Welcome to The God Project by William J. Eisenman, D.D. And the title of this reading is God's Economics Versus Capitalism. In America, a lot of people treat capitalism as if it were a religion. They also see it as a bedrock of our democracy. If one steps out of line and dares criticize capitalism or offer a better way, one is called a liberal, a pinko, a commie. Yet, red china today loves capitalism and is totalitarian. Capitalism hasn't led to democracy there. Capitalism is not God ordained. Capitalism simply exemplifies the way of Git, which the Bible makes clear as the way of Satan. In the Greek, God's love is described as agape, agape or agape. And God's way of life is the way of give. It is clear that the capitalist system breaks God's law. Our capitalist system is built on credit. In the millennium, there will be no credit. There will be industry, money, technology and much more, but there will not be famine, starvation or poverty. There will be universal prosperity. In the millennium, there will be no militaries, prisons, police, security systems and worthless government programs. In the millennium, wealth will not be misused to enrich the few at the expense of the many. There will be no stealing, lying or company. All will be based on the giving standard. There will be a fixed standard of values and values will never change. There will be no speculating in commodities or gambling on other people's abilities. Commerce and money will operate on an international level, the same in all nations. There will be one language. God's system involving money will be stable. No fiat currency. In the world tomorrow, there will be no stock markets, world banks, centers of finance, insurance companies, mortgage companies, loan companies, no credit and no time payments. Wealth will be determined by assets, not money in the bank. God's economics does not allow for some to make gobs of money off the labors of others. Each person will be rewarded fairly according to his work. People will purchase only what they need and only when they can afford it. In the millennium, there will be no interest payments, no usury. And as stated earlier, no credit. God does not like usury, Deuteronomy 23 verse 19. You shall not charge interest to your brother. No interest on food, money, anything that is lent out at interest. Verse 20 promises that God will bless those who obey. It is clear that credit card companies do not obey God. God forbids charging interest to the poor or anyone. This would include student loans. In Nehemiah 5 verses 1 through 12, even 1% interest is condemned. Only foreigners can be charged interest to prevent them from taking advantage of God's people. Leviticus 25 verses 35 through 38. How much interest are your credit card companies charging you? Our banking system is built on usury. God does not want people borrowing money. Interest takes money from the poor and gives it to the rich. So there is the answer as to what is wrong in our economy today. There will be no corruption in government in the millennium, because there will be no humans ruling in government. Only Jesus and resurrected spirit beings will be in charge. In the millennium only worthwhile enterprises will be allowed. There will be no grants or subsidies. And there will be a conservative republican dream come true. There will be no taxes. But there will be a universal tithe of 10% to carry on the work of God. Everyone will own property, microphone, verse 4. Families will become stronger and more united. Communities will become more social and more interdependent. God's economics provides a jubilee, where once every 50 years all debts, private and public are canceled. The litic is 25 verses 8 through 16. Also land that was bought must be returned to the original owner. Property values go down according to how many years remain before it must be returned to its original owner. This does not allow for speculative land development or property inflation. Families will develop their own land, not developers. God's economics provides for a perfect ecosystem. Liticus 25 verses 1 through 4 and 20 through 22. Also the land Sabbath will be honored. Land will be rested in the seventh year. Ezekiel 16 verse 5. What the Bible makes clear is that human economic laws are contrary to God's economic laws. Our capitalist system is in no way God-ordained with all these criticisms coming from God's mouth. Is it possible that right-wing Christian Republicans might see the light and repent of their wrongdoing? Or will they call God a liberal, pinko, an economy? The end.


Thank you very much, Nicodin. Good morning to every actually good afternoon, but it still feels like the morning It's a pleasure to be here, and I thank Thierry de Montbrillard for the invitation Future of trade, it's a very large subject, of course, so I would like to make comments on three really areas or three forces that I think will shape the future of trade Of course, there's a certainty in what I will say which should not be there at all the first Area is it rejoins really what was said in the last panel on artificial intelligence and in particular by a Mars Wood Ahmed and That is that I think the that advanced Manufacturing technologies are going to radically alter the nature of trade relations in the future I'll take what he said and put it in a In a trade context I think if you go back to the Uruguay round and that is the multilateral framework that we have at the moment One way of looking at that round is that the basic deal underneath it was that the developed countries would Give more increased access to their markets with the consequence that jobs in low technology labor intensive industries would be offshore and In return for that the developing countries would protect the conceptual input to production namely intellectual property and That I think shepherded it was not the only reason but it shepherded this enormous growth in global value chains that we've seen particularly in the 90s and the 2000s and if you look at those global value chains Arguably the greatest value lies in the pre manufacturing and the post manufacturing that is in the design and conception and research and development and In the marketing branding and distribution and not in the manufacture now with advanced manufacturing technologies robotics artificial intelligence sensors and additive manufacturing I Think that we're seeing the possibility of the recapturing of manufacturing by industrialized countries The example was given of adidas where adidas will have the capacity to be able to manufacture instead of using factories in Indonesia or Vietnam or the Philippines That's I think That possibility technological possibility is joined by a political will which we are seeing expressed either to recapture Manufacturing and I don't think I'm not talking here about the Trump administration because I think the Trump administration is more old Economy and not new economy and when he talks about recapturing manufacturing I think he's talking about traditional manufacturing and not new manufacturing But we see a very I think Deliberate view that actually one of the reasons for recapturing manufacturing is because innovation follows Manufacturing and that is a good reason to preserve manufacturing capacity I think we see that also in the case of China very much With its strategy on artificial intelligence its strategy on manufacturing In this case, it's not recapturing manufacturing, but preserving manufacturing and this of course is going to Have a radical effect. I think on the nature of trade relations in the future And I'm not sure it's being addressed it of course Means that there will be increased in pressure on pressure on intellectual property That pressure was all already there for the pre manufacturing and the post manufacturing because you're talking about patents and designs and branding But it will also carry over I think into manufacturing in the future And this will be a major political issue The second force that I would refer to really is the whole digital economy Of which the digitization of production of which I just spoke is only one part But the whole digital economy and in particular data now It was said in the last session that algorithms are really the most important thing and that They are certainly important, but I think algorithms are nothing without data and data is The I would say suggest the oil of the new economy There is increasing value in data both in the conception stage in new business models for Distribution right across the production process and it's created the beer moths With which we're all familiar Google Facebook eBay Baidu 10 cents Alibaba and so forth And I think if you look around the world now You see that governments are struggling to know how to deal with both data and the enormous Enterprises that are built on the basis of data. There is a confluence of Policy approaches that come into question. You have privacy security data location taxation competition ownership Let's not forget and trade all as perspectives And I think one of the characteristics of the data economy is that it doesn't respect of course the Architecture that has been put in place for trade relations in the past and I don't see this really being addressed I know the WTO is addressing e-commerce But I think if I may say it's a larger issue And we are all struggling with policy approaches to data That really requires I think a fundamental rethinking of the system And I fear that we no longer or we do not have at the moment the capacity to undertake that Fundamental rethinking and we don't have that capacity because first of all it concerns competitive relations which are becoming more and more difficult Secondly internationally the the asymmetries in technological capacity are simply enormous and that creates a difficulty in being able to address questions and Thirdly, and I think perhaps most importantly the speed of the development of technology these days is such that it far outstrips Institutional capacity to respond and this is true at the national level and it's even more true when you come to the international level So then let me just make my final point Which is that I think there will also be in the future a new model of trade relations or it's actually in the present That is being pioneered by China so we've spoken a lot in the course of the conference about the vacuum that is being left by the policies of the current Trump administration But and that's that vacuum is creating an opportunity for many countries and in particular China to move into the space But I don't think that if I may say That China will move into the space in the same way or with the same model of trade relations and in this respect I would invite you to consider for example the difference between the Transpacific partnership as one model and the built-in road initiative as another model very shortly, I think the difference of the model is infrastructure as against accords or agreements and I think it's broader than change Traded applies also to development So if you like in caricature the old model is here are the rules comply and the new model is here is the road trade And I think this is going to have major institutional Or consequences for the institutional architecture. I Would not wish to be thought to be suggesting by that that China is not a fully engaged member of the current Multilateral system. It is absolutely fully engaged, but the model For the future may be slightly different. Thank you


