What are the reasons for appearing the shock waves in the divergent portion? Yeah. So, the question is on what is the reason why a shock wave appears in the divergent portion of conversion CD nozzle. See, what ends up happening is that if you are using a CD nozzle and let us say that you have a fixed upstream stagnation pressure and you keep on reducing the back pressure. As you keep on reducing the back pressure, more and more flow will start flowing through the nozzle and at some point the throat will choke. This is what we have discussed earlier. When the throat chokes, what happens is that the Mach number there is going to become exactly equal to 1 and the maximum mass flow rate is going to start flowing through the nozzle. Now, if you decrease the back pressure further than this, however, if the back pressure is not low enough so that a completely isentropic supersonic flow can develop in the divergent portion of the nozzle, because the nozzle has to now pass that maximum flow rate, the only possibility that this can be done is by the formation of a shock. So, when we talk about the formation of a shock, we actually talk about a sort of a final steady state situation, but the actual reason why a shock occurs during the process of lowering the back pressure is again exactly the same process that I talked about yesterday that you can always imagine a unsteady process that is going on while you are reducing the back pressure and during this unsteady state, there are acoustic waves generated which will get merged together at some point in the divergent section to form the shock. So, to be honest with you, it is not that obvious based on the principles that we know that we can formally say that this is the reason why the shock occur, but at least you can come up with a couple of points saying that once the nozzle chokes that there is that certain maximum mass flow rate that has to be passed, furthermore if you keep on reducing the back pressure, the flow cannot remain subsonic anywhere in the divergent section, but if the back pressure is not sufficiently low to have a completely isentropic supersonic flow in the divergent section, the only way the nozzle is going to function is by creation of a shock at some location within the divergent section. That is really what I can answer at this point. Thank you. Sir, what is the difference between isotropic stagnation state and actual stagnation state? So if I understood you correctly, you are asking what is the difference between an isentropic stagnation state and an actual stagnation state. Is that what you ask? There are some irreversible things, what are the irreversible things? See my understanding is that the stagnation state is defined only for an isentropic process. So that you imagine a state of the flow to be brought to rest in an isentropic flow and you will reach the values which we are going to call as the stagnation values. So in that sense I will say that when you are talking about stagnation values, the assumption of an isentropic process is built in. So I am not too sure if I can answer what is meant by an actual stagnation state. When we talk about a stagnation state, my understanding is that the assumption of isentropic process is already built in and is always built in. Thank you. The steam is flowing in a 3D nozzle, a metastable state is existing, can you tell the reason? If I again understood you correctly, you are saying that there is a steam flow in the a 3D nozzle and a metastable state is existing, is that correct what you said? Metastable state is existing in the diverging portion. I am not exactly sure if I have heard this terminology that a metastable state is existing. So I do not think I will be able to answer this question unfortunately. Let me see if Professor Bandarkar has any light to throw on. Unless it is, what is this metastable state? Is it possible for you to explain what you mean by the metastable state? Because I have not heard this terminology, I am sorry. I am not aware of the term that you use, the metastable state. So I was wondering if you can explain what you mean by that. Actually I saw the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics by Gordon von Weylen. That textbook I saw the metastable is existing while the steam is flowing in the 3D nozzle, a metastable state is existing in the diverging portion. So I think based on what you are saying, I think roughly I may try to guess what he is trying to say. See what happens normally is that let us say steam is flowing and you have reached the saturation temperature at a particular pressure. You should automatically go to the liquid state but what happens normally is that sometimes you continue beyond it and you are still in the gaseous form though you should have been in the liquid form and that is what is called as a metastable state. And a slight disturbance will just throw it into the liquid region and you will go where you ought to be. So I think this is what you are getting in the textbook that sometimes these situations do occur that instead of being in the correct state you are in a state which is still possible but very less likely to happen. Thank you. Sir, can I ask the questions in entropy? Yeah, please go ahead. Sir, if you convert heat into work at low temperatures, the more entropy will be generated. Suppose if you convert the same heat at high temperature, less entropy will be generated. What are the reasons why the entropy increases at low temperatures? So I am not very sure by what you mean by when heat is at low temperature, low entropy is generated. So how did you come up with this statement? If you can explain that then we can go ahead. Actually I saw in a textbook at low temperatures, if you convert heat into work, more entropy will be generated. Suppose if you convert same heat at high temperatures, less entropy will be generated. So this is what you have read somewhere that at low temperature if you convert Q, you will generate high entropy. Is that what you have heard? So I mean I am not totally sure why this would be true. So it does not seem to follow any logic right now but let me see if you can tell me which book it is, let me read up the context and I can tell you what this may be about. So otherwise I would not be in a position to answer this question. Thank you. One more question. What are the causes to increase the entropy? I mean one of the most common causes is purely friction. So for example, I mean that is the main cause of irreversibility anywhere. So for example, you know regularly in steam turbine or a gas turbine. So for example, let me draw a gas turbine on a TS diagram. So you know that you start at some lower pressure P1 and sorry these lines are not well drawn here. So you have now two pressure lines P1 and P2 and I know that you know as per the second law I need to go only either straight up or I go like this. Now this is assuming no irreversibility and an adiabatic situation and while flowing through the compressor blade if there is friction or if there is you know detachment of the flow over the blade you will start increasing the entropy and you will have to start putting more and more work in and that is what is going to cause basically an increase in entropy. So friction in general is always the by far the main cause for an increase in entropy. One more question sir. What is entropy transfer? How it is associated with heat transfer?  