Hey there friends thanks for checking in. Is this pistol still relevant? That's the question with today's video and I have received a lot of feedback from people with this series and I've certainly enjoyed it. So what did I feature last week? Well it was the Remington RP9. I've had this for a long time. It was budget priced. Initially it received poor coverage and people said I don't want anything to do with that. But those who own it say yeah that's a pretty darn nice handgun for right around 250 bucks at chamber at 9 millimeter which is what this is and also in 45. Full size handgun, decent magazine capacity, decent shooting handgun, but the feedback that I received was you know it's really not that relevant given it doesn't have the updated features like optic ready, slide cuts, various other features that people love with the modern handguns of today and I don't disagree with them. Of course I had a lot of people say if it shoots it's relevant and I understand that point but the goal of this series is to get some thought with some pistols that you may not have seen in a while. This one I think is going to drive some conversation because at one time the Steyr M9A1 was highly sought after. If you saw one in your gun store and you went back the next day it probably wasn't there. People wanted the Steyr M9A1. Very hard to come by. It was never super loaded in the gun store cabinets. It was like one at a time and then they have various sizes and so forth and this one is in OD green. It has 17 round mags. This one's the M9 so it has the four inch barrel, wide slide width, nice trigger and then the reset is very short. It has trapezoidal sights so it has those angled lines and a triangle in the front. You just fill it in and it's pretty darn accurate. Nice shooting handgun. No doubt about that. Nice ergonomics but then they came out with the M9, the L9, the C9 M2 and that drove a lot of attention but it still doesn't have the optic ready option that I have seen anyhow. Maybe they're working on it but if you look at Steyr as a company it seems their focus is rifles. They have a huge line of precision rifles, hunting rifles, modern sporting rifles and they only offer the M9, L9, C9, M2 and that's it and they don't make them optic ready and you never see them. So is it still relevant? I tend to think that it is fading off into the past. Unless they are working on something that nobody knows about, the Steyr handguns that at one time was highly sought after, you never hear about them anymore. You hardly see them. When was the last time you saw somebody review a Steyr? Do they work? Yeah. Are they accurate? Yeah. They have all the shooting components that people want but they don't make them optic ready and they don't really produce them enough so that you can find them at your local gun store and therein lies the problem. The Steyr handgun that was once highly sought after is hardly spoken about at this point. So is it still relevant? I know I'm going to get people that say well if it fires then it's still relevant. It's a tool and I get that but would you choose something else over the Steyr M9 or the L9 or the C9? At one point I had all three of them. I loved them. I said these are great. I'm fortunate to get my hands on three. A lot of people have trouble getting their hands on one but in today's world with the modern features I spoke about that drove down the conversation with the RP9 that I just featured still applies with the M9A1. Does it work? Sure it does. Does it shoot accurately and does it do what it's supposed to do? Absolutely it does but it doesn't have the modern features and in my eyes it doesn't seem like Steyr has any ambition to create modern features. If they did they would take the M9, L9 you name it, A2MF modular frame and create a handgun that was one available. Two had modern features, three priced right and made it so that shooters wanted to compete and defend themselves with it and you just don't see that from Steyr. You see rifles. Is there anything wrong with that? No but the question in this video is is this still relevant? Is it something that you would go for if you saw this exact handgun at your local gun store for say 450 bucks would you buy it or would you pass it up for something else and if you pass it up for something else then in my eyes and your thoughts are that this is not relevant. So I'm looking forward to getting your feedback on the Steyr M9A1 or the M9A2MF, L9 the larger one, the C9 a little bit shorter. You know it's just an interesting concept to see how at one point Steyr was on top of the field and now they're like on the bottom. You just don't hear about them anymore and it is my opinion that they have put their efforts toward long guns and this is just secondary in the back of their mind and you hardly see them. Therefore that tells me that it's fading off into the past into the sunset. So that's my thought. I look forward to getting your thoughts. If you like videos like this please subscribe and share. I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching and you guys be safe.


All right, this is a big wildcard weekend. We've got the bills in the Texans Texans two and a half point favorites We got the Titans in New England to face the Patriots five and a half point Patriots favorite St. Seven and a half points over the Vikings. That's in New Orleans and the final game on Sunday the Seahawks a point and a half favorite in Philadelphia against the Eagles Is there one game that you feel best about no I guess there's one I feel best about But I still don't feel great like when I'm sitting there going three two one one one It could have gone any way. I mean there was one that was definitely just a one-pointer But the other ones it was a flip of the coin who gets a three-point pick who gets it to and the Patriots are going up Numbers going up. Yeah, it's going up. I think that I think that's the the smart bet right now Everybody says well the Titans and you know tanned a lot such a great season But when you're betting against the Patriots you're betting against history Well, are they done and they're people people are betting With history they're betting that Tom Brady's not going out like that and potentially his last playoff game in New England Blah blah blah blah and also they're betting on the fact that a team with no real playoff experience is just going to get Handled in a wild card game. They don't believe in Ryan Tannehill, but the problem is done. I believe in Derek Henry Yeah, that's the part and that's a problem. They have New England is a problem stopping the run now Henry's a beast now you could mention That I just can't see Tennessee beating New England and that's fair But again with the five and a half New England can win the game and not cover like I can totally see New England Winning this game on the last second field goal or winning by three four points where they're not impressive Like all year long right where yeah, they could have lost the game But you know what Bella check just the superior didn't allow his team to lose Tom Brady didn't allow his teams to lose All that could be fair and all that could be true, but then not cover the five and a half It's such a tough this this is a tough game for me because the Patriots had a win last week And they would not be playing this week and they couldn't beat the Dolphins. I Mean that that's it's inexcusable. So they have not had a wild card game since 2009 They lost that they're two and one a wild card games with Bella chicken Brady It's a tough call. I guess I don't believe that this is the end of the New England dynasty I don't believe that Brady is shot. Do I believe that he's at the top of his game? No But I don't believe he's a shot player. It's a very and and this is all new for Tannehill Tell you what pretty much new for the for the Tennessee Titans I'll tell you what though. How have you guys have watched the Patriots a good amount recently, right? Yes Have you ever seen? I mean how shocking it looks to see Brady in the red zone He can't find anyone in the red zone. He's throwing out of great He doesn't great skill position players He's throwing out of the back of the end zone play after play But Michael he was never loaded with skill position players But you know, I'm just throwing a big deal. He is it was always someone else and by the way horrible on television But he always made that point you see Harvey.  I'm gonna back off it at this point But I just I don't know man It's there is something different and maybe they break out of it tomorrow And maybe we see the cracks in the inexperience in Tennessee, but it's it's hard for me to get really confident in this picture


Earthenware is glazed or unglazed non-vitreous pottery too that has normally been fired below 1200 degrees C.3 porcelain, bone china and stoneware, all fired at high enough temperatures to vitrify, are the main other important types of pottery. Earthenware comprises most building bricks, nearly all European pottery up to the 17th century, most of the wares of Egypt, Persia and the Near East, Greek, Roman and Mediterranean, and some of the Chinese, and the fine earthenware which forms the greater part of our tableware today.4. Pit fired earthenware dates back to as early as 29,000 to 25,000 BC.56 and for millennia, only earthenware pottery was made, with stoneware gradually developing some 5,000 years ago, but then apparently disappearing for a few thousand years. Outside East Asia, porcelain was manufactured only from the 18th century AD, and then initially as an expensive luxury. After it is fired, earthenware is opaque and non-vitreous seven soft and capable of being scratched with a knife.4. The combined nomenclature of the European communities describes it as being made of selected clays sometimes mixed with felled spars and varying amounts of other minerals, and white or light-colored i.e., slightly grayish cream, or ivory.7.


