Good day everyone and thank you for joining us for this Brightline initiative session on three steps to enhance your Enterprises learning with emerging technologies. I appreciate your joining my colleagues and myself for today's session And we hope that and expect that you're going to be engaged with us in this really interesting conversation My name is Steve Townsend and I'm the networks facilitator for PMI I've been with PMI for 20 years now in a variety of different capacities for the past 10 years primarily focused on Thought leadership and content. I also want to introduce dr. Ed Hoffman who has retired from NASA as executive working on he was actually the chief knowledge officer for NASA appointed in 2011 and held responsibility for system-wide strategy integration and deployment of knowledge service He's a strategic advisor with PMI focused on integrated systems for talent management Knowledge engagement and learning strategies We're also joined by Larry Prusak who is the co-author of several of the most successful Management books on knowledge including working knowledge how organizations manage what they know and what's the big idea? Creating capitalizing on the best management thinking Larry was founder of the Ernst and Young Center for business innovation and founder and director of the IBM Institute for knowledge management Collectively the three of us are representing PMI as knowledge initiative which started last year as a way of building connections Among people so that we can share and exchange knowledge to help improve not only project delivery But also to drive the future of work For today's session, we have three objectives that we're going to cover One is to talk about how small-scale application of emerging technologies is helping us to experiment and learn How that learning produces knowledge and how that knowledge? Requires change to enable that knowledge to be used effectively to help us build our capability and our transformation capabilities I Am going to turn it over to my colleague Ed now to tell you a little bit more about our knowledge initiative it to you Alrighty, thank you very much Steve and hello everybody. It is really good to be here So what are we talking about when we're talking about a knowledge initiative? the project management Institute established what's called the global knowledge initiative and Go down to the basic purpose of what an organization or a team does is trying to be successful in getting done the mission the strategy that it has and We're living in a time of technology of digital of AI of people working all over the world of dealing with all these different Challenges to me a knowledge initiative. It's about a strategy That's hopefully coordinated for finding and using the expertise and the assets that we have So at NASA we had we lived off of programs and projects When we had things going well, we wanted to learn what was working When we had things that failed we wanted to understand what was happening into adjust So in the current environment our work revolves around ideas being able to be innovative It demands learning almost every year every month new capabilities that we need The knowledge initiative that we have is to look and help organizations and teams respond to the different critical issues Finding the knowledge that they have that's available discussing what's most essential for success and Then promoting ways to create new knowledge to share it across the system and to actually implement it and use it in a coordinated way, so it's basically a practical response to the challenges of how do we stay relevant and successful By using technology using data and mostly using people Thank you, Ed A key part of today's session is to provoke our thinking. So as Ed mentioned Our knowledge initiative is focused on the future of work So what we would like to share with you are some perspectives Related to the future of work and we are looking to you to engage with us with your thoughts Your ideas your questions and the challenges that you're facing in that particular space so i'm going to start us off by posing a A little bit of a provocative statement and that is that organizations are exploring how ai capabilities can help them improve project performance and more importantly to free project leaders for other value adding work So what does this mean for our skills as ai transforms the future of work? Larry tell us a little bit about what you're thinking about knowledge Well for one thing i'll answer your question first Ai will free up our knowledge much more than other technologies Knowledge is a soft technology. It's very disruptive, but it's soft. It's an intangible if you can't touch its feel it smell it You can see its outcome ai is terrific at reckoning at doing addition at spectacular feats like beating go masters Or seeing connections that are unknown to anyone else. It's helping very much with the kovid crisis But it is not knowledge It enhances the value of knowledge because it does things no human being could do But that still leaves open to us What knowledge does that ai can't do and i don't think ever will but certainly not in the near future which is judgment practical wisdom rich deep understanding context understanding cultural values There are a whole sweep of things that companies live and die by that can't be done by any machine that is still based on logic and rules That are programmed by a human being Is a famous technology essay, uh, excuse me philosophy essay called the view from nowhere And the author tom naco points out there is no view from nowhere. There's only a view from a person So i think ai frees up a lot of the knowledge capabilities of organizations, but it doesn't substitute for them That's the key issue. We want to say there's no substitute for human knowledge There are great tools and enhancers, but no substitute Thank you larry and ed. How about on change? Yeah, I think uh, you know, I spent most of my career at nasa organizations projects and uh You know, uh, fundamentally. I was pulled at the uh, Washington the headquarters level after uh, one of our disasters after the challenger's space shuttle Disaster and I guess in in in 86 And fundamentally you get pulled over there and the question is okay. How do we learn differently? How do we develop new project leaders capabilities? How do we uh, make sure that we're sharing what happened? Why things went wrong? How do we learn from what's most effective? So it became very clear to me that my challenge wasn't the technology or the discipline expertise We knew the things that needed to be done My problem was that I was located in washington And my workforce that I was trying to impact with this change of capabilities of learning of certification were spread across nine centers field centers And not one person there had to care about anything that I said I would go to the different centers saying we're starting a learning initiative. We're starting the nasa academy for program and projects And they would say oh, that's nice. Let me know how that goes And they didn't see any Why did they need to support these things? So change really is the foundation I think in many ways for how the learning has digitalization How artificial intelligence goes across an organization And uh, to me it's probably the most complex thing Because it goes against probably 100 years of how organizations have worked uh in the past When I started at nasa wasn't that long ago But the notion was is that you had leaders you had managers They told you what to do either did it or you left and I was informed of that when I first started It's a totally different world now. Uh, it's a world where we're constantly having to change new capabilities The dynamics of the world. They're changing new technologies new approaches new ideas new initiatives transformation is the Is all over the place and how do you bring that across an organization? and I'll close this part of change. What I found that early is that most change is managed wrong Most change was managed wrong. So my my education really was as a change Asian I went to columbia university. I got my degree in organization development To study in the management of change And I learned all these models and I learned all these processes and I learned to take people through phases I learned different tools And then I found out I would deal with people and they would say we don't have to listen to you literally they would say Why do we need to listen to you? and What I would say is that the tools and the technologies today And the different ways of supporting change are are important the models that we have But the essential solution is people It's the ability for people to decide they either want to support to change or they or they don't they want to work against it And that's why I think they say something like 70 percent of changes Uh, large percent of projects don't succeed And that's My experience is that we don't connect with the human element and we avoid emotions Which is the essential aspect of how change and ideas permeate an organization in the society Yeah, I think that's a great observation and as I do presentations. I have a slide which uh Has a bunch of people uh in a line kind of conversing with each other and it says that 70 to 80 of the challenges we have on our projects relate to people But 90 of what we're taught is about process is about tools is about artifacts. So We really need to remember that that projects are really about Bringing that collective intelligence to bear so that we can solve Difficult and challenging projects and produce something that's going to be of value So definitely agree with that and I just want to provide a little bit of background and context around this concept of how organizations are using AI and these disruptive technologies and then to put it in our current contemporary context to kind of set the stage for The opportunities for project leaders in this space or as we say at PMI for change makers because you don't have to be a Formal project manager to try and get new things done to try and bring a group of people together So this is really applicable for any change maker. So A few months ago. We had a strategic dialogue session with members of our global executive council So these are about 90 organizations from around the world that are fairly sophisticated in their project program and portfolio management capabilities and The individuals who sit on the council are responsible for helping to build and evolve that that capability within their organization So we were having a conversation around how project management can be impacted by the use of Artificial intelligence and data science and other disruptive technologies And one of the elements I shared with them in the presentation was how some organizations are using Small experiments to practice and learn and and get used to using the technologies to see how they work in practice And a couple of examples that I gave the council members really felt Illuminated both the opportunities and the challenges that they face. So one example was related to the federal university in Sao Paulo, Brazil where This one research institute within the university Had multiple projects and they found that their project scheduling Was not as adept as it could be. So someone had the idea of hey, we're researchers Why don't we see what the impact is of using? A artificial intelligence algorithm to develop a project schedule and why don't we do a comparison with Taking our best scheduler and having them also design a schedule on the same project And so they used the technology they developed the algorithm They practiced with that they refined it over time and then when they were ready to do the experiment They had all of the project elements identified And they fed that into their computer and at the same time they had one of their schedulers Use a work breakdown structure to actually develop The actual schedule for the for the project and what they found when they actually executed the project and monitored how well both the AI bot and the Scheduler had done the AI bot actually Was much more accurate in its predictions of how long it would take to produce the work And as they started to explore some of the reasons why that was the case They found a couple of things that were important number one is they found that the AI bot was programmed to look at How schedules had performed on other projects? so it was able to consolidate data and information from a variety of other sources and look at How the workflowed over time and where some of the issues and gaps occurred And so it was able to use big data and consolidate that in a way that it was able to analyze and develop A more