We're like there for like two quests and then it that is it Because you know who cares about these small little places that you know could have been used previously on aquila But Kings I was like nah, sorry not gonna happen. Can we go faster, please? That'd be great. Thank you Thank you. Let's zoom zoom all the way over here Hopefully not to get drowned by the sirens, which are over here. Oh Good job. Here we go Let's talk to the sirens And see what they have to say Look for your Lassace. He is Not here But look who's here. It's the sirens. Wow They came all the way from Wiz and they have their own names. Did you know that you do now? We're not listening to the dialogue. Sorry. It's a really fun dialogue You can watch the musketeer walk through to figure that out But yeah, we need to go to Akia Get some apples Get some app plays Go to get them at plays real fast. I should have probably left a mark there. Hey, yeah, probably should have It's fine. Actually, it does not find we're gonna quickly leave a mark just because we're going all over the place We're just gonna quickly leave a mark here real fast And then we'll head over to Akia Again, right. Here we go. So many loading screens. Ah all the loading screens. I hope you like it I hope you like all million loading screens that we just saw and Over to Akia once more. I think this might be the last time correct Possibly we also need to watch out where we're going Because boosting along does actually take you off the wind line It might actually be it might actually be the last time we head of it into Akia.  They would take forever Absolutely forever But I mean at least they have slight variety Unlike before and was when they didn't have any variety and it was just the same loading screen over and over and over again It got a bit boring not gonna lie got very boring. Can we go this way? I think we can right? Pretty sure we can see it will quickly collect some at plays Gotta get those at plays All the at plays how many cycles we're on 23 pages. Can we get any more before the end of today? I don't know. I don't know we need like Two more in order to get up to 24 pages. How many pages do you think? The earplugs gave you an absorb shield exactly. That's definitely how it works How many pages do you think we're gonna be at when we finish Valencia part 2? Hey, look our chests here. Let's get it. Let's get it 404 gold. I bet 190 that's so weak Bro, that's like the weakest one I've ever seen Actually, I think there was one that was 90 but still that's pretty weak. That is some weak stuff 31 pages Okay, Rose remember that and we will see if by the end of Valencia We have 31 pages. I'll gift you a pack. That's how it will work If anybody else wants to get in on this bit, you can't say the same number as Rose But you can say another number and if we're at that number. I will gift you one singular pack That is the wager for today and obviously not for people on YouTube who are watching this Because it's already been and you may cheat and we can't have cheaters No cheaters in chat, please. No cheating No cheating I'm also not gonna specifically go out of the way to actually go and get side quests So it'll just be ones that I see there are quite a few in Valencia part. How I wasn't even close to you What the heck Kings Isle, please What will say is whoever's closest whoever is closest I'll write down how many how many everybody says and Whoever is closest can Will receive one singular pack and either pirate or was I don't really mind which one Yeah, that is how the game is gonna be played and that is the game for the next couple of streams But you can only guess once so once you lock in your answer Tell me and I will write it down so you can't change it you play pirate for like four months noise Once you've locked in your answer currently we're at 23, I won't go and do any side quests So you can guarantee that will be at page 23 But it just wow that chest spawns so quickly we're gonna get it again though 405 gold That's the most I've ever gotten out of one of those chests 2651 it heard me complaining before it's like nah, I got to give you lots of gold this time So worth opening up those chests all the time you may get 2651 gold you never know you never know I Think that game is pretty fun. I think that's the funnest game to play personally Right where are the apples? Here's an apple Oh Where's number five? I think it's over here possibly right? Nope, nope not over there. It is over here. I see it. I'll see it with mayonnaise here.  Let's go get the lemons got to get the lemons 405 gold please just be like nah fam dishes out the big gold exactly exactly Just how it works Just why did I mark here? God?   Oh Well, it's fine. We'll go back there and mark luckily. It's on the way Luckily, it's on the way Here we go Let's boost all the way through there since we refueled our fuel We'll go over.  I don't really care at all Nothing can stop me. I am on top of my game I am at the top of the game literally nearly level 61 keep going ship I believe in you. Good job. You made it Let me talk. Thank you The chest was offended when you called it weak exactly Exactly. I mean a lot of people are They're like, hey, you can't talk Also, apparently they're considering removing mana and was a 101 What do you guys think of that? What do you guys think of that? I think that would be great Personally, but what what are your opinions on that subject because they are currently considering it Because it is not really necessary for anything other than marking and you know You could just be like pirate and not have to waste anything to mark I think that would be great personally, but what do you think they also want to also because it's like basically useless Because you you really don't ever worry about manner when you're like over level 50 The only time man and matters is marking and being annoying at the start of the game exactly And that's what they want to fix being annoying at the start of the game apparently It would be better, especially when NPCs have unlimited manner exactly I mean it doesn't really offer anything and like the beast moon hunt and the tecathon apparently don't already use manners, so I mean It's obviously not something that is like absolutely No, we're not ever playing this game again because of that Otherwise people would not play either the beast moon hunt or the tecathon And also PvP there's no manner anyway, so it's kind of like just for PvE and I personally don't think it has much of a place Personally, but I'd love to hear your opinions on how they could either change it to make it useful or Why you would like it to be removed Those are those reasons my reason why I would like it to be removed is because it offers no positive gameplay value at all Because really it's just tedious at the start of the game when you have like no manner and then you forget about it unless you're marking later on and Marking really shouldn't be like, you know that much To do in my opinion at least Right there we go. Nope one more one more manner one more lemon not manner. There's another lemon. We got it easy That was so much easier Hi Senior spicy and welcome. How are you? I Agree, it would be better especially. I read that one at higher levels minute is irrelevant. That is so true Very very true the gear and the new crafty gear doesn't even really give me a minute anyway So Like it's not really I'm not new to pirate 101. I have played it for a long time Since Basically the beta so yeah, I am definitely not new.  I Think the mechanics in Beast Moon. There's a little sneak peek at the future of game plan was I would like that to be the case I Would really like that to be the case because I love those I love it. I love the Beast Moon so much. I haven't I didn't play the last one or the one before because I've been so busy But I love it. I also really the only thing that I hate about it is that it's limited time Limited time is not cool Zero out of ten. Oh no We actually might not do too well at this ship fights with yourself. I hate I really need a better ship But we have no time to get a better ship. We are finishing Aquila today Probably maybe I don't know possibly Oh, I got boarded. Oh, well, it's fine. It's fine. We'll just do it the hard way We will just do it the hard way, right? Let's do this Let us go for That Bonnie can move up there. You can do that These musketeers they are we're just gonna stay back then you can just chill there El Toro can do that done Hopefully this shouldn't be too long. Maybe it will be who knows Kaboom Right, that wasn't too bad. That was pretty decent pretty decent and Accuracy and dodge here we go noise Noise noise noise. I also like how Matt is talking with players and putting ideas on the table. It's good You don't use scratch. I don't have a need for him on at the moment on my Thing also, I haven't leveled him up because I really I don't really like using him as much Yeah, he's great, but I just I don't know I just don't like using him he dies too often for what he's useful for Especially since I don't do like too much damage most of my damage comes from my companions anyway and buffing me Is not a good idea On my playstyle at least like others may play differently, but personally that's just how That's just how I work I do use him all the time on my witch doctor and a bit of time on my musketeer as well But definitely not much on my privateer Frick, I hate immobilized. I forgot that those do that Yeah, he's fantastic on my which absolutely fantastic like absolute staple if I don't have him. I'm basically screwed But I just I really don't like playing that style on my privateer Personally, he's more of a he's more of a support, but I do that already so Yeah But that's just my opinion other people may play with him that sounds so weird So wrong other people may play differently than me and that's fine. You're allowed to do that It's called multiple play styles No, no egg either. He's um very low leveled and I can't be bothered. I Don't level up my companions too much egg kind of the problem with egg He falls off like in the middle level and I didn't level him up enough to like keep him. Okay? Personally again, this is just my play style It works for me. So that's all that I really worry about the only one that I have really kept since the start as Bonnie But I mean Bonnie's just fantastic. You nobody can deny that nobody can absolutely deny that at all But yeah egg I really need to get him leveled up a lot, but I just haven't had the time nor Real need to do that Right. That was not good. That was bad fight Right. We're just gonna take a minute To do these fights.  