I want to thank the students, Larissa, Kyle and Connor, who put all of the wrap-ups together. They're behind the scene working hard. Don talked about the possibility of increased photosynthesis, showed in tobacco, which is one of the most genetically studied plant for historical reasons. And the question is, can it be used in food productivity? And that's its work in progress right now, but it's quite promising. Then Joe talked about not only the challenges, the scale of the challenges, but also the opportunities of new technology, biotechnology. And we are arguably living in the Golden Age as a biology with gene editing tools and other things coming on board. And so the question is, can we use these tools and our scientific understanding to address the issue of food and agriculture and thereby carbon as well? Gretchen talked about a framework, economic framework of valuing nature and how do we not just talk about GDP, but looking at broadly of using data and science to be able to quantify the value of what the natural resources are in gross economic product, and which has been adopted, where some countries should be widely adopted beyond just Costa Rica, China, and others. And Larry talked about carbon pricing and the various implications of that, what the value ought to be, and what the implications are of the price of carbon on various aspects of sequestration. And we also, in our discussion, talked about the socio-cultural aspects and what that could be, the heterogeneity of that around the world, and the use of behavior in making these decisions. So the research needs identified. I'm not going to go through the details. What was very interesting to hear is that in the Green Revolution, the photosynthesis was not directly addressed. And there's capacity out there to improve food productivity and thereby influence in agricultural land was as far as free land, et cetera. And so there's an opportunity out here that needs to be done and some co-benefits coming out of that. The integration of biology, engineering, data science, it's arguably in its early days right now. And there are a lot more that could happen. And then looking at the social implications of these challenges, we talked about that, and the designing a fair carbon pricing policy, and not just on a domestic level, but how do we address that internationally if there's a carbon price? Can we take the revenues and distribute them so that there's a global benefit coming out of that for those nations that are not as well-developed? And so the take-home messages are the following. Improving photosynthetic efficiency presents useful carbon mitigation strategy if it can be applied to food productivity and thereby influence the brisk and charts that we talked about and avoid forest conversion. Integration of biology, engineering, data science present new opportunity, and it needs to be harnessed to address the climate mitigation potential. Data science is promising and informing technology and policy decision as we heard from Gretchen. And there's lots of room out there, as we also heard, in some of the changes in agriculture and food habits. Carbon pricing cost-effective way to produce, promote carbon sequestration. And the question is, can we get to the right values of carbon price that can actually make a difference, make a dent? And I think one of the things that we all learned, and Shafiq pointed this out, system level thinking is critical in evaluating both the technologies and policies. So I think I'm wrapping up exactly on tying 1055. And so let me hand this over to Sarah. Wow. Well, thank you, everyone. What an amazing three days we've had. Thank you all for joining us. I've been so impressed with the information that's been shared, the dialogue that we've had, and of course, the challenges that we've got in front of us. In closing, I would again like to thank all of the wonderful speakers and panelists over the last three days. I'd like to thank our organizing committee, Ajay Mehta from Shell, Shafiq Jaffer from Total, Jennifer Millen, Richard Sassoon, and Maxine Lim from Precourt. I'm also going to point out, again, the students and post-docs that were working in the background, Connor Nolan, Kyle Hemmys, and Larissa Kunz. They were actually working behind the scenes in real time, summarizing key findings and future research needs. And their work was incredibly useful as we prepared our opening and closing remarks each day. And then, of course, I'd like to thank the Strategic Energy Alliance, Stanford Carbon Removal Initiative, and the Precourt Institute for Energy, and the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment for sponsoring this event. In terms of follow-up and next steps, all three days of this workshop were recorded. And our intention is to make the recordings and the presentations available on a website in due course. And we'll send you an email when they are available. We're also going to be sending out a survey later this afternoon to get your feedback on the workshop It's really easy survey. It's just two questions very quick. So please take a couple minutes to fill it out because that feedback will be incredibly useful as we plan future events. And finally, we plan to write up some of the findings and especially the identified research opportunities in the form of a white paper. So that's still planning and in progress, but definitely stay tuned for that. And on behalf of the Organizing Committee, as well as Chris Field, Sally Benson, and Arun Majumdar, thanks again for your attendance and participation in this workshop. We had a great time. Thank you. And before we forget, can I take this opportunity on behalf of Sally, Chris, and the whole team to thank Sarah for being really the quarterback for this whole workshop. Thank you so much. I know you have other things on your hands and we really appreciate your hard work in putting this together and also to Maxine and Jenny for helping out. Thank you so much, Sarah. Thank you, Sarah. Yeah, thank you, Sarah very much and the whole team. Yeah, Jenny and Richard and the benches deep. So thank you.


on the ground, presented by theCUBE. Here's your host, Jeff Frick. Hi, Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We are on the ground at the RSA conference, 35,000 people, Moscone is packed. I think for the first time in all the years I've been coming to Moscone, I actually had to park on the top of the parking structure, which has never happened before. But security's obviously big. Security's baked into everything. We're excited to come up and take a look, see what's going on. And we're excited to be joined by our next guest, Omron Shahar, co-founder and CEO of SpotInst. Welcome. Welcome, how are you doing? Absolutely. So you have a very interesting company you're excited to learn more about, so for people that aren't familiar, give them kind of the overview of the company. Yeah, so we are SpotInst. We are a Tel Aviv-based startup. We're just in a relocation transition to the Bay Area. We have a very interesting product, which is allowing cloud customers to achieve significant savings over their cloud infrastructure. So a little bit more. So how are they savings over their cloud infrastructure? That seems kind of vague. We'll jump right into it. We were talking a little bit off camera. You basically have an efficient marketplace for excess AWS resources. Did I get it right? That's right. We're helping both customers and cloud providers to better engagement and get the resources more efficiently by buying from excess capacity that AWS has to offer, like helping the customers to get it in low prices in full availability. Okay, so this is interesting. So we have Jason on all the time from cycle computing. He's actually probably one of your customers, or should be one of your customers. He buys excess computing to do really big batch jobs, really big test jobs for his clients. Like I think the example he uses is HGST doing lifetime cycle testing on hard drives. So he would be your customer, right? Cause he's buying that excess capacity. Yeah, of course. And you know, I think that the thing is not only to bring excess capacity for these kind of workloads, not only for batch processing or large offline processing, the real news that we're bringing is like bringing the excess capacity for the online, for the production and mission critical application. This is our expertise and this is what we're doing for AWS customers.  So where does spot fit in the economics of kind of sustained ongoing mission critical workloads? So I think everything is like a matter of how hybrid you are. Like you need to be hybrid and buying your own set of resources and then use the excess capacity of the cloud whenever you can. And this is essentially what we're providing to customers. Like we run them on their regular compute capacity but whenever we can, we seamlessly migrate them to excess capacity, lowering their cost, slicing the cost and giving them more performance and more stability to our application while, you know, doing it at high scale at low cost. Okay, so either to move excess capacity just because it's cheap. So it's kind of like buying from a different utility source when there's cheap electricity here versus there or is it really kind of spikes in demand on those core workloads? Exactly, so basically what we're doing in the market, the market is really based on supply and demand and you never know what's going to happen in the next few days. So by buying for behalf of customer, we're making this market more efficient. We look on AWS access capacity and then we match the demand with the capacity to make sure everyone is enjoying from this efficient market getting low cost services while getting full uptime on their compute capacity. Okay, and so what does AWS think about you guys? So AWS really loves us. They're referring customers to us. We're helping them to improve the core of growth because we can bring more use cases and more people to use more services on AWS because you know how it is. The more efficient we become in consuming a resource, the more of that resource we consume. This is how it works. Okay, awesome. So let's talk about some of your customers. You said you have over 100 customers. What kind of verticals are you guys playing in? So it's essentially all over the place. We have customers from the financial verticals, also from the attic verticals, like the Israeli Unicorn Iron Source, which is more than $1 billion company, managed to save over hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to get with Spottin's platform. So we are very happy to help also from the cybersecurity area. We're hoping companies for the cybersecurity to protect within us attacks of their customers. So we're happy to be all over the place. It's not a specific vertical, but we can offer for every company that needs more compute power and more performance to get it very easily and efficiently. Okay, so you just shared one example, specific customer example of an ad tech company. Any other examples that you'd like to showcase of people using your service to save a lot of money? Of course, from the financials market, we have Yodly, U.S. based Yodly using us, and also Celebrite from the cybersecurity using our platform. Many of the customers also are joining from, enjoying from working with us, mainly companies with a lot of internet traffic, whether if it's ad tech or cyber. So both vertical are very common when working with our platform. Okay, so we're at the RSA conference, security, security, security, all about security. So from where you sit and kind of the evolution of perimeter of security, what are you seeing? What are your customers telling you? Where do you guys fit and where do you help? So in terms of security, I think that we bring kind of a new era. Like so far, in order to protect yourself, you probably needed to pay a lot, ton of money for computing power. Did they just all the requests you need to for unnecessary requested coming to your server and then to be able to protect yourself by another third party? Right now, you can do it by yourself because you can scale at low cost. You can use it from spot instances. This is how we help companies in the security area. And you know, generally speaking, and security is one of our most important things at spottings. We really take care about that internally because we are working with so many customers around the globe. So we really care about protecting their data and you know, being more as much secure as we can in order to provide the service we wanted to provide. Romron, thanks for the quick update. When are you completing the move over? Are you coming over? Are you setting up a separate office or how's that working? Yeah, this is, it's going to be. We're going to run here the all sales and business development here in the States. We're very happy to do it. I think there's a great opportunity here for helping entrepreneurs, both enterprises to do a lot with the cloud. We're just in the beginning of the cloud evolution. Awesome. Romron from spottings. We are live here at Moscone Center talking about security, talking about AWS, talking about cloud because it all comes back to cloud and security. Thanks for joining. I'm Jeff Brick, you're watching theCUBE. We'll see you next time.


