from the Black Museum, a repository of death, a memorial to crime. Here in the grim stone structure on the Thames, which houses Gothen Yard, is a warehouse of homicide. For everyday objects, a pocketbook, a ragdoll, a paperweight, all are touched by murder. And of the glass case, we'll open it up and for the permission of the curator, we'll take out two small objects that speak directly of violence and sudden death. In the palm of my hand, I'm holding two bullets. Each has claimed a life, an innocent life. And these twin messengers of death have a common origin, although three years passed before the first was followed on its fatal mission by the second. When the bullets were rotated, groove by groove, under a comparison microscope, points of similarity in the scoring were evident. It is established beyond doubt that the bullets were fired from the same weapon, a service in field 45, as issued to the fighting forces of Britain. But these bullets were never fired against the enemies of Britain. That is why they can be seen today in the Black Museum. In the annals of the criminal investigation department of the London police, we bring you the dramatic stories of the crimes recorded by the objects in Scotland Yard's Gallery of Death, the Black Museum. The Black Museum, Scotland Yard's Museum of Murder. Yes, beyond these stone walls, the life of London flows and edged like the muddy waters of the Thames, but here it is quiet, very quiet. Yet there's a tension in the cold air, as if unseen eyes were watching. Come with me, past row upon row of inanimate objects, each one marked with the names of the killer and the victim. Murderers caught, murderers yet to be caught. Sometimes the wheels of justice turn slowly, but more of that when we come to the glass case at the end of the gallery. Now I see the watching eyes up there just below the ceiling. There hang the death masks of criminals of bygone days. They form a grim freeze. They were collected at a time when forensic theorists believed that a composite face made up of the dominant characteristics of hundreds of criminal features would resolve into a picture of the typical criminal. But in 1913 the experts decided that the masks presented nothing different from your face and mine, the average law-abiding citizen. Ah, there, you know that face. Yes, it's Heinrich Kimmler, a German Gestapo chief. The mask was taken a few hours after he bit into a file of potassium cyanide he stood before his British captors at Luhlenberg. And now here we are at the case. Here are the two bullets. One fired in 1944 when London shook under Hitler's onslaught of B-1s. The other fired during an easy piece of 47 when anxious eyes were turning eastward.  It is the story of two boys. They never lived to reach man's true estate. They died by hanging when they were 19. A path that led them to the scaffold. They found when they were age 14, evacuated to a farm in the country. The summer of 1942, all Europe lies under the heel of the invader.  But on Rington farm in Cheshire, all is peaceful. Or is it? Well, what's it got under your coat? Hey, come into the barn. Close the door. You'll be bad, is there? Now, look at what I've got. The old man's gun. Does he know you've got it? Don't be so daft. Of course he don't. You'll be mad if he finds out. He might chuck us out the house. I know he's too soft. But how does it work? It's in two pieces. They're fixed together like this. Oh, all right, isn't it? Oh, it's wonderful. Lovely 12-war, this is. Hey, what you doing now? What's it look like I'm doing? I'm loading the perisher. You're not going to fire it, Joe. Not scared, are you? Failure. I know they won't. There's nobody in the house. I'm going to get turned to the afternoons. Hey, hey, what's there? I mean, a cat comes in here after mice. There it is. What have you done? Quick, grab that spade. We'll bury it outside. It's dead. Of course it is. Think, stand there with your eyes hanging out. Fix that spade. If we move quick, I'll never know. So Joseph Bell and Nicholas Green follow the path they've chosen of their own free will. 1944, springtime. The Allied forces are poised for the invasion of Europe. But in a last desperate gamble, Hitler has launched his armada of the ones. The flying bombs that were to have brought England to an ease. Had they been launched a little earlier, and had the defenses been less effective, those defenses did not number Bell and Green among their gallant company. Bell and Green back in London are looking for easy money. At 16, says Bell, a man who's got to have money. Yes, and they are 16 now. All beyond their years and already experienced in the art of making easy money. But in a small way, as yet. Look at, they've come to another V1. If the engine stopped, will we trade with it going, did you see? No. Ah, oh well, why worry, we've got to buy it sometime. We're okay. It got to the next block. It must have been pretty close to the cop station. I hope it was on top of it with all the lousy coppers inside. Yeah, let's go into this cave and see what we can find. That was London in 1944. A shattering explosion brings death and destruction. But it's just around the block. We're okay here. Life goes on. We're used to it. Eh, take the table where the soldier is, Nick. Right. You mind if we sit down, soldier? No, no, carry on. Yeah, what can I get you? Beans on toast and a cup of tea. Plenty of sugar. Same for me. Huh, plenty of sugar. You'll be lucky. And make it snappy. Oh, I've all the chook. Not bad, eh? Ah, listen to me, partner. Women's out in this team, get it? Oh, I don't understand you at times, Joe. Don't you ever look at a girl? Not unless I can get something out of her. Change the subject. Okay. You got a lot on your soldier? I know, sure. Talk. But thank yourself? Oh, thanks very much. Happened to know where that last bomb went off. Around the corner somewhere? Maybe it wasn't too bad for the poor devil to stop it. Rotten things and buzz bombs. Yes. Hard on the women and children. Oh, don't talk about it. I just lost my wife and nipper. She was 22. The boy was 18 months. I told her to keep away from London, but she come back. You know what it is, living with strangers? She wanted to be home. Now there isn't any home. Just a crater. Oh, I'm sorry about that. When did that happen? Last week. That's why I'm here. Got a compassionate posting to clear things up. Was that your bike I saw outside? Yeah. On the door now. It's a war office. Dispatch rider, eh? Yeah. Is that why they give you the pistol? Yeah. M-Fuel 45. I only wish I could have a crack of the young with it. And my time will come. I'll ask to go back to the unit in the 11th Armored. Totes. Thanks, beautiful. Who's seen your home tonight? What do you take me for, a cradle snatcher? From bringing the beans. I told you to cut it out.  You've got it. You've got it. Mind your own business. Now take that back. What do you mean by talking to the soldier like that after he's lost his wife and kid? Eh? Go on. Apologize. Ah, of course. I'm sorry. Ah, damn, buddy. Forget it. I've got other things to think about. Yes, yes. Of course, chef. Yeah. You know what I say? What do I do with my gloves? I don't know. Oh. Oh, it's all right. It's all right. They're down here on the floor. I can get them. I've got my teeters. Yeah. Where are the blazers here going, Joe, fellas? No, no, no. I've got them down here. Oh, the gloves. Yeah. Here, I say. I've got the time on you, soldier. Uh, yeah. It's, uh, up past nine. Up past nine? Are you sure? Yeah, I sent my watch for Big Ben when I come past about an hour ago. It's going all right. Yeah, we've got to get moving. Why? Why? Because we promise to go round the purses and sit with these kids until his wife gets back from fire duty. He leaves the house at 9.30. She won't be back for an hour. Oh, so the kids will be all alone, will they? Yeah. Oh, that's rough. Yeah, look, we'll have to skip the beans on toast. Be a pal and give this to the waitress. Tell her what's happening, will you? Yeah, right. I'm glad you're doing a good job. I'll explain. Yeah, yeah. Well, thanks. Come on, empty-head. Let's go. Joe, what's all this? Who's Percy? Run, Nick. I've got that false pistol. Holy smoke. You see how it all works out. The soldier, Lance Corporal Busby, had loosened his belt. The holster with a pistol in it was resting on a chair under the table beside him. It was only a matter of seconds for Bell to remove the pistol from the holster. There was no land he had running from the gun to the Lance Corporal's shoulder. If there had been, two innocent lives might have been saved. That pistol was to fire the two bullets that may be seen today in the Black Museum. Frightened that the soldier would discover the loss of the pistol quickly and raise the alarm, why did Bell steal the weapon? Why, two years before, had he taken a farmer's shotgun to kill? Now, as his running feet carry him through the darkened streets of London with the roar of exploding and flying bombs always in the next block, he doesn't know what he's going to do. He doesn't know that very soon he is going to kill, not a cat this time, but a man. Well, we've got the way. That was a good story about Percy and their kids, Joe. You've got some imagination, you have. I decided to get the pistol before we sat down. Even if it meant following that bloke outside and crushing it. What are you going to do with it? Well, what do you think? Don't you feel good knowing I've got it? Yeah, it might come in handy. Yeah, the engine of the Bones Bombs Cup. Blimey, it's coming this way. Come in here, you boys. No, no, don't take your hands off me. No, no, no, don't be silly. Come in. There, let me go. Do you hear? Nonsense boy. All right, you've asked for it. Joe! Bell fired at the precise moment when the bomb exploded. This time the explosion wasn't quite in that next block. The warden was an air raid warden named Thompson, who had tried to drag Joseph Bell into a shelter.  