English vocabulary word of the day, tackle, from espressoenglish.net. First, let's work on the pronunciation. The letter A in tackle has the A sound, like in the words tap, cat, and pack. Tackle has two syllables, and the stress is on the first syllable, tackle. The second syllable sounds like a short ul, like in pull. Say the word after me, tackle. The first meaning of tackle is to knock a person to the ground by using your arms and the force of your body. It's common to tackle other players in sports like rugby and American football. You can see in the picture one boy trying to tackle the other boy. The word tackle also refers to the general collection of equipment used in fishing, including the fishing rod, that's the long pole, bait, that's what you use to attract the fish, hooks. Hooks are the sharp, curved pieces of metal that catch the fish, etc. The picture shows a tackle box. Finally, the word tackle can also mean to start doing a task, especially a challenging one. For example, I'm going to tackle the housework after lunch, or we'll need at least five people to tackle a project this big. Again, it's an informal way to describe beginning to do a task, especially a task that's large or difficult. So now you know three meanings for the word tackle. If you'd like to learn more, check out my vocabulary builder course, which will teach you hundreds of new words. Click the link in the video for some free sample lessons.


I'm excited to be here today and really looking forward to seeing the feedback during the discussion section, so I want to thank wider for the opportunity. I should mention here that this project was really developed under Dr. Paul Shinowski, who is the lead on the project. He's not at this conference, but works with us at the Institute of Climate and Civil Systems in Boulder. I'll be talking about strengthening research capacity. We have developed a model that looks at infrastructure planning and climate change in developing countries. So we focus on understanding, evaluate, and analyzing the impacts of climate change on infrastructure. We focus especially on roads and look at the applications from both a technical standpoint and policymaking and budgeting constraints. Obviously, as we have talked about in this conference, there is a growing recognition of the need to take climate change research and turn it into policy and practical application for countries, especially in the developing world. So just a quick background to let you guys know why we have decided to focus on roads for this model specifically. I know that the MDG, the Millennium Development Goals, have their have their flaws, but seven of the eight goals actually mention metrics that are specific to transportation and road infrastructure. I think this really does highlight the breadth of impact that roads have on development and development priorities, ranging from social to environmental and economic. It's particularly relevant to the policy discussion because road infrastructure is coordinated, budgeted, and managed at the national policy level and therefore really requires an informed discussion when you're talking about things as diverse as climate change. So today the model that I will be talking about specifically is the IPSS model, Infrastructure Planning and Support System. It uses stressor response variables to help understand the potential impacts that climate change will have on infrastructure in the coming years. It was developed originally with wider for the Mozambique Ministry of Transport. They were really looking for a way to understand climate change in a way that could fit into their annual and medium term budgeting. We have expanded the model to work in Vietnam, South Korea, China, and Japan, and we are currently working on capacity and training building efforts in both Ghana and South Africa. And here at the bottom you can see a reference to one of our papers that looks at the climate change impact on developing and developed countries. Looking to answer the question, do developing countries bear a disproportionate burden of the climate change impacts? And I'll discuss a little bit of those results later, but overwhelmingly, yes, they do. So why IPSS? We really developed this work out of the 2009 study in the World Bank on the economics of adaptation to climate change. This was really the first study that looked at climate change from a quantitative perspective. So going beyond qualitative assessment that, yes, climate change is a concern, it will affect things. How do we take that into quantitative measures that matter and that can be useful at a policy level? This also, you know, we began to look at the questions of what impacts does road infrastructure have on development. So when, especially developing countries, you're discussing other policy implications, other investment opportunities. Where do roads fit into that and how does infrastructure fit into that bigger picture? You can see that with from the maps on the right here, that they're from the initial studies that we've done, that there is a big difference in the results and the cost of climate change from an adapt and a no adapt perspective. And this really informed how we built the system. So here's a little bit, a quick overview of what I mean when I say adapt in the no adapt policy scenarios. For the no adapt, this approach is really a business as usual. We assume that no adaptation options are put in place. So current design structure and maintenance schemes are used for future. And so costs are incurred as maintenance increase. We did this as a preference for design life, if infrastructure is designed to be built for 20 years. Even if there's increased climate stressors, you're going to increase your maintenance cost to retain that design life. When we are looking at the adapt, this approach assumes that there is a forward looking approach to climate change. So looking ahead and saying the infrastructure design life is 20 years. What is projected to happen in those 20 years from climate change? And then adapting the design at the construction. This obviously incurs upfront costs, but reduces both maintenance costs throughout the life span of the infrastructure. And it also has external benefits when you look at things like connectivity and transportation costs. Another thing that we have built into this system is the range of GCMs. So we've talked a little bit about the variation that's inherent when you're running 50 climate models. And so we do a quartile looking at the mean, the most extreme climate scenarios, and then provide some ways of interpreting this data in the output. Just an example here of some of the costs that are incurred from the different types of road infrastructure when you're looking at the adapt and the no adapt. For example, gravel roads. If you're going to adapt your roads, you'll be increasing your costs through an increased sub base drainage capacity and grading. Whereas if you're not adapting your roads, the costs will be required from increased annual maintenance and also loss of potential economic activity through washout or loss of use. So obviously the adapt and the no adapt can be looked at from a purely technical standpoint. And we have built the system pretty robustly on engineering design standards. But we also recognize that this fails to incorporate the broader development perspective. Here are six areas that we have built into IPSS. The climate and the flooding are really the technical standpoint. And then we have expanded that to look at the environmental, the transportation, the financial and some of the social concerns. Sorry. So this actually, we're looking at, for example, its social considerations. Some of the metrics that we use include the poverty rate, population density, labor intensive construction, road density. Some of these metrics, if you are adapting your roads, can be very positive. Increasing your paved road percentage, increasing access to education and healthcare, lowering transportation costs when you're looking at the time and cost of getting goods to market and also market access and knowledge. So what are the data sources we use? Obviously if you're going to be looking at climate change, you need to have climate models and projections. We don't generate these ourselves. We work very closely with the MIT Joint Program to get GCM models and HFDs. The model that we have built, IPSS, can run any number of models and this will be displayed in the RISL output. And obviously this is really where the first inherent uncertainty comes into climate change. You can see up here is just two models and they differ greatly in precipitation projections for 2100. So this is really just the first step to understanding that while the model is built on sound engineering, the climate change variation doesn't need to be acknowledged. So here's some of our data methodology, just kind of a high level overview. As I mentioned, we do use engineering design standard tests looking at how do stressors affect degradation. So how does flooding, precipitation, temperature, traffic, what does this do to roads? How does it degrade and how do we measure that? We take those material studies and put the climate change on top of it and then say, given certain climate futures, how will this affect the current road infrastructure? You can see on the right over there, just one example of our graph for the flooding impact that increased flooding and frequency and severity can have on roads. So now that that's kind of the quick background on what is IPSS, I'm going to show you guys a little bit about what the user experience is like and also some of the applications that we have done with this model. So this is our