Yeah, I really I still need to get blood flames on my witch doctor I farm so much so much so much for them It's actually like frustrating how Much I've farmed and how little I've actually gotten from Them like absolutely none It's so annoying so annoying Really really really annoying, but that's fine one day I just May get it who knows Who knows? Maybe I won't not that it really matters because there's no new story content. So it's fine really Yeah I'm still debating whether I want to level up my other two characters to max though Just to say that I like fully completed the game. I'm not sure if I do or not I'm not really sure if I do. I just really dislike cool ranch in the shoe. They just drag way too much for me Once you get out of them, it's fine, but before that it's just so frustrating No, I should take them well I could oh well.    Hopefully extra damage plus accuracy and Dodge coming at a later date Should be perfectly fine Molly bone is one of your favorites and pirates lost the storyline on winning the war against the a modern saving Molly bone city I think that's cool as well. The only problem.  So is They're just way too monstrous Um But you know, that's fine I guess we can deal with that the story and the artwork is so good plus. It's not like really long Like cool ranch and no shoe that just go on forever non-stop Yeah, yeah overwatch kaboom can we go for double tap nope not double tap burst fire, I mean Um, right, I'm gonna do this the one time. I actually hit crazy Crazy crazy. Oh look, we got ducks. Hi ducks. Welcome back Welcome back He all the way over there All the way over there. You love the design of the sewers the whole town. Yeah, I like the design of them They're just annoying that you're always in them and not like out in the skyway or out in Like in Aquila you're in the skyway a lot of the time, which is really cool But like in Molly bone, you're kind of not and it's kind of not my favorite Microwaved a rotisserie chicken. Oh nice. I hope it tastes fantastic. I haven't had anything to eat really since breakfast So that's cool And it's now like what like six o'clock, so that's great in the evening So I'm doing really well here really really well Doon-de-doon-de-doon-de-doon that would honestly be my dream having a pub and clean sewers. Yeah, that'd be cool That'd be really cool No relentless. Where's the relentless El Toro? You had one job Okay, at least we get double tap and another double tap So maybe we can burst fight. Nope. Okay Okay, didn't want the burst fire anyway.  Haha. You've messed with the wrong dog Sorry, Snakey Well, GG Noice Easy-peasy Right, I'm just gonna heal up ever so slightly. I'm just using another potion might as well And we need three more not three more four more because I can I can count math style Can definitely count math style and stuff and things Speaking of sewers for the catacombs and old town drains. Thank goodness. They didn't copy paste in and do Yeah, that would be really annoying. I would have been super mad if they did that They've spent a whole year to copy paste one area that they copy pasted from pirate. I Would have been really really frustrated with that like I don't mind they reuse assets from pirate into whiz like in Polaris and Mirage and Imperia but like after a while Like you can't just spend a whole year to work on an area and then just copy paste everything from another game Or a previous area, especially if that's the only update for the invite the main update for the year So yeah, but that's just my opinion at least I would have been really salty So I'm actually pleased that they spent time on it. Plus. I think it looks even better With like the sort of like the druidic ritual like designs all over the place. I think it looks super cool for Noice we need two more Two more I Have a really bad turning circle on this ship so bad So bad So bad. Also. It's not really a sewer. It's more of just a I mean, I kind of is But that's also more of just like a sort of cave sort of thing or at least half of it's a cave Yeah Right one more are we gonna get this like all and like one try each that'd be great That'd be so good. No, did night and did not collect I can speak I can speak right. I actually need to heal Need to heal because I was dies in dies in not good zero out to ten don't dies Are we good? Are we good? Are we nearly good? Oh? Look, there's the sirens that we're gonna speak to after this isn't that fun. Haha We got it all Wow To this who are we talking to I don't even know I don't even remember this I thought we went straight back to the sirens. I'm actually really surprised.  I wonder is he gonna be close or far away? I'm guessing he's gonna be pretty close I would say especially if we go this way. I'm hoping at least And I would be pretty right there. That's what it would be this side Thought he would be this side Annie is bloody things Bloody tables in the way Here we go, let's head back. Hi Luma blade welcome. How's it going? Jun Jun Jun Jun and we will go for Talk to the siren one of them just the middle one because you know, we don't care about the other two. Oh So close to a level and here we go to Ithaca. Does anybody want to help with the Silla? Because the Silla is fun Gotta love me a Silla. I'm actually gonna quickly refill on potions Because I generally use them a lot and this time you're good, that's good That is good. I Generally use them quite a bit for the Silla Also, what level are we we're level 64? Okay, let's do it on your ship. Okie dokie sounds good Sounds good. I've done it on my ship way too many times. I have soloed the Silla twice now So I don't need to do it again That was quite expensive, but that is fine Right here we go You're too tired for the Silla tonight. It's 12 20 your time. Oh You have three times. Yeah, I love the Silla. It's such a cool fight. Hi Hi I'm here on your ship Let's do this. We're gonna be on the ground. We're gonna be ground zero Into the passage we go Do we need to be in a group I don't think we do right Apparently don't which is good. This is the Silla. It's the Silla. I Do I Wanted to but basically this is the Silla basically you just need to defeat all of the heads I think there's four of them and in between them they spawn the Silla So I'm actually going to quickly clear the tokens be a good champion here because the Silla Minions and not the nicest ever really not the nicest to defeat They like multiply and stuff from memory. I'm not a hundred percent sure but from memory they do So, yeah, we'll just destroy these Hopefully Everything will be okay. Hopefully Hopefully you can just see off in the distance the battle. It's great It is great. Don't worry Don't worry about it. I don't know how much health they're coming right for me The bombs are coming right for me. Oh, no Well, this is a fire one done Keep going. I'm clearing the deck. We fine. Don't worry about the deck We good. We got this It would be interesting to know I don't I doubt it, but you never know you never know It's been so long since I've actually cleared these tokens It's actually quite cool doing that running around clearing tokens since they said they weren't gonna update it with a book Anytime soon a lot of people left. Yeah, they did and I don't blame them really I really don't blame them at least they were honest At least they were honest with us. They're not like Went around it and said nah, we are even though they're not going to You pay the time I'm a trip three chicken is What to lift should be okay, or do we have to you have to go through the thing don't you into the the The gooey thing. I don't know. I can't remember. I don't remember how this fight goes It's been so long. All I know is you got to clear the tokens Go last, okay, that's cool Okay, I can't even remember so it's fine a thousand IQ. Okay.  Yeah, I mean It does deserve so much more. It really does Like really really does it really really does I would have loved it to have like more things. Hi Vimeon boy boy, I don't even know welcome. How are you? Oh, this was a slow one. This one's a slow one That one was a big slow one Okay, then two of these hopefully no sellers come in the meantime. There is a seller. We're just gonna destroy the seller first Just because I don't know how close we are to Getting into the goo fight, which means we need to clear the sellers Right here we go Hopefully That is looking good We did it There's the four seller heads done. Thank you, ducks. It's goo time. Let's get this goo Let's get this goo and here are the seller spawn. Luckily I cleared most of them out basically all of them out So there's not gonna be any more if they are If there are tokens on the deck you basically What am I trying to say there's more that spawn so yeah, luckily there aren't which is good Very very good. Hopefully that should be good. We're gonna use treasure bar Cool beans.  Everyone gets your name wrong is pronounced beeman. Aha beeman. Hi, welcome Beeman How's it going? Other than me getting your name wrong Right that should be good Hopefully We Can do this pretty swiftly. I would say These guys are actually kind of difficult From memory so see what happens here immobilized attack super hit Oh Oh vengeance strike Yikes Your day was actually pretty good. That's good. That's very good Boom You pronounced it by men Fair enough Fair enough. I mean, there's a it's How long am I gonna be live? Probably at least another hour I might go for a if we're not finished Within that time and we're close then I'll keep going until we finish But yeah, definitely an hour longer. I usually stream for about two hours at this time So, yeah But if we're close to finishing which I assume we will be I'll keep going for a bit Okay, that was not good block Stop.  I don't like this. You really don't like these fights. They're annoying Then I'm all my own after this. That's fine That is fine. Basically. We're nearly done. This is probably the most difficult of them all I don't think there's much more. There's like the Medusa fight, but that's not too bad Why are they all targeting me? I don't like this. I really don't like this. It's not cool Really really not cool Your watch, okay, that's fine All right, you can do that Another treasure bath. Yes, please Just have all the treasure baths Valencia 2 only takes like three hours, doesn't it? Yeah, it depends on how lucky you are And how much you get cradon But yeah, basically I won't be doing that today though. Won't be starting that today But that'll be in the next couple of days I think from memory because I'm trying to finish off all of this before Before I go back to work So yeah, basically it'll be done on Friday my time. It's the last stream of This pirate so yeah Yeah Yeah, but Valencia 2 is pretty easy So I'm not too worried about it Especially if I can get a bit of help that will go super duper quick Wow, that was good. Good job there. Good job there. How many left like one cheap shot? Okay, it's not gonna kill but that's fine. We tried we tried Burst fire epic nice double tap here we go boom gg Easy peasy now we can go over to a thicker Which is fun, right? Here we go. Let's go to a thicker


