Hello, hi. Welcome to another live session from ITTT. My name is Linda. Yeah, welcome back this week. If you've noticed last week our live or my live was actually on a different day, different time. If you've seen it, it was really, really interesting. I had some really, really interesting guests to sisters from Australia who are currently teaching in Japan under the Jet Program. And we had a lovely chat. It was really fun. So if you have not seen that, I highly recommend checking it out if you're interested in teaching abroad, teaching in Japan. If you're from Australia, check it out. Two really lovely girls. It was so much fun talking about what it's like to teach in Japan. And this week I have, I'm here by myself again and I have another interesting topic for you that I've picked today. We're going to talk about TEFL contracts, so teaching contracts and what to watch out for before you signed a contract to make sure it's all good and dandy. Okay. Guys, as always, if you can see me, if you can hear me, please just say hi in the comment section. We're live on Facebook and on YouTube at the same time. And I hope it's all working well. You know, sometimes there are technical issues you never know. So please just let me know that everything's good. You can see me. You can hear me. You can see the presentation here. Just say hi. And maybe where you're watching from, I'm always really interested in that. I am in South Korea. I'm about an hour and a half south of Seoul in a city called Cheongju. And it's 10 a.m. on a Friday here. And yeah, the weather is not too bad actually. So we'll see if it's holding up. I actually got a little ring light over here because one time actually I always go live usually on Friday, 10 a.m. And one time it was like end of the world weather out there. Everything just suddenly became super dark. And I was almost sitting in the dark because I'm in front of a window here. And I felt really bad because you couldn't really see me anymore. So I just got a ring light real quick. I feel like a real YouTuber now. I have a ring light. So that's fun. Anyway, please say hi real quick in the comments. I'd really appreciate it so that I know that someone's out there watching. And it works well. But yeah, and then just a couple of more seconds and we'll wait for more people to join. And then we can start. Hi, Juliana. Hey, Juliana says hi, Linda. Nice to see you again this week. I'm watching from Illinois. It is 8 p.m. now. Great. Awesome. Very, very good. As a reminder real quick, please don't forget to like and subscribe. Like our Facebook page. Subscribe to our YouTube so that you don't miss any of our future live sessions. We go live twice a week. One time me and then one time my colleague Lisa who is a non-native English speaking teacher from Russia. And she has a lot of experience teaching English in China and also online. She shares a lot of really great information.  And yeah, we might switch in the future with some times. So just so that everybody has the opportunity to watch our live sessions. So normally I go live at this time. But next week is probably going to be a different time, maybe also a different day. Just so that we can reach as many people as possible because there's always going to be some people who are not going to be able to watch because it's like nighttime where they are. So we just want to make sure that everybody has the opportunity to tune in and get this information. Also, there is a 30% discount during this live session. So you might have noticed the QR code up there in the right hand corner. You can scan that at any time if you like. If you can't scan the QR code, there's also a discount link that I'm going to share with you right now in the comments. So you can check that out. Looks like this.  So that's a great deal. And like I always say, we only share the 30% off link in our live sessions. You can't find this discount anywhere else. So it's a good deal. If you haven't started yet with your Teflor, I highly recommend it. Hello, Faraz. Hello from Egypt. Thank you. Great. Awesome. So yeah, as you can see, today's topic is all about Teflor contracts and what to watch out before signing, you know, what you should look out for. Some of the things you probably already know, some of the things you might not know. It's sort of going to be a checklist of things. And at the end, I'm going to put the checklist on the screen. And I might also share the checklist in the comments for you to save and to use later on. I think that'd be really useful. So that you have that and you can just later when you need it, you can just make sure that you use it and you check all the items off your list for your contract. So that's what we're going to do today. I hope you're ready. I hope you're happy. Hello. Hello. Also in South Korea. Awesome. Thanks so much for joining. Great. All right. So let's jump right in. I'm going to make myself a little bit smaller here. Like this. And then I'm just going to do a real quick self introduction. I know some of you have already seen this like every single time, but there's also some new people that I would like to just say hello to. And we have Try here from Cambodia. Hi. How are you? Thanks for tuning in. So my name is Linda and I'm a travel writer and content creator under my name. Linda goes East East because I've basically been in Asia since 2012. I've lived in China in South Korea and traveled all over Asia pretty much. I haven't been to Cambodia yet. That's actually on my list. I hope I'll be able to go next year if everything works out, but we'll see. But yeah, you can find my own stuff basically at Linda goes East.com. It's a travel blog platform and also information about teaching abroad. So if that interests you, check it out also on my Instagram. I'm very active on there also at Linda goes East. You can hit me up. You can also message me. I'd be happy to have a chat with you on there. I'm originally from Germany and the US. My mom is German. My dad is American. And I've been based in South Korea for the last six years already. I'm also a Teflon TESOL marketing professional at it. That stands for international Teflon TESOL training. You can find it at www.teflacourse.net and on Instagram at international Tefl training and obviously on YouTube. I know some of you are watching from YouTube and also on Facebook. We're also some of you are watching. So check that out. All of our other social medias. ITTT is a leading Teflon TESOL course provider worldwide. We have a different a huge variety of different courses, different also specialized courses, standard Teflon TESOL courses, all that good stuff. So do check that out. And we also always turn our live sessions into podcast episodes. So we have a podcast. It's called the Teflon TESOL podcast by ITTT. You can find that on all major podcast platforms like iTunes, Spotify, Apple, Google podcast, Stitcher, I think. All of those podcast platforms. You can find it there and then you can just listen to it. I know that maybe some of you don't have time to watch the whole session or every live session. So if you prefer audio only, the podcast might be a really good option for you as well. And that's about it. Yeah. Let me just take one sip of my coffee. This room where I'm in, there is no air conditioning and it's really hot in Korea right now. I have my fan behind me. So if that kind of messes up the audio, I really apologize. But I need this fan or I think I'm going to have like a heat stroke or something. And I need to hydrate. So please don't get mad at me if I drink a lot during this live session. But that's just what needs to happen. Okay. All right. Hello, Tasha. Hi. Thanks for joining today. Awesome. Good. So now that's that the introduction. Now we're going to jump into the nitty gritty of TEFL and TESOL contracts, teaching contracts, what to watch out for before signing. So I'm going to go through a lot of important things that you need to watch out for. And I'm going to show you real contract examples and how the stuff is written in the contract and how you can find it and what to watch out for with examples. I think that's going to make the most sense and is the most useful. And like I said, at the end, I'm going to have a whole checklist of all of the things that I talked about that you can save or screenshot. Or I think I'm also going to share it in the comments later as like a PDF. So you can just print that out or save that for you for when you need it, when you are going to sign a contract. All right. Maybe the first thing that I want to talk about before. Yeah, just a disclaimer. Obviously these are contracts not from ITTT that I'm going to show you the examples. They're just samples that I found online. And also just never accept the job without a contract, right? I think that goes without saying. So even if you're already in the country or no matter where you are, no matter where you go, never just start a job without signing a contract. That's just a very bad idea. It's also illegal. So you can get into trouble. In the worst case, you could get deported from the country. There's fines. There's all these other things. So and also for you personally, because you need to have a binding contract as proof, you know, that states your salary working hours and all those things so that your employer can take advantage of you. So never accept the job without a contract. Hello. Supapong. Hi. Thanks for joining. Gets you from Thailand. Awesome. All right. So the first one that we're going to talk about today is the contract written in English and easy to understand. So that's the first thing that you need to make sure of. And here's an example, and it might be a little small depending on if you're watching this full screen or how are you watching this? But basically this is a contract for school in China. So you can see there's Chinese on it, but there's also English. So that's the first thing. If they give you a contract that's only in Chinese or only in their language. That's a bad thing, right? Because you can't read it. So don't sign a contract if it's not an English and you don't understand it, right? So that's the very first thing. And then also very important, you know, do the translations of both languages make sense? Do they match? Is it the same content, right? Because a lot of times, for example, if you sign a contract like this one for China, for example, it's Chinese and then English. So if there's any issue, only pretty much the Chinese version would count because it's China and likely people don't really speak English there. And like from a legal standpoint, the Chinese text is what's valid. And so that's going to count if you have any legal issues. So you need to make sure that the Chinese version or the native language version also matches the English version, right? And so how can you do that if you don't speak Chinese or if you don't speak Korean or whatever? If you look for the job through a recruiter, you can ask your recruiter to have a look over the contract and make sure that it's good. You can also, if you know somebody, obviously, you can speak the language, you could ask a friend, family member to have a look over it. You could also, in the most simplest and easiest case, you could just, you know, take a picture of it and like Google translate it and just make sure it's, you know, the same. Or you could always pay somebody to have a look at it, you know, translate it and make sure but those are just some ideas how you can do that. So yeah, I think that's about it for the first point. Thinking, I feel like I forgot something. Let me just think about it for a second. Yeah, I think that's it though. So just to remember if they only give you a contract and it's not in English at all, there's no English, do not