So, I'm going to talk about cash crop yield gap reduction strategies. So in other words, strategies to reduce the yield lag that we normally see for corn planted behind cereal, which is the most common cover crop. And so, I'm going to talk from the perspective of conventional agriculture, but then make things that are applicable to organic systems. So overall principles, things that we're trying to get accomplished on farms is sustainably intensified agriculture, right, which then falsifies the principles of, number one, maximizing production and profit, number two, maximizing nutrient use efficiency, and three, minimizing environmental degradation. And that's something that's applicable to both conventional or organic cropping systems. These are good principles to manage by, right? So when you think about cover crops in the Midwest, on the North Central region, cereal rice king, right, and it's kind of like cover crops that anybody can use, right? You throw it out there late, it grows. You throw it out early, it definitely grows. You plant in the spring, it'll grow, right? And so, very good with nitrogen loss reduction, very good with that, I would say also phosphorus. Very good in photosynthetic carbon capture, right? As we were thinking about this emerging carbon market, and its original function that is known for is good ground cover you see here, an armor to reduce the impact of rain droplets that then detach soil particles and generate surface runoff, okay? So on a, let's see, okay, you can see that. On a plot scale, when you think about water quality, I did a study in Central Illinois, and we looked at what's the impact of cover crop, of cover crops, cereal rice dominated cover crop mixture on nitrate loss via tile drainage. When you apply the nitrogen in the fall versus applying it in the spring, right? We know that it's better to apply the nitrogen in the spring because you're actually applying it closer to when the plant has the highest demand for it, right? But then we also see that when we were doing this study, about 50% of farmers are still applying nitrogen in the fall. So we wanted to see, if I add cover crops to the system, what would that do to fall or spring applied nitrogen? And what we found was that fall and spring were not significantly different from each other, but we got a 46 to 49% reduction over time in cumulative nitrate load via tile drainage when you added cover crops, despite when you applied it, right? And so this was on a plot scale. So then we then got funding to look at this thing, cover crop impact on a watershed scale. And basically we found two large watersheds in central Illinois. We cover crop 50% of one of them, right? And so that's the green. And then the non-cover crop watershed is the non-cover crop. So we pay for cover crops in the green. We pay people not to cover crop in the black, right? So that we can keep it as a solid control. We looked at that over time, okay, we're about in seven years running. When we start out, we didn't see an effect of the cover crop on water quality, right? And so the thought is maybe residual or legacy nitrogen effect is overcoming the cover crop effect. And then as you cover crop consecutively on the same acres over time, all of a sudden you start seeing some separation where we see lower concentrations for cover crop watershed relative to the non-cover crop watershed. If you took an average of the percent reduction of nitrate load over time, it's about 30 to 35%, okay? And this is when we cover crop only 50% of that watershed. So it's not full coverage, not going to apply scale. When you think about phosphorus, right? This is what it looks like in that watershed from surface flow. It's a grass waterway between two real crop fields. And it's a lot of sediment and phosphorus here. So does cover crop effect this water quality? We looked at subsurface, what about surface, right? And so we were thinking about that. And the idea is to figure out is all cover crop species created equal relative to the ability to interact with phosphorus. So we looked at basically different treatments. So we had a control that had received no cover crops over a nine-year period, radish oats over a nine-year period consecutively, cereal rye over a nine-year period, and then annual rye. We looked at two different depths, zero to four, I mean, zero to two centimeters, and then two to four centimeters, right? You're thinking centimeters. Yeah, that's right, right? The impact, what we call the runoff zone, the zone of soil or the depth of soil that really impacts the concentration of phosphorus in surface runoff is about where we see about four centimeters. And so we took samples at those depths where we had consecutive adoption of these cover crops over a nine-year period. We saw no significant difference at the two to four centimeter depth in the ability of the cover crop to reduce phosphorus desorption. But then when you come to the zero to two centimeter depth, the surface, more surface depth, we see that if you had radish oats planted right over a nine-year period, that soil is more likely to give up phosphorus similar to the control. When you plant cereal rye, you significantly reduce relative to radish oats. When you plant annual rye, you significantly reduce compared to cereal rye, and definitely significantly different from these two. That's the control and radish oats. One explanation for annual rye being so effective is its rooting system. And so it assimilates phosphorus into its structure but puts it below the runoff zone, right, causing it to be a lower concentration of phosphorus that the runoff interacts with at the surface. So water quality check. We're doing a decent job there. But sustainable intensive rye agriculture has to include maximizing profit and production, right? So you can't have this without both of these being solid on farm. So when we go back to cereal rye at work hours, this is what we normally see. At least when I do the stays, right? And then when I looked at all of my colleagues in the Midwest, we did a meta-analysis and we see the same thing. We see about a 7% reduction in yield for cereal rye following corn, right? Now, that's on average. There's some farmers who figured it out somehow, and they can plant corn behind cereal rye and be okay, right? But on average, you're looking at a yield reduction. Then we begin to investigate why and when. What is happening? And so we did nitrogen uptake analysis on the corn, above-ground biomass, and we did that at different growth stages from V6 to R6. We found that at about V12, that's when you start seeing a separation or a reduction or a deficiency in nitrogen uptake for corn in cereal rye residue versus the control. When you extrapolate all the way out to R6, right, when that plant shuts down, right, and starts to brown up and so forth, stops taking up nutrients, you're talking about a 60 pound per acre deficiency that you have to manage for, right? Again, this is in conventional ag setting, and I'll get to. And so then we got funding to do a nitrogen tracking study. So we fed nitrogen to the cereal rye, we terminated the cereal rye, tracked it into the soil, we planted corn and soybean, and tracked it into the corn and soybean at different growth stages from V5 to harvest. And then we found that about 9% to 10% of what the cereal rye took up, right, in the above ground biomass, actually is used by the subsequent crop. So that means, let's just use 10. So if that cereal rye that you plant took up 40 pounds, your corn that you plant afterwards is only gonna see four pounds. So cereal rye is very stingy. And that's what's relating to here and here, right? All of this relates. These, all of these three are field studies. So cereal rye is good environmentally, but it might cause you to have to apply more nitrogen, right? To actually get the same yield. And it's like, do we wanna do that? We're kind of like a negative trade off there. So basically, I put together this cartoon to kind of help people understand this. This black line above it means nitrogen is available, below it, nitrogen is lost. So knowing cover crop situation, 72% of that nitrogen is in the soil, available above ground, right, in the soil. And then 28% is lost through the tile when you don't have a cover crop present. You add a cover crop to the system like cereal rye, it assimilates a large portion of the available nitrogen in the soil. And thus, you have a reduction in nitrogen lost through the tile drainage. Great, right? And then the theory is, and we would hope that a lot of this