Laurence Trentz scored a big win against French Grandmaster Tal Abrogel. He goes into round five with three points. He joins us in our studio. Laurence, I know you had a great game and we're going to jump into it. But I have to start by saying, I never thought this would happen. We've commented it together and here I am interviewing you. Well, this isn't the first time you've given me a grilling, but in other circumstances. But it's great to be here. Thank you very much. It's great to have you here. But you did have a really quite a crazy game today. I mean, I just saw the last position and let's have that up. Well, I got very lucky for the first time actually looking at your games paid off because I had this position three weeks ago in another very strong opening in Sitches near Barcelona against Grandmaster Dragnev. And he suggested to me after the game this move, which is a very natural move. But when Black plays Queen B6, attacking both pawns, you have to give up a pawn. But he said he was very worried about just sacrificing this d-pawn and putting the bishop on E5 with a very, very decent compensation. Black finds it very difficult to get his pieces out. Objectively speaking, Black is doing more than fine, but it's difficult to play over the board. And Tal's next move illustrated that with Bc6 because that ran into a very strong pawn push B4. And when I play B5, got a lot of initiative and his position collapsed quite quickly. So, yeah, today was really not a game of... It's not like I played very well. I just got very lucky with previous preparation, basically. So you think you got him out of the book and he didn't handle it? No, I mean, for sure he saw my game. I mean, he would have seen this and probably made... But not Queen G3. Yeah, he would have made some improvement here in the game against Dragnev. I put a rook on C1, but I got lucky that Valentino after the game very kindly suggested this move to me. I thought, oh, I'd better research that. What was the result of that game? I lost that game. So that's an interesting thing, right? Like you repeat a line which you recently played but had a bad result and because your opponent is probably not expecting that and then you find an improvement in it. Yeah, I mean, well, I didn't really find the improvement. He told me it. Again, it's not amazing or anything and Black can do perfectly fine with some accurate moves, but it's tricky to play over the board. But yeah, I'll take it. I'll take the win. You know, three out of four, I can't complain. And you have been talking about retiring from chess for a long time. Yeah. Well, you suggested I should. As a good friend, isn't it? But you're back and... Well, I can't retire. Well, you've got a higher rating than me, so... I'm going to cross that. Yeah, no, until I'm well ahead of you where you've got like, you know... But that's not going very well for you, is it? No. I'm going to try and get a gram. I mean, I'm on three out of four. I've played Le Quang. I mean, I've got a good average rating now. I mean, I'm going to make a go of it. So far, this has been... I always actually do quite well here in Gibraltar, I realized. Over the years, I've had some good results. And maybe it's the place, maybe it's the rock. Maybe I'm getting energy from the rock. The rock of Gibraltar is giving me energy. No, I don't know. I play well here. I don't know why. Feel good here. It's good around. It's good environment. It is. You know what I mean? The Blitz tonight. Are we going to see you there? I don't know yet. I haven't got a team. Nobody wants me. Nobody wants you. No. I'm like a lost puppy. But... I would say we could be your team, but I'm not going to. Okay. No, I would rather win the tournament. So I'll find some players who, you know, might...  There are a few young guys who've asked, but we'll see. I think we'll see. I'll float around and... How do you feel about the social calendar here in Gibraltar? It's great. We all enjoy ourselves. Yeah, it's great. We've seen you at the bar a lot. Yeah, yeah. I'm hanging out by the bar. Everybody seems to be gravitating towards there. Some old faces. We're becoming it for so many years now. Yes. When was the first time we were here? 2009? 2008? I think that was also when I crushed you at Blitz. Yeah. You remember the first victory that you had against me 11 years ago? Let's not talk about the time this year. What's happened after? But, yeah, 11 years coming here to Gibraltar. And some years I've come as a player, some years I've come as a fan. I love the tournament. I love what Stuart and Brian and the organisation is doing. That's good to hear. Yeah, I'm just happy to be here. And important games coming up. Yeah, I'm going to have a big game tomorrow. So I better not go back to the bar because three out of four, I'm probably going to get a super duper player, actually. But that's the whole idea of playing the tournament like this. And hopefully, you know, get a bit lucky again. If I can get lucky over the next six games, I'll be really happy. So we'll see. We wish you all the best for it. Thank you for your time. Thank you, Daniel.


Competition is intensifying. Competition among companies and particularly competition among nations to have the best production ecosystem. When we say manufacturing we mean the entire chain of production of goods. If you look at your mobile phone it's made out of plastic and glass and chips and such but the most important component of your mobile phone is the knowledge and the know-how. Manufacturing really can make a huge contribution to growth because it has a very easy set of stepping stones that once a country gets into it it's very easy for it to diversify and continue into many things. This is the history of our industry. Japanese started with the low cost to Koreans started with the low cost everybody start there and China started there but you can't stop there because if you want to continue to develop the economy you have to move to the high-end manufacturing without abandoning your low cost. China and the past was only a big market then it started in manufacturing then it invited others to manufacture themselves into China and now they move to the high-end innovation so you see a clear policy development over the years. The biggest challenge now is to get the industry policy settings right. For the manufacturing for growth project we interviewed CEOs around the world. We focused on six target countries three developed economy nations the United States Germany and Japan and three emerging economy nations China India Brazil. Developed talent having public and private partnerships in innovation. It's very important to actually connect R&D activities with manufacturing which is in itself in a state of revolution. The big drivers nanotechnologies the new materials robotics artificial intelligence 3d printing this is transforming manufacturing across the world. We need to find new technologies new ways to make the product show to future. One of the key challenges is to create and to maintain the best talent because manufacturing means innovation so you need people who are very skilled well linked to universities. If you look at the Silicon Valley why it leads the innovation the technology industry in the world because you have top universities you got great research institutions and more importantly you have top talents from around the world. When it comes to education and training business has an enormous responsibility by itself we could actually move and get more of an integrating part earlier into the school system in order to engage in a better way and that is a responsibility both for business but also for policymakers. The new manufacturing policy has good created tremendous positive impact on the growth of the economy. Challenge in India is implementation. In the auto industry in the United States it was the combined forces of government management labor all working together and coming up with a solution that's creating jobs is creating success and high profitability for the companies because of this understanding that we're all in this together. NGOs how to involve civil society and their interests looking at environments looking at work safety how to involve the private sector and how to involve policymakers. Governments have to think of themselves as part of the supply chain of manufacturing. They are the ones responsible for the power for the water for the roads for the urban transport that workers are going to use. So collaboration between the doers and the policymakers and the government is essential. Going forward our hope is that this work will be useful for policymakers to take a more integrated approach and to realize the powerful benefits of economic and social development that's driven through manufacturing.