For every system you can define an entropy and for a control volume you can figure out what is the entropy coming in and going out and figure out what is happening but I am not very sure that I would ever use this term called entropy transfer. Thank you. One more question. What are the negative thermodynamic temperature? So this again depends on the context that you are using as far as we are concerned we have set some absolute zero somewhere which we cannot reach and as far as we are concerned such temperature I mean it does not matter to us that such temperature can exist because we think that the lowest possible is zero that is about it. Thank you. Can you show the entropy varies logarithmically with the disorder number? No sorry actually I am I do not think I have knowledge about this disorder number at all so I would not be able to comment but probably what you are trying to say is what is called as the number of states that exist and there is some expression that you all have seen earlier which says f is equal to k l n omega and this is again just a definition and it is a definition which ensures that the number of states available microstates available that corresponds to the entropy idea. So it was a correspondence that was brought about just by defining it in this fashion so unless I go into statistical mechanics and tell you what w means and why I should define s like this I mean that will be a too long process so I would rather leave it at for some other point. So I did not know that someone used to call this as a disorder number I would rather not call it in that fashion usually it is just the number of states possible. Thank you. Thank you sir. Over and done. Yeah one zero seven zero Amrita Bangalore. Actually I have a question regarding compressible flow we have often come across the statement that in a nozzle enthalpy gets transmitted into velocity but how exactly that happens what is the I mean what exactly happens for the enthalpy being transmitted into velocity is it kinetic theory of gases. Yes so that is a very fundamental question that you are asking so let me repeat the question that we talk about enthalpy getting converted into kinetic energy in case of a nozzle and the question is how does this exactly happen and within the framework of our macroscopic say thermodynamics or fluid mechanics it is essentially impossible to describe how this is happening. If you want to really know the details of how this conversion is happening as you correctly pointed out you have to resort to a molecular level analysis where typically perhaps what we feel is that through the molecular collision process you can try to come up with a good feel of how the enthalpy is getting converted into energy kinetic energy that is. So the random thermal energy that perhaps we can represent using the enthalpy will get converted into directed kinetic energy in a convergent divergent type situation through the mechanism of molecular collision is what I can probably say at this point but more details are for me it is impossible to right now give unless and until you really study in detail the kinetic theory that is correct so I would say that is where I will stop. Would you suggest any book for this if you have to go through? As far as my understanding goes usually in nozzle type situation where the kind of that we were discussing is hardly ever covered in any of the books that I have gone through at the level of molecular dynamics let us say. So to be honest with you I have not come across any book so far which talks about such processes from a molecular point of view. My next question basically another question connected to this I am not very sure for example if you take a gas or an air if it starts entering the nozzle with Mach number is equal to 1 then what exactly happens? Suppose it is flowing through a convergent nozzle or a divergent nozzle if it starts from Mach number is equal to 1 starting with the equation dV by V is equal to dA by A divided by M squared minus 1 if the entry starts with Mach number 1 in one case it enters through a convergent nozzle in other case it enters through a divergent nozzle so what would be the difference? So if it enters a divergent nozzle at Mach number of 1 it is just like what you have in a standard convergent divergent nozzle at the throat and the flow will go to supersonic situation assuming that there is a driving potential that supports it. What we feel is that in case a Mach number 1 flow enters a convergent nozzle it must decelerate according to the area velocity relation here what I am assuming that the flow is entering perhaps fraction below Mach number of 1 if I can use that assumption but that is what I would answer this question. Yeah obviously if the Mach number is slightly above than 1 or slightly less than 1 then it can easily describe but usually that is the question which I come across when I teach this course if it is Mach number equal to 1 is there any explanation for example in the throat from the throat in the diverging part the flow becomes supersonic but starting from Mach number 1 if you use the equation velocity area equation we cannot actually show that starting from Mach number 1 and divergent nozzle will actually create a supersonic flow. That is correct I understand that you know utilizing only that equation it is essentially impossible to come up with that conclusion. So in practice the only way I can think about is that really if there is only the Mach number is little bit above or below then we can really talk about it using that equation and that is where I will really answer my answer your question. Yes I have one more question in fluid mechanics of thermodynamics I am not very clear about the concept of pressure is it same as force per unit area then exactly what happens in a boiler or a condenser when we say it is a constant pressure process or through for example if you take incompressible flow what exactly happens in a nozzle can we define using the basic definition of pressure rather than taking the Bernoulli's equation or something like that. You can definitely define pressure in the same way it is just that if I put let us say an area where I can measure or you know just flat plate there that is the pressure it will experience so you can keep on moving the flat plate anywhere and if you see the same pressure then the whole system is at the same pressure. So this is what is happening in a boiler that is in the tube. This is the force per unit area that the boiler tube will see and this is the force per unit area that is there in the boiler drum also. So it is exactly force per unit area that is the standard pressure that it will see. Actually in a boiler there is heat addition, there is a phase change, there is a change in a specific volume but why exactly the pressure remains constant in a boiler or a condenser. Okay so this is up to us whether we want to maintain the pressure constant. So for example if you use a simple pressure cooker you have put the whistle on top of it. So the pressure keeps increasing up to the point that the whistle will lift and it will exhaust steam so that the pressure inside is maintained. So this is what is done in a boiler too. The drum is such that slowly you start building up the pressure because you convert water into steam and the steam will want to now occupy that space but you are converting more water into steam and slowly the pressure will build up. So it is a huge pressure cooker and you have to now decide at what point this is safe. So there is a big vent out there and let us say you have decided that the pressure it take is 160 bar then you will safely design it for let us say 300 bar but if it goes above 160 bar there is a vent which will just let off the steam and ensure that the pressure is within a range. So it hardly ever 160 bar but it will be plus minus a few 5 bars because you will be continuously venting if there is such a process but this is how you maintain it.  