green, by the time we plant the corn turns brown, it gives the nitrogen back and it looks like this. But actually what happens is, you might as well put this green below the line. It's just as unavailable as the loss from the tile drain because you're only getting 10% back from where it took up. So it leaves you with a 40 to 60 pound challenge that you have to manage for to make the playing ground even in order to plant your corn, okay? And so that brought my group to the start of, we need next generation management that kind of helps us to elucidate and to increase our efficiency in nitrogen uptake for that corn because to plant cover crops and feel good about it and lose yield is just not sustainable. You can't call that sustainable. So we start looking at different practices. And I'm gonna talk about two today, but we look, now research, you might see other publications from our group where we're looking at in rate and in timing, okay? We're looking at with colleagues planting settings, right? How does different planting closing wheels affect our population? Because a lot of times we lose yield and it might not be nutrient related. It may be just you got interference from the residue causing you to have a lower population and you lost yield when you planted, right? In a high resident system. So then we're gonna talk about today, precision planted cover crops. You heard some from one of my colleagues, collaborators early this morning on that. And then we're gonna talk about the inclusion of overwintering legumes, okay? Could we use this legume to get some nitrogen fix from the atmosphere that then offsets what we need as fertilizer? And this is what we're looking for. So this is a small preliminary study that was done by one of my students. He basically, we had a Balanza clover stand and at planting he went in and collected samples at zero to five centimeters. And then we went back to the lab and put them in the incubator and said let's destructively sample over time and measure nitrogen mineralization. And lo and behold, what do we see? We have a control, we have a CRI, we have Balanza clover, right? Soil from those treatments, three replications from each dot that you see. And over time, as we simulate the growing degree days from emergence all the way to R6, we see that the Balanza clover is separated. So this is a mineralization, right? Of roots basically, because we took everything below ground of roots from the Balanza clover adding to the available pool of nitrogen that the corn can tap into. And so this is the kind of action that we wanna see, but this is an incubator. Does that translate to the actual field? Okay? And so we got funded, Amir and I, along with Andrew Manganot by Sarah and it's also funded by NREC. And we're looking at precision planning cover crops to improve profitability and environmental stewardship. Okay? And we have farms across the state, two states, Illinois and Indiana. And we're gonna see some data from both. So this is our study framework. We have three, our treatments are made up of three main factors. The first is cover crop species. So Balanza clover that overwent through legume. We're trying to find an alternative to that theory, right? Conventional or precision planted? You heard about this this morning. Precision planted is, we thought about what if we plant the cover crops in precise strips across the field and then leaving a row for corn to be planted in the spring using RTK guidance, right? Depending on what type of drill you have and the spacing you can get two or three rows of cover crops in between those 30 inch rows where the corn would go. What are you getting? None intersecting growing zones for corn and cover crops so you can kind of reduce some of that carbon penalty and nitrogen tie up possibly, right? You're getting less seed rate because you're only covering 50% or so, 30 to 50% of the area. And you're possibly increasing the soil tilt where you are growing, where you have to come and plant your corn. So you don't have the residue cover. It warms up fast, it dries out, right? And you kind of like get the same kind of action as if it was tilled, okay? So it's kind of like we're tilling without tilling, right? Then the last factor is whether we use a full rate or reduced rate of seeding. It's kind of determined how much seed do we really need? We treated each system, we treated each treatment like a system. So we didn't want the cereal right to get above 2,500 pound breaker of biomass and we didn't want the, well, we let the balansas go to get good growth because we want to fix as much nitrogen as possible. So these are not good pictures, well, especially with the light shining on it, but one thing that you can see is then you got to be patient. This is in Central Illinois, Champaign County, okay? You come out there after planting cover crops in December, you have basically nothing there, right? Then March, then April, then here's April, and then April 29th. You see the significant growth in the month of April, okay? What's in the cover crop biomass? What was the performance? So here's biomass on this vertical axis and then the two treatments, balanza clover, cereal right, and then we have full versus reduced rate, right? And then the blue is precision, full and reduced rates. So more of the story when it comes to balanza clover, we got right at let's say 1,200 pounds breaker of biomass, whether you planted full or reduced rate, it didn't matter. So with 50% to 75% less cover crops planted, right? You really didn't see a difference in the biomass. So that means you can get away with less seed, right? And get the same biomass, that's a pocket saver. With cereal right, you saw the same trend. Cereal right actually had greater biomass because it was more cold tolerant in Central Illinois. And so you had a biomass range of let's say 2,700 kilograms per hectare, but no significant difference as it relates to full or reduced rate or conventional or precision planted. So in the same manner you can get away with, you had less competition with 75% less seeding rate so you got more biomass, that makes sense, okay? Same trend for nitrogen uptake, on average, there was no difference across treatments, but on average you had about 30 pounds per acre in balanza clover, remember that, that's in Central Illinois, okay? I mean for cereal right, no treatment differences but about 50 pounds, 50, 55 pounds per acre on average, no treatment difference, okay? So this is significantly different, not within cover crop species, but when you compare the two, the seeded in ratio, which is really important to you all, right? Because that is the indicator of how fast the residue breaks down after it's terminated, okay? However you terminate it. And so balanza clover at about 10 to 11, so carbon to nitrogen ratio versus cereal right at about let's say 19 or 18 to 19, significantly different and this is, you ever wonder why corn stalks hang around longer than soybean is the difference in the seeding in ratio? Corn stalks being about 60 to one, soybean being about 19 to 21 to one. Lower seeding in ratio, faster decomposition. Faster decomposition, more release of nutrients, right? So this is what it looks like May 14th when we planted green into the balanza clover, okay? And so you're probably used to looking at fields like that and planting into it, right? The question is, is that profitable? Are we gonna get anything out of that, right? And so here's what we found with yields. It's a little messy because we had some things that happened to us that year that we couldn't control like voles, we had a lot of vol damage because when you get that canopy, that is a habitat that could become a habitat. And this is cyclical, the impact. But one of the things I wanna just point out, so here's the no cover crop control. This is, excuse me, the system without cover crops. This is the conventional system that we normally would do. Syri, full with drill, right? Trastic difference. When you think about balanza clover except for this one and this treatment, they're not significantly different from the no cover crop control. And then look at this yield relative to this yield, which you would do. That's the difference. So to me, if this was our gap, we are really closing the gap by just selecting another cover crop species that has a low seeding ratio to go before the corn. Even though it only had about 40 pounds per acre of nitrogen within it, but because of its low seeding ratio, it decomp fast. And I believe that if we wouldn't have had other problems where lower population