You know, our usual wiki tree challenge evening. Oh, and hi, Joan. Hi, Joan. Hi, Joan. So I guess we'll introduce everybody first. So there is myself and Julie, for those of you who don't know, we are wiki tree team members. And over there we have Mindy, who is our overall wiki tree challenge coordinator. And below me, there is Joan, who is the captain or the co-captain for Rob's week. And then we have Dallin, who's right next to Joan. He's our next coming guest.  And next to Dallin, we have Rob, who we're about to reveal some juicy details about. And then we have Emma, who is Dallin's captain. And that's all we got today, yes. And that is it. And for those of you who maybe don't know what wiki tree is, Julie would love to tell us all. I would. Wiki tree. So wiki tree is a community of genealogists, where we work together on one single family tree. So unlike other genealogy sites where you build your tree and I build my tree and we have a common ancestor up here, but we never talk to each other on wiki tree. When we get to that common ancestor, we work together to find sources and information and resolve discrepancies, make the profile look nice. So in other words, we collaborate to grow an accurate single family tree that connects us all. And the best part, my favorite part, wiki tree is free, always and forever. Forever. Forever, forever. So that is wiki tree for maybe those of you who've just popped in, maybe checking us out, maybe here, because you know Rob or you know Dallin or you know somebody and you just wanted to pop in to watch. That is wiki tree. Then the wiki tree challenge, which is what we're doing now is our year long event where each week, a team of wiki treeers takes on a genealogy guest star's tree and make it more accurate and complete than it is anywhere else. For instance, this past week we've been working on Rob and his family tree, an upcoming starting, probably people are already working on it, Dallin, this week, I'm pretty sure there's probably already people working away on his tree. And this challenge is part of our year of accuracy where our goals to improve our overall accuracy on wiki tree, make more connections and more friends. And that is the wiki tree challenge. Okay, and I'll go ahead and tell you what we're doing briefly as far as communications and points. Now for our collaboration, we have a spreadsheet. That way, each person on the team can go ahead and enter which profile they're working on because if you wind up with 40 or 50 people working on the same branches, we don't wanna be tripping over people or doubling research. On the right there, you see the start of a G2G post. We use that for going ahead and posting interesting facts, questions, mostly for bounty points, which you'll hear more about. And the guest can view that also. That's out in the public forum. And last but not least, this one's really important. We rely on Discord. This is our real-time live chat. So if we want a second set of eyes on a record, if we have problems, we use this a lot this week. It was a very challenging week. We can get in there and there's always somebody available. This is a global site. So no matter what time of day or night, there's somebody in there and you can say, hey, can you look at this and see if I've got it right? Or, hey, I added a ton of sources but I'm terrible at writing biographies. Can you get in there? And of course, my favorite always. And I'm gonna try and do this right this week. I say Dieter Leverenz is his last name. Dieter or Frank, this is in German. I don't know what to do. Tell me what the date is. You know, and we have experts for French ancestors, German ancestors, Ukraine, Russia, you name it. We've got a bunch of them. But that Discord gets hopping sometimes. Now, as far as the points go, they get 10 points every time that they break a brick wall down. That's what we call our bounty points. They get one point automatically for each and every direct ancestor they add but also the nuclear family. So any siblings, children. You know, when people are not just doing this for the points and they do a lot of things that don't earn them points but human nature is, you know, you put a little bit of the challenge in there. They have something to shoot for a goal and something to show their progress. People get excited and they just charge forward with it. This was our top five and there he is because there was a lot of German in these branches. There is Dieter and hopefully I said his last name a little bit better this week. Next was Cheryl Smith, Maddie Hardman, Donna Bauman and Ellen Smith. They all did a lot. You figure with that many people working on it, those top five people beat out everybody else. So. Wow. I think there are overall stats not just including the top five but everybody who's been working on the tree, on your tree. And do we want to go ahead and give them the totals for these now, Sarah? No. Or? We can wind as well, we haven't opened. Okay, so total points for our participants is 507. Now if you break that down, they created 47 direct ancestors on your branches, Ron. Wow. Yeah, and then the next number created relatives is where they created those nuclear family members. You know, and it's always better to get a good picture of the overall whole family and look for those hard to find links that you need when you've got all of the kids, all of the siblings, everybody on there. So those nuclear family members are important. You know, which means that they added 237 ancestors and then additional ancestors, like if you go out to the sister and her husband and their kids, those were added also. Now the bounty points, this is where that comes in with the 10 points per brick wall. So total was 270 points. So you're gonna get to find out who those 27 brick walls were that went down. There were 957 unique profiles edited. And then total edits from our participants was 3,712 in one week.  