So that is what you do there, thank you. But suppose if you take the condenser of a refrigerator we do not have any controlling things like this but still we consider it as a constant pressure process. No, no in a condenser to you are actually doing it because you are constantly ejecting things out.  And it is always pretty dangerous the condenser is by far the place where you will get the worst contaminants because any small leakage and the outside atmospheric air will try to come in and if it mixes with the steam you have a pretty deep problem. So you always have to ensure that the condenser is very, very least size and ensure that the pressure is maintained constant in the condenser. Otherwise the pressure in the condenser if you do not design a good condenser unfortunately your condenser pressure will reach one bar and you will have an inefficient steam turbine. Thank you. I have a last one question. In thermodynamics why a specific heat at constant pressure is always greater than specific heat at constant volume? No, this is just how we have defined it you know we have defined something called Cp and we are calling it as dh by dt and h is just u plus pv. So if you look at our present definition this is how we have defined it so that Cp is always defined in terms of Cv plus r. Whereas if you wanted to look at the previous definitions which were not in terms of these enthalpy and internal energy then you could have easily explained that to maintain constant pressure you wanted to do some work and the heat is going not only in whatever heat you are adding is not only going to increase your internal energy but it is also doing the work that is necessary to maintain the constant pressure whereas if you are not let us say the system expand then all it would have done was increase the internal energy and hence you would require lesser amount of energy. That is how the previous people would look at it and that is it is okay to look at it in the same fashion there is no problem thank you. So Cp minus Cv is always going to be r for that fluid and Cp minus Cv in molar terms is always going to be universal gas constant so it is the same you are pretty correct on that if you consider on a molar basis it will always be r universal gas constant so that is always going to be true thank you. One to one nine prestige institute go ahead. Sir good evening I am Srikanth Tare from prestige institute in science along with my colleagues Dr. Parip Banjavani my director my question is on combustion if I got number of gases mixture like LPG which is the combination of hello which is the combination of propane and butane in that case without actual combustion I want to know the calorific value of this mixture how can I calculate it. Yes sure see as long as you know the proportion of the gases so let us say you have 60 percent butane and remaining 40 percent as propane so what you do is you say that I have 100 moles of the gas and I say 60 moles of butane C4H8 will react with oxygen and nitrogen I find out how much energy is released for 40 moles of C3 this is butane C4H10 propane is C3H8 I will react with regular air find out how much energy is released so I will see that for 100 moles of LPG this is the amount of energy released then I can either calculate it on a per mole basis of LPG or per kilogram basis of LPG so there is as long as you know the composition you can do it is all pretty much direct proportion so I do not see any harm in you know going ahead with the calculation thank you. So by simply mathematical calculation you said that it will be possible for me to know about the calorific value. Correct yes exactly you just do a direct proportion and you should get your calorific value. Thank you over and out. 1047 SDM college. Sir my question is why the air fuel ratio is always considered on mass basis and not on volumetric analysis? I think it is just a matter of convenience. Both in gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis it is taken on mass basis not on volume basis why? Yeah see if you express it is just a matter of convenience you realize that if you for most hydrocarbons if you express it in terms of volumetric basis then you realize that as you go for higher and higher alkanes you will require more and more oxygen and nitrogen and more moles so on a molar basis you would have far more moles as the alkanes size increases whereas what you really want to do is find out what is the actual amount needed for combustion and you need convenient number for that and it is far more convenient just to go for the mass basis because you know roughly where the range should be and that is where you are going to be comfortable thank you. Sir can we define the equivalent ratio on volume basis is it positive? Are you saying you want to define the equivalent ratio on a volumetric basis it is up to you I mean it depends on whether other people want to use the same thing but you can please go ahead with it no problem. Sir one more question there the composition of air is always taken as the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen why sir though to some extent some other gases are also present but for all calculation present we take only oxygen and nitrogen why is it I mean I would say the simple answer is that we are engineers we do not want to get down to real minute details we do not affect us so 79 and 21 we take we can get all our calculations we are not really you know trying to figure out how much argon or carbon dioxide there is how is it is going to affect because those are in some less than 1 percent population out there and we think if this is not going to affect so much why bother or put so much effort into it and you will realize the most engineering calculation reasonably good approximations we can design something pretty well and I this is my only simple answer for it thank you. Sir one more question the polynomial fit that you explained on CV that is specific it at constant volume that is developed is it this can we develop the same expression for CP for CP being the yes for sure because actually the expression is always calculated for CV rather than CP okay so see actually it is the expression for CV which is calculated and that is because CV is directly defined as du by dt and du by dt is very readily obtained and we find that for monatomic gases CV will start with 2.5 R and as you go to diatomic gases you can go to higher CV sorry you go start with 1.5 R and if you go higher you can get higher and higher CV and then finally CP is just defined as CV plus R because that is a straightforward expression so actually the calculation is always of CV first and CP is just defined as CV plus R thank you. Sir one more last question sir what is the exact relation between the enthalpy and internal energy of combustion. So I am not sure what you want to say what you want to mean by internal energy of combustion I mean enthalpy is very straightforward defined h is equal to u plus pV so that is the strict definition for enthalpy so if I want delta h is delta u plus pDv plus vDp and most of the combustion is always done at constant pressure so we do not look at this so there is always pDv work built in so rather than looking at internal energy we just go for enthalpy because it is of convenience again