Hello, everyone. This is Dinkar Patnaik from Valgin Institute of Technology, Sulapur. To begin with, let us recall what we have covered in the last lecture. That is, we have been discussing about the effect of series resonance and the effect of resonance on a series impedance in a series resonance circuit and all. So, it is very important to note that here we have a topic known as parallel resonance. So, in this video, we will be discussing parallel resonance and there are basically two variants of a parallel resonance circuit. So, in this video, I will be focusing on the parallel resonance circuit in a simple parallel resonance circuit as well as tank circuit. So, basically to express, there are two basic variants of a parallel resonance circuit. So, by the end of this video, students will be able to explain the concept of parallel resonance in a single phase AC circuit. So, basically as we have been talking about, even in series resonance circuit, resonance happens whenever the inductive reactance becomes equals to the capacitive reactance. In a similar way, we will be going through the details like below resonant frequency earlier as we have seen in series resonance circuit. The circuit is more dominant in a capacitive way, but in this case, as you can see, case 1 is about where the circuit is becoming more inductive. So, the first case is actually discussing about the condition of impedance in a parallel resonance circuit where the inductive reactivity is more as compared to the capacitive reactance. So, this is exactly the reciprocal of what we have in series resonance circuit. So, let us have a detailed look like how the circuit and the impedance happens and what is going to be the resonant frequency of this. So, as you can see, in the previous video, we have been looking at a series resonance circuit. Now, in this one, let me introduce you something known as a parallel resonance. So, this parallel resonance can be, I mean, in a broader view, can be classified into the first one as simple parallel resonance circuit and the other one, which is more specifically known as a tank circuit. So, let me first introduce you with a simple parallel resonance circuit. That is, we have the same capacitor that we have used in our series resonance circuit along with which we also have another branch, which is with an inductor. But this time, we are connecting this in parallel. So, this is an important aspect to understand. So now, I will be connecting an AC source to this one. Of course, this will be an AC source. Now, I have a capacitor. So, it is going to offer me capacitive reactance. So, I will be calling it xc and similarly, this will be xl. Now, the resistance, which is in series with this xc, will be rc and the resistance, which is in parallel with xl is going to be rl. So now, as soon as you turn on the power supply, the current is going to enter on either of these sides. So, I am considering the clockwise direction. This current is going to enter this node and it will be split into these two. Unlike to what we have in series resonance circuit, where the components like rl and c were in series, where the voltage was being split. Here, we have a special case where we are forming a node. So, whenever you have these rlc elements connected in parallel branches, you need to have these things considered like whether the current is getting split or not. So, considering the same circuit, let us move ahead and identify what is going to be the overall impedance of the circuit. So, if this would have been a series resonance circuit, then we would have called it an impedance.  So, y is nothing but the reciprocal of impedance. So, y is generally written as g plus jb. This is nothing but, so this is for series. This expression is for a parallel circuit. So, if you compare the series impedance expression with the parallel admittance expression, you can easily identify that the reciprocal of impedance is admittance. Reciprocal of a resistance is conductance and reciprocal of a reactance is nothing but, susceptance. So, similar to the way how we have identified the overall impedance expression for series resonance circuit, later on we equated that to 0, we are going to this time identify the same admittance expression for the given circuit. And then, we will be splitting out the expressions, so that we can split out this imaginary part and then, equate it to 0 to identify the resonant frequency of the circuit. So, let me elaborate this expression for this specific circuit. That is, at resonance, xl becomes equals to xc. So, keeping this thing in mind, what I will be doing is, let me write the expression, y is nothing but, the impedance, I mean the impedance or the conductance offered by this one. So, the conductance is going to be nothing but, the reciprocal of what we exactly have in a normal format in this branch. So, the reciprocal of the resistance that is, I have rl. So, I am writing the expression for this one first, rl plus j omega l. So, I will prefer writing it j omega l directly, instead of writing xl plus, now I am writing the expression for this. It is going to be 1 upon rc minus j by omega c. This can be further simplified as, so this is a mathematical expression, which can be reduced by multiplying them with the complex conjugate of what we have here. So, I will be multiplying this expression with the complex conjugate of the same term, which I have on the denominator. So, rl minus j omega l upon, this will be simply rl square plus omega square l square. So, I am using the mathematical expression of a square plus b square, here to reduce the expression. Similarly, I have the reciprocal of this as rc plus j by omega c, and on the denominator, what I have is rc square plus omega square c square. And of course, this is going to be in the denominator. Now, I will be simply multiplying the complex conjugates, which we have done and simplify the circuit and let us see what we have. So, this is the real part. So, I am simply trying to take the real part, this one and this term here. So, plus what I have is the imaginary susceptance. So, what I have here is 1 by omega c and so the denominator term minus this term, it will be simply omega l by rl square plus omega square l square. Now, here it is important to understand that this part is real, means I am comparing it with this one and this part is imaginary. So, I am talking about this. So, for resonance to occur, this imaginary part must be equated to 0. So, let us take that imaginary term and we will be equating this, so that I will be having either of these terms on LHS and RHS. So, that comes to let me change this. Therefore, at resonance I can call what I have is now instead of simply writing omega l, I will be writing omega rl. On the denominator, I have rl square plus omega square l square. This will be, so I will be simply cross multiplying these things and quickly check what do I have. So, this comes to rl square. So, let me take the omega r terms on one side, so that I have omega r square into rc square plus 1 by omega square c square. So, what we are trying to do is I am simply trying to take all the omega terms on LHS, so that I can bring it to a format like omega r equals to something. So, that later on we can apply the simplification terms like we did last time and identify the resonant frequency. So, this comes to be, I will multiply these terms internally. So, it will be simply equals to 1 by LC plus this will be minus 1 by c square. So, it is not there. So, this comes to omega r square and I am simply trying to take it common. So, that this will be rc square minus l by c equals to 1 by LC and here it will be rl square minus l by c. So, I am taking it common multiplying it and I am trying to take the term 1 by LC common from this one. So, this finally comes to omega r square sorry for this it will be simply omega r equals to 1 by let me directly apply the square root on the RHS and I will be simplifying these terms that is it will be rl square minus l by c upon it will be rc square minus l by c. So, this is the final expression. So, here what I can say in a special condition when rl becomes equals to rc this complete function can be simplified to omega r equals to 1 by LC because these things gets cancelled out and this is nothing but 1 by 2 pi under root LC. So, this is the final expression for resonant frequency of a simple parallel resonant circuit. Now, in this case it is very important to focus that this expression is very much similar to the series resonant resonant frequency. So, because of which you can imagine that the overall effect or the resonance happens at the same frequency whether you are mounting the circuit in a series way or in a parallel way. So, that is all for this video and these are the references used for this particular video and we will be discussing the tank circuit in the upcoming video. Thank you.