Well, hello everyone. My name is Chris Shrieve. I'm a laboratory instructor at Duke University and I'm here today to tell you a little bit about forensic entomology. So forensic entomology that we're going to be talking about is used in very different domains of the legal field all the way from civil lawsuits up through homicide investigations. I'm sure many of you were familiar with CSI or bones, all the great crime shows, and there's almost always a bug guy or a bug girl who knows all about the insects and how they relate to estimating time of death. We're going to talk about a few more everyday examples before we get to that exciting stuff at the end. So we'll talk about urban forensic entomology, the concerns things like bed bugs and fleas, and also property damage like termites. We'll also talk about stored product forensic entomology, which deals with grain and other food stores that are contaminated or destroyed by insects. And then last, we'll get to the medical legal side of things, which is things like the homicide investigations and using flesh eating insects to determine time of death. So first up, a quick word on urban forensic entomology. So in city environments or in urban settings, humans constantly come in contact with insects. Some of these insects are horrific pests, things like fleas, bed bugs, lice, and other awful things. So we have a variety of pests and parasites. The CDC estimates millions, up to 12 million school children every year are infected with head lice. So either you or someone you're sitting next to has probably had head lice at some point. And it's not a shameful thing.  It's just because lice are everywhere. They've been evolving with humans for millions of years, and they're going to be around for a while, a lot longer. So we also have bed bugs. A lot of you have probably heard about the recent lawsuits in New York. People suing their landlords because the landlords can't get rid of bed bugs. They're really hard to get rid of. They're tied in the tiniest little places in your mattress, and they come out at night to bite you. Other insects like mosquitoes can spread terrible diseases. We have ticks that carry Lyme disease, and there's West Nile virus and other encephalitis diseases that are carried by mosquitoes. So epidemiologists often use insects to trace the pattern of an emerging disease. In addition to the pests and parasites, we also have your friendly co-inhabitants, insects that just kind of live in the same building. That includes roaches, ants, beetles, and termites, along with silverfish and other delightful things. So termites are especially problematic because they can destroy the wood that makes up the structures that we live in. So it's not just that they're coming into our homes and taking our food. They're actually destroying the home itself. So termite damage costs the U.S. approximately $5 billion every year. Roaches and ants often invade your kitchen or your bathroom, and they can carry disease-causing bacteria, even though the insects themselves aren't sick. Let's go on to stored product for insect entomology. So let's say you have a case of grain, and it's totally contaminated with beetles. You want to know who's responsible for that, because if you're trying to sell that grain and you can't, you're out a lot of money. So contamination can happen at various points, and we'll talk about some of the standard insects that are involved. So as you can see here, the Indian meal moth has a global distribution. It is one of the most widespread and annoying of all insects. They can eat almost anything, as larvae, from grains and flour to herbs, nuts. I had an entire bag of pistachio nuts go completely bad because it had meal moths in it, and they loved it. Unfortunately, it ruined my pistachios. And once the food source is contaminated, these moths are very, very difficult to get rid of. We also have a variety of beetles. The little beetle that you see on the screen is actually only about this big as an adult.  So if you see a beetle in your flower, just scoop it out and send it on its way. There are also a variety of flies and other caterpillars that eat fresh fruits and vegetables. And we'll talk about those in a second. So the FDA, as part of its job, sets a maximum allowance for insect contamination in a variety of food products. I've listed a few of these here. So you can see in peanuts, in a 100-pound bag, if you have 20 whole insects, that can still pass. If you have 21, it's not okay. So that's 100 pounds of peanuts is actually a lot of peanuts, and 20 insects is not a lot. So I think that's pretty reasonable.  You can have up to 10% of them showing damage from fruit fly maggots before the FDA says you can't use those olives anymore. Mushrooms are even worse. If you see a mushroom out in the woods, you can be guaranteed that it's already covered in various fly larvae. Mushrooms are delicious and flies love them. So you can have up to 20 or more maggots of any size in 100 grams of canned mushrooms. That's not very much. But again, they're not going to hurt you. They're just there. The one that probably upsets you the most is looking at the number of insect bits that can be found in chocolate. But this is all because of the way chocolate is produced. They take a pod, crack it open, and they scoop out the beans, and in order to make chocolate from it, they have to grind them in a press.  So it's not about finding, say, an entire beetle in your Hershey bar. It's about little teeny, tiny bits and pieces showing up in the cocoa beans. Frozen broccoli. They're little tiny plant-sucking bugs called aphids that show up all the time. And again, none of these things present health hazards. They're not going to poison you or make you sick.  All right. Now let's get to the real meat of the story. So we're going to talk about what you normally think of when you think of forensic entomology, which is homicide investigations, cadavers, calculating the post-mortem interval and the time of death. So we can use insects to calculate this because insects have a characteristic development pattern. Some insects, like termites and grasshoppers and cockroaches, hatch as little bitty versions of the adult that they're going to grow into, and they go through a series of molts that result in just larger versions of the same thing. This usually takes weeks or months, sometimes even years, to reach adulthood. Other insects, and these are the ones that are primarily used for forensic entomology, go through what we call complete metamorphosis. They have four different life stages, and when they hatch from the egg, they look nothing like the adult is going to. They're either a larva or a grub or a caterpillar or a maggot. So they go through a series of molts getting bigger at each one until they go through a metamorphic molt, which changes their shape completely, and they pupate. And after that, the pupa turns into an adult, so there are two major transitions in complete metamorphosis. Some species can go through this process in a matter of days, some species it takes weeks, and a few species it can take decades to go through an entire life cycle. So it's really, really variable. Here's an example from a species that I work with at home. I grow these every summer just because it's fun. I've been doing it since I was your age. So you start with eggs, the eggs hatch into small caterpillars, and the smaller caterpillars grow and grow and grow until they're about that big. And then they spin cocoons over winter, and in the spring they come out as these beautiful adults that you can see here. So why do insects have to go through so many stages? Why not just hatch and turn into a bigger adult? What's up with all this molting? So because insects have a hard outer shell, they have to molt to get bigger.  So they fold it up and eventually pop out of the old one and crawl out, and then they can get bigger as they grow. So once a caterpillar, or a larva, or a maggot reaches full size, it knows it's ready to go through metamorphosis, and it will initiate a very different molt. So instead of just becoming a bigger caterpillar, it will turn into something that's becoming the adult. So we can use these stages to calculate time of death, or at least the postmortem interval, and we also have to take into account the factors that affect growth rate. Temperature, food quality, oxygen level, and day length, or the time of year. So in general, the relationship between temperature and development time is that the higher the temperature, the faster the insects develop. Insects are cold-blooded, so their temperature is directly tied to the environment around them. The trade-off, of course, if you grow really quickly, is that maybe you reach adulthood before you got as big as you could have. So adult size tends to be a little smaller if you grow really quickly. The advantage, of course, is that you're already an adult, while everybody else is still munching away as a larva. Food quality also has a major role in determining development time. Think about it. If you're eating nothing but junk food, you're not going to grow big and strong, like your siblings who are eating really good nutritious vegetables and proteins and that kind of thing. So if insects are on really poor quality food, it can actually make them molt in place, so they're not getting bigger, they just keep shedding their skin, and they don't develop. Oxygen levels are also a critical factor in development time. Insects are very, very sensitive to the amount of oxygen around them. This is actually how they know that it's time to molt, because the tracheal system, a rigid network of tubes, is a given size for any instar. And as the larva grows, the tracheal system gets farther and farther apart. So the cells in the middle aren't getting as much oxygen as they need, and that's what triggers a molt. So they can grow a bigger tracheal system and support a larger organism. Many insects are very, very aware of what time of year it is. If you have a three-month development time, you know that you don't really want to start that in, say, October. You want to do it in July or maybe April. So the generational timing is very, very tied to the seasons and the time of year, because that is also linked to temperature and food availability and these kind of things. So knowing the time of year and the location, you can estimate what organisms or what insects should be around at that time and how fast they should be developing. So let's talk about the forensically relevant insects. Flies are very widespread. They're usually the first to find a body because they find it by smell. We also have beetles that are usually late to the party, but they show up and they'll help bury the body and help slow decomposition as they eat and they lay their eggs and raise their families there. We also have ants, which are not a major factor in large bodies, but for smaller bodies like mice and squirrels and rabbits, ants can do a lot of work trimming away parts of the body. So we have a group of flies called flesh flies because they eat flesh. The larvae dig through the rotting flesh and scrape with their jaws to liquefy the flesh in front of them and then absorb it. Because they're tunneling through, it has to stay moist. You can't tunnel through jerky, for example. It's really tough and dry. So the corpse has to stay moist and the maggots have to breathe through their tails. Because think about it, if you're digging a tunnel, the only open airspace is behind you. So these flies actually have spiracles. Their breathing system is in their tail. Here's the other end. Here's the head. You can see those scraping jaws in the front.  So the name sarcophagus means flesh eating. So the flesh flies are classified in the family sarcophagidae. Another group of flesh eating flies are called the blow flies and they're named in Greek for their brilliant colors. They're usually shiny blue or green and they're named californidae. And they're really beautiful adults despite their kind of gross larval development. So a typical fly life cycle includes an egg stage, three larval instars, a pupa, and an adult. So this can take anywhere from a few days to several months depending on the species. For a lot of fly species, the exact timing has been worked out very precisely. So we can use that to calculate time of death. For example, I've got this wonderful image and this information from the National Institutes of Health. So at 70 degrees, the black blow fly has a very, very predictable life cycle timetable. You can see it takes 23 hours from the time an egg is laid to the time it hatches, 27 hours for that first larval instar, and then it molds to the second instar and then to the third. And notice that the third instar is much, much longer. That's where most of the growth happens. Insect growth is an exponential process, which means you start out small and you get a little bit bigger. But then you can get a little bit bigger and by the third instar, you're growing at an exponentially increasing rate. So you're getting bigger and you're getting bigger faster. So this is where most of the growth takes place. After that, the body size is set. The pupa doesn't grow and the adult doesn't grow. So whatever growth is going to happen has to happen during the larval period. And these times are very precise given a steady temperature. So here's a question for you. Given that we know the exact timing of blow fly development and we can extrapolate from that to give an approximate time of death, why is it only an approximate time of death? Think about it, talk about it with your neighbor for a minute, and then we'll go on. Alright, so what do you think? Really, all we find out by calculating when those first eggs were laid is when the flies found the body. It doesn't really tell us how long the body was there before that. Let's say it was raining for three days and the flies weren't out. We can't take that into account just from the development time. Alright? So let's talk about some other insects that could help us out in those situations. So beetles don't really mind if it's raining. So they'll find a body within a few days and they'll start to dig underneath it to lower the body into the ground. This slows decomposition.  