it is purely a matter of convenience that we list enthalpy rather than internal energy that is because we know all our reactions are such that we are trying to maintain a constant system there and it is more convenient to work in enthalpy terms rather than internal energy thank you. 1195 Mansell college please go ahead. Hello good evening sir sir my question regarding convergent divergent nozzle in convergent divergent nozzle when we are going in the direction of flow we have seen that pressure velocity pressure temperature decreases while Mach number and velocity increases why it is so happen? So the question is on pD nozzle and what is being pointed is that as you go along the flow direction the pressure and temperature is going to decrease whereas the velocity and the Mach number are going to increase and the question is why does this happen so the answer is if you want to look at it from a purely microscopic point of view you can simply go and use our mass balance and the momentum equations which we put together and we came up with that area velocity relation using which you can figure out that for example if you are dealing with a subsonic flow situation as the area will decrease you will see that the velocity is going to increase and if you are dealing with a supersonic situation you will see that as the area decreases the velocity also decreases and using this going back to the momentum equation you can figure out that as the velocity is behaving accordingly the pressure is going to behave and you will see that as the velocity decreases for example you will see that the pressure will sorry as the velocity increases the pressure will decrease because we are dealing with an isentropic flow situation the pressure and temperature are related through the isentropic law and hence the temperature will also decrease so just using the conservation equations of mass balance and the momentum equation which we combine to form that area velocity relation you can actually work out the entire mechanism as to what is happening here so this is from the framework of a continuum fluid mechanics and thermodynamics if you want to know more fundamentally one has to resort to a molecular level description which is totally out of the scope of this present discussion and I will not be able to discuss that here thank you we have seen the convergent portion in divergent portion divergent portion always longer than longer to convergent portion does it any effect on the you know supersonic region when we are since divergent portion is longer than convergent portion what happened in if you are reducing the divergent portion in the similar fashion as it is convergent see actually the reason typically the divergent portion is kept longer is so that the angle of divergence is kept to a fairly small value in order to avoid phenomena such as separation of the flow so if you want to maintain the flow attached to the wall and you do not want to get into undesirable phenomena like the separation of flow you would like to maintain the divergent angle small and if you want to maintain the divergent angle small the only way to achieve a certain area ratio is by increasing the divergent length section so that is the reason I think you will see that typically the divergent length is long sir is there any role of density is there any role of density with this sonic subsonic and supersonic flow yeah so the change in the density is built into the into the entire process through the conservation of mass statement if you go back to our slide you will see that for this cos 1 dimensional flow you will see that the mass conservation statement was for finally written as 0 over rho plus dv over v plus da over a equal to 0 so indeed the density is changing from location to location and in fact all variables the density, the pressure, the temperature and the velocity and obviously the Mach number also are all changing and they are all coupled to each other in this compressible flow situation so I will say yes that the density is playing a role and the biggest effect of that you can see through the mass conservation statement thank you thank you thank you 1079 Gita Institute please go ahead if you have a question if the alpha is the nozzle angle for a multi-stage stream turbine then what is the maximum efficiency for that actually at this point I would be unable to answer it and it could not depend only on alpha it would depend on many other factors you need steam to enter smoothly and then even you know stick to the passage and go out so it cannot depend only on alpha but there are many kinds of empirical relations which will tell you how the efficiency can be related to alpha plus the camber angle and so on but at this point I don't really have the adequate knowledge to answer that question thank you entropy of the universe is always going to increase can you tell me a point in the atmosphere at which the entropy is constant according to the layer of the atmosphere so I am not sure whether you know anything can be said like this because everywhere the state of the system is constantly changing so if you can actually go ahead and find out some place where the state of the system is not changing for a long time then you can see all its properties are the same including the entropy whereas you know steady state for a long time is really a pretty much difficult thing but let's say you can observe certain points where the state is not changing maybe you can see such thing but I am not very sure that you can actually pin somewhere and say the entropy here never changes or the energy here never changes thank you it may be possible I think yeah I mean anything is possible but I don't think you know you can actually go ahead and pinpoint such situation I mean maybe you can go in the universe at some point where no one exists and say the entropy and energy here will never change but suddenly some particle may come there and change everything so nothing is steady state for a long time so I don't think there is going to be any such point ever for a very very long time but for a reasonable period of time maybe you can always you know search for such point that is all I can say we have read in our books that entropy is always going to increase yes so what do you want to say means there is a point in that universe means we have to search that point I think so I am not very clear what do you want to say what are you talking of are you want some point where the entropy never change yes sir I want that point in the atmosphere so I am not sure whether you know you can go ahead and search for such a point so that's what I said that you know I am not sure whether you can do it thank you okay I think there are no more questions so we are closing the session again and tomorrow professor Gaithonday will come back thank you