sign it. And just read through, always read through the whole contract in general, right, before signing anything. But that's the first thing that you want to make sure, look at the contract, is it in English, or is it only in the native language of the country and do the translations make sense, right. So try and verify. Oh, one other way you could do that is by like going in either a Facebook group. There's a lot of Facebook groups for like EFL teachers in China, EFL teachers in Korea and whatnot. And you could upload or you can find someone there to maybe have a look at the contract where you can upload your contract. Obviously you would black out any sensitive information like the school name, your own name and like personal information, black that out, but you could upload that. And, you know, ask people about advice and if they think this is a legit contract. So that's another thing. Good. Next up, what we need to look at in the contract is the name of the school the same as the one you were told during interviews. And has it been spelled correctly. So that's also very important. So for example, this contract right here as you can see they have logo usually school contracts they would have a logo at the top if it's like a big chain school or even a smaller school they would have their own logo. And so that should be on the contract. And so is that the same as you know the school that you interviewed with is that the same name is it spelled the same way. You know a lot of different countries have like not the same copyright laws like we have maybe in your country. So there can be a lot of like knock off schools especially like if it's a super famous big like school chain it has a certain name for example ABC college, and then there could be knockoffs like, you know, a B E college or something or ABC college but spelled with an a or something like that so there's a lot of like knockoffs. You can't really do anything about it because of their copyright laws they're not the same. So just make sure that the name is the same as the school that you interviewed with, and then also does the logo match is the logo the same you know check out if they have a website make sure that is the same name the same logo. And also like typically it'd be like here, obviously at the top the header would have the logo and like the name. So it should be mentioned again in the text. So usually the first paragraph where it says this is a contract between then there be your your name and ABC college and the name and also the address of the school so the address should also be stated in the contract. Yeah. That's it for that part, I believe. So yeah, make sure very important I know these these are very simple things. And you're probably like, why are you saying this this is like super this like common sense but like, I feel like if you get the contract and then you're like so excited I heard this from so many teachers, they get a contract. You know, they're just so excited to go broad and they just sign. They just sign it without even no paying too much attention to it.  But it's really important that you take your time and review the contract. So those are very simple things I know but it's it matters and it's very important and I just want to I have to say it I just have to say it. All right. Good. Next, also very important so the school's name and then also is your name and passport number on the contract and are they correct are they spelled correct and that's very important because a lot of times. Especially in a country like China or Korea or Japan where they don't use the same writing system they have their own writing systems right it's not the same letters like ABC that we have in English. So there it's very important that your name is spelled correctly and that is for visa purposes right because you need to take this contract usually to the embassy of that country to then get your work visa. So you need to really 100% make sure that your name is spelled correctly that it's also the same as it is in your passport. Also the same order. Some countries they they do like last name first and then first name middle name or some countries they don't have any middle names like in Korea they don't really do middle names there they might be confused like what what is the second name. So you need to make sure that it's really in the correct order and written on a contract and also your passport number and your citizenship nationality is correct. So this is an example of a job contract in Korea. And here it clearly says employment agreement. So this agreement has been made on this day between. This would be the school name. So ABC college for example, with its principal office at and then the address. And then. Or is this your name, forget. Oh no and here and this will be your name. For example Linda Dunsmore is citizen off and then they would write the country passport number. And you're going to feel like why is your passport number on the contract but it's very important, like I said for visa purposes. So you might think like this is weird why do they ask for my passport information why do they ask for my passport number, but it's very normal because they need to know that to prepare your documents for your visa. So that's not a red flag if they ask for your passport number. And then typically there'd be a section of personal information.  It's very important. And the date of birth and here again citizenship. So it's your nationality indicated and is it correct. And is your passport number correct. And like I said is your name also spelled correctly there should not be any errors in there. And also just the order of your name should be correct. Okay, are there any questions until here am I confusing. I don't think I am but it's very basic stuff in the beginning. So I just want to make sure everybody understands what I'm talking about and we're on the same page. So just let me know. Please. Like I always say feel free during this live at any time to leave a comment to ask a question. I really like engaging. And if I don't hear from any anyone for a longer time, I get kind of nervous. I'm like, do I make sense? Or, you know, I don't know. But let me know what you think. And then I'm going to move on. But yeah, this is pretty much like a standard like beginning of a contract for pretty much anywhere. So this is Korea, but it's usually the same for any country. Obviously, and also sort of a disclaimer like every contract is kind of different. They don't all look the same. They're not all going to look like this exactly, but pretty much they're all kind of similar. Right. Thank you guys. So Nessman said we're good for us all clear so far. Great. Thank you so much for your feedback. I appreciate it. Because you know, sometimes it's just like me talking to my computer. So it's like, you know, is everything good on your end. So thank you for your feedback. I appreciate that. Good. So next one then. Very, very important. Good person said, please continue. We are listening. Everything you say is really important. Thank you so much. Yes. I appreciate that. All right. Next one is, is the salary the same as promised to you in interviews and is it written down correctly? So very important, right? Your salary. So I'm going to show you an example. This is also from, yeah, from a Korean contract. So there's always like a joke for teachers in Korea because our salaries are millions. For example, a monthly basic salary of 2.1 million won. So in Korea, you're a millionaire basically, but 2.1 million won. That's like, I think a little bit less than 2000 US dollars. So, yeah. But this is how it's indicated. So you want to have basically stated a monthly basic salary of 2.1 million won. So is the salary correct? Is it the same as what you discussed in the interview? And then there'd also usually be a little bit more detail. So they would calculate that, what it's a yearly, what the yearly amount looks like. And then how also, how it will be paid. So, and also the hour, how it's calculated per hour and things like that. So that's very important. And then also you need to make sure that over time is over time paid or not paid is that stated in a contract. It should be stated. Sometimes it's paid. And then it should indicate like here, the overtime compensation per hour, 60 minutes is 26,001. That's like 22, $23, I believe. So that should be stated. If you get paid over time, it needs to be stated how much. So this is correct here. Or maybe it says over time is not paid, then it's not paid. Just make sure it's what you've discussed before. If you have not discussed over time, then it's just how it is. You might be, you can always ask, write your employer about anything you're not sure of in a contract. It's better to ask more questions than to just sign and not be like 100% sure of what you're signing. So important is an overtime rate stated. Sometimes there's not because overtime is not paid in some schools or there is no overtime. But yeah, that's very important. So yeah, also I will say in some contracts, it's not as detailed as here. They would just say like monthly salary and also for all the Americans out there. Typically, it's the salary is paid on a monthly basis, not weekly or bi-weekly. So that's something to consider as well once a month. And that kind of also varies from school to school. They all usually do it on a different day. Sometimes it's like the first of the month, sometimes it's the 10th or the 15th. It really depends on the school. But that should also be stated in the contract when it is paid actually. So it doesn't say it in this paragraph, but probably later on. And I think I'm going to talk about that as well in a little bit. But yeah, that's that about the salary. Good. All right. Next up, very important are to start and end date written down correctly. So start and end date of your employment. Right. Typically ESL contracts there for one year or sometimes also two years. So the date needs to be written down and not only like the month, but also really month and day exactly what day it starts and when it ends. So for example, in this contract, this is this is also Korea doesn't say doesn't matter. Doesn't matter where it is. But here it would it should say it somewhere like this. So period of employment from March 1st, 2013 to February 28th, 2014. So that's a one year contract. So that's typically what it looks like. And this is very important because in a lot of countries you pay, for example, taxes and in Korea, you pay into the pension scheme. And when you leave, you get the money back. Not in all the countries and not for everyone, but in a lot of instances. So it's very important for taxes for like any kind of benefits, bonuses, severance pay. So it's very important to have the exact date on the contract. And then it should also it's also stated later on here in this paragraph. As you can see, it says the employee will commence his or her employment on March 1st, 2013. The employment will continue to February 28, 2014, unless terminated sooner as provided here in and for such further period as provided for here in subject to the following conditions. Yeah. And we're actually going to talk about this part in just a bit. So is the start and end date written out correctly and also one thing to note on the start date and the end date are not the same as your arrival and departure date, typically, right? You're going to arrive earlier than the start date, right? If you start on March 1st, you're probably already going to arrive in February, maybe a week earlier or two weeks before. It's kind of going to depend on that, right? It's obviously you're not going to arrive and then start teaching right away, right? Typically, so that's not going to be your flight will be earlier