The shrapnel alone would not have been fatal. And by the strange way of things, the murderers were unharmed. Quick, we've got to get away. This is nothing to do with me. You shot him. You're just as much in it as I am, and you know it. Come on, before the ambulance gets here. Oh, I'm scared. Don't worry, they can't hang you at 16. Now save the breath and keep going. Keep going, boys. You're going to keep going and keep going until you've used the second bullet. Then you'll stop forever. I've got my slow down. Okay, okay. But I wish you wouldn't get in a panic. You almost get me worried, too. Oh, you worried, Joe? What about? More of the stiff back there. Him? I'm not worried about him. They'll think he was killed by the bomb. There was blood all over him. Ah, cool off, Nick.  You're too young to know that air raid victims still have a death certificate. The doctor is going to find that bullet in Thompson's heart just as the next one is going to be found. Joe, I'm going home. It's early yet. I know, but I'm still going home. I've had it for tonight. Ah, okay. Here, you won't say a word to anybody, will you? Well, what do you think I have? Bombing? Ah, you'll do, Nick.  Now, we'll be all right. See you tomorrow. Sleep well. Green slept far from well. If we can believe what he said later, he never slept well for the rest of his life. But what about that home he was talking about? What sort of parents did he got? His father died and the blow was fine. When he went home, he went home to his mother. Oh, it's you. I thought it was the warden come to tell me I was showing a light. What's the matter with you? Where have you been to? I've been out with Joe. Huh. You've been up to something, haven't you?   I'm as dry as a bone. Now you see, Nicholas Green, coward and murderer, was the master in his mother's house. And what about his partner in crime? Joseph Bell had no parents. They were killed in the Blitz in 1940. He had an uncle who pledged himself guardian to the boy, but uncle preferred blondes rather patty blondes. So now into the final phase, 1947. The hot war is over. The cold war is only just beginning. There's work for everybody in London, but not the sort of work which appeals to Bell and Green. They're still together and they're 19 years of age. Old enough to be hanged. I've had enough of this dance. Let's get out. Okay. All right, that's better. Now sit down. What's on your mind, Joe? We're gonna do a proper job. Well, we've been doing all right, haven't we?  That's small time. Well, what's the griff this time? I'll tell ya. As a warehouse, just off the commercial road, it's in Derby Street. Caravino's. You know it? Well, then listen. Caravino's in Derby Street. We're almost at the end of the path now, boys. Caravino's warehouse is packed with furs. All nice and snug and cold storage. They're beautiful furs with a lot of money. Quite a temptation to the criminal who thinks he can get away with some of them. But can he get away? What about the caretaker? He's the only one we've got to worry about, Nick. But I've been watching the place and every night, regularist clockwork at half past nine, he slips out of the side door and trots around to the pub. Which one? The King's Ed. He collects a quart of beer and takes it back to the warehouse in a bottle. I suppose that's not the option to pass the rest of the evening. It may be, but he ain't going to drink it tonight. We've got him when he gets back with a bottle, is that it? Yeah. And we don't cost him until he's opened the side door. We wait, he lets us in like. That's the idea. Then when we've cost him, we pull him inside, close the door and help ourselves. How do we get the stuff away, Joe? It's a good job you've got me to do the thinking for you. Do you know Cork Street? Yeah. It leads out of Derby Street. But there's a greengrocer shop. Every evening, the owner parks his van outside and leaves it there until he goes to Coffin Garden Market in the morning. Well, I've given the van to once over, and he has the care that fits the ignition. You've got it all worked out, Joe. But what do we do with the first one? We've got him. Ah, fix that, too. I've got a fence who specializes in first and he's not known, see? That sounds fine. It is fine. Now, come on. We'll pick up the van to start with. Yes, Phil had thought of everything. Or rather, almost everything. It was trial's play picking up the van. The owner was in the habit of retiring early in order to be up to catch the morning market. Finally slept peacefully in a room over the back of the sharp bell and green, pushed the van 50 yards down the street. It was all done very quietly. The time was 9.29. OK. In we get. I'll drive. Aren't you going down Derby Street, Joe? No, not yet. I'm taking you to the King's Ed. Oh, we can't go in there. We're not going in. We're going to drive past and pull up. Then we keep an eye open behind and spot the caretaker when he comes out. And when he comes out? Yeah. What's the time now? I'll pass nine. I'll pass nine. What's up with you? Seen a ghost? Yeah, I think I have. This is not the first time your zero hour happened at the half past nine, is it, Nicholas Green? Remember that cafe three years ago when your partner stole the pistol he's carrying now inside his coat? Ten minutes later, a man was killed. Remember? It's funny, that's what it is. Do I hold him in funny?  Put yourself together! If you haven't got the nerve to see this through, tell me now and get out. I'll do it myself. I'm sorry, Joe. I'm OK. I started thinking, that's all. Leave that thinking to me. Here's the pub. I can see the door to the bathroom, the driving mirror. And here he comes. Dead on time as per usual. A caretaker from the warehouse disappears into the bar. The watchers don't have long to wait. He comes out with his bottle of beer and trudges back through the shadows towards his lonely post. He turns into Derby Street and approaches the tall dark building of Caravinos. So alive by day, so very silent by night. Oh, don't say I'll shut myself out. Ah, good easy key. Excuse me. Excuse me, Chum. I want to get to Tower Bridge. Oh, that's easy. Straight to the intern lift. Lift again and you come into Wobby and I Street. Yeah, I'm a stranger around here, but look, I've got a map. If you could point it out to me. Well, you'll find it all right. Good night. No, you don't! Get back! I'll drag him in and open the gate to the yard. Now, drive the van in quick, OK? The van's working according to plan, isn't it, boys? You've thought of everything, almost everything. You wouldn't know about that little electric contact you break as you open the door to the cold room where the mink furs is stored. You wouldn't know that it causes an alarm call to be piped through to the information room in Scotland Yard. And you wouldn't know that even before you would get that first load of furs down to the van, then that is closing in. A police car is on the patrol and the commercial road less than two minutes away. It receives the message which marks the end of your short path. Hello, 9G. Hello, 9G. Intruders believe to have entered Cattavino's fur warehouse near the street. Over. 9G answering. Message understood. Proceeding immediately. Please. I shouldn't think so. I've had 22 years in the force and I never had the luck to get on to a real job here. You should worry, Tony boy. You're retiring next month. Think of that mace little pension you're going to get.  But PC, Tom Wallace was never to draw his pension and he was never to grow any more prize lupins. This was the first real job he'd waited 22 years for. He'd always known what he would do. He'd approach quietly, turn off the car engine before he got to the scene of the incident and tread lightly. He'd make sure his brother officers followed his example. He wasn't going to fall down on his first real job and somehow he knew this was it. Quiet, quiet. Is the door locked? Yes. But look down there. Oh, blood. Try the gate. It's open. Now we'll go back to the car and signal for reinforcement. Pete, George and me is going in. Nick, check that load out to the van. I'll go back for some more. Okay, Joe. Make it quick. The sooner we're away, the better I'll like it. All right, son. The game's up. Let me go. Ah, there's the creepers on you. How many more up there? Find a hatch. Don't worry, we will. Come on, George. I can see a light through the door. Give me a few cannon offs. I've got a gun.  Any moment, Joe. Drop it. Joe survived his 20-foot fall. Police constable Tom Wallace was dead. The bullet that was removed from his brain was placed beside the bullet that had killed the warden three years earlier. It is established beyond doubt that the bullets were fired from the same weapon. And today they can both be seen side by side in the Black Museum. Orson Wells will be back with you in just a moment. Bell and Green were tried and convicted of the murder of constable Tom Wallace. The second charge of murder was never preferred, but warden Thompson was avenged when the two men found the end of the path they had followed by their own free will. It finished on the gallows at eight o'clock on a gray misty morning. The wassum would say that Green should not have died. He didn't fire the shot that killed the policemen. But was he indeed the weaker member of the grim partnership? The reconstruction of events you have heard was based on his confessions. But the fact remains. Green knew Bell had a loaded pistol and neither he nor his companion could out with the machinery of Scotland Yard.  And now until we meet next time in the same place and I tell you another story about the Black Museum, I remain as always obediently yours.