Hey everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft, thank you for watching my tutorial today.  So I was actually requested by three ladies to do something like this over Christmas, but I'd already done my Christmas projects, had them planned and I'd already done my Advent. So I thought I would relook it, relook at doing it in a Valentine's, in this Valentine's series. But saying that you can easily do this for any occasion and I actually think this would be a really nice gift to send to someone who's maybe missing home, maybe they're a student and you know they're living, it's their first time away from home, you could fill this with treats, little home comforts, things that they might miss. But for Valentine's the idea is that you put nice little treats in it, you can put the things in it that say like oh I'll give you a foot massage or I'll do the washing up tonight. But then that would also work well for Mother's Day and you could put little things in there that you're going to do, you know, treat your mum. You can put vouchers in there, little jewelry and things like that. So this is how it looks, it looks like a mini album. I've used these lovely papers which work great for Valentine's, I've got a nice big heart in the middle and then just that from me to you, which I just thought worked really well. Then you open up the sides and it opens up and you have these boxes. So the Advent ones, you know, lots of brands have done them, so in a lot of the shops in the UK, the big department stores, your perfume brands, Jo Malone things like that, they've done very similar of these, much larger ones with 12 boxes on each side. So you can certainly, once you see how I do this, it's very easy to adapt and make for any size that you want to do. But I've done these ones, so we've got four smaller boxes and then these, or four square and then these rectangle ones. So what I've done differently with mine, and I just think it's going to be a bit easier for people that are following the tutorial and for anybody that's new, because I always try to remember that there is always someone new watching my channel and someone that may be brand new to papercrafting. You can do boxes with lids, so if you would prefer that and stick the bottom of the box with glue to this, so they're solid, then that's fine, you can do that. You can then put maybe heavier items in. What I've done is I've made these boxes so they all open at the top, but they are actually all attached by Velcro. So I'll just take some off here, so we've got, you can see there, okay. I've reinforced the backs as well, just so you've got that added strength and then they're very easy to obviously just put back in place. But I just think it's much easier to make this kind of box than making a box with a lid, because sometimes people, they message me and you know, I've seen it in forums, they get frustrated that they've made the lid too tight or too small, even by following the simple, easy kind of box, gift box tutorials. And I don't want people getting frustrated. We've all done it. We've got frustrated with the project and thrown it in the bin. I know I have. So I just thought I'm going to do them this way. And what I've done is this middle box is actually stuck to this. So this one doesn't come away. So the idea is, is that you remove these boxes to get into this one, which has fallen inside, but wants the stuff in it that way. So it's got nice kind of like interaction to it. You know, whoever gets this, well, I know who's getting it, but you know, they've got to have a little route around and kind of play around with it, but also they can keep it.  They are just, these are two and three quarters by two and three quarters. So they do fit. Oh, no, I've taken it out. There it is, a tonnex TK. Okay. So that's probably the, because these are actually got a bit of weight to them because they've got a biscuit base. So, you know, they will hold on here. If you do want to start to add more heavier items, then I would look at, you know, possibly sticking the boxes down, but I'm going to be putting jewelry and make sure I've got that right, which should be a jewelry, but you'll see that it does stay. And then once they're together, obviously they kind of hold each other in place as well there anyway, jewelry, all sorts can fit in there. So I've been talking long enough. It's very straight. It is straightforward to make. And I just think it's a really wonderful gift. So thank you to the ladies that have, you know, requested for this one to be done. I hope you like my twist on that, you know, this version. And I hope you enjoyed the tutorial. Okay, so there are lots of bits and pieces to this one, but I've gone ahead and done all of the boxes bar, one of this size and one of this size. And then just to show you how to cover your case. So I've gone ahead and done seven of the boxes there, covered them all. They all look great. And then I've done this one here. And I've got that one. I haven't stuck it down yet, just because I want to make sure that obviously I'm going to have them, you know, I might want that one on the other side, for example, but then I've got the love you all done as well. So just use some of my alphabet dies and just cut that using the glittered cardstock, which I've also used on the lovely heart there as well. So it's the nice things just kind of go away, you know, get all those pieces ready. And then you can, you know, just put it all together at the end. So I've cut a few bits out from the paper pad. Again, I'll probably put them on the front. That's for the top of the box. I'm going to talk through with you. Got my grey board there. Then the ribbon, the Velcro dots. This is one of the boxes, the thin one, and that's the small one. So I'm going to talk you through that. You might need that to cover the front. So this is the big heart. And it's beautiful. I've used it on a few now and I've done a few samples with it as well. It really is lovely when it comes together. And I've die cut three of them on top of each other there. So one in that glitter and then two in the white with my 300 card, you know, GSM cardstock. It's really nice and strong now. And then I've got another little heart to go in the centre of it. And that's from the card making magic. It's the landmark occasions. This one's called the spectacular swirl die set. That's what I've used there. So this is the paper I'm using to cover the front. And then that's going to be for the spine. We'll do that after I've showed you the boxes. And this is the paper pad. So it is one from last year. And it came out after Valentine's I believe as well. Because I never used it for Valentine's last year. And I remember thinking when I got it that this would work perfect for Valentine's. So it's quite good that I've, you know, been able to use it now. I know you can still get it online. And it can be used, obviously, not just for Valentine's either. So yeah, really like this one, making memories by first edition. Okay, so let's get into the boxes. So you're going to need eight. Like I said, I've already done seven. So you'll want eight pieces, make sure I get the right one. This one here. Eight pieces of eight and a quarter by six. Okay, so you can cut two of these from a piece of 12 by 12. And you want to score along the eight and a quarter side, you want to score it one and a half, three and seven eighths of an inch, five and three eighths of an inch, and seven and three quarters. Then rotate it on the six inch side and you're going to score it one and a half, three and seven eighths of an inch, and five and three eighths of an inch. So that one you need eight. And then this one here you just need two because it's that thinner one. And this is a piece again of eight and a quarter by six and a half. And along the eight and a quarter side, you want to score it one and a half and six and three quarters. And then rotate it and you're going to score it one and a half, three, four and a half and six. Okay, so that's everything. Like I said, two of those. And then your grey board. This is the two mil and this I get on Amazon.  