Okay, you're up to speed. You know what they are and you know why they're important, but just how do you make them? Well, in this video, I'm going to share with you the easiest way to get up and running with making reference unit tests in Python. We'll make our very first tests and at the end, I'm going to challenge you to build upon them in this follow along video. So let's dive into the screen and get testing in just a sec. Hello world, I'm The Serving Scratcher, teacher server programmer and on this channel, I help curious learners just like you along on their learning journeys. My promise to you was to show you how to use unit tests in Replet and we're going to be using Python. So let's jump across to the browser right now. Okay, I'm over here at replet.com, a wonderful website where you can test your code in a browser. If you're not familiar with Replet, I've got a card coming away in the top corner that will get you up to speed, but if you're serious about your development and you want a quick way to test, by all means, go check it out. I'll also link to it down in the description. So I've just got a blank Python project here and if you don't have one, you can just hit create and make sure that you click Python and then put the name and create Repple. And that will take you to this screen here. I'm going to be working in mean.py and this demo is about time conversion and what I want to convert is our hours to minutes. So let's go ahead and define a function and we're going to call it convert hours to minutes. We're going to pass it a parameter of hours. Quite simply, we just want to return our hours multiplied by 60. And I suspect that this is the formula to convert hours to minutes. But this parameter here hours, it could be anything. I'm not explicitly typing it here. And the way I'm going to get around this is to create some unit tests. And the way that we do that in Replet is over here in the left sidebar. Down the bottom where you see this check mark with this pop out that says unit tests, I'm going to click that. Now I'm going to hit the set up button and you can see here it's going to import unit test and from main we're going to import every function. If you had some other files that you would like to import, you could just do that. You could copy this line and paste it down here and then just type in the name of the file that you want to reference. But I'm not going to do that because I'm just going to do everything inside of main. Now what I'd like you to do as well is hit this button. It's the docs. When you click this, it's going to take you to a Replet documentation page and it's going to go over the reasons why you would bother unit testing and a bit of a tutorial of how you can get up and running. Now down the bottom there is some tips for writing great tests and tips for writing testable functions. So just read through those dot points here. And all this isn't new here. We're breaking our program down into discrete functions into smaller parts, okay? We're keeping them concise and descriptive and we're designing predictable inputs and outputs which is what our convert hours to minutes function does. Another important link here is the Python unit test assert methods. If you're using Java or Node you can click on those but I'm here in Python so I'm going to click on this. And what this does is it takes you down to all the different methods that we can use and this isn't immediately clear right now. So let's jump back across to Replet to build up a test. I'm back over here in Replet and recall that we just click this docs button. I want to go on a little rabbit hole tangent and we're fine with where we're at now. We're just going to import the functions from the main.py. So let's save that and what we want to do is down here hit add test. We'll just pause adding a name right now and I think the best thing to do is to show an example. So here Replet has just pre-filled some code for us self.assert equals and there's two parameters. We're passing in a function here add which I'm assuming adds one and two and we're assuming that the output of this is equal to the integer three. Now if the output of this function does not equal three then this will fail. This test will fail. So what we can do instead of passing in this add function we can pass in our convert hours to minutes. So what I'm going to do is just get our hours here and I'm going to set it to one and then I'm going to create another variable and I'm going to assign to that variable the result of convert hours to minutes. We're going to pass in our hours which we have just assigned to be one and now I want to check if the result of our minutes is equal to 60 of course because there's 60 minutes in one hour. Then we can go ahead and name our test. So we're saying that one hour equals 60 minutes and you can see that has become the name of our test. Test that one hour is equal to 60 minutes and then we've got this opportunity to put in a failure message and I've just put in one hour should equal 60 minutes. Check your function's logic. So let's go ahead and save that. I'll just open up the pane here and what we can do is click run tests and we've just got some green feedback here to say that this test has passed. All tests are passed one out of one. Let's go back into our test now and let's change the expected result to say 61. Now we know that our function is going to output 60 and we're asserting that that output of our function which is 60 is equal to 61. So let's just save that. Let's run our tests again and you can see that our test has now failed. I'll just go in quickly and revert our test back to the way it should be. So this is good but now I want to write a test that's going to check the logic of ours to make sure that the type of hours is going to be equal to an int or a float because we don't want it equal to any other value. So I'm going to go in and create a new test and I do that by up here clicking the addition symbol and let's go ahead and create our test. In fact what I might do is just copy the little stub here that I've got and then I'll go in and just paste that stub in straight away. So what I'm going to do now is test that our hours is going to be an int or a float here. We're going to assign our hours to be this string one and we're going to pass in hours into our function and we're going to assert that our minutes is equal to some kind of error string. I might say something like oops hours must be an int or a float. Hours is a and here I can see that ours is a string so I'm going to just specify that by doing a type of call there. So I'm going to copy this output. I need to give this test a name so what I'm testing here is that the hours it's a string now it's going to return an error string. The failure message will say something like hours must be either an int or a float. Let's save that. Now I'm going to run my tests and you can see my one hour equal 60 minutes test is passed but now I need to make sure I pass this test. The way I'm going to do that is to check the type of the hours parameter. So I'll say something like if is not instance of and what I want to do here is pass in that hours parameter and this particular function asks for a tuple and we can pass in a tuple of types and I'm just going to pass in a float or an int. So if our hours parameter is not an int or a float then I want to return some output and what I'm going to return is that string that we created in our test. The only thing I need to change here is this output okay because this needs to be somewhat dynamic. I'm going to use my F string so at the start of my string this is like a formatted string and then I'm going to just select where it says class and that string class. I'm going to use some two curly braces and let's just put it over here on the right hand side and then I can call the type function and pass in the hours parameter. So if our hours is not either an int or a float of that type then we're going to return this error string and we're going to dynamically print what current type hours is. So let's go ahead and run the tests now and you can see that both of our tests have now passed. So our two tests now test the logic of our function and we're also testing the type of the incoming parameter. Now I just want to open up one of our tests again and you'll see that the big line of code here is this self.assert equals. Remember that just compares two values. We're not limited by this function. Let's jump back over into the Python docs to see what other functions you can use. So over here in the Python docs you can see that we were using this function assert equal where it just compares two values. We've also got assert not equal to, we've got assert true and we've got all these various options. You can see that we also could use that is instance of or is not an instance of. So make sure that you go ahead and play around and explore with some of these assertions. Let's jump back across to Revolet. We're back over here in Revolet and I want to leave you to answer these questions that I'm going to ask you. I've got back up in here our writing tips and I want you to decide whether or not this particular function and these tests decompose our program into a discrete function, a discrete bit of logic, one bit of kind of functionality. Is the function concise and is it descriptive? And does the function have a predictable input and a predictable output? So I'd love for you to consider these points when you go off and you create your tests. Okay let's just hide this from the screen. Now hopefully you've been following along with this demo and we're not done here because we could create more tests. We could create a test to see if ours is negative. Do you want this function to handle negative numbers? You might want to create tests to test different types here so here we tested for strings to make that test but maybe you want to test for lists as well. Basically you want to think about all the possibilities that ours can be and you want to make sure that we get the expected output which is always an integer. What might happen if ours is a float value? Can we have half minutes? Do you want that to be a return result for this particular function as well? So I'll leave that for you to consider. If this video helps you create some unit tests in Replet then be sure to give it a thumbs up because that's going to help the channel grow. And if you enjoyed this content and want to stay in the loop for when more videos come out, be sure to subscribe to the channel and hit that notification bell. You know the drill. But hey, that's it for me. I'm off to go find a wave and I'll catch you in the next one. See you then.