But they'll lay their eggs there and they'll grow entire colonies of beetles. Sometimes dozens or hundreds of beetles on a single body. The beetle that you see right here with the yellow shield on its back. That's very common in North Carolina. If you go in the woods and you find a pile of, say, bear scat or a dead body, you'll often find carrion beetles digging on it or eating it. They're really cute and kind of fun. Other beetles are better at cleaning the dry bits, the hair, the fur and the skin of a desiccated body. These are the domestic or the carpet beetle family. Here you can see in this picture, these beetles are being used to clean the last bits of flesh from a deer skull for use as a museum specimen. We're also going to mention ants just because they're important in recycling little bits and pieces, especially of small bodies. Other insects, spiders, birds, mice, they tend not to go for large bodies like, say, a human, but they could and they can do some significant damage to the body in terms of taking it apart and they carry it back to their nest. So rather than just eating the body at the site, they actually carry it away so that presents an extra challenge for forensic entomologists. So the typical sequence, as we've just discussed, flies are almost always first on the scene. They can smell a dead body within minutes or hours of death and they'll start to lay their eggs and the development cycle starts. Carrying beetles arrive later, usually within a few days, and they start to feed as the body decomposes. Once a body is completely dried out or, say, the exposed bits start to get dry, the carpet beetles will start to dig in and they'll lay their eggs and grow there. So let's talk about a few factors that affect how quickly the insects get there. We've already mentioned weather. If it's raining, insects aren't going to be as active, so it'll take them longer to find the body. Temperature also matters. This time of year, when it's really cold, flies aren't as active, but during the summer, they can find a body really quickly because they're constantly flying around looking for one. The degree of exposure of the body also matters greatly. This is one of the reasons that ancient humans started burying their dead is to slow decomposition and prevent insect activity from destroying the body. Location also matters a lot. If you're in a dry environment, very different insects are going to colonize the body than if you're in a really moist environment or a woodland environment or, say, a swamp or a marsh. They're a completely different set of insects will start colonizing the body, including aquatic beetles and other bugs. So let's talk about an example. Let's say you find a small cadaver in the woods. Say it's a squirrel. Squirrels die, it happens. Sad but true. And you notice lots of medium-sized maggots on it. What would you do to determine exactly when that squirrel died? Discuss it with your classmates, and we'll come back in a second. All right, so who's got ideas? Let's talk about the first thing we need to do. We need to take those maggots and get them to somewhere where we can keep the temperature constant because we know the development time most accurately at a constant temperature. So rather than looking at the fluctuations of day and night, let's bring them inside where we can keep them at a steady temperature. So there's the first thing we need to do. And after that, we just have to wait. And what are we looking for? We're looking for that first maggot to go through metamorphosis, so that first maggot to pupate. We know that at 70 degrees, a larva will pupate eight and a half days after the egg was laid. So we can subtract eight and a half days from the day that first larva pupates. And we can say that's the general guideline. That's about how long this maggot was on this cadaver. So the cadaver must have been there at least eight and a half days. So that gives us a rough time of death. We also have to take into account what the average temperature was for the last eight and a half days, especially the time that we had outside. And there's a fancy calculation called the accumulated degree hours, or accumulated degree days, that can tell you exactly how the temperature has affected development time. So we know, for example, if it's been warmer than 70 degrees, development has gone faster than that. So we know eight and a half days is an overestimate for the time of death. It may be closer to seven or even six. If it's been much cooler than 70 degrees outside, we know that the larva's development was slowed down before we found them. So eight and a half days is an underestimate. They were actually there maybe nine or 10 days ago. So using that calculation, we can come up with a fairly exact date of death. We can't get it down to the hours, but we can at least get it down to a specific day, which can make or break the difference in an investigation. So that's all I have for slides. I hope you've enjoyed this little foray into forensic entomology. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me through your other instructors. I'm happy to answer any questions, and I hope you enjoyed. Thanks.


Don't worry guys calm down the thumbnail of this video is a little bit click baity I'm not actually going to quit YouTube But that is the topic of today's video quitting YouTube because so many content creators actually do end up quitting and I hadn't planned on making this video when I got up this morning But when I got up this morning I made my first cup of coffee and I go and sit down at my computer And I fire up YouTube and I go and check out some of my favorite content creators that I'm subscribed to and see What they've posted overnight that maybe I hadn't checked out before and one of my favorite channels is old tech bloke OTB Steve over at the old tech bloke channel He puts out some fantastic Linux related content and this morning he posted a video with the title is it time to retire from YouTube and I thought man this guy he puts out such high-quality Content he's only been doing it for a couple of years Well a couple of years is a long time in YouTube life, right because many channels last mere weeks Sometimes just a few months before they die. He's actually been doing this for at least a couple of years I would think but still I was kind of bummed out that one of my favorite content creators that I follow Could potentially no longer make that kind of content anymore and you know, I felt a little sad about that now Thankfully when I watched his video he said he's actually going to continue making videos He's just going to slow way down He's no longer going to post on a regular schedule because trying to constantly stick to a schedule is Kind of taxing and tiresome and of course He has other things going on in life that kind of prevent that right now And of course we all can understand that and as somebody that's been making YouTube videos for about five years now That's how long I've been on the platform and I'm subscribed to probably a couple of hundred different Linux and tech related channels and Most of the ones that I am subbed to I won't say most but a large percentage of those that I've subbed to over the last five years No longer post they either post very infrequently You know they used to post regular content and now they post like once every month or two, right? Or they just quit posting at all, you know, you go back and like two three years ago They just stop posting you never heard from that person since and why does this happen? Well, there's a number of reasons why content creators eventually just quit making videos and of course today's video really I want to talk to you guys that are thinking about starting YouTube channels you're thinking about becoming a video content creator and I want to Discuss some of the pitfalls that you need to avoid to not be one of these people that start a channel and just do it for a Few weeks or sometimes even a few days, right? You make like five videos and realize man This is hard work. This is not for me. I quit I don't want you guys to fall into this trap and looking at some of my subscriptions Man, there's some really big channels that used to be very popular That have a lot of subs in the Linux space in the tech space that no longer posts anything anymore You go to their YouTube channels and these were very popular Well-known creators many of these guys their names are kind of common in the Linux space And then they just stop posting so let's discuss some of the reasons why people start YouTube channels and then later quit Probably the biggest reason is real life real life gets in the way most of these people are not doing YouTube full-time It's not their job. This is just something they enjoy doing as a hobby And they have a real life that actually has to come first and sometimes a real life has to take precedent over The video content creation, right? So if you're putting in more hours at work more hours spending time with family with friends Maybe you're donating time to charity organizations Maybe you do a lot of work in your church, right? And of course all of this should take precedent over a hobby if YouTube is just a hobby for you Another big reason why people quit doing YouTube is simply interest change, right? You get into something and this really interests me I wonder how people make these videos on YouTube. Let me buy a camera buy a microphone Figure out audio editing figure out video editing. What is the process that kind of interests me because I I don't know What it's all about and then you start doing it You kind of figure out what it's all about and then okay. I know what it's all about. I don't really like this I'm glad I know what it's about But you know, I'm not really interested in continuing along this journey or maybe the topic of the videos you're making The format you chose to make your videos in that you know, it was kind of fun in the beginning But now it's no longer you right you the type of videos you're making don't necessarily reflect you the person And that can be tiresome as well Certainly one of the biggest reasons to quit doing YouTube is when the videos no longer are fun And in some cases I think people start making videos and they never had fun with it, right? They just started just to do it. Maybe they're trying to earn a few bucks You know squeeze out a few pennies from the google adsense or whatever But you can tell especially content creators that actually hate making video content It comes across on camera and of course eventually that's going to tear you down and make you quit when we talk about people quitting youtube We usually talk about burnout. What is burnout burnout is becoming just completely? Physically and mentally drained. You just can't do it anymore. You're completely wore out completely tired You get to the point where you just hit a wall and you would rather quit Then keep making videos because you just can't do it just for your mental health your physical health You can't you can't think of anything that you would hate to do more than making that next video That's what burnout is and many creators get there very quickly And if you're thinking about becoming a youtube content creator The first thing you need to know about is burnout because hopefully you never experience this But there are some things that you need to avoid or you're absolutely going to experience burnout The first thing you need to know when you start getting into making video content is the fact that there's a lot of work that goes into Making these videos right because you have to record the video right now. I'm recording myself I I didn't just turn on the camera and start talking today. Well this video I probably could but many videos I do like tutorial style videos. I'll actually make some show notes I'll have a outline. I don't do it word for word. I hate scripting my videos because it comes across as very Wooden and kind of dry content for me when I do everything word for word I never read from a script, but there's show notes, right? There's prep work that goes on Before ever turning on the camera then turning on the camera I don't know how long I'm going to record today But it wouldn't surprise me if I have to do multiple takes and I spend At least an hour in front of this camera talking after I'm done with that Then I have to go and edit this video So I have to chop up the video and put it all together, you know the clips that work I have to cut out any dead air any mistakes You know editing usually is going to take me on a short video like today's video a couple of hours And you know, it's not too long, but it's a couple of hours plus the hour I spent in front of the camera maybe an hour I spent before I ever turned on the camera And then you know, maybe I got to clean up the audio. Maybe the audio really sucks I got to spend some time in an audio editor filtering out Noise air conditioning noise and things like that Then I got to make the thumbnail and the thumbnail is one of the biggest most important things You can do to attract people to actually watch your video many of you clicked on today's video because of my thumbnail I had to actually put some thought into that thing and then I had to go and create that thumbnail I create all my thumbnails using gimp, which is a piece of free and open source software It's our free and open source alternative to something like adobe photoshop And that takes some time sometimes I spend as long on the thumbnail as I do making the videos So I'm going to put in several hours of work today on this video Which isn't necessarily an overly complicated kind of video