Hi everybody, this is Ashley with DAV. I am so pleased to be joined today by DAV Assistant Legislative Director, Marky Bearfield. Marky, thank you so much for taking the time to be with us. Good morning, everyone. Good morning, Ashley. Thank you. And this is a wonderful day in DAV for the things that we're gonna discuss today. Yeah, so Marky, he's one of our legislative folks here in DC and one of his portfolios that he handles as far as advocacy is concerned is suicide prevention. So something we're all very clearly interested in. We're trying to make sure we're doing everything we can to bolster those suicide prevention efforts. So we wanna talk a little bit about veteran suicide prevention today and some of the legislation to address it, including some kind of big news from over the weekend. So Marky, can you tell me about the two bills that the president signed into law over the weekend? It's, we'll go ahead and start with the Commander John Scott Hanan veterans, Veterans Mental Health Care Improvement Act, quite of a mouthful, but packed with some really important stuff. I know there's some important provisions in there for improving access to mental health care, for opening the doors in how we treat mental health conditions, as well as transitioning from military to civilian life. So can you talk a little bit about that and touch on some of those finer points for me? Yes, I can.  And of those 20, about 14 do not have direct access to VA care or VA treatment. One of the big things that happened this weekend was the president signed into law, Senate Bill 785, the Commander John Scott Hanan Mental Health Care and Suicide Prevention Act. And there are six major points that bolster this particular piece of legislation. One of them is VA's mental health workforce to serve more veterans by offering scholarships to mental health professionals, to work at VA centers or vet centers and placing at least one suicide prevention coordinator at every VA medical center. Some other key points from that bill are improving rural veterans access to mental health care as well, along with implementing a pilot program to provide veterans to access the complimentary and interrogative health care programs through animal therapy, sports and recreation therapy and therapy and other art therapy and post-traumatic growth therapy. It also establishes a grant program that requires the VA to better collaborate, excuse me, with community organizations across the country that serve veterans. So it opens the door for community care networks to be available when a veteran is having a mental health crisis and they can't get specifically to either a VA medical center or a clinic, they can get to a place out in their local communities to get the care and assistance that they need. And it also holds the VA accountable for its mental health care and suicide prevention efforts by examining how the Department of Veterans Affairs manages suicide prevention resources at their various facilities across the country.  I mean, there's so much involved there. Clearly we know that VA is a great place for veterans on the whole. The quality of care there is proven. It's study after study has shown that it's very good, very high quality. But we have seen that the issue, of course, is actually getting access to that and getting people in the door. So making sure that we're meeting veterans where they are in the community, that no matter where they are, if they're in crisis, we're able to get them help, that's very important. Yes, it is very important because a lot, like I said, a lot of veterans who have thought about it, or thought about or have mental health issues or have concerns with suicide, or the VA is trying to make sure that there are ways that they can get back into the VA health care system. As you indicated earlier, we understand that the VA is the leader in mental health care for veterans. And we wanna make sure that they know and understand that, hey, if there is an issue, please, by all means, go to your local VA, talk with your primary care physician or go to your community-based outpatient clinic or vet center, whatever is most easier or prevalent for you to get to, make sure that you take advantage of your VA benefits and know that they are there to help you. And the next thing we'll talk about actually kind of plays into that as well. It's making sure that, again, no matter where you are, help is available to you. And I think the important thing too, that we talk about this community prevention effort is making sure that everyone knows and understands where to send a veteran who's in crisis. So the National Suicide Hotline Designation Act. Tell me a little bit about what that does and what does the timeline look like for implementation of that? The National Suicide Hotline Prevention Act will designate the numbers 988 in an emergency situation for mental health or suicide prevention crisis. And this designation was signed into law on Saturday as well and this piece of legislation will designate the numbers 988 just like 911 for any type of emergency. But this one's for specifically mental health or suicide prevention. So instead of having to remember the former number, the long 10-digit 1-800 number, this particular piece of legislation will allow a person or a veteran to be able to just call 988 and specify once you call those digits that if you push the option one, you'll be connected with a veteran's crisis counselor and they will intervene and take it from there. The piece of legislation that was signed into law on Saturday should be implemented over the next two years. So by 2022, 988 will be the new designated number to call if you know someone or if you are a veteran that is having a mental health or suicide prevention crisis. You can call that number and help and assistance will be with you just like with dialing 911. That's excellent, excellent. Now, Mark, I have some legislation that DAB has supported regarding lethal means safety training, the Lethal Means Safety Training Act, actually. And this would effectively create touchpoints within VA to ensure that anyone who's interacting with a veteran at the VA is able to have these important and potentially life-saving conversations about lethal means safe storage and suicide prevention. So can you tell me a little bit more about that? Yes, this particular piece of legislation is HR8084, the Lethal Means Safety Training Act. And yes, we support this particular act because when a veteran goes into the VA, everyone who they come in contact with has the potential to make sure that this veteran is okay or that this veteran is acting in a normal manner, whether it's your primary care physician, mental health specialist, the person you see at the pharmacy or at the lab, it doesn't matter who you come in contact with. But the VA or this piece of legislation is trying to ensure that no matter whom a veteran comes in contact with, that if conversations are had about weapons or any type of lethal means doesn't necessarily have to be weapons. It could be over-the-counter drugs that you receive from the pharmacy at the VA, whether it be your opioids or other types of medications. This piece of legislation is just making sure that the VA employees have conversations or kind of gives them an open door for them to have conversations with veterans to make sure that, hey, you're doing the right things with your medications. You have your weapons stored in a safe manner in a safe place, and that they're either locked or stored properly, that things are away from either yourself or from people who they could cause harm to. So this piece of legislation is something that we support as well. Yeah, I mean, that conversation has been growing. It's ever more so important when we're talking about the idea of lethal means safety is that creating of time and space between a person's impulse to take their own life or do harm to themselves and the actual action of doing it. So like you said, just making sure that they have a plan in place, if it's involving prescription medication, if it's involving firearms, whatever the case is, that they have a plan that someone is able to bring that up with a veteran and ensure that in crisis, that's not a factor that's going to play into or that they're able to kind of mitigate that risk. So very important. Mark, I wanna thank you for taking the time again to discuss this really important issue, some great legislation that will hopefully help us battle against veteran suicide as we move forward. You can be sure to go to DAVcan.org. It's the DAV Commander's Action Network. You can see the legislation that is backed by DAV, including a number of bills that you can help us take action to address this crucial issue of veterans mental health care and suicide prevention. So again, thank you Mark Key for a great conversation. Please be sure to check out DAVcan.org, learn a little bit more about how you can take action with us. Thanks so much. Thank you, Ashley. Really appreciate the conversation this morning.