input screen. All of the data for the engineering, all the data for the climate is already in the model. And so from a user perspective, what we need is we need the road stock inventory data. This is for primary, secondary, tertiary roads, paved gravel and unpaved and the administrative regions. We also require population data, poverty rates, traffic projections, and building inventory. You can see that we upload all of these files through Excel, so they're actually stored in separate workbooks. We can help to create those and use local knowledge and local resources to generate this. We have these nine road classifications and we realize that, well, ideally, all roads could be climate-proofed. That is not always a reality for the use of funding. So we can run a partial analysis adapting only certain roads that may be of key importance in the country. And then we've incorporated visual things as well. So here's an example of Ghana, the administrative regions, and the current road network overlay. So when we're looking at the output, there are four metrics that you will see our results displayed in, the total cost, the opportunity cost, the maintenance savings, and the adaptive advantage. Each of these four metrics combine to guide the decision-making process. They each tell a different story about the impact of climate change and particularly important is the second one, the opportunity cost. This is really designed to help the developing countries in particular understand what is the real cost of climate change and how does that fit into their current development picture. And this is really designed to help prioritize investments. So the metric is the percentage of new roads that could be built relative to the existing infrastructure if climate change didn't happen and money didn't have to be diverted. Just a quick overview of what our output looks like. We have a series of workbooks. We do kind of a user-friendly less technical output. So at a glance, you can see what the mean GCM projects the cost to be, a slightly more detailed looking at the core tiles for the 2030, 2050, and 2090 decades. This is particularly important because obviously the inherent uncertainty in climate change, you see a big increase towards the end of the century. So it's from a policy perspective, are these climate change impacts happening in 2030, or are they happening in 2090? Because those are big differences in how you're going to allocate funding and planning and looking ahead. There's also more detailed results, so especially for technical road planners working within the Ministry of Transport or engineering firms or more technical areas, we can produce the results by GCM by year, by road type through 2100. So one of the ways that we've just looked at how do we understand the uncertainty of GCMs? So here's a histogram that looks at the adapt and the no-adapt results from one example. This is particularly important when from the climate science perspective, there isn't one right GCM. They're equally likely, I'm not the expert on that, but equally likely. So from a policy perspective, are you looking to climate-proofy roads? Are you looking to have a no regret, so minimum investment to mitigate impacts? So where does this fall? You can see from the no-adapt here on the left in the red that while the most extreme GCM projects very high cost, the vast majority, the trend of the GCMs is much less expensive. So that would be a consideration to look into as a policymaker and looking to allocate money. So just our first study, one of our first applications where I use this system was looking at a 10-country study. We wanted to answer the question, does climate change impact developing countries disproportionately? We chose 10 countries, five developing and five developed geographically about the same size, obviously very different amounts of infrastructure. And the results show that yes, developing countries bear a very large burden. You can see here, Ethiopian Cameroon could both nearly double their road infrastructure just by dealing with the cost of climate change, whereas Italy, while it sees a very high total cost in climate change, sees a very low opportunity cost, really showing that even if climate change happens at an extreme rate for Italy, the burden that it will affect on design and construction is very low. We also looked at the ADAPT and the NO ADAPT policy perspectives. For all 10 countries, by 2050 through the end of the century, there was a significant advantage to proactive adaptation and the costs that were incurred were much lower than if no adaptation was taken. We decided to take this actually to a continent level and say, okay, given Africa, what does this look like on a bigger scale? And the impacts were actually surprising. We found that for the 42 countries that we analyzed, in general, the costs were very high, but they varied significantly between countries. The total cost and the opportunity cost did not always line up. You can see South Africa here faces a very high total cost, whereas the opportunity cost is relatively low compared to many of the other countries. Across Central Africa, you see a pretty median total cost, but a very high opportunity cost with the ability to essentially improve the road infrastructure by over a thousand percent. So taking this to a regional level, in all the regions, there was an adaptive advantage of several billion dollars over the time period that we looked at, which was 2020 to 2100. But taking this down to a country level, this is not always the case. Malawi in the green does have an advantage if they adapt. Mozambique, for this GCM, actually shouldn't adapt. It can be far more costly, whereas Zambia sees about negligible either way, pretty even. But this is where we really see the other analysis elements I talked about, the environment, the social, the transportation constraints, because you're looking at, okay, if we're going to spend money on climate change anyway, should it be just to repair damages and repair unpaved roads, or should we adapt and upgrade our roads to paved roads? Do we see benefits in lower transportation costs, transportation times, improve social metrics? So that's where we see this system really coming from kind of the interdisciplinary perspective based on engineering and climate science, but useful at a higher policy level and incorporate in those broader elements of development. One of our recent projects was working in conjunction with wider and a larger study looking at Vietnam. We looked at road infrastructure, but it was the first time we'd included sea level rise. The costs here, you can see the mean GCM opportunity cost was 92%, and for many of the southern coastal regions, using the sea level rise projection that we used, there was almost total inundation. So definitely something to be concerned about, and definitely be considered in policy as Vietnam moves forward. So those are some of the finished applications we've done. I talked about road infrastructure because it's our most complete model, but we've also worked to expand this to building infrastructure. We did a preliminary study with the Asian Development Bank, and these are some of the results from South Korea. You can see that from the map, there's definitely kind of a swath through the middle of the country that's going to be much greater affected, and urban housing is of particular concern. This is something where we are really looking to refine the methodology and understand the difference between public and private. So in summary, the climate change obviously presents a significant and disproportionately costly impact to developing countries, and adaptation can significantly reduce these impacts, but understanding when and how and where these technical applications and budgeting should be considered is definitely important. So we have designed IPSS with that in mind and hope to see it used both technically and at a policy level.


In 1941, Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the United States entered World War II. British codebreakers built Colossus I and II, the world's first programmable, electronic digital computers. The Manhattan Project grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost close to $2 billion, which is the equivalent to about $26 billion in 2015. Two atomic bombs were produced. One was a simple gun-type fission weapon using uranium-235 called Little Boy, and the other was a more complex, implosion-type weapon using plutonium called Fatman. As part of the Manhattan Project, physicists used the term health physics for the first time as they developed methods to measure radiation being emitted, control radioactive contamination in the workplace, and solve other health-related problems. The term was also used for security purposes because of its vagueness. A term like radiation protection might have aroused suspicion or unwelcome interest by an enemy. However, the term health physics conveyed nothing about Manhattan Project activities. Less than a year after World War II came to an end, President Harry Truman signed the Atomic Energy Act establishing the Atomic Energy Commission to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. This act effectively transferred the control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands. Shortly thereafter, an article was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association that described the successful treatment of thyroid cancer using radioactive iodine 131. Due to concerns over fallout from nuclear weapons tests, by the end of the 1940s, the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended that a radiation dose limit of 1.5 REMs per year be set for the public.