It's incredible to watch. I guess my page is slow by a few at 3,705, but that's beside the point. Over 3,000, almost 4,000 total edits on your ancestors' relatives. Yeah, I know I was getting a lot of messages. It's like, this profile update, the profile update was like, okay. Don't look at us, I don't wanna see it. We were trying to jump in there for you and have the team members do some of those merges so you didn't have to worry about them, but. So I guess we can go on in and start showing you who we found, what we found. All kinds of goodies. What we started with, based off your, each great-grandparent, people were working those lines. So the first one, Wharton Line. Joan, do you want this or do you want me to take it? She's got no sound, she's still muted. Joan, you're muted. Joan, yeah. There we go. I'm sorry. We went to hear your lovely voice. All right. This line was quite a challenge, really. We, I think, somewhere on that line, we disconnected somebody's wife. And then further up, there was a wife, what a wrong name, I think. And that's the one showing on this screen, yeah. Yeah, it's on, yeah. So Henrietta Shirley Worthen. She was a spurling and she turned into a Shirley. Yeah, yeah, I was trying to get it. But we didn't get to the bottom of when the name changed. I think we need perhaps a few more records and sources that we found to confirm exactly when the name changed. Yeah, that we go so fast. Do you want to tell them about the shipbuilders, Joan? Oh, yeah. We disconnected some wrong relatives. We'd already started working on the family shipbuilders. I forgot what the name was now. But they had a shipbuilding business across in America. And they'd come across from Bristol. And we'd all grew up in England, tracking them down in Bristol. And the family became quite interesting. And I think some of the England members are going to continue working on that. Because they were trying to get to some shipbuilders in London as well. But unfortunately, they're not a military. Oh, I feel like I have some connection to Bristol. So when you were talking about shipbuilders in Bristol, I'm like, yeah, that's gotta be new. You know, and they say a lot of what we're doing right now, and it really is, it's crowdsourcing. We're crowdsourcing these profiles. But it also organically develops these little think tanks. And that's what we kept winding up was little groups of these think tanks.  And at one point, you know, Joan and I were talking and we're lying in, how many people are we gonna disconnect from this tree here? Because we have the most disconnections on these branches and that's not anything on you, Rob. That's us also either adding people in and having to remove them or they were wrong on wiki tree and they weren't matching your tree. And we had to look at whether that was right or not and disconnect if we had to. So we had a lot of that this week. And we have... Those were just as important. Yes. Any negative evidence, any of those disconnections, every one of those means that, you know, you're one step closer to finding who you really need to find. Right. We have James Shorb, which was on which line? Louisa Tool Line. Okay. And he also had a correction. I don't think that one got marked in green. The orange ones are new ancestors, if you see those boxes. Yeah, he had a correction done and he had parents added Johannes Kasper Shorb and Catherine Fricker Shorb. There were several Shorb families and this was another one of those areas that was very challenging. It turned out that there were two families in Pennsylvania with almost all the same names. So you had the husband, you had almost all their kids were named the same. They were living in the same location and it basically came down to finding records that didn't have one of those one or two children, you know, that were different, really, really careful research and a group of people working on these. And they got it all straightened out though. It was fun to watch. Yeah, Shorb is a very big name in this area. So I can imagine what you went through. And the interesting thing about a lot of people in this area is like they came into this area, they moved to this area and then they settled in this area. So it's like you were always in this area. So that's awesome. Obviously then we had Dieter find the German ancestors from Germany across the pond. Yeah, that goes back pretty deep. That's awesome. Then we have some more German ancestors found. That's my grandmother's line, Welty. Right, and that one's another correction. That one is marked. The green box is the corrected person. The last name was really close. It was Eichelbert and it should have been Eichelberger. And once that change got made, you can see in that orange box, all of those ancestors are brand new. So all of those are. And it was just that couple of letters on the name that broke through that brick wall. This one was, she was the wife of Bernard Welty. She wound up with 12 other ancestors on that line.  I don't know if you knew anything about Johannes Welty. He was an American revolutionary patriot. He died at the age, this was neat. He died at the age of 98. His father died at the age of 94. All of the children in this family died 88 or years old or older. They averaged 95 year old lifespan. The oldest one was the daughter, Elizabeth, who died at the age of 103. So you got some longevity hanging out on some of them branches. They actually wrote a newspaper article. They wrote several of them. I'm going back to the Eichelberger branch. I've been doing some work on that today. And just this evening, I found a profile already on WikiTree that I've connected to the Philly Eichelberger, I believe, too, as his father. There's three more generations. But unfortunately, it's an old jet come and it's only sourcing and sorting out. So it needs a lot of work to confirm that the last three generations on WikiTree is correct. Wow. Can we have another one Welty? Welty. Right. And that's the one that had the professional or amateur musicians. That was the musical section of the family, I guess. She had sisters Cecilia, Genevieve, Mary, Rosalie. They were church organists. Brother William played a horn in a band that was led by his son, Robert. And then you also gained new people on that though. There was Mary's maternal great-grandmother, the wife of Joseph Hughes, was found to be another correction, Mary Buchanan, instead of Lucy Unknown. So Lucy became Mary