Okay, in this lecture what we're going to be doing is taking a look at solutions to the transient heat diffusion equation for certain geometrical configurations and we're going to begin with the semi-infinite solid. Now for the semi-infinite solid it turns out that the heat diffusion equation, if you cast it in a form 1D transient heat conduction, you can come up with solutions for semi-infinite solids by the introduction of a similarity variable. And the similarity variable eta is introduced and essentially what it is, it's a combination of spatial location x and time. And with that we collapse the two variables into one and cleanly then what that does it turns the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation. This is a technique that is used in mathematical physics problems, it's used in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, but it's just a way to solve partial differential equations. That's the best way to think about it. And what we're going to do, we're going to take a look at three different solutions. We're going to begin with the simplest boundary condition for a semi-infinite solid, so let's take a look at that one. Okay, so we have a semi-infinite solid with a sudden change in external temperature, so let's draw out what our solid might look like. We will introduce spatial location x coming from the surface of the solid. And what we're going to say is what we're after is we want to determine the temperature as a function of spatial location x time tau, and that's what we're looking for as for the solution for this particular problem. And what we do is we change the external boundary condition by changing the temperature on the surface. And so I'm going to give that the symbol t naught, and that's going to be for time greater than zero. So as we start the time, we'll change the surface condition. And the other conditions that we have at time zero for all x, so for the entire solid, we will say that the temperature is ti, and the surface condition that I just wrote was zero. And for time greater than zero, we specify the surface to be t zero. And that is for time or tau greater than zero. So when you start the, you change the surface condition, and then what happens is that change propagates inward into the solid. So I'm not going to go through the similarity solution for this. You can look at pretty much any textbook on heat transfer, and you can find it. I'm just going to give you the final result. And we're going to do that for all three cases that we look at in this segment. So that is the temperature distribution. And notice what we have here, we have an error function. And the error function inside of it, that is our similarity variable, the adoth, that we referred to. We've brought the four outside of the square root. And that's why it's two square root alpha tau. But you can see the similarity variable. And you're going to see that in all the solutions we look at in this segment. And the other thing that can be calculated with that is the heat flux at any x location in the solid. So that's heat flux at any specific location within the solid. And then finally, if we want to find heat flux on the surface of the solid, you would obtain that by setting x equals to zero. All right, so there we go. So that is the solution if you change the surface boundary condition. And it is the simplest case that we'll be looking at for the semi-infinite solid. The next one, increasing complexity of the surface boundary condition is one where we change surface heat flux. So let's take a look at that. Okay, so for this one, what we're doing is we're changing the surface heat flux on the surface of the solid, so right here. And what we know is that the heat flux, it could be an electric resistance heater, maybe a shine laser on it, radiation, anything like that, that you have a heat flux on the surface, that is going to be equal to, we can use Fourier's law right inside of the surface. And that represents Fourier's law with conduction inside of the surface. And so with that, we can rewrite out what the boundaries are for this problem. Again, we start at t initial throughout the entire solid. So for all x at t zero, it's t initial. And then we change the heat flux on the surface. And we can say that that is then going to be related through Fourier's law. Essentially, it specifies the slope of the temperature right inside of the surface. And that is for tau greater than zero. And the solution for this one, it gets a little bit more complex. So let me write that on the next slide. Again, we have temperature as a function of spatial location and time. Okay, so that is the solution that we get for the change in surface boundary condition. And one thing that we're starting to see, we saw the error function earlier. And the error function is typically tabulated. You look it up for whatever value that you are assessing. And the other thing that we're seeing here is this one minus error function. That is sometimes represented as being the complementary error function. So the complementary error function, you may see sometimes something like this. And I'm going to write it in terms of some generic variable w. But that is one minus the error function of w. And so sometimes that will be re expressed. And again, you can see the two or four alpha tau, that appears in a couple of places in this solution. It's there. And it's there. That was the similarity variable that we used for this particular problem. And consequently, it's starting to appear in the solution for the temperature distribution. So that is if you change the external heat flux. The last one that we're going to look at is going to be where we change the convective boundary. And so assume we have a semi infinite solid, and we have a sudden change in the convective boundary condition. So just like for the other ones, what we're interested in is determining the temperature distribution as a function of spatial location and time. We're told the initial condition for all x at time zero is ti. And for the boundary condition here, we have convection. And so again, what we're going to do, we're going to kind of do something similar to what we did just previously for the constant heat flux. We're going to equate that using Fourier's law. And I've canceled the area out here, if you're wondering what happened to area. But this is going to be right on the surface. So right when you come inside of the solid, the slope of the temperature is going to be related to the convective heat transfer. And we have to account for the fact that the surface temperature can change with time. And so we do t at zero, x equals zero, and for time as time evolves. And let's see, should that be tau? You know what, that probably should be tau to be consistent with what I have in the other thing. So I'm going to put tau. Okay, so those are our boundary conditions looking now at the solution. And this solution will be the most complex one that we look at. Okay, so that is the solution that we obtain for the surface convective condition for a semi-infinite solid. Again, you can see some resemblance to the similarity variable embedded within there. You probably don't want to calculate that all the time. And consequently, that is something that you'd probably want to put either into a computer program. Or sometimes what we do is we plot this data. And in the plots, I'll show you one in a moment here, but typically what we do is we plot our temperature. So what we have up here is plotted on the vertical axis. On the horizontal axis, what we do is we plot the similarity variable itself, x, or it could be four alpha t if I pull the two inside of the square root symbol. And then what we do is we plot this as a function of different values of time, the convective heat transfer coefficient, thermal diffusivity, and the thermal conductivity of the solid. And so that is represented with this variable. So that is how we can plot it.   It's quite obvious you read the value there. Oops. Sorry about that. Disappears on me. And then we get the value from there. So let's take a look at what some of those curves might look like for this last solution. And this becomes a trend in transient heat conduction, just because the equations start to get quite complex. And so what we do is we plot the equations and curves. And so we'll begin with this one. So there you can see on the bottom we have the similarity variable, and then our temperature on the vertical axis. And then you're going to see curves of increasing the time, thermal diffusivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, and the thermal conductivity. And going all the way from 0.05 up to infinity. And all you would do is you just go up into that curve, whatever the particular parameters you're looking at. And you would read off the specific value. So those are three different solutions for the case of different boundary conditions for semi infinite solid. And what we're going to do next is we're going to now look at three specific geometries. And we're going to stay on the convective idea. So for this last one, we looked at a convective boundary condition. What we're going to do in the next segment is we're going to move into three other geometries, one being a slab, a cylinder, and then a sphere. And we're going to look at the temperature within the center line and as a function of position within those objects for transient convective boundary conditions. And those will be in the form of Heisler charts or tables and charts that we'll be looking at. So that's where we're going.