And the one time I need to go to the toilet at school the staff toilets are occupied. I hope the kids don't come in here Oh my god, this is stressful All right, it's time to bail. Let's see if there's anyone out there. Okay coast is clear. Okay, let's send it Let's send it. Hope they don't see me come outside


Yn ymdeg, ddwy'n ddweud i'r ffordd, a ddwy'n ddweud i'r ffordd. Rwy'n ddweud y gweithio'r meddwl mewn cyfnodol. Yn ymdeg, rwy'n ddweud Paul Edward yn 1980, ac yw Williamson Nessie yn 1991. Yn ymdeg, rydyn ni'n ddweud y ffordd, ond mae'r meddwl yw'n ddweud yng nghymru sy'n ddweud yng Nghymru'r meddwl. Rydyn ni'n gyntaf i'r cwyt ar y Nesaf, sydd yn ddweud y meddwl mewn meddwl wedi'u gweld yn ymddangos i'r cyhoedd. Mae'r ysgol yn ymddangos i'r meddwl mewn meddwl. Mae'r ysgol yn ymddangos i'r meddwl. ond mae'n gweithio'n ddweud yn dweud. Yn ymddorol o'r ddwyledig, ymddorol mewn meddwl? Mae'n ddweud y cwestiynau o genetig ar y syniad? Mae'r ddweud yn ymddorol. Mae'n ddweud o'r ddwyledig o'r genetig. Mae'n ddweud. Ond mae'n gweithio'n gweithio, ond mae'r cwmpod yn ymddangos, a mae'r ddysgu, yw'r ddysgu'r ymddangos yn ymddangos. Mae'r ddysgu'r ddysgu'r cyfnodd yn ymddangos yn ymddangos yma, oedd y cyfrifeddau hwnnw, o'r ddysgu'r cyfrifeddau hwnnw, ac ymdyn nhw'n ddysgu'r cyfrifeddau hwnnw, o'r cyfrifeddau hwnnw, Mae'r llwyddoedd yn ymgyrchol 32. Mae'n ddod yn ddod yn ymgyrchol yma'r cyfnodd yma. Felly, yma'r llwyddoedd yr arddangos. Yn y US, mae'r ymddi Edward Angle, mae'r llwyddoedd yma'r llwyddoedd, mae'r llwyddoedd yma'r llwyddoedd ar gyfer y brasau. Mae'n ddod yn ymgyrchol yma'r llwyddoedd. Mae'r llwyddoedd yma'r llwyddoedd yma'r llwyddoedd ac mae'n gwybod i'r Ysgol, yng Nghymru, yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch gweithio cyflog. Dyma ymweld yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch ychydig o'r cyflog a'r llyff ymgyrch o'r cyflog o'r cyflog. A oedd ydych chi'n gweithio ymgyrch yn ymgyrch o'r cyflog o'r cyflog, mae'n gwybod i'r llyff, mae'n gwybod i'r llyff, Felly, cyflogwyr y flwyddyn yng Nghymru yn y troi'r cynllunio, da fynd i'n dweud felly. Dyna ni i ddweud y bwysig o'r fathau wedi'u cyflogwyr ac yn dod yn Cadwydrwyrestu'r cyflogwyr ar yr yspargwyr. Ond mae dyna, dyna ei ddefnyddio a'r byddur fyddio angen o bwysig, a'r pethau yn bywyd i'r pelynydd, ond mae'n bywyd ei awddiad o'r bydd. Rydyn ni'n cael ei fyddion'i rhanion, model use fixed braces and now fixed braces or the evolution from the e-arch is almost universal and you will struggle to find anyone using a Frankel o plans and yet one is treating the causes the other is treating the symptoms and I would go beyond these appliances but these are a good representation so the problem we are lazy no one wants to change now I've been asking the question why it does not make me popular within my profession but I really want to look at the evidence base with fresh eyes and within my profession we really don't understand the etiology of the problem it's well known within my profession that there's no real understanding of why teeth are crooked there's no real understanding of the epidemiology of this problem I'm concerned that the diagnosis we make in my profession is literally a description of what's evidently seen it's nothing to do with the cause is not a diagnosis in the truest sense of the word we don't understand the pathology there are far too many types of treatment try getting a diagnosis or an opinion from several different orthodontists I would highly recommend it from anyone thinking of having treatment and of course there's no cure we're recommending permanent retention now when I look at the etiology the cause the factors that seem most pressing is the change in the masticatory effort and the change in oral posture so we know that we've moved from a very hard tough low calorie diet to a very soft high calorie diet of course the wear on teeth are good indicators of that well we know that muscle weakness diseases can lead to change in facial form the individual going back the individual here on the right has muscular dystrophy her teeth are in contact but there's a gross deformation in form just because there's change in the muscle usage now here is a template of a modern norm and that brings another problem with an orthodontics is the normative data stems from the middle of the last century the 1900s now if this is an evolutionary mismatch related to our lifestyle changes normative data from the middle of the last century is going to confound our understanding of the disease process and is one of the problems of course late onset muscle weakness can cause a problem yet he's already grown so when he changed now cannot be genetic and unilateral muscle weakness on people who have already grown their genetics have played out and changes of course in breathing or oral posture i've gone through this before i have many presentations that can be accessed on this and effectively if you have good muscle usage and you have your tongue on the roof of the mouth you will have good growth patterns and if you hang your mouth open with a low tongue posture and you have weak muscle usage or less muscle usage your face will grow down and reform to protect your airway this is not a new revelation this seems to fit with all of the scientific evidence and of course as your face gets longer the cross-sectional area is reduced and you will make compensations to maintain an open airway and i feel that genetics may play a role but it's more likely to be evidence that is what the hard so genetics is more likely to be secondary that is what the hard evidence would support and i've put forward the concept of craniofacial dystrophy saying effectively if the face is not the right shape then it does not function correctly and here's a group of problems that as general we treat symptomatically and we don't understand the causes that seem to be related the most important clearly is probably sleep apnea but this is pretty well evidence based i would struggle to prove this but you couldn't disprove it and i worry the prove it mentality has once again become too prevalent in medicine now i want to put some cases in to make sort of a realistic understanding of what we're trying to do here's a boy with i worked hard with and i've overlaid his photographs so you can understand the type of changes we're trying to get here now that was five years of hard work his teeth are not perfectly straight i'm not going to pass a board exam orthodontist would look at this and say well that's not a very good job but he's straightened his own teeth he's done it and if he's done it they're likely to stay straight it's also been economic disaster five years of treatment well it's difficult to charge people and the amount of time i spend with people so who makes money the lipo surgeon or the dietician and this is one of the crux problems because who's making the real health game because one of them's driving a Ferrari the other one's driving a bicycle one of them's on the committee meetings at the hospital the other one probably doesn't know when the meetings are going to happen and that's one of the crux problems with how our health care system has played out fixing things makes money now i'm also concerned with what we refer to within orthodontics as unfavorable facial growth well it's considered that this is genetic it's considered that orthodontic problems are genetic yet what i see when i look at any controlled study where their controls and where they're orthodontically treated samples the facial length always increases in the orthodontically treated samples so an element of this always happens so there was is some downswing in facial form from affecting people from trying to move the teeth straight making the teeth straight and that worries me because it worries me about the health effects that could happen my father raised his fears in a program in the uk called dispatches in 1998 and suffered for the consequences of raising his fears he never had any form of intellectual dialogue on his fears now i was a wonder about other iatrogenic effects from trying to move teeth such as root resorption you see the tips of these teeth have been affected and of course we are asking people to wear retainers for the rest of their lives so we're holding the teeth straight because the causes haven't been affected because the causes haven't been affected teeth still tend to move and i worry about holding teeth out of their balance zone because you can hold the teeth out of the balance zone you can't hold the bone the gums and the supporting tissue out of the balance zone and in modern societies we tend to head south as we get older i don't think this happened to our ancestors but it does now and if you're going to head south but you're going to hold your teeth in a predetermined position eventually the teeth are going to stop bulging out of the bone and you will lose the roots you'll lose the bone around the teeth and if you are predisposed to gum disease that's going to be a catastrophe i also see many people who don't have teeth extracted who have their arches widened and i think they're going to be even more susceptible but that cohort have not run through the system yet remember we've only been doing mass orthodontics for about 35 years we have yet to see the long-term effects of all of this and of course then there is relapse you don't wear your retainer it's going to relapse this individual is missing his wisdom teeth is missing a premola and the teeth are crowded again you know there's eight teeth down and you've got crowding and what's the solution take some more teeth out remember all our ancestors had all of their teeth and usually a good five to 10 millimeters behind the wisdom teeth they was dramatically different skull forms than most people alive today it's interesting walking around the campus here i see so many people with smiles that i know don't match their faces and i'm sure they're wearing retainers every night with holding their teeth out of their balance zone and they have no idea what potential damage that could cause or what they could do about it they just don't have this knowledge this information so this is what i showed you earlier on i won't go into details i refer to as an mfo so how i overlay faces so i get a better understanding you can't do x-rays all the time and i think i worry about the value of x-rays photographs i think are more accurate and so flicking through her facial forms i think we've got a reasonable change in her growth pattern over time but that has taken me a long time i was a very involved treatment you know it's taken me 10 years of my time on with her you know i can't charge a commensurate fee for the time it takes me to do that but i think the health gains are added her to her a large is more than just straight teeth but there are certain scientific blockages that i think i see in the system i think that many people are looking at what i'm doing and it's saying we're just making pretty faces you know we're not doing health this is more in the region of plastic surgery you know medicine should be about making people healthier not more beautiful and yet you know what is beauty saying that beauty our appreciation of beauty is influenced by what we perceive as healthy and in many ways i believe i'm making people healthy it's perceived as beauty and it's interesting that there are no known or recognized health benefits that i know of from orthodontics apart from aesthetic improvement so in a way aesthetic improvement of the face or aesthetic improvement of the teeth is the focus of what i do or conventional orthodontics