Hello and welcome to lecture on Injection Laser Structures. Learning outcomes. By the end of this session, student will be able to illustrate semiconductor injection laser structures. Before starting this topic, try to recall strip geometry of double hetrojunction injection lasers. Injection lasers are available with different four laser structures and those are first type of laser structure is gain guided lasers, second index guided laser, third type is quantum well lasers and the fourth and the last type is quantum dot lasers. We will see each laser structure in detail, gain guided lasers. Injection of multi mode injection lasers with a single or small number of lateral modes is achieved by the use of strip geometry. These devices are often called gain guided lasers. The contradiction of the current flow to the strip is realized in the structure either by implanting the regions outside the strip with protons to make them highly resistive or by oxide or p-n junction isolation. It has an active region of gallium arsenide bounded on the both sides of aluminum gallium arsenide regions. This technique has been widely applied especially for multi-mode laser structures. These multi-mode laser structures used in the shorter wavelength regions. The current is confined by etching a narrow strip in a silicon dioxide film. Two other basic techniques for the fabrication of gain guided laser are illustrated in figure number 1A and 1B which shows the proton isolated strip and p-n junction isolated strip structure respectively. In figure 1A, the resistive region formed by the proton bombardment gives better current confinement than a simple oxide strip and has superior thermal properties due to the absence of silicon dioxide layer. Figure 1B shows p-n junction isolation which involves a selective diffusion through n-type surface region in order to reach the p-type layers. But none of these structures confines all the radiation and current to the strip region and spreading occurs on both sides of the strip. With strip width of 10 micrometer or less, such planar strip laser provide highly efficient coupling into multi-mode fibers. But significantly lower coupling efficiency is achieved into small core diameter single mode fibers. The next type of structure is index-guided lasers. The drawbacks associated with gain guided laser structures were largely overcome through the development of index-guided injection lasers. In some such structures with weak index-guiding, the active region waveguide thickness is varied by growing it over a channel or ridge in the substrate as shown in figure 2. The ridge not only provides the location for weak index-guiding but also acts as a narrow current confining strip. These devices have been fabricated to operate at various wavelengths with a single lateral mode and room temperature threshold current as low as 18 milliampere with output power of 25 milliwatt. More typically, the threshold currents for such weak index-guided structures are in the range of 40 to 60 milliampere. Laser 3A compares the light output current characteristics for a ridge waveguide laser with that of an oxide strip gain-guided device. Alternatively, the application of a uniformly thick planar active waveguide can be achieved through lateral variations in the confinement layer thickness or the refractive index. The inverted rib waveguide device sometimes called planoconvex waveguide is illustrated in figure 3B. Strong index-guiding along the junction plane can provide improved transfer mode control in injection lasers. This can be achieved using a buried heterostructure device in which the active volume is completely buried in a material of wider bandgap and lower refractive index. The structure of buried heterostructure laser is shown in figure number 4. The optical field is well confined in both transverse and lateral direction within these lasers, providing strong index-guiding of the optical mode together with good carrier confinement. The segment of injected current to the active region is obtained through the reverse bias rejunctions of higher bandgap materials. The third type of laser structure is quantum well lasers. In this structure, thin active layer around of 10 nanometer instead of 0.3 micrometer causes drastic changes to the electronic and optical properties in comparison with the conventional double heterojunction injection lasers. Hence, quantum well lasers exhibit an inherent advantage over conventional double heterojunction injection devices in that they allow high gain at low carrier density, thus providing the possibility of significantly lower threshold currents. Quantum well lasers are available in three structures. First structure is single quantum well, second multi-quantum well and third is graded index separate confinement heterostructures. Both single quantum well corresponding to a single active region and multi-quantum well corresponding to a multi-quantum well active layer regions are lasers utilized. The layers separating the active region are called barrier layers. The energy band diagram of active region of single quantum well structure is shown in figure number 5a. Figure 5b shows energy band diagram of multi-quantum well structure. It may be observed in figure number 5c that when bandgap energy of the barrier layer differs from the cladding layer in a multi-quantum well device, it is usually referred as a modified multi-quantum well laser. Layer confinement of optical mode is obtained in multi-quantum layers in comparison with single quantum well lasers resulting in a lower threshold current for these devices. The last type of laser structure is quantum dot lasers. More recently, quantum well lasers have been developed in which the device contains a single discrete atomic structure or so called quantum dot. Quantum dots are small elements that contain a tiny droplet of free electrons forming a quantum well structure. Hence, a quantum dot laser is also referred as dot in a well device. Quantum dot lasers are fabricated using semiconductor crystalline materials and have typical dimensions between nanometer and few microns. The size and shape of these structures and therefore the number of electrons they contain may be precisely controlled such that a quantum dot laser can have anything from single electron to several thousand electrons. Quantum dot lasers do not suffer from thermal broadening and their threshold current is also temperature insensitive. If conventional injection laser diodes is regarded as three-dimensional and quantum well is confined to two dimensions then a quantum dot structure can be considered to be a zero-dimensional. It should be noted that single-dimensional structure forms a quantum wire or dash. The above hierarchy is illustrated in figure number 6 which identifies four different possible structures for the semiconductor laser with their corresponding energy responses with respect to the carrier density shown underneath. The three-dimensional structure of the conventional injection laser is displayed in the figure number 6A and single quantum well structure exhibits two dimensions that is length and height where the corresponding energy representation is shown in figure number 6B by a staircase response. However, when this structure is reduced to one dimension that is the length only. It displays a sharp rise and an exponential fall in the carrier density. Since this one-dimensional quantum well structure is confined to only the device length then in general it appears as a long wire and hence it is known as a quantum wire which is shown in figure number 6. The zero-dimensional that is single point structure is shown in figure number 6D however corresponds to a single dot which results in an impulse response for the variation in the charge carrier density with increasing number of carriers. These are the references. Thank you.


I think I'd like to make it mad. This is it. This was a lot of fun. Good. So, so I am under a little pressure, okay? Nick, you may not recall what you said when you walked up here and started this off. You said it's going to be kind of tough on you, right? So I follow you and two or three other great speakers, and then there's somebody very close to you on the way over that told me, don't mess this up. I won't mention any names. Your father, but he said, don't mess this up. I think he said it two or three times. So there is a lot of pressure here, but I will be brief because we're almost at the moment to do the recognition here and the very important recognition that we all have been waiting for. So in order not to mess it up, I'm going to follow the script. But good evening, ladies and gentlemen. It is actually a beautiful evening here in Pearl Harbor, a beautiful evening to recognize your father for all the great things he did. So it's an honor to be here with you today and to award the Bronze Star to Boats, Boatson's mate, Chief Joseph George for heroic achievement in connection with combat operations on December 7th. I would also admit, for me, it's an honor and a privilege to be here and stand before you with members of the greatest generation. To have you on board Arizona once again is an honor to stand here with you. While BMC George is receiving this award posthumously, we're privileged and honored to have his daughter, Ms. Joanne Taylor, here with us to accept the award on behalf of her father. Mrs. Taylor, I know you are very proud of your father, so please accept this award on behalf of a grateful nation and a grateful United States Navy. What makes this ceremony even more special, as we've heard through several of the presentations, is the fact that we have three USS Arizona survivors present with us today. Mr. Donald Stratton, Mr. Lauren Brunner, and Mr. Lou Contner. There could be no greater testament to Joe George's heroism than that of the Stratton and Brunner families. Mr. Stratton and Mr. Brunner were two of the six Arizona sailors whose lives BMC George saved on that day of infamy. Gentlemen, you are living witnesses to the wounds that our nation endured on December 7th, 1941, and we are indebted to you and to all the members of the greatest generation for your refusal to accept defeat and your resilience that drove you to fight back, turn the tide of the war, and ultimately secure peace. Thank you for your service and for your continuing efforts to make sure that our nation and our Navy never forgets Pearl Harbor. Chief George's story is a vivid reminder that strength of the U.S. Pacific Fleet has always been and continues to be our people. Indeed, none of what we achieve is possible without the sacrifice of those who serve proudly in times of calm and stand ready to rise up in times of crisis to achieve extraordinary. With today's ceremony, we honor Bosonsmate Chief Joseph George and we cement his rightful legacy among America's greatest heroes. So now the time is here to present the award that we've all been waiting for. So thank you for your attention today, and if you'd join us up here, Mrs. Taylor. Attention to awards, the President of the United States takes pride in presenting the Bronze Star Medal posthumously to Chief Bosonsmate Joseph L. George, United States Navy for service as set forth in the following. For heroic achievement in connection with combat operations on 7 December 1941, while serving on board USS Vestal AR-4 during the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor, despite extreme danger posed by enemy machine guns, bombs, and torpedoes, Chief then-Bosonsmate Second Class George steadfastly maintained his exposed position topside to assist in damage control efforts and preparations to get Vestal underway. USS Arizona, which was moored in board of Vestal, suddenly exploded, devastating that ship and its crew. Intense fires raged aboard Arizona and in the surrounding oil-slicked water and making escape nearly impossible. Several severely burned and stranded USS Arizona crew members hailed Chief George, who immediately tossed them a line across which they crawled one by one to Vestal. Chief George then assisted Vestal in getting clear of the danger posed by Arizona. Were it not for Chief George's actions, all the Arizona sailors would likely have perished. By his initiative, courage, and devotion to duty, Chief George reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. The V-Device for Valor is authorized. For the President, Honorable Spencer, Secretary of the Navy. May the World War II veterans, please know that your work to achieve this one last salute to courage proves that you will never be forgotten. These still waters will ripple for eternity in awe of your tireless and unyielding dedication to this great country. On August 15th, 1945, my grandfather stationed in France, were to let it to his family that started with these words. Ah, that day. I think I'm ready to answer your question. So we can just respond, how does it feel to receive the reward for your family? Oh, okay. So we want to be ethical. To receive this reward for my father, this medal for my father is pretty surreal, but it's overwhelming. It's wonderful. It makes me proud. And most of all, it makes me thrilled to know that my father is being recognized for what he actually did. And he's receiving the medal from the Navy recognizing that fact. Perfect. That was perfect. And finally, what do you think this award would mean to him? That's a hard one. My father was... I'm not even sure how my father would feel about receiving a medal because he was humble about that. He never talked about it. So my mother would be excited, but my father on the other hand, you know, he would be the proud that... because he was a Navy man and he loved the Navy. And he would be very proud that the Navy recognized him this way. For all the hoopla that goes along with it, that would probably make him feel uncomfortable because he wasn't that kind of man that ever sought attention. But he would be proud because he loved the Navy.