I didn't want to start at the beginning for this crowd, so I'm not going to define open access or give you the basics. If you want to do any of that, I'd be glad to do it in the Q&A afterwards. I was told to speak for about 20 to 30 minutes, and I prepared slides that I could speak about for an hour, and I'm going to try to hold myself to 20 or 30 so that we have more time for Q&A if I succeed. But in what I will talk about, I'm going to refer to a couple terms that I want to define. These may be familiar as well, but I just want to make sure we're all on the same page. For me, green open access is open access through a repository. One of the important facts about repositories is that they can hold peer-reviewed literature even though they don't perform peer-reviewed themselves. So when I say no local peer-review, I just mean they don't perform it themselves. But they don't exclude peer-reviewed literature by any means, and a good open access policy will encourage the deposit of peer-reviewed articles. Gold open access is open access through a journal, regardless of the journal's business model. Every now and then I read a journalist or someone say that gold open access requires a payment from the author. That's not true. Some journal business models require payments from authors, but others don't. So no matter how they do it, if it's coming through a peer-reviewed journal, it's gold open access. And this distinction I'm borrowing from the world of software and applying to the world of research literature, gratis open access is simply free of charge. That's it. It's not necessarily free of any copyright or licensing restrictions. Libra open access is free of charge and free of some copyright and licensing restrictions. First there are many different restrictions that you could lift. Libra open access isn't just one thing, it's a range of things. These two distinctions are not the same. The green gold distinction is about venues and where the open access is deposited or how it's delivered. This distinction is about user rights. Okay. What I want to talk about today are a few crossover points in the future of open access. In setting up this talk, some of my hosts wanted to title it the future of open access as if I knew what that was. And I insisted on making it into a question. I don't really know the future of open access. I like Alan Kay's remark that it's easier to make the future than to predict it. And I want to make the future of open access. These crossover points are mid-range goals that I'm working on. And I predict that we will reach them. But I don't predict exactly when we're going to reach them. But I want to take a stab at predicting the order in which we'll reach them and talk about the efforts in reaching them but not shy away from the fact that I am talking about the future and not just about my current projects. I'm going to talk about 12 crossover points in the future of open access. And two of them, the easiest two, have already been accomplished. And I'm only including them so you get a sense of what I mean by a crossover point. The first crossover point is when most toll access or TA journals allow green open access to their articles. And today about 63% of surveyed toll access journals do that, which means they give blanket permission to their authors. If you publish in our journal, you can deposit your peer reviewed manuscript in a repository without asking us for permission. You don't have to come back and ask us for permission. A slightly larger number will permit green open access on request. They just don't give blanket permission in advance. We can talk a little bit about why this percentage is in flux. It's probably not surprising. Some new journals are deciding to add permission. There seems no doubt that some journals are rescinding previous permission. But it's also the case that the service which is surveying journals to get their policies is adding new journals that had never been surveyed before. And some of the new ones that hadn't been surveyed do allow it and some don't allow it. And all these together explain the fluctuation. I'm going to talk later about funder policies and institutional policies which require the deposit into open access repositories. And they are bound to increase the percentage of journals that permit this well above 63. The second crossover point which has already occurred is for open access books, at least for gratis open access books. And the crossover comes when there are more gratis open access books online than in the average university library. And I wish I could be more precise about when we crossed over, but I can't. And so I'm just going by some very rough estimates. I couldn't even get a good estimate of how many books there are in the average university library. Maybe someone else already knows this, but when I did some research I came up with a dated number for England and no number at all for the United States or for the whole world. And that number was 700,000 volumes. Google now offers 1,500 gratis open access books for your mobile phone alone. So I think we crossed this one over a couple of years ago. And the next crossover is when we'll have more gratis open access books online than in the world's largest academic library, which is this one. Again, I only got a dated estimate for the size of the number of books in the Harvard library, which is almost 16 million. It might be larger today. But that number includes bound back issues of journals, not just monographs. But the Google library project, even as outlined in 2004, aimed at 15 million volumes. So it may not be long before we crossed that point as well. And then the next crossover after that will be when we have more Libra open access books online than in the average or largest academic library. That's many years ahead. One thing that took some of us by surprise, and this means me, was how quickly we would get to this crossover point. Most open access advocates, including me, focus on journal literature because journal article authors are not paid for their articles. And because it's royalty free literature for them, they can consent to open access without giving up revenue. That looked like the low hanging fruit. Well, public domain books are even lower. The only problem is that public domain books have to be digitized. It turns out because public domain books have reached this important crossover point before the journal literature has, it is easier to digitize public domain books and put them online than it is to get permission from authors who are not being paid to get their works online. We have a hard cultural problem between us and open access to literature. And we only have a technical problem between us and open access to public domain books. OK, here we're starting the crossover points that have not yet come that are still over the horizon. This next one will come when most publicly funded research is subject to open access mandates. And I'm thinking of something like the open access mandate now enforced at the National Institutes of Health. That was a voluntary policy since 2005. It was a mandatory policy since last year. And if you'd like in the question period, we can talk about the bill in Congress, which would repeal it. But right now, the policy is still in force. There are about 30 plus public funding agencies around the world that have similar policies and a few private funders that have done likewise. This seems to be spreading. There's a very strong argument for public, for open access to publicly funded research when it's not classified military research. And funding agencies, especially public funding agencies, understand that logic. They tend to be staffed by people who are public spirited. They know they're serving the public. And they welcome it. In some countries, the step cannot be taken without the legislature. That happened in the United States. In some countries, it's taken by the agencies on their own authority. By the way, if the NIH policy is repealed by this bill in Congress, we'll have to face the question whether the NIH could continue with the policy on its own in some form that's compatible with the statute. But the next crossover point after this will be when most privately funded research is subject to a similar open access mandate. There's some interesting history here. The very first funding agency to adopt an open access mandate was the Wellcome Trust in England, which is private. It's the largest private funder of medical research in England. It's, you might say, the Gates Foundation of England. But ever since the Wellcome Trust took this step and then was followed by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, not many private funders have followed suit. On the one hand, it's easier for them because they're not subject to lobbying the way public funding agencies are. But for some reason, after this fast early start, they've been growing more slowly. There'll be an important crossover when most peer-reviewed manuscripts are self-archived right away or deposited in a green open access repository right after they're accepted for publication. Here we have to take the complexity of the disciplines into account. In some fields we've probably already crossed over. In particle physics, it appears that 100% of new literature is deposited in some form. Not necessarily the peer-reviewed manuscript, but at least a preprint by the authors. And many peer-reviewed manuscripts are also deposited right away. And other disciplines are very far from the crossover point. If it turns out that 20% of the researchers publish 80% of the articles or anything like that, which I do think is true, and if we can appeal to the most productive of those researchers first, then we can reach this crossover long before we appeal or change the habits of most researchers. And that's my hope. If you have to set priorities for your activism, aim for the most productive researchers first. One thing we can talk about in the Q&A period are the barriers to this. Why aren't faculty depositing an open access repositories? There are a lot of answers, there's a lot of studies on author attitudes, and they all tend to show that authors are still not very familiar with this option. And when they are familiar with it, they have gross misunderstandings about what's involved. They think it must violate copyright, it doesn't, or they think it must bypass peer-review, which it doesn't. There's a lot of educating to do to get colleagues to come on board. But because it's a long story, I'd rather save that for the Q&A. The next crossover that I predict will be when most authors understand the issues accurately. We can have the previous crossover before this one because authors can deposit in accordance with the funder policy without actually understanding the issues. All they know is that their funder expects them to do it. And the NIH understands this, and the NIH is often trying to get its principal investigators to deposit when they don't really know what this means, or why they should do it, or what the rationale is, what the benefits are. Doesn't matter in one sense, as long as they deposit. But when will authors really understand? It's important to get to that point because then we'll have high levels of spontaneous self-archiving, and not just high levels of mandated self-archiving. There are a lot of barriers here too, and you're probably aware of some of the myths and misunderstandings circulated by publishers, but every now and then I just get frustrated by the misunderstandings promulgated by new exciting, excited converts. Open Access has a lot of new excited converts. Because it's a growing movement, lots of people come to it, highly persuaded, highly energized and excited, but not quite understanding all the issues and say to their friends, you ought to do this, it bypasses peer review, or you ought to do this, it violates copyright in a way that is sticking it to the publishers. That doesn't help, but it's a fairly common phenomenon. Or, well, never mind.  