That's going to be for the front and back. And then for the spine, you want a piece that is three and a quarter by eight. I don't think I'm going to make that any shorter because I think that was just the right, you know, you think that they go together either side. And then that sits on there because I've got a little bit of bulk. Yeah, no, that's perfect because I want it nice and tight. So I think I trimmed it down beforehand. Now also, some people always ask how I cut these things. So whenever I use the grey board, I bring in my Fisker's Trimmer and I've got old blades in mine. So these blades are blunt blades. Basically, they won't cut hard stock and paper is just terrible, but they're perfect for cutting grey boards. So don't throw the blades away. You'll be surprised how long you can last. I mean, actually, I've had these for years now and I'm still using them. So yeah, just pop it in. And I tend to do a few cuts, you know, on one side and then flip it over, cut on the back side, and it will then just cut right through. So that's what I do. And lots of other carfters do that as well. It's just a good way to do it. Or you can use a cutting knife and a metal ruler as well. Okay, so all the scoring's done. We'll start putting together the boxes. Okay, so we'll do this one first. This is just to do those smaller boxes. So you just want to fold, I'm just looking for mine. It's under another project. Just going to fold and burnish all the score lines on both of those pieces. Obviously, you'll have a lot more. And then so we'll start again with this one. So you will have a half inch tab. You want that on the right hand side. And then you'll have another kind of, this one I think is 5 eighths. And that's at the top. So at the bottom you should just have your one and a half inch score line. You just want to cut up all the score lines to that one and a half. So that one, that one, and that one.  I'm just cutting it on an angle because that's going to create the tab. Then work your way up along this side and cut up that score line. But this one you want to cut all the way across. You go and pass the tab score line and to that then, which would be the second score line. And remove that one completely. I'll lay this down in a minute so you can see exactly how it should look.  So you'll see there now we've created this tab and this is going to become the back like so because you want that join at the back. Just visually looks nicer. So back along this bit you want to just cut down past the first score line down to the second. Again pass the first down to the second. And then on these outer ones here you can remove that tab at the top because it's just not needed anymore. This one here now becomes your little lip to kind of keep the box closed and secure it. So leave that top now for the minute. Go back along the bottom here. And the two squares you just want to take some wedges off of those because they're going to be the tabs to fold in which we'll glue later. And if I'm right the way I've cut this one, yeah I've got the okay like so. Then we're going to stick it together. So I'm just going to grab my glue and you just want to rub rub you just want to run some glue just along the tab there and just fold that in half and then in half again. Okay and then I'm just going to leave that to one side and I'm going to go to this one. So you will have all of these strips one and a half inch kind of strips and then that half inch tab at the top. You want to then go to one of the sides here which I forgot to burn it. Okay and you're going to cut up every one of those. I love this paper it's so pretty. That one, that one and that one and then just cut that off so you've got a nice right angle. You're going to cut into it a little bit but I always like to do that last because if you cut in too much your box won't close it will just kind of pop open. So again on the opposite end just cut in to all of those and cut up that one there. Okay then with this one you put it together slightly different so this is actually going to be the closure of that bit that's going to be the little lip that goes in. So these two outer ones here you want to take a wedge off so you've got about half an inch there and then take a nice wedge off of them. You may again have to cut in a little bit more in a minute but you want to have a little bit of a lip so you don't have any gaps in the box. So I'll just lie that down so that's what you should have. Okay so you've got these six squares all free here and then this top piece. So what you want to do now is bring it up because it's going to close away from you so this side here is what's going to be stuck to the book. So this will be the right way up this so if you're not using a if you're using a directional paper it still works because this is all facing the right way. These last two these two here you want to be the last ones that you stick down because that's the right way up all your pattern here that'll be upside down that's back to front so then what you want to do is so the top two leave up put some glue on the middle one and then the bottom one okay you want to bring up around and just square that off you could probably have taken a little bit off of the side of that actually I'll just go in now cut that away so just make sure you've got nothing overhanging but you don't want to cut those ones so these two here just take a little wedge off the side like so so then again I'm just going to pop some glue on the top of the middle one and then bring up the bottom one I don't have anything overhanging now oh that's drying then the last one can go over there and it'll be a nice square so it'll just hide anything underneath so again just pop a bit of glue let that one dry and then again I could go back to this one here now we've got our little box and those tabs will go in on the side like so just push them in a little bit more it's just to you know stop people really kind of looking in but it does keep the box in its shape and then that will close in now if it closes okay without you cutting anything away then leave it don't cut any more off just leave it as it is so mine's fine I'm not going to cut anything more off that if it doesn't and you just want to shave a little bit off the edges of that tab that I've just put in there but that's that box ready so like I said it's going to open up that way so then you'll have your decoration will go over the front like so that's if you want to do it like I've done it so these here you'll want two pieces that are five by one and a quarter okay but I will do that in a bit so there's those two done back to this one so that's all dried now again it's going to fold away from you that's going to go you know this this piece will be against the back of the book so this is the last one that you're going to stick down so I'm going to fold that one down pop some glue on there pop that one down pop that one down and then pop the last one down and then I'm just going to grab my ruler and just go in there spread that all out it's all stuck down okay and then actually you want to take a little bit off of the front of this one not a lot just a little bit okay and the front of that one there you don't need to take it off the other one and now you'll see you've got a little opening and then that will close in and again it's like the other box if it's a bit tight so that one is so that one's fine this one's a bit tight you want to take a little bit off not a lot because that's what I mean if you take too much it's just going to pop open so just a little bit perfect and now I've got a nice tight closure and that's going to stick that back bit we'll stick against it and then we'll decorate all of that