realistic schedule, but more importantly The artificial intelligence component was able to weed out any optimism bias that an individual would bring An individual or the project team would bring into the process Which was really key because The AI was using objective information To try and develop the schedule whereas the scheduler was using their best estimate In engagement with others on how long do you think this work is going to take? so the key thing about this particular project and the research that came out of it was that AI can help take on Some non-value adding tasks that actually help the project perform better But that people aspect is always critical And in the second example that we talked about we used the example of alibaba in china Now alibaba is kind of the google for china And so you have people using this search engine to find information to access services, etc And the folks at alibaba realized that they were collecting a lot of data On questions that people had on things that they were looking for etc And as they started to mine the data they started to notice particular trends that represent it The opportunity to develop new products that would better meet the needs of customers And so here's where you have the human intervention So you have the data system telling you here's some things to look out for But then you have the people element on how do we actually use this data to bring about something that is going to Be transformative and help deliver value to people and so alibaba reached out to particular companies like lego toy manufacturer like eminem maris candy maker with their big data and their ideas and together they negotiated How can we use this data to help you deliver a new product? And how can we work together to get that product out to the market to the people who are really interested In that particular product or service and so working together They were able to accelerate delivering new products to market and once the products hit the market They actually had a much more significant success rate than traditional project products Because they were able to then target the product to the market that was looking for it So those are examples of how companies are using artificial intelligence data science and other technologies to think differently about One how do we do our work? How do we organize our work? But at the same time, how do we use this information to help us in that next phase of innovation to help enhance or accelerate the ability to deliver value to our customers Now since we did that session, we've been talking about other elements of Exploration that PMI can enable related to the use of these technologies And I was doing a presentation for a government agency in the uk Last week and and my colleague ed has also been having some engagement there and that in that engagement prompted me to think about something that COVID-19 has actually resulted in a Significant shift that I think is going to be relevant for the use of artificial intelligence in these disruptive technologies Because COVID-19 Shifted the way in which we work and it also shifted our reliance on different skills So we now have project teams that are sheltered in place. So you have individuals working from their homes Very few people are going into the office these days And so they're having to use these digital technologies and platforms to coordinate their work Now one would think in that kind of environment that individuals would be focused on you know, how How do these technologies enable us to manage risk better? How are these technologies helping our project? Our underlying project performance, etc. How are we tracking how we're doing? But in most cases from the leading corporations to the national governments The focus has shifted away from technical project management and more towards interpersonal behaviors because now we're having to check on each other and make sure that Not only are we doing the work, but how do we feel about the work? Are we feeling isolated? Are we feeling that we're still part of this? Connected team. How are we influencing each other? How has that been changed as a result of Now everything being done in a virtual workspace. So we're seeing More and more requests coming in from our organizational stakeholders Can you do less technical PM training and can you do more around these soft skills as well as How do we learn from experience? So how do we take the experience that we have in working face to face and change and adapt them for More virtual environments. So with that, I'm actually going to pass it over to larry To expound a little bit on the concept of knowledge and how knowledge plays a role here Okay, thank you, steven. Very interesting both of you About 10 years ago I was working for a firm that loved public publicity And I got a call from a reporter from the wall street journal and said gee you're doing a lot of work with knowledge Can you explain to me the differences between knowledge and data and wisdom and these other things? I said well, how much time do you have? And now now give me just in two sentences or so And I said well and much to my own amazement. I came up with An answer that became a meme. It went around the network. I'm going to share it with you because I think it works fairly well Let's say like steven you're preparing a wonderful meal. Steven's a great You're preparing a wonderful meal for some people you really like a lot The recipe in the recipe book the letters in the recipe the actual letters Or what data is Little bits that one put together makes sense, but data letters are data and they use that way The recipe itself is information Information is a message. It has a sender. It has a receiver You can't interact with it. I mean you can respond to someone sending you some information, but it's flat The flat thing you can't run anything without information, but it's not sufficient Knowledge is knowing how to cook flat out knowing how to cook It takes a few years if not more than a few to really become a good cook I can personally attest since I'm home a lot now and I have no other excuses I make some That my family eats And I hadn't really cooked much in my previous many decades. So I'm learning how to cook I still would not call myself a very wonderful cook, but I'm learning by doing Knowledge is learning by participation by act. It's an action verb. We just English didn't develop that way, but it is So knowledge is knowing how to cook Wisdom is marrying a good cook Case closed so People today are confusing Intelligence with knowledge Knowledge takes time to develop It's a difficult word again even in this space. It's a difficult word to define it has many meanings and many cultures But basically It's a collection of attributes that allows you to do something that someone without the knowledge wouldn't have And it's experiential more than it's anything else You can read 40 books on france And if you've never gone to france, you really don't have knowledge of france You can read many books on how organizations work and I know many professors in business schools do this They teach about organizational behavior, but they've never worked in any organization But a university and ed and I can happily attest universities are one of a kind Whatever they are they're different than commercial organizations or government agencies So it's a very different sort of animal than other things It's a different type of attribute on the other hand It's the basis of a competency both of you mentioned the word competency Which is a very good word Organizations are structured to do things. They have the ability to make something to design something to figure out a problem for you But it's a competency. They have The micro foundations of a competency are knowledge and coordination That's what organizations do. They coordinate people who have knowledge on how to do Mechanical engineering how to do all the project management. We've been talking about So if you don't follow the human dimension of knowledge with competencies, you can't base them on technology or rules What ai does is follow rules, which again All in favor of I think it's a spectacular An interesting subject, but it follows algorithm that algorithm is just a different name for a rule Knowledge doesn't do that people get intuitive leaps. They get inferences They get hunches all of this is based on experience and maybe somewhat what you read and learn It's a different thing The word intelligence generally means how well you adapt to your environment It really it's generally used that way it it emphasizes speed quick understanding and action It's a common word. We we all use it. It's like a cousin of knowledge But you can have intelligence without knowledge and you can have knowledge without intelligence believe I live near Cambridge, Massachusetts Very many people they have knowledge without intelligence, but we won't I'm sure you've all seen examples of this, but it's still a very useful word But it's a different thing. You can't expect intelligence to also stand for the things I mentioned before judgment You can't have knowledge without judgment. It just doesn't exist It's it's a misnomer intelligence doesn't imply judgment. It doesn't imply practical wisdom How all these actions affect others? affect society affect the organization Effect how people live it can't do that. It doesn't have empathy. It's not made that way. Maybe these things will all change but not soon Now what do organizations do I hear some of you think well, what are organizations do about knowledge? What are you guys trying to promote in the knowledge initiative and p.i? and basically there are really three things that i'm really Speaking in a very schematic way The first one is knowledge development No organization can any longer know what it really needs to know the world got too complex 40 percent of the global workforce have entered the global economy in the last 20 years india and china and vietnam and some other things All of these firms in those countries produce things have new ideas have at universities that are burgeoning You can't know enough. You have to therefore Borrow steal read create strategic alliances create knowledge networks But you have to look outside the organization NASA used to do everything themselves They finally when they built the space station and many other things work with other countries and other firms It can speak about this in all sorts of ways for good reason I've worked for other organizations that also thought they were the best and the brightest But no you can't be that anymore the world changed so radically. There's so much new knowledge being produced So knowledge development is not just funding an r&d department, which is of course very useful It's searching. It's learning how to share. It's learning how to be collaborative Those things can be taught It can be taught and you can understand the value of them. Although it's not a common activity. It should be The second thing that organizations do with knowledge is they embed it and embody it in the processes and routines of an organization It's not enough to have a great new idea And you sell that idea to your colleagues. You sell it knowledge is Ideas don't win in organizations because of their virtue. They win because they're well sold by people who have a good reputation But once you do that You want the knowledge to really be actually you want it to turn into intelligence So you have to embed it in the routines the programs the projects and the processes of the organization If it's a new technology or new soft technology a new hard technology It needs to be embedded and embodied in people through training and various activities organizations do And the last thing which is the hardest thing to do is what's called knowledge transfer Many of you in this audience. I'm sure work for firms that have global operations And it's very hard to transfer knowledge. It's not unless you can do Vulcan mind scans, you know, you can hold on to the thing Oh, I know what you know The knowledge has to be adapted You have to move the knowledge change it have it adapted by another culture by countries and that are very different than ours And by transferring it you have to turn it into information unless you go and teach it live, which people begin to do It's a tricky and difficult skill. I must say I've seen it Many organizations some really get it right the larger ones the larger firms that global operations are getting very good at this But they've studied it these things are not natural things. You can't just send A document to someone in Indonesia and you're in washington They may not make make sense to them. You have to adapt it You need to adapt