Some universities are doing it consortially, that counts. But why will we get to this point after some of the earlier crossovers? One reason is that universities don't need their own repositories to comply with the NIH policy. The NIH policy has its own local repository called PubMed Central, and NIH funded researchers are required to deposit there, not in their local university. When all universities or most universities have their own repositories, NIH might well change its policy, or it's already said that it's willing to cooperate with institutional repositories, and steer deposits there in the first place, and then maybe harvest them back to PubMed Central. Most funding agencies can't do that now because most universities don't have their own local repository. We could make this up if we had a universal repository to take deposits from people who don't have one locally. There are a couple universal repositories. The latest one, maybe the best one, is the depot in England whose funding runs out this year, and now we have to think about in what form that might survive. But in the absence of universal repositories, in the absence of a separate repository at every funding agency, every university ought to have one. They ought to have it for their own reasons, but also to soak up and host and disseminate the literature funded by funding agencies. One thing I want to return to in a different slide, but also maybe in the Q&A, is that universities will get to this crossover point later than funders because they simply move more slowly, and we should ask, why are they moving more slowly? Aren't their interest in open access the same and equally strong as the interest of funding agencies? The next crossover will be when most open access journals are Libra open access. Here, I wish we had good data, we don't. My seat of the pants judgment is that most open access journals are not yet Libra. They're all gratis, and many open access journals think that the whole point of open access is simply to take the price off and make it free as in beer, and they forget the free as in speech part. Some had thought about the issues, and they realized that if they made it free as in speech, they would make it free to copy and redistribute through other channels, which by the way is one of the purposes, but if they did that, they would lose traffic, and if they lost traffic, they would lose advertising revenue. So some of them deliberately curb copying in order to steer traffic through their own site and keep their ad revenue up. But I'd say that most of them just haven't thought about it, and think open access is synonymous with gratis open access. This is one of these crossover points that could happen tomorrow if open access journals understood the issues. They lose almost nothing except some traffic if they move from gratis to Libra, and they're in a good position to do it because they don't have to compete with publishers, they don't have to negotiate with resisting publishers, but they are the publishers, and they've already decided to go open access. All they have to do is lift some permission barriers. There are some grounds for optimism here. I've been jaw boning, but I don't have as much influence as these two organizations should. The Open Access Scarlet Publishers Association launched last year. It's an organization of open access journal publishers. It consists of some of the biggest ones, some of the smallest ones, some for-profit ones, some non-profit ones. It's very representative, and it requires Libra open access, and it recommends a Creative Commons attribution license, which is the same one I recommend. It's the most open of all the Creative Commons licenses. The Spark Europe Seal of Approval program is very similar, but it's not a membership organization. Spark Europe is just a very knowing organization affiliated with Spark, with what I'm affiliated, which decided to set standards for what is a good open access journal or how an open access journal can meet the relevant standards, and then recognize those who live up to the standard and help those who need help in living up to that standard. It recommends Creative Commons attributions licenses. So to get this recommendation from two directions, I think it's very helpful. A little piece of background here. There's nothing in the open access movement to correspond to the Free Software Foundation. There's no top-down organization, which could, if it wanted, dictate what counts as open access. So we depend on bottom-up organizations, and these two are both bottom-up. They don't represent everybody. The OSPA might eventually represent all publishers, but it right now represents those who have chosen to join. I like that about it. It means it's bottom-up. It's not dictating to anybody. It's just saying that if you join us, this is what we expect you to do. And Spark Europe is saying, if you want our Seal of Approval, this is what we hope you will do. This crossover point will come when most toll access or non-open access journals have open access backfiles. And for this purpose, I don't really care if the moving wall is six months, one year, three years. As long as they've digitized their backrun and made it openly available, I'll be happy, and I'll count that as a crossover. An important default will have changed. There are two problems. It's hard to digitize the backfiles, especially for an old journal that has a lot of back issues. And then the journal has to decide to make them open access. Google will pay to digitize the backusers of a journal, but the terms of the deal are not very good for some journals. Some journals are choosing to take it, but I think the uptake is slow because Google doesn't give the journal a copy of the digital file. When a library lets Google digitize its books, the library does tend to get a copy of the file, even though there's some limits on what it can do with that digital copy. But the journals who participate in this program don't even get a copy. That's slowing down uptake there. And some of the other large digitization projects focus on public domain literature, and most journal backfiles are still under copyright. So it's hard to arrange the money to digitize the back issues of a journal. But assuming they could be digitized, the second hurdle might be cleared. If you let Google do it, one condition of Google's participation is open access. In this case, gratis open access, not Libra. But even if a journal digitized it, hoping to sell access, I think it would discover before long that the benefits of open access exceed the trickle of revenue that it would really get. Journal revenue really comes from new issues, and it could get some revenue if it wanted to from quite old issues. But if it gave up that trickle of revenue in favor of open access, it would have much wider visibility and impact even citations, which would boost its impact factor. One issue here that would take a long time to talk about, I'll just allude to it, and maybe we could do that in the Q and A. Many people believe, publishers argue, that as the volume of green open access rises, the pressure on subscription journals to convert to tall access will increase, and we'll see more conversions. They regard that as unfair pressure. But whether you regard it as unfair pressure or a very good strategy, it's still not clear that it's really gonna happen that way. The causation at least is complicated. In physics, as I say, we have close to 100% green open access to new literature, and yet the physics publishers themselves have said they cannot see any cancellations attributable to the rise of green open access. On the contrary, they host their own mirrors of the Cornell archive, which hosts all these open access articles. So the coexistence of high levels of green open access with the persistence of tall access journals is documented in the only field where we have a natural experiment. So we don't really know whether raising the level of green open access, which we hope to do through these funder policies and university policies, will force journal conversions. It may or it may not. Having mentioned the physics example, let me also say, the other disciplines may not behave like physics, and that's why we might see pressure to convert in other fields. But so far we haven't seen it in physics, and so far physics is the only field with high enough levels of green open access to do the test. An author addendum is in addition to the publisher's copyright transfer agreement. It basically says, notwithstanding anything the publisher wants, I want this, and if you publish my article, then you're consenting to this. And they're usually written by lawyers so that scholars who don't know copyright law can ask for the right thing. And they ask for the rights to authorize open access to the article. Harvard basically is using an author addendum to get permission to host the articles that it wants to host. The NIH uses an author addendum. Many universities that don't yet require open access through their repository nevertheless recommend author addendum. They know that some of their faculty want to retain more rights than they would get from the standard copyright contract, but they don't know what to ask for, and they don't want to put them to the trouble of negotiating when they don't know what they're asking for, and when they don't really have any bargaining power. If it's one faculty member against a publisher, usually the faculty member loses. So author addendum solved the problem, at least in part, by standardizing the request and putting the institution's weight behind the request. And they'll be a cross-server when most new literature is covered by author addendum, and it could be author addendum recommended or required by a university or recommended or required by a funding agency. When these were new, about 2004, when they had just been conceived, it was very unlikely that any university would actually require the use of one, because if one university did, and only one university did, any publisher could refuse to publish work by that university, or at least refuse to accept the addendum with impunity, could be no pressure on it to accept. So the real crossover may come, not when 51% of new research is covered by addendum, but when we've reached some critical mass such that the publisher's own calculation is, we would have more to lose than to gain by rejecting this. And right now, author addendum are spreading, which means that critical mass is growing, which means that it's harder and harder for publishers to say simply without examining it or without further reflection, we refuse to accept that. Because it is a proposed contract addendum, the publisher is free to take it or leave it, and most publishers are not taking it, but some are, and I think that percentage will keep growing. It's possible that author addendum may never reach the crossover point because they become unnecessary. The main purpose of an author addendum is to get permission to deposit a peer-reviewed manuscript in an open access repository, maybe to get a few other rights, but that's the most important right. But if most journals adopt that policy on their own, then we don't have to ask them to do it through an addendum. And as I said, 63% of subscription journals already grant blanket permission for that, and as universities and funding agencies require authors to retain certain rights and use those rights to authorize open access, journals essentially accommodated because they have no choice. And so that makes an addendum unnecessary as well. I wanna mention what Ohio link has been doing since 2006. When it negotiates the site licenses for universities within Ohio, and it represents all universities in Ohio, it asks for permission for Ohio authors to deposit in the repository without further permission or payment. And insofar as they succeed, they make author addendum unnecessary. It's a great strategy of which more universities would adopt it. As you negotiate site licenses, you're really bargaining on behalf of your readers, but take a moment to bargain on behalf of your authors at the same time and say, if we pay you all this money for the site license, we want the right without further permission to deposit in the local repository. And finally, addendum might become unnecessary as more journals convert to open access. And I am predicting that, but it's crossover point number 11. It's the furthest or one of the furthest in the future. Okay, if you remember, one of the earliest crossover points was when the majority of new research would be covered by a funder or funding agencies open access policy. This is the analogous crossover point for university policies. And I think it's much later in the game. We're not gonna see this for a longer time. And I'm not sure why. I wish I had better numbers on it. There were roughly 30 university policies and roughly 30 funder policies. I've been looking for good estimates on how many universities there are in the world and how many funding agencies there are in the world. And you'd be surprised how difficult it is to get a good number. You can't even get a good number of how many countries are in the world. The UN disagrees with the CIA about that. What counts as the university? It's very hard to say. I've seen estimates from 4,000 to 30,000. It's a huge range. But if you say that there are, let's say 15,000 universities in the world and roughly 10,000 funding agencies, which is the best estimate I've been able to find. Then we have 30 out of 15,000 university policies and 30 out of 10,000 funder policies. So the rate of progress is faster for funding agencies than universities. And that's my experience too. Just watching the announcements come out. Funding agencies