than that. That's what I'm trying to say. And also you're probably going to be leaving later than that, right? Your last day is February 28th, but maybe you're just changing schools. You're staying longer. Maybe you will extend your contract, but then you're going to get a new contract or, you know, you're going to move to a different city, things like that. So just keep that in mind. All right. Comment here. Let's have a look at that from Gordon. Having been teaching internationally for some years now, I can categorically say that not one contract I have had was followed by the school. Don't expect your contract to be followed going to each with a very, very open mind. Do as much due diligence as you can. Read sites like ISR. Yeah, good point. Of course, contracts, you know, should be followed by both parties. Sometimes, yeah, there might be an issue. You know, it's not they don't follow it or you don't follow it 100% how it's written. Yeah, it also depends on where you teach, I feel like, and what type of school. Typically, if you work for any one of those government funded programs like Epic or the Jet Program, they pretty much, it's all how it is in the contract. But private schools, yeah, they, and a lot of schools, they are actually looking for loopholes, right, what they can do to just for their benefit. So that's also very important that you that's why it's very important that you need to read your contact contract through very thoroughly. So, but yeah, that's a good point. Thank you, Gordon. All right. Good. That's that about the start and end date. Very important. Next point would be is everything with regards to your package written down and the same as previously agreed upon. So what do I mean with by package, package, basically like your, your benefits, everything that goes on top of your salary. Do you get housing, do you get like a year of your end of contract bonus, a yearly bonus, paid vacation days, sick leave, all of these kinds of things are your package. Paid airfare. Maybe you get like a housing allowance or you do get an apartment provided to you free of charge. So all of those things, those and this is very important, right? So typically you will have discussed this already during your interview. So now it's your time to check if it's stated correctly in the contract. That's very important. One of the most important things, right? Because you will, you want to get what they promised you, right? So that's what we're going to look at now. Obviously, this always depends on, you know, the different school, different country. So this is a contract, actually a epic contract that I have here, Korea. So with Epic here, housing stipulated. So it says the employer shall provide the employee with a single housing chosen by the employer, et cetera, et cetera. Any and all fees, charges, costs, taxes, expenses, et cetera, incurred in using the housing shall be borne by the employee. So you do get free housing, but you need to pay for utilities and all that kind of stuff. So that's important that you really read between the lines here. Read the nitty gritty to make sure it's all the same as what you expect and what you talked about during the interview. Also, any benefits should be stated, for example, settlement allowance, medical insurance, things like that. And again, so this varies from contract to contract. There are some countries that don't give you any other benefits. But in Epic, Epic contract, this is very standard. This is what you get in an Epic contract. And I believe also Jet has a lot of this similar stuff in Japan, the Jet program, but also private schools in Korea. Most of them do have housing. Sometimes you can choose between housing where they give you an apartment or a housing allowance where they basically give you some money per month for your apartment. So if you don't want to live in this apartment and you want to get your own, you can get some, a little bit of money per month to help with your apartment. But that also obviously needs to be stipulated. And so that's why I put here, check this very carefully. Some more examples like paid leave, right? How many vacation days do you get? Is that the same as what they promised you in the interview?  And obviously if there's something that doesn't match up with what they told you before or with, or you don't, you have questions, you don't understand something, always ask, right? Always ask as much as you can before signing the contract. And even like what we talked about before, if it's always have someone read the contract, like a family member, a friend, someone have them read the contract also and give you feedback if it's a legit contract. Okay. I think that's all right. Also, next part, what you need to check in your contract before signing, are you work hours stipulated correctly? Very important point. Because I feel like this is one of the sections where the employer might look for loopholes. So the more detailed this is written down and stated in the contract, the better. So this is another example from the Epic Program in Korea and their contract. So how it is stated here. So article seven, work hours. It is very clear indicated here, clearly indicated the employee shall work eight hours per day for five calendar days per week from Monday to Friday. So, oh, what happened here? Okay, here we go. If this is not written down like this, you know, imagine like if the five calendar days per week from Monday to Friday, this part is missing, they could basically have you work on the weekends and whenever they want. So that's just something to keep in mind. And usually it doesn't say it here, but in my, I remember from my contract, it even states the times, the exact times of the day that you work. So like what time you need to be there and until like when you can go home. The times of the day. This is missing here because I guess it's just different from school to school and like Epic because Epic operates for a lot of pretty much all of the public schools in Korea. So they all might have different times. So that's why it's not stated here. But that should also be in there your exact like starting day and yeah. Things like that. One second here. Okay. Good. And then also your teaching hours very important. So not only work hours, but usually also teaching hours or working days should be indicated. So employees class instruction hours. I don't know why it's doing that employees class instruction hours per week shall not exceed 22 hours. That's the teaching hours. If you teach more than 22 hours. You would get overtime pay that's also stated here. Right. So here, if however the employees actual weekly class instruction hours exceed 22 hours due to supplementary class instruction. The employee shall be entitled to supplementary class instruction pay of 20,000 one hour. That's about 1818 dollars or something like that. Yeah. So over times clearly stated things like that right. Very important. I think this part is one of the most important ones and this should be written down as detailed as possible. So like I said here, it clearly states eight hours per day for five calendar days per week Monday to Friday, typically. Oh, and it also says and shall not work on Saturdays and Sundays and also Labor Day and any national holidays of the public Republic of Korea. So that's also very important that it states that you do not work on public holidays. But there can be English camps, etc, etc. And yeah, there should be also the hours of the day when you start and when you finish. And like this could also be different right Monday might be different from Tuesday from Wednesday. So but it should be written down in the contract as well. Good. I hope I'm still making sense here. Yeah. So this is an example of where they have the start time. Very good. So here again this is from a different contract not the epic program. So Monday to Friday. And here we have general hours of the Institute are from 10 a.m. to 7 40 p.m. And it also says free lunch provided and when your break is so from 1 30 p.m. to 3 p.m. break. And only classroom teaching in excess of 120 teaching hours per month approved by the academic director is to be considered as overtime. And then there was probably a clause about overtime and how much overtime pay you get right. So this is another great example with the times stating when you start when you finish and also when your break time is and then you get free lunch. So all of these things are very important to check that they are in there in the contract right. Not saying that every school provides free lunch but if that's something that they already told you before during the interview for example that you will get free lunch and it's not in the contract. Then you need to let them know and they can add that in right. I mean contracts they can be revised many many times until everybody's happy. Right. So yeah. All right. And then I think those are the last three things they all have to do with kind of termination and dismissal. So one thing is how to terminate the contract early at the panel penalties for doing so. So if you don't want to stay for the whole year if you have problems or you like you need to you just don't want to finish the contract. So how can you terminate and if you terminate early what penalties happen to you the offenses which may lead to your dismissal and contract termination. And how and also then also how to extend the contract and any benefits for doing so. So I'm going to show you some examples of how it might be written in a contract. And this is the epic program contract so it has article nine a clear section about resignation. So the employee shall perform the duties step forth under article three here of during the. Oh this contract is binding unless the employee gives 60 days written notice of termination. And this will obviously vary from contract to contract right sometimes it's 60 days sometimes could be less 30 days it could be more. So it also depends on the law of the country that you're going to usually they have this in labor law written down. So, yeah. Yeah, and then also what happens so failure of the employee to give 60 days written notice of termination to the main school leads to. It will be reported to the Korean immigration service and shall affect the employee's ability to freely enter the Republic of Korea in the future so as you can see this is a very serious thing. If you don't do this properly you might end up getting deported your visa might be canceled you might not be able to return to Korea in the future is that this is something very serious for yourself to know how to. Hopefully you know give notice and terminate your contract early so that you don't get into trouble because that's that's annoying right we don't want that unless you hate it so much that you don't care if you can come back. Then I guess it doesn't matter. So yeah, another example here about renewal. So how to go about to renew your contract. And also the benefits of doing so very important usually there's a benefit right if you renew either you get a higher salary or you get like a bonus or something like that. And here it also states in this epic contract that the renewal shall not exceed one year so you can only renew for another year another year another year, it can't be longer than that. Obviously this depends on the school varies from school to school. This is what it's like in the epic program. And then there is a contract renewal allowance of two million Korean ones and that's actually really nice. 1.3 Korean one will be paid within one month of the beginning of the new term and the remaining 700,000 Korean one to be dispersed after the successful completion of the contract. That's really nice I didn't know that. So if you and two million one is about just under 2000 US dollars. So that's really nice if you sign up for another year in case of the termination of the renewal contract within the first six months. The paid leave specified in the foregoing clause shall be unpaid. All right. So just some things about renewal and termination. Here another contract about termination. Oh, why the employer might terminate you this is that part. So obviously if you violate any laws of the country here it's Republic of Korea for example. If you don't have a visa if obviously they would kind of know before but maybe if your visa got canceled or something. If you don't have a visa if you don't have the correct kind of visa for an English teacher you need to have a visa. So if you have another kind of visa might be a reason. And then also obviously if you fail to perform your duties right for more than five working days without receiving prior consent. So and also any of the information provided in the employees application is false or inaccurate. So this also depends obviously from school to school country to country but it's usually pretty much similar stuff.  