it before you send it and the user needs to adapt it to their needs So those are the three main activities firms do development retention And transfer some of them do all three some focus on one some focus on the other a firm like mcdonald's focuses on Retention here's how you make the hamburgers. Here's how you run the franchise and it works intel does the same thing Some firms work purely on development a lot of consulting firms firms that sell advice a lot of the investment banks And any large firm any global firm has to develop knowledge sharing knowledge transfer techniques So the intelligence tools we're talking about which again are really fascinating and how they work Are still based on rules These activities that we're talking about can't be performed by machines These machines mirror the programmers the people who write the program which is again the only way you could do it The view from nowhere that there is no such thing We are stuck with ourselves And our advancement depends on knowledge and intelligence Are humans attributes For the foreseeable future that's all there is folks All right. Thank you larry very provocative very insightful as well Ed tell us a little bit about how all of this fits with change Yeah, no, I think it's perfect examples. And of course I've worked with larry for 20 years Changing and and impacting nasa. Let me start a quick story. I think that that kind of gives the example One of the things that we recognized while we were at nasa is that about 80 percent Of the projects and the missions taking place were international collaborations Which a large part of the work is done by different different countries And so one of the ideas was let's set up an international project management community Of all the different countries and nations working and it would just be to share knowledge So I presented that I talked to it. There was a real positive reaction There were some skepticism as some countries said, you know Why is nasa willing to share knowledge? And this is kind of a different approach, but it was it was going well And then we got uh, we slowed down. We had one of the senior leaders from a key partner in japan Was skeptical and things were slowing down a little bit I was getting ready to go on an international trip for something else not related to that And a close friend of mine. Uh, it was louis peach said ed If you're smart stop off in tokyo I said louis I'm not going anywhere near tokyo. Why am I going to he says if you're smart Stop off in tokyo and meet this person. Maybe have dinner if you can I said, this is guy. I got to justify to the government travel folks. Why they're gonna think I'm having fun in tokyo They're not, you know, anyway, I did what he said it added a lot of hours for this one day And I went in and I had 15 minutes with the senior well respected leader who everyone looked at in in the organization And about five minutes in he said You're here just to meet with me I said, yeah, I'm on the way to but yes, I'm stopping and he said, uh That's very respectful And I really appreciate this. It kind of stuns me. I don't think I've ever experienced out before From someone at at nasa united states. He said you will have the total support of my team And uh, basically we had that we basically came together and uh That to me is I think part of what larry's talking about the logic of of that change was we had our things laid out We had good ideas. We had spaces to come together. We had things laid out But the actual agreement to say Me and my team will totally support you came from that 15 minutes of of sitting down over tea and coffee And talking and that sense of respect and openness To me that's that's the part that is is the human aspect of change That in my experience to this day most organizations and teams They would talk about but they ignore they're not going to let that person fly that extra day to tokyo Even though it's going to have so much more value and benefit And so to me that's what I react on. I hear larry's notion of the development time the retention time the transfer It's inherently human and that's the only way it works All right. Well, we will jump into questions. We actually have about four questions here And we're going to start with one that says we keep saying ai But it sounds a lot like machine learning from past experience Is this the case or is there an ai that can analyze your projects available to us? So I'll take that one and I think on the first part The way that I'm reading the literature related to ai ai is a combination of machine learning But also data analytics particularly big data analytics. So it's the combination of the two together So that it produces options and potential solutions for project teams and project leaders to consider now on the second part Is ai actually applicable to projects As part of our as part of the outcome of our conversation with our global executive council PMI is sponsoring the formation of an ai knowledge network So that we bring together people in the project delivery community We bring in researchers and we bring in thought leaders that are exploring these issues to see if we can support in some way Not only the acceleration of ai and its application in projects But also it have the community that can share an exchange knowledge to help make that happen and to give you an example We will probably be reaching out to folks at price waterhouse coopers who produced a study last year that indicates in about three to five years There will be an autonomous project predictability analytics capability that will allow ai to actually manage small projects So if that's going to happen in the next three to five years We want to make sure that PMI is a part of that and so this knowledge network will help us Ensure that we're a part of that solution. So yes, there is that opportunity And PMI is trying to be on the forefront of making sure we can leverage that for the future of work Second question and this is perfect for you two gentlemen. How can we encourage knowledge sharing across an organization? What can we put in place to encourage knowledge sharing such as knowledge sharing workshops any other initiative? And to what extent would this become too bureaucratized? Let's do that that second part first. Let's talk about bureaucratization because we've talked a lot about organizations kind of going overboard on knowledge management capabilities So tackle that first. Who'd like to go first? All right, larry. I'm going to speak with ed's voice here We had this problem when ed was appointed chief knowledge officer And ed and I tried to work out. Well, how would we organize the whole effort of managing Or to somehow working with the knowledge that nasa has or needs? And how would we organize this office edge in washington? A lot of the centers They're not suspicious of washington, but they weren't exactly embracing it and they weren't embracing ed And we came up with a number of models that I think were quite Quite useful and one that really worked was a federal model Don't manage knowledge from a centralized position Manage it somewhat like the u.s. Manages itself through states. We have a federal model. There were 13 centers I don't know if that number is still right and each center had their own chief knowledge officer They knew what knowledge knowledge is profoundly local It's a local phenomenon people on the ground working there know what the knowledge is what they need And this way ed could coordinate those centers In such a way he can speak for them in washington, but he's not managing it I would say that's one way to avoid avoid that bureaucratization the first Knowledge project they ever worked in organization was for the world bank and they put in place a knowledge office And they tried to manage the knowledge of all the world bank employees who were spreading every bloody country you could think of And this is a crazy utopian fantasy if you think about it And it was a terrible failure everyone just it all blew up and it gave the subject the bad name You can't bureaucratize it. You can't centralize you have to work In a somewhat of a spider web federal model Manage the people who are really on on the ground as the army called it ground truth manage them Sorry ed. I took all your No, not at all I'm gonna use actually I'm gonna use your voice And say T T e a t This is actually a larry talks about this. This is work done by nonaka and it's also interesting that knowledge is it's so important It's it's approached different ways There's an eastern approach to knowledge is a western approach to knowledge Despite the fact that I spent my life in the west I prefer the eastern approach which is about conversation which is about coming together And the notion of t is really about eating and drinking coming together so that we're talking You want to create places and spaces? Where your people can talk together tell the truth disagree um Policy and standards are fine. You are essential. It's a part of the fabric of knowledge But it becomes a problem when people can't disagree and say hey that policy we have is we got to get rid of it It's not working. Tell me the story why and so t uh teach at columbia university Uh many of the best times are when we get together over dinner And because then people can get comfortable they can be human So eating and drinking and coming together Conversation one of our colleagues, uh, nancy dixon who's part of this podcast club coming up likes to say connection before content And it's so right we have to take the time to allow us to connect with each other to be social and uh, so so t Is is the way to promote the sharing of knowledge Yeah, and I think uh ed you and I learned from uh some workshops that we've done recently with some government groups that There's often a bias towards doing the work and not enough about Who we are and how are we going to work together and using our connective knowledge to develop our plans and to build in that element of Adaptability so that there's not only shared ownership at the beginning, but they're shared accountability In being able to move things forward and uh, we did a workshop recently For a government body and they came back to us and said, you know, it was really Kind of kind of a dull moment that you brought us together with other people in the government and we got incredible insight and how silly of us to Think that we're an isolated island and not realize that we have, you know Other people that we can reach out to who are in similar situations that we are who've dealt with similar Types of issues and challenges and why aren't we leveraging that knowledge when it's uh, as larry said it's local It's accessible. Uh, we can get together. We can have that tea in that cup. Well outside of covet time They have that tea and that conversation and uh and get engaged with each other. So You know, we're also seeing in that in this midst of uh, of not only covet but also As organizations look to change their ways of working. How do we re-envision? communities of practice so that instead of kind of stayed Efforts to push out information We actually bring people together to talk about how do you apply? information and knowledge in different contexts because as I'm learning how to Use agile tools and techniques in my work I'm gaining experience and I'm gaining knowledge and I'm gaining new capabilities That I can share with my colleagues to help them think about well Maybe your project is being managed in a more predictive way But maybe there are elements for which agile tools and capabilities might make better sense But if you if you're not learning from my experience and if I'm not sharing my knowledge with you Then we're continuing to I to operate in in isolated silos. So To larry's point about knowledge being social if we're not sharing it if we're not bringing it to our team environment It's not really uh, not really being used in the right way Wouldn't you agree? Yes, absolutely. Yeah, absolutely. Okay, Steve. There's a great metaphor People often look for resources the heaths wrote a really nice book on change called switch And they refer to this notion. I got it. I think initially from jonathan hate Who talked about the notion of the rider and the elephant? And the rider represents the individual who's got the logic the ideas the strategy for where the direction of this change But the rider is on top of this elephant And the elephant represents the total emotions Um, we spend a lot of our time thinking about the logic The and and we should uh the rationality the steps involved the strategy But if we ignore the elephant basically the elephant drives it the elephant represents the emotions And one of the reasons why we Ignored is