and Joseph gained new parents. That's very back, very far. You're gonna have a lot to look through. It'll be fun to look through later. You all know where to go first. So Peter gained a Peter. Right, and this one, this was really fun too. We always try and find some sort of fun, or it develops naturally, honestly, space page or something. And it turned out that you had a number of ancestors that went to this church, the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. And so the parents got married, all the children got baptized, people died and were buried there. And there's an actual video, I think that one's linked on this one space page, of when they went to take down this really old, it was like a hundred year old painting, beautiful painting. And they went to take it down to have it cleaned and restored and to redo the church. And they found a mural underneath it that nobody even knew was there. It's just, oh yeah, it's just amazing. And the church is beautiful inside. And not only is there a space page with a history and it has some of the families, not all of them, linked on that profile. When you go to look at it, you'll see them. But one of our ladies, Elaine Weatherall, she's not only a good researcher, there you go. She did that drawing for you of the Basilica, so. So I've seen that Basilica many times. I think that's where my mom and dad got married, because that's where my mom's church was growing up, I think. Oh, that's really cool. But at least, so see this on YouTube and correct me later, but yes, I've seen this beautiful, beautiful church. So yeah, Elaine drew this, she draws for us sometimes for the challenge, which is great. That is a great picture, thank you so much. And then the space page, like we were showing there, and they had everybody who was christened, buried, linked on here, so married. Yeah, and it was interesting because one of the immigrants that was buried there, he actually, if you look up the records, the first time I saw it, I thought, oh, this has got to be wrong. It said he immigrated in 1817, but really what the fact was is he was just so low-key, he wasn't in the papers and making a lot of records, and it was back before we had all the censuses and whatnot, and they were going by the first really valid record they could find, which was his burial. He died in 1817. So his immigration date is 1817 because they don't know when he actually came over. They just know that he did. That's awesome. And we just wanted to show also this very well-written biography for Ida Elizabeth Fung. Ida Cecilia Elizabeth Hawkinsmith, and it was never totally decided how she wound up with two first names and a nickname, but we're thinking of first name, her confirmation, you know, her baptized devotional name, and then maybe just a nickname, because at first it was thought they may not be the same person, but when you really do a deep dive into the records, that was all definitely her. So she was around for the term. And a lot of my ancestors seemed to like to have different names, what I've noticed. Change it up on you, make it real difficult. Even my own name. They didn't go by their real first names. Most of them went by their middle names. It's... Yeah, I see that in some families. I remember seeing a DNA kit come in, a match come in one time, and it was for Charles, and I'm like, who the heck is this? Oh, that's right, this is my Uncle Pat. That's funny. New father? Yeah, we had the mother, but not the father. Yeah, we kind of wondered about that one, but I guess she must have been mentioned somewhere, because we didn't have him, but that's okay. Anthony Small was the one that was added. He was born in Pennsylvania, moved to Virginia, where he served in the United States Civil War on the Union side. He and Margaret had 10 children. This resulted in 53 new ancestors for Anna's line. The oldest being Johannes Eck, who was born about 1500, most likely in Germany. And it kind of needs some sources further out, that week goes so fast, and we always go, oh, I'm gonna get back to this one, and we wind up doing it after the week's up, if we can, because there's just so much to do. And then, yeah, then I found the flag for the unit he was in, and they were called the Lancaster Rifles, so that flag is also on his profile. Also. And I was trying to, you might be able to do some more research, but I tried to research that regiment, and found a little bit, but maybe you can do some more research on it. Yeah, I'm definitely looking forward to actually diving deep into this. I bet. And this just was a little bit fun. One of the things we try and do is bring these ancestors back to life. And we do, all of us, we have another site that we use, maybe not just Wicked Tree, but you just kind of see the details and the records listed and stuff like that. We have the space on Wicked Tree to go ahead and write out a narrative and put pictures in and try and really look at what the records tell us about a family. And this one was just one that struck my fancy. The fact that he migrated and wound up, Johannes Heiler wound up in paradise, Pennsylvania. And I could just imagine him sitting there writing back to his family in Germany and saying, hey, things are wonderful here in paradise. And he did well. I mean, as far as what the records show, he did really well. He and his wife had eight known children. Like most of his neighbors, he was not a slave owner. There weren't that many of them. He lived to the age of 66 and he was actually buried with the other pioneers, the first cemetery in Conus Wego, Pennsylvania. So he was considered one of the first settlers, early settlers. We have a cousin, a new cousin that showed up for you, Rob. Oh. Through the shore blind. It's a cousin. Yes. Awesome. Take a DNA test yet. I did see a couple of my cousins pop on because I mentioned to them that this was going to be going on today. So it's nice to have it much more deep. And we have Johan and Magdalena, new parents for Mainrad Mueller. Yes, Mainrad was a little bit of fun. I'm not sure about the Mainrad or Mainrod. I'm not sure how you'd pronounce that. But of course, the Mueller became an Americanized Miller. So, but