Live from Las Vegas, Nevada. It's theCUBE at IBM Interconnect 2015. Brought to you by headline sponsor, IBM. Hello everyone, welcome back to theCUBE live in Las Vegas for IBM Interconnect. This is theCUBE's special presentation. theCUBE is our flagship program. We go out to the events and extract the soothing noise. I'm John Furrier, the founder of Silicon Engine. I'm my co-host Dave Vellante, co-founder of wikibond.org. And we are live in Las Vegas, talking about IBM Interconnect. Dave, day two of three days of wall-to-wall coverage. We are in the Go Social Lounge, the social media lounge where all the crowd is gathered, all the influencers, and of course we're broadcasting live, live commentary here inside theCUBE. Also the keynotes are on. The web, go to interconnectgo.com. That's a social media experience site that was put together for the crowd, with the crowd. It's all crowd sourced and was streaming the content there. Feel free to join the conversation and check out what the crowd's talking about. Dave, day two, day one was set in the table. Day two we have the shark tank here. We have IBM's key messaging. Obviously cloud is a big deal. Looking at the trending stories this morning. DevOps, cloud, Internet of Things, Bluemix, big data, Pure App, IBM cloud, commerce security storage, list goes on and on. Like the usual stuff at IBM, but really cloud is the show. Internet of Things is hot. So again, Internet of Things, Analytics, cloud, all intersecting together that's the key theme of the show. What's your take so far? And what are you expecting from today? Well, a couple things. One, I think the IoT angle, John, to me is all about developers. If you're a developer, you're interested in Internet of Things, if you're IBM, you're trying to attract developers, I think that's a great way to get them. I think they've got two angles there. One is IoT, the other of course is Watson. I think Watson, and you've mentioned this a number of times, is like IBM's secret weapon potentially for developers. So it has to be able to attract developers. That's a big part of the reason for Amazon's success. Of course, Microsoft is renowned in that regard as is Google and others. So IBM's got to play that card heavily. And I think it's got some assets to do that, but it's got some work to do as well. I think the second thing is, as we talked about yesterday, IBM has a $25 billion business, which comprises cloud, it's analytics business, all the hot stuff that's moving right now, the mobile pieces. And that's really, those strategic initiatives are really where IBM has to focus. That's the growth engine. It's got to get that investment going. And it is investing in that. It's got to keep it going and it's got to keep the momentum going. It must, in my opinion, John, grow that business between 10 to 20% a year so that it can offset the flatness and headwinds in other businesses like its hardware business. I think a mainframe cycle will help a lot as mainframes goes, IBM goes. But what that will do is the new mainframe cycle will buy IBM time to get these other businesses going and inject fuel into that race car, that $25 billion cloud, big data mobile business. Dave, what do you think about the social experience site, InterConnect Go? We've been talking about it. It's the first rev of really capturing the magic that IBM has put together over the years with social media, the VIP influences. I was talking to Amber Armstrong from the social business team. Social media is in the IBM's DNA and they're putting together a social experience with the folks who aren't here and it's InterConnectGo.com, trending stories, trending hashtags, VIP influencers, the folks that are on the ground sharing and broadcasting. And also experts, algorithms from the platform is showing new influencers. So you're seeing a lot of great stuff. I am super impressed with the VIP influence, so I'll tell you why. They make up almost two thirds of the activation offsite, meaning they are, they are internet of things in action. They're human beings out there who are experts, subject matter experts by genre. Some are geeky like Brian Fonso and some are looking at small business, more lifestyle, social like Marsha Collier and everything in between. That to me is the future of work, the idea of collaboration, having people who are trusted in the crowd really working on behalf and collaborating with IBM but also on behalf of the crowd. This to me strikes the new balance of social business. So that IBM is pioneering, we're a part of it on theCUBE, we activate as we do, but this is crowd activated innovation in action. I think this is the holy grail. I think what IBM is doing with social business around earned media, their own media and their paid media, so you get paid and owned, but now this earned component is allowing people to spread their wings, collaborate, share and more importantly broadcast what's happening and creating an interaction relationship and some engagement. This is what we were talking about yesterday with IBM, systems of engagement, systems of record and finally the system of insight from all that data. Well you asked me what I think of that, the Go site. I like it a lot, obviously I've been using it for a number of things. First of the schedule is really easy to follow. I love the three channels when you go to the Go TV page but the thing that impresses me most is these algorithmic feeds that are coming into the site. You know you walk around these shows and you see these social media dashboards with pretty pictures, you see them here at IBM, you see at HP shows, you see them at Dell World, I mean EMC's got them, they're kind of cool, but what I really like about these things is they're dynamic and they're put into context. So I love this leaderboard, I go there and check it out all the time. I can sort it by influence, I can sort it by activity, I can sort it by reach, so I'm sorting it by reach now.  Interestingly she's only following 1,000 people. So she has a very small observation space, as Jeff Jonas would say, but nonetheless. But she has a lot of followers. She's a huge number of followers, so that's why she's number one in the leaderboard on reach, followed by Citi, Craig Brown, who's one of the VIP influencers, Glenn Gilmour is another VIP influencer. And then I can go and sort by activity, like who's really active? And I can see the API enterprise is really active. You know, path, I mean I don't even know the RNJazz, so these are kind of other sort of properties that are very active. And then you go to the influence, which is a combination I guess of an affinity rank algorithm, cloud score, obviously plays a part of that, but see Brian Fonzo up there. So you can see this really dynamic type of leaderboard. And then the other thing I like about this site is it's showing me sort of real time what's trending in the Interconnect Go community. So it's not just the hashtag, it's around cloud and DevOps. And you can see DevOps, cloud, internet of things, big data, Watson, those are the things that are trending. And then the other thing I really love is the trending stories. High fidelity stories that are relevant.  I mean, that's really sort of compelling. IBM embraces Docker, OpenStack, and Bluemix hybrid cloud plans. IBM wants you to make connected things faster than a coffee. IBM goes deep with cloud initiative, Sandy Carter is on Twitter, Major League Baseball spinning off its powerful streaming business. That's kind of interesting. Okay, this is coming from the crowd. So if you notice in the leaderboard, it's not about who has the best cloud score, who is the most followers. It's a semantic affinity ranking algorithm that we deploy on crowd chat that actually matches the cadence of what's going on at the event. And then matching influencers into that so people can meet influencers. It's not about influencers being, oh, buzz and promoting. That's one aspect of having influence. But the other is subject matter influence authority. And what's interesting about the new social business that IBM is taking is matching authority and knowledge and connections in a relationship based model to what's happening in the moment is valuable for getting a direction on things, figuring out what's going on in the moment, and more importantly, who to connect with. To me, the social business equation of the future is about connecting with people and actually building relationships and exchanging information. That's how people are making decisions now. You're buying a million dollar Z system or they cost more than that. You're going to talk around, you're going to ask people, hey, what do you think? You know, at Wikibon, you have a practitioner network. It's not about Google searching anymore. Web 1.0 is get a webpage, browse some information, gather the data. The data sharing is now done in the crowd with people and it's faster to touch someone now than ever before. And this is a data model that is going to be fantastic. And I think this is a wonderful thing. I think IBM's right on the trend line here and this is game changing. And again, systems of engagement is about engagement and that's data driven. Yeah, so this is why I really like about this site. It's the first that I've seen combining those three media types that you talked about, combining the algorithmic feeds and it's got great video content. There's some things I'd like to see improved. I mean, that I can sort of take offline, but I'm going to study it. I'm going to make my recommendations to IBM and you know, go from there. But I mean, the site's been very successful. It's a 25,000 people have signed up for it. And I mean, that's pretty good. And you know, less than a month. I mean, it's nice. Okay, we are kicking off day two of three days of wall to wall coverage. This is theCUBE. I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante. Again here, extracting the signal, sharing that data from that signal with you. And that's our job. We love doing it. It's an open source model. We activate, share, pump it out. We do our best to get that done. We're doing it in the go social lounge. We've got a lot of crowdchats going on. Crowd activated innovation is what social business is all about and meeting people and it's doing just sharing information. Information will drive the engagement. We love that model. Dave, we're going to be right back with our next guest after this short break.


I just wanted to bring you up to date on the Belgian operation on the Congo. It came off as I think you're aware at 11 o'clock last night, eastern standard time, when 545 Belgians were dropped, no casualties from fire. During the drop, two to three soldiers were injured, broken ankles and things of that kind. 12 USC-130s participated, four were hit by ground fire. One sustained major damage in a fuel tank, all however landed safely at Leopoldville. No U.S. casualties in the aircraft at all. The aircraft was secured, the airfield was secured in about half an hour, which was excellent under the circumstances. The city was entered in about 45 minutes after the start of the drop. The European hostages had been rounded up by the rebels into two groups. One group was out near the airport, the other was in effect in the square of the city. There were 60 to 75 U.S. personnel in a hotel and we think that of these as many as 15, let me start again, there were 60 to 75 personnel including some U.S., mostly Belgians however, in a hotel and of the 60 to 75, 15 were killed by the rebels. Shooting indiscriminately into the mob, 30 were wounded. There were about 250 European civilians hurted into a square. Rebels fired into those, about 15 were killed and 40 wounded. So it looks as though something on the order of 30 hostages were killed and maybe 70 wounded. Our console, the man named White, HOIT, is reported well and has been evacuated, we believe. Dr. Carlson, the missionary we believe is dead. The Van der Waal column, which was the column led by mercenaries, entered the city about five hours after the drop started and linked up with the Belgian paratroopers and the Van der Waal column captured the camp Cotili which was on the eastern side of the city and was the center of the rebel flower area where the other hostages had been reported. Our C-130s have been running missions between Stanleyville and Leopoldville evacuating the refugees. About 200 to 300 have already been taken out and about 500 more remain to be taken out. We think we'll take out about half with C-130s and the other half with commercial aircraft. So far it's been, I should say, militarily a highly successful operation but the casualties to the hostages have been heavy. How many Americans do you anticipate? We don't really know. As you know, we thought there were about 25 American hostages there with some 600 Belgian hostages. And we don't know that any Americans were either killed or wounded but my guess is that there must have been some other than Carlson as I mentioned who we believe is dead. What do they do just to make him pay the price? We don't have the exact details of his death here. We don't know whether he was killed ahead of time or during the episode I believe it was ahead of time but I'm not absolutely positive about it. Any rebels killed? I'm sure there were but we don't have reports of that either. Who would kill him? Paratrooper? The Belgian paratrooper, yes. And the Bandeval column coming in from the other side. What's the reaction in our country? You're really the same, Mr. President. It missed most of the morning papers but the late morning Washington Post has an article on the front page and the headline is U.S. drops rescuers in Congo. The article is straightforward but appears entirely sensible. What are the potential dangers you see in this action? The danger is that there are several bulls one we can be accused of colonialism linking up with a reactionary government in the Congo and indiscriminately killing the rebel people who we believe will be supported by the Eight Nations African Conference. It looks almost certain as though Kenyatta and the government of seven other African states will be supporting the rebels and therefore attacking us for supporting the government. I doubt, however, that in view of the rebel action in indiscriminately killing the hostages there will be any strong public support in this country for that charge. I think we would have been in a worse position if we'd gone ahead and withheld the drop and then had the Vanderbalk column approach the city and the rebels would have acted, I suspect, almost exactly the same fashion except they would have had more time and killed more hostages. And then you would have been charged with withholding military assistance which was closed at hand and as a result accepting a large number of civilians death.