So yeah just something for yourself to know right. And those are two things I just want to mention two additional tips for you guys what you can do before signing your contract. So the first one is even after going through the contract with the checklist that I just gave you get someone you trust to read through it before you sign it. So this could be your mom your dad an uncle a friend anyone as a teacher a professor have someone read it through and give you feedback on what they think if this is a good contract or not. And then also good to know you will likely this is likely pretty much depends on the country but pretty much you're probably going to have to sign two contracts one before you leave. So right after the interview when they tell you yes we want to hire you they probably send you a contract or online you print it out you sign it and you send it back to them. That's what you will need to basically get your visa then to go to the country and then you sign another one when you arrive typically on your first day like in person together. And that's important that you make sure that those two contracts are identical and that nothing has been changed or if something has been changed. That you're aware of the change they would let you know oh we changed this part are you OK with that. And then you say like yes or no. So be aware that you're probably going to sign two contracts one before you leave and one when you're there in the school in person together. So make sure that those contracts are identical. And if anything has been changed they let you know right. So don't just sign it like right away. Maybe ask if you could take it home with you and read it through and bring it back the next day or something like that. That's totally reasonable. OK. This is the checklist everything that we talked about it just want to review real quick for people who maybe were here came here late. So the first thing we talked about is is the contract written in English and easy to understand. And also if there is two languages if the translations make sense then is the name of the school the same as the one you were told during the interviews and hasn't been spelled correctly is the logo the same. Is your name and passport number on the contract and are they correct and also written in the correct order is the salary the same as that promise to you in the interviews and is it written down correctly. Also it should always kind of a side note the salary should probably always be stated in the currency of that country where you're going to get it if they write it down in like US dollars. They're not going to pay you in US dollars unless they pay you in US dollars but typically they would not they pay you in their currency right. So if they write it down in US dollars it's kind of ambiguous it can change like every month. So it's better to have the salary always in the currency of that country and it's always the same right. Just another side note and then are the start and end dates written down correctly. And then disclaimer please note these dates may not be the same as your arrival and leaving dates to China or to wherever you go but they must be there nonetheless. Then next point go through the package details carefully is everything with regards to your package so accommodation medical insurance bonuses etc written down and the same as previously agreed upon. Are your work hours stipulated correctly and as detailed as possible. So you're working days Monday to Friday but some teachers they also work like Wednesday to Sunday with Monday Tuesday off that can also be the case.  And also ideally the time of the time of the day you start and when you finish. Are the following details with regards to the contract stated how to terminate the contract early and dependencies for doing so how to extend the contract and any benefits for doing so the offenses which may lead to your dismissal and contract termination. Boom. That's it. That's the checklist and I'm probably going to have this later in the comments on Facebook under the slide as like just image. So you can save that for you so you can have it for when you need it when you need to sign a contract. But after all of this are there any questions or any comments maybe something I didn't mention or any questions now is the time. I'm just going to leave this up real quick in case there is a question about one of the points please let me know. And then we can just move into the official Q&A section. Just let me know if there's any question about this or if it's all good or if you would like to add something. All right. Here we have good person. Thank you so much Linda it is a wonderful resource not only for teachers but also for anyone who wants to work abroad in any field. That's true it doesn't apply only to teachers right. Great thank you. Far as thanks Linda and much appreciated. Thanks so much. Thank you guys. This one I am good. Okay great. Then I just want to quickly mention before we go into the official Q&A how to find it online Facebook Twitter Instagram. Check us out also our website. Also my personal Instagram at Linda goes east you can send me a message I'd be more than happy to have a chat with you on there. And then we're moving into our Q&A section. Again as you can see I just want to mention the 30% off link you can scan this QR code or you can also check out the link in the comment box and if you're listening to this as a podcast it's also in the podcast description. So you can just copy that link and then get a 30% discount any TEFL or TSOL course from ITTT. Looks like this. That's the code. Alrighty then I'm back bigger here with my water ready to answer any questions about either this topic today the TEFL contracts or anything else related to TEFL and teaching or Korea China. ITTT anything let me know I'm going to be here another maybe five minutes depending on how many questions you have. And then I'm going to sign off. But I hope you found today useful. I think it was. You're probably going to think some of those things are super like common sense and like duh but it's very important. And like I said in the heat of the moment when you get your contract you get offered a job in the country of your dreams a lot of people just get carried away and just sign it and they just trust their employer completely. But not all employers are great unfortunately some of them really try to take advantage of you and you know try to get all the loopholes in there that they can so really take your time with the contract. Don't sign the first contract if you're offered unless you're really 100% sure that this is the job for you. That's my advice. All right question here. Do you Linda have to make your own lesson lessons planning or they do it at your job. So I teach I used to teach at a English like private kindergarten and we had kindergarten in the mornings and early afternoon and a late afternoon elementary kids. And at that school it was a big big chain in Korea they actually provided us with all of the material because they had this school all over Korea. So it had to be the same thing had to be taught in all of the schools at the same time on that on the same day.  So I didn't have to do a lot of planning there. Now I teach a lot online my own lessons my own classes to like students and that I do plan yes because that's just what I offer.  Yeah but so some schools you know you might have to do your own lesson planning but some schools have all the materials and give it to you and there's very minimal lesson planning it depends on the school. So this is a good question to ask during a job interview with a school you know and ask how they handle that. And another question. What countries do you do you that put lodging in the country. What countries offer accommodation. So typically East Asia. So that is Japan Korea China Taiwan. Those countries typically have accommodation free accommodation for their teachers. And that's pretty much it a lot of times but again it depends you know from country to country school to school it depends but East Asia typically has really great benefits. I also think the Middle East has great benefits and might also have paid housing but then like Europe or Latin America. Not so much not so much. So yeah. Wow I guess that's good they have the lessons in place. Yeah you know sometimes it's I think that's really great for first time teachers if you're new to teaching it's great to just have that material in front of you and then you get more experience and then if you are a new school where you have to do most of the teaching or lesson planning. You have maybe more ideas so I actually know a lot of people who are teachers who prefer just planning out their own lessons they really like this flexibility and freedom. So it really depends on you and what you want to do. Good. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you guys so much for being so active today and asking all your questions and listening and giving me feedback it's really really nice and I hope you really took something away from today's live session. It's not easy coming up with a new topic every week. So you know I wasn't sure if this topic was good but I think it was really good and helpful for you guys for future reference and also because I'm going to share that checklist with you in the comment section so that you can check it out and just save it and have it there. You know for the future for when you need it. I think that's going to be really useful. All right. I think I'm going to sign off soon. It's been an hour now this session. If you have any questions when you watch the replay or just later on you can still leave the questions in the comments and we will get back to them later on. No problem. As I mentioned you can also just reach out to it directly or you can reach out to me directly on Instagram. I'd be happy to answer any of your questions on there as well. Don't forget the 30% off link. It looks like this. This is your chance to start a career in teaching English abroad or online. So yeah. Right. Good. Thanks so much. Yeah. Totally. Great. Then I hope all of you are going to have a wonderful weekend and you're staying safe out there and I hope to see you again next week. Like I said I might be live on a different day and time. So please like and subscribe so that you don't miss that on our page and you get notified when we do go live. But yeah. Thank you guys so much and I hope you have a lovely weekend and I hope to see you again and please don't hesitate to comment.  No problem. Okay. All right. Then thank you so much. Have a lovely weekend and I'll see you hopefully next week. Bye.