we're afraid I think of of emotions. So that's a different subject, but it's a good. It's a nice book Uh, but the the metaphor that I love is the rider and the elephant you need both Uh, but the the elephant is the emotions. The rider is the the logic the strategy Very cool larry. We actually have a question for you. What happened at the world bank? What happened with that initiative at the world bank? The seller who ran that left and made a very fine career for himself talking about The world bank although he didn't perform much. I won't say his name. That doesn't seem fair But he's a well-known person They kept trying and they're still trying the problem the main problem with the world bank And I'm happy to say is that they have a different leader Every four every time there's a new president they only lead for I think four years And often we have a different president who appoints that person and they want to put their imprint on the bank So they change the knowledge management strategy. So to speak they want to do it this way that way So there's no consistent no consistency In what we're going to do about knowledge the bank is full of knowledge very knowledgeable people They work their tails off trying to reduce poverty. I have a lot of respect for them I work there as a consultant for maybe 15 20 years But nothing was built in permanently. I still think that's true although Ed and I both teach at columbia We have students who work in the knowledge department at the world bank And there's still a lot of problems there because of the turnover of senior management when a new director comes in he or she They get rid of people they bring in new people and they say what is this knowledge stuff? So it creates a problem. They're not one of the leading firms in managing knowledge because of that Very cool Someone raised the point of they like that concept of creating places where people can come together And they ask how can I help grow my skill set in this area? I think one thing you should do is Look up and read all your can about the Japanese word by b a a It's an interesting word. Try to you could find stuff about it on the web Bob means spaces where meaning is developed among groups of people And uh, you could learn a lot as Ed points out the Japanese very clever in many ways You can learn a lot by creating spaces Where people can come together and maybe discuss new meanings discuss new ways of thinking share what you're thinking Space is a deeply neglected subject when we talk about knowledge and how organizations work people yearn for it Covid non-covid They really want to have spaces where they could talk to their peers I mean, let me also comment. It's interesting in China. They have the term guanxi. Yeah, right same thing She is about the relationship the importance of that Uh, one of the things we used to do larry remembers at nasa. We would just create Uh, we'd call them training program. They were never training programs. They were sharing forums knowledge forums And we would ask a few project folks to talk about a project they were working on And we would say tell us about the problems you're dealing with tell us about the successful the innovations and 10 15 no slides Just talk tell the story of that aspect of that And they would do that and then for the next hour or so In in in the room people would talk about oh, I uh, that's an interesting idea Why don't we do more about that or I heard about this problem? This is how I would approach it or I don't believe your story. They would say I don't believe it But they would get into this discussion. That was one of the most successful things we did So, uh, in terms of building the skills, there's a lot of very nice, uh, material on stories the use of stories and organizations I would I would look at that and how do we start sharing stories or facilitating that? Uh, second thing is facilitation skills Uh, really facilitation is to allow others to talk and to share And then to keep the conversation going and the other thing I'll plug is, uh In in in terms of what Steve and I and a lot of we've been talking about this knowledge initiative We're starting it with networks networks around the future of work networks around AI which is People coming together to practice and to share their knowledge the wisdom and the expert theories So be a part of that see how it goes and see if you can take those things to your organization And it's interesting as I've been reading a lot of the literature around what happens to project leaders When AI starts to take over some of the core functions is kind of the same thing that i'm reading When I read about covet and how covet changed behaviors and leading teams that There's a need for greater empathy. So how do we have a deeper understanding of what our team members And our customers need so that we can deliver better solutions How do we leverage creativity? So how do we identify opportunities based on insights? That our customers that our team members can't envision or articulate at any given point in time How do we keep people motivated? How do we coach and help our team members so that they can give their best effort? How do we enable knowledge sharing? So how do we we're seeing a lot more? In terms of our knowledge initiative. We're getting a lot more requests for can you come and share? With our community of practice or our internal group on how we can do this better So people are looking for information To help them improve and adapt in real time and then related to change How do we use tools and capabilities to help individuals adapt to these new ways of working and? Engaging and delivering value. So it's not just about the technology. It's how do we? How do we work with each other so that we can move from our current state? To this desired future state where together we perform stronger And with that unfortunately, we are nearing the end of our session So i'm going to ask ed to do a summary of our session today Yeah, thank you. Steve. I feel like we've gotten started. I feel we can go for another few hours We can get together when we can someplace where we can talk and eat and drink a few things I think certainly come out a starting point is people Larry said knowledge Artificial intelligence is about ideas. It's about implementation profoundly social. It's about people So ask people for help pull them into things listen to their ideas But make sure they have a platform for their thoughts and their ideas to be heard and to You know to to be used A second thing I think that really came out a lot is the notion There's an opportunity COVID-19 has changed everything So organizations and teams and leaders are thinking about where do we go in the future? We've had major changes around the ability to work remotely the use of tools and technologies and apps And also an appreciation for the human element like never before So we should be exploring this whole notion of what do we want our teams and organizations to look like And be a part of pushing that process I think organizations my experience are most open to change When they have to be because there's a threat. There's a need. There's an issue We're in that period over over a period of time uh, I guess I would say the final thing of Is what this discussion others have had is the importance of learning about learning Never before in our history have we been at a point where learning just is constant right and We have dynamic capabilities that are changing by technologies by new apps by tools by new ideas by new leaders We're expected to change almost yearly with new approaches We have to get knowledgeable about learning. How do we learn? How do we share? How do we promote it at the individual level? At the team level and the organizational and societal level so developing learning capabilities I think is the third message that I've heard All right, larry take us home Well it's hard to really I think Ed summed it up very well I think if I had to basically sum up the thing we're talking about people are more important than anything else In fact Ed and I and a colleague Matt Kohut wrote a book recently which we published later in the year by MIT called humanizing project management that even in thing activities that previously had been seen as Best done by Gantt charts or some sort of rigid logical sequence Really would benefit greatly by using human tools soft technologies a la culture and knowledge And teamwork things along that line. I think that's really what we're saying here the three of us We all have different sort of work backgrounds though. Ed and I somewhat similar But if you ask a lot of people who've been studying work Studying how things are working especially kovat. You're right. It's a very interesting experiment god It's an awful thing But it gave us some interesting ideas that people really are the most valuable resource firms have been saying this forever But they never really practiced it until quite recently I have to say and I think that's what we're saying, you know Use the people find tools and ways to use people in a humane way It's the most it's the most expensive thing you have I mean if you think about you spend more on salaries than you do on any capital goods And very rarely do you use the capabilities of these people? And they don't because and they don't often have the infrastructure to contribute Which is what we're really talking about. So I thought it was a wonderful discussion guys. Thank you very much And thank you larry and uh, we actually have a comment someone loves your outfit and ask are you in the middle of snow? I'm in the middle of putting a new heating system for my basement And it still gets quite cold. I have a basement office. I'm very fond of it. It's lovely woodwork I'm happy with it, but it's hard to heat. I have to get a whole new heater for the system down here and god has removed My natural warmth for my head Thank you Well, everybody on behalf of the knowledge initiative and the bright line initiative We thank you for joining us for today's conversation around How to enhance your enterprises learning with emerging technology with my colleagues ed Hoffman and larry prusak We appreciate you joining us today. We also want to invite you to join us for our center stage podcast Which you can access through our project management Or pmi.org website Just type in and search for center stage and you will have a collection Of a variety of different podcasts on everything from artificial intelligence to resilient leadership To how do we actually unlearn? behaviors and processes etc That can actually hold us back in today's environment So visit us at pmi.org and look for center stage podcasts We also invite you if you're interested to join us for our center stage podcast club Which is a live moderated session which gives you an opportunity to interact with some of the Guests that we have in our center stage podcasts and coming up will be madeline blair and nancy dixon On resilient leadership For our next podcast which is scheduled for march the 13th So if you're interested in that, please visit project management.com and look for the podcast club And you can register for that activity and event And as I mentioned we look forward to coming back and sharing additional information With the bright line initiative audience on different aspects of the future of work So with that I will say that we are a wrap today Thank you all for participating and for your questions and engagement with us And we hope that you have an awesome day of learning. Take care everybody and have a good one