and so forth, and that's management, we probably, most of these balanza clovers will be on this side and most of the syri will be on that side. So it kind of tells me that's potential that we need to rotate the cover crop before the cash crop. Put a low seeding ratio legume that fix nitrogen, grows nitrogen and releases fast before corn and put before your soybeans something that has a higher, heavier seeding ratio that hangs around longer, right? So that was in Central Illinois. We did a similar study in Southern Indiana, where you know about the difference, right? Warmer in the south, right? So if you live in Southern Illinois, you're gonna like this a lot. And so basically we had different cover crop species, different planting methods. Then we went from zero to 250 pounds per acre of nitrogen. We treated each like a system. We had the precision planted also, right? And again, now look at the difference. You can expect more nitrogen in this biomass but also more carbon, right? And so patience, patience. So in December, we're here. April, we're here. In the month of April, look at that. Look at this difference, right? So I heard some questions this morning about weeds. They're there. They're there. But then you can see by the 15th of April, you're starting up about the form of canopy. And then here, you're dominantly outpacing the weeds except for a couple of dense spots. By the time we got to May 15th, this is what we looked like. How much biomass is this? You think? Let's see. Let's, 6,000 pounds per acre? Close. Very close. Very good guess. You might've heard me talk before.   This is what we're getting below ground. What is this? Root nitrogen. That's where the bacteria is infecting the root and capturing nitrogen from the atmosphere. I mean from the soil air, which that means from the atmosphere. There are worms there, right? So you got a good system going here. The question is, is can we convert the nitrogen from this system into the corn to get greater yield, right? Especially at low nitrogen rates, which is applicable to your systems. So this is 2021, okay? So yeah, we got on average 45, let's say 45, 60 pounds per acre. In that was almost 2,000 pounds per acre of carbon. Okay? For the cereal ride, let's say 2,400 pounds per acre with about 960 pounds break of carbon. Again, whether you're a precision plant or a conventional, it didn't matter across any other species, but we did see in the southern part of the state, of southern Indiana, right? We did see greater balance of cover growth relative to cereal ride, but in central Illinois it was the reverse. So where you are is really important and it's gonna affect your management. We'll talk about that later. We're talking about 118 pounds per acre of nitrogen in that biomass. That's just above ground. We haven't quantified what's in the roots. CDN ratio 10, meaning that it's gonna turn over fast. Cereal ride, we're looking at 45 pounds, which was equal to what we had in central Illinois. Cereal ride is very stable. That's why it's the workhorse. No matter where you plant it at, it's gonna perform similarly. But it has a CDN ratio of 23. It's gonna return slower. So can we get some translation from this nitrogen into the corn? This is what it looks like when we planted green, okay? That's way worse than when we looked at in central Illinois. It's scarier for some people. It was scarier for me. And so we took some drone footage to kind of capture this because we wanted to know what was the impact of that? Does this have an impact on our corn yield? Because we know we have the nitrogen in the biomass, but could we get it out? All right, on this axis, we have the nitrogen we added to the system. This is what's relevant to you, right? All of it is, but here's zero nitrogen. Here are the cereal ride treatments. No difference in precision versus conventional, okay? Slight difference, not significant. Here is the Balanza clover, here's the control. These three are not different from each other, but this is almost, that has to be at least 50, 60 bushels per acre greater just by choosing Balanza clover relative to cereal. And it's making you not significant different, significantly different from the control. That difference stayed there. It persist all the way up to about 100 pounds per acre. Cereal ride didn't catch up until you added 150 pounds per acre, but this ended up being the MRTN for the control and the Balanza clover treatments. We didn't have enough nitrogen to get there for the cereal ride treatment, right? One thing to think about, almost 200 were close to, well between like 170 bushels with only 100 pounds of nitrogen, but no separation between the Balanza clover and the control. And I think that this is because we had stink bugs, we had lower harvestable ears because we were not able to get seed to soil contact so we lost some population, right? But these are things that farmers can fix. What we're looking for is, do we have greater potential for more competitive yields when we change the cover crop species before the corn? And we do see that potential, okay? Glyphosate and 24D. Okay, you sprayed it. Yes. No, no, but you could, there are those who do. Okay. Yes. It was a hollow stem. Yeah, very likely. Yes. And you let it get into its reproductive stage, you crimp it, it'll lay down nicely. And you got to plant the clover wheel. And you have to plant in the same direction that you crimp or else you're gonna have a mess. Okay. So you crimp it and lay it down like this and you plant that direction. Yeah. 2022, 5,000 pounds break of biomass, right? For Syria right, 2,700 or so, okay? 156 pounds break of nitrogen in the above ground biomass. We got it again, second year in a row. But this is in Southern with more heat units. City in ratio a little higher, but not bad. 13 versus 10. And a lower city in ratio for the Syria with more nitrogen there, 18 versus 23. But the trend is the same. We decided to plant brown green instead of green. You can see the difference here, right? You can see the difference. And we think that made a difference because now at zero end, we have clear separation between the belanza clover and the control. This is what we expected in the first place. Cause if you have over a hundred pounds of nitrogen in the above ground biomass, you expect some nice transfer, right? But we didn't see it because we didn't start the decomp cycle fast enough before we planted. And I think that that's making a difference. We also, when we planted brown, I'm not showing it, had no significantly significant difference or no difference in corn population. So planting brown, green, or into decomposing residue rather than green slippery slimy residue, right? We got better population. Off the bat, we were gonna do better with yield because we got more plants out the ground. You could terminate the clover. About two weeks before, yeah. So we were real conservative in the second year cause we didn't want to run into- No tilt, no tilt. No tilt, right into it. So you can see separation. Now this year, precision planted did better than conventional for cereal, right? And then it was not significantly different from the control, which is also a significant finding, okay? And my colleague found that several places that he studies. And then the Belanza clover was significantly different from these three. And we see that persist all the way up to 200 pounds. Again, MRTN for all the Belanza clover treatment was at about 150 pounds breaker. That's the second time, two years in a row. And then the no cover control and then precision cereal, right? Was that about 200 pounds? And then the conventional planted cereal, right? Was that 250? Now that's a 100 pound difference. And that's what you needed to get at the same year. This is the 50 pound difference. If you consider the cost of the Belanza clover, right? Which is about $3 a soul per pound. Let's say we applied 2.5, but let's just make it either we apply three pounds, right? So this is $9 in something, plus another 10 to terminate it. So you're talking about let's say $20 per acre for the management. What's the price per pound of nitrogen? You probably don't know it for in organic. It's a dollar. So we have a 50 pound saving. And to get there, we use 20 pounds. Everybody's doing the math? The cover crop paid for itself and put something else on your table. In this case, in this situation at this field in Southern Illinois. What do we need to do to be better in Northern, right? We gotta start looking at early maturing soybean. We also can look at can we come behind if you