not just the law enforcement and we are only one part of the criminal justice system there are a lot of wonderful agencies that do exist here in the Gold Coast in areas that can provide assistance for these people in relation to if they do have other problems in relation to a possible habit, a dependence if people are destitute and they need money for other as a result of the economic conditions there are a range of agencies that do there and are provided and I'm sure if they spoke to my officers or to anyone in that aid and welfare support community there are but unfortunately on a number of these occasions they are affected by substance abuse when these things occur and that does worry us as well and that's why everyone needs to be vigilant and we do urge people not to take weapons themselves into their own hands because it could inflame the situation and I understand people frustrations in this regard frustrations very extreme frustrations but it can also exacerbate the scenario that severely and the selves their loved ones and everyone else can be seriously injured and possibly killed are there too many grubs living on the Gold Coast? look the society of the Gold Coast is in some of my areas we have a huge multicultural society there is a lot of people on the Gold Coast it is a very international popular tourist destination and a very popular place for people to come has been historically all my life and all of yours in relation to commenting as to the type of people that inhabit the Gold Coast I'll leave that for others do we need tougher penalties? that's what the opposition is calling for today do the courts need to be tougher? the police services role is to investigate the matters professionally in accordance with our Westminster system and my system is to investigate them and put them before the court and my position is one that is for our parliamentary arm of the Westminster system that we live in and we investigate them and as I said we are that part of the criminal justice system given who invested you are in that process do you not find it disappointing sometimes when you are presenting a case that is tied up at a bow and it doesn't get the penalty it seems to deserve? has a career detective and been involved in numerous major criminal investigations right throughout my career yes that does a key you do get disappointed but that's why we have to be extremely vigilant and that's why as the police commander here when this matter occurred on Sunday night I thought well and truly to the future as presenting this matter in the Supreme Court in a couple of years time and I am very cognisant of what is required of the high standard we have in our Westminster system which is vital and of course doing that but of course I personally believe the best systems in the world and that we are well looked after in that regard and that's the system we have when we look at the news around the world daily I think we do do extremely well in that regard but yes to answer you from my perspective I have been frustrated but again as a police commander we have to work through that and we have to independently do it to investigate all matters as they have come to us pretty loaded target an ambulance officer just trying to help an ambulance officer yes look they are vulnerable their focus is purely for the preservation of life and people and we do work very closely with their communications centre our communications centre here on the Gold Coast in relation to us responding to jobs with them but again I can't talk further about this particular matter or the weapon or anything used in relation to it but it is it does get on the lower end of the scale there how many crime prevention officers do you have here on the Gold Coast in this office here we have at the regional level we have a highly qualified civilian and a senior sergeant we have a sergeant and four officers at the Gold Coast so that's six at Coomber office we have another two and at Logan we have a team of four there but to answer your question I have 1400 I have 1400 crime prevention officers every police officer who goes out to every scene in particular our forensic people that go to the scenes of crime and examinations they are all trained in crime prevention and when they talk to people at premises and houses they then turn around and provide advice so whilst we might have a dozen coordinating it throughout the region and we tap in with all the latest trends from worldwide every police officer is in my opinion a crime prevention officer in giving advice to the community given that you turned the tide on the robberies of financial institutions is this the same sort of campaign that you are launching now to try and get these people to improve is it a similar or is it an unrealistic goal or the one major difference between financial institutions and what we term small as softer targets is the financial institutions and international and multinational organisations that have possibly a large budget that can look for modern things in relation to crime prevention whereas if you get someone that has just gone into a small business and then we ask or we suggest that they spend a considerable amount of money in relation to the latest electronic surveillance they may not have that so there's got to be again you've got to take all those factors into consideration and again the financial institutions of the armed robberies that I experienced in my of them in the 70s and the 80s and the 90s and electronic banking has been one of the greatest advantages for us there we used to get paid in cash and that's what the car roll robberies were about now we all get paid electronically into our electronic bank accounts so things have changed but unfortunately we've still got to go to service stations and pay for fuel supermarkets fast food outlets to get the essentials of life daily in relation to that and where people congregate and buy things unfortunately we still have these robberies so I'll thank you