I've had some mail that apparently got lost in the shuffle in my move and just never opened it. Really? So, I'll do it in this intro. How long ago? A long time ago. In a galaxy far, far away? Oh, how perfect is that? Read that. Hi, Rick. I know we all miss him. I found the details of his life interesting. A man even more fascinating than his acting chops. Best wishes. Oh, that's awesome. You know who you are and this has been a while. Yes, it has. I apologize. The move got everything all lost. But thank you so much and I can't wait to read this. So, now you know where it went. Sorry.  You need some Corbin? I'm Irfan. No, I know you are not.  And you should follow us on Instagram, Twitter for more juicy content. I probably know the answer to this, not because you aren't a reader, but because I doubt you're reading anything right now with your life. Yeah, I was going to ask if you're reading anything. What about your wife? Because she's a reader, but I doubt she's. No, not right now. Yeah, that does not surprise me. I mean, now is a little crazy. We have downtime. We're sleeping. Understandably. Totally understandably. And thank you. Thank you. I would love to know more about the man. Yeah, he's one of the saddest losses ever. Anyways, this is also going to be really interesting. This is called Most Rare Photos. British India Before Freedom. So, these are, before they were, yeah, the independence obviously. Yep. Which is coming up here, the celebration. Yes. And so, then they, so they, it shows photos and then it tells us who they are. Yeah. And like the significance of the photo. Got it. And so, I thought it would be really cool. Hold on. I just got to do this.  Weird.  You are so bizarre. Here we go. Rare photos. What if it was just all steaks that weren't cooked? I hope so. Get it?  That's amazing. That's awesome. I thought that was him. It definitely looks like him. Yeah, it looks like him. Oh, that's rough to think about what was in there, right? Yeah. Wow. Yeah. The footage of his, his funeral is thousands upon thousands of people. That's part of Pakistan, yeah. Yeah, I know, I know that face. I guess in the front. Hmm. What a photo. Looks like he was fasting at that, in one of those moments. It's almost a hundred years ago. Yeah. Yeah. When he was, he was a lawyer there. That must have been. Once again, what a photo. Very telling. Oh, I see a ton of them that say life on the bottom for Life Magazine. What a great video. Great pictures, man. Great, incredible pictures. Yeah. Yeah, they do, they do Pulitzer for photography, for some of the things, for science, for math. Some of those very well could have gotten, may have. A Pulitzer. Yeah. And I still maintain there needs to be a film about the partition that is as big as. Honest. Yes. What was that? What was the film? Sardar Udam. Sardar Udam. That depicts it, I think even more kind of like Chandler's List, that really, there's no hero, there's no nothing that just honestly depicts the ongoings of what happened. Because it's one of the world atrocities that almost the rest of the world knows nothing about. And the British try to forget. Like the Bengal famine. Yeah, yeah. And you could even combine those, right? Yeah, you really could. Because they're so connected, really. And it's funny, a friend of mine is watching Ms. Marvel, which I have not watched. But it's, the lead is an Indian. But apparently, they talk about the Indian partition in Ms. Marvel. Nice. And she says, not me learning about the partition of India through Ms. Marvel. And I was like, oh, that's crazy. I'm glad they're talking about them. So people can actually kind of, I don't know how they're talking about it, Ms. Marvel. Yeah. But they're talking about it. And so people are now being aware of what happened. Yeah. It's like our friends the other night, we were talking about Indian different things, everything from the channel to Andrani's background. And one of the topics that came up was how much we have been brainwashed and sometimes not even taught a thing. They too were of the opinion, like most everybody in the West at Winston Churchill was he's heralded as a hero, had no idea about the Bengal famine. He is for the British had no idea. Or some of the things that were done in Germany. So yeah, it's it's those those, I love the buggy photos and I've always as not as a full blown hobby, but I definitely take pictures all the time and always have I love capturing pictures. In fact, Andrani and I have an idea to like go on a trip together and just like go like say go visit Europe, take pictures while we're in the same places, and then publish a book where one side is what I've seen and on the other side is what she's seen at that location. And the book would just be called the way we see it. And then just write a paragraph of what I was looking at and we could look because we do that all the time. She loves taking pictures. And she'll show me a picture that she took up. Sometimes it's of the exact same thing, like a sunset. Yeah. So she'll take her shot and I'll take my shot. And we just photography. What's cool about it compared to because film is photography, just more frames. And but there's something about that still shot that captures that moment that is unlike anything else. The old cliche, a picture paints a thousand words, like some of those shots of Gandhi and that the 14 year old Bose. Where'd they even find that? Yeah, I have no clue. Anyways, that was fantastic. If there's other videos that we can react to of this or other things like that, please let us know down below. And also about or if Hollywood wants to make a, I think it would do really well. That subject matter is just Oscar material just because it's hard hitting, right? But obviously higher Indians do make it. But yeah, if Hollywood wants to make a film about the Indian partition, I would just say make sure the Indians are at the forefront of telling the story because there's film


John, can you give us your name and address, please? My name is John Wicklund. I live in Mankato.  I'd rather not, since you guys have it already. Don't give your address. You can't speak. I get so much property damage and eggs and everything else from fun people and their friends. John, you need to give your address. Alright, I live on Fifth Street. Excuse me? I live on Fifth Street. House number? Thank you. Alright, so are our kids safe? Effective tonight, the school board will enforce the following guidelines. Open forum participants are prohibited from calling out or addressing any individual school board or school district staff member. If this occurs, open forum will be closed and the individual will not be allowed to participate in future open forums. Crowd noise or any sort of grandstanding during open forum, including applause, talking, hollering, or any outbursts will result in open forum being closed.