are announcing them more often than universities. I think there's some other variables here that we might wanna talk about. Again, we're facing the phenomenon that universities act more slowly than funding agencies. Why is that? One reason might be universities are both producers and consumers of research. If there's a conflict of interest in the larger landscape which creates the debates about open access, universities tend to internalize some of that conflict. And there may be branches of the university, let's say those that represent research faculty that want open access and other branches like the university press, which don't. I reminded of what happened at Penguin Books during the Sunny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Penguin publishes brand new books under copyright and it reprints public domain books. And the public domain sector thought the Copyright Term Extension Act was terrible because it would shrink the number of books they could reprint for profit. And the other branch of Penguin said, no, this is great for us because it means more and more books are under copyright for us. I forget how they finally decided. This crossover comes when most peer review journals convert to open access. I don't expect it for a long time. I'd be happy if they converted to Gratis or Libra if they convert to Gratis first. I think Libra might come later. As I said earlier, about 15% of journals are already in this category. Or maybe I said that at a morning meeting, not here. This, we take steps toward this crossover point every time a new open access journal launches and every time a tall access journal converts to open access. But the other two steps back when they correspond to those two steps forward are also taking place. New tall access journals are being launched all the time. And every now and then an open access journal converts back to tall access. Of these four, the fourth takes place the least often. It's fairly rare for an open access journal to convert back. In the past six months, I can only think of two examples, but in the past six months, there have been at least 30 conversions the other way from tall access to open access. My take, which is not based on a survey, is that the net movement of these forward and backward steps is forward, but it's slow. The number of open access journals is certainly growing, but the number of open access journals relative to tall access journals is growing fairly slowly. So I don't expect this crossover to come soon. One reason, another reason why it may not come soon is that some tall access journals can coexist with open access journals. And it's worth thinking about which ones can coexist and how they coexist. I think very high-prestitized journals might continue to charge subscriptions forever. Why? Because of their high prestige, they will be must-have journals just about everywhere. Every library that can afford, let's say nature, will do what it can to continue to pay for nature, even if nature never converts. If there's a general trend for journals to convert, the high-prestitized journals could be the last holdouts. They don't have to. Some very high-prestitized journals have already converted, but if they wanna hold out, they could. Many second-rate journals can be protected from this pressure to convert by virtue of bundling. And you're mostly librarians, you all understand that, and probably don't have to elaborate. But I think one of the purposes of bundling is to protect second-rate journals from cancellation. And so they can coexist with open access journals, regardless of the rising pressure on them to convert. By non-fungibility, I just mean that journals don't publish the same articles as one another. So if you've got a total access journal and an open access journal in the same field, even the same microfield, they publish different articles. And if your school needs access to the ones in the expensive journal, you have a reason to continue to subscribe and get those. The holdout effect is just my term for something that would have taken too long to put on the slide. If we really have a trend toward conversions to open access, then every time formally subscription journals convert to open access, we save money in the library. And that money can be spent on open access alternatives, but it could also be spent on the holdouts who still charge subscriptions. So the last ones to convert will be the ones who find it easier to find subscribers. And every subscription journal that understands that logic may want to be the last one to convert, unless they see other reasons to convert. In other words, unless they have actually seen the benefits of open access. And the last of these 12 crossover points is when most literature on deposit in repositories is Libre rather than just Gratis. Most open access repositories are limited to Gratis open access. When will they ever have Libre open access? There's a subset of PubMed Central, which is Libre open access. Most of the Harvard repository is Libre open access. By the way, that's one of the reasons it's an exemplary policy in my mind. But very few have Libre open access content. And the main reason is that most repositories depend for permission on publishers. I told you 63% of publishers give blanket permission for open access, but that means for Gratis open access, not for Libre open access. When you deposit an article in a repository using their permission to avoid infringement, it has to be just Gratis. You can't put it under a Creative Commons license, for example. But that doesn't have to remain the case. We are slowly shifting to a system in which most permission for open access in repositories will come from authors rather than publishers. For example, the Harvard policy is a good example. Harvard asks authors to retain a right, a key right, to authorize open access. When that happens, open access at Harvard is authorized by the authors, not by the publisher. In most other places, the author transfers rights to the publisher, and then we try to get permission back from the publisher, and that's a hard job because most publishers are either withholding it or they're withholding it for Libre open access, even if they grant it for Gratis. But the more university and funding agency policies we see, the more we will see open access authorized by authors rather than by publishers. And the author permission is more likely to grant Libre open access. A group of funding agencies, the United Kingdom PubMed Central Funders Group, consists of eight funders, including the Welcome Trust, sometimes pay the cost of publication in a traditional subscription journal. And when they do, they not only demand that the article be open access, but that it be Libre open access. And that's very progressive. I wish more funding agencies would do that. But note that that's gold Libre, not green Libre. But I think the logic of that and the logic that Harvard uses to get Libre open access can spread, which is why I'm hopeful that one day we'll actually reach this crossover point. For example, today funder and university policies tend to tell their grantees or faculty, you must retain a right to authorize open access. And when you read the fine print, that means authorized Gratis rather than Libre open access. But those policies could be tweaked to say you must retain the right to authorize Libre open access. And when the article goes in our repository, it has to have a Creative Commons license. And this is a business proposition to publishers, that is the grantees or faculty are not taking the publishers property. They're simply approaching the publisher in the beginning, saying not only will you publish my article, but will you publish it under these terms so that a copy will become Libre open access either right away or within a few months. And publishers can take that or leave it. At the right moment, publishers will take it. They wouldn't take it today very often. One way Harvard copes with that is by having a waiver possibility. So if you're a Harvard faculty member, you want to publish it a journal that doesn't accept Harvard's terms, it can ask you to request a waiver and you can ask for a waiver and Harvard will grant it. When will this policy spread? When will we actually reach this crossover point? When it's safe, when Harvard has taken the lead on this, if another university takes the lead and then another and then another, and we start to get a critical mass of institutions that require Libre open access and not just gratis, then publishers will be under increasing pressure to accommodate them the way they have been under pressure to accommodate gratis open access requests. There's been a gratis open access condition on publishing certain authors. There could well be a Libre open access condition. What we are running up against is what you could call the publishers inalienable right to refuse to publish any work for any reason. No, we're not talking about copyright. We're talking about their right to refuse to publish something. If you ask for too much, you'll get a refusal. The publisher will just say we won't cooperate with you. But the publishers will not refuse to publish the work of Harvard University plus a dozen other major research universities. So the more universities that adopt this policy, the more they create the conditions of their own success. It will become a self-fulfilling leadership if they do it at the right moment. This morning we talked about this in one of the meetings that most of you weren't attending but there are two things, two points I wanna make about it that we'll just repeat what I said there. On the one hand, I want universities to watch for those conditions. Right now, if you're only requesting gratis open access, fine, that's progress. It's important progress. And maybe you can't request Libre open access today without triggering too many refusals to publish. On the other hand, that will change as more institutions adopt policies. And here's the second point. Your university could be one of those whose adoption could trigger the difference. You have to take your own action into account when you're predicting the future and not just wait for an opportunity created by other institutions. That's it, I'll be glad to take your questions. We're gonna try this again. Oh, that sounds good. Yes? I think we're stuck with that. Yeah, are we stuck with the Sony Bono Act, which is the Copyright Term Extension Act? And the reason I think we're stuck with it is that, first of all, all copyright reforms in the past few decades have been in the wrong direction rather than the right direction. And the reasons for that that I haven't gone away. And second, it'll be very hard to roll back copyright terms, even if we can agree to freeze copyright terms. There's a possible taking argument in a bill that would roll, or an amendment that would roll back copyright terms. I don't know whether the taking argument is strong or weak, but it's strong enough to elicit that legal objection and certainly to elicit the squawking that comes from people who think their property's being taken from them. I don't like retroactive legislation that moves things from the public domain back under copyright. Publishers will certainly not like legislation which retroactively takes things from copyrighting and puts them in the public domain. We may just have to give up on retroactive changes and go forward with this very long term of copyright. And the only silver line here is that when we have a consenting partner, we can bypass it with contract. I mean, Creative Commons licenses are contracts that bypass the defects of public copyright law. And the disadvantage of those is that they're not the default and we have to go out of our way to use them. The advantage is that when we go out of our way to use them, we are seizing control. We are acting and making work free that we want to be free. Yes. Under Libra Open Access, how are scholarly attributions protected? Good question. Libra Open Access, remember, is a range of things. At the upper end of the range would be the public domain. And only under public domain would there be no more right of attribution. But the freest of all the Creative Commons licenses short of assignment to the public domain is the Creative Commons attribution license, which waives all rights except the right of attribution. So it preserves that. And all the other Creative Commons licenses also preserve attribution. They also had a few other restrictions. But my view is that scholars don't need the public domain. They may not even want the public domain for their own new work. Public domain might be the best legal basis for open access to old work, sufficiently old work that's actually in the public domain. But for your own work, you want the right of attribution. You're not writing for money. You're not writing to sell your work. You are writing