Hi, thanks for coming. So I will talk about understanding number, the Python and NumPy compiler. And I want to be clear at the start, like I don't really understand number. So I'm a gamma ray astronomer from Heidelberg. I'm not a number compiler or CPU expert. I recently started using it. And I think it's awesome. And I wanted to introduce it to you. So let me talk a little bit about how we use number and why we use it. So in gamma ray astronomy, we have these telescopes like the HES telescopes in Namibia, or the Cherenkov telescopes array in Chile. And there we have to do lots of numerical computing for data calibration, reduction, analysis. And we need both interactive data and method exploration and then production pipelines. And also the software is often written by astronomers, not professional programmers. And traditionally, the approach was, for example, for HES for the past decade to write everything in C++, also using the root software from CERN, and then maybe have a little bit of Python scripting on top. And now it's different. Now we're trying to build everything in Python and NumPy. And then when needed for performance, we write a little bit of number siphon or COC++. So it's a different approach. For the CTA software, we're prototyping it using this Python first approach. And you see the stack, like it's based on Python. And then the PyData ecosystem. So you have NumPy, SciPy, and so on. In astronomy, we also have AstroPy, which is the base library, which contains the standard data formats and time handling, coordinate sending, and so on for astronomers. And then on top of this, we can implement the gamma ray analysis software. And this approach is not really unique to what we do in our project. It's kind of become the standard in astronomy. As you can see in this graph here, Python is really now the most popular language to use in astronomy. And as Perry Greenfield points out, like one reason is that Python is a language that is very powerful for developers, for professional developers, but it is also accessible to astronomers. And this makes for a good mix. And I have two other quotes from Jake Van der Klaas from the Python keynote at 2017 in the same vein, saying, for scientific data exploration, speed of development is primary and speed of execution is secondary. And also in Python, we have these libraries for nearly everything, and Python is the glue that combines the scientific codes together. So we have these thousands of Python packages that implement all kinds of methods. Why do we need number, actually? I mean, some algorithms are hard to write in Python and NumPy. Here's an example of a function computing one step in this game of life. I don't know if you're aware of this, but you have this update rule, whether cells live or die. And you can write it in NumPy, but then you have to write this double NumPy.roll call, and the code is really hard to write and hard to read and hard to maintain. So this would be a case where just writing a for loop is simpler, and then if you write it in Python, it's inefficient, and then writing in C and wrapping it from Python can be tedious. So this would be a good case where you would go to number. And there's also a quote from Stan Sybert from the NumPy number team, just saying, like, don't write such NumPy high-coos if Python for loops are simpler than write loops and use number. Okay, so let me introduce number. What is it? I mean, to find out more, go to the webpage, numberpydata.org. The tagline is number makes Python code fast, and it's an open source JIT compiler that translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code. And actually later in the talk, I'll try to unwrap that statement and explain what it means. But first, let's see a little bit. The name number comes from the combination of NumPy and Mamba. So you do number crunching in Python, and it's then fast like Mamba. So Mambas are apparently some of the fastest snakes in the world. This is where the name comes from. And then how do you use it? Let's assume you have some function doing math like here, using this Monte Carlo method to compute the number pi, where you just throw random points in the unit square and then check which ones are x squared plus y squared less than one, so which ones are in the circle and you count, and that's one way to compute pi. And if you do this in Python, it's extremely slow for a million numbers, because what Python does is that every number is represented by a pi object and then to do the actual computation, what happens in something like x squared or less than one and so on, always you take the pi object and you figure out that it's an integer, look at the integer inside, then do the operation and the computation and then create another pi object. So you have all of this overhead that makes math from Python really slow. To speed it up with number, it's very easy. You just import number and add number.jit decorator to your function and then in this case it's 30 times faster. So this is how you tell number to jit your function. Number also understands num pi, so in this case I have two arrays x and y, which are like not large num pi arrays and I do the same computation by passing them into a Monte Carlo pi method and then uses a num pi array expression to do the same computation and this is faster than using Python, but it also uses much more memory, but again you can add the number.jit decorator and it will run faster because what number can do is it can avoid these temporary array copies. So when num pi c is x squared, it creates a new num pi array which is x squared and creating these new arrays and allocating them and processing them is some overhead which can be avoided if you compile down to machine code and that's why number in this case is faster. If you want you can also write the same function using a for loop so it's really up to you. In this case writing a num pi array expression is more convenient, but sometimes writing a for loop is more convenient and number will compile your code either way into optimized machine code. So kind of the evolution of a scientific programmer coming to Python is that maybe you start out with C or Fortran and you write loops all the time to do your data processing, then you come to Python and you figure out that loops are 100 times slower and you learn that you have to write everything as num pi array expressions, but actually now that we have number writing for loops is okay again. So it's a bit of a regression. What are the limitations of number? Number compiles individual functions. It does not compile whole programs like PyPy. Number only supports a subset of Python. It has some support for dictionary list and sets, but you cannot have mixed types of keys and values and all of the operations. Like some things, some Python data structures just cannot be efficiently processed and translated to machine code. And you see an example of this on the left side where if I list with mixed data types of a string and an integer, and actually number is not able to compile this to efficient machine code. And what you get is you get a typing error if you try this. Also, number only supports a subset of num pi. I mean, this is ever-growing, but not all functions and all arguments to those functions are available. So you have to see. And also, I mean, number does not support any kind of Python code. Like you cannot use pandas or scikit-learn or the request library or these kind of things from your Python function because number will not know how to translate that into machine code. It's really focused on math and numerics code. So a little bit more about these two JIT modes, the object mode and the no-python mode. If you add the number.jit decorator and you have some function which cannot be efficiently compiled to machine code, what will happen is that you get a number warning saying the compilation is falling back to object mode, but it will still run and give you the result. And what's happening under the hood is that all that happened was that number translated this function into something that's equivalent what the CPyzen interpreter would execute where you still have PyObjects and Pyzen C API calls and you get the same performance as if you only use Python without number at all. So 99% of the time this is not what you want and to make it more obvious when you write functions which cannot be compiled efficiently, you can use this no-python-equals-true thing and then you will directly get a typing error saying fail to compile in no-python mode. And there's a shortcut because typing number.jit no-python-equals-true is long, you can also type number.jit. If you actually do have a function where you need to go back and interact with the Python interpreter and Python objects you can, and for this you use the number.object-mode-context-manager, this is rarely needed but it can be useful if you have like a long-running function and you want to log the progress or update a Python progress bar which is a Python object, then you can say with number.object-mode and inside this with statement you can again interact with your Python session. Okay, so now let's come to the part where we try to understand what number does at least a little bit. So the description kind of is number is a type specializing JIT compiler for Python bytecode using LLVM and this might make your head explode but let's try to unwrap that a little bit. There's really three parts involved here. What's going on when you write a function and you JIT it and you call it and the first part is Python itself and then you have number and then you have LLVM in the background and I'll explain on the next slides how these interact. So what the Python compiler does, it starts with your source code, parses it into an abstract syntax tree and then transforms it to bytecode and this happens on import of a module like when the Python interpreter sees the death statement it creates this function object and attaches the bytecode to the function object which as you can see here on the left and then what number can do is it can start with this bytecode and compile and transform it to machine code and that's what the number.jit decorator does and actually when number.jit decorator is called it does very little. All it does is it creates a CPU dispatch a proxy object because it cannot compile the function yet because it doesn't know what types come in and what kind of machine code it should generate. So only when the function is called it will then jit compile the bytecode to LLVMIR exactly for those input types and then it will also manage the LLVM compilation and execute the compiled function for you. So what is LLVM? LLVM is a compiler infrastructure project there's many frontends for languages like C, C++, Fortran, Haskell, Rust, Julia Swift and so on. There's also many backends for all kinds of hardware so all the different CPU types the vendors have added support for it and optimized it well and you could consider a number just to be the Python frontend for LLVM. So the way this works is that LLVM is shipped as a Python package called LLVM light that number depends on and this is maintained by the number team at Anaconda that then ships number and LLVM light so that it's readily available. Concerning alternatives, I mean at least for us like the most obvious one and what people also use is Siphon and like numbers, Siphon is often used to speed up numeric Python code. Siphon is an ahead of time compiler where you have to type annotate your Python code and then it compiles to C and then you use a C compiler to compile this to machine code. It's more widely used at this point it's easier to debug because generated C code is easier to debug than LLVM IR code which is lower level and looks more like assembler code and probably very few Python people can read and debug this. And also it's Siphon is very good at interfacing with C and C++ code. I mean number on the other hand is easier to use you don't have to add type annotations you don't need to have a C compiler but it is harder to debug another advantage of number is that it optimizes just in time for your CPU and GPU so you don't need to build and distribute binaries for many architectures. Instead it will always use all of the CPU features you have like advanced processor instructions and so on. Other number alternatives I mean there are Siphon is great and there are many other great tools that exist for high performance computing in Python so you have Siphon, C, C++ and PyBind 11 if you want to go the Python C extension way there's PyPy which is an alternative to Cpycin which did compile the whole program and then you have all of these modern things like TensorFlow, Jax, PyTorch and Dask and so on that similarly to number also use Python and NumPy mainly as the language to specify what kind of computation should happen but then they will do some kind of compilations and execute it in various ways and I don't have time and also don't have the expertise to explain all of the differences how Jax and TensorFlow and so on compares to number and how exactly they compile but you have to make a choice there and it's not easy because