he gained Johan Mueller as a father and Magdalena Mustman as a mother. Unfortunately, for the records that are online, they're either not indexed yet and online available or she wasn't using her married name because for the area that they're in, other people, we've had good luck with finding, you know, all the children and whatnot. And it was a little bit harder to look for these guys because there were a lot of Johans and Magdalenas and she was not putting that Mustman on hardly anything. So, yeah. And then here, new parents for Anastasia Deans. This one was kind of fun also. She gained new parents, Sebastiana Deans and Anastasia Werneth Deans. They have 13 children. Can we show the profile, or that works right there? They had 13 children and unfortunately, you know, this happened in that area. It was fairly common at the time I've been told. And 13 children, only three of whom lived long enough to be to marry. So, the three that you see in blue, they actually grew to adulthood and married but she just kept having those children and they just kept dying. So I just can't imagine dealing with that kind of tragedy, you know, and still getting up every day and facing your day, trying to help on the farm and raise the other kids and, yeah. Wow, that's sad. And you kind of look at stuff like this and you're like, wow, if my ancestor would have been the ones that didn't, you know, maybe didn't make it, you know, wouldn't be here today. You know, kind of think about stuff like that sometimes when you're looking at. And that's, things like this really put things much more alive and what they've been through and stuff. And I know my mom, my grandparents, so my dad's side had like, I think he had like 10 or 12 siblings. I can't remember it all to stop my hand sitting out there. I know how much, but it's amazing how many children people used to have back then. Oh. We disconnected and fixed some stuff on this line. Yes, this was the many wives of Albert. Not really. He married twice, but at first it was really difficult. This was another chat. We had a number of them this week. Another very challenging, which is fun though, area. He, it was thought initially, tradition said, he married a Mary Eve. Well, what happened is he married a Mary Catherine and then a Mary Elizabeth. And they were both huff-naggles and they were definitely totally separate people. So Albert had seven children with Mary Catherine, including your direct ancestor Margaret that married a Biskar. And his wife died, his first wife died in 1892 after the seventh child was born. And I wonder if that has anything to do with it, I don't know. And then he remarried less than a year later because of course now he has these seven children in his household and nobody to take care of him. And then he had four more children with the second wife, Mary Elizabeth. So there were days of intense research just on this one family, particularly by one of our team members, trying to make sure that all of the records were sorted out correctly. And it just, yeah, it really did a good job. We had another disconnection on that line, mostly because of the name changes. So, wow. I think those were, this shows all of your brick walls busted. So every one of those dots, you'll get a link to the actual chart so you can download it Robin and zoom in and see it up close. That'll give you the, yeah, you can't see it on this one but every one of the yellow spots was an available brick wall. That was something one of our team members could concentrate on. Everywhere there's a dot in it, like you can kind of see in the blow up, that's where our team members broke down a brick wall. So I think they did pretty good and you kind of see in clusters, you know, where some of them were all working together and taking part of the mother's branches and then kind of splitting it off so everybody wasn't on the same one. And then the rest of it was just really spread out. It was a lot of fun. Not at all fun. Thank you so much. And we can, oh, the before and after charts that Greg put this together. Yeah, Greg is awesome with those. Nine generations before. And then we have nine generations after. So pretty much kind of the chart that we showed before that Mindy put together. And then we have an 11 generation chart after. Which is kind of hard to see, but... Yeah, you'd have to kind of zoom in and then just scoot you around. Yeah. Yeah. Wow. Really, you picked up a lot of people out there. A lot of family members. I can't wait to look at that. How many brick walls did we end up breaking Mindy? How many did you say? We wound up with 27 brick walls down. That's awesome. Thank you all so much. That's like, I can't... I'm, I can't say what to say, but I'm just so excited to go out there and look at all of that. I mean, I appreciate so much what you've all done. Thank you. Well, it was our honor to work through your branches, Rob. So thank you for letting us go out there and just charge at them. Thank you. Did you take a nap beforehand so you can stay up late and do research? I did. Look at everything. I'm more of an early person, so I'll probably be popping up at five o'clock tomorrow morning looking at it. Well, do we have any final questions for Rob? Rob, do you have any final questions or comments or do we get an A plus? Definitely an A plus, one hundred and five percent. Thank you all. Well, we thank you, Rob, for letting us, you know, work on your tree. I know everybody had a great time. I know I dabbled a bit in your tree, you know, on a couple profiles, so it's fun. It's great work. And real quick, Sarah, I did forget to do a shout out for Emma Macbeth, of course, who's so generously donated her time and was actually able to do DNA confirmations out to second great grandparents. So we love to be able to give that kind of a special addition. Yes, I know Emma and I were talking. I was giving her access to kits and stuff like that. And it was really neat because I did go pop out there and we looked out at the second generation and saying, all that DNA confirmations out there, it was pretty neat. And I didn't give you all the DNA that I had, but. Yours was the first tree. I've been able to do the whole