Hello and welcome to the NewsClick studios here in New Delhi. I'm joined by Prabhu Prakash today to talk about two important and quite sort of prominent news stories of the day from the world of sport but linked to far more than just what happens on the pitch. The first story we're talking about is, of course, as you can see from the screen behind us, Caster Semenya and her sort of reaction to the 163 page detailed judgment on her case that has come out yesterday. Prabhu, so many things, gender identity issues, of course, race plays a part in this particular story because Semenya has said many times that she's felt singled out in terms of the direction of these kind of studies. She's come out and said today that, in fact, she's been treated as a human guinea pig in terms of the different hormonal treatments and hormonal adjustments that she's had to go through, including a two-year period where she was asked to take oral contraceptives as a means of reducing her testosterone, naturally occurring testosterone levels. So, of course, her case has been rejected and now, together with the South African Federation, they will appeal that in the Swiss court, tribunal, the Supreme Court equivalent. So that case will carry on and it's a case that's been going on for already almost a decade, throughout her career. What do you make of these developments? What do you make of the sort of mental or, and even otherwise, physical struggle that she's had to go through this process? Let's sort of look at it a little more objectively. That before we talk about the human being involved, in this case, Castor Semenya and Yuzia have said, she's been going through this 10 years of, shall we say, various arguments back and forth and being the human, now the human guinea pig for even treatments for the last two years, quote-unquote treatment, because she's not suffering from anything that needs to be treated, except the sports thinks it's a condition that needs to be treated. There is no other reason for doing it. I think the important issue is that what do we regard as a basic marker of gender and basic marker of gender if it is multiple, not one, then we have a whole lot of complexities that come in. And in this case, what has happened is that this whole issue of what is a gender marker has been not brought to the hormonal level. Till now, it is about genetics. That are you female or you male? And of course, there are very few cases where you have ambiguity even there. In the genetic level, you could still have ambiguity because there are some outliers that still take place in this particular case. But in, shall we say, almost universally, as I said to the few exceptions aside, it is genetically you can determine whether it's male or female. Now if you also bring in hormonal levels, what is a female hormone, what's a male hormone, now you're creating ambiguities of different kinds. And I don't think the sports should have gone into what is gender as defined by multiple markers. So they have said it is unfair. Now let's look at it another way. Shall we say in certain sports, if your male hormones is above a certain level, then also they should be reduced in order for other men to complete level playing field. Should we also say that muscle size also should be restricted. Now, how many ways should we then look at what is quote-unquote level playing field. We have the fundamental level playing field, men do not compete against women. That is supposed to be the only level playing field we have introduced. And in sports where body weight matters, boxing, then your weight further characterization through weight. But beyond that, if you want to do it through testosterone, I'm afraid it should not be then restricted to only women. And why only one particular, shall we say, range of running that you have considered, not for others. Then I think you're opening really a much more complex question. And as I said, I think this is completely a territory which sports should not enter. It is biology, it is science, it is really not the purview of the sports to do it. And I do believe that if the reverse had been the case, that it had come from, say, a country which has, shall we say, less pigment, and I think the answers would have been quite different. And I think that is, in essence, her entire argument. It's beyond, it's about a lot of it has to do with the singling out of it. While when you look at male sport, the Superman gene, as it were, is celebrated and sort of idolized and looked at as the paragon of physicality and all of that.  I know the whole issue for me is that what she has raised, would it have occurred if raised did not enter the equation? I think that answer is relatively clear, that it would certainly, the decision would have been different because, let's face it, sports is a place where the, shall we say, those who run sports, those who are involved in sports also have, in their lifetimes, not changed too much in the way they have looked at, shall we say, gender stereotypes, and the kind of acquisitions which have been made against various sports bodies. So I think that's been an ongoing problem that has been there in any case in sports. Particularly men have been in position of power vis-a-vis women. So I think that's definitely something that we have seen. But I'm saying that when you're looking at bringing it to the realm of science, because ultimately it's a medical testimony, it's been a biologist testimony, geneticist testimony, all of it which seem to have been taken into account, there the issue is really that can we actually have, in science, gender being decided on a hormonal basis, or on a genetic basis, or a mixture of the two. And as you said, the super-ban gene, why is it treated differently? And in this particular case, there's literally only one parameter on which the entire thing is based. And the other side of it is that the IWF, the International Athletics Federation, which is on the other side of this case, is also making an argument for equality and level playing field, saying that look at the number of women athletes who are having to, I suppose, I don't know what the argument is, that they cannot beat them in here, I guess. Yeah, but as you said, that sports is about differentiation. Sports is about who can beat another person, celebrating the one who can beat others. Now, if you want to have level playing field, give medals to everybody. In children, there are some Nordic countries who actually don't give medals to the first, second, and third. So there are ways of looking at it, and yes, I do think that you could consider that the competitive sports should not be there at all. So you could even consider that should we have sports of this kind at all or not. But as long as you have it, can you really talk about level playing field when the whole argument is to see who's the best, what is person who's the best is what you are seeing when you have a race. So I think that's not really the issue of a level playing field, but an unfair advantage. And that's why we have taken out so many things which used to be used by athletes to provide the edge. Let's face it, even today, cheating in sports is a very, very, shall we say, elite industry. And in any of the Olympics villages, there are whole sorts of stories about how and what comes in and what the athletes get or don't get. And the superior scientific, quote, unquote, scientific methods also give an edge to different athletes. But there it's a cheating industry which you're trying to beat. But this is not the case. This is a natural occurring in the human body. And if there are dissimilar levels, can you then do what is the Procastian solution? Chop off somebody's head or feet if they're too tall or somebody's stretch somebody to fit the bed. And this I'm afraid is what this particular judgment is. So I think this is a judgment which history below show was wrong. And it will be overthrown. But unfortunately, Caster Semenya is going to pay the price just like Dutty Chand may pay the price. Like other athletes pay the price, they are going to be sacrificed in this particular case. So Dutty Chand's case, the Indian sprinter, which also took a long time to get through at the court of arbitration for sport, and an amazing story in how she managed to put that case together, build a scientific team, managed to find support, and then present a case. And Cass ruled in her favor. So essentially it's the same story, testosterone levels naturally occurring. What makes the two stories different? Well, this is an interesting case because as we know testosterone would mean that your muscle mass would increase. That is why men have a different kind of muscle mass than women have. It's not that the amount of muscle is less. It's also the size and women tend to have a different structure of the muscle than men tend to have. And it's mainly because of the testosterone level, that's what it is argued. You can see bodybuilders just grow muscle and with testosterone supplements without actually adding to strength. But in certain cases, this muscle mass is supposed to provide extra power. Now, if that happens, what would have thought? The spritz should also be affected. So we are not clear why this has been restricted to the distance that Cass does the mania runs, the middle distances as it were, 800 to 260, longer spritz. It's difficult to understand because if it was testosterone and muscle which was in question, then I thought the shorter spritz should also have been included. But somehow, this has been more targeted to Cass the mania's case. It appears that Dutty Chen is not that much of a threat to shall be said to other sprinters. But she was seen to be a threat and therefore this specific ruling, which also substantiated what she has been saying, that she has been the target, not testosterone.  