to make there are some videos that I make that seriously Take me 12 hours or more sometimes I have to split up the work over a couple of days to get the video done And when I say there's a lot of work involved, there's a lot of work involved in video content creation So you need to know that before you get into it But I think a lot of people have already done their research if you're thinking about making youtube videos You probably know there's some work involved and you're prepared for that But what most new content creators are not prepared for is the pressure that comes with making the videos Because you start a channel and it starts getting a few views. Maybe you get a few subscribers Maybe you start getting a lot of views and a lot of subscribers And now there's real world pressure on you because now that audience is demanding more content You feel like you have to deliver that content Especially once you become monetized on a platform like youtube because you make money on the ads And you know, you have to start growing that channel You have to constantly think about I need to start getting more views more views more ad revenue More money and now there's pressure on you. I have to make a video on a set schedule Whether it's a video a week three videos a week a video practically every day Which is a trap that many people get into that. I got to put out something every freaking day It doesn't matter the quality. It doesn't matter whether I feel like making content that day It doesn't matter if I have a doctor's appointment or Somebody's getting married. I got to attend a wedding. It doesn't matter I have to make a video every day no matter what I've got to work that out And that's pressure and that is the kind of thing that really causes Sometimes mental breakdowns sometimes Many youtubers fall into this trap to where they start having serious mental health issues to the point where they have to start Seeing a therapist because of that kind of demand that kind of pressure that's on them to put out that content So if you're thinking about starting a youtube channel, I would strongly urge you never overwork yourself Don't get into a habit where you feel like you need to put out content every day every week Whatever your set schedule is because many content creators will tell you keep a schedule Which is a good idea your audience gets used to you putting out content on a regular basis If I know that this content creator always puts out a video every monday and every friday That's nice because I never have to wonder when his next video is going to come out But don't get into the habit where you feel trapped by that Many people fall into this trap where they feel pressure Because the youtube algorithms they do punish content creators That's one of the problems with this burnout problem is actually youtube pushes burnout onto people because You're getting punished sometimes if you change your schedule if you don't post as regularly as you used to They'll punish you you no longer appear as often in the search results They don't push your videos as much and that's why people feel this overbearing pressure on them to constantly produce It's almost like youtube is training you to be a crack at it Right to be a crack fiend a dope fiend or something because they want you to constantly put out those videos for youtube because of course youtube Makes a lot of money on your videos on those ads that run on your videos A lot of people don't realize this of course the ads that run on the videos the the content creators We just get a few pennies for those ads youtube makes The overwhelming majority of money on all of those ads that get served on the video platform And because of that they need the content creators to constantly keep putting out videos That's why they push those algorithms and those analytics on those content creators That's why so many content creators fall into the trap where every single day sometimes multiple times a day They go and check their analytics how many people have viewed my content today how many new subscribers I get today What was my watch time? You know demographics as far as age and gender and nationality and all of that guys Don't worry so much on the analytics. I know a lot of people will give you youtube tips saying go check the analytics No, I have no idea how many views I got on my videos yesterday. I haven't checked it I don't plan on checking it right at some point You just need to leave that stuff alone because paying attention to that stuff That will add to the pressure because now all of a sudden you'll see a day where you had a lot of views And then the next day man views were really down today. I need to up my game Maybe I need to put more pressure on myself and put out more and more and more content and Don't go to your youtube analytics.  Just just don't even worry about it Don't worry about views. Don't worry about subscribers You know if the content you're making is good because it will be a rewarding experience for you You'll be proud of the videos you make you'll know if that video you put out was quality content All you got to do is look at the comments section Are you getting a lot of comments on your videos because that is a sign of a growing community around a channel That's the sign of a healthy channel if a channel is getting a lot of comments That tells you everything you need to know that's your analytics are the comments there are the comments overwhelmingly Positive because your community is going to let you know if the content you're creating is good content So don't put too much pressure on yourself. Don't overwork yourself because remember this is a long distance run here We're not sprinting right? We want to keep a slow and steady pace that we can comfortably keep up four years to come I'll give you a gym analogy because I see this far too many times people that start working out And a lot of people when they start working out imagine that they need to burn a ton of calories They need to do hardcore cardio and for most people hardcore cardio and they're think of running right? They get on a treadmill and they go top speed and they start running sometimes three four five miles Every single day they get on that treadmill and run five miles every day And how long do they keep that up?  It's because they did it wrong That's not how you do cardio for the long term if you're actually serious about burning calories Right get on that treadmill and you walk Don't run 30 minutes on a treadmill every day walk 30 minutes on a treadmill every day You'll never burn out and you'll always do it. You'll always be happy to do it You'll never look at that treadmill and say man.  No not when you're walking when you're running Yeah, it's going to kill you another thing that new content creators need to be prepared for are mean people and by mean people I mean mean people in your comment section.   I don't care. I leave the comments up I'm glad those people left the comments because I want those negative comments because It's still a comment. Remember analytics. What did I say was the most important thing?  That's fine. That still helps you in the algorithms I actually see a lot of content creators That actively get involved with these mean people in their comment section where they start having Arguments with these people and then they start deleting their comments Sometimes they actually ban people from their channel and they that's completely the wrong thing to do You're never going to be a successful youtuber if you act like that And I see sometimes big channels that act like that They're the content creator for whatever reason has really thin skin And that kind of content creator he's not built for the long term That's not going to last another thing that really burns out content creators is the fact that youtube as a platform Really doesn't treat its content creators fairly. It also doesn't treat you the viewer fairly the content creators have to deal with So much craziness unfair demonetization and age restrictions and copyright strikes and things like that which More than 90 of the time are actually false flags and the stuff we the content creators have to deal with We shouldn't have to deal with youtube as a platform is very Unfriendly to us the video content creator But it's also unfair to you guys the viewers because I know for you It's a social aspect you guys love the comment section You love engaging in those comments and those discussions that you have With the people in the comment section sometimes the content creators themselves And many times your comments are deleted for absolutely no reason I would say a healthy percentage of comments that are left on youtube get deleted Almost instantly by the youtube algorithms and nobody knows why you know I I often leave comments that get deleted. I don't know why a matter of fact I will say that about a year two years ago probably I just quit leaving comments all together on any channel that wasn't my own Because almost every time I left a comment on another content creators channel it disappeared and I know the content creators They're not deleting my comments. Many of these were smaller content creators that would be thrilled that I was leaving a comment You know telling them a good job on their video and keep it up, man Things like that But no, it's the youtube algorithms that just deleted all of my comments or were shadow banning me on these channels A matter of fact, I watched a video last night on the linux user space channel If you guys don't know about the linux user space youtube channel and the linux user space podcast check that out They did a video last night about discussing the vm text editor So I watched that and I actually left a comment on that video because they actually mentioned me in that video So I wanted to leave a comment just to help them in the youtube algorithms give them that boost right And I started thinking about it when I hit the send on that is that was probably the first comment I've made on a youtube channel probably in days maybe even weeks Just because I got tired of wasting my time posting stuff on youtube knowing It's almost certainly going to get deleted and I know a lot of you guys that comment on the videos Have the same problem and I apologize for that. Unfortunately, that's a youtube issue That's nothing that we the content creators can control at all So all of these reasons I've discussed they kind of lead to this burnout that many creators experience And unfortunately, I see a lot of youtube channels that still post on a regular basis They're still putting out content on a regular basis have been for months Maybe sometimes years But I can spot the ones that are about to be the next burnout victim because You can see it already mentioned that some content creators all they do is argue with their comment section And if you're not enjoying your community That's a problem, right? If you hate the community built around your youtube channel, yes, you're not long for youtube You're gonna quit very soon I see way too many content creators that get into these almost twitter-like Wars in their comment section in their own comment section And in some cases you can tell these content creators They don't enjoy doing what they're doing You can tell you're looking at them on camera and you can tell that person absolutely hates standing there right now in front of that camera One of the biggest traps that content creators fall into is the fact that they start putting out this content on a regular basis In the same format covering the same topics Nothing ever changes and by nothing ever changing I don't mean just the format of their videos or the style of their videos But also the growth of their channel It doesn't see the kind of growth in views or subscribers or money that they imagine It's because they're just doing the same thing. They're grinding many people imagine that that's the right thing to do I'm just going to keep grinding I'm just going to keep doing the same thing over and over again And I'm going to be successful at that that is not what you want to do for success grinding is something you do Think of grinding as making a few bucks every day If you got this side hustle that you can go do that's quick and easy, right? I can go do this every day just for a few bucks But many people grinding is what you don't want to do on youtube You actually want to become bigger than you are now and it makes sense grinding is essentially Again, nothing ever changing. You're just keep doing the same thing over and over again the exact same thing It's almost like treading water. Can you tread water forever? No Eventually you're going to get tired and you're going to drown and that's exactly what's happening to these people That you see grinding, right? And they are going to drown very soon Now on a personal note I will say that when I see some of these channels that decide to actually quit they retire from youtube quit youtube I actually prefer that then watching the ones that get to the point where they completely burn out and sometimes in A totally fantastic way where they start having like serious health problems mental issues They blow up on a live stream or they do something totally ridiculous I don't want to see that once people know. Hey, this is not the right path that I'm on. I don't like this anymore I don't mind that and I'm happy for these people And once these people decide that this is not for them or they just want to transition to something else in life I'm happy for them. I hope they're happy if they're happy about it Then I'm definitely happy for them ultimately video content creation It's like any other job. Are you going to do it forever? No, everybody No matter what your job is are you going to do it forever? Absolutely not you imagine one day You're going to move on to something else. Maybe the job you're at right now. It's just again a temporary thing It's a transition from something better that you'll eventually move to or maybe you're happy with your job But you're going to put in your 30 years and then retire right you you always have an end game And the same thing with youtube you should have an end game for this Don't just be one of these people that start it and then you've never even thought about Life after youtube we could start thinking about that now if you're a new content creator Because within a few months a few years it's really going to start weighing on you like where is this going Where is this going to lead me have a plan? So getting back to the reason I made this video today The old tech bloke channel posting that he might retire from youtube although that was a little bit of clickbait on his part He's not retiring from youtube He's going to just post a little less frequently which I respect that decision and for those of you that were tricked by My clickbait thumbnail. I'm not leaving youtube either. You're not getting rid of me that easy peace guys