have any wheat ground? You come behind wheat, right? And you can get that good growth from that clover. If you started early, it'll grow. And that's what we are experimenting. We're also looking at like, a pristine clover to see if we can come in and march. And then be patient and maybe plant first of May to see if we can get at least 100, let's say 80 pounds of nitrogen in the above ground bottom. I think if we get that, we may see similar situation. So we're trying to be really creative to figure out how can we apply less and get the same or greater yield. In this carbon sustainably produced good climate, you also need to think about your system CI, carbon intensity score. The lower your intensity score, your grain may qualify for other markets that gives you a premium on your bushel. When you apply less fertilizer, what happens to your N2O emission? It goes down. What happens to your leech and it goes down. Now one of the questions we have not fully explored but we are funded to explore Amir and I is what happens when we add Balanza clover to the system? What happens to towel drain nitrate? We're not there yet. Next year we'll have some later, right? So to conclude, you can add 50% lower seeding rate and get the same performance from the cover crop. Balanza clover generated about an average 130 pounds per acre of nitrogen within the biomass. It could function as a nitrogen credit, depending on your residue management. Or you're gonna plant green, plant brown. That's your decision. Weather kind of makes that decision for a lot of us. Balanza clover MRTN for both years, about 150 pounds per acre to get to the same year as the non cover crop control. And that's about 100 pounds less than CERI, okay? It's about 50 pounds less than the control in one of two years. In conclusion, I think that we need to think about these overwintering legumes and this is from genetics. They've been genetically modified to stand cold. But we still have some adaptive management leverage we need to pull in order to get them to perform in all of the altitudes of the state. And so I stopped there and entertained discussion if there's time.


Okay, we're live. So hey everyone, welcome to another product school talk. I'm Cassandra from product school Just to make sure that you guys can see and hear me. Okay. Let's do a quick test here So what I'd like you to do is go ahead and type in Book in the comment section and we'll send you a free copy of the product book So if you guys once you type that in I'll know that you guys could see us Awesome, so it looks like we're good Well, as many of you know, we teach product management coding and data at now 14 campuses We reach recently launched Eight new campuses in Seattle, Boston, Chicago Denver, Boulder, Austin and Toronto and London So we're really excited about that Today's speaker is going to share some insights from his experience as Being a software engineer and moving into products management. So I'd like to welcome Joey Leah Hi, Joey. Thanks for being here with us today. Hey, Cassandra. Thanks for introducing me. Hey guys, how's it going? So Joey is a senior advisor of product management at Dell EMC and he's the leader the leader in cloud Infrastructure and data storage. So I know you have a presentation Set up for us today. So I'll give you a couple seconds to share that sure Awesome, and everyone while he's doing that just a reminder We're gonna take some questions following his presentation. So feel free to type them in the comments and we'll get to them right after And everybody see the presentation Yep, it looks great. The floor is yours So hey guys, I know you guys might be coming from a variety of different backgrounds This presentation is more specific to If you're an engineer who is looking to transition into product management Or our recent PM who came from engine engineering background and are finding some challenges Really going in your first years in a PM gig I want to leave you guys with some actionable advice at the end for Tips of how I transitioned how you could make a transition and we'll mostly talk through You know my journey and how I can relate to what you're trying to do about myself. So I work at EMC corporation now Dell EMC and I've actually spent about nine to ten years at EMC a very long career path Here I started as an engineer. I wrote Python scripts. I worked on test automation and overall, you know, I was a very Rookie person at the time, but I grew my career to Different opportunities that became team lead and at some point I actually transitioned as the lead product manager for the same product. I started on as an engineer Six years an engineer four years as a product manager. I helped build and release four or five four to four versions as an engineer and Four different releases of the product as a product manager and this this product was a very Mature product at the time. It was about ten years in operation a very large healthy customer base a lot of revenues So the the one crazy aspect of it was I inherited a lot of revenues to manage As I transitioned into the lead product management role And it certainly helps you learn a lot of different things about what you're not what you are good at and Subsequently things you're not so great at and I want to help you as an engineering As an engineer, I want to help you fill those gaps Fill those find the strengths find your weaknesses and how you can position yourself to land into a product management role Now fortunately the path to product management is there's a lot of different ways And that's that's a really a great thing. So it's a multifaceted role There's not any one direct path that's going to work for anybody into a role And there are different options and that's really great If that's if your career goal is to get into product management, it's great that you have a lot of options Now what I would expect from most people is if you're you're in an engineer role today You're probably looking for that jump start to get straight into product management And while I'll say it's not impossible. It can be tricky and it can be a little bit difficult Depending on your skill gap. So some some folks usually find a stepping stone Opportunity or role or some kind of educational Effort to really fill in the gap of how to become a product manager. So for me personally, for example I was an engineer I was promoted to team lead of this of the same team that I was working on so my peers became my direct reports I personally did want to do an MBA program I wanted to get the get a formal education and business network with the I went to UCLA. So I wanted to formally network in the UCLA community But it is a lot of time and money to do an MBA So if you're thinking about an MBA for product management, you do want to think about it Very carefully. There's a lot of opportunity costs with doing an MBA program At the second year of my MBA, I did formally transition into product management And so you can kind of see here It's a little bit of a windy road and it can be a long one for yourself So my advice for you if you're all is thinking about different paths to product management Find a path that you're going to be happy with each step of the way You do need to find job satisfaction in each of these steps As you're going to find it very very difficult Especially if your end goal is product management and you're finding yourself You're not able to really get to that point presentation for us Oh, there you go So the first thing I would like you guys to kind of As a starting point if you're starting fresh and you're thinking about product management You'll want to know and be able to do an elevator pitch An elevator pitch is a 60 second or less pitch about why you want to do something And you're going to be generally doing a lot of this in product management You need to be able to pitch your ideas pitch your recommendations And you're going to need to do it in a short amount of time because most of your audiences are executives In this case having a pitch for why you want to move to product to product management Is going to be a really good way to test and flex those skills Here are some examples of some qualities that I believe are going to be pretty relevant for you And don't be discouraged if you don't have these qualities It takes time to really build them build these out realistically especially coming Personally for myself coming from engineering background If you want to take initiative you find problems you see problems and you actually do something about them That's going to be a great