Yes, that has been the case. That has been the truth. You leave them out of it. But in these distances, you find that after Semenya, the rest of them are different races. A large number of them are from different parts of the world. So it is definitely also the race card is a prominent part of the whole conversation. So it's a bizarre sort of… And it's also interesting that if you come to higher distances, again the Ethiopians, Kenyans dominate. So that's also the other part of it. There also, this seems to be an area where shall we say certain pigments still play an important role. And maybe in others, they've sort of been not there.  And unfortunately, the world does not provide many opportunities for upward mobility to a whole bunch of people except sports. And that is why we see a lot of this case coming up. But yes, it's interesting that the fact that this range of sprints have been affected and not the lower or the higher ones. This is again something which is very difficult to understand purely on a scientific basis. Maybe there are sports scientific experts who know much more than I do and of course I'm not an expert in this area at all. We have one doctor who was also a part of Kester Sabanyar's case, who's from Delhi. So I think we should definitely try and reach out to her and have a discussion on this. And I think she was also helping other athletes, including Bhutichar. So we should actually talk about this in more detail with her. But as I said, on the examination of at least on the face of it, do not find a very logical understanding, either the range in which this particular restriction has been imposed or the scientific basis of what constitutes gender. Both these, I think, to my mind, extremely problematic. And I'm hoping that the fight that Kester Sabanyar is launching and other athletes in her support will be doing, will in the long term see this verdict defeated, even if it survives in the short run. Yeah, fair enough. Incredible. And so she said that no one can ever stop her from running. And she's already moved on to start competing in the longer 3000, 5000, let's see. So yeah, it'd be interesting and she definitely seems like she's up for the fight. And you know, this kind of testosterone change medicine that she's asked to take has lifelong effects. Effects, yeah. Already, I mean, yeah. So these are not things that you prescribe as if it's something which is completely over the counter drug, these have serious effects. She said that she had massive weight gain and uncontrollable weight gain, nausea, almost constant abdominal pain.  So what's happening in your mind, I guess we don't understand those things, but so pretty hard run. And I guess her decision is to look after herself and not at any cost be involved in this whole medical plan that the IWF seems to have prepared for her. But we move on from there to an upwardly mobile gentleman, Mr. Michelle Platini, who's been or was detained for a brief while for investigation for ethics violations in 2015. It's an ongoing investigation that began in 2017 and highlights sort of the link between big money, football and politics. So it's not strictly speaking a sports story today. If you can break it down in three minutes. How does this money go around and what is the connection between sport, big sport and big money? Well, you know, one thing is sports is no longer just sports. It is the biggest entertainment industry in the world today. I think it's beats films and it beats television for sure. And probably it beats the other sport quote unquote gaming, the game, the box boxes and all other stuff, which is also very big business, which people don't realize. But in this particular case, we see a strange mixture of both politics and of money. And of course, the big football club, because the, but the, but the bigger ones, and that's is Barcelona, Real Madrid, you have the English football clubs and now for Rafa, which are pretty big, those sort of are out of reach because already they have acquired a certain size and they've been taken over by big money earlier. So Qatar, who was looking to try and get votes for the World Cup, then also invested it not only in a club and Paris Sanjama was the, of course, the vehicle for Qatar, the bought the club also promised big money in it. But also the fact that it was linked to Sarkozy, who was the president of France in the time. And France's political support was required to get the, shall we say the support of other countries to bring it into Qatar as the World Cup venue. And as you know, the World Cup venue being Qatar was a very bad venue for various sides, apart from the fact that about 3000 to 4000 workers have died in constructing this. It's a place where really it doesn't sustain any other sports, let alone football. It's a very small kingdom, so to say. So the whole hinterland or the support base that should have been there isn't there. So this was an obvious, shall we say, money power speaking and in this case the vehicle seems to have been Paris Sanjama and the fact that Sarkozy was a part of the club. And of course this meant quote-unquote money being given, bribes in other words, and other favors. It's not just bribes that is there, but this I think is the clearest example of politics, money, and sports. So all the three come into focus here. And the allegations or the investigation, it's a criminal investigation with fairly serious ramifications perhaps if things are proven in court. Looking into both the award of the 22 World Cup of course, but also the 2016 euros to France, Platini was a key figure in the background negotiations and also on the front of it for that tournament. How do you see any of this playing out? Do you feel like there will be real results? There will be a sort of conclusion to these investigations or will it just be another eye wash? You know these are very difficult to say as we know that both in the case of World Cups we have other issues also, not only Qatar, but not only shall we say Michel Platini who's a very well-known name in that sense because he was himself a big player. But also the fact there have been other countries, other people involved who are also under investigations who just are not that big a name, partly because they never played football at that level. They were just backroom boys who later on became shall we say important players in the federation and in the world, you have a hierarchy itself. So living that part of it out, you know the question is that how much of this really ever translates into cleansing the system. Now we know not only it's a question of say the federation that we are talking about, we are also talking about the clubs. The clubs have been supposed, they are supposed to be under certain discipline. They cannot spend to more than this amount for doing various things. Financial fair play. Financial fair play so that the league does not become completely lopsided, a few clubs can play among themselves, the rest don't matter kind of scenario and that will lose at the end of it spectator interests. So therefore this is kind of killing the golden goose because ultimately spectators really sustain the sport. So therefore there is also this element that fair play within the leagues themselves and also within the how much money they cannot spend and we know that this is being violated. We have again the equivalent of the Snowden revelations taking place here where all the clubs how they have shall we say siphoned money to pay far beyond what the guidelines are what the rules are though that's also there. So how much of this will translate into actual from investigations of punishment is really something that I have to see. Some people will be punished but the big guys the ones who really own the money and the clubs I don't think there's going to be much that will happen to them. Certainly I don't think Sarkozy the former president is going to suffer for this. Thank you Pravee for all those insights both on the Semenya story and on Platni of course will follow up on these stories as we go along. Thank you for watching. Stay tuned to NewsClick.


So there's a story in the perfume garden which says that once upon a time there was a man who had a very beautiful wife. Not only was she beautiful, she was accomplished, she was skilled, she had good manners, she was honorable. In other words, she was perfect in every way. The man loved her dearly, he made love to her every single night and he got great pleasure from doing so. Unfortunately, however, the woman never got any pleasure from this love making at all and as a result she was always in a bad temper. Now, as you can imagine, the man has absolutely no idea why she's always in such a bad temper and so he literally goes from person to person trying to figure out what he can do to improve this. But finally he gets to an old woman who says to him, have you ever tried any other ways of making love or are you just happy with that one position that pleasures you? Go and try every other position till you find one that makes her happy and you will find she will not only be in the happiest of moods but her devotion to you will be boundless. The man thus admonished went off and tried every single position known to erotic science till finally he came upon the one that had his wife in transports of alarming intensity and she said to him through lips bitten with ecstasy, now you have hit on the real way to make love to me and she was in a happy mood ever since. So what is this magical position? It's basically just the sitting position but that's not what I want you to take away from this story. The real moral of this story is that everybody's pleasure is different and there's a million different ways to access that pleasure so don't stick to just the one thing. Experiment, explore, figure out what suits the two of you best and then follow through with that.