there's many great libraries now available in Python. Okay so some more things about number. One thing you should know about is number.s or number minus minus sys info from the command line or you can also use it from iPython and Jupyter if you just put the exclamation mark in front you can execute shell commands so you can also get the info from there and as you can see here on the left this gives you all of the relevant information about the hardware on your computer like what CPU and GPU you have which Python version, number version and LLVM version you're using whether you have the Intel short vector math library installed I'll talk more about this later whether you have the Intel threading building blocks library installed which will make number faster in some cases also and then which GPUs you have available and GPU drivers you have installed. One thing you can do if you want to if you have a multicore CPU and want to make your computation run faster is to add the parallel equals true option to the number.jit call and this will then do multi-threading using one of the backends either OpenMP threading building blocks or a custom one if you want to use TBB you have to do this content and start TBB in addition and then as shown in this example it will work automatically for NumPy array expressions there's no code changes needed so in this case I got a 3.2 speedup on my four core CPU for this computation by parallelizing it if you have four loops inside of your function you should use the number.p range generator I guess and then what will happen is the same thing that number will parallelize this loop and you will get the speedup from using multiple cores or also vector instructions and what I show here on the lower right is just always like when you have Python decorators you can use them in two ways you can either put them with the add sign on top of your function and the decorator will be automatically applied or you can just write your function without the decorator and then apply the decorator after by just passing the function into the decorator so you can say number.jit pass in the compute function or you can say number.jit parallel equals true this is a decorator and you can pass in the compute function and this can be convenient if you want to try out different options to compile the same function so you don't have to always copy and paste the code of the function also. Another option you have is fast math equals true and there you can trade accuracy for speed for some computations. So there is this IEEE floating point standard that in this case, for example, requires that the loop is must accumulate these numbers in order to get precisely defined results but if you're willing to give this up and have a little bit of different accuracy then the computation can go faster because the compiler can vectorize this reduction. There's another way you can speed up math functions so if you have code that has square root, sign, exponential and so on then you can kinda install the ICCRT package and this will make these Intel short vector math libraries functions available until number will tell elevator to use those and these are just like much faster implementations of these math functions. So that's how you get fast math. You might ask like how fast is number? I would say number gives very good performance and there are many options to tweak the computation but there is no simple answer to this question and there is also no simple answer to the question of like how number compares to Python, Sys, NumPy, C, Fortran and so on. You can find many blog posts on the internet and they all kind of have different outcomes depending on what application they do and compiler flags they use and what hardware they have. They get different speeds for different tools and we've already seen this for number on the previous slides. The speed up is not always the same. So what you have to do is if you care about performance you start by defining a benchmark for your application that you really care about where you have a performance bottleneck and then you measure and then you try to improve it. Another thing I wanted to introduce are NumPyU funds or universal functions. So these are functions like add sign and so on from NumPy itself and these all support array broadcasting which you can see here on the left side. So you cannot just multiply two numbers, you can also multiply a number with an array and it will broadcast these inputs and generate an output array and there's a more complex example here and then they also have these special methods attached like accumulate which apply it to one element at a time and accumulate it giving a different output array and so far if you wanted to make one of these U-funcs you had to write C code and use the NumPyC API which was pretty hard and now with number it's really easy. You use the number of vectorized decorator and it will make the U-func for you. So the way you write your function is you don't put a for loop. You just write the operation for one element and then kind of the implicit for loop to loop over arrays and do broadcasting and so on. This will be generated by number for you and there's two ways to do it. You can give the type signature in the vectorized call like I do here I say please make a U-func assuming the inputs are integer numbers and then number will generate one U-func on the vectorized call.  So it will generate a different one if you pass a float input array or an integer input array. Okay so I'm almost done already. So the number is really a family of compilers. I've talked about two, number.jit for regular functions and number.vectorized for U-funcs and just given a quick introduction to those if you wanna learn more then check out the number documentation. There is also the geo-vectorized decorator which can make generalized U-funcs. There is the stencil for neighborhood computation so if you wanna do some kind of convolution or sliding window computation it's easy with the stencil decorator. There is C-func which can generate functions with well-defined C-callback ABI. So this could be useful for example if you wanna call a number function that you write in Python from C or C++ code. So if like all of your application runs in C++ but then you wanna extend it with Python then this would be one way to do it. And then there are the scooter.jit and rock.jit decorators to work with GPUs also. So just as a last point I mean who uses number? So Jake van der Plaas again like wrote a few blog posts in 2013 like when the project was still very young saying I'm becoming more and more convinced that number is the future of fast scientific computing in Python. This has not really happened so far. And then in 2018 Matthew Rocklin wrote an article advocating for the numeric Python community should consider adopting number more. So I think currently many people and applications use number for their work in projects like we do for gamma ray astronomy and many others do as well. But then the large libraries like NumPy, SciPy, Pandas and Scikit-learn have not adopted number yet. And there are some nice examples now of libraries or packages using number for example data shader which is shown on the top left which is a large data visualization library is implementing their stuff in number. There's Librosa which is for digital signal processing and audio and music analysis is implemented using number. And Intel has written Hpad which is the high performance toolkit and this can do big data processing and supports Pandas. So they've done something very similar to what number did. They've defined a decorator and Hpad.jit which can take a function which does IO and then NumPy or Pandas computations and so on and it will parallelize this also to clusters using MPI. So my summary and conclusions are that I mean number is a type specializing JIT compiler for Python bytecode to LLVMIR. The project started in 2012. The current version is 0.44 and I think they're well underway to version 1.0. It will use your CPU and GPU well and it's really easy to use. You just have to add this Python decorator. So use number.jit for normal functions, number.vectorize to make your functions and use number minus S to check your machine and installation. If you don't find you get good performance or it's not working and then if you wanna use multi-core CPU and get fast results consider putting parallel equals true and fast mass equals true and also installing this as a SVML package. And I mean yeah, I'm not a number developer. I didn't do anything to make this work. I just wanted to thank the number developers at Anaconda and also the other people and companies that have contributed like for example Intel. Very cool, thank you for the great talk. We have five minutes for questions. Again, we have microphones over there. Over there, if you have a question just line up behind the microphone and ask away. Hi, thank you for the talk. How would you recommend packaging your package that uses number? Would it depend on the LLVM chain on the target machines that where you install it or? It's no, I mean basically you don't have to do anything.  And then PIP or CONDA will automatically, I mean number and LLVM lite automatically ship with CONDA with the base installation but you can also PIP and CONDA install them. So if you put number as a dependencies when someone installs your package they will always get it and you just kind of have a pure Python package and you don't have to build wheels or binary distributions or do complex things. It's really easy. Thank you. Yeah, that was really awesome. I just wanted to know what do you think are some of the reasons that the adoption of Numba is probably a bit slower than some may have expected? I mean, so I guess it took longer to reach 1.0 than they thought and projects wait for 1.0 in stability. I mean number has been amazingly stable for the past five years I think also but it's still constantly improving. The, I mean it is a bit scary if you have, if like for example say NumPy itself or SciPy they could get rid of a lot of code if they adopted Numba and do things much more easily like implement all of their U-funs and this kind of stuff but then it would be all in like they would depend on LLVM lite and Numba and this would have to run and be stable for the next decade on all the supported platforms. So I know for example that on the NumPy mailing list like three years ago there was a discussion whether to use Numba as a dependency for Numba and at the time people said no mainly because for example ARM processor support was not there yet and in the past years the Numba team has added this and is testing really on a large range of hardware and it's getting better and better and I think it will happen. I don't know how fast it will happen but I think projects will start to adopt Numba more and more. Cool, thank you. Let's go this side and then go back to that side. I have a question about the other case study for using C++ code so could I use a just entire compiled function Python to call my C++ library using Numba? Is there some support for that? I have to admit I don't know so this is something where size really shines and you can call any C and C++ code. I have not done this myself. I think there are ways to call into a C library but I have to pass on that. Check the documentation please. Thanks. I have a question. First of all thank you for your talk. I started using Numba a bit and discovered PyPy and I was wondering where you have let's say you have multiple functions one after each other. What is the overhead if you put a Numba at Numba.jit before each functions versus compiling or using the whole code with PyPy? Is there a difference or... Um... I'm not sure, I think it depends. I mean for the cases where we are using Numba like this overhead of JIT compiling the function does not matter at all. Like these milliseconds that I spent once to compile my functions I really don't care about even if it would take a second and then my analysis runs for an hour and it's really fast. I mean if you have thousands of little functions that you need to JIT compile and have very short running processes then this might become relevant and I don't know how PyPy compares in terms of the JIT speed compared to Numba. So maybe what you're saying is that at the initialization of your module it's not at that time where the compilation is happening it's during the execution. Yeah, so you have the overhead of starting up LLVM and doing the compilation I mean if you look at this so basically this is what's here. I mean you see this change of things that happen and some things are done by Numba and some things are done by LLVM but overall this is very fast like for a given function but if you have thousands of functions and they're really long and complex and you use like high optimization options for LLVM it doesn't take I guess seconds or minutes in extreme cases I don't know but I never was in the case where this matters. Oh thank you. Thank you very much we are running out of time you can chat with the speaker during lunch and the conference and thank you very much let's thank all the speakers.