We have to study the collection, identification, mode of damage of insect pest of various crops, fruits, vegetables and households. In this activity we will study the different pest of different categories and their mouth parts, their mode of food, there are different mode of food like different mouth parts, insects.  So, their food is dependent on their mouth parts, every insect is specific to the food depending upon their mouth parts. We will study different categories of insects, first of all we will discuss the difference between insect and pest. Actually insect is belong to the phylum Arthropoda and we have studied the journal characteristic like body divided into three parts and they have three pair of legs and they have sparracles for respiration and they might be flying or non-flying and pest is the any living organism that is detrimental to human beings are other living organism. That means that pest have any living organism which human being or those living organisms are detrimental to them and it does not matter that insects are the pest, snakes are also the pest, reds are also the pest, so pest can be any living organism, it is not important that pest is the insect, although we are studying different insect pest because this is the subject of entomology, so we are studying insect pest. First of all we will discuss the colioptera beetles, first of all we will discuss the different categories of insect pest that belongs to colioptera, beetles, lapidoptera, moth and butterflies and then different insect pest of vegetables like aphids, caterpillars, cartworms, grass hopers and locust, thraps, weevils, mites and whiteflies, aphid. Aphid belongs to the family Aphididae and aphids are also known as plant loss, plant loss, green fly, black fly because they are there are variation in their color at some life studies they are green in color and then later they are in black color they are dependent on their species, so there are different colors of aphids and their names dependent on their morphological appearance. Aphids are actually soft-bodied insect and they are sap-sucking, aphid are very very small insect and their size you can imagine like the similar to the pin head, means aphids size is as small as a common pin head and we see them with lens help, we can see them with magnifying lens or in field or for study as you know insect body is divided into different segments like head thorax and abdomen and you can see different tube like projections on their abdomen.  At a time it is not necessary to have an insect attack, it can be a white fly, aphid, weevils, grasshopper, different insects at a time can attack the crop, so there are different colors in it and it stuns plant growth, stops plant growth because it is sap-sucking and when it is sap-sucking then lice will be tilled, there will be no photosynthesis, food will not be prepared, so the plant's growth will be stunts, it will stop and the virus will also transit diseases, different viral diseases will also be transmitted because of it and this deformation of leaves is done by birds or flowers, means wherever it will be attacked on the lower side of the leaves, then leaves, birds, flowers and actually it is soft-bodied and sap-sucking, its mouth parts are very delicate and it will always attack, on fresh leaves, fresh birds, new birds where the leaves of the plant are hard or the birds are hard or the flowers are dry then it will not attack the aphid, it has to sap-sucking and it will always attack the soft part of the plant so that it is easy to sap-sucking and its mouth parts are very delicate, it is so delicate that it cannot attack or sap-sucking hard parts of the plant and when it will not sap-sucking then that means it cannot survive, and actually it happens that when you see the leaves of the wheat, then on the lower side of the wheat, when the season of the wheat comes, then almost from the hot season first, what is there is that the attack of the aphid, when the leaves of the wheat are soft, the birds are soft, so the aphid attacks and the parts of the plants which are very soft and are not hard, so the aphid is its delicate mouth parts because of which the soft leaves or soft birds can sap-sucking and survive, this is its mode of infestation that how it attacks, as you can see the different aphids in the diagram and in the right side of the diagram you can see the different projections on the abdomen, these are the aphids that attack on the leaves and they are sucking the sap of the plant. Next category is the caterpillar, caterpillar commonly you can call as larva, caterpillar is the larva of any insect pest, mostly caterpillar is called butterfly caterpillar or moth, caterpillars belong to the order Lepidoptera, in Lepidoptera there are mostly caterpillars, in this there are moth and larvae, larvae stage is basically caterpillar, and mostly caterpillars are slendrical bodies and there are multiple segments, the legs are also in the abdomen, the true legs are not present in the abdomen, in the thorics the true legs are present, whereas there are several pairs of legs that are short and not true legs, they are present in the abdomen, as you can see in the diagram, in the white caterpillar there are few legs that you can see, there are three pairs of legs in the thorics and later you can see the pro legs, that are not the true legs present in the abdomen, on the other hand they have eyes, small eyes present, small eyes are present that function in the light detection, they can detect the light and they play role in different search of pests and their food, there are short segmented antennae and strong jaws are also present, Lepidoptera are also called as worms, they are also called as marrying worm, inch worm, silk worm and army worm, as in the keda of the ration, often you must have heard that is a silk worm and its scientific name is Bombex Mori, so these are worms and silk worm, army worm, marrying worm, inch worm, these are caterpillars and they belong to this category, they belong to Lepidoptera order, in addition to this, their mouth parts are also delicate and you can see munching of different caterpillars on the leaves, they can chew the leaves they are voracious feeder, they eagerly eat the leaves, the soft leaves of the plant, they are very voracious feeder, their food eats the leaves very quickly that is why they are called voracious feeder and they chew the leaves, like silk worm, Bombex Mori, this is the example of Lepidoptera, these are caterpillars, there are different instars, first instar is second, third, fourth, fifth instar and then there is death, butterflies these are the moths, before that they have larval stages, they are called caterpillars, on the stage of caterpillars, they are voracious feeder, their appetite is voracious, that means they eagerly eat the large amount of leaves, they eat very large amount of leaves, they eat different instars, after molting, death, young one, adult, or flying insect develops, similarly silk worm, Bombex Mori, after 5 instars, death develops, in which wings are present, so butterfly that is also death, you must have seen in the summer season, that flying large size insect, most of you must have observed that in your home, that are moths that belong to the any species of moth, these are voracious feeder, so these crops, ornamental plants, these are hardwood trees, or shrubs, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, those that cut down the young plants, those seedlings are the young plants, when we plant seeds, then the young plants, seedlings are the young plants, that develop from the embryo of the seed, the plant that comes out of the embryo, that is seedling, so these seedlings are damaged, apart from this, the climbing cutworms, the cutworms climb the plant, the stem, its leaves, the foliage, foliage means leaves of the plant, so the cutworms can move, and apart from this, they also roll the body, and apart from this, seedlings are mostly susceptible, the major attack is on the seedlings of the cutworms, they attack on the seedlings, their number can be very high, effectively, they can be physically removed from the field, meaning if you have a small garden or you have pots, then you can physically remove them, apart from this, different pesticides are also available, which when the cutworms are damaged on a large scale, if they are damaged on a large scale, then pesticides are there, we will only use pesticides, the damage is increasing, and the damage is increasing, before that, if we can physically control them, then we have to control the insect pex, and then we have to use pesticides when the economic law starts, when it is necessary to prevent them, to control them, then we use pesticides. Cutworms are general feeders, general feeders that attack on different plants, meaning there is no particular category that will attack the plants of this category, they are general feeders, and that wide range of plants, there are vegetables, there are beans, there are tomatoes, there are cabbages, and apart from this, there are other crucifers, which attack the plants of this family, the cutworms will curl their body around the stem, curl their body around the stem, and cut the stem there. Meaning, seedlings are young plants, like the smell of seedlings, now they are a few inches above the soil, so they curl their seedlings, their stem, when they curl, so if the plant's length is more, then they curl on the stem, and cut the plant there. And the plant will collapse there, because the plant is above the soil, it cuts the plant from the soil surface, and the plant collapses. So this causes serious damage. Their number can vary, that each year, there are different physical factors, there are abartic factors, because of which there are different conditions, that the number of cutworms in your garden can vary. As you can see, the cutworm in this diagram, and in the right side, the cutworm has curled his body. Next is the grasshopper and locust, these are very interesting insects. You have heard many times about the grasshopper and locust, and you have seen the grasshopper and locust at home. The grasshopper in your garden, you must have observed, there are little bit differences in grasshopper and locust, they are almost similar in category, but there are morphological and behavioural differences in grasshopper and locust. So we will discuss them in the same group, grasshopper, they are ground welling insects, that means they are ground welling, they are found on the ground, on the grasshopper or plant, they are found on the ground, not on the shrubs, those plants, on the soil, are mostly in grasses or in short length crops. So you must have seen the grasshopper there, that is why they are called ground welling insects. They are not even in foliage, they are found on the ground, and grasshoppers actually go through the incomplete metamorphosis. First of all, we will discuss the incomplete metamorphosis. Incomplete metamorphosis is actually when an insect hatches from the egg, it goes through the several nymphal stages and then develops into the adult. Incomplete metamorphosis may insect your nymph, when an insect hatches from the egg, different developed nymphal stages develop, and then the adult stage is developed. Actually, nymphal stages are the small variant of the adult. The difference between the adult and the nymph is the small variant. In nymph, you may see all those body parts, but only the size will be small, small variant of the adult. Apparently, it will be the same as the adult. It is not that after the egg, there will be larvae, there will be pupa, and then there will be adult. Nymph means that young ones are quite similar to their adults. In young ones, it is not that the adult is a moth or a flying insect, when the young ones are larvae or pupa. In this, the young ones are like adults. The fact is that they are only smaller in size. Actually, their size is smaller from adults. So here, there are incomplete metamorphoses. In complete metamorphoses, there are egg, larvae, pupa, and then adult. Here, there are incomplete metamorphoses. Mostly, they are in the ground and they have powerful hind legs, they are adapted. The hind legs are powerful for the movement. If they have any threatened condition, they can jump or escape from their predator. Grasshopers are closely similar to their locusts. There are few differences between locusts and grasshopers. Actually, the grasshopers can do small flights for shorter distances. Whereas, the locusts can also fly longer distances. We will discuss this in detail now. Another difference is that grasshopers are in the solitary phase. They are not in the form of the groups. Their threat level is not that high. In fact, they are little bit. Their threat is negligible for crops. They do not cause much loss. They are solitary and not in the form of groups. In addition, it is easy to disorganize them. They are not in the form of groups. It is also easy to dislocate them. Every grasshoper is spending his life in the form of groups. After some behavioral changes and environmental changes, there is a gregarious behavior. In different conditions, the locusts develop into behavioral changes. What is locust? Locusts are actually grasshopers. Locusts are actually grasshopers. The changes are that the morphological and behavioral changes are differentiated from the grasshopers. They are gregarious and characteristic. Locusts are gregarious in behavior. They are in the form of groups. As you all have heard about the locust attack in South Punjab, the entire district and region were damaged due to the locust attack. It caused damage in South Punjab on a large scale. The locust swarming caused great economic loss. Not only the fruits and grains that were damaged, the animals and the dairy that the locusts had to survive in the entire area were damaged. Locusts had destroyed all types of crops. They were only left with stems.   