so that's how you make the boxes so you want to go ahead now get all of those done I'm going to tidy this up and then we can start covering our cover okay so we've got our three pieces of greyboard now because I want to have the same covering all of these pieces you might as well just stick these together and cover the whole thing you can stick one and do it separate if you want but it's easiest to work as if this is one piece of paper so what I'm going to do is grab my red tape and because I'm going to be going over this on the spine I'm not too worried that you know it's just the red tape that I'm laying down because I am going to be putting more over it later so I'm just going to run a strip along here doesn't matter how wide your tape is I mean you want it to be roughly around that's a like half an inch or something which is like your standard you know tape width and then I'm going to just lay this one down over the top like so this actual join will go right down the middle of the spine so I'm not you know too worried about that not matching okay so that's okay so that's done so flip it over and then you're going to pop all this inside here now you'll want to trim a little well yeah well you can it's up to you actually you can trim some off if not just leave it I'm not going to trim anything off the top of the bottom I'm going to keep that just how it is stick that one down and then this one here and this one you want to stick it so you've got about quarter of an inch gap okay that will be a nice amount of space so that you won't crack your or split your paper when we come to bend it around like so and then stick this one down okay while that's just drying I'm going to trim a bit off I don't need all that actually coming over and then I can use some of this because it's a nice paper to fussy cut so I'm just putting my one inch ruler in against that and I'm just going to cut straight down oh that was really badly done oh gosh there we go yes so look I can fussy cut these pieces still so at least that can be used and then I'm going to do the same on this end here I have to twist it around and then I think I'm going to even do it along here as well okay so that's a little bit better and then you can just bring up the sides there once obviously we're going to cover all the inside but now you'll see that all wraps around and make sure it's up the right way isn't that a nice book cover especially if you you know I don't know you just got lots of just nice things you know the person you love just to fill it would make a nice mini album cover like I said that's going to be covered with some stripey trim in a minute but now I'm really pleased with that it's made me kind of think about how I'm going to decorate the front a bit differently now because I was going to put another mat over it but I don't know we'll see I might frame that off with white background actually and then we can change it up a bit anyway now you just want to fold up the sides just to kind of help it fold into place like so and then I'm just wondering whether I'm going to because this is coated again I'm going to stick this in how I usually do my album so I'm going to add my glue just across the corners there so down a little bit on each side and all up in the corner and then just bring this in so you get a nice square on the grayboard and just push that all down around it just do that on the other three corners okay and then I'm going to just fold up the corners again because they've kind of got that other piece now against it again just fold that up and then I think I'm going to use I don't know so parts of me think I want to use some red tape because this is quite thick now I'm going to use Kalao because when the Kalao dries it is brilliant it just can take a little while when you're working with thick card and because this is coated so I'm going to run up my glue along there all along the side a lot of this will spread out so you don't need to go too too crazy and then bring it across I'm just going to bring in the bone folder and just bring up the sides and fold it over so I'm going to just have to hold up what I'm going to do is grab my pegs there we go that's much much easier so you just want to go around now and do that on all the other side so just glue them all down and I'm just going to keep those pegs all in place okay so that's all stuck down and then I'm just kind of pushing in the sides there just to help it all come round gotta make sure it is up right away though it's easy to get upside down I'm not going to add metal corners to this you can by all means I've done that in many many videos but this one I think I'm just going to keep as it is okay then you want to decorate the side the well if yours has a funny join like mine then you'll want to do something to cover it so I have got this stripey piece here so my spine is what did I say that was for no three and a half so I'm going to do just a two inch strip so yeah I'm going to cut a two inch strip so let's just don't need that one so let's do two inches open this one up and I'm going to have that run right down through the middle you can add obviously a lot more to it as well if you want but it means I could have now some writing on that and you'll be able to see it but it just disguises that one you could have it coming around onto the side here like mini albums that I've done before you can bring the the spine piece so it comes over this side a little bit and then wraps around but I'm just going to keep that one going through like so so I'm going to add a red tape to this one because it's going to be against that very shiny surface so I'm just going to cover this actually I'm going to use my other I'm going to use this one instead so I'm just going to cover this piece quickly okay so just taking all the backing off and then you might find it easier to actually have it like closed so you can see you know where the join is and then you can make sure you get it in the middle so I'm going to sit that one just there just pull that nice and tall and just cover it like so there we go that all matches nicely next we want to cover the inside now I was thinking white but you've got to use something that is going to obviously look nice with the boxes against it and I just thought the white will really help those boxes stand out so I want to get my um get mine in order so love and a heart and then I'll have hay and that heart down there maybe let's see for a minute and then that one will go in the middle I think it's going to look nice against white how's that looking on camera yeah they just really pop or any kind of plain color I mean they probably look nice against a nice dark pink as well and then on this side I'm going to have the love down here that love and then that one yeah just cut the wrong measurements for that so this white piece that I've stuck on all of them is two by two and then my little piece that I've just fussy cut there just goes in the middle and then I've done some faux stitching which I'll add in a moment but then I think that one is going to go like that and then that box will be in the middle of that one there and then the love you which I think ties it all together yay now just need to make my mind up if I definitely want the white I'm just going to have a little look through my cardstock just to be a hundred percent sure because I think I might put something down that middle section because I've got here I could you could write a little bit there and have from me too I could just stick different little decorative pieces