for credit. You're writing to advance your career. You're writing for impact. And you don't want to give up the right of attribution. There's no reason why you should have to. And from the other side, users want to read your work without charge. They want maybe to copy a copy locally or send a copy to a colleague or maybe print copies for their class. These require freedom to copy, but nobody needs freedom to take credit for your work. So to me, a Creative Commons attribution license permits everything that legitimate scholarship requires. And we never have to give up the right of attribution to somehow get better open access. It wouldn't be better. Yes. Okay, let me explain what the Conyers bill is first. It's a bill that would prohibit or overturn the NAH policy and prohibit similar policies at every federal funding agency. The way the NAH policy works is to ask NAH grantees to retain a certain right when they go to publish and to use that right to authorize open access through NAH. It's the same method that Harvard uses here. And the Conyers bill would simply say no federal agency can ask its grantees to retain a right and then use it to permit the agency to distribute the work, at least when the work we're talking about has been enhanced by a third party, in this case, been peer reviewed by a journal, a private sector journal. And that applies to all the work funded by the NAH because the NAH policy applies to those peer reviewed manuscripts. And so it looks like it's focused dead on at the NAH. It turns out that it's sloppily written and it's not surgically focused on the NAH. It would turn over procurement practices at federal agencies across the government when any federal agency, whether it's interest in research or just a consultant's report, commissions a work under copyright. It wants to retain rights to use that in the way that it has in mind. Otherwise it wouldn't have bothered to commission the piece in the first place. The Conyers bill would prohibit that. And it would mean that even if you commission a report from a consultant, you may not be free to use it because you didn't retain the right and you couldn't enforce that through your funding contract. So far the open access advocates whose goal would be undermined by this are awake and fighting it. But as far as I can tell, the other agencies whose procurement policies are in jeopardy have not woken to it and are not opposing it yet. The Conyers bill was first proposed in the previous Congress at the very end of the session. So it never came up for a vote. It was reintroduced early in this session. I think Conyers is serious about it. He's gonna push. There are a couple things to be said about it though. I think he introduced it early because Tom Daschle dies, done his taxes. So we don't have a secretary of Health and Human Services. Health and Human Services is the department that houses the NIH. We don't have an NIH director either. NIH director retired in October. Elias Sirhoney, he was a very good man. He supported the open access policy. And we have these key power vacancies at key agencies who would be leading the fight to keep the NIH policy alive. Without them, we still have a serious fight. 33 Nobel laureates wrote a letter to Congress last year when the policy was introduced, arguing that it would be a huge mistake and the NIH policy is a huge boon. Important library organizations, in fact, every important library organization in the United States has backed the NIH policy and opposed the Conyers bill. 46 law professors specializing in copyright have written a letter to Congress saying that the Conyers bill is not only unnecessary and harmful, but it misunderstands copyright law and the publisher rhetoric on its behalf contains significant misstatements about copyright law. People who are paying attention to the issues, I think, support the NIH policy and not the Conyers bill. But John Conyers is an experienced tactician and he's gonna try to get this through. There's one other relevant piece of evidence. Last year when this was introduced, he spent most of his own time when defending it in public, talking about the jurisdiction of his committee. He's the chair of the House Judiciary Committee, which vets all new bills with a stake in copyright law. It's not a committee that does science funding or science policy, it does copyright. And the NIH policy was requested or demanded by the House Appropriations Committee by an appropriations bill. And Conyers is angry that he was not vetted by his committee. He thinks his committee's being bypassed, he's being neglected, his power is being ignored. Now, this is a turf battle that we have to take into account. It's part of political reality. And if you wanna win, you still have to work with the players and their interests as they really are. On the other hand, when his committee asked for jurisdiction over the NIH policy by going to the rules committee, the rules committee said, no, there's no copyright issue here. I can explain why, if you'd like, but it goes back to the method that the NIH is using to authorize open access. It's not taking the publishers property and violating their copyrights, which, by the way, is how the publishers are framing it. It is asking grantees to retain rights when they publish. Grantees are allowed to retain those rights. Copyright law protects the right of copyright holders to divide the bundle and save some and transfer others. That's all the NIH policy does. There's no violation whatsoever. It doesn't amend copyright law, and if it did, it might trigger some tension with our international obligations. It only changes the contract between the funding agency and the grantee. So the rules committee said, there is no copyright issue here. It doesn't have to be vetted by your committee. That should have been enough for him to say, I guess there's no legitimate turf question here, but he's still insisting there is a legitimate turf question here. So on the one hand, we've got this bill, which is ominous. I think it's harmful. It's backed by somebody who knows the ins and outs of Congress who will do what he can to get it adopted. On the other hand, he's not apparently motivated to undo open access at the NIH or in Wells. He's motivated primarily to protect the jurisdiction of his committee. But I predict it will not pass. On the other hand, because it's introduced and because the language could be slipped into any bill at any time, it's ominous. We have to watch for it. We have to be vigilant. We have to fight a battle. We wish we didn't have to fight. There are other things we'd like to be doing. One thing we'd like to be doing is spreading the NIH policy across the federal government. And we're gonna keep working on that, but we have to bear in mind that if the NIH policy is repealed, the chance of spreading it to other agencies is almost nil. So we have to keep the NIH policy alive while we work on spreading the policy elsewhere. Yeah, the question is whether the economic downturn is accelerating the movement toward open access. The NIH just got 10 billion extra dollars from the stimulus package. And if all that goes into research, and all that will turn into open access articles. Without that budget increase, the NIH was already producing 80,000 peer reviewed papers per year, which have to become open access under the policy. That's gigantic. Just for a little perspective, the NIH budget is larger than the GDP of 125 countries. And it just became $10 billion wealthier than that. So on the one hand, downturn is helping open access by enlarging the volume of open access, at least through NIH. It'll enlarge the volume through NSF a little bit. NSF does not provide open access to peer reviewed manuscripts the way NIH does. It provides open access to the reports written by grantees at the end of the grant period. That's not nearly the same thing. But if I could just broaden the question a little bit. In my view, the economic downturn strengthens the case for open access. And we haven't yet seen it turn into new policies at new agencies and new institutions. But I think it will. The economic downturn has meant that most universities or the average university in the United States has lost 30% of its endowment. This is trickling into budgets. It's already having its effect. But I'm sure your operating budget has not yet been cut by 30% because your university has a spending rule so that a deep loss in one year doesn't have an immediate deep impact. But that impact might deepen over the next couple of years and you're already seeing some cuts. The more cuts we have, the more the case for open access will strengthen. Libraries, I think, will be canceling more subscriptions than they've ever had to cancel in decades. That means that access to literature will be less than it has been for decades, at least if you don't count the growth in the volume of literature itself. That strengthens the case for open access. And in November, I argued that open access to literature would be an economic stimulus all by itself. John Houghton and others have done studies showing that open access literature has an economic amplifier. And it not only increases economic activity by researchers, not just creating jobs for people who work in labs, but it creates economic activity in manufacturing, which depends on research. The drug industry depends on research. The tire industry depends on research. Mining companies depend on research. All kinds of economic actors depend on research, which, if free, would stimulate even more of their economic activity. And relieve their budgets to do something else. Since then, others have argued that we ought to expand open access if for no other reason than for economic stimulus. And what I would like to see is the NIH policy preserved. The NIH policy then copied across the federal government. And if we have to set priorities, I'd like to see it done first in the agencies that are funding green research and creating green jobs. We've already decided climate change is a crisis on a par with the economic crisis. And we've already decided that these problems are synergistic, that is, the solution to the energy problem will be part of the solution to the economic problem. If we can create green energy, we'll be creating green jobs and green exports. That will stimulate the economy. So if we stimulate the economy by solving our energy problem, we will be solving two problems at once. But that very elegant solution depends on increasing research in green energy, in green technology. If that research is open access, it will amplify the beneficial effect on both fronts that is for solving the economic problem and for solving the energy problem. I wrote that in an open letter to Barack Obama and John McCain before the election. Of course, I didn't hear back, but I think the logic is still sitting there. And the worst things get, we will want to make cuts everywhere, but there will always be a voice saying, don't cut the things that will help us get out of this problem. Don't cut the things that will help us gain access to research, which will solve our other problems as well as stimulate the economy. I hope that voice isn't lost in the rush of short-term thinking. You can see the rush of short-term thinking now in Congress. We had a very serious recovery bill to pass, and instead of passing the very best bill, we passed the bill that could be passed by the majority we could scrape together in one week. If that's the way we're gonna do politics, then I think this elegant logic might be lost. But if we remember what solutions will work better for our serious problems, the ones that really address our national priorities, then I think we'll recognize open access is part of the solution. Research in green energy is part of the solution. Open access to that research will amplify its usefulness for us. So Peter, as you noted, you're addressing a group largely of librarians. As a wannabe librarian, this is thrilling to me. You should also know that some people have come across the river, not just from Harvard libraries, Felipe and her team from BC and so forth. So you've attracted a real group here. You noted that there's no free software foundation equivalent in the open access world, which I think a very provocative point, right? It's a very bottom-up effort with lots of different people doing it, almost no institution. But I would argue in a way that people gathered in this room are your free software foundation. You've got institutional power in librarians here, and you noted that all the librarians signed on against the conure bill and so forth. And I presume that the call to action for librarians is not just keep canceling serials, right? That's not the advice at all. Okay, so that's not the advice. So I would be curious, what would you say to this assembled group and librarians who may be listening to this on webcast