How's it going everyone? Caleb here with Leighton sports cards. We have six box select baseball 2021 select baseball Random team style break number six six results are right here for ya Maybe Yes, they are good old OBS doing its thing today Doing its thing man. Thanks again so much guys And really appreciate the patience there as we get it all sorted out and back up and running Just make sure everything on YouTube and Twitch looks all smooth Turn the members chat back on just one sec customization members Yeah, cool Members mode is back on on the YouTube. Here we go guys. Let's get it going. Thanks again so much for joining Really do appreciate it. Wish you the best of luck Tri-color blue bobs, sandy coat backs A few more of these tonight and they're on some mixers that feature select and absolute Those are all sold out and ready to go Chris flexing there to 199 Mariners Chris why you flexing? That is Riley Adams patch nationals to 199 silver and fuego anthony randone I know interesting mic isn't it interesting. So what's going on? Have they got a hit yet? No, they got no hit Oh, no Silver Frankie Montas. So was it a complete game for someone or was it a combined? No, it's combined It still counts kind of They still didn't get any hits and they just won how many games in a row Patrick wisdom don't 149 Like how many games in a row did they win a lot? Then they just get no hits after that. Come on now That's pretty bad We get a silver Josiah gray Washington That's not too good Silver hunter rent froberers Mickey Mouse no Against the top hitting team Uh, that's hoijun park there patch autographed to 299 for the pirates. There you go Jerry Duran there Red Sox We've got Seth beer. That's going to be cracked ice patch auto to 25. Nice There you go diamond backs In flago matt olson Let's continue here It's going to be a kevin smith to 50 blue jays Rookie to 50 there nice one blue jays uh red white and blue madison bomb gardener in flago jazz little bits ago Josh low it's going to be number to 250 patch there for the rays Fran mill reyes in the next box up Two autos two mems first second box of the break. Let's get right to it.  That's to uh, not number their patch at lamb It's going to be a silver select stars mani machado It's a nice looking insert podge race It used to make fun of floris for not thinking combined. No hitters are legit. I agree silver x alex cureloft He's feeling the pain He's feeling the pain It's going to be blue to 149 read dead mercs not bad. They're angels Let's keep filling up all these breaks that we got for you guys tonight Optic contenders football later. You dargis silver F1 chrome with some spots no war random teams basketball with some spots It's about it though Pants cross their patch fillies not numbered freeman moonshots red running blue max capler Mike trout in fuego. What's up kj? How's it going? Uh wander fraco base ricky nice manual claus a to 199 You'll raise nice hit show. Hey base. It's going to be a silver max scherzer Here you go mess Moonshots to 99 auto mani machado Here you go potrace nice card Congrats on the machado auto to 99 Trevor's story That's a nice hit To see that out of select baseball congrats there Uh and same boxy or shame boss from 199 sparks auto great box Here in natto by the uh by the numbers, excuse me Great box. Let's take that And we've got a cracked ice. Jose. I pray you to 25 Nice clothes there good box overall congrats white stocks on the hits There's a little bit of short print color there. Let's keep getting lower and lower though Kj the Yankees just got no hit so it's safe to say that nothing here is going well I'm doing pretty good man. I'm doing pretty good Chillin end of the world red, white, and blue Shimer candelario avan rodriguez. I'd like ob s to stop messing up tonight. That'd be cool Two hiccups in the first hour. What are you doing ob s a keel, but do red the 199 What are you doing? Just doing its thing paddle talker silver. Uh, it's gonna be alec manoa there at a 299 auto blue jays Vladdy senior, uh, it's gonna be the white blue jake burger to 35.  Nice hit to 35 Salvador prez tricolor infuego habibias That's what i'm saying lane. That's what i'm saying. Luke williams patch there Not numbered silver infuego ken grippy. Nice Lane's just asking to get timed out right now No, lane. I'm with you man. I'm feeling the same way lane a time pale about honestly It's awesome. Five minute break. Five minute break here everybody. Uh, silver tj friedel Five minute hiatus in this break. Oh, man. Oh, man brutal It's gonna be 149 edmund sosa Cardinals, uh, most likely kj I think football's still gonna have some different parallels like the tie dye to 25 as opposed to the crack Ice and baseball. Yeah, the numbering will just be different. Yeah, silver labor torres. I don't think select football's ever gone No, there's still tie dye in here. Oh, it's the 10 Uh, missing a this pack is so thick Here 14 inserts. Yeah, what is going on here? Uh, maybe a super thick patch here.  That's only in football. Yep Of course empty there. Let's continue guys second half of the break coming up for you right now Let's keep going Zebra is gonna be a zack wheeler Zebra prints or uh parallel you go Philadelphia and austin haze baltimore silver Zack wheeler on the zebra. That's the case hit there Case hit and air quotes Juan ypez to 99 patch autograph cardinals nice Uh, bregman and alex cureloft to 25 Nice Some low numbers Take that we'll take that Large nuke bar tricolor frankie lindore It's gonna be ajalexi to 250 patch Aaron judge silver moonshots yankees Silver jesse winker to the diamond level And guys like I said, let's keep filling up f1 chrome sapphire this evening Uh, I don't know where it's at right now. Could you grab a link sam when you get a second moonshot selvedor pares? Last time I checked here was at seven left. So appreciate the progress there guys F1 chrome sapphire that is a five box sapphire break Sam's gonna link that in the chat for you glenn auto to 99 lime green And set beer there to 250 on the silver patch Get a whit marifield by the numbers I said, let's get that filled up breaking for you guys in just a little bit this evening Would really appreciate it's can't wait to get into that Tricolor acube adieu max scherzer and thwago first time breaking f1 on The sports side, but super super heights Can't wait It's gonna be Aaron judge there that this is gonna be the 199 on the red How many teams are you getting out of the 20? Uh, if you're talking about random teams, that is just one spot You get one out of the 28 spots silver matte brash believe this Yeah, there is uh in a 20 box tiered random teams you get two days. Yeah, I think the tiered is already sold out this evening Yep So it should be just the uh optic contenders get one spot in that Kevin smith there. That's a patch auto to 99 blue jays chris Bryant moonshots Yep one of the 28 spots there are a couple of combo spots in the break Uh, so we take some of the worst teams, uh, according to the checklist And we combo them up Instead of it being all 32 nfl teams That's why it's 28 spots to 199 patch auto O'Neill cruise There you go pirates. Congrats on that Great timing on that one. There you go. Keith j nflago joey vato Very nice hit man Uh, that is a red bladdie grower jr nice o'Neill cruise tri-color kasey mice tigers gold schmidt moonshots lime green george springer blue jays lime green in 99 Drake number six here guys. Let's close it out with something spicy. Good luck all silver counter wong It's gonna be hosay siri there to 299 patch auto astros brine sandberg chicago silver mike bauman oryals Uh, it's gonna be joe ryan on the patch there twins hosay ramirez Tri-color is austin haze not numbered freddy freeman by the numbers Let's see like one nice ssp insert here before the end erin ashby to 99 patch Brewers you having sheets silver moonshots Come on color wheel Well, yes Tough hits man the groms silvery saskins I just gotta believe the Beautiful card there number 250 o'neill cruise Congrats pirates very nice 45 of 50 that's gorgeous There you go pirates. We'll get that magged up. That's sick That is sick very nice whites gorgeous it All right empty great timing like I said on the pirate said We've got elie morgan here. It's patched to 250 silver patch in fuego shake up the groms silver or brand-new silver pablo lopez Marlins Lance lin carlos correa there. That's the 149. Well, there we go lightning strike jazz chisum Ssp insert very nice Congrats marlins Shannon very cool jazz chisum lightning strike. That's beautiful silver clayton kershaw Sick hit there congrats Very very nice lime green lucas gelito White socks Nice little ssp there congrats on that again Ryan valade there red white and blue or tricolor excuse me trade turner by the numbers So 199 matt manning red tigers silver andy avanhas Number 299 auto youth explosion sell frailich Nice one brewers congrats shanning again awesome hits uh gold schmitz insert Very cool. Oh, we got a redemption Wander franco rookie jersey autograph boom There you go rays no, well a What a break here last two boxes really had some heat Nice rookie jersey auto of wander There you go. No, well tauti's jr That is sick. What a great break Really had some heat at the end here.  That's gonna be not number tricolor and a joey vato in fuego Okay, let me move some base around Recap for you here patches a mere carrot evie morgan erin ashby joe ryan seth beer ajalexie. That's a zebra zack wheeler luke williams It's gonna be hands crouse kyle muller josh low riley adams and the oniel cruise. It's number 250 autos south frailic jose siri oniel cruise patch auto kevin smith wania pez jake berger alec manoa shane boss mani machado seth beer cracked ice patch auto hojung park and a redemption wander franco rookie jersey autographs Congrats again, and thank you all so much for joining. We'll have those all well protected up and right out to you


Good evening. Welcome to election coverage on town meeting television. You are watching the US Senate Democratic debate. I'm Mayor Christine lot and joining me this evening are Congressman Peter Welch, Dr. Nicky Fran and Isaac Evans France. I'll be asking a series of questions and each candidate will have an opportunity to respond. Please keep your responses to two minutes or less. The candidates may be allowed a rebuttal or allowed to ask follow up questions of each other with 30 seconds to respond.  We want to make sure everyone has equal airtime. So I would like to start with opening statements and Nikki, why don't you kick us off. Oh, you're on mute. Christine and CCV TV. I would like to start with an acknowledgement to have the Abenaki people of the dawn and all the members of the BIPOC community. I would like to acknowledge their elders past present and those of future generations. I pledge to write the injustices of the past and fight for equality in the future. My name is Dr. Nikki Fran and I am running to be Vermont's first female senator. I am qualified to do this because I am a great problem solver, I am intelligent and I am very hardworking. And I want to bring change to DC. And if you elect me, you will get the first female senator. Thank you. Congressman Welch. Thank you. Thank you very much. And it's good to be with Isaac and Nikki again. This election is at a crucial time in our history. You know, other moments in our history, we've had major decisions about public policy questions. This time we have a major question about the future of democracy. What we've seen with the revelations of the January 6 commission is that the then President Trump incited a crowd, raised millions of dollars off the crowd, incited it to violence. And he did that knowing that the people were armed and ready to go to the Capitol, even go after the vice president and Nancy Pelosi. It's the first time in the history of our country that violence has been used as an in an effort to overthrow the will of the people in their decision about who should be our president. We need to protect democracy and we need to protect our democracy because it is the tool by which we resolve disputes and challenges that our country faces. Mitch McConnell is going to do everything he can in this race to make himself the majority leader, and then use that position to thwart the ambitions that Vermonters have. This election is crucial. Thank you. And Isaac. You're on mute. Thank you. Thank you for the inclusion of Jayland walker by Akron police. And yesterday's mass shooting in Highland Park underscore the need for leadership. Here's why I'm running for us Senate. Because Vermonters like me organized, we have student seats on the Vermont State Board of Education, we are set to expand Vermont's