quality you can take forward Because as a product manager, you're you're you're not given any formal authority You do have the title manager in your title, but you don't people manage anybody unless you're a director, of course But you formally won't have any authority to tell people what to do You'll actually have to accomplish your job in your role Through others Everything that you do requires someone else's help for that reason You're going to need to take initiatives to find problems that others Are going to have to help you with engineering teams sales teams executive teams Everybody is part of your team and it's going to require a bit of initiative to actually motivate them Another thing is it the way you look at the world Is it That you're proud of the products you're using and technology is you're using and you like talking about technology You know very common attributes for for engineering folk Um, but for product manager the the real attitude and and passion you should have is for your customer Be customer first the technology is only as useful as it is as it drives value for a customer's problem Some of their needs It's really important to not lose sight of focus that your role is to gain insight about customers and problems that they're having And bringing great technologies that can solve those problems Um, I talked about this a little bit before but being diplomatic is extremely important Um, if you're the top engineer You and you're thinking about product management because it is a likely it is a logical career path Forward for a lot of top engineers You might be considered the smartest guy in the room But being the smartest guy in the room Is an advantage in some cases and a disadvantage because you might be tempted to Over oh, you think you know everything about the market But the reality is you don't know everything about the market and that's why we have things like disruptive innovations. These are new Uh technologies and new challenges that are presented to you Um, and and as a product manager you'll need to research them So it's really important to be diplomatic and seek advice seek help seek um information from Any and every source you can about your customer about your market and you need to be very diplomatic to do that A couple reasons which I say I've found from talking to a few engineers, which they're legitimate But they're not the best reasons to move into product management Um, the first one being you you see it as a as an opportunity for career advancement It's okay to be To seek out career advancement by any means you want to grow your career as a as an individual and um seeking a career ladder opportunity is okay, but it's not a great reason and here's why PMS again, you have your you're in you're the glue you're the glue between a lot of different teams and You have to accomplish your objectives through others Which means you might need to put others needs ahead of your own personal needs to to accomplish What's best for the business in some ways? So and if you have an attitude that's that's really Maybe aggressive or You're looking for the best of everything you're the best as an individual contributor, which personally for me I found failure very difficult. I was always succeeding in my engineer role Always being you know respected and recommended by my my my manager But as I came into the park manager role, I found That you're going to fail a lot because that's how you learn as a park manager It's such a multifaceted role and you can't be great at everything And when you when you start having your first Slip and you're going to have it, you know, you have to kind of encounter failure and see it as an opportunity for learning and not You know dwell on it It's going to be challenging for you and and people who are very career-minded are not used to that level of challenge The other aspect is if you're a technologist and you're building patents, that's great But if you're looking at product management as a way to promote your technology not necessarily And but it may or may not come with a lot of customer value It's going to be very very hard for for you Don't get me wrong the the amount of patents and technologies out there are have lots of great potential But a lot of businesses don't have the the resources necessarily to afford large research projects So google's moonshots, for example, many of these are long-term research projects for high disruptive innovation It's great for a company like google has a lot of money and resources But for a vast majority of companies, they're usually restricted by time money people and resources And for that reason, you need to make very educated guesses about what's the right path Forward for the company and for someone who has a lot of technologies that they want to self promote Is is not necessarily the best decision for the business Um, so what what would a business value engineer and here here are what I found as key strengths That I was able to leverage over others who were seeking product management roles as an engineer you'll likely have You'll have an advantage with Understanding your domain really well understanding maybe your product really well or technology pitfalls If you haven't heard of this concept already what I have shown here is something called crossing the chasm It's essentially a technology adoption curve that showcases at what point in the market is a certain technology What growth level it is what maturity level it is an example I use is cryptocurrency a lot of people are buying into cryptocurrency right now So it's probably in the early majority stages Since the price of bitcoin is still rapidly rising It's probably in the early majority right now a lot of people are trying to get into this space get into this market And it's a great growing. It's very healthy and it has no sign of slowing down Which you see here in the the later majority side Um, but the key here was that crypto coin was not easy to acquire Right only the innovators the early adopters knew how to acquire bitcoin, but companies like Coinbase have Uh cracked the equation they've they know how to easily bring the purchasing of bitcoin to a common end user What we call the pragmatist But there there's a point in time for every technology every product Where they face a very difficult challenge to get over what's called the chasm Chasm is a very large gap between early adoption of technology enthusiasts and real users And that gap is where most products fail They fail to find a niche They fail to take their niches outside of their niche to a mass majority market And that's called crossing the chasm the reason understanding the technology is really important Is because you are going to understand possible risks and pitfalls that your technology could run into So in the example of cryptocurrency, you know, one of the technology gaps is really it kind of takes a geek to figure out how to how to purchase cryptocurrency and really understanding that point Is that we need to invest in a very simple iOS interface that says one click of a button that can buy bitcoin that was the key for them coinbase for example to cross the chasm And sometimes it only takes a technologist to understand that what it takes to make something as easy as a click of a button And you're going to have that advantage to you as an engineer So my presentation keeps on freezing up, but hopefully that won't stop us So then the next point I had uh, the slide's not moving But the next point that I did have was that as an engineer and especially if you are transitioning into Um within the same company within the same product line You're likely going to have a network of people and since you are the glue for the company Um, it is going to be beneficial for you to Really have the the the network of the community and the network of people to Work with so you'll have the respect of your engineering teams You'll have respect from your colleagues and you're going to be coming into the role really looking at With with a lot of credibility and if you're moving to a different company Credibility is the really the toughest thing you're going to have to earn and respect from your your peers and colleagues Um, are we still on because I think it seems frozen to me Yeah, we're still on and we can My whole screen is actually frozen at the web web screen is frozen up. So it's drawing me off a little bit So but you guys can still hear me. It sounds like we can still hear you. Okay. Um, if you want to do a quick refresh We can try that Yeah It's it's it's not going to come