Okay, good morning everybody and so I'm Beatrice and I'm in practice in 15 years and I would like to take that opportunity to thank Dr. Alson to accept me you know after being in practice active clinic surgery research and trying to participate in an academic center it's a good thing to be able to stop and to look what you're doing and compare what is done and how it could be done differently and thank you for to everybody who's teaching me a lot this year also and so today I will talk about the transconjunctival sutures and I would like to share with you my experience with that technique so if you would like to give your opinions throughout the talk feel free to raise your hand I'm ready to stop and I would like it to be a discussion and I have some cases that I will present also and if you want to give comments or anything I will be happy to to have your opinion on my cases and and for those those who don't do any traps you can see that talk that talk as a culture of tomology culture that is an extra option for option for hypotony in post-op traps my disclosure so I will start with explaining a little bit coming back and what is hypotony the consequences the technique of a transconjunctival the suture how it has been described and I will do a little review of the literature and then I will show you some cases that I had and my difficult cases and complications and I will give a little bit of the recommendation of how I have been doing that technique throughout my last six years so I put in his describe as a pressure under 6.5 millimeter of mercury that's a statistical definition the clinical definition would be under four because often the clinical decrease of vision or things like that will happen more with a pressure around four sometimes we can still see it between four and six but it's more frequently under four so there's an increase of expression regarding the production the managed pressure is still nine so when there's an hypotony post postop or for any other reason that means that the aqueous found another way to get out in this channel so the causes are hyperfiltration post-trab leaking post-trab cycle dialysis areado cyclitis original detachment detachment use of hyperosmotic agents or vascular occlusive disease those are the main cause and as complication of hypotony depending if it's a recent or a more chronic hypotony we could have almost no when it starts we can have no a complaint no decreased vision and a pressure of five with a nice vision a nice bubble no no leak or anything then we just observe that patient but when it gets more chronic basis the vision can decrease we can have some corneal failure some shallow anterior chamber coradal detachment a cataract and maculopathy when it gets really and some when the maculopathy is there then the vision is really decreased with metamorphosis usually and the hypotony is associated with fondness anomalies like macular folds coradal detachment falls or thickening and vascular tertiary papillodema and that is all caused by an edema that is chronic behind in the posterior pole so here we have some falls and some papillodema with fixed macular folds often we will think that the natural history of the hypotonic maculopathy and we know that it could resolve by itself inside the first few weeks even if the maculopathy is there but if it goes over four months usually it it's gonna stuck there so we try to react before that time and since I'm doing those transcontactival sutures I tend to be a little bit more aggressive in the treatment of macular hypotony maculopathy I don't wait for months as often so multiple treatment does exist like injecting in the anterior chamber can help and I put hypotony but as you know it won't stay for a long time it will go away and you will have to do it again and over again and a lot of different technique have been described to try to stop those over filtration post-trav like technique to shallow the blood with patch Simon shell compressive sutures or to modify the blood like injecting injecting blood acidic trichloroacidic acid or doing laser creat cryotherapy I don't do those thing anymore though those those are things that I've learned in fellowship in 98 99 and they were still trying a lot of things now I tend to go more faster to my transcontactival sutures we can also do a surgical revision then we have to open the content we sutured the flap the flap the scroll flap using a patch or not depending on what we see when we open the conch it is more invasive and time-consuming and it leads to a lot of blip scarring we open everything so the major problem in the dose I were over filtration post-trav is that we have an over filtration but the blip is working well so we're trying to find a way to save our play at the most we can so the technique has been described by Shirato in 2009 and his first description was done with 10 cases and inside this 10 cases it went really well for 9 over 10 cases and he used single sutures he used two sutures in only one of his cases so we I use I do that technique at this little lamb and we use a suture that goes through the conch and then I crap the skull flap and go out to the mascara I read that this picture is upside down but when I do it I will I will turn like this and that's how I feel comfortable doing it and we pre treat the patient with silo antibiotic and providing iodine and we have to identify the school that because of that big over filtration you don't know where is your school of thought often you just don't see it so I will use a goniolence the corner of a goniolence to just put my as a conch down and try to identify my the border of my so we tend to do the first stitch close enough to the limb is at first I was a little bit too far and I was not able to grab the flap so now I came back closer to the limb is to be able to grab the flap and I use a needle spatula 910 0 5 in you and then the patient as post-op treatment as canal on and corticosterone and the patient will be seen back one day post-op and depending few weeks the week after usually this is was the second study of she read or published into a way where we present 50 cases of transcontractable suture and his indication were poor iPod on the maculopathy or chronic carotid all detachment so here we have a shallow chamber chamber and he seems to be putting a stitch from the scleral side and go to the flap after if I we look the orientation of the stitch I do the opposite but the goal is the same and we want just to put a suture to bring the skull flat down and most of the time it's not leaking after that suture and the chamber enter your chamber gets deeper this is one of my case and what I want to show in that slide is that it's surprising but that suture will migrate throughout the congenitiva by itself with time and it's not long inside the first week it's sent to disappear under epithelium so it was side of negative but we still have complication even if in those article describe the technique that goes pretty well we can have emerges we can have leaking sometimes those are minor leakings and we wait 24 48 hours and it's not paid the result by itself sometimes leaking is severe enough that we have to have another stitch just around the hole to close that hole and and sometimes it could lead directly to the vitis and then my this I don't I didn't have any cases of my this for now with my transcontractable suture we have a hypergenic post op often it is desired and we'll see later the articles that showed how high we would expect the pressure to be or we would like the pressure to be to resolve the iPod and but sometimes it's really excessive and then I trend I tend to wait few weeks before cutting that stitch that I just put in if I don't want the iPod I need to come back so we tolerate that kind of hyper pressure after the suture so this is one of my case of a me myopic lady of 55 years old who to whom I put that first for first of all she was a post-op of trap and her vision post of the one was six nine and pressure of 15 and after one month she was holding a 612 plus two I didn't wrote that plus two with a pressure of six it start bothering me to see that pressure coming down so I've been checking her and later on her vision decrease again and her pressure also so at that time I decided to do my transcontractable suture and and I had to put two sutures after one month she ended up with a pressure of vision of six nine and pressure of eight and sometime with those post-op and when we do have an iPod only post-op and we will try to have a compromise between the best vision I can have and the best pressure I can have for that same patient sometime I will tolerate a 612 plus three if I know that it's really a bad glaucoma and I you know I don't want also the pressure to all the 25 or something like that so it's really a compromise between those two things that's our post-op so if we look a little bit of the articles that have been published on those and this technique Pfeiffer described in described into a way 16 cases of a patient and the majority of them at improvement of their pressure and visual acuity is post-op day one at pressure around 25 so that's it was really tight and or sometime he was using multiple the stitch of Shirato into a studied 56 patient and we'll look at his result the last one is retrospectives does the study that we've did in Quebec City our glaucoma group and it has been published in 209 I will come back later on that last one so Shirato showed that for in his hand he started with pressure on 2.9 and bring the pressure up around seven which is not not so high and that the end at three month is pressure or good and the vision was holding also so it seems to be a little bit of kind of a discussion how I do we need to bring the pressure if we look at Pfeiffer paper he likes a pressure to be 25 and post-op one and then in the first month to flatten that hypothermic maculopathy in our study we had a pressure around 15 and post-op day one so it's kind of a mean between those two and we also had a good the improvement of vision and the pressure was holding at six months and this is the visual acuity in the Shirato paper and that was also an improvement of the vision in his study Shirato we are over a 56 eyes he had to remove the suture for hyper-opic pressure in 40 14 cases he needed to do a revision needle revealing revision in four cases and surgical revision in one so he concludes saying that this technique is simple non-invasive efficient to treat majority of a hypothermic maculopathy or chronic or adult attachment without major complications and in our