dental workforce and 190 countries got global pandemic relief. played a decisive role in each of those wins. I'm running because Vermonters need leadership in this time of crisis. We need a Senate that looks like America and unites our communities across difference. When you vote for me as your next junior U.S. Senator, you'll help elect the first openly gay male U.S. Senator. You'll be electing somebody who's from a low-income family in Vermont, someone who's been leading coalitions nationally and for justice for the past 20 years. I'm a movement leader who brings the voices of everyday Vermonters and Americans to Washington. I've earned the endorsement of the Vermont Progressive Party and I look forward to earning your support. All right, thank you. So we will dive into prepared questions. Peter, I'm gonna throw the first one to you as the first responder. And this is about the role of the seat. So as the most senior member of the U.S. Senate, Patrick Leahy has been able to make connections and bring a lot of resources to Vermont that have benefited our communities. How do you see yourself taking up this position and how do you imagine making up for what many see as a potential loss to Vermont? Well, it's all acknowledge it is a loss to Vermont. Patrick Leahy is, I think, the most outstanding member of our political history, really. He has served us for 48 years with integrity, with wisdom and generosity. And of course, his chair that the Appropriations Committee, he was in a unique position to be able to steer funding to Vermont. So let's all acknowledge that. But in the past 16 years, I worked hand-in-hand with Patrick and with Bernie. And what we were able to do together, among other things, was get like a billion dollars of aid when Irene, Tropical Storm Irene did more damage here than at any time since 1937. And what I've done is been a partner in the house where I've been able to build coalitions, coalitions among Republicans and Democrats, also build coalitions and relationships with members of the Senate. Also be back in Vermont virtually every week to listen to Vermonters and integrate their concerns and desires into the work I do in Washington. So I hit the ground running in building on the relationships and the work I've done in partnership with Bernie and Patrick. I am really looking forward to doing everything we can to maintain that quality of integrity that Patrick has brought to this office. Thank you. Isaac, same question. How do you see yourself taking up this role? I celebrate Senator Leahy's service to Vermont and to America. As your next junior US Senator, it will be my job to deliver for the people of Vermont. But we need to think about what delivering means. My job is to deliver for the majority of Vermonters, not the narrow special interests that have been listened to by Congressman Welch when he helped bring the F-35 fighter jets here against the will of the people of Burlington or when he did the bidding of the pharmaceutical industry instead of fighting for people's health. We talk about bringing home the bacon, but in the case of the fighter jets, it's like bringing home bacon for a home of Muslims or Jews or vegetarians. The majority of the voters of Burlington, South Burlington and Manuski have been clear. They didn't want the F-35s back then and they don't want them now. When we talk about delivering for Vermonters, we need to focus on what everyday Vermonters actually want. On my bike ride this summer across Vermont, I heard Vermonters want housing. They want childcare. They want healthcare. Protection of our natural resources. When you vote for me on August 9th, you will be choosing a Senator who has dedicated his life to speaking up for and organizing Americans for justice. Thank you, Isaac. Peter, you were called named in there. Would you like a rebuttal? Well, I would. I took a couple of bike rides across Vermont over the years and heard many of the same things that Isaac mentioned. And in the Build Back Better, which I worked very hard on, we got through the house and now is being blocked in the Senate by the filibuster. There was record funds for housing, record funds and pharmaceutical price negotiation, which I've been the champion on in the House of Representatives.  So a lot of those issues that Isaac mentioned, absolutely those are the things on Vermonters' mind. And those were issues that we passed in the house Bernie and Patrick are doing everything they can to get them passed in the Senate. Thank you. Nikki, I'll turn it to you now to speak to how you would step into this role and the loss of Senator Leahy. I agree Senator Leahy not being in Congress is a huge loss, but I plan to build, stand on his shoulders and continue many of the policies that he enacted. So I'm going to build on the foundation that he started. Our campaign has three main parts. The first is healthcare, the second is equity and the third is the environment. And I know that these were all important to Senator Leahy and I plan to continue the work that he has started. So it'll be less of a loss that way. Thank you. Isaac, we'll start with you for the next question about foreign policy. The war in Ukraine has pointed out just how affected we all are by global crises. What is your stance on U.S. involvement with Ukraine and conflicts around the world? What role should we play and how would you work towards using the Senate seat? You're on mute button. Putin's invasion of Ukraine was wrong. The U.S. has been right to stand with the Ukrainian people and I've been proud of being part of the Vermonters who have stood on the streets and who have donated and have supported Ukrainian people. We must ask ourselves now, how does this end? We need realistic diplomacy which the New York Times editorial board has called for as well. More broadly, Congress must reclaim its power over war. We are in the eighth year of the Saudi war on Yemen. Congress never authorized our participation. In 2019, after years of activism that I coordinated, the democratically controlled House and Republican controlled Senate passed a resolution to stop this unconstitutional participation in the war. I've played a pivotal leadership role in making that happen. As of today, a hundred members of Congress, including Congressman Welch, thank you, have co-sponsored another bipartisan resolution, including specifically to stop U.S. participation in this war on Yemen. Bernie has promised to introduce the resolution in the Senate. When I'm in the Senate, we are not gonna wait for years to call the question on participation in wars. I will force a vote immediately. In our last debate, I challenge you, Congressman, to join Democratic leaders in Congress, including the chair of the Intelligence Committee you serve on in criticizing President Biden's plan to meet with a Saudi crown prince. He's a dictator responsible for killing American journalists and for waging a catastrophic war against the people of Yemen. You did not make such a statement. And now Democratic leaders in Congress are challenging Biden to use his trip to permanently end the Saudi war in Yemen. Will you, Congressman, call on Speaker Pelosi to put the Yemen War Powers Resolution on the floor for a vote? And will you call on Senator Sanders to introduce the Yemen War Powers Resolution in the Senate before Biden's trip to Saudi Arabia? Rebuttal? Oh, you're on mute. The question was about Ukraine. And I'll get to Yemen in a minute. I strongly support the assistance, the military assistance, the humanitarian assistance and the sanctions that we are part of imposing on Russia for this vicious, absolutely vicious bloodletting that they're inflicting on the people of Ukraine. Now, I went to Latvia, Poland, and in Bratislava. And I'll tell you, it was so chilling meeting the people there because it was as though yesterday was the second world war. It was very vivid in their memory. And there was enormous relief that at least the US was coming together with European allies to push back and help Ukraine defend itself. I can come back to Yemen if I'm over time, but I'd be glad to do that. Would you like to just briefly respond to Isaac's question about a statement about Yemen? Yeah, I mean, I've been a leader in Congress about decrying the US sales of military weapons to Saudi Arabia, which are then being used in this God awful war in Yemen. Civilians are suffering. It's a proxy war. And I have been one of the leaders in a co-sponsor to legislation with my partner, Adam Schiff, in my partner, Ro Khanna, in my partner, Peter Defazio. We want that war to be ended and we do not want US military aid to be sent to Saudi Arabia or even let Saudi Arabia purchase weapons to be used against the people of Yemen. And I've been public about that and I will continue to advocate for that. And that's going to be a vote. I expect that we will have on the National Defense Authorization Act next week or the week after. Thank you for that response. Can I just clarify the questions? We should move on. I want to make sure Niki has a chance to respond to the initial question, which was about- Okay, my questions weren't answered, maybe we can go back to that later. The war- My extra time for you, Isaac. War is the worst type of conflict resolution and should be used only when diplomacy fails. We know that all wars ended in diplomatic solutions. So obviously we've gone beyond that now. I think we have to think about what does Putin want and how do we give him an exit ramp? We are in this war now and I strongly support giving them military support. I wish it wasn't, it hadn't reached this point, but when diplomacy, when all else fails, this is what we're left with. And I reserve the excess of my time for Isaac if you'd like to take it. Actually, we will have time later for questions for opponents. I don't think we need to dive deeper into this right now. I'd like to move on to the next question which Nikki will start with you. This is about democracy. Is American democracy under threat and how could you address the threat if you so feel there is one using this US Senate seat? Well, I 100% believe democracy is under threat, both physically as we can see in the January 6th hearings as well as metaphorically with rights being taken away by the Supreme Court. We need to address this on multiple fronts and the best way is through transparency. If people trusted us, if they trusted their government, there wouldn't be as much of a... I mean, that's the problem. The people have lost trust in the government and we need to regain that and that will be democracy. Thank you. Peter, same question. Our democracy is under, in its threatened and we have to respond that in fact, it's the existential question we're gonna face in the next Congress. We saw that Donald Trump made a real effort to have a coup and overturn the election of Joe Biden who won by 7 million votes. We saw violence used in an effort to subvert that election. We then in this, I was present at three in the morning when the next act was 147 Republican legislators who were buying to stop the steal live voted against ceding President Biden. And then since then, partisan legislatures aligned with Trump in the big lie theory have been passing laws through the democratic process essentially to strip voters of their democratic rights. So yes, democracy is under assault. The first thing we have to do, I believe, is pass the Voting Rights Act that guarantees that your vote, first of all, you'll be able to vote and secondly, your vote will be counted. Second, we have to pass the John Lewis Voting Act that would make voting solid and secure, particularly in Southern states that have been under the jurisdiction of the Voting Rights Act. And finally, in order to do that in the Senate, we have to get rid of the filibuster. Those two pieces of legislation I mentioned, we passed, my vote was among those that got it through the house. We passed them in the house, but it's blocked in the Senate because of the 60 vote rule under the filibuster. And by the way, the stakes in this election are so high because with the 50, 50 Senate, if Mitch McConnell becomes the majority leader, then these will not even be considered for a vote. So yes, we have to protect our democracy and it is imperiled. Thank you. Isaac, is democracy under threat and what would you do? American democracy is under threat like never before. I will use my position as a US Senator, as your US Senator to speak up for Vermonters and mobilize us for justice, as I've always done. Voter suppression and disinformation campaigns are major threats to our democracy. No one should have to wait in line for eight hours in order to vote. Voter suppression