in terms of our role in advancing what we see to be common cause here? Good question. Librarians are among the best allies of the open access movement. But all of our institution allies put together don't make the free software foundation. They still don't make a top-down organization. They make a bottom-up possibility. And we're reaping some of those possibilities, but it's still not the same thing. There are a lot of things librarians can do. One thing they have done is to have their important organizations send a letter to the Judiciary Committee opposing the conure's bill, and they've done that. What I would like to see, and I mentioned what earlier in the talk, which is when you negotiate site licenses more or less on behalf of readers, don't forget the authors at your institution. You try to negotiate the right for authors within your institution once you've paid your subscription money to deposit their articles in the institutional repository. This percentage, which is now 63%, can slowly climb to 100% if librarians do that. And this gets to the last point I want to make. Librarians are essentially the only buyers of peer-reviewed journals. There is some fraction that are bought by industry, but it's a fairly small one. I think librarians have to wake up to their power here. When you're the only buyers of something, you can dictate terms. You have to be careful not to do that in a way that raises the antitrust problems. But again, I compare this to the economic crisis. Barack Obama once called the economic crisis an opportunity, and what he meant was we have a chance to demand transformation from the banks we are saving. We don't just have the problem of pouring money into the banks that we're saving and mortgaging our future. While we do that, we can demand transformations that change their behavior and solve long-term problems. I think librarians can do that. Librarians can say there are a lot of long-term problems with the scholarly communication system. We are in a position basically to bail out the journals. Not that we're gonna spend more than we're spending now, but we spend basically all you get, you publishers of academic journals, and we want to demand transformations. You're not serving all of our interests. As a matter of fact, you're serving fairly few and you're actually harming some of our others. Librarians have to act that way and they have to use the power of the purse and say if we're gonna buy your journals and give you money this way, we want certain things back. That is, this is a negotiation. You know it's a negotiation, but are you using your bargaining power as much as you could be to get a package that helps the university? One way is to get the right of self-archiving. And then when the moment is right, the right of Libra self-archiving, and not just greatest self-archiving. And then if your institution doesn't yet have a repository, that's another thing you can do. Launch one and then work with other institutions that have some experience to adopt a policy which is effective in filling it. You probably know, launching the repository is the easiest thing. It's free and open to our software. It doesn't cost anything to launch in that sense. But it can be expensive in maintaining if you are going to reach out to faculty to make the deposits they have to make. And we academics worldwide are slowly learning what works and what doesn't work in filling a repository. So network with each other. As you launch repositories, learn from each other what works and what doesn't work. Share that knowledge and if all the research produced by all the universities with enlightened librarians were open access, the problem would be solved. By the way, every school I know with a good open access policy had enlightened librarians as part of the team of entrepreneurs who pushed it. In this case, Stuart Sheber is the chief entrepreneur who's not a librarian. He deserves a lot of credit, but there were librarians helping out and their role is indispensable. And librarians have given presentations at faculty senate meetings which have enlightened faculty who just were clueless about the pricing crisis. You probably have a lot of experience with clueless faculty, but what you may not realize is that they can be educated. And there are a lot of examples in which librarians have gone to faculty senates given a presentation and within a meeting or two get a resolution which might be toothless. But then that starts the wheels turning on a serious policy. If you mean spontaneously filled as opposed to being filled by virtue of some mandate. Then the best example, okay, well there are two approaches. One is with a mandate or with, let's just call it a mandate for now and the other is without one. When I say mandate, I don't wanna make it sound as though simply adopting mandatory language solves the problem because it doesn't. Every university with a mandatory policy has mandatory language on the books but they don't depend on the mandatory language to solve the problem and to get all the articles deposited. They are all, every single one, supplemented with education of faculty, assistance for faculty in making the deposits and incentives for them to make their deposits. And at the universities that have adopted mandates, there's never 100% compliance the next day, the next month, or the next year. But it starts to grow from 15% which is the approximate average for spontaneous self-archiving toward 100%. Arthur Sayle has done about six studies on Australian universities who went from no mandates to mandates. And his data show, a study rise of each one from 15 toward 100, in my view 100 is asymptotic. We'll never really reach 100. There'll always be a little noise there, some exceptions, somebody that you couldn't reach. But with a combination of mandatory language, firm expectations laid down by people who matter, education, assistance, and incentives, you can bring it about. Now for universities that don't have even mandatory language, the best strategy is apparently the one at work in Dutch universities. The Dutch have a system that they call the cream of science. It's a dairy metaphor. And the best work rises to the top and so they wanna get all their work into repositories but they also wanna recognize the best work and so they call that the cream. And I don't know how they decide what the cream is but every week they feature some items on deposit in the repository in public, either on the front page of the repository or on the periodicals put out by the university. And it's a way of raising the profile of some of the people who have made deposits. And you know faculty publish in part to advance knowledge in their fields but also in part to advance their careers. So when they see somebody getting kudos for having deposited in a repository, getting glory and visibility above and beyond what they got from publishing in the journal, that's something that they want for themselves. And it's an incentive, it's not a mandate and it tends to work pretty well. I haven't seen data on how the Dutch cream of science repositories are approaching 100% but I do know that they're well above 50% and as far as I know they're the only mandates that have achieved above 50% compliance without a mandate. I'm not convinced that publishers are anti open access. They're anti declining profits. So would you recommend that institutions, libraries and so on actually take a slightly different approach which is be more collaborative and actually work with publishers to come up with new business solutions such as in the social media world which is rapidly expanding and actually take that more collaborative approach to new business generation. They won't care publishers I would suspect what happens to the content in journals provided they can see that bottom line increase. Yes, first of all, I hope I didn't say that all publishers are anti open access. I don't believe that they are, they're not monolithic, they are very different from one another. Some publishers already provide open access themselves, Libra open access. Some are experimenting with Gradis for Libra open access in good faith and watching the results. Some I do believe are experimenting in bad faith we could talk about that. Some are watching the experiments of others to see what comes out. So there's a huge variety of publisher attitudes and then some publishers who actually provide open access on their own are lobbying hard against the NIH policy and in favor of the Congress Bill. So it's a very mixed bag of attitudes. I do think there's a lot of room for helping publishers find better business models but if the business models we help them find are not open access then I'm not really that interested but I think librarians might understand the scholarly landscape at least as well as publishers. Obviously publishers are in the biz and they should understand it to some extent but many publishers talk as if they never hear what librarians have to say which means there's a whole perspective there that publishers are lacking and librarians can help educate publishers by showing them that side of things. For example, publishers like to say there's no problem here everybody who needs access already has access and I think librarians can be the ones to tell them I'm sorry that's wrong. The people at our institution have access to the things that we buy but we're very conscious of all that we don't buy and all that we can't afford and there's a serious problem here. I think society publishers could be reminded by libraries that they're not part of the big deal and that your budgets tend to be absorbed by the big deal and that society generals are threatened by the big deal much more than they are threatened by open access. And society publishers seem to have bought the line that open access is the biggest threat to their existence but I think the big deal is a bigger threat to their existence. And I think librarians who know that best who know the pressure to buy the big deal which leaves almost no money left over for other generals is a signal that society generals should get. And I think if society generals knew that if they really appreciated that because they heard it from librarians then they would understand that open access might be a survival strategy for them. Instead of competing with the big deal which I think is a losing proposition they could just bypass it all together by becoming open access. Yeah, I think it's very good. First of all I have no fear that Springer will turn Biomed Central into a non-open access publisher. Just before the purchase Biomed Central had become profitable. I don't know if you realize Biomed Central was a for-profit publisher all along but it was in the red and it was climbing toward the black and it achieved the black before the purchase. And one reason Springer was interested was that it saw the trajectory it wanted to buy a profitable open access publisher. Biomed Central was and is the world's largest open access publisher. Now Springer is the world's largest open access publisher. I think it cherishes that role. It doesn't want to undermine it. What we don't know is whether BMC will influence Springer more than Springer influences BMC. Right now it's a separate subsidiary. It's doing its own thing. The rest of Springer is doing its own thing. They seem to be independent but that independence may not last much longer. One of the stated rationales for the purchase was that BMC which already enjoyed some economies of scale would enjoy even more with Springer and that's a real possibility. That could allow them to reduce their expenses and thereby reduce their publication fees which would be interesting rather than raise them to match the ones already charged by Springer. The other benefit of the purchase is that the CEO of Springer, Dirk Hanck, said in public open access is a sustainable part of STM publishing. It's not an audiological crusade and nobody can accuse Dirk Hanck of being an open access activist. He's a businessman and he said as a business matter this is a sustainable part of publishing. We want to be part of it. My reading is Springer is preparing for an open access future and he just took the gem. He took the world's largest open access publisher and if Elsevier or Wiley or Thompson wants to do the same thing, what are they gonna do? BMC is already gone. The second largest open access publisher is Hindawe which publishes about 80 plus open access journals. It might already be getting feelers from some publishers but I think publishers who are really reading the landscape properly are preparing for an open access future and I think that's what the BMC acquisition really means. Thank you very much. We need to wrap up. But I want to thank Peter Suber for coming and talking to us about the future of open access. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for coming.