although they are completely lost so I'm going to have a little play around and then I'll give you the measurements for what we need that okay so I've decided to go for this real hot pink so I'm now going to stick this down so these are both seven and three quarters squared yeah so just stick them so they cover all of the page and then they go halfway into the spine and then I'm going to cover that with something else oh also before you stick this down if you want your ribbon coming out so I'm just I'm still thinking I was going to do a whole punched no I'm not I think I'm being lazy I'm going to turn my glue gun on and I'm going to use some ribbon and hot glue it in there before I seal it okay so I'm just sticking that in the middle there and then I've also run some double-sided tape there this is still tacky enough for me to lay down actually no I don't want to risk those edges I'm just going to go around that again I'll now go nicely over there and stick to that double-sided tape because like I said it's just that coating around the frame here so it just gives me a little bit more strength sorry I'm talking really slow there because I'm concentrating so yeah I'm just going to repeat the same on this side here find where the folds are and just work the cardstock into there while it's still a little bit that glue is still a bit tacky because then the cardstock can move a little bit because you know you're probably not going to have it down flat too much now it will be you know more in this shape everything's nice and flat I'm just going to tie off the ribbons I've got quite a lot here it wasn't enough I didn't think one piece would have been enough so I mean it won't close actually completely so you don't need to go that mad so it's going to be like that then I've gone and cut this strip here which is going to continue from the strip around the back so I've done two by seven and three quarters and that will join up like so and it sits nicely through the middle there so I'm just going to grab some more of my glue I'm pleased with that right so next now you'll see I think they really pop against the pink and everything matches really nicely together okay so I started sticking them down in the video and then when I done them all I was not happy with it because I started to use these and that basically they're square Velcro pads but they were ones that I used to use under like a chair or a rug to stop it sliding and I thought oh yeah they'll be good because they're really strong they're too strong and they just they just didn't work with this at all so I carefully went and peeled them off and then with these ones here I've gone and used my dot and dab ones on the back and they just it peels off much much better but what I've also gone and done is I found that if you reinforce the backs if you're using like a this is like borderline paper card from that pack so you do want I mean ideally I would probably say and I will add this in when I do my intro is use maybe like a 300 gsm cardstock and then decorate maybe the sides and stuff with pattern paper or if you're going to do it like me because this still works now what I've done is I've just cut some of my 300 gsm cardstock and I've put it on the back and then put the Velcro dot so yeah a few things but it just having that reinforcement and then I've used the calow in between we all know I go on about it enough it's so hard now it's you know it's just stiffened it and it just allows it to be able to be pulled off that and yeah I just I prefer it much better so what I done is also is because you would have missed that now because I can't obviously take these ones off these are actually stuck with glue the two in the middle are stuck permanently because the idea is that you remove these ones and then you can then get in to that one and take the stuff out okay so that one is in place so stick these ones down first and then can't do it without looking at it there we go so stick them down first and then you can you know line these up so you want to get these in the middle so just lined it up with my one there needs to put a bit of glue in the corner of that because it's coming undone it's annoying me and then it'll hold it in better um so line this one up with the edge of this box and then just come down so you've got enough I just need to line my buck up with that again so these are using the dot and dab ones which are 20 mil but I only had six of them left so the last ones I'm using my 16 mil velcro dots okay so again that one there I can just line up now and pop in there and it just it looks and it works so much better you can actually pull them off so these ones I need to stick down permanently because I haven't put these ones in place yet so just gonna line that one up there but I love it I really do like this I can't wait to fill it and um here you don't want to go crazy with what you're putting in it obviously if you do want to stick them down like I've mentioned before then you just have to rework the way that you maybe have them so you can open that from this side or yeah you just have to look into that but you can have them that way or like I said use you know have the ones with the lid and then pop that one there and then we'll get that one stuck just close that one up and then that one and then it all closes up really nice and I don't know if this has been edited out or not because obviously I had to take a few bits out but I've done the front so I've just backed it with some white put it on some foam adhesive and I've put from me to you and I think it looks really really nice but I'm much much happier now with those um with the Velcro dots rather than those squares that I use so yeah don't you don't want something that's really tough like they are they're quite because they are to hold like a carpet so they're they are pretty I mean they're great but it's too much for just that soft kind of cardstock so yeah okay so that is everything just let's hide it away so there you have it I'm like I said very very pleased with this I'm going to fill it now with some more sweet treats scratch card some jewelry might put a voucher of some kind or something in there I'm just having a little think and yeah I've got a few other nice little bits that I'm going to put in there but as I mentioned before great for friend mail I think it's a really nice thing because you don't want to go crazy with the weight I would have said that at the beginning because it's the Velcro I mean if you're sticking them on there and you're doing the lid separately then yes you can you know put more of a weighted object in there but you know for friend mail to put like I don't know little shaker pieces and some sequins little dies little stamps all those things are nice lightweight pieces but the really nicest little gifts so that will work really well and obviously what I'm putting in but also when it's sandwiched together it does stay you know together as well so that will help it anyway and I just really like it it's just really unusual so I'm pleased that it's come together I hope you like my version of it like I said there are many ways to be able to change this to suit your needs and for you know all the different occasions as well but I do think it's nice to send to somebody who is you know maybe a bit homesick missing some little treats and stuff like that then I think this is a really nice thing to send them so I hope you've enjoyed the tutorial if you did please hit the like button and consider subscribing so you get to see more thanks for watching