targets communities of color, young voters, people living in poverty, people are being targeted in states run by Republicans. I will work to pass legislation protecting the right to vote. I will work to expand mail-in voting and automatic voter registration like we have here in Vermont. I'll work to eliminate the undue influence of corporate lobbyists in Washington. And that's why I've never taken and will never take a nickel of corporate PAC money. But part of democracy is also that we need to have these forums where we can get our questions answered. And my question that I answered earlier for the Congressman was about foreign policy and in response to a conversation that you had posed around conflicts around the world. And I asked if he would call on Speaker Pelosi to put the Yemen War Powers Resolution on the floor for a vote. And if he'd call on Senator Sanders to introduce the Yemen War Powers Resolution in the Senate before President Biden stripped of Saudi Arabia and those questions weren't answered. That's the problem that we have with American democracy that we're not getting questions. We're not getting answers for our questions that we need systems to be able to hold elected leaders accountable because too often we forget in this country that our leaders report to our people and it's not the other way around that the people that we election to office are accountable to the voters, the people who put them in office. And so as constituents of the Congressman I think that we deserve answers to these questions. Thank you. Thank you, Isaac. I mean, we can move to the section, questions for opponents if you want to read address your answer, Peter. Bernie and I are on the same page on Yemen. And I leave it to him to figure out the best technical way in which to advance this. I have a lot of respect for not only his integrity and his commitment on the issue of war and peace but on his judgment about the best way to proceed in the Senate. In the house with Jim McGovern, we have talked to Speaker Pelosi. It's oftentimes floor conversations where we have made it very clear along with Congress and Defasio that this is quite important to us. So what you're asking, I'm doing. Thank you, Peter. Do you have a question for any of your opponents? Well, the question I have, I think is one that we all share and that is what would be your worst scenario of what would happen if the Senate flipped from 50-50 with the Democratic vice president to 51-49 with Senator McConnell as the majority leader. That's my nightmare for Vermont. Isaac, Nikki, would either of you like to respond? I'll drive to jump in. It's really important that we maintain control of the Senate. Democratic control is critical. We also need to be honest about the challenges that any potential Democratic nominee might have and the time to be honest about that is during the primary. When we're deciding who we are going to have represent the Democratic party in the general election, the Republicans aren't going to ignore the weaknesses of candidates. What voters want to see is the person who represents independent thinking and leadership who's not part of the entrenched system that's got us to where we are today. Thank you, Isaac. Nikki. Yeah, so I agree and I wasn't really sure what the question was in there, Peter, but... The question was what happens in your worst imagination if Mitch McConnell becomes the leader of the Senate? Right, the worst nightmare is that, plus getting rid of the filibuster and the Republicans passing laws as Democrats we are not in agreement with. And of course, that's our great nightmare. And I pledge that if I don't win this primary, I'm gonna work damn hard in all those states that we could lose a Democrat. And I'm gonna work really hard for the other Democrats running for Senate to make sure that we don't lose control, hopefully, of either house. Thanks, and Nikki, do you have a question for your opponents? All right, guys, how much have you spent so far on this election? I can't, we'll be doing our report July 15th and we'll be able to tell you then, but it's over a million dollars. Isaac? I've spent under $25,000 on this campaign so far. All right, thank you. And Isaac, you were able to pose a question to Peter. The others posed a question that both of you responded to. Is there something you wanna ask Nikki or the same question that you asked Peter? I'd actually like to ask a different question of Peter if that's okay. No, we're gonna, each of you had a chance to ask one question of both opponents, okay? So I don't wanna turn it into a tentative of two of you with the third person left out. I don't feel left out, it's fine. I'm happy to ask, is that okay if I go ahead and ask the congressman another question? No, I said that we would move on. We're going back to the prepared questions list. Wanna ask you? Okay, I do have a question for Nikki too. Okay, go ahead. Yeah, so Dr. Nikki, I know that you are an emergency room physician and you work in healthcare as I have worked for many years. I'm interested in how you think, what your thoughts are about healthcare and tell us more about your support or not support for universal public healthcare or Medicare for all, just kinda hear more about your thoughts on healthcare. Thanks Isaac for the question. We need a universal healthcare system. It needs to be rebranded. I don't really like Medicare for all. I think it's just got, I don't think it's very palatable. What I would like to see instead of just universal health insurance getting rid of private insurers, as I've said, that sector, the health insurance sector is too large to just get rid of. I would like to see it expanded. I would like more choices of health and types of health insurance, health insurance that covers if you want a private room or if you want massage or alternative healthcare, like acupuncture or massage, things that generally cost less that I know my patients utilize and should be covered and should be reimbursed. And I think I differ from you both a little bit in that respect. I just don't see a huge sector like healthcare insurance that employs many remonters being completely eliminated. Thank you, Dickey. I'm gonna go back to our prepared questions, one being very timely and relevant that I wanna make sure we cover and that is about the Supreme Court. So I believe we are starting with Peter on this one. I think I did, Nikki is the first one last time. So overturning Roe v. Wade has highlighted the direction of the current Supreme Court. What do you think is the way forward on the issue of abortion or choice? And do you think the Supreme Court has overreached in its powers? Who's the question to? You're up first, Peter. Oh, I'm sorry. I lost you, it froze a little bit but you're asking about the Supreme Court. What the Supreme Court did is catastrophic. It's devastating, start with Roe. Incredibly scary and rightly so for women. The day of that decision, I flew back from Washington and went to a rally in Burlington. And oftentimes at rallies when the government has done something really terrible, people are angry and people were angry there but they were really scared. This is the first time, the first time where the Supreme Court has stripped a woman of a constitutional right. Think about that. In the past, the court has helped to expand our rights to achieve our goal of equal treatment under the law in human dignity and freedom. In this court, strip that away. It's absolutely outrageous. And then think the same week, they stripped the legislature in New York of the ability to protect its citizens from concealed handguns. This is terrible. So this court in my view is out of control and everything has to be on the table as far as proceeding on this. We can take legislative action to restore women's reproductive freedom. In Vermont, we are all gonna have an opportunity to vote on Proposition 5. And of course I'm gonna vote for that. And in Congress, we had an opportunity to vote on the Women's Health Protection Act which I supported in a past in the House. And again, strong support from Bernie and Patrick but the filibuster is blocking us from reasserting that legislatively. But I see the Supreme Court as a partisan institution that's lost its credibility and has done something that is truly shocking. It has taken away a constitutional right that women have enjoyed for 50 years. Thank you, Peter. Isaac, same question. Do you think the Supreme Court has overreached? What is the path forward on the issue of abortion or choice? Absolutely. As your US Senator, I support protecting people who seek and provide abortions. And it's not just women here. People who have transgender experience too who are affected by this. I also wanna point out that having worked in community health centers as a reproductive health educator, having provided pregnancy tests and options counts going to countless people, I saw that it's not just the legal right to an abortion that makes a difference. People also have to have the means in order to get to the health center in order to access services. So it's an issue of justice too because it's oftentimes people of color, people of low income, low wealth, who are disenfranchised. So rogue versus Wade was the floor. That's not the ceiling of in terms of what's needed to access to care. Abortion is healthcare. Congress, the court has gone through, has gone against the established constitutional right to an abortion. What's been a constitutional right and defined as constitutional right for the last 50 years. Congress's job is to represent the people. A majority of Americans support the right to an abortion and Congress needs to listen to Americans. That's the job of Congress. As your senator, I will work to codify Roe v. Wade. I will work to ensure that people can travel to states where they can get an abortion in the meantime. In our system of checks and balances, if the Supreme Court fails, as a congressman has said it has and I agree, then Congress must act. This is a time when we need to organize. And I was protesting in Brattleboro to the day the decision was released. I've built and led coalitions that resulted in legislative victories in the face of major challenges. We did this by bringing communities together, finding common grounds. As a senator, I will take that same spirit of coalition building, of bringing people together and elevating the voices of everyday Americans, people who've been affected by this sort of ingest law to help us achieve the laws that we need to protect abortion rights. To address the threats to bodily autonomy, we need a different kind of leader in Washington. One who shows up for the people who will be most affected by the overturning of Roe, including young women, women of color, women of low wealth and LGBTQ plus women. We need one another at this time. As I said before, today it may be your body, but tomorrow it could be your marriage. It could be my marriage. We must stand with one another for our constitutional rights. Thank you, Isaac and Nikki. Has the Supreme Court overreached? What is the path forward on the issue of abortion or choice? So I've said publicly that when I was a freshman in college, I hadn't a portion. If I hadn't hadn't, I never would have gone to medical school. I never would have become a physician and I probably wouldn't be sitting here today. So it's personal for me. I do think they overreached. I think it's very unfair that five people have made this decision for millions of Americans. We have to, I would like to see the number of justices increased to 13, the same number of circuits there are in America. And I think the lifelong, we have to stop the lifelong, there should be limits on how long justices serve. We can attack this issue through the courts, take a lesson from what the Republicans did. To me, this is not separation of church and state. To me, this is a decision that was made by a Christian minority. And I would like to see it overturned on that basis alone. But we have, I think many avenues to pursue and I hope we pursue a lot of them simultaneously. Thank you for that. On my next question, I'll start with you, Isaac, about campaign finance reform. How much of a priority is campaign finance reform for you? What needs to happen next? What role would you play to get money out of politics? This is a major issue for me and one that I brought up in the last debate that we had. This is a matter of democracy, because the threats to democracy have certainly blown up and been exaggerated and so intense recently. But these go back and we have to get the big money out of our electoral system. One thing that we can do is by supporting public financing