second it's a motive talking about anyone's face is an emotive issue people often don't want to talk about it and of course we've got business models and profit making teeth straight has become a very effective business model of course that discussion of the genes or the environment means that if it's genetic i'm wrong and if it's predominantly environment then modern orthodontics may be wrong it's not a additive idea it's an either or idea so it's a competitive process i'm right or they're right we it's going to difficult for both people to be right and then the legacy if the way we've been approaching malocclusion crooked teeth has been wrong well i would imagine many of you have had treatment what about it what are we going to do about that how do we redress that people have to admit they're wrong people don't like doing that and of course also it's intuitively impossible most people think that it's just impossible to change your facial form however much evidence i give people they don't want to hear it and i think often it's because people want this preordained belief we've latched onto it you know they don't want to understand that their facial form isn't correct it may lead to serious health issues that could even shorten their lives and it's their fault yes the modern environment as well probably a little bit of your parents but it largely is your own fault not a good message people don't want to hear that so now what are we going to do well what am i going to do so i've watched my father's reputation destroyed after this dispatch his program in 1998 he raised his concerns he said that he thought that a certain percentage up to 20 or 30 percent of children who are having orthodontics have notable facial damage he's never had any scientific engagement onto whether he was right or wrong but he was largely condemned i remember going to a lecture given by the head of the academic program so the guy who decides what goes in the program at the big london university that qualifies 25 percent of the students in the uk he gave a controversial lecture at the end of the lecture i went up and i said you know you have some evidence for some of these things you want to say of course what he wanted to respond to me saying that well there's very little evidence for anything in dentistry but he decided to make a little quib and so the quib he said was well there's no evidence that just to prove that john muse wrong and i said you know that's my father and he said oh yes yes i know i think it will clear you didn't know because you wouldn't have said it if you knew but in his mind my father was the definition within dentistry of poor science i was there there was no higher benchmark than my father for bad science and there wasn't even the evidence to show that he was wrong so there's very little evidence within orthodontics or dentistry dentistry as a whole now i've never had any deep engagement with any orthodontist ever not even when i was training as soon as i get into deep water people you know they want to swatch off they don't want to engage with me and i have an outstanding offer so anyone watching this who thinks that i may be telling incorrect evidence have an engagement with me sit down let's chew the fat on orthodontics now i've written to all of the orthodontic teaching schools in the uk twice um we had a response from dundee for a period and then that didn't go anywhere uh then you know i've had now writing to my local school which is this large school that qualifies 25 percent of the students in the uk it seems to go nowhere and you know we seem to be as the the professor said speaking different languages all i want is them to analyze my cases look at do a cohort with me help me get some research going then i've extend i've lectured extensively including clearly ancestral health symposium and it's you know always interesting looking at some of the responses i remember after the symposium in boston someone said fascinating fascinating but i'll still go with diet that that's that's solid you know i know that the consistency of the diet it's solid science and i'm thinking i don't see any hard evidence for the consistency of the diet i would love to see some it would be simple for me to recommend supplements and yet there's such good evidence to support what i'm saying and crania facial dystrophy so in 2009 i published an editorial the black swan in the bdj challenging my profession to a debate on the etiology i'm engaged with the british orthodontic society i've had numerous emails with them i've wrote extensively to three chairs of the general dental council view the board certifying body within the uk i've written to my member of parliament who i also met i've written extensively to the council of health care regulatory excellence the all party dental committee the minister of health i've had questions asked in the house of law so a little bit like your senate and i've published extensively and engaged in letters in the british dental journal your main journal of dentistry in the uk and then i published my opinion piece crania facial dystrophy as i mentioned in the bdj in 2014 so from 2009 to 2014 i've been a right royal pain in the ars i've been asking simple questions why a teeth crooked my profession doesn't know we're treating a large percentage of the population we need to have debate you know we had a debate by the general dental council i think he was in 1936 it's time for another one then of course social media arrives and also i'm trying to set a clinic up so we engage with social media and we do surprisingly well i mean this is now one of the major orthodontic facebook pages where we engage with people and we talk then i had some interesting advice on youtube to make videos on lots of different subjects because that would bring people in but i had this deep urge to share my knowledge to help people and especially when when what you're doing is being prevented it's really quite difficult you know i want to say these things i want to tell people how they can easily make themselves better it's very difficult for me to see someone sitting there with a mouth open and not say look stand up and prove your posture to use some gum um and also you know i'm treating cases and i can see the benefit of what i'm doing i mean you know this girl was told no option but surgery she's got what we referred to as a class three now she's only halfway through i saw her the other day she is looking significantly better than this this girl was told no option but surgery there's a mark in the teeth so you can see where it's going now i'm not happy with that result i want to make her look a lot better because i know she looks better she is healthier now then this was very strange i've i've gone viral now i was asked to give this presentation it was to young men and sometime after this i one of my guys working for me said that there was a discussion on something called slut hate and and i engaged and discussed this thing with these guys and it seemed to then just take off virally and we got this advent of mewing and i see people out there who are buying into what i'm saying they're really working hard and they're changing their facial form they're posting these pictures and there's this whole community of mures which is kind of not what i was expecting but i guess you know what i'm saying it's really only of interest to people with faces and i guess that's a lot of people but you know i say that as i say often say to people you know i've got i've got a strong jaw now i've got strong muscles and it would seem that the two are related how do you get strong muscles you chew if you want a good jaw and a strong face chew use your system use it or lose it but of course then we have the empire strikes back so the buddhist orthodontic society who refused to engage with me on any form of debate on the etiology has then reported me to the general dental council on a particular video they said we've reported you in the highest manner possible then if you don't take the videos down we'll throw you out the buddhist orthodontic society and i said why what's wrong with the video to which they wouldn't tell me six months no details you know where's my freedom of speech in all of this then clearly the case reaches the general dental council my lawyers get involved and then they need to give some detail you know a lawyer's letter is very good for bringing some action so they um go through my videos and find out lots of little elements where they think i've said things that don't fit with the orthodonts view the real politic of modern orthodontics and they make a list of them they give them to the general dental council and who are the general dental council going to believe going to believe me or the unanimous decision by a list of bigwigs and professors so up to date i've had an interim orders committee hearing so i've had to go to a meeting where they decided whether i was a current danger and threat so after the initial findings they have to see if i'm currently dangerous they decided i wasn't luckily then we've got a couple of patients who have become involved i won't go into that in great detail but i think they want to move this away from a philosophical argument into a patient argument because it's a more emotive but my concern is in the next 12 to 18 months i've got to do something out the back box or i will lose my license i will lose my livelihood and i'll lose my practice when i go in front of this court with the general dental council i will rely on experts there are no experts that are going to support me i know with the expert against the zordi ladies case and i'm as guilty as charged for the comments i've made the experts carry weight my opinion doesn't carry weight now i know that expert supporting me thinks i'm guilty as charged so i'm going to be guilty as charged and this is based on a house of cards of information and i chose this picture because a top of this house of cards looks solid and unless i can challenge the very foundations the very roots upon which this hard table top is made i go down i'll lose my license there's no question this is a slow motion car crash now a clinical update i move forward i'm trying to take on older patients because the older the patients i can do the more i can demonstrate i'm getting changes that aren't just genetic i'm trying to use heat maps and 3d scanning to try and really look in depth of what i'm doing and i can see you can probably see this heat map well illustrates what the change has gone but i think that what i'm doing is a spearhead argument for evolutionary medicine or the dentics effect nearly all families in the western world it's one of the largest there's a significant household cost and one of the most significant symptoms i believe osa obstructive sleep apnea is probably shortening the lives of most 10% of people in america by about 10 years so it's a significant problem and i'm making a the base level argument is robust the argument is sound but it's probably preventable and that is my biggest annoyance our ancestors didn't have this other mammals don't have this it should be preventable so please go to this site prevent crooked teeth your support here would be welcome but also i ask the movement the ancestral health movement to support me in my quest for the scientific process and to support me before my career is destroyed for following the truth for my quest for the science the answers this is really happening this is the stuff sort of books are written about or movies are made on and it's happening right now in front of your eyes and i looked at the ancestral health