Public Health Surveillance, Public Health Surveillance Also Epidemiological Surveillance, Clinical Surveillance or Syndromic Surveillance is, according to the World Health Organization who the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health related data needed for the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice. Public Health Surveillance may be used to serve as an early warning system for impending public health emergencies, document the impact of an intervention, or track progress towards specified goals, and monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, to allow priorities to be set and to inform public health policy and strategies. Public Health Surveillance Systems can be passive or active. A passive surveillance system consists of the regular, ongoing reporting of diseases and conditions by all health facilities in a given territory. An active surveillance system is one where health facilities are visited and health care providers and medical records are reviewed in order to identify a specific disease or condition. Passive surveillance systems are less time consuming and less expensive to run but risk under reporting of some diseases. Active surveillance systems are most appropriate for epidemics or where disease has been targeted for elimination. Techniques of public health surveillance have been used in particular to study infectious diseases. Many large institutions, such as the COO and the SIRDC, have created databases and modern computer systems. Public health informatics that can track and monitor emerging outbreaks of illnesses such as influenza, SARS, HIV, and even bioterrorism, such as the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States. Many regions and countries have their own cancer registry, one function of which is to monitor the incidence of cancers to determine the prevalence and possible causes of these illnesses. Other illnesses such as one-time events like stroke and chronic conditions such as diabetes, as well as social problems such as domestic violence, are increasingly being integrated into epidemiologic databases called disease registries that are being used in cost benefit analysis in determining governmental funding for research and prevention. Systems that can automate the process of identifying adverse drug events, are currently being used, and are being compared to traditional written reports of such events. These systems intersect with the field of medical informatics, and are rapidly becoming adapted by hospitals and endorsed by institutions that oversee healthcare providers such as JCEAA chose in the United States. Issues in regard to healthcare improvement are evolving around the surveillance of medication errors within institutions.


Let's go ahead and take a look at what's known as an LFSR or linear feedback shift register method for generating a pseudo random stream of bits for use. So the linear feedback shift register is a method for generating a pseudo random stream of binary that we're going to go ahead and use with our XOR cipher or exclusive or cipher that we've previously learned about. What's great about a linear feedback shift register is that this is a technique that became really popular when transistors and more modern computers were in use because instead of using software like Python, the programming language that we've been using in this course, this type of method could actually be used in hardware, meaning with the batteries and wires and processors. Those tools could generate these random or pseudo random ones and zeros. When we say pseudo random, what we mean is it's not truly random. If I had a random grouping of ones and zeros that I was going to use for my encoding my cipher, it would be impossible for the receiver to generate that same random bits in order to decipher the message. That's why we say pseudo random on the first appearance, they're going to look random, but some initial settings and some rules that we're going to use are going to allow for the recipient of the message to generate the same random looking groups of ones and zeros so they can decode our message. To learn how a linear feedback shift register works, we're going to perform the following thought experiment here. Let's say we've got four people here and they're kind of imitators, copycats. They are going to decide every day of the week whether or not they're going to wear a hat, but instead of just deciding for themselves, they're going to base their decisions on what other people in this group did the previous day.  And they're going to act according to the rules dictated here on the left. So the blonde man, he's going to copy whatever the woman with the brown hair did the previous day. So if on day one the woman with the brown hair wore a hat, on day two the blonde man would wear a hat. If on day one the woman with the brown hair did not wear a hat, the man with the blonde hair would not wear a hat also. Same rules applies with the man with the white hair and glasses, he's going to copy whatever the blonde man did the day before. And then the woman with the bow and her hair, same rules, she's going to copy whatever the man with the white hair and glasses did the day before. The only person in this group that's going to play by a different set of rules is the woman with the brown hair. She's going to look at both what the man with the white hair and glasses did and the woman with the bow, and if only one of them wore a hat the day before, then she'll wear a hat the next day. If neither of them wore a hat or both of them wore a hat the day before, she will not wear a hat on the next day. So that's the rules of our system. Again, this might seem as an odd way to start off thinking about how to generate ones and zeros in a pseudo-random way, but as we kind of keep track of what happens in this system, we're going to see that the result is something that we could use to generate a pseudo-random stream of bits. So we're going to need an initial state for the system. We'll start with the man with the white hair and glasses wearing our fancy little top hat there. And we're going to keep track in our table whether people are wearing hats or not with ones and zeros. So since he's the only person who's wearing a hat, we'll put a one in that row and everybody else will have a zero. And if we try and predict what's going to happen on day two, we can look at the rules and kind of sort that out. The man with the blonde hair, he'll look to the left, he copies what she's doing. So on day one, she had a zero. On day two, this man will have a zero. The man with the white hair and glasses will look to his left and see no hat. So he's going to switch it up tomorrow. He's wearing a hat now but since the man with the blonde hair to his left is not wearing a hat, tomorrow he's going to copy him and not wear a hat. The one with the bow in her hair, she'll look to her left and see that he's wearing a hat. So tomorrow she'll wear a hat. And then our complicated person here on the left, she's going to look at both the two people on the right most columns and since exactly one of them is wearing a hat, tomorrow she will wear a hat. So filling in the table with that information and updating our hats and our diagram. We can see that now the first and the last person are wearing hats in the middle two are not. And we can sort through and let this run a few iterations. So we're on day three, day four, day five. Feel free to pause at any moment and make sure that you can predict from one day to the next. So you're understanding the rules of the system. And when we get down to day 12, we'll go ahead and stop and look at what's going on here. And there's certainly a few patterns that we can see are taking place. We can see this shifting of bits happen from left to right. So on day one, in the leftmost column, we had a zero. And then on day two, in the column to the right, there was a zero. And then a column to the right on day three was a zero. And a column to the right, there's a zero for day four. And then the same thing happens everywhere in the table. And that's where the shifting part of the linear feedback shift register comes in, is that these things, these bits shift from left to right, starting with the person on the far left. And that kind of makes sense if you think about the rules of the situation, is that everybody's copying the person on their left. So as soon as this person on the far left makes a decision on whether or not they're going to wear a hat, that has implications that shift down the timeline to future people to the right. The feedback component of the linear feedback shift register comes from that. There's information in the system that goes back into the beginning of the system to kind of restart what's happening on the leftmost column. So the person on the left takes the information from the two columns on the right, makes a decision, and that information gets fed back to that person's decision. Now, where are we going to get our random stream of ones and zeros? We're going to take a look at that last column. If we were to just look at the numbers in that last column, zero, one, zero, one, zero, one, zero, one, one, one, and you knew nothing about this situation in the rules at play, that would probably look random to you. Even though there's a nice deterministic system that created that. So if all I did was put this up on the screen, zero, one, zero, zero, one, one, one, zero, one, one, one, that would be a great bit stream for us to use as part of our XOR cipher. Because if somebody else were to have the exact same initial value, the seed, and the same rules, they would be able to recreate the stream of ones and zeros, but only if they had that information. So in this system, the seed value and the rules and the number of bits are what determine a particular pseudo random bit stream. Those are like our keys for the system. So how could we kind of go from this game of swapping around hats to something maybe a little bit more mathematical or something that you would actually imagine a computer could do? So we're going to take this exact same system, but maybe abstract it away a little bit. This diagram in this rule system is actually communicating the exact same information. We've got four bits of information, which are analogous to our four people that are going to be wearing hats or not. We're going to put in these boxes, a particular state of the system. So here's our seed value, 0010. These arrows are dictating which bits go into making the decision that gets fed back into the beginning of the system at bit four. So you can see in this case, one and zero are going to go into the XOR symbol. You might have picked up on that when we were going through the exercise with the hat, but the leftmost bit is essentially an XOR of the rightmost two bits. So in this case, one XORed with zero is going to give us our one. So the next state of the system, we have a one in bit four. The rules of the system dictated here on the left, that the writing for this is simply stating that bit one, its value was determined using the previous state of bit two. That's what that little apostrophe or we'll say prime value denotes, is that the previous state of bit two was passed over to the current state of bit one. The previous state of bit three was what we got passed into bit two and so on. The last one here is the most important, oftentimes it'll be the only one that actually gets written down, is that bit four, the furthest left bit, that's determined by the sum of the previous states of bit one and bit two. So it's the same thing as showing these two lines going into the XOR. Even though we actually are doing an XOR, it's kind of tradition or common that we don't use the XOR symbol when showing that bit wise addition here. It would certainly be correct if you wrote it, it's just not not as common. So to see another one of these systems in play, here's another example. So let's maybe start with our diagram. We've got a five bit system. The seed value is one zero one one zero, we can see that in there. And then we have three bits that are being XOR together to determine what bit five is going to be on the next go around. So we could write that as a definition, if we only need to show the last one, is that bit five is determined as the previous states of bits one two and four summed together. If we were to organize that in a table, which you see over to the right, we can follow the same process we did with the hat game. And then highlighting the last column, the bit number one, that's what's going to be used for our bit stream. So we would end up with zero one one zero one one one zero, as written out down here below. So that's what's going on with a linear feedback shift register. And that's how we can use this system with this set of rules to create a pseudo random meaning a recreatable random looking stream of ones and zeros that can be used with the XOR cipher.