of campaigns. We can support advertising for candidates who get a certain amount of small dollar contributions and we can match those like we do in the state of Vermont. We can do that federally. We can also separate fundraising from lawmaking so that lobbyists who are donated have a hard time donating to candidates and that we can really get the influence, the undue influence of big money out of politics. This is why I am committed from the beginning of my campaign to not taking any corporate PAC money. As I've said before, it's concerning to me that the congressman has taken corporate PAC money for 15 years. I appreciate his commitment and his to not taking it these last few months. My concern is about the last 15 years and the money that's being spent now is from big corporate PACs. So that has an influence. It buys access and we need to be listening to the voices of everyday Vermonters to restore confidence in our government because in order to get those sort of reforms in terms of climate change, in terms of health care and controlling the pharmaceutical industry, we need to have the confidence of voters. That's where I stand on this. I am committed personally as well as in terms of my policy around campaign finance and rejecting that corporate money. Thank you, Isaac. Peter, let's have you respond next since you were named. Sure. There's been too much money in politics for too long but the decision that has made this so terrible is the Citizens United decision. I ran for Congress before Citizens United. And my opponent, Martha Rainbill, she and I made an agreement, no negative advertising. We were able to keep that. And it's the last campaign, contested campaign for Congress in the United States with no negative ads. Post-Citizens United. Mitch McConnell can raise hundreds of millions of dollars and half. He's got about $200 million in his super PAC. We don't know who the donors are. And he can spend that any way he wants, anywhere he wants, anytime he wants. That is why whatever we do, it is gonna require us to be effective to end Citizens United. That court that we have been talking about is the one, the Roberts Court that opened the doors for that avalanche of money. I was a sponsor of the John Lewis Voting Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act in the house that would do a lot to get big money out of politics. When I was in the state Senate here, I supported campaign finance spending. I am. As the Congressman frozen for everyone. Paying finance reform, including by the way, public financing of campaigns, very, very important. But Citizens United has opened the doors to this unlimited amount of dark secret money that is used in very nefarious ways against democratic interest. Thank you, Peter. You did cut out for a second on the campaign finance reforms you have supported, but we heard the end of it. Could you do like a 10 second recap? Yeah, I have the support of End Citizens United. And I'm proud of that. And it reflects the fact that since my days in the state Senate here in Vermont and throughout my time in Congress, I've been a champion of public finance and campaign finance reform. Okay, thank you. And Nikki, your position on campaign finance reform as a priority, what should happen next? What role would you play to get money out of politics? Absolutely, we have to go back to McCain-Feingold, which preceded Citizens United. And that was a terrible, terrible decision. It's really hard to fight big money and big influence, but it is not democratic and election should not be bought and influence and power should not be bought. That is not the democracy or the America that I believe in and that I want in the future. Absolutely, we need financial reform, campaign finance reform. Thank you, Nikki. We have time for one final question. We'll start, I believe we're back to you as my first responder, Nikki. We will, I wanna ask about getting work done in Congress. So how can you deliver on promises to Vermonters given the current partisan composition? What do you expect will change after the midterm elections? How could you work in a bipartisan manner or two in a very partisan scenario? So the first thing I would do is meet with my opponents and I would bring Vermonters with me to those meetings and have them tell their personal stories of how legislation is affecting them. We need to get the real stories out there. And I think meeting face to face with those who you disagree with are how are you gonna forge solutions and how you're going to find compromise and common ground but attacking each other on social media or through ads is not gonna accomplish anything. We have to learn to work together. And I think in Vermont, we do that really, really well and we can lead the nation because we set an example of how people with differences get along, work together and live together. And we have to be the example for the rest of the country. Thank you, Peter. There's two ways I approach it. Number one, on matters of fundamental principle, I'm direct, I'm clear and frankly, I'm uncompromising. Woman's reproductive health is an example. You're right to vote, certification of the election. I'm firm, I'm clear, I'm direct and I stand up for what I know Vermonters believe. On other issues where there's room to come together in trying to solve problems that affect everybody whether you were in a district that voted for Trump or in a district that voted for Biden, I approach my colleagues by asking them, how is broadband in your district? How is telehealth in your district? How are the community hospitals doing in your district? And by engaging them on a topic where I know their constituents are as affected as ours here in Vermont, I'm able to build coalitions to get things done. Broadband is a good example. I created the broadband caucus. We had about 20 Republicans as well as 20 Democrats and we had to beat the drum because many of our urban colleagues just didn't get it how tough it was for us in rural America. On telehealth, it was the same thing. An Irene where we got all of that money and I was a single member of Congress. I was not on a committee of jurisdiction and I was in the minority, yet I was able to create a coalition of Republicans and Democrats who were affected by Irene. So what I do is build coalitions around achieving an outcome that's beneficial for people I represent here in Vermont and others represent in other parts of the country including Republican districts. Thank you. And Isaac, how will you work in the partisan landscape? We must find common ground with people whose politics are different than ours. That's a key reason that I was successful with leading the global COVID response coalition that secured $650 billion worth of emergency financial resources for 190 countries during the pandemic. That was the three times larger than the next release of any sort of that magnitude in history by the International Monetary Fund. And the way we did that was I worked with nuns and pastors from the Midwest, from the South. We brought together labor organizers, Republican farmers, had meetings with Senator Grassley and his staff, other senators and connected them with their members of Congress and we achieved real results that helped save lives and help boost the U.S. economy at the same time. I also will be successful because I keep my promises and lead with courage. Now just a couple of examples of this. When I was 17, Governor Howard Dean and I spoke to a group of 700 Vermont educators and policymakers and I told them why as a gay kid their support mattered. That was scary. It was just a few months after Matthew Shepard, a young gay man was murdered. When I was 36, a few weeks after Saudi Arabia murdered and dismembered a Washington Post journalist, I went to a house party where a Saudi prince was speaking.  In both of those cases, coming out as gay challenging the Saudi prince, what was courageous was speaking truth. This is a time when truth is under attack and this is a time when we all need to be honest. In our earlier debate, Congressman, I challenge you on your support for basing the F-35 warplanes in the Burlington area against the will of residents. They had organized and voted to express their opposition and that debate I asked you about listening to voters. Okay. And in response, you said, I was quote, I was not involved in the decision about where those F-35s were located, end quote. But that was a Washington politicians response. It was misleading. The Burlington Free Press, the VT Digger, both reported in March of 2018 that you quote, supported from the sidelines and helped to deflect any public criticism that was from the VT Digger. And the Burlington Free Press reported that you stood by your decision to support the basing in South Burlington. So I think that Vermonters deserve a leader who will lead with integrity and who will tell the truth. Peter, would you like to hear about that? Sure, but is this the closing? Cause I got frozen out. Yeah, yeah. We're also about to wrap it up here. If you would like to. All right, well, you know, I'll come back to that. You know, I voted against the funding for the defense budget. I voted against the F-35. The basing decision was made by an independent commission. Bernie, Patrick and I all support the mission of the Guard and they've done great work during COVID. The concern that Burlington residents have, among others, is the noise. And that's real. I've heard that noise and we have all done everything we can and will continue to do that to encourage the Guard to meet with residents and to modify flight plans and also to do whatever mitigation can be done in the path and the flightway. So that is an ongoing challenge and it is tough for folks, but we've got the airport, the air, we have the air guard, the air guard needs planes and I support the mission of the Guard and really admire what they've done to help us get through COVID. But on this question of where, I'm not sure where we are in the debate.  We are just about, we're actually at time. I know we're still recording. I'm not sure how this will air on TV, but I do wanna give everyone 30 seconds for a closing statement. Can we start with you, Congressman Welch? Yeah, you know, the term establishment has been thrown around, we're all Vermonters. I mean, it's already the big establishment in Vermont. And when I came to Vermont, I got out of law school, had a chance to work in Wall Street, had a chance to work on K Street. I worked on Bridge Street in White River Junction and I worked as a public defender and I'm really proud of that. I don't know many folks in the establishment who are public defenders. I served in the state Senate. It's a citizen legislature. I ran for Congress and I've been so happy to be able to help Vermonters, listen to Vermonters and be in a position to cast my vote on their behalf. And I look forward to the opportunity to continue my work on behalf of Vermont. Thank you. Dr. Nikki Thran, closing statement. I just wanna thank everybody who put this together tonight. I am running because healthcare is broken. I do believe that healthcare is a fundamental right for all Americans. And I would like to see the 28th amendment of the constitution say that healthcare is a right for everyone. And I pledge that if you send me to Washington I will represent all Vermonters. I'm very proud of the fact that I have Republican as well as Democratic support. So I ask for your support to make me that first female senator from the great state of Vermont. Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Thran and Isaac Evan Francer closing statement. With that stake is our democracy, our climate, our housing, our healthcare, the individual rights that we cherish. The question is what kind of leadership do we want? We need leadership that will restore confidence of voters in our government. We need a movement leader who builds coalitions to change policies. A leader who elevates the voices of everyday Vermonters. We need a new voice and new leadership to confront the challenges that together we face. I'm from Vermont. I've traveled far, but I've never forgotten where I'm from. That's why I'm running. I wanna hear from you. I wanna reach out to you. If you believe that everyday people should have a voice in the US Senate, I invite you to support my campaign. Thank you. Thank you, Isaac. And with that, we are wrapping it up this evening. Don't forget to vote in the primary on August 9th. Early voting by mail or in person is available now by contacting your town clerk's office. And polls will be open August 9th from seven to seven. Thank you so much for watching and thank you candidates for being here.