How are you feeling right now? Are you having any pain? No. I want you to tell me what month it is. February. Good. And how old are you? Eighty-one.  Now open them. Now take your hand here and make a fist. Good. I want you to look right here at my finger. Follow it all the way and all the way over here. Good. Now look at my nose. Now look at my nose. Now good. Where's that? Now look at my nose. Now look at me. Now look at me. Wait until it wiggles. Look at my nose. Now I want you to show me your teeth. Now relax, close your eyes tightly, tightly, that's it. Now open your eyes and raise your eyebrows up, terrific. You hold it right there, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. That's terrific. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. That's very good. One, two, okay, very good. One, two, three, four, five. All right, take your finger here and touch my finger.  Now my finger, now your nose, back and forth, back and forth, good.  You slide it down the shin as straight as you can on top of the knee and back up. Now let's try it on top, right on top of the shin.  All right, good. Now let's try the other side, okay. Slide it down the top of the shin as smooth as you can. Let's try it one more time, right there. Slide it down, whoops. Let's try it one more time, can you slide it down? Okay. Is one side sharper or are they the same? What do you think? Sharper on the right. Sharper on the right, all right. Let me try your arms now. Which side is sharper? Or are they the same? Right. Right side sharper, all right. Now down here, stay away from the scar. Which side is sharper? Right. Right side is sharper. Can you feel it at all on the left? Yes. Yeah? But it's just different. Okay. Tell me what you see going on in that picture. I see the way you're doing this. An old boy, an old boy trying to get the cookies.  Very good. Anything else? I don't want to hear another sink. Okay. What's that right there? You see what that is, this thing here? It's a key. Good. And this one? Love. And this one? That. Good. And this one? Table or plant. Plant. Okay. How about that one? Hair. And that one? You know what that is? No. Okay. Now I want to hear you read the first one right there. I know, you know, down to this. I got home from work. I needed a table and a dining hall. They heard us. You speak English. And they heard us. And take a look at this card. Can you repeat that word to me? Mama. Mama. Mama. That one? Tipsy. That one? Tipsy. That one? Tipsy. That one? Tipsy. 50-50. Thank you. I got very baseball player. Excellent. Very good. Where is that? Right side. Left. Both sides. Good. Same thing on your arms. Keep your eyes closed. Where is that? Right arm. Left. Both. Good. So where is this? Right. Left. Both. Both. Which one is wiggling? Left. Good. Which one is wiggling? Right. There we go. Now which one is? This. Two. Two of them. Alright. Let's try up here. Eyes open. Where is it wiggling now? On the right. Good. Left. Good. Alright.


have more women, employ more women, encourage more women to grow, acknowledge that women will grow differently than men in their roles. Our interest is to build a family, our interest is to approach, however we approach our work is to build it through a community. So I feel that that needs to be nurtured, that style needs to be nurtured. I don't think there is anything about the glass ceiling or anything. I think the difference between why it's the construct and the culture of the industry which either inhibits or nurtures women. And I think the media marketing and advertising industry inherently, culturally constructed to have communities and go further. I feel the banking industry for some reason is also a community industry, which is why women thrive in banking. I think we need to really embrace the women workforce. They have a lot to bring to the table and they have a lot of different things to bring to the table. Because we think differently, we act differently, we behave differently, we are multitaskers, we are good people, managers. And so I think the advertising and the media world really needs to embrace the women workforce and make, of course, it all eventually depends on merit and potential as well. Having said that, I think we should embrace the women workforce. In fact, we've launched women at Viacom 18, it's an initiative called Wave, in which we are actually taking a lot of initiatives to make the women force that much more dominant. You know the industry that I come from, which is the consumer research business, has always been a very women friendly industry. Everything that we're asking for for women, flexible working and, you know, any kind of support that they need, we've always provided that. So I think if more of more businesses could recognise that not only women men today also have a need to balance work and life and allowed them the opportunity to do that, we'd have more women leaders and more empathetic men leaders in every industry. We need more coaches, we need more mentors. I think it's up to women on this list to do what they can, to make sure that they let women rise to the top. I mean, ultimately it all comes from coaching, mentorship, confidence that confidence can only come if we support each other. Sometimes it's women are not necessarily supporting women as much as we need to. So I look at this group as being really influential and making a change happen. The industry needs to do a hell of a lot. You know, I just think one evening in a year, this is the beginning, but I wish, you know, there's a system of people nominating women. I just wish everybody would nominate like 10 influence. There should be, I mean, there could be 100 listed, that's what we should be celebrating. I also think it's a little sad that you need to recognize 50 influential women. You'll never have a 50 influential men, now do you? So the day I see all these 50 women or even 100 women appear on a gender neutral list, I think that will be really super fantastic.


Right guys. I've put my hat on. I've put my coaches hat on. That's what I like to call it So I can look the most like I work in the NFL possible But unfortunately I I won't be not just yet anyway. So the title this video is talking about Well, it's actually a follow-up to a previous video that I made talking about an application that I put in On a whim, you know, it was I guess it was a last-minute decision It was a desperate decision You know, I'd come home from an interview job interview the first that I had here in Rockhampton And I have applied for many more jobs, but none of them have come through since So I didn't have my hopes pinned on this or anything. It was an internship anyway I'm led to believe that you don't get paid anything.  So what where do I want to work?  And so that's what lead me to Look up for the very first time careers in the NFL And I found a website that the NFL teams advertise their jobs through and I can't exactly remember what it's called But before we continue, I'm gonna get up the response email Because as the title of this video suggests, yes, I finally got a response. I got a response from the Jacksonville Jags Through this website about my job application. So let me get that up the Organization they go through is called team work online Teamwork online employment. And so I finally got an email back I feel like I sent the original application must have been about a month ago.  I heard zero words zero replies zero anything from anyone involved in the Jacksonville Jags and the only reply I got which I'm Happy I got you know what a man because there's nothing worse They're not even hearing back from a job application. We've all been there and I simply you know I I Expected that I expected never to hear anything back from them due to the fact that I didn't actually put a huge amount of effort into the application which is my bad, but like I said at the start it was a last-minute decision and If I wasn't going to put in an application that night, it probably would never have happened So at least I put something in at least my name was in the head. Anyways It reads Events and entertainment intern Jacksonville Jags in Jacksonville, Florida Jacob we want to thank you for your interest in the above mentioned position We had many fine applicants for the position including you. Oh cheers guys However, we have filled the position with someone whose background and credentials We feel best meet our needs at this time. We welcome you to apply for any future positions We have available that match your skills and experience Sincerely the hiring manager for events and entertainment intern Jacksonville Jags So there is a hiring manager I'm lead to believe and I guess if I really want to go for the Jags. That is the person I want to target I want to reach them directly So what I'm going to say guys is that no the application wasn't accepted and no I probably wouldn't have been able to go over There anytime soon due to The pandemic that we're in unfortunately and due to the fact that I have just arrived here in Rockhampton But what I do know now is that there are jobs out there. It's possible and I firmly believe that if I put the time and effort needed into Another application for another job that pops up. I'm definitely going to be in a better position I'm definitely going to be more likely To at least make a short list possibly even get an interview and who knows what will happen. So I certainly Feel thankful. I definitely feel thankful that they've gotten back to me through this teamwork online employment and I guess The only thing left to do now is to continue to check the page. In fact Since I must say I give a lot of credit to these guys teamwork online Because ever since applying for that first job They've actually sent me like almost on a weekly basis other jobs that I might be interested in and there have been other jobs That I've been interested in and actually three days ago. There was another job the summer analytics associate Which I haven't actually looked at yet. So I'm going to click on that right now analytics I love analytics. Let's see what this is about financial. Okay. It's an accounting and finance Financial data analyst the summer analytics associate will work in the analytics department with a focus on Researching topics related to the football and or business components of the Jacksonville Jaguars The analytics team is responsible for analyzing interpreting presenting and communicating data To enhance processes decision-making and outcomes for the Jacksonville Jaguars. Are you hearing what I'm hearing? This is a paid seasonal full-time position for the 2021 summer start end dates are flexible Application deadline is April the 5th 2021. Okay job responsibilities. Let's do my this is Shit, this sounds even better than the other one define specific research questions after gaining an understanding of the department's broader areas of interest Investigate research topics through data-driven quantitative Analysis engineer automated processes for Reproducible metrics and predictions create reports and dashboards to effectively convey insights and recommendations to a variety of audiences and Last but not least collaborate with the manager to focus research around areas of personal interest and technical skills development Okay job requirements experience with Dipler or Python for data cleaning analysis and predictive modeling so that just must be various software that Data entry is included.  I did data entry for a job for many years Ability to assess problems to plan and execute creative yet rigorous solutions with acute attention to detail Well, I've got that effective written and verbal communication of both technical and non-technical concepts I Back my written and verbal communication and a passion for creating visually pleasing and informative work products And I love a good Excel spreadsheet. I tell you what if I hadn't made this video today I would have missed that I would have missed that job, but I'm telling you right now that seems like an absolute fit with a deadline for applications in a week and a flexible start time We're talking summer And summer's coming up in a few months Would I be able to go over there with the way that the world is at the moment? Maybe not But I think that's at the very least worth putting together a proper application and sending through Just to see just to show them exactly what I'm about to tell them exactly what skills I can offer. I Mean That's right up my alley That is right up my alley. So guys that was a turn of events. I wasn't expecting that Basically this video is about just updating you all on how the application went There was almost 6,000 viewers of that video, you know people got behind me 6,000 viewers 600 likes There's not many videos about me and my personal life that get that many views or that much support. So I want to say First and foremost, thank you so much to everyone out there for supporting. We didn't get this one over the line But I'm gonna put another application in and when I do I'm gonna make another video So summer Analytics associate with the Jacksonville Jags. Why not?  Peace out