Right. So with that out of the way, it is my pleasure to introduce Philip, who will be talking about pager systems. Now, many of you undoubtedly are on call in one way or another, but typically we take the easy way out and we use apps like pager duty or whatever other delivery mechanism. But Philip's actually gonna talk about these things, like actual physical pagers and the state of security in this ecosystem. So, please give a warm round of applause for Philip. Thanks for having me here. Well, it's really fun to have Secure introducing me. And, yeah. So tonight I'm gonna talk about cold brown in the air. So why cold brown? So cold brown is a medical linguals welcome by EMS and emergency room personnel to develop a patient who is incontinent of this. In simple words, someone should. Yep. So, why pagers? It's such an old technique. So why are we talking about pagers here? Because we want to make pagers great again. No. It's, well, actually, pagers are extensively used in the United States and Canada. To be short, it's North America. And it's used in Germany as well. It's mainly integrated with healthcare systems, the workflow system. And we have things like SMS to pager gateway and email to pager gateway that makes a systemic and systematic failure possible. And in this talk, I would like to deliver like less about the protocol because I think most of you know things about SDR. This is a CCC conference. So I shouldn't be more technical than you guys, but we can look more on the data. And there's legal disclaimer. So it might be illegal in some country to sniff and store the data. For example, the United States. It's okay to listen to the radio and try to decode something, but you cannot store it. So NSA had thought of a workaround. We just work on the metadata and things are all right. And the second thing is that in some countries, you cannot sniff and you cannot store data, which means I'm not sure what's the situation in Germany right now. If it's allowed to kind of sniff the radio, maybe, maybe not. Yeah. And in some countries, it's okay to listen to unencrypted data, but if you kind of decrypt encoded data, that's illegal. Okay, so in doubt consult your lawyer. So some of you might say, huh, it's 2016, so who in the hell is using this kind of art technique? Well, the thing is that in some places you want to avoid some interference like in the hospitals in the United States. They want to avoid interferences. So if you have money to buy some better equipment, I mean more modern equipment, they're always come with some magnetic shield that is compatible with 3G or LTE networks, but for some other equipment, there might be some interference. Or there might be some places like plans, chemical plans that signals are just weak. You cannot use your cell phone. Or there's some special places like government contractors, defense industry, military industry, where some devices with the recording or transmission capacity is strictly prohibited. So you need some alternations. And in Germany as well, you have something like city roof is still in use and you can still buy this kind of pager. So yeah, actually that's one of the pages I kind of listened to in Germany. I don't understand why the message is in English anyhow and yeah, you can just read it. So this is the agenda of today. I would first talk about a little bit about protocols and then how it is used in health sectors, hospitals, how it's used in industry sectors, and then government, and then we'll talk about how to spoof it. So pages, it's first invented in like in 1950s. You just pay like 12 bucks a month and you get a service of 20 miles of coverage. That's quite neat. But the pages wasn't hot until 1990s. But it has been there for only like 10 years and after 10 years, everyone uses a cell phone. So Motorola stops making new pages in 2001. But hey, it was once a symbol of cool.  Well, it's good old time, right? So this is a PogSack protocol. It's mostly used in most countries all over the world, including Germany, and it's like a 512 or 1200 bit per second. And the most important thing is that the bandwidth is 9 kilohertz. So we can practically recognize this kind of signal in the waterfall that we will see later. And another main protocol is FLEX. FLEX is invented by Motorola. So it's a little bit faster and a little bit more efficient in bandwidth. And well, since we don't want to really build things from scratch and these protocols are kind of complicated, you can always use a utilities like GNU radio or RTL FM or multi-mode NG to decode and demodulate all these kind of signals. So we're using that as well. So these are the frequencies, but you don't really need to copy it. You can find it on Wikipedia. Okay, so this is our setup. With only 20 bucks or 20 euros, you can buy such a DVBT USB dongle, plug into your computer, run GNU radio, and everything's done. So easy. And if you are rich enough, you can buy some fancy stuff like this, HackRF1 and probably with a B210 or Blade RF. That's cool as well, but well, the 20 bucks thing is good enough. And once it's all connected, you can use GQRX. So I would like to thank the authors of GQRX and GNU radio and all smallcom guys all over there. I have met them in room 15 here. In CCC, so that's pretty cool. They have open source everything so you can just grab them, use it for free. And this signal here, this one is PogSag. And how do I know? Because you can see the bandwidth. It's nine kilohertz and you see the two points there. So you know it's like FSK. It's a frequency-shifting thing. So in doubt, check this CIGIDweeKey.com. It's pretty useful. And for flex signals, we just use this guy, this Clayton Smith has written a really cool piece of software called pagerrx.python. Just run it and it kind of sniffs multiple bands at the same time. And we have conducted our research for four months from February to June and we collected, collected, sorry, we observed 18 million alpha numerical messages. Yeah, so let's look at the data. So how the data are used? Actually, it is integrated in most hospitals in the United States, like in nurse or work for management, or between the communication, between the doctor and the pharmacy. And sometimes you see personal messages as well. So let's just look in the data. So every time when there's some event happened, someone called 911 and a message is transferred to some place, like you can read here. There's a type called EMS, so it's an emergency thing. Someone has a chest pain at the same time. Or you can have some advanced thing, like someone who is a 19-year-old female. He has a, there's some AED used. So she's being transferred to some place, being treated by Dr. Hu. And yeah, at some hospital, and her date of birth is MMDDYYY, and there's some pre-diagnosis before she arrives. So with this kind of information, they can better coordinate with the hospital and be prepared for surgery or a proper bed for the patient. So that kind of reduces the waiting time, increases patient satisfaction, sorry, sort of, yeah, yeah. If you see the medical treatments as a service, there can be a satisfaction, okay. And it improves efficiency in like admission, discharge, or you can make an appointment with your doctor for a in-house service or in-house treatment, things like that. And we can see something like a Navicare system and CuraSpan system. We just named these two, but it's not limited to the brand. For example, in Navicare, you can see like it's transporting on some patients whose medical reference number is such and such, from ED, from emergency department to some exam room, and then the patient is transferred to CPC, chest pain center. Then status is what, admitted to doctor who diagnosis is chest pain, things like that. So you might think, oh, it is all about personal data, my personal identifiable data. It's quite scary, but it's not limited to this kind of thing. For example, we have Inquirker. Inquirker is a little bit more cautious. It uses abbreviations, the first letters of the patient's names. That's good, but then it gives you a URL, like just visit this URL. Then you can see something, but actually they ask for an ID and a password, but they usually use one single ID and password in a whole hospital. So you might know something that you are not authorized to know, or like this, Episys. From this red arrow, you see the thing is a MRN, medical reference number. And among all the data we have seen, it's about like 7% from NaviCare and 7% from McKinsey and Aurex. So you can kind of guess the marketing share of all these workflow systems in the hospitals. But just be careful because the data might be biased. Some message can be sent like in a group call. In a group call, it can be sent once to a wildcard number, or it can be sent like 13 times to 13 different numbers. So in that kind of duplicate numbers, you get the biased data. And we didn't clean that because that's simply not necessary. So with this personal identifiable data, we got like email, medical terms, English names, syndromes, diagnosis, medicine on FDA drug list, phone numbers, especially phone numbers, because sometimes the patients want to have an in-house care. So they leave the number in the system. We might, no, we might not see that. Yeah. And we can make an interesting statistics on top medical terms that we have seen in the pages, like a flap, they're quite interested in your veins, or EKG, they're interested in the heart, or sepsis x-ray, things like that. But we see other messages like on how doctors communicate with the pharmacy, and they have kind of placed the order on what kind of medical medicine should be delivered to which room. So with this kind of data, we see a different picture. It's not about your heart or your vein, your, yeah, it's more about like a avatar or Tylenol. So it's about a painkiller and a burgodilator. And we see something. These are from the United Kingdom. It's about organ donors. So it's a donor number, which number? And the donor's hospital name, donor's name. And like this great donor is a female, 49 years old, it's a donation after cardiac death. And the offer is to a patient who? Actually, this makes a very serious ethic issues. Because usually we don't want to let the one who gets this, sorry, this human organ know who the donor is because that might be something like you're trading an organ or things like that. So it can be very serious. And we see something like home care. Okay, this is the example of home care. So it's like, please call patient at home. He saw her home. The phone number is like this. And for some syndrome, he or she wants to take a steroid, but not a prednisolone. Or we see someone's dad. And actually we have checked the local newspaper and he's dead. Yep. So one of the most serious thing we see is the color ID system. The color ID system is that whenever you make a phone call, it looks up in an internal phone book and shows who's calling, who's calling whom, who with a name and a number. So if you kind of observe these pages for quite a long time, you can compose your own yellow pages. And that's my thing's words. And we will see that in a minute. So, industrial. We see many industries using this SMS to pager gateway, maybe because they want to receive some alerts from SMS, but then they found that the SMS might not be delivered to their cell phones. So they use this kind of gateway to transfer it to the pages that might be used in the plans. And hey, for example, you see this from SMS thing, that number is a callee number. And you have the missed call from someone, that's a caller number. So here you can make a correlation between caller and callee. And you can make a phone book too. And the example here, if we got the same number, like number one, two, three, four, five, six are exactly the same number. And the message is so brief, it's just call me. And you see they have some tight relationship. And Codexpress have this speech to text summary that just like a Google service, it transcribes the voice message to a text and send it to your SMS. So in this case, it's sent to the pages. So it's visible if someone is listening to the radio. And we have seen the examples of using the email to page gateway like who's calling, who's calling will send email if there's some missed call. And we have a web control, it's a building automation system from automatic logic. And Metasys is a building automation system for Johnson controls. And here we see something interesting. Like for web control, it's just okay, we don't really care if your chiller is running or not. But for Metasys, they have something called FQR. FQR is a fully qualified references, which means, and you see this is our AHU and this code means aware in what facility this thing is installed. So across the United States, you can pinpoint which this code is denoted to. You can find the proper place. And sometimes they have it written down in the email address.  