What's up everyone Kyle here from driving and vibing and you're watching road gear reviews today We're going to be teaming up with three and one to talk about their fast acting penetrant How we've used it in RV living and in this airstream renovation. So stay tuned Welcome back to the channel everyone make sure you hit that subscribe button because every week We're reviewing products relevant to RV living and life on the road and today is no different Talking about this three-in-one fast-acting penetrant now we've been renovating this vintage airstream for the past few months and This penetrant has become so handy Especially in the very beginning phases where we had to work with so many rusty bolts Rusty nuts and just things that weren't coming off easily. So like the name suggests this is fast-acting We can attest to that not only does it penetrate rust, but it also prevents fused or future rust from happening We've used this mostly on nuts in bolts, but you can also use it on tools You can use it on hinges this works on plastics metal and rubber now three and one has a whole line of RV products That we recommend taking on the road. They have a lube for windows. They also have a lube for slides But along with their RV products We love their general line because they come in these handy small bottles easy to store and they're also easy to use You can see right here this cap so you can kind of see there How this is crafted all you do is Pull this top out a little bit and then you can squirt it on and it has a very accurate aim So you don't waste once you lock it back into the closed position. It won't drip out So it travels well, it stores well, and it doesn't take up a lot of space That's one reason why we've loved this product both with our airstream renovation and Taking it on the road in our toolbox if you want to check out the review We did for their dry lube for window tracks. You can find it right up here I'll link that above and I'll put it below in the comments section But overall there's not much more to say about this product other than we have loved it in our airstream renovation We've also taken it with us on the road because it travels. Well, it's easy to store And it really does a great job of lubricating and breaking those bonds of rust that can get things stuck over time We'll also put the link for the product below in the description and in the comment section If you want to check this out 3-in-1 fast acting penetrant great for traveling So thank you guys so much for watching today Make sure you hop over to our channel as well to see the progress of this airstream renovation It's finally coming along at a quicker pace and we're so glad about it So thank you for watching Road Gear Reviews today, and we'll see y'all next time later on


Alright, it's time to find out who this Grand Zeno guy is and why Champa and Beerus are genuinely afraid of him. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel. We have episode 41 of Dragon Ball Super today and the tournament is over.  We're gonna hop right into it if you're new to the channel, drop us up and let's get started. The Kais are scared too. Oh no. Bro, the announcer is still going. That looks like a robot. What? Oh, 12! He's above even the destroyers! Above the Kais! How powerful is this thing? He's so small.  About what? Oh. Oh my. Oh damn, we're selling him out! Oh my. But anyway. He's been watching this whole time. They're staying on their tippy toes. Every universe! Oh no, he's speaking disrespectfully to him. Oh no, he's not to approach him. Like Goku's not strong enough or not important enough? Yeah. I mean, Zeno seems kind of chill. I'm a little uncomfortable, but he's dokey. Sounds like a plan, buddy. Buddy! Oh my god, he wants to shake his hand. Like, how powerful is this thing? This little fella. I don't think he understands what Goku's even trying to do. Oh, his face. He's so adorable. Damn! I'm stressed, bro. Why? Hater-gaters. Okay, dude.  Brother, no shot. Why is everything in Dragon Ball like hangs in the balance of like one person's decision constantly? Oh wait! I just realized Beerus gets the Super Dragon Balls. The six Super Dragon Balls are yours. Yeah. Find me the last one. Bulma was worried about him having them. Where could it be?  I'm gonna bring you to the next one. I just hope you won't lose. Oh shoot. They're gonna make a return. Come to pleasure, I can see you around. I never see you. What do you say? Aw. Your universe or mine? You wanna come to mine, have a little play date? No shot. He's gonna put in his calendar. It's just like, what an interesting creature Goku is. He's adorable, bro. Ain't no way. Wait, what? Monaka's a Dragon Ball. Of course. Boy genius. Is it like, wait. Okay. Yeah, no. I'm not smart enough to understand either. It's fine. Monaka just carrying this entire arc on his back. Later, Gators. I'm still not over that, bro. Is the moon like a Super Dragon Ball just hidden? The Super Dragon Ball is underneath the surface? Wait, what? How did Champa not know? They've been fighting on it this entire time. My God, dude. Champa, if Champa ever finds out, he's gonna freak out. I don't think Beerus has to promise anything. Yeah. Just say please in the Divine Tongue. Whoa. No way that works. Oh, wait, I want to see what the Shinron looks like for the Super Dragon Balls. Because the Shinron on Namek is like buff Shinron. Earth is the Shinron, I mean, no. What will this look like? He literally would have seating inside of the Hexahedron. I don't have any sunglasses, do I? Are they all splitting up already? I'm pretty sure.  I would not count that out. Oh, wait, is that its eye? Oh, my God. It is not a tiny little lizard. Is that even a dragon? Kaishu. Oh, my God, that looks metal. It's dragging everything in. Super Dragon. Oh, my gosh, it's beautiful. Those golden teeth. What is it doing? Has it just not been summoned in a long? Oh, my God, it's so long. Oh, ripped that planet, I guess. Oh, my God, it's beautiful. I can't even tell the scale of anything. Where are Goku and all of them anymore? There's just universes everywhere. It ate them. How does Whis know? Ah, Whis is Whis. There's no limits to what you can wish for. I sure hope they've thought about their wishes. Surely. This is so ominous. So it manifests and then eats you and then there's another version inside of itself. Okay, Oolong. There's no way. There is no way. Surely it's not something dumb. Surely. It has Earth in it. Wait, it's just stuff backwards. That's the language. Because it's human race and Earth. Bro, that's the divine language. Is English flipped? I guess Japanese flipped. What do you wish for? Well, they're splitting up. She only get one. No, there's no way. No, there's absolutely no way. That's a joke. Wait, he gave Chamba and Earth? That's so sweet. Ah, what, Monaka? Where did he even find Monaka? Where? You can go back to work now. Back to work? He's like his delivery driver.  You motivated Goku so well. I may have to- It was literally just to motivate Goku. I can, bro. Let's go. What a sweet twist there at the end. I actually thought he straight up just wished for a comfier bed. But no, it straight up is the human language backwards. Bring back the sixth universe's Earth and human race. I can't believe that's the entire trick to the language. I'm sad it took me this episode to find out. I'm glad I found that during the episode because all the commas would just be like, there's no way he doesn't realize it. But yeah, great arc to start this off. I know it's technically not the first arc of Super since I watched the two movies that cover the first two arcs technically, but I really liked the tournament overall. Like I said, the pacing of all the fights was good. I love Hit as a character. I love that other Saiyan as a character. And we got to see a little bit more power up from Goku and whatnot. So I don't know what awaits us next, but a fantastic start to Super and I hope you guys are enjoying it as well. That being said, if you are new to the channel, don't forget to drop a sub before you leave and I will catch you guys in the next one. Peace, peace.