back. I'm I can tell okay. You guys see the desktop still at least No, I don't see the desktop. I'm still seeing the understand technology pitfalls and risks slide Okay It's not going to move off this slide. So I think we should just Uh, oh, oh, there we go. It's moving. Okay Sorry about that guys technology difficulties Thanks everyone for your patience something to take away from uh doing demos as a product manager You never know what's going to happen in in a production environment things are going to break on you Exactly with that as as you're presenting um So one of the things I want you guys to look for about pitfalls as an engineer and For myself, these were these were biases that kind of happened to me in my first year as an engineer Um, so this is very relevant for you for the for those of you who are in the first year of product management And have recently transitioned from engineering to p.m um You may be very tempted to do engineering's job you as a p.m. You need to state the what what's the problem And why you know, why are we trying to solve this business problem? It has a lot of potential for customer adoption. It has a lot of potential for revenue But you need to avoid describing the how you shouldn't write a requirement that says Build an api for xyz function because we needed to serve this market You know that that's not a great requirement great requirement says this customer has this problem And here's why why they have this problem. They're they're facing a lot of difficulty You know using some function of your product. That's a very good requirement Um, the other thing that you you might be tempted to do is you might be tempted to shoot down ideas you think or know Cannot make time to market if especially if you're coming from the the product that you were working on You know it very deeply. Yeah, it's from from an architectural and in code perspective And you may be tempted to shoot down ideas from your prospects that say Very radical ideas in some of the cases you might be tempted to do that But that's not your role as a product manager. Your role is to present challenges and needs and sometimes Customers can't tell you what they want. You have to kind of figure out based on things that they're saying um what what they need and You might be tempted to really shoot down those Ideas because they seem out of reach for your product But it's really up to your engineering team to make those calls They need to tell you if something is unachievable too much effort Uh too much risk technically Those those decision points need to come from your engineering teams Um the other aspect of it is You you do need to look at um who who you're working with So at engineers engineering managers, um You may have good relationships with them, but you may be spending a lot of time with them All right, they're not necessarily the folks that you you should be spending all of your time with to get your job done The majority of your time should be spent with customers with prospects and getting feedback about improving your product or or market opportunities And as an engineer, you're you might stay in your comfort zone Which is working with engineers and that's that's great. You're going to be spending a lot of time with engineers But you cannot spend any uh one time in one area because it will not be effective for you to um Work too much internally because you're not out there learning about the market right Um Sorry the screen screen froze again Uh, I want to take away the last couple of points of how you guys can make an effective transition Um, which is really you got to know your strengths and your weaknesses And just like when you're thinking about a product You should think of yourself as a product Know what you're good at know what you need some work and what are your gaps map those out And it'll help you craft a course for how you should be approaching Filling the gaps for product management Um, I always tell people there's a chicken and an egg problem You can't you in order to become a product manager. You kind of need some of those skills And it's very common for PM roles to seek out people who've already been PMs Um, so those those opportunities to break in are kind of difficult They're kind of more rare as what I've seen Um, because the preference is for an experienced person Simply because the PM role is a leveraged role Your role affects a lot of different teams and companies and people For that reason, it's a really important role to hire correctly And and and some managers depending on who they are some companies, you know, they're not willing to take the risk on junior talent So what I would like to see is what can you find to substitute your experience? So what strengths you can really use to your advantage? As an engineer, uh, you'll like again, you'll know the technology in the domain really well That's going to be an advantage for you if you're sticking in the same domain Sticking into the the same product perhaps that you're trying to transition to those are all the advantages to you The other one will be that may be an advantage to you is if you work in a B to B company Many of the problems that customers have are very objective They're functional needs. They're trying to accomplish something very task oriented and those needs are generally more logical And I personally find myself as an engineer. I always we always think logically, right? We think of the algorithms we think in outcomes Very logical And it's it's very easy to transition that line of thinking towards a B to B type of role because most product lines are geared towards accomplishing some kind of functional objective and that that should be easier to build customer empathy for B to C products are more going to align with deeper customer empathy Um, a social media product like instagram, right? Not a lot of functional features and objectives things you need to do with the product It's more about how do you share your content? How the person feels about sharing content and and what are the what is the experience? What is the user experience you need to bring in that product? And that's going to require a very deep level of customer empathy skill Um, which what which is why you might find a person who spent their life in marketing or customer engagement Is it has better skills suited for a B to C company? so Without knowing all of your backgrounds what you want to what you want to map out is what your strengths And what are your weaknesses and how how can you find opportunities to really? fill those gaps This was the slide I wanted to show for that but that's okay The last thing I want to take take you guys away with is If you have an opportunity to transition internally Generally, it's easier. I I personally transitioned internally with this within the product I was working on to the park I was now managing and then from there on as you gain gain your skill as a p.m You'll find opportunities inside and outside the company to work on products you Industries you've never worked on Just because you genuinely get more experience and and so my recommendation is do take internal opportunities more seriously Um, I personally took a leadership opportunity. I became a manager of of engineering And that helped me build diplomacy. It helped build credibility visibility Um, which were instrumental in really helping me get things done Um, fortunately what people praised me for in my role is um, I I move really quickly I move on decisions really quickly and I'm able to operationalize a plan very effectively Over over this so my first role was executing a road map someone else built a prd someone else built um, but that allowed me to Really spend my time learning about the strategic aspects of the role Um, and and ultimately I they they saw that potential immune not only could I execute I also think very logically and right for the business And they promoted me to the lead product manager for for the product line So again, find those stepping stones find opportunities that make sense that fill in the gaps And at the same time our jobs and roles that you you you'll find yourself happy. It's always important to find Satisfaction in every role you take Um, with that, um, I'll take any questions that you guys might have Awesome. Thank you so much for the presentation and everything and thanks everybody for your patience Um with the screen, uh, we do have a couple questions coming in As well. So here I'm going to go ahead and pull our first one from zack What's the best way to reach out to customers and users? So