Hi everyone, this is video three in our editing and engineering course. You know a bit about your MacBook Pro, and you know how to start a movie project and import footage on your computer, but there is an easy way to add footage still a fifth way. I'll show you it in a moment. But before I do, some of you may have noticed that we didn't save our work in iMovie last week, but it still is on our computer in iMovie just where we left it. How did that happen? Well, with iMovie, it automatically saves your project, so it's supposed to help you never lose your movie. Brilliant, right? It saves your movie project for you, so you really don't have to save. So that's a good thing. Now what's that additional method for importing footage into iMovie? Well, here we have the screen, just as we left it last week with all our footage in this event and our movie and Jack's drone. If you click on the import button, that downward arrow again, click on it, and you'll notice that the import screen or pane or window comes up just like before. Well, if you click on FaceTime here, it opens up a screen.  And so I'll do that for a second. Hi everyone, this is Teri. I'm recording on FaceTime, and when I press the button, it stops as easy as that. So you can add this fifth method and use this fifth method that I think you'll enjoy. Next let's talk about the iMovie interface. It's designed to put almost everything in front of you in one window while you make a movie, but this one movie window holds a variety of different panes, and each pane has a different purpose. You've already seen the project and import windows. Here when we click on the arrow, what will pop up is the import window. Close that. And then if you click on Projects, then you can see your movie, your project movie. And you won't be using that import and project pane too much anymore. We're going to go over the other panes, and this right here is where you'll be doing your work to make your movie. And there's various sections that you should be aware of. The first is the library pane, and that's over here on the left. It lists the projects and events we've already created. For example, our engineering drone project is right here. Also, all movies that have been imported into iMovie are located in the iMovie library. And if at any time you want to hide the library to give yourself more room, you can do so by pressing on this button right here, and you'll see those words disappear. At the top of the library, there are some words that take you to different content, so they're called the content libraries. For editors, they're a little like your very own toy store, and they're located up here. You can access some of this content by clicking on them. So if you click on audio, let's click on it, you'll see that there's iTunes, nothing in there, sound effects, lots of sound effects, and GarageBand, nothing in there right now. But if you click on sound effects and then find one that you want to hear, let's click on cartoon trill, and then press the button, ooh, I like sound effects, and you start to see how they can really enrich your movie. So this area, when you click on my media, is showing you the media, let's see, in your movie, all right? This is the import that we've done, all the footage, and this area is called your browser.  If there isn't a little picture on your clip or still, then you know it's actual footage. So this is footage, okay? Another thing that the browser contains is this button right here, and you can actually control how your browser looks when you press here. It controls the clip size, how big it is, and it shows you how long it is as well by playing with this button.  I actually like to see it. Something you may have noticed is that when I clicked on something in the browser like this, it appears over here in what's called the viewer window. So that's true if you just skim over it with your finger or if you activate it by clicking, all right? So things in the browser show up in what's called the viewer. Above the viewer are icons for more advanced editing. This one corrects color. This, oops, not color, color balance, color correction, cropping. This is to stabilize your footage if it's a little shaky. This helps the volume. This is to adjust the speed of your clip. This is for special effects, and this can give you information about your clip. And this little button over here, you can press it to improve the quality of any clip at any time. And finally, and perhaps most importantly, this is your movie timeline pain. It's here where you stitch various images, footage, sound, and more together to make your movie. And we're just about to get started with building that movie. So to prepare, try adding a clip from your browser into your timeline pain. I'm going to add this one.


We made it through the small intestine where most of our chemical digestion has happened and most of our absorption has happened. And now we enter a structure that is structurally much different. If you look at it, there's no question. We are somewhere new. We are no longer in Kansas anymore. Because we exit the ilium and we enter this giant green thing, which is the large intestine. Another name for the large intestine, that's an intestine, is the colon. And just like the small intestine has multiple parts, the large intestine has multiple parts. Food travels from the ilium into the first part of the small intestine, or large intestine, which is the cecum. So from the large intestine, no, from the ilium, we go into the cecum. The cecum is like this little pouch. And because the ilium is so long and the jejunum is so long, basically if we're going to expect that you know from a gross anatomy perspective, what part of the small intestine are we in, if you're close to the large intestine, if you're close to the cecum, then you know that you are in the ilium. The cecum, this little pouch, the appendix actually hangs off of the cecum. And the appendix is literally this little wormy thing that hangs off of the pouch. Now, this is awesome because the cecum, food in the cecum travels upward in the ascending colon. And then it travels across in the transverse colon. It travels down in the descending colon. How nice is that? And then it travels through kind of an S-shaped space, no, tube. And that S-shaped tube is called the sigmoid. Doesn't that sound like a curly word? The sigmoid colon. And then rectum means straight. So the tube sigmoids and then it straightens out and that is your rectum. The rectum is straight. And the rectum is where, dude, we're on our way out. Only thing that is found in the rectum is stuff that's going to be gone shortly. And you pass through the anus. You do. No. Goodness, holy cow. Food passes from the rectum out. It's not even food anymore. What is it? It's leftovers that your body is like, dude, I don't even want that stuff anymore. And it passes through the anus and out into your toilet. Now, what happened to this food? It really is food. It is what you just ate. That is your meal. The feces that you produce is stuff that was literally never inside your body. You took everything you want out of it and whatever is left over is going in the toilet and it must pass through your anus. Now, most of the absorption of nutrients happens in the small intestine. There is some nutrient absorption that happens in the large intestine, but most of it is water absorption. So the function of the large intestine really is to absorb water. We've got some important nutrients produced by bacteria. What? Bacteria make vitamin K in your large intestine and then you absorb that, which that's awesome.  That's it. Dude, we're done with the large intestine. Let's talk about our accessory structures because those guys are cool.