Hello and welcome back. In this lecture, we are going to look at techniques to search for elements in a given array. Here is a quick recap of some of the relevant topics we have already studied. We have looked at how to sort an array of integers. Specifically, we looked at selection sort and merge sort. And we have also seen how to count the number of basic steps using any of these techniques when sorting an array. We have also seen how to sort arrays of strings and other data types. And basically, we saw that the same techniques as used for sorting integers apply. It is just that we have to use an appropriate comparison operator. In this lecture, we will first look at how to search for an integer in a given array of integers. We will look at the simplest technique which is linear search. Then we will look at a slightly more sophisticated technique called binary search. We will of course look at their implementations in C plus plus as well. And finally, we will discuss how to search strings and other data types as well. So, what is the searching problem? Suppose you are given an array of integers and a candidate integer n. And you are asked, is this integer n present in the array a? So, it is really a yes no question. A more interesting version of this question is that if n is present in a, then return its index in the array a, otherwise you return minus 1. And of course, once you know what the return value is, you can figure out the yes no answer as well. So, here is an example. Here is an array a of integers. The elements are a 0 through a 5. And here is this the integer that we want to search. And in this case, if I want to check whether 27 is present in this array, the answer I should get is the index of 27 in this array. 27 is indeed present here. So, my searching technique should return 4 that is the index of 27 in this array. On the other hand, if I give 23 which is not present in this array, it should return minus 1. Instead, if I give 24, note that there are two occurrences of 24 in this array. So, it could either return 0 or it could return 5. And what we will say is that in case of multiple matches, the index of any one of them can be returned. Well, so the simplest technique to do this search is basically linear search. You check each element of the array, you stop on finding the first match and then you output the index at that position of the array. And if you have exhausted the array and not found the match so far, you return minus 1. So, here is a simple C++ program for doing linear search. This is the main function. Here I have my declarations. So, here is my array A containing up to 100 integers in which I want to search for a given integer. So, I ask for the size of the array and read in the size of the array from the user. And then I do some input validation. We have seen this earlier. And then I ask the user to given all the n positive integers in the array. So, in this case this program is asking the user to give only positive integers in the array. We will soon see why we are saying only positive integers. It simplifies a few things later on. And then we have a simple for loop in which I read in all the elements into the array A. So, the elements are now stored in A0 through AN minus 1. Now, after the declarations are provided, the inputs are read and validated. Here I want to do my linear search. So, here is my search element. And here is the index at which I want to say whether the array A contains the search element. I have a do while loop here. And note that I have said do while true. So, basically this is an infinite loop. And here I tell the user that you give me the element to search. And if you give me minus 1, then I will exit. So, really if the user wants to exit from this do while loop, the user needs to provide minus 1 here. And then I read in the search element. And if the search element is minus 1, I break from this loop and exit from the function main. On the other hand, if the search element is not minus 1, I call this linear search function which takes the array A, takes the number of elements in the array A and the search element. And it returns me an index which is minus 1 if the search element was not present in the array. Otherwise, it gives me the index in the array A where the search element was present. So, knowing the value of index, I can print out an appropriate message over here. Now, how would the function linear search look like? Here is how it would look like. It basically iterates through the array A from A 0 through A n minus 1. Whenever it finds something which is equal to the search element, it returns that. If it exits this for loop without finding any search element, it returns minus 1. So, this is simple. Now, how many basic steps were involved in doing this search? Well, as a basic step, we needed to compare an element of the array A with the element that I am searching for. And I needed to increment an index. So, it is very easy to see that if I have an array A of size n, then at most n basic steps may be needed to search for a given element in that array. In the worst case, I might need to look at all the elements in the array before I can decide whether the element is present in the array or not. Now, the question is can we do better than this? Can we do better than n basic steps? So, here is a particular way of going about solving the searching problem. So, here is our initial array in which we want to search. Let us first sort this array and in this particular case, I have sorted it in decreasing order. We have already seen from our previous lectures how to sort an array of integers in decreasing order. And let us say, I am looking for this integer 18 over here. Now, once I have sorted the array in decreasing order, what I could do is I could say, let me search for this integer 18 in the sorted array. And let me find out what its position would be in this sorted array. So, note that I have slightly modified the problem. Instead of searching in the original array, I am now searching in the sorted array. So, the index that I expect to be returned is the position in the sorted array of this number if it is present in the array. So, what I am going to do first is, I am going to look at the mid position in the array and why am I looking at the mid position? Because once I know what the value of this mid position is, since this is sorted in decreasing order, I know this part of the array must contain elements greater than equal to 24 and this other part of the array must contain elements less than or equal to 24. So, if I now compare and find out that the element that I am searching for is less than 24, I know that the top part of the array is absolutely of no use. I can continue searching only in the bottom part of the array. How do I continue searching there? Once again, I look for the mid element here. So, in this case of course, there are three elements. So, I have chosen the mid element to be this. And once again, since this is sorted in decreasing order, this part of the array has elements greater than equal to 18. This part of the array has elements less than or equal to 18. And now, I again compare the integer I am searching for with the mid element. In this particular case, it happens to match the mid element and so we are basically done. So, basically the general idea is that if I give you a sorted array and let us say this sorted array was in increasing order. We have just seen that we could do this better version of sorting with an array that is sorted in decreasing order. But we could also of course, do it if the array was sorted in increasing order. Let us see what would happen if the array was sorted in increasing order. So, we are given this array. We are given a search element m and what we want to do is we want to check whether m is present at half way in this range of indices of the array. If it is so, then we return that n by 2 index we are done. Otherwise, if m is less than the element at the position n by 2, then since this array is sorted in increasing order, we know that we only need to look at the first part of the array from 0 to n by 2 minus 1. Otherwise, if m is greater than a n by 2, then we only need to look at the second half of the array, the later part of the array which is from a n by 2 to a n minus 1. And if the array a has only one element and m does not match that, then of course, we can return minus 1. So, as you will notice that I am really using a recursion over here under some condition instead of searching in the whole array from 0 through n minus 1, I am searching in the indices 0 through n by 2 minus 1 or n by 2 through n minus 1. So, this is really recursion and these are the two termination cases of the recursion. Once I find the element, I return no more recursion or if there was only one element and they could not find a match, then I know that the element I am searching for is not in the array. So, I can return minus 1. So, this technique of basically dividing the whole array into halves and then using a comparison to determine which half you should search in is also called binary search. So, here is a simple animation of binary search in action. Suppose, I have an array a sorted in increasing order as we just discussed, this is the midpoint of the array and let us say the search element is less than the value of the element at the midpoint. So, this entire second half can go and I am only left with the first half of the array. Once again I find the mid position and if now the search element is greater than the value of a at this mid position, then the first half can go and I am only left with this part here. Note that this part here is some intermediate part in the whole array and that happened because I first eliminated this half and then from the remaining half I again eliminated one half of it. Now, once again this is the mid position and maybe the search element is again less than a mid. So, that part of the array would go and only this would remain. This is the mid position, if there are only two elements, then I could choose any one of them as the mid position and let us say the search element is less than a mid again. So, I am left with only one element and now maybe the search element equals the value of a at that position and we are done. So, here is how binary search might look in C plus plus, here is my binary search function. As a precondition, I have assumed that a start through a n minus 1 is sorted in increasing order. You could also do this for decreasing order as we have already seen earlier. The post condition is that if the search element is present in a start through a n minus 1, then we return its index otherwise we return minus 1. Note that unlike linear search, I need to specify here the start index and the end index of the part of the array a that we are searching in and of course, we have the search element. As the first part of this function, we basically have one of the termination cases. So, there is exactly one element and if it matches the search element, we return the start position, the start index, otherwise we return minus 1. And in the other part of the function, we basically compute the mid point and once again search if a of mid matches the search element, then we return the mid index. Otherwise, what do we do? We find out which half of the array we should resume our search in. So, if a mid was less than the search element, then I know that I must search in the part of the array after a mid because this is sorted in increasing order. So, I do binary search on the part of array a from mid through end and whatever index it returns, I return that back. Otherwise, I do binary search on the part of the array from a start through a mid minus 1 and return whatever index it returns. So, that is as easy as it. What about searching other data types? Well, it is basically exactly the same techniques. You will have to first sort the array. So, for that we know from our previous lecture that we have to use an appropriate comparison operator. For strings, we had used this function called lex earlier. For other data types, I might need to design some custom comparison operator and then once I have sorted the array, I can use the same comparison operator for doing my binary search and decide which half of the array to recurs on based on the output of the comparison operator. How many basic steps were required in binary search? Well, if Tn is the maximum count of steps when searching for an element in an array of size n, it is clear that in one step, I am doing a comparison which can be thought of as one basic step and then I am basically searching in an array of size n by 2. So, the number of steps needed to search in an array of size n by 2 would be T of n by 2. So, this is coming from the recursion and this is the one comparison that I used to decide which half of the array I should now resume my search in and of course, when the array has just one element, the count of basic steps is 1 and using standard techniques, if you solve this recurrence relation, you get Tn is roughly the ceiling of log n base 2. So, note the difference with linear search where Tn was n. Now, Tn is log n base 2. So, this has exponentially fewer basic steps. Binary search uses exponentially fewer basic steps than linear search. So, in summary, we looked at techniques to search in an array of integers. We looked at linear search and binary search and we saw that having the array sorted really helps in searching. If the array is unsorted, we have no other way, but to do linear search which is not very efficient we have seen and we also saw how to count basic steps in searching and we have seen that as long as we have a comparison operator, we can really use the same techniques to search in an array of any other data type. Thank you.