this is uh, this is a really interesting one It really depends on your industry and your product But generally you're going to want to find out what people aggregate Where do they discuss about? Their problems their needs and their interests cryptocurrency as an example again A lot of people focus on reddit There's a lot of conversation on reddit and that's where people hang out my industry It's an it industry people don't hang out on reddit They they go to they go to conferences they go to it community channels Sometimes they just one-on-one message each other the key really is finding out where people hang out and when they discuss You jump in and and and provide your insight your advice at some point You'll be presented an opportunity to ask them questions about you know, what do you think about this product idea? Or what do you think about this need? Okay, awesome um are We have a couple minutes. So guys, um, just make sure you type in your questions before them so we can get to them We have another question here from Ra tool, um, how what's your advice to switch from to product management from a user experience? Um, so for a user experience, it sounds like you'll have a very deep knowledge of the customer So you'll have a pretty good empathy about I think the one limiting thing I've heard from ux designers is they don't have technical background technical background is not a necessity for product management But it is advantageous because engineering is your most common stakeholder So I guess the the recommendation here is to Really try to learn about teams. You don't know about teams because you'll you'll work with every team at some point Find a team who team member on that you don't know a lot about so maybe find an engineer Who who you are close with, you know, talk to them about Their challenges their problems and really just get comfortable with talking about and asking questions about their problems That'll generally help you flex that muscle to build empathy More dynamically because you're gonna need to build empathy not just with your customers But also internally like what are they struggling with on an implementation? What are they struggling with with customer support volume those kinds of things? Customer empathy in general is just really the the key skill you'll need for p.m Right, absolutely. Um Here we have another question coming in from zara. Um, my background is in programming and education I'm looking at a transition into a p.m. Role in education technology. Do you have any recommendations for filling in my gap on the business side? Hmm So so this particular role it sounds like you're a domain expert industry expert and you come with a lot of knowledge about um education um And the question was filling your gap of business knowledge now Uh, depending on the company the level of business knowledge may or may not be as important Uh, it kind of depends on On the company itself some companies prefer mba's amazon prefers mba's for example They recruited a lot of people out of ucoa And they prefer a lot of people will have that ability to build business cases and financial models But a lot but not every company is like that Some companies are just looking for subject matter experts s me's And so the the real key here is is to find informational interviews for positions you're Interested in not necessarily with the recruiting manager But with people in your network So if you're targeting a company And you look through your LinkedIn profile and you found a person you might be able to connect with through one of your connections Ask them for an informational interview and just ask them to learn about their company and how how their culture is student Are they very business savvy? Are they very user savvy or are they very product savvy try to learn about what? How they're how they operate Awesome. Um, we had a few more come in. Um, but we're almost out of time. So Um, if we have some time later, we'll get to those in the comments and drop some responses to those as well So before we go, um, what advice would you have for aspiring product managers out there?  Um, just from a technical standpoint and really use use that to your peer advantage It's not enough to just to express interest as as you guys have probably already figured that out You need to you need to know very deeply what the what the business would value in your skill set And part of that that internal networking and informational interviews is really key to knowing what they value Yes, there are companies like google and amazon who have a very standard rigorous p.m. Interview process and there's not much room for informational interviews um, but uh You know, not everyone should be shooting There necessarily if there there are programming curriculums of course that help help you build that school and product school From what i've seen is a very very great organization to help you build some of that p.m knowledge Um, but but know know what you have an advantage over Awesome. Um, thank you again joey really appreciate your time today and uh sharing with us All right. Thanks everyone. Thanks and um guys to get more information on us You know you can go to productschool.com and we'll see you at next week's talk. Thanks Okay, bye


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until all of the animal products that people want to eat, there are alternatives to that. And that's obviously the world of plant-based and then this different world of cultivated proteins is also rapidly growing. And this is growing meat directly from animal cells. Some people call it cultured or cell-cultured meat. We use the term cultivated. And just last year, Singapore became the first nation to approve cultivated meat for sale. So there's one restaurant right now in Singapore where you can buy a cultivated chicken product. And we expect other countries to probably, you know, to follow suit.


The purpose of the SEI Science Forum is to bring together SEI researchers from all over the world and share our knowledge and experience internally. In fact, this was the main reason we set it up in the first place. But when we did that the first year, it was such a tremendous success and it generated so much interest that we decided that this is actually a conference that should be of interest to a lot of other people as well. The purpose is both that internal one as well as sort of display and broadcast to the world our insights and knowledge about sustainable development around the world. Well, we've gathered here today, over the two days, about 80-90 researchers to explore issues of climate change and biodiversity and economic growth and development, which are key topics that SEI address. It's a fantastic opportunity to share all that knowledge between SEI researchers really and a good opportunity. SEI is like a goldmine of knowledge and also policies. And I think this combination of solid scientific facts, knowledge, good international reputation and also therefore a good notion of what is happening around the world in combination with good examples of policies carried out in other countries or proposals for policies or best available technologies. Now you go about the things. There are a number of reasons why we organized the SEI Science Forum. One is of course to be as a stock taking opportunity where we can really display our research. We can have interaction with key partners but also within the organization, learn from each other, listen to each other and see opportunities also for collaboration between different parts of the organization and different areas of research. But it's also a place where we can generate new ideas and seek different ways of collaboration between different centers but also different research areas. So it's both stock taking and looking forward. This combination of research, international knowledge and policy making is extremely important and I think that is why more and more government authorities in Sweden use SEI in the background work but also in the policy making. I think SEI has a very important role to play, particularly working with the developing world and showing to the leaders in the developing world that their economies can grow, their standards of living can improve and it does not have to be the same way that it has happened historically. But the very good news and I think that's what SEI can convey is that it's possible. It doesn't mean that the rest of humanity cannot reach these high standards of living. It just means we have to be clever, creative and do it in a different fashion.