thing. Like there's usually a couple missing ancestors. We don't have enough DNA for. So that was really exciting. I've been recruiting people and trying to get the folks. And I was actually surprised how many of my first cousins were taking DNA kits, tests and stuff like that. And so it was really pretty cool. Awesome. Well, thank you everyone for working on Rob's tree. Thank you, Rob. Thank you, Joan and Janet and Mindy and Emma. Thank you everybody. Thank you all so much. So we have revealed to Rob what we found for him. So now we will go into Dallin. We'll talk about him and then we'll just get that started. So who is Dallin, Julie? Who is he? Well, Dallin is a very familiar. Dallin Quass is a very familiar name in the genealogy community. The organizations and websites he's involved with include names that we all know like FamilySearch where he worked for a few years as their CTO. He's also the founder of Roots Finder and he created Genealogy Gophers. And we relate, he is the founder of another website called ourroots.org, which is an innovative solution that helps to meet the needs of the challenges that family history societies face when they put their content online. And besides that, I hear he's just an all around nice guy. And I just want to mention this photo we have, the person right next to him is Chris Whitton. From a very long time ago, I guess. A little orange sliver. Yeah, the orange sliver of Chris's sleep. Yeah, that's Chris. I can verify that. Yep. So Dallin, would you like to add anything on we pretty much cover who you are? Anything you want to add? I think you did a great job. Thank you very much for the kind words. I guess we can now go into, let's ask you some questions. Oh, Chris says Rob and Dallin are both all like that. So Dallin, what got you interested in genealogy? Well, so I'm a techie person and my parents are really, really into genealogy. They've been doing it since before I was born. And my wife is really into genealogy. I haven't done that much genealogy. Just a little bit has kind of rubbed off through osmosis. But I like creating software for genealogy. So yeah, for me, what got me into genealogy I love the difficult problems. This isn't just kind of let's create a little iPhone app or let's create yet another contact manager. These are some really challenging unsolved problems after 30 years they're still unsolved. That's pretty cool. Hopefully we can solve some of your problems then. Yeah, if you can solve some of my genealogy problems. Of course. Okay, so what you have researched, who is your favorite ancestor?  Just a tough old coop and a farmer from South Dakota and just a super hard worker. And I didn't have a whole lot to say but just was a really good example for me growing up. Ruben Sprakes, you say? Yeah, Ruben Spencer, Ruben Sprakes right there in the blue. Got your tree all. So what, do you have any interesting stories about any of your ancestors that you'd like to share about your family that you found? Um, so my mother told me a story once about, I think it was her grandmother. Her grandmother got pregnant from a fellow who then this was in South Dakota and he took off and went to Oregon and she followed after him and made him marry her. I just thought she would travel all the way across the country. That's awesome. It's amazing. I love that so much. That is pretty funny. I think most of my ancestors, you know, they're just farmers, not a whole lot. No famous people that I've ever, I've ever found. Farmers are pretty important though. They are. Mindy, wanna do the next question? No, so when did you first discover Wickey Tree? Chris and I were talking about Wickey Tree way, way back. So I had developed, we relate. So back when I was CTO of Family Search, this was back when they were not trying to go after a Wickey-based tree back 20 years ago. And I thought that it was worth doing a Wickey-based tree. So I did we relate. And Chris, you know, as you know, started up Wickey Tree about the same time. And I am just in awe of Chris's ability to bring a community together. You know, it's not easy to do that. And he is a genius at it. So Chris and I have known each other and I've respected Chris for, I don't know, years and years. I think the feelings mutual. Yeah, I would say so. Chris created a wonderful site that we all use daily. So with what research, what are your current brick walls that you would want to bust through? Yeah. So, on my mother's side, those Norwegians, they kept changing their name at the drop of a hat. And we've had some struggles there. I remember my mom going to the Family History Library and saying, I spent a week there and I found one person. And this was, I think she did it to encourage me to be more family history myself, but it did not have that effect. So the Hoosier family, for sure, would be interesting to get to know more about. And then we have some specialists in that field, no weekend, so we might be able to help you out with that. Oh, look, Thomas. Go ahead. Thomas Kenlines, he says, yep, I'm up. I'll put him to work this week. Go ahead, Thomas. Yeah, we should have several people that can. And so after watching all of the nice things that we discovered for Rob, what do you hope to get, what do you hope to get the most out of this challenge? What is it you want to see happen? I am amazed at how much you've done in a week. It's incredible. If you didn't have that much, so to have the number of brick walls for me, that would be awesome. And the part that's even more amazing is the details, even in the ones that I had, and the details that they went into documenting that, because I was just like, I just threw something up, threw something up. There's so much details, because I'm sitting here looking at all the details. Right? He's not making it to bed on time, guys. Rob didn't even think we'd break any brick walls. And look at us, we got over 20. Good job. That's incredible. So yeah, if you could break some brick walls, that would be really cool. I love the, like Rob says, the history that you've been able to kind of wrap around the people. I really don't know a whole lot about my own sister's history. That's one of those specialties, I think, here on WikiTree is a lot of our members take a deep dive down that rabbit hole, and they find out everything they can about a family. It's just, it's amazing. Yeah, it's really interesting.  