Hello everyone, welcome to my presentation on giving open source software tax break. I think by now you should all be familiar with the format. So this is a prerecorded session and my digital version on the bottom left will guide you through the presentation while I'm available in the chat to answer any questions you might have. Before we start, I do sentences to myself. My name is Sven Frank. I'm German. I work for NECCD, which is a free software publisher in the north of France, actually not so far from Brussels. And I mostly work on administration and application for European and French R&D projects. And I'm also the Treasurer for the Funded Rotation du Libre, which applied to hold this presentation today. It's an endowment fund. I will also use the abbreviation FDL now because my French pronunciation. It's still lacking. So every time I talk about FDL, it's the Funded Rotation du Libre. For today's presentation, it took me about 20 minutes. I will first explain you what is FDL, what is the French Endowment Fund. I will give you some examples how you can use tax breaks to finance open source software. Afterwards, I want to introduce a few examples of projects we either have completed or which we are currently working on. And I'll close with some takeaways, which for me are the points which you should have, you should take away from this presentation. So let's start. FDL, it's, like I said, it's an endowment fund created in 2018. I don't know about the specificities in other countries, but in France it's relatively easy to set up an endowment fund. You basically have to define the statutes and submit them to the Prefecture for validation. And once it's validated that your endowment fund is in the way it's set up, is serving a general public interest, then you're more or less ready to go. For us, the idea to FDL was since, at Next City, we do quite a lot of government-sponsored R&D projects. We wanted to replicate this procedure of applying for R&D budgets and projects within FDL. This means we require a dossier for every project which is to be undertaken. We have an expert committee currently with three panel members who evaluate proposals and who, on the one hand, have to assure that it's serving general public interest. And on the other hand, that it's a project they would recommend the FDL to finance. Once this is done, and it's financed, projects will, well, the other way. First, I want to talk about the tax exemption. So, the Fondo dossier or endowment funds in general, they finance themselves through donations. So, in France, there's two levels of donations, one is 60% and one is 66%. One for corporations and one is for individuals. I have some details on every slide, if you scroll down. We either provide links, like in this case, or some more explanations. Instead, there's two versions or two different rates you can use for corporations that can reclaim up to 60% of donations. Up to 2 million euros or it's capped at half a percent of the annual turnover. So, if you're a company and you're making 1 million of turnover, you have a cap of 5,000 euro, which means you can make a donation of 5,000 euro and can claim back 60% from taxes you will have to pay in the future. So, that is 3,000 euro. For individuals, the percentage is 66% and the maximum is 20% of your taxable income. So, also an example, if you have 40,000 euro taxable income, you can donate 8,000 euro per year and recover 66% of it from taxes you have to pay. So, a donation of 2,000 euro would mean you could have a tax exemption of 4,320 euro. To give you two examples, how this works. So, imagine you have a company and you donate 10,000 euro to FDL. You can claim back 6,000 euros at the end of the year on the taxes you will have to pay. FDL on the other side would receive project proposals to finance the development of certain open source software or similar proposals. Let's say it's a software project in this case and some features had to be developed. So, we would run this project proposals by our committee who have to evaluate it. Like I said earlier, and if they agree and approve, then it's a project FDL will undertake. So, eventually they will pay the developer 10,000 euro for adding this case feature 1, 2, 3 to the software. A variation to this is if you also utilize what is called in France, crédit d'un pôle de recherche. So, it's also a reimbursement on tax you have to pay for R&D activities, not for research activities, not development. So, if I do the same example, a company would donate 7,000 euro to FDL. It could claim back 4,200 euro at year's end. At the same time, a project proposal which now doesn't have development but research items, so which is a research project more than a development project would also qualify for the crédit d'un pôle de recherche, which means you could still finance a project worth 10,000 euro and in this case FDL would pay 7,000 euro to the developer and the developer could claim back 3,000 euro for his research activities from the taxes he will have to pay. So, same result you can finance projects of up to 10,000 euro doing it like this. My next one to talk about actual projects, where we applied both of the approaches. I will start with an easy one, which is similar to the first example I showed, it's JXR. It's open source software. If you don't know, JXR is an online JavaScript spreadsheet editor. It's developed by a single developer in the UK called Mosanova and FDL financed the development of a new release of his software, which was published in April of 2020. For us it was actually the first project we undertook, a project where we also wanted to check whether the process we had set up was working as we intended it to do. So, after we were approached regarding sponsoring the development of a specific feature set in JXR and after we went into contact with Mosanova, we developed a dossier together and had it validated by our committee and then made a contract for the development of the features. And like I said, once it was published in April 2020, we paid, it was also 10,000 euro and the project was completed. We look at the second project, which is currently ongoing. It's in the open hardware area. We call it currently open radio system. It's not software development. We are actually with FDL acquiring the technology of a remote radio hat. Our age, if you don't know what it is, of course it's the box and the picture. It's a device which you can use to extend the range of telecommunication networks. So imagine you want to have cell phone service in a subway tunnel. This is a box you would put there, which doesn't have a lot of range, but it can transmit a signal either 4G, LTE or 5G in the white corners of your network, which are hard to access. And the objective of acquiring the technology is to afterwards publish the PCB design files and bill of materials under an open source license. So some more info, the whole idea came about when we were approached last year by a small teleco provider who was closing down and to ask if we were interested in acquiring the technological assets, which included the remote radio hat. And since ethnic CD, we were involved in an in an R&D project four years ago, which topic was to create an open source telecommunications provider. So trying to research whether it was possible only with open source components to do all, to do everything you need to do to become a teleco provider. And that that project we already saw back then that the remote radio hat not that they're not being an open source remote radio hat was a blocker and we, yeah, back then we didn't have any solution. So for us it was interesting once it was proposed to us to acquire the technological assets to say, we could do this and we could publish it, the PCB design and the bill of materials under open source license. So everyone who is in the field of software defined radio signal processing open source radio would have one missing component to building a complete solution. So long story short, we started to look for funding to do an acquisition and current status is that we finalized an acquisition contract and it has been signed and we're in the process of transferring the technological assets and trying to validate A, it's complete and B, whether it's, it is sufficient to reproduce the technology and to for us and also in the next step for, for any third person who wants to use what we will publish once the project is over. So the next project, a compliment to the open source and the open hardware projects I talked about just before it's open service, or the, we call it currently the hyper open initiative, it's an initiative created by FDL. And we already will so it's in the cloud area. We already have to cloud providers trying to implement the idea. What we came about from where you all know currently interoperability in the cloud is, is a topic much discussed about with initiatives such as guy X and also reversibility is just as important and we thought that Imagine you're using open source software you're using open hardware, but if a service is not open you can never completely reproduce a cloud solution or a cloud service. So our idea was to create an initiative and to, to try and establish open service as an, as an equal part next to open source software and open hardware, and to apply the for freedoms of free software to do the service industry. So it means open service means that a service has to be usable. You have to be able to study how it's made you have to be able to modify it and you have to be able to become your own provider of that service. In the cloud for us this means that there must be transparency about what suppliers are using what components what procedures. And yes basically to formalize this into something which cloud providers interested in could cooperate with us we said let's create an initiative which we call the hyper open initiative and the current status. As early as we already have to cloud providers who are interested in implementing it and for us this means there are two, two, two companies which with whom we are working together to, to look how this can actually be done what needs to be documented to make a service reproducible. And yeah, we are working on documentation quite a lot and also in parallel we are trying to create the underlying association and structure for, for this initiative. Next project, we're going into open data it's also it was the second project we were working on at fdl. It's called AFS dot one awesome free software. It's a directory of European open source software publishers and with the selling proposal with the unique point that it's focusing on success cases for us. It's, it's a question we often run into if we are in sales trying to sell free software there, we suddenly get asked how many stars does the software have on GitHub but we get asked, okay which large industrial is using this. Can you show me an example, or where is this used in a public administration, where we can actually see what it's doing. Based on getting this question a lot of times we thought why don't we do like a yellow pages of European open source software publishers, but based, not based but using showing showing the use cases, and to make the whole thing and an open and format so the links are up there for everyone to check out if you're interested so we have all the data and Jason format on a good repository you can contribute to it and the idea is to have that data exportable and integratable in third party applications. To be able to, if you have a catalog of famous proprietary software one and the catalog of famous proprietary software two that you also have the possibility to create a catalog of free and open source software publishers and their solutions, including the success cases. And in the first step or this was our first. So we used the first two nations we had in this project to create the first the website which at that time had about 150 publishers and their solutions and success cases. It's currently still at that level, since we didn't have the budget to continue all the time to continue working on it. It was in 2019 where we also mentioned it during the European Commission's workshop on the future of open source software and hardware. And we were, you know, we did to follow a pitch project for a bigger initiative on European level, but nothing came out of it to this point unfortunately but it was still interesting to discuss and work on it. The current status is that we have a backlog of about 150 publishers we would like to add. We also need to update also the financial indicators and also improve filtering and export of data so it's easier to use and easier to integrate. So if this is a project you like to contribute to we're very happy to accept donations