Locusts have caused great economic loss in South Punjab, Not only that, it damaged our crops. Apart from this, the fodder of dairy animals, which was their food, also damaged all those crops. So, not only that, it was relevant to us. In fact, it caused great economic loss in the dairy. It damaged all crops. And its leaves, the locus ended. And there, only the stem was left in the fields. And the stem was also totally dead. So, it caused great economic loss there. If the leaves were there, it would be photosynthesis. And the plant would prepare the food. So, because of this, it totally lost its farmers. Next, we will discuss how the locus attack comes in any area. The locus attack comes after the drought season. When there is a total drought, then due to the drought, the locus goes into a small area where there is vegetation. They swam on the vegetation. And then, they come back to a large area where there are crops. And where there is dense vegetation, they attack there. And what is swamming basically? Swamming is the movement in large number. When there is a lot of insects attacking an area, that is swamming. Attack in large number. When there is a lot of insects attacking an area, that is swamming of the insects. So, the locus attack in that area. And they bring eggs into the drought area. And after that, as soon as they get vegetation, they attack that area. And they cause a lot of economic loss in the amount. Actually, there are behavioral and morphological changes in their damage. Their wings are so strong that they travel long distance flights. And their legs are also strong. And their size is smaller than grasshoppers. Because they have two flies, so their size is smaller than grasshoppers. In grasshoppers, front wings are thin and tough, while outer wings are wide and flexible. While in locus wings are longer and they allow to long distance flights. And the locus are smaller than grasshoppers. And the locus female is larger than the males. And their size also varies during the swamming phase. Because in swamming, they have to do long distance flights. So, their size varies during the swamming season. As you can see the comparison of grasshopper and locus. Grasshopper is a little bit larger in size than the locus. And locus wings are very strong and they are developed to fly. Next category is the trips. Trips are very minute in size. Their size is mostly around the one millimeter. They are cylindrical in body and they have framed wings. Framed wings actually they have very minute wings. And a fringe wing means they have a large number of scales are CT present on the wings. When there are many scales or CT present on the wings, then they are the category of framed wings. Actually, a fringe is called when you make a boundary in a place like a lace, in dresses, in garments. So, here the whole boundary of wings is formed from CT or their small scales or CT. Actually, there are differences between CT and scales of the insect. On the insect's body, there are spines, CT and scales present. CT are longer in size and a little bit hard. When scales are smaller in size, then there is a large number of scales. The number of scales is more and the size is smaller. When CT is few in number and their size is longer, then the length is more. And spines are few in number. They are very hard, they are strong and they are longer in length. And the diameter of the spines is narrow at the end. So, insects, spines, scales and CT are all present. Entomologists that study the insects, they described about 6,000 species of thrips. As you can imagine how many species? 6,000 species in the thrips. That's why Arthopoda is the largest phylum. They fly only weekly. Their flying period is restricted. Their wings are feathery, unsuitable. They can't fly for a short period of time. And their unusual mechanism is not like other insects.  They flap their wings and flap their wings in a circulation pattern. They flap their wings and create pressure in the circle because of which they have a unstable circulation pattern. Their circulation pattern is not stable. In their lifting, they flap and fling in a flight. And they both move their hands at the same time. Similarly, their wings meet on their backs and in the circle, the mechanism of the lift moves their wings. As you can see the thrips, they have cylindrical bodies, as we have already discussed. You can see the eyes in the thrips that are visible. The next category is the weevils. Weevils are beetles and they are very common in the houses. You often have different grains at home. Other than that, we have cereals, grains. Other than that, there are other food items. Such as rice, wheat, etc. Other than that, we have cereals that are used in our kitchen. You must have seen that weevils are present there. Their size is very small, almost 6 mm. They are herbivorous. Herbivorous and they are nor the carnivorous. They depend on the grains and cereals. Approximately 97,000 species. Large number of species are present in weevils. In weevils, there are bark beetles morphologically. They are dissimilar and they lack the distinctive snout. Actually, weevils have snout present which differentiates the extension of the mouth part from other insects. But bark beetles have snout absent. Some beetles are closely related or bear the same name as weevils. Weevils are considered as the pests because their ability to damage different crops and grains. Large number of weevils are also very large. There are more than 97,000 species. They cause damage in crops, grains and weevils. Rostrum is present. As you can see in this diagram, on the right side, there is a black weevil. You can see a long snout in the front. This is the extension of the mouth part. This is the snout. Weevils rostrum are elongated snout. They are present in chewing mouth parts.   We will chew and not pierce.  When weevils chew, you might have seen that when weevils attack, you will see rice or wheat as a first pest. After that, you will see rice or wheat in grinded form. This means that weevils convert them into powder. They chew grains and convert them into powder. After that, a secondary pest attacks on the powder whose mouth part is not so strong that it can chew a grain. It survives on the same powder. Their mouth parts are strong. Mouth parts are used as a tunnel and then they are converted into powder. Rostrum has a groove in which weevils can fold. There are some types of weevils in which there is a depression or groove in which weevils can fold their antenna. As you can see, there are different weevils that attack on the rice in the left diagram. This shows a large image in which the rostrum is enlarged. Next category is the white fly. White fly, as you all have heard about the attack of white flies, white flies attack on the cross. This also causes white fly damage in large scales. White flies are hemipeterians and they attack on the undersides of the plant. White flies attack on the lower side of the plant. White flies attack on the lower side of the leaves and on the upper side of the plant. The upper surface of the plant is the foliage of the leaves. The surface towards the sun is cuticle so that the water loss can be decreased. On the lower side of the plant, there is a tomato and the leaves are soft. They are not exposed to the sun. The leaves are also soft. That is why they attack on the undersides of the plant. Their wingspan is less than 3 mm and their length is about 1-2 mm. This means that you cannot differentiate from the naked eye. You have to use magnifying lens when you will check the attack of white flies on the plants, on the garden, on the fruits. Their size creates the different issues in the control measuring practices. Their size is so small that it is very problematic to control them. Because of their small size, they get crossed with mesh. In addition to this, if they attack on the green house, their size is so small and if you use mesh of the crop, then any predator whose size is larger than them will not be able to cross. Because of this, their population will increase because their predator is not coming. Their mesh size, your crop is so small, there is a narrow diameter that no other insect can cross so the white flies cause great loss in green houses. On the other hand, some species are also called as jaint white flies. They have the size of about 5 mm. In white flies, there is the sexual dimorphism. In white flies, there is sexual dimorphism.  Dye mean two different? Morphism mean morphologically different shapes. Two different morphological shapes. When male and female are in two different forms, this is dimorphism. Sexual mean male and female. When male and female individuals are apparently morphologically different from each other, this is sexual dimorphism. Mostly when male and female insects are morphologically or physically look different from each other, then we feel that this male or female is another species. This is not the true case. These are the same species but they are totally different apparently. They are apparently morphologically different from each other but they belong to the same species. Actually, different morphologically different insects or beginners consider that this is another species and this is some other species. They are not the same species but there is sexual dimorphism. When you raiding of insects, then you grow them, then it becomes clear that either this is the same species or different species. Sexual dimorphism is present in them. As you can see, the attack of white flies is on the lower side of the leaf. Next category is the mites. Mites are small arachnids. Arachnids belong to the class arachnida or phylum atropoda. There are many differences between the insects and arachnids. So, we will discuss. First of all, their differences actually spider is the example of arachnida class. Mites are also belong to the arachnida class while butterflies and these insects belong to the insect class. So, insects or arachnids, they are totally different from each other. Mostly students consider that spider is an insect and butterfly is an insect. This is not the case. Spider is an arachnid while butterfly is an insect. Arachnids and insects have a lot of differences and they are totally different from each other. So, we will discuss their few differences. Actually, in insects, body is divided into three segments, head, thorax and abdomen. While in arachnids, body is divided into two segments only. That is cephalothorax and abdomen. In other words, you can say prosoma, that is cephalothorax and ofistosoma, that is abdomen. Cephalothorax means head and thorax is fused. Where head and thorax fuse, that is cephalothorax and this is also called prosoma and abdomen is also called ofistosoma. Whereas, insects, for respiration, there are spherical present and in arachnids, there are book lungs present. Arachnids have four pair of legs and eight legs present in arachnids while in insects, three pair are six legs are present in insects. Insects can be flying or non-flying, whereas arachnids are non-flying. There are few differences that separate insects and arachnids from each other. Mites are also very small and because of which they are easily seen from above. They mostly live in water. They are soil decomposers. They create different problems in the plants. They call the leaves different gauze. Gauze are the abnormal growths on the stem, on the leaves, on the birds and they are the predators of different other organisms. Their body is divided into two regions that is cephalothorax, prosauma and aphisto-suma are abdomen because this is the arachnid, this is not the insect. Segmentation is totally fused as you can see in the diagram in the mites there is no segment in the body. So cephalothorax and last one is the part differentiated into different segments while the body is fused. Next we will discuss as we have already discussed four pairs of legs and body is divided into different segments and there are different segments for different purposes movement, swimming segmentation have basically in movement, swimming helps out. Turgites are present on the dorsal side while secularites are present on the ventral sides of the body. Turgites are very hard covering that are present dorsally while secularites are present ventrally and they are also very hardened. On the other hand they primarily feed on the dead skin and dead skin that falls from different plants. They are present in the furniture, pillows, carpets on the other hand they are also present in mattresses. Mites can be found below the carpets but their numbers are more than that in mattresses and here bed bugs and mites can be present in your mattresses and can cause different problems.