You can name them, they're all big brands. So I don't want to be sued. So I mask it. Yep. Okay. And IT industry is using this kind of techniques as well. So you get a WhatsApp code, you get a Naju's net bios name, SQL queries, PHP errors. Yeah. Like I've been doing pentesting for some time and this kind of passive intelligence is really valuable to me. So thank you for the information. And sometimes the passcode is here. Yeah, it's changed the password. That's not a real passcode, but I made it, but yeah, the message is real. And you have, sometimes you have the two-factor authentication and the code is here. Like your passcode is XX0923. So what's our look web app is for? And these messages are from McAfee introduced. Yeah. I'm not saying against McAfee, but actually, this is a list of the CVE that this next generation intrusion prevention system has found. And yeah. Well, they're doing a good job at least they're blocking this kind of CVE. But what if this kind of CVE is happening in a national lab? Kind of serious? And we have things from power plants. Like the thing is that the turbine that stops working is was actually in the nuclear plant. So that's something serious. And what if the nuclear plants lost the AC power? It uses like on batteries or on generators, right? So this kind of incidents are reported incidents. So if you are a journalist, you might be interested in cross check if they have filed this incident in a nuclear control agency, nuclear agency. So yeah, what if they haven't fired them? And we have found things in chemical plants. I have to say sorry that I don't know anything about chemical industry. So I cannot extract useful information like I did in IT. But you see some stack dump of some PLC. Yep. So if you are an expert here, that might be useful to you. And from the messages, we can find where exactly the chemical plant is. You see this river and this Google satellite map. Yep. I cannot tell you where it is, but you can try to find it. Yep. Or yeah, these are just not very... And this is not meaningful to me. There's some jump open, jump down. But if you're working in the chemical industry, maybe you want to know some secret of your competitor. And it shows how their daily operation is like. And the last is heating ventilation and air conditioning system. It's okay, it's just a boiler and chiller and air condition on and off. It's not very a big deal. But what about a public sector? So public sector, that's government and his partners. So we have seen this.  Well, it's a personal message, it's not a big deal. If it were not from a government agency, yeah. Well, if that's just between me and my colleague, that's no big deal. But hey, I'm living just in the minute to live me to somewhere. If you think of Kevin Metnick, someone who's really good at doing social engineering, and he got this kind of useful information, hey, he can do a lot of things. Yep. And... So here comes, here kicks in the color ID system again. Like someone from some national organization, he got a missed call from some people and you can do a passive recognition. Like this one, this one recon is... I should say she must be a secretary of some very big guy. She's saying, okay, JW Marriott is only 300 bucks a night, you want to go for it. So she's sending a lot of messages out, and we can see that. And what if you want to impersonate her and send a message? There's something in design of this paging system. It's that you cannot authenticate who the sender is. It's by design. So if you kind of impersonate this secretary and send some message to the big guy, he would believe it's you. And there's no way to make a two-way authentication, like SSL or TLS. Okay, and this is a voicemail summary, the interesting thing. So actually people are not aware that what they have said has been transcribed into a text and then sent via pages.  And you can see more intimate messages if you're really keen to know everything. Yeah, and this is a recon.  So it's something, something very, very serious when it goes to the government. And we can see the parcels. Well, actually these are the tracking numbers of some parcels sent by some national defense contractors. We see the parcels going out from a given place and we don't know who they are, we don't want to know.   Yeah, okay, so it's about, we have to prove we can actually send a page to this kind of tiny thing we bought on eBay. Yeah, so we bought two devices on eBay and we know the cap code, we know the frequency they're working on. And again, thanks GNU Radio guys, we use this GRM mix a lot and with a really, really simple diagram, we can send the pages like this. Hey, heck the planet, yay. And we can think of the attack scenarios, like sending pages to pharmacy to give you a wrong medicine and when you took it, you got some problem. We can try to move the patients between the facilities, move in and out and in and out and in and out until you're really bored. Yeah, and we can probably declare an emergency in some facility so people evacuate and that might cause some damage, real damage, yep. Or we can impersonate someone, we can prevent to be a contractor because I didn't show you, but there's some real name, real phone number and contract number. So with contract number you can pretend to be someone. Yeah, so here's our conclusion. Just stop using it. Or if you really want to use it because you cannot avoid this kind of system, encrypt everything, just like you do in HTTP, you do everything in HTTPS and that's better. And if you really have to and you cannot encrypt everything, just don't leak personal information. You can use like the first letter of the names, just don't spell the whole name. We have, actually we have seen some really good system trying to avoid everything and we see very good examples in Germany. Like German people are quite cautious about this kind of thing and during these two days, at least these two days, I didn't see any real name, yeah. And with small leaks that doesn't do, you think that doesn't do any harm, we can make a database and make it a real harm. You can download our white papers from this URL or you can just search leaking beeps from Google. You can get everything from us and you can download the slides. And if you have something to tell us, if you want to discuss about how serious things could be, just find us on SJHild and Melski on Twitter. So I think that's all. Thank you. Thank you very much. We have some time for questions and answers. If you would like to leave the room, that's okay, but please take some trash out with you and if you leave in the front, please duck under the camera. So if you have any questions, please line up at the microphones, which we have here. In the meantime, are there any questions from the internet? Seems like a no.  There's a question right here. Yes. Is there any commercially available encrypted paging system? Yes, there is. Actually, Spokes has this T5 system that you can buy. I haven't used that, so I cannot say it's good or not, but yes, there is. Just to make sure I understand, I remember this page at the time and there the calls were receivable country-wide. Is this still so, are these hospital stuff send it locally within the hospital or are they send it country-wide? Oh, okay. Thank you for the question. Because actually they wanted to limit the signal strains within these buildings, but in fact, they failed to do that. So, you can still get this kind of message just like 10 or 20 miles away from the hospital, so yeah. All right, question in the back. Yes. Yeah, I also remember the time of the pages in the 90s and from one day to the other, they were gone and calls were closed, it was really, really incredible. I reckon that this was due to SMS. We had this GSM then coming up, so I have the impression that at that time in Europe, SMS took over and as far as I know, SMS is not that widespread in the US. So, is there here in Europe less page usage or is there still a lot of pages used here in Europe, especially in Germany? That depends on the country because Europe is quite complicated.  Well, I can tell you that the hospitals are not using paging systems in Germany, but the emergency sectors, sometimes the police and the fire department are still using them. So, if you tune up to the right frequency, you can get something, but not like this. Yeah, so it's not so scary. And someone told me that in Belgium, there are still using it quite a lot, but I haven't been there, so I cannot tell you. And additional question would be, you said Motorola was stopping production 2001, was that correct? Yeah. But I understand that still these pages are produced and rolled out in new installations, is this correct? Yes. I'm not sure who made these new pages. Yeah. All right, any other questions? Now is your chance, yes, please. And on the encryption, you spoke about there are encrypted systems, but is there anything to retrofit? I mean, nobody would buy another 200 new pages. Okay, so I have encrypted ones. And you said encrypt the things, but how could I encrypt if I have, like, I'm hospital with my 2,000 people and I have to retrofit a solution? I'm repeating for the stream, is there any encryption system that can be retrofitted? Not as I know. Yeah. So the thing is, you're telling us why they are not replacing this kind of system for a safer system. Yeah, nobody wants to invest for another 200 new pages with these encryption systems. But well, I'm not sure if there are some pressure from the society, maybe they will make a change. All right, do we have any other questions? If not, we're gonna close. So thank you for attending. Please, when you leave, take out the trash and give another warm round of applause. Perfect.