In the previous module, we looked at the permissibility or imprimissibility of an option contract, a conventional option contract. In this module, we would look at the options from a Sharia viewpoint with a view to come up with a Sharia compliant options contract. So this is a module on Sharia compliant risk management. The tool which we are going to use to construct a Sharia compliant option is called Arbun. Arbun is actually the advance payment. Whenever you want to buy something from someone, you do not have the full amount of money. You give it a Biana. This Biana is called Arbun in Arabic language. So Arbun is the provision of advance payment in a sale contract. So this Biana can be used to construct a Sharia compliant option. Let us see. A buyer wants to buy an asset for which they want to pay an advance payment to pay the rest at the time of the delivery of the asset. This is by the way acceptable from Sharia viewpoint. Although there is a minority humbly view which prohibits it, but majority of Sharia scholars, they accept this kind of arrangement. Some scholars argue that there is no optionality in such a contract. I.e. once you have paid the Biana, Arbun, you cannot change your mind. So if you change your mind, then the seller can take you to the court and ask you to compensate for the actual law. This is a view taken by some Sharia scholars. Others actually say that the optionality element is an essence of an Arbun contract or an Arbun within a sale contract. If so, then the Arbun offers a Sharia compliant solution to a conventional call option. However, in this case, if we are using Arbun as a basis for a Sharia compliant call option, then the advance payment would be deemed as part of the final payment of the price when the Arbun giver strikes. In the conventional options that premium of $5 is not part of the price which is paid at the end or on the strike day. In case of an Arbun-based call option, however, when the buyer exercises his right of confirming the sale, at that point in time, this Arbun price would be deemed as part of the total price. Let us look at our previous example and try to explain it with the help of an Arbun-based call option. At t0, this time buyer buys an Apple stock for $155 with the provision of paying $5 upfront and paying the rest of the amount at the time of the delivery at t30. Now, in this case, the price is $155 out of which $5 have already been paid. Now, like the previous example, if at t30, the price of Apple stock has gone up to $165, the buyer who has paid Arbun, the option holder would strike and pay rest of the amount which will be $150 and confirm the sale. In this case, of course, again like the conventional case, the call option holder would be benefiting from the difference of the price between the two. So, that would be $165 minus $155 i.e. $10. If on the other hand side, the Apple stock price crashes down to $65 on t30, in that case, the Arbun call option holder would not confirm the sale. Now, in different jurisdictions, the view taken by the scholars is different. If at this point in time t30, the buyer reneges on the contract, the buyer says, I don't want to go ahead. As I said earlier, the seller can take this buyer to the court. So, this will be part of the risk management in an Arbun-based call option to ensure that the advance payment which is paid at the beginning is almost equal to the opportunity cost of the seller i.e. the actual loss of the seller because of the buyer reneging on the contract. In that case, this would be an arrangement which would be compatible from incentives viewpoint. If the Arbun paid is too less as compared to the opportunity cost and associated loss with it for the seller, then a dispute may occur in that situation and the Arbun giver might end up paying a lot more than what he was going to benefit from. In case there was favorable market condition with respect to this stock i.e. Apple stock. Now, the actual loss actually is going to be known in future and only an expectation can be built around it at the time of the start of the contract i.e. t0. Important thing in this whole message is that if someone is going to use Arbun as an option, call option, then due consideration should be given to a number of risk, legal risk and of course, the risk that the seller may take the buyer to the court in case the buyer reneges on the contract.


Hey guys, it's Nate A.K., the Foot Account, and welcome back to the channel. LaLiga Team of the Season has leaked, but the cards have actually already shown up in the game. Yes, that is true. Yesterday, people were actually packing the official LaLiga Team of the Season cards. Now, they're not on the market or anything like that, but we're going to take a look at some screenshots today of people actually having the real LaLiga Tots cards in their clubs because somehow they were already appearing in packs. I don't know what EA did, but there was a mistake that was made and we have leaks and also confirmed stats for not all the cards, but some of them to look through today, of course, with a lot more content expected to come with the loading screen confirming daily icon player SPCs as well and a lot of leaks and some lot of market movement happening right now because of that. So we'll talk about that and potentially investing in fodder once again on the hires here because of all these icon SPCs that are going to come out. And then today on Thursday might be a bit of a quiet day, but we're expecting new objectives and we'll talk more about that in today's video. There's a lot to cover today. If you're excited for it, drop a thumbs up. Subscribe if you're new. Let's start with yesterday's content just really quickly to start things off here. Of course, we finally had the Guerrero SPC, man. And I'm telling you guys, this guy lives up to the hype exactly as we thought he would. Four star, four star, high medium, left footed. He has got 88 shot power, which is under the magic cutoff number of 89 shot power or below, which makes his Trevella outside of the foot shots insane. He's got the trade. He is so good in-game guys. I'm telling you, right? I've used Conte a lot as a midfielder in this game. This Guerrero is so good. Tried him out in the cup a little bit. He's amazing for the price, the great links as well. He is living up to the hype indeed. And I think a lot of people are doing his SPC, 160,000 coins, 70% upvote. Again, guys, I love how versatile he is in-game.  He just is so fast, so agile with the explosive, accelerate type. I threw an anchor on my Guerrero to get that strength up just a little bit, kind of maxing out his defending stats almost. The rest of his card, especially his dribbling, is just super-duper insane. He does like to track forward a lot. So I kind of like using him as a center mid, box-to-box, but more so going forward. He's got great shooting stats for outside of the box shots. He's got the great dribbling and passing.   That's one of the bigger WSBCs of the team this season, in my opinion, for how cracked he is in-game. And if you've got a Bundesliga team you're rocking right now, that card has got to be in my opinion. So that was big from yesterday. We also had the Bundesliga Tots upgrade, which was a little bit more expensive than I thought it was going to be, or hoped that it would be two squads once again. It seems like the Major League Tots upgrades are kind of making them a little bit more expensive. 100,000 coins though, not that bad. The only problem was, it felt like the weight on that pack yesterday was so bad. We opened some on stream, and we didn't pack anybody better than Frimpong. Maybe we got one Kimmich, but we had so many Schlotterbecks. I got Brant, Duplicate, Lacroix, Sane, right? A lot of Kolomani, Kobels, just fuel-cruise, right? There were just not very many good pack pulls from that SPC yesterday. It seemed, for most of us, now, if you got lucky, GGs. But that one just kind of seemed a little bit disappointing yesterday, because at least for us, it did not seem like it had very good pack weight. Not that it usually does. And of course, you can already see that some of these cards have risen in price. There was some panic around the drop of that SPC yesterday, and those prices were really low. I did end up losing a good amount of coins trying to flip these guys from yesterday. But you know what? It is what it is, and some of them have rebounded up. So if you bought some of these for your team yesterday, you're probably looking at some profits there as those prices have gone up. We'll talk more about the market in this video a little bit later. But along with content yesterday, we had a kind of a surprising SPC dropped. The 81 team of the week upgrade, and it's tradable this time. So it was a tradable version and an untradable version, and it says you can do it once every 13 days. So it's bringing a little bit of supply to the market, but also every 13 days, like, that's really not going to bring that much supply. So that was kind of the content yesterday. Not a crazy day, but definitely with a bundles of good guaranteed. A lot of stuff going on there and a lot of people starting to form their teams and build their teams to maybe qualify for weekend. Today, get those rivals rewards and kind of move on into the weekend with Bundesliga teams for weekend league and especially for qualifying. Right? I feel like Thursdays are big days for me, especially to qualify for footchamps. So it's probably going to be some movement today on the market. People try to buy cards for their team for that. Now, let's get into some of the craziness with the La Liga Leagues and the official team of the season cards that have already shown up inside of this game. It all started yesterday with this loading screen right here. EA confirming three TOTS cards, having skill move week foot upgrades, a left mid with five-star week foot, probably Vinny Jr. being 5'5". That's exciting. Five-star, five-star center mid, got to be Pedri, we think. And then a five-star skill move center forward, most likely Karim Benzema. And then also on the loading screen showing daily icon player SBCs. We know who these kind of little teasers are, right? We're going to take a look at some of those leaks today. There's a lot of leaks in today's video. So, there's a lot to look at there. But from this loading screen, we had a couple hours later, cards actually started to show up in the game. And these are official screenshots of the actual La Liga team in the season cards, guys. The official stats of these cards and the official players in this team, we believe were in packs yesterday because they started showing up on the game. In 81 plus doubles and in like some of the loan packs for like the 99 rated or 99 game loan players. This is the official card for Luca Modric, team of the year, 99 dribbling and 99 passing, plus