The rookie quarterback out of Oklahoma previously, Alabama, will now be starting for the Philadelphia Eagles for the foreseeable future possibly we don't know yet, at least for this week against the New Orleans Saints, who more than likely will be without Drew Brees like we mentioned. But Jalen Hurts will be facing what is a top 10 defense in the Saints this week. Is this a good move or a bad move by the Philadelphia Eagles? He went 5 for 12, 198 yards, one touchdown and one interception versus the Green Bay Packers after Doug Peterson elected to bench Carson Wentz with the lack of success that he's been having not just for that game, but for the whole 2020 season. Hurts is now the starting quarterback for the time being when asking Doug Peterson his thoughts on Jalen Hurts starting for the remainder of the season over Carson Wentz. This is what Doug Peterson had to say. I don't have a crystal ball. I can't predict the future, right?  That's all I can focus is today and getting our team prepared today and getting our guys ready for Sunday. So he is not committed to Jalen Hurts moving forward past this Sunday. I want to hear from you guys. Do you guys believe that this is a right move by Doug Peterson by the Philadelphia Eagles to finally give Jalen Hurts an opportunity to be a starting quarterback this late in the season? Actually, as a matter of fact, this late in the season, week 14, is the latest that any Philadelphia Eagles rookie quarterback has started in their franchise history, at least from 1950 on because that's when they started keeping track of that stat. This is a good trial run. This is a good trial run to see what you got with Jalen Hurts. And I know a lot of people when Jalen Hurts was drafted were thinking, okay, he's going to go ahead and dethrone Carson Wentz for the starting job. But then there were many other people that said, no, no, no, no, no. Carson Wentz is still good. We still believe that he can play at that MVP level that he once was at. He just needs the right weapons. He needs a lot of these players to get back from these injuries. And a lot of that is true. It really is. And a lot of that did affect his performance this year. But at this point, week 14, it is time to move on. It really is. I made a video earlier this season that was talking about how Carson Wentz, first off, I was a flip flopper. I said that Carson Wentz, a lot of people are downgrading him. A lot of people are down talking to him. He just needs to write pieces around him and then he can be that good productive quarterback. And maybe that's still true. But then later on, I came out with a video after that Sunday night game, talking about him playing the Dallas Cowboys. He just made these throws that just did not look great. It looked like he was doing way too much to make up for a team that doesn't have much. Just interception after fumble, after not throwing the ball away and just costing his team eight yards from a sack and it's just causing them to turn it over or punt it and a loss of possession, whatever it may be. Carson Wentz was just slowly just adding on to the decline of the Philadelphia Eagles. And I really hate to say that. I really do because I'm a Carson Wentz fan. And I don't know what his future is going to look like. I don't know if he's going to get traded. A lot of people are talking about the Indianapolis Colts because of his connections with Frank Reich because he loves hunting. So Indianapolis, Indiana, you know, that's around that area. But I don't know what the future is going to hold for Carson Wentz. I don't know if he's going to succeed with any other team. But at least this year in 2020, from just what I see, it was time to move on. It is. It's time to see what you have in that rookie quarterback. A lot of people wanted this Wentz and Jalen Hurts combination to be like Drew Brees and Taysome Hill. How do you believe that Jalen Hurts is going to do for the remainder of the season? Because if we want to talk about the schedule and their chances of making the postseason because they're still in the running to win the NFC East, believe it or not, at three, eight and one being the record. The remaining schedule, New Orleans this week, they face Arizona, then they face Dallas, and then they face the New York Giants. Out of those games, is it a possibility that they could win maybe two, three? Yeah, I mean, you could beat Washington, you could beat Dallas, and if you pull off an upset against maybe Arizona, who hasn't been looking that great with a Kyle Emery shoulder injury that he's been suffering, has been leading to the decline recently for the Cardinals? Maybe, but it's not probable. So at this point, you're more than likely out, and I kind of see the thinking behind Jalen Hurts starting like, hey, we do have a chance of making the postseason, but what we need is more so a spark, number one, if we want to have a chance to make it. And number two, like I said, trial run. Just see what you have so you can make a decision on Carson Wentz and the $25 million guaranteed that he's going to be making in 2021. Leave your comments down below. I want to hear your thoughts. Jalen Hurts, is that the right move or not?


I would stand in those windows and watch for real estate agents to come by. And when I would go out there and say, hi my name is Minyan, I'm baking their sign saying, coming to my family says, good, you know, maybe they're just telling me that because they love me, but I'm just wondering, like, I'm talking really, really fast and they say, okay, where is it? Let me try it. And they would try it. And that was the first baffling thing for me. Cause in New Orleans, we're not eating from people we don't know. We're definitely not eating from a stranger. Sure. That walks up to us on the street, talking about a sign, you know, with product in our hand. And that's why I think this couldn't have been born anywhere else except for Nashville. That's pretty amazing.


Julia I am so excited for us to do this search together to like try to find out what we can know about this question and could you tell me again what the question is? Sure so what are the causes of anxiety and depression in college students? Okay so what I put in was causes anxiety depression college students in the one search search box. One search is our discovery tool that searches most of the resources in the library. So let's just talk about what we notice in this search and one of the things I notice is that there's almost 68,000 results. I notice that most of the results are articles but they also make a differentiation between newspaper articles and articles. I don't really know what that means. I noticed that 198 books come up. I noticed that this first page is 10 results but if I want to see more I can click that box for more results. I notice these little pictures tell me that these are articles although it also says up here article and I noticed that on this first page is only one book but I also noticed that almost that everything on this first page is available online which is great because you know that's our only choice. Does that also mean that there are full text or can we or yes. Can we take a look at some of these titles and see what we notice about our topic? Yes. The first thing I notice is this first article level of depression and anxiety among undergraduate students. So they're talking about undergraduate students, not graduate students, not professional students. I notice the second one is what to do when college is not the best time of your life. So this is directed at students because it says you're. On this one depression anxiety and academic stress among college students a brief review. I noticed that this one comes from the Indian Association of Health and when I read this little clip depression anxiety and academic stress among college students are a cause of concern. Every nation invests a lot of money on education. So the focus is really on money economics which I really wouldn't have thought when I was first thinking about this topic. That surprised me. Yeah, I wouldn't have thought that either. And then the second one is college students in China and look at this little clip here. Have us something something have a significant correlation with the psychological adaptation of college students in China. A significant relationship was found between the father's education and occupation and college students level of anxiety and depression. So it's a focus on the economic class level of the family. Again, that wouldn't have occurred to me that any part of this research would be about the economy. I think that's interesting. Yeah, let's look at the next one. Rumination and anxiety mediate the effects of loneliness on depressed mood and sleep quality in college students. What do you notice about this one? I think what stands out to me is that they mentioned sleep quality, which I guess I would assume maybe that relates to anxiety and depression, but I'm curious how it's connected or specifically related to what college students are experiencing with sleep quality. Let's see what happens if we go up and we change our search terms a little bit. Yeah, because I mean, I think I'm totally happy to keep looking through these. I think there's some that I might want to be interested in reading, but I'm just interested in what would show up if we change things like what would happen if we took anxiety out and we just searched about depression. Yeah, because one of my like branching off questions is specifically about how depression affects college students. Yeah, let's take a look. This one 147,000 results. Again, most of them are in articles, but look, there's so many in newspaper articles for this one. That's weird. Yeah, they're way more books this time. So let's take a look at this one. First one is an article. Second one is a book. Depression source book. Oh, this one is available at Shoreline Community College, which means this one's in print. And for our search, I want to keep it online. Yeah, I'm going to click on available online on the left hand side. Funny, it's the same book, but now this one's available online. That's great. We must have had two copies. That's cool. Depression source book, basic consumer health information about the symptoms, causes, and types of depression, including major. This is the longest title I've ever seen, but it's like there's so much in it. I wonder if this would be good to learn sort of general information. Yeah, definitely. I don't know why this one is showing up. Maybe this would be the perspective of a teacher who teaches depressed students. Perhaps, yeah. And that might be interesting too. I can see myself being very interested in what do you do if you're a teacher and you realize your college student is depressed. Yeah. Maybe. What do you think? You don't look so interested in that. Yeah, I don't know. I think it doesn't have to do with the, it has to do with students, but it's through the lens of other, through a teacher, which I don't know if students necessarily would want, like, I don't know if I would want to learn about myself through how my teacher sees me. I'd rather kind of learn about either through other students studying students or maybe somebody, somebody who's coming at it from a different lens because I think, but it could be, it could be interesting. I just think it might be getting too far away from the, my original question, which is the causes, what causes depression for college students or what causes anxiety and depression. So just to recap, the kinds of things that you and I just did were we tried out some different keywords to try to get some answers to our question or at least to see what, what are writers writing about when it comes to this topic. We really noticed whether we were interested in an article. We really noticed whether we thought we would understand the words in the article and in some cases we really tried to understand the title of the article before we automatically decided not to use it. Right. Right. And then we talked, we, just in the conversation, just in the reading, I think we started getting some clarity on what questions we're really interested on, really interested in. Right. Yeah, I think, yeah, we paid a lot of attention to looking at how do changes in keywords change the search results too. Yes.