movement to support me as a spearhead movement for the ancestral health movement thank you very much by the way please sharing this video would help thank you thank you so much mike i just think what you're doing is incredible and i hope that people step up to support it um if you want to take a few minutes of questions we can yeah we can go a couple hi mike that was amazing this is probably more of a kind of a statement as well as a question so in medicine there's there's functional medicine is there's no such thing as functional dentistry where you're looking more at root cause of things i think terms are important now a lot of people use what is referred to as functional appliances and functional appliances are a little step in the direction i'm in but if they're one meter towards me they're still nine meters away from me there's still a huge difference between what we refer to as functional appliances and what i do and i think i'm often labeled as repiding functional appliances and the evidence for functional appliances which i believe i agree is quite poor is often labeled on me as well and i think trouble is functional movement as sort of latched on to functional appliances okay well i think what you're doing is wonderful and i think there is i see science they might not see it but you have well i'm trying yeah but you know you need to talk to people who are going to talk to you yes people don't engage the biggest problem in science is just the lack of engagement if people don't engage in science it goes nowhere it's too easy not to engage thank you very much well thank you that was my initial question too but i'll ask a different one now um you're saying that we can increase or get a better job more defined job in a bigger chin based on the work you're doing to kind of bring it forward is that the mewing movement can you do that at home or is that something somebody has to work with you one-on-one with no you can do it at home what i often say to anyone engaging with treatment with me so i said that if i could plug in to your brain a little bit like they did in the film the matrix and i could reset your parameters of that is all i would have to do anyone has the potential the best appliance is your tongue you've got one improve your posture and function and you'll improve the structure will we know that i mean that all the evidence suggests that it's just people don't want the conclusions they don't want to hear it and it defies convention you know we believe the face we've got is is what's that image on your passport your identity that defines who you are is your face what's that thing that looks back at you from any mirror it's your face it is you and to suggest that you your face is not correct it's just so alien to people it's just a very difficult thing to understand but when people understand this is will be one of the biggest stories ever ever thank you yeah like uh what to what extent does the orthodoxy have a coherent argument or set of arguments and that would to which you would have to like defeat in an open dialogue is that what i have well it is just interesting you know it's it's a sort of real politic answer it just it seems to evolve slowly over time and evolved to it's almost like the argument is fashionable i've watched the argument change over time and there seems to be a response to nearly every question given that sounds very reasonable and you know these these are some very bright people who are just not willing to look underneath the carpet and they're building everything on top of these assumptions and trying to square every circle and being really quite effective at it again when i engage with anyone i know the holes you know i know how to drive a london bus through most arguments but someone has to engage with you and it's very easy to make you know quick sound bites that sound impressive it's you to get a scientific answer you really need to get down to the root the base evidence and have an impassioned discussion and rather than a passionate discussion that happens too often i mean what would be the kind of thing that that someone from the orthodoxy would say in response to you would they say that the delimus alignment is part of the normal variation variation in the population one of the common concepts at the moment is that malocclusion is a normal variation around the norm so everyone has slightly crooked teeth in one direction or another direction and it's a variation around the norm but that just doesn't fit with this gross change we've had from our ancestral form to our modern form there's been huge changes look at skulls from in any museum and they look just dramatically different all our ancestors look dramatically different you know you see someone walking out the serengeti someone walking out the brazilian rainforest someone walking out the australian outback and they all stand up with beautiful posture they've all got beautiful facial form clearly i'm using this term beauty again this health and beauty and they've got 32 perfectly straight teeth the good space behind those teeth all of them always unless they have a specific problem unless they're not healthy and that is just so different from what we see in modern society now and the fact that we took the profession has taken these x-rays there's normative data in the middle of the 20th century and again stat data we're treating patients it seems it's going to confound how you think and from that thought pattern you could come to conclusion that this is a variation around the norm but that argument then doesn't stack up the other thing they would say to me is i have no evidence lily i don't have lots of randomized clinical controlled trials well i am one individual but i pay my taxes my patients pay their taxes the salaried researchers in my local area are not even talking to me they're not even listening to my concerns they're not doing their job of helping me to do the research that would validate i mean how many mscs have happened in the last 10 years in london by orthodontists could one of them not have been on what i'm doing it's all been paid for by the state we have a socialized healthcare system that's even paying for a good chunk of the orthodontic therapy if i'm right if there's any evidence to what i'm saying is correct this would make a major change to healthcare costs a major change this has a big impact on osa well what where's the benefit there we need all i'm asking for the scientific process i say don't believe a word i say but believe in my desire and my right to have a debate on the etiology of malocclusion some form of scientific engagement i just want a level playing field i'm asking for no more so that we can have science so we can have a understanding of the baseline facts uh thank you for your talk um i'm primarily an exercise physiologist work as a trainer also and based on some stuff from rhan rosca piri and other people i've noticed a big association between uh cranial facial structure and just overall movement quality uh so my questions are twofold if you've seen similar and then would the maybe fitness field be sort of a backdoor area into more what you're looking at instead of kind of going around maybe the profession you started in i know it's a little bit of a yeah i think what um what i see is people with just okay sorry but most people in this room have got distorted cranial facial form when i walk down a high street anywhere i see car crash car crash car crash sorry it's it's i see disasters everywhere and once you really understand what i'm saying your eyes become open and you see this disaster going on in front of you you see it in your children you see it in your friends now as the space for the tongue becomes limited and the airway space becomes a vital space as i call it people gradually gain a more forward head posture and that can really affect their ability to engage in sports and activities now as far as going around the profession i think that's a good way i think i would love to bring in people from a sports field and physiotherapy field into my clinic and i would i i'm only getting going that that facial form on the show of the adult all those kids i'm only touching the surface i know i could do so much more i i can know the people i know the techniques i could bring in i will hopefully get there but it's you know i can't live off less i can't work any harder there's a limit to this and that's where i need to come to events like this this is why i want you know benefactors i want engagement in science because this is the way forward the scientific process you know i have a i have a demonstration of a scientific process here the scientific process has bought us great gains and some areas like this they use it well why can't we use it well in medicine all the time we know it's not happening we know that evolutionary medicine could provide so many great gains but it means a people have to change their lifestyles but also we have to change bits of modern medicine and probably the profit motive doesn't go in that direction michael unlike i just want to console you with the following bit of pessimism which is that orthodoxies hate science they hate it in 1600 with Copernicus and Bruno and Galileo they hated it all through the 19th century when pastor was arguing for the germ theory of disease and now they hate evolutionary medicine because it stands in the way of their profits their power and their ideology sorry that's okay well i i i recognize i'm the most hated person in orthodontics on planet earth sorry do you have a question and then we should ground up thank you yeah i just i agree with him because um going after that but um basically thank you for your work i recently had a nephew and now i'm making sure that he's chewing instead of having baby food so thank you for your work um so you've said before that your goal is to eliminate your business and to not to not need to do orthotropics to have people do it themselves yeah um and you're not getting yeah you're not orthodontics and you're not getting support from the orthodontic community and very likely you might lose your license just like you said but i think that the support you're getting from the online community are just people that hear your message that are not so um tied up with they don't have to they didn't have to pay for the daunting school and lose their proper uh probably their livelihood so they're not as attached to it so i think that yeah going online is the best is a great way to go but i have a question for you if you are going to create like a teaching curriculum or something for people that want to learn how to spread it because for example for myofunctional therapy you have to go to dentist school dentistry school for four years get in debt for that a lot of money and then um then you get to be a myofunctional therapist and especially in our society if you have the certifications people believe you and to become a myofunctional therapist like are you are you thinking of having any sort of curriculum that's stamped by you because i don't really care about going to dentist school i want to go and learn what you're teaching i i have a personal dislike of credentialism and this tendency towards protectionism and placing paywalls one of my biggest dislikes is the fact that i see so many professorial types or the you know the mister barbady barbady who's written the book he's got lots of qualifications but he is useless people go to see him because he's of his reputation they're willing to pay over the odds to see him because he's mister barbady barbady and they're being screwed over that is a