Hello, this is Laptop Media and today we will show you how to open the Lenovo IdeaPad Creator 516. Opening the bottom plate isn't too hard. You have to undo 9 Torx head screws, and then you can pop up the bottom plate with a plastic pry tool. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Here, the battery is a 75 watt hour unit. In terms of storage, there is just one M2 PCI EX4 slot. Unfortunately, the memory is soldered to the motherboard. The laptop can be configured with up to 32 gigabytes of DDR4 3200 MHz memory. The cooling solution comprises two heat pipes that are shared for CPU and GPU cooling. In addition, we can spot two cooling plates and two fans.


Question is from Captain Jake Spara. I work as an Uber driver and my butt and hip hurts from sitting for so long. Are there any short exercises I can do in between trips to relieve my pain temporarily before getting back to work? This reminds me when I had bursitis in my hips, it would get so bad that I couldn't go longer than a 30 to 45 minute drive without having to pull over and get out of the car and do some stretches because it was hurting so bad.   This is super common and, you know, the funny we made this transition from the last question to this question because what I'd say about the combat stretch being the most important thing for the squat depth for me for sure the 90 90 for this. So mobilizing the hips because you're sitting in this. You're sitting in the sagittal plane while you're driving and what would actually really would really bother me is that just the little bit of movement left and right that I would make with my off the grass gas and break type of deal with my foot. That's what would light up that whole that whole hip and make it feel like a knife. The entire fascia line coming up. Yes. That's why to I also tend to like like Eldoa and I don't use a lot of the Eldoa moves, but you know, one in particular I'm always coming back to because I'm, you know, in traffic all the time. I'm in that fixed position and I'm not like in full extension of my leg and then I'm also doing a lot of this planner flexion and then internal rotation.  We have a video of that. Yeah. So when they got shared on Joe Rogan, which I love. I love that so much. That's a really that's a really helps my back my hips. So yeah, we'll attach that to the show notes too. So people can see that look and here's a real general thing you can do every time you pull over in between trips or to use the restroom, even some sets of some general lower body exercises like squats and lunges and some hip abduction.   So and I was able to do this. Like I gave you a time. I know that time because I literally have measured it. Like it's enough times that I go like it's right at the 30 to 45 minute mark guarantee. I'll feel like I have a knife sticking in my hip. If I didn't put my work in before I went into this. So something we didn't mention either that I used to do a lot of it and I noticed a ton of help was soft tissue work like on my IT and piriformis. So roll a cross ball. Yeah, rolling rolling the IT and rolling the piriformis will help release all that and then getting into my 90. So those those are the main things. So I roll the IT I roll the piriformis. I would do some 90 90 transitions literally that you're talking about five to eight minutes worth of work real quick before I got in the car night and day difference. You will notice a significant difference. And this is a good message for people who work long hours and sit at a desk, right? You know, if you're sitting at work for 10 hours, I used to tell us my clients I would say every hour or every 90 minutes get up and do about five minutes worth of just exercises stretching mobility work. That's all just five minutes and there's some side effects to that besides the fact that they had less pain they felt better. They actually were more productive because as when you get up and start moving, you start producing chemicals in the body that increase wakefulness and productivity. I also wanted to add to that. I noticed like when I was constantly hydrating and focusing on like getting more water like it really helped mitigate a lot of the pain.


Hello everyone, my name is Aram Ovanissian and my capstone project is optimization of copper up working newscasting technology my supervisor is Dr. Hrecha Kocharian and Moving on to the importance of copper So copper is used in various industries starting from electrical power transmission lines Microelectronics heating and cooling systems as well as hydraulic systems and corrosive environments The motivation of this paper was maximization of production output of copper wire for NSLLC which provided with their financial support and their machinery for this project and Also as Armenia has a lot of copper mines which are not processing the Copper very effectively this project may help the processing in Armenia for copper material So copper continuous casting technology features two different Technologies one is the downward casting technology while the other one is the upward casting technology Which we actually used for the project while the similarities between these projects are very a Lot of them There are severe differences between them for example downward casting technology uses secondary cooling and primary cooling and secondary cooling while upward casting technology uses only primary cooling Also downward casting technology is widely used for casting large diameter Metal billets while upward casting technology is only used for small diameter rods and tubes one Significant process which I would like to discuss is wire drawing process which involves reducing Copper rods from initial diameter of 8 millimeters to 1.78 millimeters or down to 0.3 millimeters This is one of the most significant reasons why we need optimization of the copper production process because Poor copper rod quality may affect the wire drawing process and the further processing may be impossible So here you can see the machinery used for the experimental part of this Research This is the casting machine and you can see the heat exchanger assembly here Which features a steel heat exchanger graphic mold which are used and the insulating cup Additionally, we use several other Components which I would like to mention we also used water chiller unit for cooling down the machine because the machine features an induction electromagnetic induction heating system and it requires cooling and as well also heat exchanger consumes the heat from the copper melt by the cooled water we also use silicon carbide crucibles graphite mold for 8 millimeter copper rod and we also use silicon carbide thermocouple as Conventional thermocouples do not withstand temperature of 1200 degrees Celsius and we use graph of graphite powder which is mainly used for copper melt degasing and prevention of copper oxidation so here are the out here is the outline of the Process so we start with the induction heating then we go on with the gazing process using the copper power or powder Then goes the copper casting and road winding So moving on to the casting parameters that we used for this experiment There are various parameters that affect this process such as the super heat modulus of copper melt the temperature of cooling water water flow rate and initial copper use for casting and So on but we will discuss only the casting parameters which refer to the withdrawal unit unit as this is the most Significant part in this process it consists of the casting speed which is the linear speed of casting the Road the pull distance which is the step of a single cycle Completed by the machine and the post time is the difference between two cycles We for accurate results We tried to make the cast samples as many as possible and for this reason we made ten casts and As you can see here the pull distance and interval time were Maintain constant for the first four samples while the casting speed was Changed for them and similar picture can be noticed from for the cast from five to ten So moving on to the results when we cast the copper rods without any We noticed that the color of the copper rods differed according to their parameters and I brought several copper rods to Make that more visual as you can see here I brought the cast number one five and seven and the differences between these rods are significant You can notice that there is Difference in their oxide layer one is thicker and the other one are not so significant So the other thing that we noticed the test number eight failed because of Insignificant insufficient cooling of the inside the mold because the interval time that we set of zero point one second was insufficient for the copper to see the solidify We used two methods for examining the copper specimen The first one was crystallography and the second method was three point bending a mechanical test to determine the Young's modulus x-ray diffraction test was mainly to Clarified to verify the FCC structure of copper lattice and the other goal was to find the average crystallite size for each specimen separately We can see here the x-ray diffraction patterns and as you can see here. We have five distinct peaks Each corresponding to FCC structure of copper lattice Additionally, we can't find any other peaks corresponding to any impurities or copper oxides inside the copper This means that the copper casts are where Solidified very Very good. So the next step was Estimating the crystallite size by Scherer's equation and the results were plotted according to Different changing parameters as you can see here There is a slight change in the crystallite size a negative correlation for the casting speed Well for the pull distance and then interval time make it make we can see that the correlation is mostly positive but due to a small amount of Specimen further investigations are required here The next step was the mechanical test setup as I mentioned earlier. We made a three-point bending test because we lacked a Machinery to complete a tensile testing so we used Young's modulus formula for three point bending and And the results were again plotted to find the correlation between the casting parameters and the Young's modulus here. We can see that Young's modulus versus casting speed is mostly linear So increasing casting speed also results in Young's modulus increase, which is not very good for a while drawing process Similar picture is for the pull distance while the difference is that the function is mostly logarithmic Here we can see that there is a Significant jump between the first and the second points and then we reach a certain plateau after which the parameters do not The Young's modulus do not change at all Similarly for interval time we get the Exponential decrease for all these pessimists tested here. You can see the cast number eight, which also failed and it was the most Hard material that we use and Then we go to an exponential decay and reach a plateau again as the other in the in the other case For each of the earlier mentioned graphs