or also contributions to add more software companies to the directory. The last example I will talk about is from the open policy area. It's about the health data hub. If you're not from France you probably don't know it it's a French platform created by the government to collect hospital patient data. And the contract was awarded to Microsoft in what later turned out to be a very questionable process and FDL was involved in financing to lawsuits based one based on the tender process or the lack of the tender process and the second one regarding The two lawsuits are filed by an association called Santé Naton. It's a group of IT companies and non-profit organizations who work in oil fields relating data protection in the health sector. And the CNIL ruled at the end of the year the CNIL is the Commission National d'informatique Liberté so I would say the National Commission for data privacy. It ruled that in fact the health data hub needed to provide short term guarantees to to assure that the data stored on this platform with Microsoft was not accessible by foreign governments. If you probably are all familiar with the cloud act and similar simulation which gives access to data stored on servers of American companies no matter where they are located. So it was said that this was not okay to use Microsoft for storing these type of sensitive data and the second request aside from providing guarantees was to also migrate the platform to a French or European provider. So I think this was November, December last year so it's still a topic which is far from over and in my opinion and also if you look at the last decree of the outgoing president. One was on requiring US cloud companies to verify the identity of foreign individuals using their services so I think this would be an until there's a real migration to to a French or European provider. I remember there was also a tribune last week which talked about this in France which said this should not take five years or three years this should be done quicker. So it's a topic far from being over. But speaking of being over that was almost my last slide. I'm coming to the takeaways. What you should take out of the last 15 to 20 minutes. First point software is eating the world but it's also is often found out in numerous studies nobody is really paying for open source software. But provided the legal conditions endowment funds can be a tool to to facilitate or to incentivize investing in open source software development. Maybe this is one of the reasons why the French ecosystem of free software providers is so vibrant and active, because it's it's easier to finance. And in fact, the development of open source software here in France. And since it's a topic continuously being discussed on European level for, well, I guess for quite some time now. And since for me, one of the advantages advantages I see in Europe I always talk about is that you have 27 different attempts to to solve certain problem and just by looking abroad at how, how other countries are doing. And if you're able to pick things which work in in countries that are successful in certain things, you, you have more. Yes, there's more chances to find the best practice. And I don't want to say the French model is the best practice, but maybe it's something which which warrants attention, which could be replicated elsewhere on national or maybe even on on on European level. It's also remember another tribune from Julia Radar a few months ago which was asking for just that was the Europe's Open Technology Fund, where she was talking about similar things. And I don't know if it's a fund or if it's tax incentives, but if the topic is also like in another initiative, public money, public code. I think if you take the general interest and if you can argue that open source software is in the general interest and it could be financed as being a general interest item. I think it opens quite a few interesting doors on what you could do with open source software and how you could finance it. This is the end of my presentation. I'd be available for questions. I think the next 10 minutes and afterwards as well. So, let me know if any of the projects interested you if you have any follow up questions and thank you for your attention. I hope you can enjoy for them in the online version that it is and I'm looking forward to hopefully next year, having a real for them in Brussels again. Thank you very much and bye bye. So, we are live for the Q&A session. Thanks Frank for your talk. That was quite interesting. And yeah, I think financing free software project is always an issue. We now have seen how you do this in France but do you think governments have to invest more money in free software projects and they do you think they should support it you also mentioned the tech fund for example. So what are your ideas here and also maybe on a national but also on a European or even global level. Do you have any ideas here on that. So, let's say, basically to answer. Yes, of course governments need to finance free software free and open source software I think there's already quite a few things which exist from look on European and French level to the projects at the funds like horizon. I think it's 2027 now. We are also participating in it usually they all require the software to be developed to be open source. So, I think on this on the one hand this is a nice direct way to finance free and open source software. The vehicle I described in my talk is an indirect way, which I think also helps because you can for example now see it with the plan de relance or the recovery plan from COVID, where, at least here in France. What the administrative infrastructure to handle a lot of small projects. So, the recovery funds, usually I think they start at 50 million or not, or higher so all the small and medium enterprises are more or less. They participate in project calls like this because the budgets are much too large so I think you really have to look at it from two ways on the one hand what direct forms of financing can you provide for free and open source software and what indirect tools or vehicles. Can you set up or support that also allow to finance free and open source software in a much more broader scope. And what are your experience with the administration part of it. Normally, if you work together with governments or administrations, you are confronted with a lot of paperwork for example. So what is your experience here is there anything which should be or could be improved or is this working quite smoothly for you. So it's a lot. I think it's also important to have it because I mean there's also a due diligence on the side of whoever provides the funding who decides to give public money to finance a certain project so it's necessary to have the legal. And security also on behalf of who is financing to make sure that the money goes into projects which really have the potential to turn out something and it's not wasted so I don't know how to simplify it it's a lot. I mean currently for projects and it's, it's, it's, yeah it takes time let's say it like this but it's, it's also okay and I mean let's say you have economies of scale if you handle more than one project because you can, like from the administrative side at least from a participant you can, you can reuse templates for reports and so let's say you try to cut corners on the administrative side when you have more than one project so that that helps. Yeah, so once, once you figured out how it works then it's getting easier by every project you are running right. Yes, let's say that it helps let's say like this of course there's differences on national and European projects, but still you can like the, even for the project applications we always use the same template, and you can more or less streamline a lot of things. Like this. So, yeah, but it's important so I like that these possibilities exist I wish there would be more. Maybe also coming back to your earlier question because I think how to say open source has or free software has a is a general interest topic. Looking for good example. I think what we've seen just currently is the corona tracing apps so this is something everybody every country needs and especially in Europe we speak so many different languages and but also we are traveling a lot across borders and therefore it's a good idea to have solutions in place and you know also think national and European funds would be very helpful to support these kind of projects and this is for me at least to take away from this crisis so. Yes. I was happy to see so many initiatives trying to work on open source software solutions to respond to cove it. What was talked about in the earlier panel. And I think there's how to say a society is the sum of contributing I always say open source is like, they're like as a, everybody can make a contribution. And it's a bit similar to society where everyone can make a contribution so I like the idea of having an open system where we can contribute to and you will have the potentially the ideas of everyone and the knowledge of everyone rather than something, something that's cooked up by a few people. So, I'm a defendant of the idea that the more people contribute their ideas and capacities to to something the better solution will be in the end so. Yes, I think it's very worth supporting. That's definitely true and I think these are also good. Final words for this talk. We're handing over to the compilants panel, which will happen directly after this talk. Thanks a lot to Sven for this talk and for being here for the Q&A session. Enjoy the foster also the death room here on legal and policy staff. And yeah, thanks a lot for for being here and see you later and yeah, thanks for joining. Thank you very much for having me. Bye bye.


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I just finished playing, so it's perfect timing. Everybody's clearing out. I'm warming up and I feel heavy. I feel loose though, like my body feels like in a good spot but I just feel heavy, like I don't have bounce and I don't feel light and I don't feel like super energized to fly and jump hard. But I think my jumping form feels good, like my legs feel loose and good. So we'll see. My warm up jumps have turned into dunks, not just dunking and warm ups, but like I'm still doing like light jumps and I'm able to dunk off that. So that's really up there. I'm gonna swim, but I'm feeling pretty good, height-wise, but I gotta still go gradually. It feels as huge.  I gotta practice on what I gotta practice. It feels like CJ's last dunk. So back to my fun two-hand dribble dunk. Let's get it. Hello everybody. What phase of training you're in because you're flying right now? What's your, what you can up to? That's the secret. You have to have ice in your veins. I ain't talk about no D'Angelo Russell. No, we ain't talk about that. Some of you guys will know. Lifting. Just lifting and dunking. What does that mean? Heavy lifting or explosive lifting? Both. Heavy and explosive. So you're getting stronger? Yeah, but I took like four days off sort of. I've been working upper body, but I rested my legs for like four days, no lifting, no jumping. What do you do for upper body real quick? A few exercises. Bench press and pull-ups. Really? Interesting. Well, I just, I just wanna stay in shape. Like I don't wanna just, when I go to the gym, I don't wanna just sit home and do nothing. So I'll go get a good workout. Do you think the bench press and the, what'd you say? Pull-ups. Pull-ups, do you think that helps you jumping? Probably not. Okay. Okay, great. Well, thank you. See ya. As for me, I felt like I was jumping well. My body felt, my legs felt fatigued, but I felt like my window went up. So my lower jumps were easier to do, like to get to the height where I need to dribble dunk, but it was harder to get to the top of the window. So I feel like my window went up, but I'm at the bottom of it now because I'm still building strength and my legs are fatigued from strength training. And so, but that's a good sign. Like it felt like every time I jumped my maximum, it would like stop at a point. So, but it was, when I would do light jumps, it was almost the same as my maximum. So it really feels like I'm at the bottom of my window, but my window went up because those low jumps are higher than they used to. Hope that makes sense, but it feels like progress. And I think after today, since I feel like that, I'm gonna switch to explosive training because I've been doing strength training and a lot of just slow movements, one rep maxes and things like that. And I think I'm gonna go lighter weight and try to translate it to explosiveness and get to the top of the window. And let's get it, you feels?