particular dislike of mine i would like to see a system where we pay people for results for what they achieve and it is something i would like to engineer and i would like to lower the academic requirements for entry and increase an ability based result driven certification you know it works very well for my plumber why can't it work for my doctors okay so that's in the word i know you have that that's on the list yeah that's on the long list but i i hope to get there you know i i want to change the world i've got to go do or die haven't i and if i don't think out the box if i just continue in a straight line as i'm going i'm history and it's it's it's as i said it's a slow motion carcraft i you know where it's going to go because when i go into if i walk into the general dental council court which i will have to at some point if i go in with two experts who think i'm clearly wrong one thinks i'm very wrong once trying to find reasons to believe me because you're being paid by my insurers well i'm a dead man you know and yet i believe i'm doing the scientifically proven thing i'm doing the best for my patients i'm struggling to survive economically to provide this therapy for my trip patients and yet i'll be struck off for doing so yeah but i say don't even well i wouldn't even go with like the orthodontist or even try to appeal to them because you know other though like it's not main or it has become mainstream fitness like pilates yoga you don't get insurance for going to those things but it becomes so big because the people have seen the results and i think that's what's going to happen well yeah but i need it i need by law i need to be registered to treat people and that law can be used against me thank you very much so we do want to we've got time for one more question thank you mic we're uh it's after five already um so i we're gonna cut that sorry yeah we i will talk a leg anyway listen thank you very much you're a great audience will you be hanging around or at the dinner for people who want to ask more sorry are you gonna speak up sir will you be either here or at the dinner later or i'll be at the dinner later i want to spend it was very thankful that i put this presentation on the first day because i will spend the rest of the conference here and you know i appeal to you for ideas for support for help i said if anyone watches this video you know share it tell people what's happening ask questions you know have more than one consultation if you go to see an orthodontist be sensible think and thank you very much


Or maybe you're dating someone but aren't quite sure if they genuinely like you? Well, there are a few signs that can help you in determining if they like you, you know, besides asking them. So here are six signs that reveal if they genuinely like you. Number one, they get closer to you than others. Do you notice they get a bit closer to you than your other friends and acquaintances? Are they scooting close into your personal space? If you're comfortable with this and like them too, then it's likely good news. This is a sign someone likes you romantically. Whether they do this intentionally, likely, or suddenly find themselves being drawn closer to you like a magnet, it's a good sign that they're attracted to you. Number two, they lift their eyebrows in reaction to you. Say what?  I'm talking about a flash. Eyebrow flash, people. An eyebrow flash is an unconscious social behavior. This is when someone involuntarily lifts their eyebrows due to a sudden release of dopamine. They'll often lift them for a fifth of a second, or even a few seconds, because they just saw someone they're attracted to or desire. So ask yourself this, do their eyebrows say they're excited to see you? Or are you standing next to a plate of cupcakes? Cupcakes. Number three, they touch you lightly. Does your crush often touch you lightly or briefly? People want to get close to the people that they like, and what brings people closer, literally, touching. If someone you are friends with is now throwing their arm around you, or running into your arms for a friendly embrace, they may just be getting closer to you as friends, but if an acquaintance is finding a reason to get closer to you, they may be interested in you romantically. Just make sure you're both comfortable around each other. Look out for the warning signs of closed-off body language.  A tongue twister, say that three times.  Number four, when you talk to them, they give you their full attention. Are they giving you more attention than other casual friends or acquaintances? People can multitask, it's a thing. Although, according to psychologists, it's not actually possible or helpful. Multitasking is a pretty stressful thing sometimes. So if your spouse or crush is constantly scanning their social media feed while talking to you, or only having time to talk with you during their last match of Halo, they may not be ready to say those three vital words just yet. When we love and genuinely like someone, we are attentive. Especially when we need to talk about serious topics. We enjoy focusing on the one we love. We value their opinion and the things they have to say. And first and foremost, we listen and pay attention. Do your partner not the scoreboard? Number five, they're displaying open body language. Notice their body language. Are they closed off? Or is their body language open? Open body language is a fantastic way to tell if someone likes you. This doesn't always mean in a romantic way.  Nope, yes? Okay, moving on. If someone is sitting in a relaxed, open position, or perhaps talking openly with their hands, they may subconsciously be showing they like you.  A body stiff can all be signs someone just perhaps isn't feeling it today. Or worse, they aren't feeling you. And number six, they expose their wrists and neck. Does your partner often put their hands out on the table openly, or expose their neck more often? People tend to open up to people they like and subconsciously show their weakest spots. Sound kind of creepy, but it's not. Often when we don't like someone, we may become defensive and close ourselves off with our body language. But when we use open body language, we may expose vulnerable parts of our body like our neck or wrists to show we trust someone. We can look to Marilyn Monroe's classic neck-torting pose for inspiration. People may stroke their necks and tilt their heads in interest to show they like you. Showing their hands and not hiding them away in their pockets leaves another vulnerable part of their body, their wrists open for attack. So like, don't be a mountain lion or anything and attack the poor person, but maybe ask them out. So, do you think your crush or date genuinely likes you? Do you like them? Well, will you ask them out on a date? Feel free to share your thoughts with us in the comments down below. If you enjoyed this video, don't forget to click the like button and share it with a friend. Subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell icon for more content like this. As always, thanks for watching.


Hello. Good afternoon. Welcome to my talk. Scale your data and not your process. Welcome to the blaze ecosystem So a brief introduction. I'm a data scientist at continuum analytics We have a booth out there. So we've any time during the week you want to come talk to me I'll be there most of the time. I'm from Barcelona, but I'm currently living in Austin, Texas So also if you're from Spain, you can talk to me in Spanish, Catalan If you're not you can also talk to me in English or German. This is my website I have a couple of the talks I've given at other bison conferences. You can also check them out Just a little bit a brief thing about continuum analytics Gido mentioned the company in his keynote today We offer a free python distribution called anaconda It's very popular in the sci-fi community for libraries that have C and for trend bindings It makes it very easy to install them. We are very Integrated in the open source community. We have we sponsor several projects conda blaze dash bouquet number And we're a proud sponsor of a lot of python conferences You're a python pycon sci-fi py data and we're also hiring. So we're going to be tomorrow at the hiring event If anyone is interested also come talk to us at the booth that's our website A little bit about this talk I'm going to be organizing it in five in three different areas First a little bit about what what data science is and what the stack that i'm presenting today brings to the data science Community Then a little bit of what they call the data science trifers And we'll hear a little bit about that later and then inside the blaze ecosystem There are many projects and i'm going to be mainly talking about four blaze data-shaped odon desk and how the each one relates to each other You can follow the slides online If for some reason you're not able to see it from back there and there's also a github repository where I have the Guide and read me for reproducing the examples that i'm going to show in my slides So you can also try that So first area five areas of data science So many people have their own definition of what data science means For me data science is more just than just machine learning and stats Actually data science is just a rebranding of five fields coming together to solve data problems A lot of people in the scientific community community have already been Solving large large scale analytic problems Scientists will deal with large amounts of data. So they have already worked with it Then there's this group of machine learning and stats people The analytics community with the databases and queries Web is where we find a lot of the data nowadays and then there's the distributed systems Community with all the hadoop and spark That are trying to scale those problems too If we try to find what personas are working in each of the different fields There's some terms right there people calling data scientists people that are in the machine learning stats That are actually most more concerned on modeling We have people in the data business analysts web developers And in the distributed systems a lot of architects data engineers and then in the scientific computing all the research and computational scientists If we have to find one word Of what each of these personas cares about maybe these ones are a proposal of words that identify them So machine learning people in stats care about models by finding the right models to solve their problems People in the analytics community are mainly concerned with reporting right building rather than reports the metrics In the web development building an application In in terms of relation with data science applications that portray accurately that your data problem In the distributed systems you're concerned in your pipeline your architecture that you're building And in the scientific computing world in the algorithms So if we use more than one word, what's the vocabulary of those people in those areas? We see data scientists use words like models supervised unsupervised clustering dimensionality reduction cross validation In the analytics world people concerned with joining with databases with Finding filtering getting summary statistics in the web We have scraping and crawling to gather data Gather information things like interactive data visualizations In the distributed distributed systems, we have all the hadoops spark ecosystem working about clusters stream processing etc In the scientific computing people are concerned with gpu's with graphs with algorithms with compute computation power What are the tools