two over his team of the year card, especially on that dribbling going all the way to 99. That is insane. He's getting a pace upgrade there as well. This might be one of the best Modric cards that we have seen since his team of the year back in, I think, FIFA 21. He was 99 rated. But a big boost there for him going to 99 overall in the dribbling and the passing. So, a big GG's for me there. And as we take a look through the rest of these cards, a 94 rated official stats here for Ter Stegen. He looks nice, probably going to be pretty cheap. This Merino card looks like Bruno Gameres, but he's going to be cheaper because he's La Liga, not Brazilian and not in the Premier League. This might kind of like set the standard for midfielders in this game and be a cheap beast, right? This card, I think, is going to be less than 100,000 coins heading into next week as the cards have been in packs for a while. This is going to be a really nice card to try out on a low level. And as we take a look at some of these ratings, it's like EA are juicing up the top tier again, like we saw with Bundesliga. Look at Lewandowski, 90 pace. That is a plus 9 pace boost over his once to watch card that is 94 rated. That's a big boost there. Also with 99 shooting, I just hope that they give him a 5 star weak foot and that could rival Harry Kane is what people say the most kind of overpowered striker in the game. Lewandowski might be right up there with Harry Kane here in the next couple of days getting released onto this game. So other cards that were posted to Molina as a right back. That's a pretty good looking card for a right back. He's undoubtedly going to be pretty cheap as well. But those are some really good stats and some really good links and Fede Val Verde. My goodness, what a card this is 94 pace, 92 dribble, 89 defense, 91 physical, 91 passing. The midfielders that have been leaked in this team look absolutely astounding. They look so good with the Modric, the Val Verde that we've seen. We're going to see a Marcus Rente here in a second. Absolutely cracked cards there. Now moving on to a few more. We've got a couple of Tots moments. Javi Galan as a left back it looks like. He's probably going to be pretty cheap, but his stats look pretty good for a left back there. 94 pace, 93 dribble, 86 defense and 89 physical. That's a good looking card. David Garcia, he's going to be one of the cheapest cards in this team, but not a bad card in that right as well. 84 pace, but 93 defense, 92 physical, decent card there. Fekir getting a Tots moments card. EA trying to sell some packs here, make some money off of Fekir, but hey, we'll take it, right? 90 pace, 90 shooting, 92 passing and dribbling. That's going to be a nice card in this game. Very overpowered and FIFA always is not built Fekir and getting a Tots moments. He's going to be a very valuable card during team of the season. And Balde, as our left back in the team, 96 pace, 95 dribble, those stats look really, really good. So again, it looks like EA is doing a nice juice here with these cards. Some of the lower tier ones that are even lower rated like the 93 Balde, the 91 Fekir, these stat boosts and some of these guys are still pretty nice and they look like very, very usable cards and they're probably going to be pretty cheap as well, but on the top tier, the stat boosts look really good too. Now Griezmann is one who I thought, or at least I hoped it was going to be about 95 rated instead, he's 94 rated and again, I think Griezmann's not going to be five star, five star like his path to glory is. I would imagine a five star skills or a five star weak foot upgrade for this card, but probably not both. So that five star, five star path to glory still might be the best in terms of skills and weak foot on this game, but that is going to be a really good Griezmann card. 72 defense as well is kind of crazy for Griezmann. Now the last couple here, we've got a Gabri Vega. That looks like a really usable card as well. It's going to be very cheap as a box to box. He had that player of the month, SBC earlier on this year, but 92 rated with 92 pace and 94 dribbling. Don't sleep on this card. He's going to be cheap and good. And then of course we have who we think is the center mid on the loading screen, Pedri 92 pace, 95 dribble and 92 passing. That's a cracked looking card. It's just, it's crazy. How did these cards all of a sudden just start to show up in the game? Like it does not make sense how this happens on a Wednesday, right? We had it last, I think during community team this season, it happened on like a, on a Thursday just for like an hour and it happened again today or yesterday rather. It just does not make sense. But look at this. Another midfielder, Marcus Sirente with 95 pace, 91 dribble 90, he's almost club 90. Apart from shooting and physical, what an insane card that Marcus Sirente looks like in this game. So it's crazy that we already have the confirmed stats for a lot of these cards. Now we don't know all of them though, right? We do not know all of these cards. We just have some of the leaks. And I will say this, it looks really good. It looks pretty promising. And it looks like they're giving out some really sizable boosts. I hope that for a lot of these cards too, couple skill move and weak foot boosts are being thrown in there as we saw on the loading screen. They're doing that for a few of the cards, but there's still plenty of these guys that we do not have official stats for, right? You think about guys like Militao and Kunde. We have not seen a version yet of Vinny Jr. Or Benzema. So there's still players in here that we're hoping get big boosts and still have really, really nice cards upcoming. But we just haven't actually seen them in the game yet. Now, if you try to find these like League of Tots cards, I just tried searching the market myself. I'm pretty sure if anybody has packed one of these, they can't list it on the market because you know how like a card when it's dropped early on accident, you try to like click into the card and it'll say there was an error attributing their attributes for the card. And you notice that all the cards that we looked at that were popping up in the game did not have any dynamic images, right? That's another clear sign that those cards are not supposed to be in the game yet because not all of like the game assets, the data of those cards, the images, right, has been loaded into the game. Yeah, they're not actually in FIFA. It's just like some sort of mistake. So it's crazy how that happened. And it's crazy. Usually we're just looking at predicted stats and leaks, right? But we actually have the official cards and we know some of them. So we all honestly know about 75% of the team. So that's kind of crazy and we'll see if anything else comes from that. But League of Tots looks pretty nice and I'm pretty excited to see these cards fully get released onto the game. The rest of the cards we don't know the stats for, I'm super excited because it looks like it might be a really fun week of FIFA. Now, continuing the trend of the leaks, we have got some SBCs to talk about here guys because yesterday, Ronaldinho Prime icon was leaked as one of the SBCs to come out during the League of Team this season and the loading screen once again confirmed daily icon SBCs and FIFA U team said it's gonna be the Prime version of Ronaldinho. And of course, if you take a look at footprint at Prime Ronaldinho, all versions of Ronaldinho are down bad. But the Prime specifically is down about 1 million coins. He was 4.5 million yesterday and today he is 3.7. Even honestly, last weekend, he's down 2 million coins from where he was. He was 5.8 million and now he is 3.7. An absolute crazy drop off as this is a card that so many people will just do the SBC for because it's Ronaldinho, right? We have a couple other insane icon players here to leak, right? Foot birthday Kuman, that's gonna be a bit of a cheaper one but still pretty nice with the Dutch links there. And then we have a, I don't know if it's gonna be posted here on FIFA U team's account. I think it was actually tweeted by FIFA trading Romania. He tweeted out Maka Lele as the team of your icon. We were hoping that it was Beckham but it's gonna be Maka Lele, we believe. And then foot birthday Puskas. That is a massive, massive leak as well. So, as of right now, those are all the icons that we have that leaked. Ronaldinho and Puskas probably being the biggest out of all of those. And with these SBCs upcoming, we have to ask the question, do we need to invest in the high tier, higher rated fodder because will we finally see a rise on these cards as there's gonna be demand for icon SBCs? If you think about a Ronaldinho SBC, there's no way that this can be less than like 3 million coins, right? I mean, EA are gonna make us pay for this card that is like a dream card and an idol almost for so many people that play football, that watch football. This is a dream card they would love to achieve. And the fact that it's gonna be available as an SBC is mental. So many people are gonna do this. It's on a level of like Zidane and Cruyff from earlier this year. Maybe even Giorzinho. Maybe even above all of those guys because Ronaldinho just carries so much hype in FIFA and in real life. So many people are going to want to do this SBC and all the other icon SBCs that are dropping in this upcoming week. So do we need to invest in fodder? Here's my dilemma with fodder right now. It's already rising and we've got more team of the season cards that are gonna come onto this game and kind of challenge these other 92 and 93 rated cards as some of the lowest rated fodder. Look at Julian Brandt, right? Yes, he did start off at 70,000 coins, but he dropped off and after a couple of days to a pretty low price of where he was last night at his lowest point, 33,000 coins. That tradable Bundesliga player pick. If you bought any fodder in this kind of low section, I guess it was like Tuesday night, Wednesday morning. We're not gonna see prices like this again, probably for the rest of almost the game until like the summer when these cards all come back into packs. And that 93 brand being 33,000 coins was crazy. Now, if you see any dips on these cards today whether it's the 92s, the 93s or the 91s, I think you can do a little bit of a club stock, right? Remember when 91s were 25K earlier in the week, now they're up, right? You can see they're rising 28,000 coins for Lewandowski. Of course, he's going out of packs. That might impact him a bit. Kevin De Bruyne at 27,000 coins. If you wanna do a bit of a club stock on fodder, on the high tier, especially if you're wanting to do Ronaldinho, that is not a bad idea because I could see some of these cards going up in price especially if Ronaldinho comes on Friday.  