These were some of our early settlers. And so they took a tree, and they hollowed it out. They hollowed out a log, and they made a coffin for her, and that's what she was buried in. It's actually in the history of that county and that town. And then eventually, yeah, eventually, he wound up buying a farm to settle permanently on, and for the one that was large enough for the rest of the family to still be around him. And he had her relocated, actually, in a coffin at a burial site. So, but the whole log thing was intriguing to us. We're gonna have to go searching for it now. So, Dallin, we're gonna have to, we're gonna be challenged now, because we're gonna have to find something really good for you, too. We have a question from the chat. So, ancestral places, there are a lot of crosses in and sprigs in the Midwest, and I grew up in the Midwest, so I've been there, I have never been back to Germany, I've never been to Norway, I've been to England, but on business, so I've never had a chance to look to see where people live there. Do we have any, and Emma's your captain. Emma, do you have any questions for Dallin? Do we have any more questions in the chat? You guys have already asked the questions I would ask, so. I'm excited. I didn't have any more from the chat at this point, but there's a lot of chatter going on out there with talking about how farmers are the salt of the earth, and I think we all have, you know, a lot of farmers in our history. All of my ancestors in the United States are in the Midwest, too, Dallin, so I completely get where you're coming from. Okay, Kay, it looks like there's just a question that popped up from- No. Do you have pictures you'll be able to share with us over the week? I do, yes, I have- Terrific. Not as many, I mean, my wife has hundreds of pictures. I have, you know, a couple dozen, so I feel bad because she has all these, but I know I do not speak. I do. I do. But you knew what it meant? Yeah. He was just checking. Susan wants to know where Quass comes from. Is that like an evolved Norwegian name? Well, no, the Norwegian is my mom's side. Quass is a German name. There is a town in Germany, like Winterstorch, that we think is kind of the ancestral village around there, but Quass is a roasted barley drink. And I was in Lithuania last year and at a restaurant and they serve Quass. And so that's pretty cool. I think that's where it came from. That's fantastic. It tastes terrible, but- But the names are good, so it doesn't matter. That's great. Yeah, and Maggie- Somebody was, Nancy was asking where you went to college, if you're from the Midwest, she might have a connection there, I don't know. Well, so I'm a member of the Church of Jesus Christ, of Latter-day Saints. And so I went to college at Brigham University and then got my PhD at Stanford. So I kind of moved out West. And most of the time I've stuck out here, although for about seven years, when my kids were in high school, we decided to move back to Minnesota so that they'd get to know their grandparents better. Oh, wow. And then they all moved back out here and started having grandchildren. And so we picked up and followed them. That's great. They're still talking about your last name in the chat. They look good. And sour beer, it says. There's also beet kvass. Beet kvass. I make beet kvass. And you get to know it. Is it good? Is it better than barley kvass? I've never had barley kvass. And you can make kvass out of any vegetables or fruit. If you like beets, it's good. Yeah. Okay. I mean, I like beets, but a lot of people don't. I like borscht. So you might like it. You might like it. Have you found that that other spelling of kvass, the kvass going back far enough? Have you gone back that far from seeing that name kind of change or? Well, no. Okay, so the family legend is that there were two brothers that came over from Germany. And one of them was Q-U-A-S-S, and the other one was Q-U-A-A-S. And no one's really certain which one was the original spelling. Okay. So that would be. That's interesting. Yeah. They both could have been. Yeah. Because they just didn't spell very well back then. Yeah. True, true. So do we have any other questions or comments, reactions? There's a lot of kvass conversation going on. Yes. Besides that. Anything else? Daly, do you have any questions for us? About anything you're concerned? During the week, how should I make myself available? Well, I'm sure Emma will probably be in contact with you if she has any questions. And you could probably just stay in touch with her. There's also Mindy, if for some reason Emma becomes unavailable, she's the coordinator. But yeah, that's pretty much how you'd make yourself available. I'm sure, do you already have, I guess you've exchanged emails, I'm not sure. And don't peek too much because it'll ruin the surprise of the week. Try and stop. Rob's like, yeah, I already tried that, didn't work. It worked pretty well. I was surprised with the things that you wrote, so that was great. Yes. So we look forward to working on your tree, Dalyne. And I'm sure we will have lots of wonderful discoveries next Wednesday, same time, same place. And then don't forget, on Saturday, 10 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time, EDT. We have our weekly live cast. This week we'll kind of be covering a little bit of the Wiki Tree Challenge. We'll be going over how to do bios and sources that, since we're so focused on the year of accuracy, it's a good deep dive into that. And then like I said, next Wednesday. And unless anybody else has any other questions or comments, we'll probably head off for the evening. I know it's way past Jones Bedtime. And we thank everybody, thank Rob, thank you, Dalyne. Thank you everybody watching. Just thank you to everybody. Don't forget, you can check us out at wikitree.com if you haven't already. So with that, we will say goodbye. Bye, everyone. Thank you, thank you all. Bye. Let me find the button. Oops, bye everybody.