we describe the equation of Young's modulus using these functions and These functions are our main Objective functions that are going to be used for the constraint optimization later on Here you can see the daily output equation of the casting machine, which we derived. It depends on the pull distance interval time and casting speed here V stands for volume of cast copper rod per shift working shift and Here you can see our objective functions and constraints for the constraint with optimization problem The first one is the reciprocal of our Production output equation while F2 F3 and F4 correspond to each of the casting parameter equations that we derived earlier Here are constraints which we used where Corresponding to the range of the values that we changed for each of the parameters here is the interval time as you can see the Minimum point is 0.1 seconds, but as we know that as a 0.1 parameter failed to Work we changed the initial constraints to 0.3 seconds, which is more viable for Physical testing and also mean we maintain the Young's modulus below 270 mega Pascal's which is the appropriate value for while drawing process to take place so we also derived the Pareto front for the constraint optimization and The results that we plotted using MATLAB software were as follows the final casting parameters that would Result in maximum output while maintaining Young's modulus under 270 mega Pascal's our tool distance of 24 millimeters interval time of 0.35 seconds and Speed of 28.5 millimeters per second This will result in estimated daily output of 224 kilograms of copper rod daily with a single casting head, but since the machine our Features to casting that we can double the output and our estimated Daily output will be around 450 kilograms So these results were sent to the production manager for investigation and for more physical Results to be shown and it is considered as a my future work to Make sure that these parameters will help the while drawing process to be successful Here are my acknowledgements. I would like to thank my supervisor dr. Hatch actually coach Iran his Expertise in such fields such as material science and thermodynamics Were very sufficient for me to complete this project. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the NS LLC for providing their machinery and Financing me in this project as well as I would thank my friends Barton higher up a talent chemical physics institute which helped me with the XRD result test And I would also like to have thank our man also John who helped me with mechanical specimen preparation and Here are my references Thank you Before starting this project the company with whom you Collaborated for making provided the machinery and everything. What were the parameters that they use before me? I Guess well, it's a factory that operates and they have some parameters. Yes, actually. I'm working in this factory and this factory Assigned me to find suitable casting machinery for them and I found it I imported the machinery made the physical setup the electrical circuitry and After which I started working on the optimization of the production. So this was my Yes, yes About getting This really works in practical way Do you have any rough estimate on how much it would cost to produce a unit weight Well, the main goal was not to find the unit price but rather Maximizing the output because these copper rods which are used in cable manufacturing They are going through a lot of processes are almost like six processes to be processed further and It's not very Significant to calculate the price of the product to be processed Yes, it reduces unit price Where's it? Well, this machine is supposed to work 24 7 so it's the only way to maximize the


Hello and welcome ladies and gentlemen, my name is Philip Magnus and I am back with some more content for you to bear. Today's topic, Hades by Supergiant Games. Hades is a wellness way to becoming a masterpiece. There, I said it, and Supergiant Games better not make me eat my words come what may. I'm a relative newcomer to the genre of road light and any in-depth experience I can talk about comes from the dozen hours I've spent with Dead Cells since August of last year. As you can tell, that's far from an impressive number, no sir. The schedule won't permit me much more than that unfortunately so I would argue that I've become ten times the Dead Cells player than I was at the start of those dozen hours or so. In that particular game is certainly an experience that allows for vast improvements over an arguably small stretch of time. Some of the skills that Dead Cells taught me seem to be transferable as well, though it's entirely possible that Hades is also an easier game in one aspect or another or in all of them, who knows. Besides, the obvious difference in perspective hinders any attempt at comparison between the two games and at the end of the day this is not the idea of this video. What I intend with this is to share my optimism for a game that I think deserves a lot of attention. First off, Hades is in the Epic Games Store's Early Access programme. Good for it! I'm always happy to see someone take on the big V. Interesting choice popping up on that platform on the platform's launch day. It's the game that got me to check that whole store out in fact. And I bet I'm not the only one. It's a fact of life that Supergiant Games have built quite the following over the last eight years. Hades has to be the most gorgeous rogue light I've ever seen and I'm not going to count Hollow Knight because that's a metroidvania. And if anyone can think of another game in that genre that looks better, please let me know because I need that in my life. The art style is typically for Supergiant Games filled with vibrant, stunning colours and beautiful character design. Not only in models but also in the portraits of each character during conversation. A feature that's been lifted off straight from Supergiant's last game, Pyre. I made a video for it and you can watch it but at the end of the credits, let's say. Not all art in the game is currently final. In fact a lot that's in the game will be changed, balanced out, reworked, possibly even removed by the time Hades launches it later as a yet unspecified date this year. There's a certain number of characters, models, which use this particular artwork, which will be updated with proper models. Karen, Artemis, Sisyphus are but a few of those. But the sheer quality of the art as it currently is. Well, that's something you have rarely seen in a procedurally generated game. Something else rarely seen in this genre is the excellent storytelling and voice acting. We are Zagreus, son of Hades and of a certain absent goddess you'd be familiar with, if ever you have picked up a copy of the Greek mythology in your local library or bookstore and your soul Michelin Despale and Gloomy Life is to, you guessed it, escape from the underworld. To do so you will have to get out from the ridiculous maze kingdom of your dads, cutting through the souls of the desperate, the greedy, the gluttonous and the cursed. Facing down furies, hydras and Olympus knows what else by the time the game comes out. The good news is Zagreus has a lot of friends in Hades' court and even better, Nick's his mother figure for lack of another, has sent word to Olympus and all the gods, your uncles, cousins, aunts and so on and so forth, send their blessings in regards. Picking up a blessing fulfills a dual function of communicating with the god who does the blessing, that being Zeus, Ares, Athena, Artemis, Aphrodite, so far I think, more will be added later if I'm not mistaken and the blessings also give you a very real in-game upgrade to one of your skills. The skills in question depend entirely on the weapon you have got equipped and the current build of the game has four weapons to pick from. A sword, a bow, a spear and arguably my favorite, a shield with which you can dash forwards after charging, with which you can bash enemies into walls and with which you can throw in a Captain America fashion style, having it bounce between several opponents and then return to Zagreus' hand. I also loved using the spear, I have to admit, but survival with the shield might be a slightly bit easier than it was with the spear. Wanting the weapon equipped does not change is the cast, i.e. your right mouse button ability, a projectile attack, that can be upgraded by a particular Zeus blessing to become a deadly Thunderbolt. If you have that upgrade, life is a beautiful thing, my friends. Wanting Hades so far, Lux, is a way to make the game considerably harder. There is currently no equivalent to the altars from Bastion or Star Signs from Pyre. Maybe the game doesn't need them, it is a road light after all, but I'm sure that for those of us who really enjoy that extra challenge, this might be an inclusion that supergiant games might want to look into. And did I mention the music? The music is, there's no way around it and no question about it, magnificent. Darren Corb continues to outdo himself, yes he's back, of course, it's a supergiant game.  I'm just exceptionally excited about it, unfortunately so far, Ashley Barris has not made an appearance in her usual vocal capacity, but I really truly hope that the two of them will release something later on with one of the coming major updates. The current build of the game has two distinct sections, Hades proper and Acheron, the river of fire, pain and what have you. Obviously I've spent a good deal more time in Hades proper, but Acheron has its own enemy types, all of whom, hit harder, are quite nasty and will send the prince of the underworld back to daddy at the very first opportunity and they will do it with gusto. Skeletons, blue pulsing crystals, snake lads who will spit loads of deadly orbs at you and I do mean loads and several others. The final boss in the current build of the game is one I have not yet managed to vanquish, so I've come quite close, a very horrible, no good, bad hydra. Watch it murder me for a second there. See, nothing quite like it to stroke the ego and then slap it around until it stops moving. The enemy variety isn't too great yet, but with the next major patch hitting the game just 2-3 days from the date of writing and recording this, I imagine there'll be quite a few new additions. Oh, and the folk suit super-junk games seem pretty intense and adding a lot of content on the regular, their eyes even say it's monthly basis. Hey, this has got a lot going for it and if you're into really, really good early access games which don't feel like early access at all in many aspects, you might want to check it out. It's on the Epic Store for about €15 if memory serves. But anyway, thank you guys for watching, this was a lot of fun. I have not had the time to make many videos, university is tough and so is writing and so is reading and so is reviewing books, bookness.eu, check it out. I review for those guys, lovely guys, but anyway, again, thank you for watching. I will see you next time. Bye!