So, curve brushes are awesome, but you wanna make your own. Not a problem. Let's just say that you have three objects, and you wanna turn them into a brush set, like the Army brush or the IMM curve brush. Well, to do that, first make sure that you have divided the object into three poly groups.  The easiest way to do this is to hold control and drag a mask, control W to group, repeat this for the middle, and again for the bottom. Once you have three groups, make sure the camera is facing perfectly from the front. Then press B, create insert multi-mesh, and it will turn every sub-tool you had into a single brush.  But under stroke, if you turn curve mode on, now it's a curve brush. Now, you'll notice they're not properly connected, so to fix that under brush and modifiers, turn triparts on, weld, and stretch. From here, the curve will be drawn properly, and it's even better if you go to stroke and turn lazy mouse on. Now, whatever settings you have here are going to be applied to all the objects in the brush. So if you go under modifiers and enable size and change the shape here, all that stuff, the depth, and the lazy mouse will be constant for all the shapes. Now, once you've got everything set up under brush, if you save as, you can turn all this into a brush file that you can send to your friends or share online. Make sure that you save this file under local C, program files, pixel logic, Z brush, startup, and brush presets. If you save it anywhere else, then you cannot save it to your custom UI. In order to make this brush a part of your custom UI, double-click the file from its new home. It will show up at the bottom of the brush menu. Turn on custom UI and drag the brush from here to wherever you want. Disable the custom UI and under preferences, config, store UI, and save. And from now on, your curved brush will show up in your default UI every time you start up Z brush. Hope that helps, and as always, I hope you have a fantastic day, and I'll see you around.


Hi and welcome to our session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says differentiate tan root x with respect to x from post-principles. Let us now begin the dissolution. Let fx is equal to tan root x. h is equal to x plus h. Note that f dash x is equal to limit h approaches 0 plus fx divided by 2 sin a minus b divided by cos a cos b. By using this formula, we can write the numerator plus root x. We have used the identity of a squared minus b squared minus root x divided by root x plus h minus root x is equal to 1. Limit h approaches 0 by root x plus h plus root x is cos root x plus h into cos root x is...


Hey everybody, this is Brett the Ford Guy and today I'm going to show you how to get your door code off of your 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 Ford Super Duty truck. I know it's going to work for those model years. I don't think it's going to work for 0201, 2099, but you can try it. If it does work, let us know in the comments. Anyways, what I'm talking about is that I didn't get a card with this truck and I don't know what the door code is and there's not written anywhere. So what we're talking about is this code right here. And what you're going to need to find this door code is a little bit of dexterity and a flashlight. I suggest one with the LED lights on it. That's a strip that's a little bit brighter. So what we're going to do is you're going to want to put your front seat all the way back. You're going to want to put your steering wheel all the way up because we're going to be crawling like right into here to look up over here. So the first thing you're going to want to do is take this cubby and open it. You're going to want to squeeze the sides to get those tabs to come in and then that cubby just drops down. Now this next part is very, very difficult. You have to get your flashlight with your right hand and you're going to want to get up into, look up into there. So I'm going to get in position here. I'm basically crawling in the floor well area and now we're going to be looking up there. So if you can see, there's a little white sticker. That's where we're going to be looking. I'm going to take my flashlight and my right hand and we're going to be going up there so that we get light and if you see, there's another white sticker. If you look a little bit farther up, I'm going to take the flashlight. I'm just going to push that up and as you can see, there's a number right there. It's upside down, but that is your door code 45062. So that's where you find it. That's how you get it. And that's the factory door code that you can program your own door code with. You can just put this cubby right back up by squeezing it together again, pushing it up in there and you're good to go. So that's how you do it. It's kind of the more difficult door code finds you'll do. But once you know how to do it, it's pretty easy and thanks for checking out the video. If you like, subscribe, click the bell notifications. We do videos each and every day of our new and used inventory and do door code finds like this. In fact, if you want to know how to program your own door code, there's a link in the upper left. If you want to know how to find your door code on your 0809 and 10F250, F350, 450 in the upper right, there's a link there. If you want to do it for 11 to 14 in the bottom left and 15 to 21 in the bottom right. Click those. Hit like and share and click the bell notification. Thanks again so much for checking out the video and I hope that was helpful. Let me know in the comments if it helped you out and I'll give you a shout out. Thanks again.


Hi everyone, my name is Sanya Chhapra and I have secured all India rank 84 in UPSE civil services examination of 2018. And today I would be discussing with you, Maine's revision strategy for 3 months. So the students who clear problems get an approximate time of 100 days between the problems and Maine's examination in order to write the maids. So in those 100 days or 3 months or so, what was my strategy I would be discussing with you? But other than that, everyone has his or her own strategy. So according to my strategy, my plan was what I would discuss, but you can fine-tune it according to your specific needs. So firstly, I began with completing all the pending topics that I had left before the prelims examination. Only your syllabus should be completed once in total before you write prelims examination. But there were a few topics that were left that I made sure were completed in the first few days that I got after prelims examination. So it is always recommended that you pick up the syllabus, start seeing the topics word-wise, the key word-wise and then you start preparing them. So if there is any topic that you have left or a part of it, then it is always recommended that you finish those syllabus topics first and then go on to revise them. Secondly, I would say that it is very essential to focus equally on optional and GS combined. Optional is something that makes or breaks your score. So I believe that you should focus on optional in an equal manner as you would do on the rest of your GS subjects. So if you're preparing for 3 hours for GS 1, 2, 3, then make sure that you spend at least 2 to 3 hours every day revising your optional subject. So this is very important that your focus should be equivalent on optional as well as GS subject. Thirdly, I would say that my strategy was to divide the entire UPSC syllabus into four parts. First was GS 1, 2 and 3. Second was ethics because it also helps you score good marks and sometimes creates a decent margin in the marks. So that was one subject I worked upon. Third was the optional and fourth was essay. So this was my strategy to bifurcate the entire syllabus into four main parts. But it is always necessary to keep yourself reminded that the current affairs, that is the newspaper reading or revision of the current affairs, has to be superimposed on all four of these. Because current affairs form a very important part of the entire paper, if you pick up and see the previous year question papers, then you would realize the current affairs is a trigger to most of the questions. So newspaper reading cannot be overlooked, but alongside the static parts that you're preparing from the syllabus have to be divided or bifurcated, or at least that is what I did, into four major parts, GS 1, 2, 3 combined, ethics, essay and the optional subject. Fourthly, I would say that practicing test papers is as important as revising, or maybe more so. Why? Because firstly, it helps you develop that physical as well as mental strength to write 20 or 15 questions in three hours or so. So that is very important because unless you do that, there is a high chance that you would not be able to complete the paper. Or even if you're able to, then it would be at the cost of the quality of the answers. So I believe that it is very important that you practice as many tests as you can. And for that, it is always recommended that you join a good test series, which helps you schedule your entire three months, so that you write tests at every weekend or maybe twice a week, so that you develop the strength and also you're able to complete the syllabus. Test series also helps you add a few things to your notes, because when the discussion for the test series happens, then there are a few more points or maybe a few hints or examples that helps in value addition to your material that you already revised. So I believe test series is very important. Other than that, it is very important to know that test series has to be done as per the schedule. For instance, if you're an online test series student, there is a general tendency that you delay the test till your syllabus is completed. But even if you're unable to revise a certain part of the syllabus, do give test in time and in the exact format of three hours, pick up a clock or a timer or a watch and sit for three hours and write the test in the examination mode itself, so that your mind is trained in such a manner and you do not face any difficulty in the final main examination. So the revision strategy has to be simplified and not complicated in those three months. Don't feel that you are unprepared or underprepared while you go for main. Revise as much as you can, complete pending topics if any and do not try mugging up a lot of new things. It's only a matter of revision and I hope you'll be able to score very well in the main examination. Thank you. Subscribe to our channel and click on the bell icon to get latest updates on upcoming videos.