Civil Society groups, gender and constitution reform network, women's right advancement and protection alternative and all the civil society members have called for political inclusion and end to violence against women and girls children across the 36 states of the Federation. The group says gender equality and inclusion of women in political decision making strengthens Nigerian democratic system for the growth and development of the nation. And so I believe we are going to work together to live right on the strengths of one another and we're going to have more of the at the agenda work together to ensure that in some time we don't know too long from now we have a woman or we have women who will actually also get some of the top positions in our state and in the country. All of us take orders to collaborate in fostering an independent environment and respect and promote women's rights and encourages their meaningful participation and promote gender equality in the Nigerian political process. Hello hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Alzheimer's disease, AD, is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Recent studies have suggested that AD should be viewed as a continuum rather than a discrete disease, with symptoms presenting at different levels of severity. Early detection of AD is important since no curative treatment exists, therefore, it is essential to develop diagnostic tools that are sensitive, non-invasive and cost-effective. Blood biomarkers have shown promise in this regard, but further research is needed to determine if they can accurately detect AD in its earliest stages. This article was authored by Jianfeng Yu, Kai Shao, Ku WAN, and others.


A four-year-old girl was arranged to marry a 50-year-old man who claimed to be 54. The controversial ceremony in Akedei community, Sakmama local government area, Bayosa State. Now, these marked complaints from child-right advocacy groups calling for persecution of those involved. Community leaders in Akedei say the news of the child marriage was a misconception.  And so children are called Isumu when it came to mama, meaning messenger. The tradition requires someone to buy or marry the sick child, either male or female. But the child is not oblique to leave those who bought or married them. The culture is that if somebody, a child is sick and cannot be very difficult to kill, the clearance of that very particular child will now take the child around the community, chasing for who to buy or to marry in order to protect the interests of the life of that very person, the child, I mean. They only perform the right, not as they will officially marry and stay as was going on. Even the man, that very man, children cannot marry this girl. So there will be no time that this girl will go to the house of that very man. So what people are saying, like this, the man don't marry her, go to the house. All those stories, up to now the girl is independent right now, as we are talking about. The father and her supposed husband explained how the child insisted for the ceremony to hold saying a life depended on it.  The child being sick from childhood needed to be sold, so a man from Usobo community came, saw her and decided to purchase her with 20 nera. On her getting well, decided that she doesn't want to marry that man that bought her, but decided she wanted to marry another man named Abos in the community, whom she said she's been married to already. We want the public to understand that we only did what was demanded by tradition, to enable her to have a longer lifespan rather than giving her out for marriage officially. Even me and Mari are never to be my wife, so I am very ashamed to do that. From there, get one day, this girl tells me if I don't pay her bad price, she will die. So that die, and that die come, I got fear. And if I don't do this thing before this girl dies, it's from my head. So from there now, okay, if not, so no problem, I will pay you. So from there we carry this thing, go with me. Every society has its custom in tradition, but the bios of child rights protection law 2016 criminalizes child marriages and child betrayals, prescribing various imprisonment terms and heavy fines. Del Coro Green plus TV news bios. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


I'm excited about where labor is have been since, you know, kind of the day one of spring training, just coming in and really good shape. I feel like his focus has been excellent. I feel like his work has been excellent. You know, he, along with a number of other of our regulars, we've been able to really build up. So they've got, I feel like the proper amount of recovery and rest, but they've also built up a nice bit of work. So I feel like they're ready to take on the season and, and, and Glaber's right at the top there. I feel like on both sides of the ball, ready to go. He's been a great player. He continues to get better. He continues to get smarter and better at his routine. And, you know, the one thing I always feel about Glaber is he's, he's got a couple of things really going for him is, for a few things, A, he's really talented player. Two, he's really smart. And three, he wants to be great at this game. And that's a powerful, competent, powerful trio to have. And, you know, doesn't mean there's bumps along, not bumps along the way. But I feel like he steadily progressed and learned and learned from mistakes and learned from successes. And I'm just really excited about where he's at in his game right now, in his mindset, in his focus, in his understanding of his importance to our team. So looking forward to seeing him go out and do his thing. I tell you guys move Clark to the 60 day. Just curious if there's any update on him. You said he was still feeling symptoms or having. Yeah. Is there any any second opinion or news or anything going on with that? No, he's he is getting very close. I feel like I know I've been saying that for a while now. But again, it's it's he's got to get completely asymptomatic to when he starts his throwing program again. And we feel like that's very close. He's been close to asymptomatic, but there's a couple of movements where he's still feeling a little something in there. So once he starts that throwing program, hopefully he'll start advancing. And I'm hoping that that can be, you know, any day now. In 60 days from opening day would be the ramp up time for him, basically then. Yeah.   Back to swing. Aaron, does the Dietrich move basically clear up your final roster decisions here, Tyler Wade? We'll see, you know, we'll meet again today. So I wouldn't say necessarily, but, you know, it could. I mean, there could be more things in place still, you never know.