Welcome to the 2017 NCHA Lucas Loss Superstakes. I'm here with Holly Francois, the winner of the limited non-pro four-year-old final. She rode smart dual cat and scored a two seventeen and a half. Congratulations to your Holly. Thank you, thank you. How does it feel when you to be described as a NCHA major champion? That's usually my husband's calling, not mine. It feels amazing. I'm just so thankful to be here tonight and amongst the people that I was showing with tonight and to make the non-pro finals. Richard Beth Carney gave us opportunity to buy this horse. It was actually a horse we had in training for them as a three-year-old and shown at the Futurity and we've just loved him and they decided to make a change and we bought him right before the show. So this has been a sweet victory. Wow you really haven't had too much time to gel but obviously you did. No we did. He's you know I think a little less pressure in the non-pro and I'm surely not asking him like he just to me he's just an autopilot out there just takes care of me and I never feel like he's not totally hooked to that cow or in the right spot. As long as I'm doing my job he's there hundred percent. Now you were at third last out and it was pretty wide open because at that point I think the top score was like a two fifteen. So what was your game plan coming into it? Tonight I just I just wanted to go in and make my cuts clean and really try to prepare for tomorrow night. I didn't want to have a big rack or put him in a really bad position you know I just wanted to try to stay clean and then as the run was building my help Bo and Lee just were like come on on that last cow drive him up there and I did and now I really felt tonight what they've been telling me like get him way up you know push cow way up and kick him across there and he just felt amazing. Is it satisfying when you get given those instructions and you actually make it happen? Yes because that doesn't happen very often. They were fussing at me last night because I wasn't using my feet enough and so it was yeah it was awesome it was an amazing feeling yeah. Now and you did have a fertility champion you're up against Jodie McLaughlin had her horse straight after yours so did that make you nervous after you'd finished your run? No I was so thankful for I didn't where I ended up at that point I was just tickled when I saw my score and and glad that I presented him well and I think my husband was proud of me and that means a lot so I was now I was just just absolutely thrilled and I couldn't do it without my daughter's support I knew her eyes were beaming when I came out and it was awesome. You got the biggest whoops of the night? Oh I did oh good I didn't hear anything. When your husband is a professional trainer Lee Francois what kind of advice do you take from him when you go out and compete? Well I haven't been showing much I have a three-year-old and I have a seven-year-old that I've been showing on the weekend so I get to show a little bit but our main focus is our business and the open horses and customer horses so I'm not I've kind of been not in tune with his his coaching about showing in a while just because I haven't had an aged-fin horse and but it's it's been good I don't watch cows with them I get my horse ready and I think that that helps because I need to be riding to be prepared and be warmed up to and I guess I'm so used to getting horses ready that's just my comfort zone so I've got great help though between Beau and Lee and they take really good care sometimes Lee gets really quiet because I think he's completely freaked out the choices I'm making maybe but Beau keeps talking to me and Clay out front and Jamie I have awesome help so. Okay and finally you've got tomorrow night and what are your plans for the horses? Yes tomorrow night I'm first out in the non-pro so I'm just gonna try to have another clean run and head to the BI after this so. Best of luck with that it's time for your presentation thank you Holly. Thank you so much.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that write a linear function that relates y to x from the given table and we are given a table in which x values are given as minus 2, 0, 2 and 4 and we corresponding y values are given as 1, 0, minus 1 and minus 2. Now we know that in a linear relationship the rate of change is constant. With this key idea let us proceed to the solution. Now we are given an input output table of x and y values and we have to find the linear relationship between x and y. In the table we are given when x is minus 2, y is 1, when x is 0, y is also 0, when x is 2, y is minus 1 and when x is 4, y is minus 2. Now we will find change in the values of x and y, change in x is given by 0 minus 2 and is equal to 0 plus 2 that is 2. Also we have 2 minus 0 that is 2 and 4 minus 2 that is also equal to 2 and here we see that change in x is constant and is given by 2 that is if we add 2 to the previous value of x we will get the next value that is minus 2 plus 2 is 0, 0 plus 2 is 2 and 2 plus 2 is 4. Now we will see change in y and it is given by 0 minus 1 that is equal to minus 1 minus 1 minus 0 that is equal to minus 1 and minus 2 minus of minus 1 and is equal to minus 1. Now here again we notice that change in y is constant and is given by minus 1 that is if we add minus 1 to the previous value of y we will get the next value that is 1 plus of minus 1 is 0, 0 plus of minus 1 gives minus 1 and minus 1 plus of minus 1 gives minus 2 and from the key idea we know that in a linear relationship the rate of change is constant and here we see that the change in x and change in y is constant so we can now find the linear relationship between x and y. Now to find the linear relationship between x and y we shall first find the rate of change and rate of change is given by change in y upon change in x and change in y is given by minus 1 and change in x is given by 2 so rate of change is equal to minus 1 upon 2 and this gives us the slope of the line that is the value of m is equal to minus 1 upon 2. Now here from the table we see when the value of x is 0 y is also 0 and thus we say that the line will pass through the origin that is 0, 0 we know that equation of a line passing through the origin with slope m is given by y is equal to mx and here the value of m is minus 1 by 2 so we can write y is equal to minus 1 by 2 x thus y is equal to minus 1 by 2 x if the required equation that gives the linear relationship between x and y this completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


June is Lakeland Wildlife Appreciation Month each weeknight. In June we are featuring one wildlife photograph during our 10pm newscast. Our photos and information about them are being provided by award-winning photographer Steve Monum. Last year our nightly wildlife photos focused on loons and this year we expanded to a variety of other wildlife species. Steve has chosen to end the month by returning to our state bird with a series of three new loon photos. As you can see from our Wildlife Appreciation Month, there is much to see if you just take time to enjoy our natural world. This is the last night of the special segment and we would like to thank Steve for providing all the beautiful photos of the world around us. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Good morning, bad news. Do you ever wonder why it seems like billionaires have suddenly become outrageously powerful while the rights and needs of average Americans are at best ignored and at worst eviscerated? Hi, I'm Robert Reich. Here to talk about one of the most destructive events in our recent political history, a Supreme Court ruling from 2010 called Citizens United versus Federal Election Commission. This decision was the final nail in the coffin for nearly a century of reforms that had been designed to curb the influence of corporations and the super rich. You see, during the gilded age of late 19th century, corporations could contribute almost unlimited sums of money to politicians in exchange for legislative favors, and many Americans correctly saw this as a form of legalized bribery. So in 1907, Congress banned direct corporate contributions by passing the Tillman Act, beginning an era of campaign finance reform during which Congress enacted strict limits on election spending and eventually created an agency responsible for overseeing them, the Federal Election Commission. Fun fact, the FEC was partly created in response to secret donors and corporations literally handing Richard Nixon's re-election campaign duffel bags full of cash. But in the 1970s, the Supreme Court began chipping away at these reforms. In Buckley versus Vallejo, the court ruled that independent political spending, money that an individual spends on their own, without coordinating with the campaign, was protected under the First Amendment, and in Boston versus Balotti, the court overturned a Massachusetts law that prevented corporate spending and state ballot measure campaigns, saying it violated the First Amendment rights of corporations. The court thereby invented a new kind of political free speech for corporations. When Citizens United came up, the five to four conservative pro-business majority struck the final blow to our democracy. The court proclaimed that any limits on corporate campaign spending violated the free speech of corporations. This allowed organizations called super PACs, which could accept billions in independent contributions from corporations, essentially an independent arm of a political campaign, with almost unlimited spending power. They can run ads, canvass voters, hold rallies, and compile mailing lists. Really, the only difference between a campaign and a super PAC is that super PACs cannot directly coordinate with candidates, but they can be run by former campaign staff who are in constant contact with a candidate. If a corporation or an individual making a large contribution doesn't want anybody to know their identity, they can hide behind a non-profit that makes the donation on their behalf. Huge amounts of money flow anonymously through this dark money loophole. To give you an idea of how pervasive this is, the 2008 election was at the time the most expensive in U.S. history. Outside independent groups spent over $300 billion then here. And in 2020, outside independent groups spent nearly $3 billion. The Supreme Court has effectively transformed our electoral system into a playground for big corporations and the super rich. So what can we do? How do we, what do we do? We have to fight for public financing of campaigns and stronger disclosure requirements, which will help people-powered candidates take on those funded by big money. It's also up to us as voters to elect candidates who refuse to take donations from corporations. Now I know this sounds daunting, and it is. After all, we are fighting to overcome fundamental imbalances of power, and those with power will not give it up without a fight. But I sincerely believe we the people can win. The only way we lose is by giving up. Thanks for watching Good Morning, Bad News. I'm Robert Reich, and you can find me here on TikTok at Arby Reich. If you wanna see all of the scripts and sources for this episode, or if you just like this channel and wanna help support them on other platforms, follow the link in the bio.


Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture on nuclear reactions. So far we have discussed the properties of nuclei as well as radiations and now we will switch over to another aspect of nuclear energy chemistry that is nuclear reactions. In nuclear reactions we will discuss the energetics, the cross sections, the mechanism of nuclear reactions and also production of isotopes that are useful in many applications. In the first part I will talk about the energetics of nuclear reactions but before starting before discussing the energetics of nuclear reactions I should be good idea to go through little bit of history of the nuclear reactions and some of the laws that govern the nuclear reactions like the what are the things that are conserved in nuclear reactions. So it will be suppose you want to set up a nuclear reaction or you want to complete a nuclear reaction to know the conservation laws then you can easily complete the reaction. So that also we will discuss in today's lecture and little bit about the energies that are involved in the nuclear reaction. So first let us see the historical aspects of the nuclear reactions. Maybe already you know that the first nuclear reaction was carried out by Ernest Rutherford in 1919 and that is the reaction which ultimately did to the discovery of proton. Rutherford in fact bombarded the nitrogen 14 target using the alpha particles that were available from the naturally occurring radioisotopes of radium and polonium and so when he bombarded the nitrogen target with helium atoms helium from the natural electric radioisotopes like polonium to 10 then the oxygen 17 and a positively charged hydrogen atom were produced and this caused fluorescence scintillations at the screen. And so he in fact based on the charge and so on he concluded that this positively charged particles are nothing but the protons and that is how the this was the first nuclear reaction where the atom was transmuted but this reaction gave rise to stable products. In this particular reaction oxygen 17 and hydrogen proton both are stable products. So this reaction though being the first in the nuclear reaction produced stable isotopes and so Rutherford in fact named this positively charged hydrogen atoms as protons in 1920. Then subsequently the neutrons were discovered by James Chattowick the student of Rutherford in 1932 and in this reaction again the alpha particles the projectiles that were used were from the naturally occurring radioisotopes of polonium to 10. So again polonium alpha particle bombarding barely of 9 even you also bombarded other isotopes like aluminium 27 and lead to the discovery of neutron. So so far till the 1920s the projectiles that were being used were charged particles mainly alpha particles available from the naturally occurring radioisotopes of radium polonium and the energy of these alpha particles as you know was in the range of 5 mg. But when you want to bombard the heavier elements isotopes of heavier elements then the columbic barrier creates a hindrance infusion and therefore there was a need to develop accelerators which will produce high energy charged particles. So that is where a big jump took place in the development of accelerators and the need arose to increase the energy of charged particles. The 5 mg alpha particles available from radium polonium could not cause reactions in heavier elements and that is the time in 1920s and 1930s you will find lot of discoveries took place developments took place of different types of accelerators I will just briefly go through some of them. In 1932 Cockroft and Walton at Cavendish laboratory Cambridge in fact they developed a voltage multiplier which will which will by which you can generate the high energy particles. So basically you have a cascade of accelerators and which you can charge to higher and higher goods like in a photomultiplier tube the photomultiplier tube you have the cathode and then you have the diodes of having higher and higher voltages in this cascade generator you have the electrodes having higher and higher voltage. So you can multiply the voltage to higher and higher voltage and then you can accelerate the charged particles. So in fact though it was developed in 1929 but they caused they split the atom using these protons in 1932 and so the first time demonstrated that using the accelerated charged particles you can cause a reaction in a nucleus and for this they got Nobel Prize in 1951 Cockroft and Walton. So that was a landmark development in the early 1930s concurrently with that Van de Graaff at Princeton University USA developed an electrostatic accelerator. Electrostatic accelerator is very simple. Suppose you have a potential V and you have a charge 2. So if you have a negative charge minus 2 and you have a positive potential then the energy that will the charge particle will acquire will be QV. Like in electron accelerated potential of V volts will be called an electron volt. So you can actually accelerate in an electrostatic manner any charge particle accelerating to the potential, opposite potential you will acquire the energy electron the charge into the potential. So that is the straight away electrostatically you can accelerate particles and Van de Graaff in fact generated few MEP particles using electrostatic accelerators. In fact there has been a course in NPTEL on accelerator physics and so those students who want to know more about accelerators and the physics behind them they can attend that course which is currently going on. In about the same time Lawrence at Lawrence in fact later on became Lawrence Berkeley that time to University of California Berkeley developed acyclic accelerators. So that was called pachylotron which can accelerate the charge particles between the D of a magnet and then accelerate to very high energy. So in fact the diameter of the magnet actually will decide the energy to which you can accelerate the charge particle. So concurrently you will see electrostatic accelerators, cyclic accelerators were developed in when their need arose accelerate the charge particles to higher energy than the that are available from the naturally occurring radio acid. In fact later on in 1950s other variants of accelerators became available this curve like one of them are called tandem accelerators. So tandem essentially means two stage. So you start with a negative ion accelerate to a positive potential and then so you have the potential and at this you put a stripper coil and then you will see two plus. So it is a two-stage acceleration one is from the negative ion to positive potential and then the positive potential will repel the positively charged ions to ground steps. So this is the two-stage acceleration called tandem accelerators and one of the accelerators of this type are called peltron accelerators that the pelt charging how you charge the accelerator is called by pelt charging methods but it is called peltron accelerator and by tandem now since it is a two-stage acceleration you can go to much higher energies than what you get from the electrostatic accelerators. So over the background there is a big jump energy when it came to tandem accelerators and later on linear accelerators became also very popular wherein you can accelerate in steps so small small steps by an alternative potential. So you have a ion let us say positive ion you have a negative potential and then again you change the the potential for to negative and so subsequent steps of increasing length of the accelerating tube you can accelerate the particles to much much higher energy and the linear accelerators are in fact the the length of some of the accelerators are in few kilometers in fact the latest the highest energy accelerator in the world today is at San Geneva that is called the large head round collider let us see and which gives rise gives 6500 giga electron volt protons it is a linear accelerator having subcomponents of 27 kilometers. So the subject of accelerators in fact have advanced so much that you can now in the particularly in the high energy physics domain there has been a need to develop high energy accelerators so that you can create different particles. So when you in fact it is called a proton-proton collider so when the two protons collide you can generate a lot of energy and from that energy so many other particles like you know with the different particles the baryons the quarks and leptons they can be produced and so it is like a factory to produce different types of particles so that is how the high energy subject of high energy physics have advanced because of the development in the accelerators. At the same time the developments in accelerators had led to other aspects like the discovery of transuranic elements. The transuranic elements you know that the elements up to uranium were known in the 1930s and then and the discovery of nuclear fission took place in 1938. In fact the attempt by Enrico Fermi was to synthesize elements beyond uranium and in the process Arne and Stasman developed discovered nuclear fission but the experiments at Berkeley continued to synthesize heavy elements beyond uranium and in 1940 Clarity, Siborgh and Macmillan in fact used the cyclotron developed by Lawrence wherein they used the deuteron beam to bombard uranium to 38 to get to the neptronium to 38 plus 2 neutrons this 238 neptronium is 2 days half life and by beta minus decay generates 238 plutonium which has a half life of 24,000 years. So this was the discovery of a new element plutonium element atomic number 94 prior to this element 93 neptronium was discovered by neutron induced reactions on uranium that was 238 uranium and gamma 239 uranium undergoing beta minus 2 to 239 neptronium by 3 days this is 23 minutes. So the transuranic elements discovery was also contributed by the development of the accelerators and now I had many of who be knowing that the accelerators have contributed in the synthesis of heavy elements now the elements up to 118 have been discovered all of them are possible elements beyond 103 now beyond the trans beyond the actinides in fact now are possible only by means of accelerators. So by accelerators you increase the atomic number of the nuclei by adding that atomic numbers and so this is a subject in itself where you can synthesize heavy elements you can study the chemistry of heavy elements all using the accelerators. So accelerators have impact not only in the fundamental research extension of periodic table or high energy physics now as we will see along in this particular lectures now accelerators have also provided the means to produce radio isotopes which are useful for applications in healthcare industry agriculture and so. Okay now let