study we looked at 35 30 highs and the the main thing that we bring with that study is that we could find that in the patient highly myopic patient we didn't have a so good result the other patient were there was no difference between the other groups of patient the duration even the duration of the hypothermia which is surprising but for myopic patient those one really don't respond well and also our study was a six month one so we could see that the pressure and the vision were maintained were maintained at six months then after that paper into online then I went to the academy and I went to a breakfast with the expert to try to see what kind of complication do you have with that technique but unfortunately at that time the expert at the two cases and the other one were in that that the other one that that breakfast wanted to start but haven't started yet and he was recommending multiples to sutures for rapid increase of pressure and the to do the technique in your and I show another little case where I sort of was not totally in agreement with the expert because of you will see my cases I have one case of trauma and I think we have to remember that when that suture is placed if the patient gets it's in the eye it will open it's still a point of vulnerable conjunctiva is really vulnerable at that site and it's pretty put predisposed to to leaking so that patient was leaking enough that I had to put in another stitch this patient has been referred to me for an hypotony following a trap and there was a bleblik so I did a revision for a bleblik when I do a revision for a bleblik usually I don't necessarily put a patch on my his clothes site because the problem is at the congenital level so I repair the congenital and in post-op he had still he was maintaining and I I bought on even if there was no leak anymore so in that case I use multiple transconjunctival sutures I went to three and the leaking was persisting it was oozing from every point every almost every sutures that I put and later on it's sort of stopped leaking but the pressure was still low so that patient has been revised major revision with skull patch on the trap site before closing again and but the thing is that when we use multiple sutures as you could think that we when we go back and you are it's sticky we put stitches everywhere the eyes and flame it's a revision that it's much more complicated than it has been done as first what do you see here that is my only case of infiltrate in the side of my transconjunctival suture and since the pressure was good the vision was good the eye was inflamed just here but the patient has no pain I just treated topically with an antibiotic and wait and I was watching that patient close enough to be sure that nothing was going bad and it sort of disappeared so I thought it could be infectious but it could be also inflammatory also I didn't do any because it was so small and limited I and it went away so now that we didn't many cases we talked with Dr. Casner at Miguel there's the study of being done with him also and we sort of made our list of indications so we use that technique for I thought primary I bought any after a trap or a secondary I put any after a suture lysis so now when I cut a suture I will wrote in the chart which suture I cut and where was it so if I have an iPod any after I will put back a suture exactly at that space so maybe we do too many suture lysis and we use it also for for a persistent major corridor detachment or for Dysastasia sometime but this disease has to be really major and usually I have tried something else before or clues closing an expansion I haven't done that but because I don't do expression but my colleague did once and it worked my little pearls for that technique is we use we work in vascularized zone not too many minutes so but it has to be vascularized if the blood is too thin then we will end up having leaks so we select our patients it induce fibrosis of vascularization and leaking if we use more multiple sutures I think that if I put two sutures and it doesn't work then I go to the you are and I will do one suture at a time and also for the patient selection I need a patient that is able to collaborate because he has to look down and stay still while I'm doing that technique it's short it's fast but I still have to put too tight the nut so the complication emerges leaking secondary transcend to hypertonic sometimes it's totally inefficient it can be irritating and some patient described night pain so we give them Tylenol and it goes away with time what I recommend to the patient is to avoid valsalva or any intense activities avoid direct compression on the eye use a shield at night especially for the first month and the biotic and then to inflammatory for the first 10 days and to be careful with his eye all the time so many ophthalmologists are afraid of that technique because they think they will make a big hole but it's rarely the case and it it's really for me avoids me to go back to the you are it preserve the integrity of the filtration in the end and even if I show you some complication it's rare usually it goes pretty well so it really made my life easier with my post-ops the major key point is also to prevent post-hypotonic maculopathy but we cannot always prevent it so I've showed you the maculopathy and their consequences my technique at this little amp few studies with good result I don't I haven't found any studies that were just looking at complications or mainly they often say there were no complications and I would recommend you to try it if you haven't tried yet and good luck and do you have any comments or experience with that technique or complication that I haven't seen yet because for sure we'll see some more but it goes pretty easily I can feel it when I grab my conch Oh more than that so you're kind of yes and at the meantime the the lab is so big often because if yeah but even if I try to go far I don't get so far the conch if you remember seeing my post-op like five days it we didn't really see the conch dragging as much as five to two seven days yeah around those days I guess what you have is a lot of concern probably because then even if 10 on island is small probably it's speak yeah and the conch around it sort of repeat buys probably quickly yeah I don't see always I can't see a minor one there was one I will observe it and see the patient another day 48 hours and if there's a minor leak I will see the patient every day until it resolved to that point now after cutting a suture even if I tend to use I tend to use tree stitch even if I I could put two but I think I will put the third one in parallel to the lamb is close to the chest to hold it there not to prevent that I bought any with my first or second or a second suture in our center there's a tendency to cut a lot of suture post-op and rapidly and all of them inside five weeks so maybe that may that we have maybe more and probably that's why I have experience with I try to hold on on suture lysis but some would do 100% of suture lysis in every case I don't do that but yeah because you probably you have access to it easily my or our time is limited at four o'clock I have to be done so if I already put an extra trap to do or then I end up being packed on my order so it's a good thing for me to be able to do it and I'm not well organized with them microscope and I could yeah but it's probably more comfortable for the patient


This is the third video on estimating or figuring out the uncertainty of the length of a cat. We already did it by estimation and by using the min-max method. Now, the other two methods that you can use from statistics is average and standard deviation. You could either use the formulas or if you like me a bit on the lazy side, you're gonna use Excel to do that for you. Okay, so first what I did, I copied my 17 measurements in here. Now the first thing I'm going to be doing is calculating the average. Now my Excel is set to English, so the formula will be equals average. If you have it in French, for example, it will say equal Moyen. So you have to go with whatever the language is. So as you see, I simply think average and then I mark all values. So from C4 to C20, I want Excel to calculate me the average. Hit enter, that's done. Now average deviation, similar, formula is AVEDEV. Open bracket. Then again, I'm gonna mark all of those and hit enter. This is my average deviation and standard deviation, STDEV. Open bracket, close, mark the whole thing, enter, and that's it. So I have my three values from Excel. Now let's go back to the board. So we're back from Excel. I copied over the average Excel gave me. I copied over the average deviation and the standard deviation. Now what do we have to do? Well, for the average deviation method, we simply copy the value over and as before, I prefer to do only 16 figs, so 0.01, average deviation plus 0.01 meter. And as the main value, I take the average itself with the same number of significant figures. So in this case, 0.6. And for standard deviation to the same thing, I round it to 1.6 figs, so plus minus 0.1, and the average itself to 1.6 fig. So I have another value. So what do we get if we compare all methods here? When I did the estimation, that was definitely the fastest because I only had to do one measurement, and I got a very high uncertainty because I was very conservative. I didn't think I have high precision in my measurements. When I did the minmax method, the average deviation, the standard deviation, in this case, it turned out that value here became the same for all of them. It could have been different here because here I used max plus min over 2 and not the average. So here that's the coincidence that this is exactly the same number. Here it has to be the same number. Then for the uncertainty itself, the minmax method is the one that takes in every single measurement. Every measurement is in, so I have the highest uncertainty. However, if I look at average and standard deviation, I get much lower uncertainties here with 1.6 fig, the same value, but it looked like standard deviation would have given me a bit of a higher value. Why? Because we square the difference from the average, so outlayers have a bit of a bigger impact, but in this case here didn't make any difference. So all of these should be accurate. The statistical methods here gave me a higher precision. However, if I don't have much time, estimating might just do the trick because the answer is accurate. It might not be very precise, but the answer is accurate. All of these values do agree with each other.