In last two lectures, we have seen how to solve the Hill's equation and one of the methods was using the matrices and another method was such a way that we have obtained three optical parameters namely alpha, beta and comma. Now we will extend our studies on the Hill's equation and these parameters. So let us start. Now in a synchrotron basically first of all we define a basic cell. Basic cell means a basic optics which will be repeated many times to make a closer path. There may be a variety of basic cells or optics by which the basic cells has been made. So we take one example. One example like this there is a drifting space then there may be a focusing lens. Focusing lens means horizontally focusing lens then there may be a defocusing lens because we have to focus the beam in vertical plane also then we may have some dipole magnet then another focusing and defocusing magnet. In this fashion we can define our basic cell. There may be a variety of basic cells. So this may be one of the type of basic cell and then these basic cells are repeated many times to make a close path. So this is a basic cell and then by repeating we make the complete drink. Means in a synchrotron the optics is periodic means this period of the optics has been repeated many times. So from this starting point and again here will be the starting point of the next cell means these point are actually having the same environment. Similarly this point and corresponding to the point in the next cell will have the same environment means we have optical periodicity in the synchrotron. Even if we make synchrotron using only a single basic cell then after one turn particle traverses through the same environment of the optics means after one turn it will traverse through the same optics again and again. So even though even there is basic cell equivalent to the length of the circumference of the synchrotron in that case also we have periodicity in the optics in a synchrotron. That periodicity means that that period will have the length equivalent to the circumference of the synchrotron. So in synchrotron particle motion takes place in a periodic environment of k means k become the periodic. So we can write down k s is equal to k l plus s. Here l is the length of the period length of the in in accelerator diagram this period is known as super period length of the super period. This length may be a length of the super period or maybe the circumference of the synchrotron. Even in linear accelerators or transport line some basic cells can be repeated many times to make the complete linear accelerator or transport line in that case this k s will again be periodic. So now we will solve this equation under this condition that when k is periodic. If differential equation has a coefficient which is periodic in independent parameter then solution can be written down using the flow theorem. What flow theorem says it says that x s which is a solution can be written down as w s e raised to iota 5 and this w s will have the same periodicity as of the k s means we will have w s also as w s and s plus l. The same theorem you might have studied in solidistic physics course namely block theorem in which you solved Schrodinger equation in the Kröding-Pen model under the periodic potential. Now in case of our notation we have written down x s is equal to the root beta s cos 5 plus 5. So in this case beta s which is at the place of w s here will be periodic. So this equation solution can be written down using the periodic condition and then beta s can be written down as beta s plus l alpha s is equal to alpha s plus l and when these two parameters will be periodic definitely the third parameter gamma will also be periodic. Remember here that this is a particular solution which we have obtained. Non-periodic solution can also exist means if I take some initial arbitrary value of beta and alpha is still beta and alpha can be obtained after some length s s1 or s2. However our unique values of beta alpha which will give you the periodic solution. There may be infinitely many solutions in which we have selected one solution which has periodicity in alpha and beta. This solution in accelerator jargon is known as matched solution and in accelerators if initial beam is defined using the values of these beta alpha gamma or matched parameters then it will nicely behave in the periodic lattice. What does that mean? We will see it. Now in accelerators suppose we have chosen one point beta one alpha one at location s is equal to s one and another point say this is s is equal to s two here the values are beta two alpha two. So if we have chosen our solution periodic then this beta alpha one and beta two alpha two are unique in this case. Means we can write now beta one s is equal to beta one s plus l. Here beta two is equal to beta two s plus l. It may be a case here also that we choose some two arbitrary points s is equal to s one and s is equal to s two in some non-periodic lattices. Non-periodic lattices may be of the transport line where same cell is not repeated to make the complete optics. In that case we cannot have periodic solution of the beta and alpha. In that case of non-periodic lattice beta two and alpha two will depend on the initial values of beta one alpha one and as we change the initial values of beta one alpha one we will get another values of beta two alpha two. So in this case beta two alpha two will not be periodic. Now how beta function looks like in a periodic lattice? Suppose we have a single cell like this. This is the basic cell which will be repeated four times because this is making 90 degree angle from final trajectory to initial trajectory. Means if it will be repeated four times it will make a complete closed loop of 360 degree. So this is a basic cell. In this basic cell these green elements are the quadrupole magnets and this red element is the dipole magnet. So here schematically it is shown in this picture. Here you can see that focusing quadrupole is above the line and defocusing quadrupole is shown below the line. Dipole magnet is showing by a rectangle covering above and below both area around this line. So this is the basic symbols which one uses to show the accelerator optics or charge particle optics. Now you can see here it is a matched solution means beta and alpha at this point must be equal to beta and alpha at this point. Means here you can say this is the beta s. Here you can say this is the beta s plus l. l is the length of this optics or period then these two beta values must be equal. Here you can see that in black color this is the beta x it is the value at the starting and it is the value at the end. So these are the same. Similarly this is the beta y its value in the start of the optics is this and here it is also this. So this is the matched solution for this optics. Now you can see that as beam size increases this beta is increasing means beam size is increasing or particles amplitude of beta translation is increasing means at this location the maximum amplitude of a particle is lower than at this location. Now as the quadrupole appears it focuses the beam. So again downstream to this quadrupole the amplitude of beta translation has been reduced. Here it is a defocusing quadrupole. So downstream to this quadrupole amplitude of beta translation has been increased and again there is a focusing quadrupole this is a focusing quadrupole. So again downstream to this quadrupole amplitude of the beta translation has been increased. You can see under this particular case of matched solution at the focusing quadrupole beta has the maximum value. Again at the focusing quadrupole beta has largest value local maximized area. Again here you can see at the location of quadrupole local maximized area. Similar is the case for the vertical beta function also. Here you can see vertical beta function will have local maxima at the location of defocusing quadrupole. Here again you can see defocusing quadrupole is there. So local maxima of the vertical beta translation function is there. Now suppose we selected a location s is equal to s0. This is the location and particle is revolving in this synchrotron. This is the orbit of the synchrotron and particle is revolving around this. If particle is having non-vinitial initial condition means x or x prime is non-zero initially then it will exhibit the beta-tron oscillations around this orbit. This will be like this beta-tron oscillations of a particle. Now on passing through this detector on each turn if we record x and x prime of particle how the motion will look like. The amplitude of beta-tron oscillation at this location will depend on the value of beta-1 here and it will make a complete ellipse after many turns and that ellipse or geometry of that ellipse depends on the beta-1 alpha-1 and what are the initial condition we have chosen x and x prime which defines the invariant of the motion a. So after turn by turn the recorded position and angle you will see in this model. Now you can see that after each turn in x and x prime space there are some coordinates on which particle is coming and here we are plotting the angle after each turn. So you can see angle is oscillating like a sinusoidal oscillation and here x is also showing some oscillatory nature which is like the simple harmonic oscillator means here we are drawing the position of the particle here we are drawing the angle of the trajectory of the particle with respect to the sine trajectory. In this plot the a is a square has been plotted so it has a constant value over turn by turn. So turn by turn behavior of a particle at a certain location we are looking this behavior at this location at this detector we are recording x and x prime. So we are getting the ellipse defined by alpha beta gamma of that point and if we will see only x this will behave like this sinusoidal oscillation simple harmonic oscillator like this and x prime also will be like the simple harmonic oscillation at a certain location. Keep in mind that we are talking about this kind of oscillatory behavior if we are recording position at a particular location s is equal to s1. If we record say these parameters at another location say s is equal to s1 then again the value of beta alpha at this location will decide the ellipse. So ellipse may have different orientation and different elongation only this a will be constant. So area of that ellipse will be same as the area of this ellipse and at that location also if we will see the projected angle of position of from this ellipse they will execute the simple harmonic oscillations. There is a different way for looking this invariant of motion also. Instead of single particle executing motion and we are recording turn by turn its position and we can have different initial conditions in the beginning. Means we may have many particles having different sets of x and x prime but these sets are chosen in a way that this leads to same a square. Means we are choosing the values of x and x prime in such a way that they are producing same a square at a given location say s is equal to s0. Then again we will see that these initial conditions will make an ellipse. So how this ellipse will be generated can be seen in two ways. Both are equivalent. One is taking many initial particles many particles with different initial conditions with the same a square or having a single particle and we are recording its position and angle on each turn. So in both cases we will have ellipse defined by alpha beta and a square. A square is constant and alpha beta is position dependent. So say s is equal to s1. Again we are reiterating here that at different locations say s is equal to s2 the parameters of that location alpha and beta will be different and those different parameters will be different ellipse. It may be in this orientation also. It may be like this perfectly aligned with the axis or this orientation also. Only the condition is that the area of all these ellipses will be the same. Now suppose if we change only alpha we keep the beta constant. Beta constant means maximum amplitude of the particle at that location is a constant only we change the alpha and how we change the alpha we switch the sign of alpha. Here alpha is minus 1 here alpha is plus 1. So you can see that the tilt of this ellipse has been reversed here x x prime and this is the major axis and this is the minor axis. So here tilt is here and here you can say tilt is from here. So tilt is reversed. Why this is the case because alpha is minus half d beta by ds. So as you reverse the sign the d beta by ds has reversed itself. Now if d beta by ds is positive d beta by ds positive means beta is increasing with length. Beta is increasing with length means maximum amplitude of beta term oscillation is increasing as we are going downstream. So as we are going downstream and amplitude of beta term oscillation is increasing means we are talking about a diverging. So if d beta by ds is positive so alpha will be negative because alpha is defined as minus of d beta by ds. So minus alpha this minus alpha defined a diverging. Similarly alpha with positive value shows a converging means a focused spin. In this case d beta by ds will be negative means amplitude of beta term oscillation will decrease as we will go downstream the optics. So sign of alpha whether it is positive or negative shows you whether the beam is diverging or converging. Now if we choose the initial condition differently that the a square of these initial conditions are different. Means we have set two sets say x1 and x1 prime. This is the first set of the initial condition and say this is corresponding to the value of a1 square and which is choose another set of initial conditions say x2, x2 prime. And in this case you can say this leads to another invariant of motion say a2 square. Then how the motion will look like? So if we record now position and angle of these two particles on each term at a certain location as then the above particle or above initial condition will make its own ellipse with certain area defined by a1 square and another ellipse will be defined by this a2. However because we are recording position at a certain location say s is equal to s1 and the optical parameters at that location is same for both the particles say beta alpha. So tilt or orientation of the ellipse will be same for both the particles. Now we will see how the motion is evolved on each term in this mode. So in left side you can see that the value of lower a, suppose this is the value of a1 invariant of motion and this is value of a2. So particle with a smaller value of invariant of motion will always remain inside the larger value of invariant motion. Means two trajectories having different a1 and a2 in the phase space will not cross each other. While in the right side you have seen that these two vectors which shows instantly instantaneous position and angle of the particle at the location chosen locations say s is equal to s1. Here the displacement of these two particles can have common value at certain instants during the betaton oscillations. So in real space you can have common x for both the particles at particular time means these trajectories in real space can cross each other if you plot it. However in phase space these two particle trajectories will never cross each other. Suppose in phase space if it cuts suppose this is the first trajectory we are having here x and here x prime this is the phase space this is the trajectory say particle one and this is the trajectory of the particle two if it cuts here see and we choose initial condition of these particles at this coordinate say this coordinate is x1 x1 prime. So if we choose the initial conditions as x1 and x1 prime we cannot define whether this is the particle one or particle two means there is no uniqueness in the solution. So this is not possible with any differential equation. So these trajectories in phase space cannot cross each other.