that each of these personas and fields are working with So in the machine learning you find we find our siano cycle learn In the analytics community all the databases sql all community people working with excel 2 In the web community, we have all the web frameworks. We have these three We have bokeh for interactive visualizations. We have scrapers We have a way to share our code with um jupyter notebooks In the distributed systems as I mentioned, we have spark. We have hadoops. We have luigi We have kafka. We have all these also tools being built around it In the scientific computing. We have the core of a lot of the A lot of the libraries that are used by the machine learning and stats Libraries like numpy scipy xray py tables Sison number etc So this is to provide a general picture of what the the status of the data science ecosystem is right now So if we take a look at those tools What what are the three edges that they're bringing together? There's three things There's data There's the computational engine behind it and then there's the expression Expression is how you ask what are you asking for? So data is all about metadata of information on that data and how you store it and containers containers Meaning the how the data is stored in either your memory or your disk We then have Engine that the computation power what what gets executed? And then we have expression meaning the api the syntax the language How rich is that to allow you to express what you want to compute? So what are we looking for in each of these edges? In metadata, we're looking for semantics In in storage and containers Compression and accessibility to your data In engine we're looking for performance being able to do that as fast as possible And in expressions we want one simplicity We want to be able to express what we want to do in a language that's That's very close to our human language So just to like have an example. What does all those things mean? In in other languages, um, for example, we have different file formats, right hd f5 Next cdf json csv sql id calls But we also have memories containers like pandas data frames or numpy arrays In terms of semantics, we have a lot of like we have types We have fields we have names we have description of your data We have relationships between the fields of your data In terms of computation, we have Different different computation engines that perform those like spark like Scython Fortran Python itself or the libraries that are built on top of it In in terms of the api syntax language, I'm talking about the api The numpy api the penis npi the bindings that we have to other libraries that allows us to express that in an easy way We also have many of the sql dialects, etc So In the core all those libraries numpy pandas databases and spark have Have somehow each of those three edges in this triangle Let's let's put a simple example imagine numpy So numpy we have numpy d types, right that allows us to express the types of the fields in our in our data We also have a way to contain The the data for numpy with numpy and the arrays But numpy itself Needs to compute things needs to compute what the the user is asking for and and it has you know bindings to c and fortran also python And in terms of the api We have a numpy npi, right that's how do you express what you want? How do you express the the fact that you want to create a numpy array? So in all of these systems, they're happy and like You know sad faces Numpy and pandas mainly are limited but by the memory of your your laptop or your your your device But people scientists like to express their things with arrays It's an api that has attract a lot of attention in the scientific community Data scientists analysts also really like the pandas api the fact that they can deal with data frames tabular manner In the database world well, we have a lot of dialects SQL. There's a lot of overhead to set up And kind of the spark wall. Yes, it has come to like expand the Hadoop ecosystem to more of the Data scientists and people that are further away of the engineering side, but it hasn't quite yet Reached the gap to help you in all the cases of your data in smaller sets. You still have a lot of overhead to perform it So let's take a look at what the blaze ecosystem brings To this ecosystem that I've just mentioned so blaze started out as how do we expand numpy and pandas To the to out of core computing to not be limited just by the ram that your laptop has And from there, there's several spin-off projects that have come along the way with things that we've learned So first we needed to expand some of the numpy and pandas limitations of expressing The metadata that's that's in them. And that's what where data shape Came to play. There's a data description language That's more general than what numpy and pandas implemented Then we had dine which is a dynamic multidimensional array, which is a library written in c and that has python bindings We also found that there was a lot of need to move data around people data scientists were working with different file formats and There there wasn't always an easy way to move from one format to another one from one place to the other one So that's where otto Was a spin-off project that came out of the blaze repository Um, we then have numba, which is a code optimization adjusting time compiler Inside blaze we have what we call blaze as a as a project which has been kind of the core Which is an just an interface to query data in different back ends We have desk that allows us to do easy parallel computing Castro that's a column store on this column store partitioned and because also column store and and also query language that allows us to To get data out of it. So if we If we place all these projects in this table that we had before Here kind of it's where it comes from now Data shape is this made metadata extraction of expressing your data in different formats We have dine which stores data in a multi-dimensional array We have otto that allows us to switch from one Container to another container from one from numpy arrays to pandas to a lot of the back ends that blaze uses We have number that allows us to optimize the code Dast for parallel computing And blaze being this common interface that allows us to query everything in a unify Unified manner without having to learn each of the different apis So if we put those packages in our triangle We find data shape as the metadata In the meta data section. We have castra in the storage as at one of those Containers otto that allows us to switch from one to the other one. We have On the engine computational The the power of parallelizing with desk and to optimizing the code with numba And expressing everything with blaze and then dine and because which also are Part data containers and also Have computation power to resolve your Whatever you want need to compute If we now place those projects i'm kind of giving you the overall picture of where they all fit So a lot of the analytics people are you know interested in tabular data formats like Like pandas data frames so that data frame is there for them Blaze as a unified query interface We have otto that can be used mainly for everyone. It's just like a utility function to move Data around we have a big support in like the scientific computing world And we're solving a lot of those underlying problems that then are used by many of the Libraries in the python ecosystem for machine learning and stats But we're kind of bringing like the solving the the underlying problems And then we are also engaging with the That with a distributed system world with what's called that's distributed And then we're also going to see blaze server which allows us to serve All this data in different formats through a unified api So kind of like the ideal blaze was Disconnector to all these different Fields in the data size community and bringing everything In a unified manner So if we just remove some of the rest and just going to focus off on what we're going to talk about In this talk, we're mainly going to be talking about four of our projects otto blaze desk and data shape And here's just where they each of them are So the first one's going to be blaze Blaze is just an interface to query data on different storage systems So from blaze you import data and the same way You load data the same way That you do with the csv sql databases mongo db json s3 Hive whatever there is you just call data and pass these uri And then you can do all these squares with all those different Backends select columns filter operate reduce Do split up by combined operations like group by things like this annual columns reliable columns do text matching One of the features that we've just added to blaze is the the blaze server is this way of Building a uniform interface that allows you to host data in all of these backends through a json web api That it's the same for all those databases So you you can write your yaml files specifying All the data that you want to serve where they're where they're located You can also pass the what we're going to see next as data shape And you spin up the blaze server with all of them there and you have a An endpoint that allows you to perform all the computations that we've just mentioned before through the api So this will look like something like this with We have the data available through the api and then we can query we can get the fields and we can get all the different Data sets and inside each of the data sets. We can also get We can compute the same queries that I've just mentioned So as you see we can you can just use things like curl We have an expressive language compute something and And return it There's also the option to use the blaze server to tree and just like something like request But i'm going to explain data shape first So data shape is just a way to to describe structured data and there's the URL to the docs and it's basically basically What's called unit types and unit types is just a dimension and a d type And that's what forms a data shape Then we also can combine those in what's called an order structured d type which is a record Um, and then that record it's a very extensible language. So even if it's You we can use it and actually blaze uses it as a to express tabular Tabular data formats you can actually combine it to have more of like unstructured or semi-structured Data and and express it nested fields and things like that Um, so for example that bar XY said it's going to be our our fields Bar is going to be the length of our our table which can be known or unknown And then the types of those of those fields So in our previous case where we had the several ideas data sets in different formats We can get the data shape. It will look something like that We have a database inside the database. We have a table the table has this Data shape with the the different fields and Types and the same for all of them So what's the connection between blaze query mechanism and data shape? Well blaze uses data shape as its type system. So when we When we call data iris.json, we have access to the data shape and we can explore it Um, so now that we can go back to the blaze server and see okay If I know the the the data shape of my Of my Whatever I've put in the blaze server, which I can get because We just saw that I can just do this shape and I'll get the data shape of that I can then express my query And just use request to query that and the return is going to be a json with the With whatever I ask the computation to do it's going to return the data And it's going to return the data shape and the name of the