So you just need to insert something, not a problem. Insert action lets you left click to create a new edge loop on the edge you click. If you hold shift it will straighten the lines and if you hold alt it will delete the edge loop you click instead. When target is set to multi-edge loop and you click on an edge it will create a new loop and if you drag up and down you'll be able to increase the amount of loops. If you want a precise number of new loops like eight just set it right here and the next time you left click an edge you will see eight loops. The defaults to zero specific elevation which means you can't drag left or right to expand but if you want to be able to expand by dragging set it to interactive here. Smooth elevation adds curvature to every other loop parallel to the one you click. These options control the shape of the expansion and in order they are spline, radial, linear and flat. These options control the direction of the expansion. The default is per polygon normal which just expands the whole thing out but clicked normal expands everything in the direction of the face you clicked and average normal is just based off math combined in each normal in the polyloop you click. Alternate polygroup means every other loop is grouped. Same polygroup means that all the new groups are the same color and keep polygroup keeps the colors the same for all. Hope that helps and as always I'll be of a fantastic day and I'll see you around.


What's up everyone takedown here welcome back to another video today. We're gonna be checking out my PlayStation 5 It has officially been one year since I bought it So we are gonna be checking it out and seeing how much dust accumulates after one year. Let's get right into this So like I just mentioned it's been one year since I bought my PlayStation 5 And I still have one year left on the warranty since I did opt in for the two-year warranty when I did Purchase it. So for the start of this video We're just gonna visibly check it out and seeing how much dust is accumulated And then I'm gonna be taking off the white covers and visually looking underneath and seeing how much dust is there by Taking off the white covers you do see the fan and you can clean out the fan pretty well there But if I find there is a lot of dust I will open it up even further which will void my warranty But I want to make sure all the dust is out of this console again I haven't opened this up yet So I don't know how much after one year how much dust has accumulated So first thing I will say it's hard to tell on the camera But even though I do keep my console clean there still is some dust on the top here So we're gonna start off I'm just gonna quickly just dust the top now I do want to check the vents from the outside before even taking off the covers here just to see how much dust we can see So this is the back of the console here, and I'm just gonna angle it so you guys can see with the lights Honestly looking inside I Can't really see too much dust inside here It's very hard to tell but it doesn't look really dirty in my opinion None of the vents Really look dirty on my console. We can see the fan is actually right here So it doesn't look dirty But we do have to take off the white shell to be able to verify that and seeing how much dust is between the Consoles the black parts and to the white shell and how much dust is around the fan here So I have the cover taken off, but I've yet to look underneath So let's check it out and see how much dust is actually underneath the console here Let's look Honestly, it doesn't look too dirty in my opinion. What do you guys think? This part here I thought was dust, but it is just from the teeth on the cover Just sliding a little bit. So that's not actually dirt Looking inside the fan I'm actually surprised. This is super clean inside Holy there is One hair right here. We do have some minor dust around here, which is close to the fan Looking in the fan. It doesn't look too dirty in my opinion But comment down below what you guys think so far. This looks pretty clean there I'm not sure about the rest of the console, but to me the fan looks really clean inside But again, since it's been one year I am just gonna quickly dust and take off the minor dust that is in here Which it honestly doesn't look like much in my opinion Yet to me that is completely crazy. It looks literally brand new whenever I take the cover off There's not even any dirt Really on here I am gonna quickly dust that off as well before I put it back on but it doesn't Visually look like there's any dirt on there, which is it to me is a really good sign after one year I know my PlayStation 4 when I opened it up after one year It was full of dust inside, but that was a ventilation problem with the ps4 Same with my ps3. There was an issue with that as well Accumulating so much dust after one year, but I don't know maybe it's the design of the PlayStation 5 It is pretty well dust-free so far. Let's take off the other cover and see the other side So here we go. I have the cover off. We're gonna open it up and see what it looks like here. I Am actually Extremely impressed it looks just like the other side. It looks pretty clean It looks like very minor dust inside again, you do have the scrapings From the cover here because I have taken this cover off in the past That is because I did upgrade and put an SSD in here, which there is a slot for that in the PlayStation 5 Which is why I love the PlayStation 5 but looking at it here, I haven't taken this off in a year and There's literally no dust inside the fan looks pretty well clean and My opinion I'm not even to bother taking off this little cover here and taking out the fan to really get a thorough cleaning because Looking at it here. It doesn't look like it needs it. It doesn't look like there's any dust Really accumulated inside. I'm looking at the fan and around the fan It doesn't look like there's anything inside and for myself I haven't experienced any problems with the PlayStation 5 with overheating or freezing So I have no concern and by looking at it It doesn't look like there's any problem internally with the dust accumulation So I'm not even gonna check that out. Just looking in at the fans here or the vents. Sorry It still looks really clean So I am gonna dust since it is open and it's been a year and I have yet to do it I'm gonna dust around the minor dust that is here Even the disc tray looks like it's brand new like there's nothing there Which is awesome and that's another bonus about the PlayStation 5 is how easy it is to replace what you need if you need the fan you just take off the cover you replace the fan you can upgrade to the SSD you can replace your Disc drive if you need all you need is the little special Tool which you can get off of Amazon is so easy to do But just a quick little dust here of what is accumulated like to me I'm just loving this like I expected there to be a lot more dust caked in a lot more dust around the fan I thought I'd have to open this up further and fully clean it out But my opinion this looks great inside I'm really shocked the only other thing I do want to check out because I have read online That's the SSD slots can get filled with dust over time because that has poor ventilation So I'm just gonna take this little cover off here and see if there's any dust inside Simply to do that. You just remove this one big screw here, and it should just come right off And that is hilarious to me There is no dust whatsoever built up in that SSD slots This PlayStation 5 Literally looks like it's brand new other than some scratches just from taking off the cover and putting it back on But there's no dust accumulation in the SSD Hardly any dust underneath the covers looks like there's no dust on the fan that to me is awesome So what a PlayStation 5 looks like after one year pretty well dust free There is literally no dust accumulation, which I'm really happy about Hope you guys enjoyed this video with checking out the PlayStation 5 after one year to see how much dust Accumulation there is and I hope you guys enjoy. I'll see you guys in the next one. Please take care. Peace