us come to the nuclear reactions fundamentals so any nuclear reaction we will follow certain nomenclature and certain notation to develop a nuclear reaction suppose we want to complete a nuclear reaction. So we can write simply capital A is the target small a is the projectile small b and capital b are products so they we call them small a is the projectile capital a is the target is an ejectile means a smaller particle product and heavy residue is a heavier of the two products that are formed so this whole thing can be written in terms of a comma bracket a comma b into capital b that means capital A and capital b are little bit heavier nuclei and small a and small b are smaller nuclei projectile or ejectile. Just to give you an example when helium is bombarded now aluminum 27 the famous reaction for discovery of neutron and also the discovery of artificial activity you get a neutron and phosphorus 30 so alpha is the projectile aluminum 27 is the target neutron is the ejectile and phosphorus 30 is the heavy residue so the same reaction can also be written in terms of 27 aluminum bracket alpha n 30 phosphorus or a bracket a comma b so you can set you can write the notation for a nuclear reaction in this way. So the projectile for a nuclear reaction could be neutron proton alpha particle it will be heavy ion like carbon lithium oxygen or you can even induce nuclear reaction using a gamma photon so if projectile could be any particle similarly the target mostly the target will be mostly a nucleus a heavier nucleus on which the projectile is bombarded then the ejectile means the particle that is emitted the smaller particle that is emitted will be called ejectile it could be gamma ray neutron proton alpha or heavy ions they can be emitted in the nuclear reaction and then you will be left with a heavy residue that mostly will be a nucleus so you when you are setting up an equation if you are have to fill in the blanks you can use these notations and certain conservation laws that I will be discussing shortly. So now let us discuss what are the conservation laws when we write a nuclear reaction and I will be using this as an example to illustrate the points the conservation laws. So 27 aluminum alpha n phosphorus 30 is the like a reaction which we will use to illustrate the points so in any nuclear reaction the charge is always conserved so that will help you in writing the nuclear reaction and for example aluminum 27 30 means the atomic number so it is 15 2 and 0 so 13 plus 2 is 15 and it is 15 here so atomic number is conserved so number of protons essentially the number of protons in any nuclear reaction is conserved similarly the mass number in any nuclear reaction is always conserved you can see here 27 plus 4 31 and 30 plus 1 31 is always conserved and since the atomic number and the mass number are always conserved in nuclear reaction so neutron number is also conserved any nuclear reaction you will find the neutron number is also conserved so delta you can also write delta z to 0 delta a equal to 0 delta n equal to 0 so that will help you in setting up a nuclear reaction. Now when it comes to mass and energy as you know that mass and energy are inter convertible so when you in fact when the nucleons combine to form a nucleus energy is released or if you want to break a nucleus into constituent nucleons you require energy so mass and energy are inter convertible so that is why when it comes to conservation of mass and energy it is the sum total of mass and energy that is conserved not mass alone mass alone is not conserved energy alone is not conserved it is the mass plus energy together they are conserved so when I am putting e these are the kinetic energy of the nuclei so mass of the reactant for a projectile plus kinetic energy of the projectile plus mass of the target plus kinetic energy of the target so this is an initial mass and energy equal to mass of ejectile plus its kinetic energy plus mass of heavy residue plus its kinetic energy so on the left hand side and right hand side mass and energy together have to be conserved. Now you can rearrange this equation now so take the masses on the one side mass of reactant plus mass of target minus now this two quantities will come on the left hand side minus mb minus mb so in the bracket we can put a plus equal to kinetic energy of products eb plus eb minus kinetic energy of reactants because the reactant will from here become negative sign and so this quantity the difference in the masses of reactant minus product is called the q value and q value can also be defined in terms of difference in the kinetic energy of products minus that of the reactants this q value is called the energy of a nuclear reaction so energy of a nuclear reaction is an important quantity it could be positive it could be negative if q value is positive that means energy is released in nuclear reaction these are called exoergic reaction if q value is negative that means energy is required to cause a nuclear reaction they are called endoergic reaction like in chemistry you have exothermic and endothermic in nuclear chemistry we will call exoergic and endoergic. We will discuss more on the q value subsequently another quantity that is conserved in nuclear reactions is the linear momentum the linear momentum is nothing but mass into velocity and so the linear momentum is also conserved and the corollaries of this linear momentum conservation will be clear very soon when we will have the subsequent lecture. Angular momentum is another quantity which is conserved in a nuclear reaction angular momentum is the sum of the spin angular momentum and the orbital angular momentum l plus s so you can say i equal to l plus s orbital plus spin angular momentum so this i is again conserved before reaction and after reaction and in addition to that the parity and statistics the parity if you recall the parity of a function is like minus 1 to the power l where l is the orbital angular momentum or you can say if any function also has got a parity depending upon whether it will change the sign upon change of coordinates or not. The statistics we have either Fermi derived statistics called fermions or bosons so the again the statistics also is conserved before and after the reaction so they are more into the details of nuclear reactions but for the moment the important quantity that we need to know about conservation is charge mass number and hence the neutron number mass energy linear momentum and angular momentum. Now, let us just go into the q values of nuclear reaction how to calculate the q value of nuclear reactions. So, simply again I can write the reaction as capital A bracket small a comma small b to capital B so this is the projectile the target ejectile and the heavy residue and let me just discuss the q value can be given in terms of the mass of the reactant minus mass of the products into c square. If you write in terms of the atomic mass units then you would say c square and this q value can be positive or negative. So, let us work out some examples to demonstrate this point how what kind of masses we need to put into the nuclear reactions to calculate the q value of nuclear reaction.  So, this is called a n gamma type of reaction capture reaction that means actually this cobalt 60 will be excited and it will limit a gamma ray to come to ground state and that cobalt 60 in ground state is radioactive having half life of 5.27 years. But this cobalt 60 when it is excited it will emit gamma ray within 30 seconds. So, that is why it is called 59 cobalt and gamma 60 cobalt. This gamma is not the gamma ray emitted after beta decay of cobalt 60 but it is called a prompt gamma ray. So, this reaction the q value will be mass of the neutron here you see here what I have shown here the masses are the mass defects mass minus a is called delta n mass defect. So, this you can write my square. So, if you write the mass in atomic mass units minus the mass number and into 931 you will get the mass defect in delta m in MeV that is what is written in terms of mass of a neutron 8.071 plus the mass defect of cobalt 59. So, it is minus 62.224 now minus the mass defect of cobalt 60 minus 61.644. So, that is equal to 7.488 MeV. See one thing you must note here that since the though I am writing here mass defects the delta a value for a nuclear reaction is 0 because the mass number is conserved. So, here it is possible to write the masses in terms of m minus a because the a will negate get cancelled. So, that the difference in the mass defect means nothing but difference in the masses because the a will get cancelled. So, the masses are given as mass defect in m minus a when you want to calculate the q value. There are certain cases which you will discuss you cannot substitute the mass by the mass defect when you are calculating the energy requires energy or central mass energy which will become very clear very soon. Now this in neutron capture reactions you will find are always exoergic reaction because you are combining a neutron to a nucleus. So, whenever a nucleus combines with the neutron energy equivalent to the binding energy is released. So, this energy is nothing but the binding energy of neutron in cobalt 60. So, such reactions neutron capture reactions are always exoergic that means energy is released and the energy released is equivalent to the binding energy of neutron in the product nucleus. Another example is helium 4 plus beryllium 9 carbon 12 plus neutron. So, again the masses are written in terms of the mass defect. So, for alpha particle the mass delta m 2.425 MeV beryllium 9 11.348 MeV to carbon 12 the delta m is 0 because this is the carbon 12 scale and so for carbon 12 the mass is 12.000 and so on. Neutron 8.0 so on. So, this is the q value for the reaction is 5.702 that is positive and hence it is exoergic reaction. There are some reactions like helium 27 helium 4 comma n phosphorus 30 here you can see helium 27 minus 17.197 MeV alpha particle 2.425 neutron 8.071 and phosphorus 30 minus 20.201 and this reaction has a negative q value of minus 2.642 MeV. So, this reaction having negative q value is called exo, end to x reaction because energy is required to induce this reaction whereas for exoergic reaction the energy is released in the nuclear reaction. So, nuclear reactions particularly the q values will be in the range of q MeV and it could be positive or negative. So, the nuclear reactions the energetics are the important property of nuclear reactions and as you will see subsequently you can in fact use the energetics to calculate the threshold of the nuclear how much energy is required to induce a nuclear reaction that we will discuss in the subsequent lecture. Thank you very much.