The action is ensuring that affected population, in this case Rohingya, are in the center of everything that we do. Their needs, their rights are accounted for in every other action in the field. We do general protection case management, child protection, GBV, so services for GBV survivors and prevention mitigations or mitigation of gender-based violence risks, and counter-trafficking, identifying risks of exploitation and mitigating risks of exploitation. Provide psychosocial counseling, psychosocial needs referral for emergency services, medical health. We are setting up safety spaces for women and girls inside of us. We are setting up safety spaces for women and girls inside of us. Protection team provide today 1600 solar light, for most vulnerable people, actually previous we gave the token and find out most vulnerable women like pregnant, single mother, adolescent, unaccompanied, adolescent girl, and they already came and received our solar light. So having solar lanterns, women who do not, due to different cultural sensitivities, they do not use latrines during the day, so for them the only option would be nighttime. And having solar lantern helps them to feel safer when they are leaving a shelter and going to the latrine during night. So that would be the basic purpose of it and the basic safety for women and girls.


Hello everybody. Andrea here. So I have been whitening teeth for about 18 years now. So since I was 19 years old, both in dental offices and now I have my own business where I whiten people's teeth in their home. Mobile teeth whining is an amazing thing because you are adding that convenience into their home. And everybody I talked to all of my new clients, they always say to me, I didn't know that mobile teeth whining existed. I heard from this person or that person or I saw your post on Instagram or Facebook. And I inquired about it and this is the best thing ever. So if you are a teeth whining technician or even thinking about becoming a teeth whining technician, these are some things you have to know in getting clients. What if you have a business already?  It might not be as simple as you're not marketing properly. You're not advertising properly. Maybe you're not active on social media because these days you do have to have a social media presence. But it's so much more than that. I find those clients who are not successful because I do teach. I do teach teeth whining training. So if you're thinking about it, let me know. And I teach all of this inside my course. People that come to me from different courses and they say to me, I took a course in teeth whitening, but I'm not successful. It's been six months now and I have maybe two clients in total. What am I doing wrong? So let me help you with that a little bit. As I said before, it's not always as simple as well. Are you on social media? Are you on Facebook, Instagram? How many posts are you consistent? There's so much more to it. And that includes how are you talking to your clients? What does your medical history look like? What do your consent forms look like?  If your clients interested, you talk to them and then they mysteriously don't return any of your messages after that. Or do you book appointments and then your clients don't show? Or is it because you are getting clients, but then they don't want to follow up appointment? They don't come back six months later, you never hear from them again. So you wet in their teeth once and that's it. Are you telling clients that you are accepting new clients? Please send any referrals your way and then nothing ever happens. So I like to ask questions to everybody who comes to me needing help. And that's the nice thing inside the Whiting Pearl Academy course is there's a full business course included. So all of my tips and tricks on how I've been successful for the past 18 years, I teach all of my students inside that course. So let me just kind of go through that a little bit. And if you want more info, contact me absolutely. So as I said before, and I think this is my third time now not to sound like a broken record. But it's not always as simple as me asking you questions like, do you have a business page on Facebook? Do you have a business page on Instagram? If you feel like you're doing everything right, but nothing's working, you're just not getting clients. It could be how you're talking to potential clients. When somebody reaches out to you, are you friendly? Are you short with them? Do you make it difficult for them to book appointments?  And you tell them, ooh, my next appointment is in three weeks time because you just don't have time with family stuff. You're busy with something else. Is that the problem? And then you never hear from them again. Or is it they're asking you when your next appointment availability is, but you're just not being friendly? Oh, I have tomorrow or Friday. And then you never hear from them again. It could be how you're talking to your clients. So what I suggest is any potential client coming in. Answer any questions they have, no matter how stupid. Answer any questions they have in a very friendly tone, but then don't just leave it at that. After you're talking to them answering questions, say, when can I book your next appointment? I would love to see you. That's very different than saying to them, if you have any other questions, let me know. Let them know you want to see them. You're excited to meet with them. Let them know. Come up with a discount on the spot. Say something like, well, right now, if you bring a friend to your teeth waiting appointment, or if you refer a friend, you can get $20 off. Is that something you are interested in? You know, make it inviting. Make it exciting. So they come to you and nobody else.  Say, I am the only mobile teeth waiting technician in the area. I have openings next Tuesday or this Friday if you wanted to at this time. I also suggest making yourself sound busy. There's nothing worse than telling a client, oh, I'm available tomorrow, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Don't take a time anytime. That might not be a bad thing, but potential clients actually like to know that you're not available 24 seven.  Okay, well, I guess think about it. I will wait to book maybe, maybe not. Maybe she's not very good because she's not busy. People do think of these things. So there's such a thing as being too busy and making it hard for clients to book. There's another thing of being too available. I know you're probably getting overwhelmed already, but I could help you guys. Okay, so try those simple things first, and you will be booking clients. I have lots of more tips and tricks inside my whitening pro Academy course because there's one thing to learn how to whiten teeth with a proper course and be certified. But if you have no business skills, if you don't know how to talk to clients, that teeth whitening certificate that you have means nothing and you won't get clients. So the link is down below you guys at white teeth school.com. If you have any questions, let me know because enrollment is now open. Teeth whitening training all online help buy me 24 seven. This is what I do and I love to help people have their own successful business. So reach out to me you guys. Thank you for watching. Click like if you like this video. I hope you like my Halloween shirt. It is the season and I will talk to everybody soon.


Welcome friends to this very new and exciting course called English for Engineers. I am your instructor Ayesha Iqbal Vishamohan. I am a professor of English at Department of Humanities and Social Sciences here at IIT Madras. This course as you know is part of IIT's initiative for distance learning the NPTEL program. So, what is this course all about? As is written on the board this course titled English for Engineers is going to entail the four important skills of the English language. Listening, speaking, reading and writing you are also going to get or become familiar with the nuances, the sub categories of these skills such as report writing, presentations, writing an essay, taking down notes, grammar, vocabulary also various other writing activities and reading comprehension activities that you may require on a day to day basis. So, in other words you will learn how to communicate in everyday classroom situations. Essentially the course is for those who are doing undergraduate studies in engineering sciences. However, those who want to improve their overall communicative abilities will also stand to benefit. Apart from the essentials of grammar and vocabulary the course will help you with effectively communicating ideas and expressing yourself in various oral and written situations. You will also learn reading comprehension and skills such as skimming, scanning, note making and summarizing. You will also learn the structure and presentation of formal letters, emails and also research and construct a CV that is designed to meet the requirements of a particular job application additionally. You will learn how to prepare a successful presentation, thinking about your audience, organizing the structure, making effective use of visual and other aids and deliver the presentation. You will learn how to write academic reports, the structure of a report, making appendices and bibliography. The course will also teach you about writing essays and papers. As part of this you will learn how to generate ideas, research, structure your materials, use quotations and references etcetera. The course duration is 20 hours. You will be tested on the basis of short quizzes, multiple choice questions, fill in the blanks. So, by and large there will not be any essay type questions. However, there will be short type, short questions and for which you will have to submit answers. We are going to tell you the process of submitting answers online once we start the course and start giving you the assignments. So, thank you very much. We look forward to having you with us on this course.