the field So auto Auto is data migration, which is like of cp with types for data So it has a very simple api from auto import auto and I just have to put Plus my source in target. So if I want to get a json from a csv file just do auto iris csv iris json and that's going to create the json for me and that's a pretty simple case, but you know It can get more complex Like putting things to MongoDB or hdfs or moving things from one hive csv to porquet Things like that So how does auto does that under the hood? It's just a network of different formats and conversions So if I want to go from x to y the most efficient way Auto computes that and and executes that to you and returns the final container. That's your target So imagine you wanted to put something that you have in s3 to postgres You will have to go maybe to do get photo get the file Read Turn it into csv put it to postgres auto just simplifies that By just having this, you know, this uri Where you can specify your s3 wherever it lives and your postgres database Blaze depends on auto because it uses it to handle the uri's So the same uri's that are valid for blaze are also the ones bad for auto Dask we've mentioned dask enables parallel computing. Um, so In the in data science, we have different sizes of data, right? We have things that are around a gigabyte that can fit in memory can fit in your laptop And but then we move to the scale of terabyte, right? And that does not fit in your memory but can fit on your disk and you still want to compute Be able to compute that because it does fit in your your laptop Why couldn't you just compute it with it? Um, and then we have things that are in the petabyte scale where it fits in many disks So in single with single core computing, we can compute things that in the gigabyte scale with parallel computing If we use share memory, we can compute things that fit on disk If you use a distributed cluster, we can compute things that fit in many disks So NumPy pandas have solved the single core computing And dask is bringing the parallel computation power to the users of numpy and pandas So we have The share memory and dask distributed for the distributed cluster And inside of share memory. We have two ways of scheduling multi-threading and multi-processing So what would dask look for an end user? So we have um numpy that like looks like Your image in The left So we create a numpy array of ones And we return some kind of computation. We return it. So dask does lazy evaluation So you have to call compute on it to get your return to return it and you also have to specify The chunk size of the arrays how you want to partition that you have more information on the documentation page of what are like good numbers in terms of You know areas of the megabyte size of arrays that you should Target to so in this case there's those those two changes you need to specify the chunks You need to call compute to actually perform the computation And then you have two two output results right your output can fit in memory So you can just call an umpy array and keep treating it like that Or if your result doesn't fit in memory, you can actually store it to disk with an htf file If you're more of a pandas user Dask data frame looks a lot like a pandas data frame But it allows to compute things that don't fit in memory That's like the big change without you having to change Much of the the flow that you're already used to So this uh pandas we load the nyris um dataset.  You can still do head. You can still do The queries, but you also have to call compute because it does lazy evaluation Then we have also another another Dask collection that's called dask back that allows you to Work with semi-structured data like json blobs or log files and we have Imagine we have tweets that we want to load as a dask back And you can just call from palm names Like sterix json compress map to a load the json files and then query it with like take the first two compute user location frequencies And and turn that into a data frame because you know the result will fit in your memory So it feels a lot like What users are already used to and does the pluralism under the hood without you having to worry about that? Imagine that you're now in like the scale of petabytes or things that don't fit in your disk and you actually want to use a cluster of computers We have that distributed for that So you can see The only difference with between using the dask Dask in the multi multi threaded or multi processing single known Versus the distributed manner is that you have to import this client Tell the client where the the Where what is it located and then when you call compute you have to pass this get And then the client the the dask client dot get and that's going to make the the computation in your cluster of computers The relationship between dask and blaze is can dask can actually be a back end or an engine for blaze So you can use blaze as your query language and have dask drive those computations So you make a dask array And then you wrap it around the data the same data Data object that we mentioned in the In the in the blaze section perform the computation get the result with compute so Right now my my talk was mainly focused on Users right you can know more about developers What would be if you don't want to use those tools as a then user But you actually want to develop with them. There's some good resources that i'm going to mention On blaze, there's a good talk on blaze in the real world at pi data dial-up to cloudcape Which goes more in the internals of how blaze works under the hood also So if you actually want to know how to build your own converter if you have one that's not already Built as a back end in the system How can you create one? Let's also explain in auto or in both the blaze auto talk at sci-pi last week By philip club and then one another one that ben salin gave at pi data dial-up There's a lot of good talks on dask. It's a very You know six six months old eight months old project that's been off of blaze and there's also very good resources from james christ at sci-pi and matt rocklin at Pi data berlin and those talks go more in depth of the implementation details of those libraries There's many talks i have in Many libraries that are in this ecosystem that i haven't Mentioned but i have mentioned but i have not gone into the details of explaining what they do And there's already developers of those libraries that have given good talks and then if you are interested Dine mark we gave a talk at sci-pi also in austin two weeks ago Stanley cyber gave one on numba On accelerating python with a numba jit compiler Okay, that's The euro python We have antoine oscar and graham who are the numba One of they're a team of the the numba team and they're going to be here all week So if you have questions relying on how to use numba They'll be happy to help you And because a francisco dead is also here and he gave a talk yesterday and it's going to give a tutorial tomorrow So you're interested in in in the trends of storing data data data containers Memory disk he's going to be giving the tutorial so you can check it out So just to summarize The goals of these talks were Have you rethink the term data science instead of being just machine learning models actually Building the connections with those five areas and how we can bring everything together moving forward Also think in terms of not just one library But inside each library we have data we have engines and we have expressions And encourage you to start using any of those place projects if it's something that you you know, you can benefit from And this place products now it's possible. Thanks to a very talented team That are working in all of these projects Mark Irwin and dined And in data shape Ben has done a lot of work in otto and blaze eric also And philip cloud who's also a pandas core developer. It's also working desk The desk team is matt jim and And blake and we also have Some connections with the b-colbs team In the blast team with valentine and francisco So Reach out to any of them if you have interest in any particular library And I think I have five minutes for For questions five or ten minutes for questions. So Yes, my question is on the relationship between these projects and the other projects in the scientific python community like x-ray pandas or Do you see this? Part of them replacing them or merging them or complementing them I don't have a good view on the future. Okay, so There's a lot of work on connecting those libraries inside the other ones we have several Already success stories with things like psychic image So dask had a pull request in psychic image to speed up some of the computations that they were doing So There's different layers, right? There's the the user layer that is bringing That it's kind of extending the use case for The limitations that some of the end user facing libraries have like pandas and numpy. So right now Pandas and numpy cannot solve some of the the the problems they're faced because of how they're built So in that case, I would say if you are in the size of a terabyte petabyte Then Dask data frame and that's great are going to be an alternative to pandas and numpy on the other side. There's the developer layer of Improving computations that already exist in other libraries. So there the connection is going to be in merging in making dask for example a dependency on those libraries and Improving the the performance of them Does that answer your question? Then there's also there's a good right in the documentation that on the dask documentation that compares dask to things in the distributed systems and whether is an alternative or not and I would Say that is um, they're targeting. I think different users so I would think I would say that some of the benefits of having a low overhead To perform distributed Distributed computations. It's kind of the good alternative For for things that exist in that world But but still other people, you know, it's not for Might not solve all the all the problems But I would encourage you to to read that comparison So a short question. I dask Distributed looks a bit like Spark Rdd's or data frames. Where is the advantage of using one of another? Why should I choose dask distribution? over Spark Okay, so that question has been asked a lot actually Matt Walken wrote Extended the dask documentation because we were asked so many times the comparison between spark and and dask and And of course spark is a more mature project It uses the jvm and And it has a Higher overhead of setting up right dask. It's just a python library. You can pip install dask. You can con install dask And it has bring some benefits to the core scientific and machine learning libraries That can use it And as an end user, I would say it brings much lower overhead especially for people in the in the python community who don't want to mess up with setting up Spark cluster and and dealing with all the With all that, you know performance, but being said that You know, you can also integrate well The blade for example blaze Can can use spark so spark is one of the back ends used by by blaze So if you want to perform A performance comparison comparison between dask and spark for your specific use case It's very easy to do that with blaze because you have the same Your code is going to look pretty much identical You're just going to change the string that you pass to your data data class But the same in there's a very extended Section in the dask documentation that goes into all the details of that comparison Any more questions? No, so thanks. Thank you