Would it be a crazy amount? I don't think it would be a crazy amount because again, like I said, you have a lot of team in the season cards that are dropping every single week. And as we see some of these tweets, right? You see a 92 Gabri Vega. You see a Javi Galan that's 92 rated. He's gonna be probably fodder, right? 90 rated David Garcia. Molina, 92 rated. He's probably gonna be pretty cheap, right? Not all of this team is gonna be fodder and be really cheap, but a couple of these guys are. So that's why I'm thinking, okay, there's gonna be more higher rated Tots cards that are gonna be in packs. We've got an MLS team in the season team that is gonna be coming out on Sunday. And you notice here that a lot of the cheapest cards by their rating are some of the secondary league teams. So it all kind of comes down to the timing. But in the grand scheme of things, I think that stocking up a couple 91s to 93s in your transfer list in your club is a good idea. And then I also am kind of looking at the 88s and the 89s because that is a part of the fodder market that has risen a little bit. Yes, Tony Cruz being 16,000 coins. It is up, right? He was 13K. Now he's up to 16,000 coins. But could these cards go to like 20,000 coins with all these icon SBCs coming out? You're gonna think about, right? With the way fodder is priced right now, E is gonna have to drop a lot of 89, 90, 91 rated squads maybe in this SBC to get to the final price of 3 million coins. I think that if you wanna go in on a more full investment, I would say 88s to the 89s are the place to do that because they're gonna be needed in higher quantities than you will need like the 91s and 92s, 93s. Those could go up, but I would try to look at the gold cards, guys. The gold cards between 88 to 89 because when people do SBCs, they think of the gold cards. They don't like turning in a lot of people like informs and other special cards from other promos. People see the gold cards as the fodder and those are what usually rise the most in these sort of situations. So I would try to get on some bids today. Maybe during rivals rewards, maybe during marquee matchups, but I think these prices are gonna stay, especially if Ronaldinho drops on Friday, pretty expensive. If Ronaldinho does not drop on Friday and it's like Kuman or Maka Lily and something that's not as exciting, then the prices may drop down a little bit, but for the next week with all of these SBCs that are coming to the game, I think it might not be a bad shout to stock some of these in the club because I just see an opportunity for these prices to rise here in the next coming days with all of the content planned. Now for low tier fodder, with the SBCs that we had yesterday, fodder on the low tier is up big. That Bundesliga guaranteed got 85s up to 11K. 86s are 12,000 coins on the low tier fodder, especially like 83s and 84s that are massive. I would look to sell that stuff and reinvest on the weekend after pack supply, lightning rounds, weekend league rewards, pushes those prices back down and we'll have another investment opportunity on those cards, which I think will be a very, very good investment because also if you think about it right now in this game, a lot of people, myself included, we're running thin on fodder. We're running a lot more thin because we've used a lot of it up during this last week of Bundesliga when we had a lot of SBCs or even two weeks ago with Prem, you had a lot of SBCs and we maybe had some saved up fodder and we had packs that were opening or upgrade packs, right? And now that kind of like stock that we had is dwindling, right? It's running out and now people have to go and buy more fodder out of pocket. So I think fodder this weekend is a really, really good look, especially with a lot of SBCs coming. It's just going to depend on when we get those SBCs as to how much fodder will rise and when the best time might be to buy. But in general, on the high tier, do a club stock, get a couple in your club at the very least and I think we could see those prices rising some during this weekend. Now really quickly, today on Thursday, I was a lot about tomorrow and what would end up coming. What's going to happen today? We're going to get a new LaLiga set of objectives for XP. Again, it's probably not going to be double XP because that was the whole Bundesliga week, right? But today, we'll begin a new set of the LaLiga Tots season swaps. So watch out for some potential XP reward gain in there. Level 30 guys is not going to be able to be attained. I don't think until we get to League 1 team this season because that player pick at the end here does contain League 1 Tots players. So I would not expect to get all the way there by the end of this next week. It'll probably take a few more days into next week before we get there. So we're not getting too close to level 30 just yet, but we're closing in on it there. Watch out for that and marquee matchups and I do believe we will see an Openda player of the month, SBC today on this game. So watch out for a new high rated. I think it's going to be an 89 or a 90 rated version of Openda. That could be really, really nice. Now really quickly, just to cover to the market today, Bundesliga Tots cards. These guys were really low, really, really low yesterday. There's a lot of panic selling. I lost coins. Like I mentioned, I kind of sold like right in here because I was not wanting to hold on these cards. I was a little bit worried about what could be upcoming and they went low around the time of SBC and then some of them jumped right back up afterwards. If you bought any of these cards yesterday for a flip right and not for your team in that low point or during that kind of low area that we were in the last day, I would look to sell those cards today and not mess around with what is upcoming for LaLiga, especially with all of the SBC content. That definitely contributed to some of the panic selling and the price drops that we saw yesterday was all of the SBC leaks, all of the LaLiga stuff that was going on, the daily icon SBCs, that 1000% is impacting these card prices on this game. So just be careful owning these. I think they might drop off a little bit with LaLiga team this season coming out. Again, that's what happened with the Prem. I think it could happen with the Bundesliga as well, especially because LaLiga has some hype, but we'll continue to monitor those prices today. We've got supply with division rivals and marquee matchups that could impact some of the lower tier and maybe that could present a good buying opportunity on the fodder. Today is also a big day for Diaby versus Tammy Abraham in that Europa League showdown game. It is the day on who decides who gets upgraded out of those two road to the final card. So also Sevilla and Juventus as well, big game there. So right now Roma is leading 1-0 and Aggregate will see if Leverkusen could do anything about that playing at home. Let's see if Diaby's gonna get that five-star week foot upgrade. Of course, Calvin Phillips and Barela are both getting five-star week foot upgrades after their teams advancing on into the next round. Keep a close eye on this Davin Alaba just as something to kind of watch out for because he is down bad after he's no longer getting upgraded. But I probably won't buy this card until I see some more news about the center backs, Kunde and Militao. But that'll be a card a lot of people might want to use during LaLiga tot. So a lot to discuss today, a lot of craziness. But we'll be back today on the stream looking at everything else, talking about it further. And tomorrow in a video, we'll break it all down for what we might see with some new information that we learned today on Thursday for the upcoming LaLiga team in the season. So if you're excited for LaLiga team in the season, drop a thumbs up on the video, comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe if you're new. It's been Nathan Foot account. I'll catch you guys today in the stream. Peace out.


So, my mom has never seen me drive and drive. Yaa! I'm excited to drive my mom for the first time by the way. Are you ready? Yes. You're ready? Patience. No, mereba. Number four. I'm ready. Hey!


Bali, pohwama, ijata mnutumiai kajiste, 2 paes, 3 paes. Easta lmkha jilia sikura bianman udunute hawa, hainta kontrovasi, kwa nga kanyatama na kiiha ewe rabinwa wajana. Biaząga. Nia ambiliya wajana mwazini, wajana mqafamia wajana pa kona na mwazina mwazina, wa uj admiredu nii na hwa na 300 december. Nha, kweniai beri nga, ma science nii nga kuwa. Ben of Saudi Soul claims that his phone was big-pocketed, kakiz and other valuables that were in his jacket. He has in turn offered a reward of 50,000 Kenya shillings to the person who returns his phone. Chris Paeke Etovuku also claimed that he lost his phone, that had valuable recordings of his next music projects and he also offered a reward for the person who brings it back. A video of ladies fighting at the VIP section also emerged and we are just left to under how chaotic was the event. We love Dwayne Johnson as Hobbs on the Fast and Furious franchise, but sad news is that he will not be in the last movie. Dwayne and Dwayne Diesel have had a long-standing feud which was brought to life by Dwayne Johnson a while back. Well, they are back at it again and the rock as we all know him thinks that Diesel is being manipulative. Dwayne had already made a choice not to return to the franchise and according to him, they had a conversation about it in Pasun but recently Vin Diesel went online and asked him not to leave the franchise because a legacy awaits him. Dwayne felt that this was manipulative because they had already talked about it in Pasun but he went ahead and brought it out to the public. At this point, we are sure that Dwayne is not going back for the last Fast and Furious film and that this feud is not about to end. Do you think that that was manipulative of Vin Diesel? Dr. Dwayne and his ex-wife Nicole Young are officially divorced and last month, Dr. Dwayne posted a photo of him celebrating being divorced. He may be happily divorced but he has to part with $100 million. Reports indicate that he will pay his ex-wife $100 million as agreed during their divorce settlement. He will pay the money in two portions. Half of it as agreed is to be paid immediately and the other half is to be paid over the year. Well, that's quite a huge amount of money but with an estimated net worth of $820 million and $100 million is not a lot.


Crop plant breeding has evolved with high throughput technologies like genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, but requires integrating multi-omics data from various databases for a comprehensive understanding of plant traits and their interactions to enhance crop plant breeding and improve global food security. This article was authored by Chaohauyu, Zhang Shilong, Hu Yuming, and others.