But White wasn't the only one to sign today. Six other area athletes signed letters of intent. Bemidji's Alex Vollin signed with MSU Moorhead for track. Pequot Lakes' Alex Stone signed with Augustana for golf and Chloe Bermel with SDSU for track. And Brainerd's Julia Wallace and Kylie Lange signed with MSU Moorhead, Wallace for swimming and diving and Lange for softball. And then Brainerd's Gillian Ewald rounded things out today. She signed with St. Ben's for softball. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


And so another universe seven fighter falls, but not in vain. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel My name is Jack the Buster. I should know be yes last episode. We lost the mighty TN But again, it was not in vain although. I didn't love the way that Tien went out He did take one with him harmira It was really good episode last episode getting to sort of break down this new Opponents powers and whatnot and guess at how we were going to have to outsmart them and it's sort of the beauty of this Entire tournament because there's still a lot of people that I have no idea about both in terms of their power Levels and what they even do we're not right into this one if you're new to the channel Don't forget to drop a sub and let's get started We've seen frosts since he hit and ran Krillin He's bartering What does more mean Single-handedly So that's why he hit and ran Krillin it was the beginning of his grandmaster plan What's that this plan just did like side swipe everybody dude I would pay to see frosty Frieza, but they won't fight they even talked about working together Is this their way of telling us how many are still left? 36 only wait what we thought was like 80, right? Actually, yes, I'm glad we're doing this it gets a little bit uh Hard to keep track of everything universe to they have six contestants remaining. Oh, okay. Okay. Okay. That's a brand Universe three is the robot universe So from the 11th, though, there's only three pride shrippers left.  Yeah, that's the one that you can even see two of them Why would you say that why would you say that did you hear the count for the fourth? Yeah, beer is noticed that you don't see all of them We've only spotted eight of them, right? I mean even two from like hits universe two are missing I think I kind of like three of the universes are just missing people critical moment They may very well try to spring something on us. See this is the mystery. I like we have the 11 Love him. Yeah. Oh my gosh. There are only three pride shrippers. That's crazy or just mojira and topo enough It doesn't seem worried Fighters in the tournament. I figured those were the three strongest at least in their universe to its quality That's key quality. That's key have taken virtually no damage yet. Yeah We are the ones with the true advantage here. I wouldn't say that like Goku's in perfect shape Vegeta's in perfect shape Most of our universe is fine Oh the robot. Oh, that's not a robot. That's from the human robots universe though.  Wait, what?  I saw is he tricking them? I was gonna say like he's all gooey. It looks like he like changes form No, that's one million. Yeah, it's a trap one million percent. Oh Oh Shoot dude imagine they spoke to soon and now this book gets thrown out Okay, maji kale. Yeah, yes from the robots. Okay Damn, it's a saw movie, bro. Oh Oh, Jiren he speaks he speaks. Oh Shoot. Oh shoot. He's done anything the entire tournament bait virtually Yeah, I want to see Jiren do some maybe that's why Jiren isn't fought yet He doesn't want to show his hand or anything third gear. Oh my gosh, what just happened?  What was that? I need to like like a slow-mo replay of what Jiren just did I can't even tell it would they just threw a fist and like the air smacked him away. I Did not even think about that Our man. Oh frost That's what stinks about being old don't tell me frost is moving on Roshi.  He's healing up. Say I got a Roshi stay frosty wait. No, don't stay frosty No, oh my gosh He just fought like 15 people bro, you could never Yeah, he just lurks.   Yes Bro, Roshi is going so hard. There's no way don't don't don't tell me someone steps in don't tell me someone steps in He's using everything and bro if Roshi takes out frost to Wait wait wait, did he fight back against it? Did he stop himself?  Did he not just see this go down? I thought he was just lurking and it was gonna be a funny moment where he crushed frost or he draws in Vegeta by threatening Roshi Shooting at him Damn Okay, so Vegeta, Vegeta knew he's just lurking. Oh my god, bro. This goes so hard I'm so proud of Roshi.  I don't know It's been far too long Vegeta and too long into this tournament for you to still be in the ring I mean just look at me What is this row? Stash walk Vegeta. I've been thinking about something obsessively a counter Yeah, the Vegeta specific.  He's a slippery little snake. I do like the Vegeta Megeta rematch though It's cool. What is on his ears.   He wanted him to he's using it What? He's getting used to talking to Vegeta. No shot.  He had to destroy it That's it. No shot. No shot. No shot I cannot thank you enough Dude, there's no way this is how Vegeta goes out Oh no, oh no And now he has Roshi like he's he's fighting with just emotionally. He's upset. He's just angry at himself for basically messing up Wait, what do you throw? Wait, no, no, no, no, no, no. He wants to try to break him out. It's not against frost. Yep. Yep Oh, thank goodness, bro. Thank goodness. He tried to cover it.  I just had the toss to get off. Oh my gosh.  Let the youngsters take care of it dog My goat, bro. Roshi has busted through every expectation I had for him.  That's uh, that's a pretty hefty uh Admirition if Vegeta had been sealed. I would have been so mad So Goku's fighting rebrian again through these episodes are so Gas though and finally frost actually has to step into the plate So yeah, he is pretty much just trying to snake his way around I don't think there's one plan in particular But it's more to pick off those that are weakened or tired from the rest of the fights I mean, he's stuck up on krillin who had already been fighting someone now going for roshi I imagine and the next time that we see frost it will be at the end of a fight next fight Whatever it is whoever's in the trenches I'm gonna be on the lookout for frost and I'm really glad they gave us a really nice look at who is left And who is not and I think they're going to need to throughout the tournament However long this goes because it is a lot to keep track of and reminders are nice to know the stakes and know who could show up at any time But guys that's me for my reaction to 107 of super I hope you did enjoy drop a fat sub on the channel if you haven't already and I catch you in the next one base base


And this is also the power of sequencing compared to structure determination. We can easily afford to determine hundreds of thousands, possibly millions, of new sequences of the viruses, and we will do so within mere days. There is no way we could determine the structure of all these. But we don't have to, because most of those sequences correspond to very small changes, frequently single nucleotide polymorphisms. There are many databases that are collecting these strains and changes. The different colors you see there out on the left correspond to common mutants that we've been observing. And then you can click on one of those and then we see this particular mutation in what strains do they occur. So I think this is N501Y, which is a common mutant close to the ACE2 binding site. And the reason we know that is that armed with just a sequence, there are a handful of mutants. We know that the structure is going to be the same. So although we haven't determined the structure, I can plot that sequence on the structure and see what I would expect it to look like. And you see that this sequence mutation, the tyrosine residue in this case, occurs pretty close to the binding site when the entire spike protein has opened, which could possibly explain why it's influencing how contagious the protein is and how easy it is for it to infect the host cell. So again, it's not that sequencing is better than structure, it's just that we can get much more of it much faster. And combining that with structure and the modulus that you use to this far enables you to use both information much more efficiently. In fact, phylogenetic trees is also what we've used to be able to predict that the SARS-CoV-2 virus likely came from bats or pangolins. We haven't quite found the culprit species yet, but there have been several articles pointing out that very similar SARS viruses have been around in species for 100, if not 200 years. The reason we know that is not that we have 200-year-old samples, but that we can backtrack evolution and estimate how distantly related these species are.