So, as I said last time, we will very quickly review some basic programming concepts. We will take a running problem, we will keep expanding that problem till it becomes a problem worthy of a full-scale project or even a large-scale application system. But we will start with some small segment of that problem. Basically, we are going to review the data representation issues, the computational issues and the controlled execution of all statements in terms of decision making and looping and we will introduce the array structures. We will also introduce the notion of files. So, this is a very speedy, what should I say, review of everything that we have done so far in the earlier part. The problem that we consider, so this is a simple computational problem. There is a house, all houses have roofs, but let us say we need to put some spatial tiles on the roof, maybe to prevent rainwater from leaking or whatever. And the objective is that putting tiles costs some money. We want to figure out how much money it costs given the dimensions of the roof. We note that any tiling work will require calculation of the area that is to be tiled because usually tiles will be costed on a per square feet or per square meter or per square something basis. So, this is actually straight forward and we note that in C plus plus a program would be written something of this type. Is this correct? No, everybody knows why it is incorrect. Cost given is per square meter, I have to calculate the area which is L into W and that has to be multiplied by cost. So, this is wrong. The correct statement will be the cost will be L into W into C. This has to be assigned to some variable whose value will print. So, let us say we define that variable to be simply cost is equal to this. We have to put a semicolon below after this statement. This is very straight forward. What are the data types of L, W and C? Suppose I write here as int L, W, C. Will that be correct? Why it will not be correct? Generally, the dimensions of any house roof need not be exact integer unless you measure in nanometers or something. So, you measure in meters or feet or whatever the normal scale, it will be a fractional number. We will get to see this the moment we write down some sample data values which we will be giving as input for this program. Imagine that the sample values are that length is equal to let us say 5.8 meters, width is equal to 2.6 meters and let us say the cost of the roof per square meter is something like 284 rupees 50 paisa, some arbitrary value. Why I do this is it is not uncommon for people to just assume all the values to be integer unless you think about it like all of you did that no these cannot be integer. The best way is to write some representative data values that will be used in the problem. While writing these data values you will suddenly find out that if you write L is equal to 5 meters, W is equal to 2 meters then you know immediately that there is something wrong all values cannot be such nice integers. So, writing down some sample data is very useful in correctly writing down statements in your problem. And therefore, we note that this cannot be int and this will have to be float. We need one more thing which is what the cost. So, this cannot be semicolon this has to be a comma and then I have to add cost. The minimum that I must do is read the value of values of the variables that has been given. So, I will have to have a input statement here which will say C in L, W and C. It is after reading these values I can do these computations and I can output. So, this is the gist of my program. Should a well written program be like this? First of all is this program correct or wrong? It will work correctly? Nobody is saying yes immediately. I thought we had incorporated all the corrections that we found out to be missing. So, is there something else that needs to be done as far as correct working of the program is concerned. So, let us quickly reexamine we have declared four variables L, W, C and cost. We are reading in values of three L, W and C. Then we are saying cost is equal to L into W into C and then we have outputting the cost value as C out. So, definition of variables input of values computations using a computational expression followed by output. That means computationally this program should work correct. The question that I am asking is this how you would like to write a C plus plus program? If not what else would you like to add to this program? The program will work correctly is verified. So, you should prompt the user to input the values because he will have no clue will be sitting there what values are to be given that is one good. Then extend the same argument if user should be prompted to give it some specific input in some specific order should user not be told what output is coming. So, input and output generally should be preceded by appropriate messages of text. So, we would like to have before this scene a C out statement and along with this C out some indication that what is being printed is or what is being shown on the terminal is cost. Something else ask the user to enter the valid digits the input will generally be valid because when you are doing C in you do not have control over individual digits or characters that the user enters. You can only examine the total value that you get in because in C in the values are read as text, but interpreted and translated into internal format automatically by C in and C in looks at individual chunks of values which are separated by white spaces blanks or more blanks. So, suppose you given a value instead of 284.50 suppose you said 28 p 0.50 there is no way you can know that there is a p character or something the C in will simply bomb it will say invalid input you do not know why it is invalid and if you are inputting in a single scene statement 3 or 4 values the error message will just show that some error occur during this input. So, you would not even know which particular value was wrong there is no way to find that out when you are using such preliminary or what should I say elementary input mechanism as C in. If you really wanted to do that later on since we know the advance form of handling characters in a text file or in a text input I can actually read individual characters then I can actually put aside the set of characters which are supposedly representing one value then examine each character whether it is digit or not or decimal point or not then convert it using A to I or A to F functions of C plus plus to convert it into floating point and if there is an error then for each individual value I can put out an error message. In fact internally C in does all of this, but is not very polite to you in the sense of telling you where what was that wrong. So, we may not be able to do that. However, his observation is correct in that if there is an upper limit then it should be checked there has to be some validation of data that is being given for example, suppose this cost now some user enters this cost as a 1 crore 25 lakh something something would you be interested in getting tiles fixed on your roof at that cost most certainly nobody would be not in India definitely. So, therefore you would know that there is something wrong with in exactly the same fashion suppose L is 5852 meters of 5 5.8 kilometer long house is generally unthinkable the point is you such very large numbers or very small numbers like 0.3 meter cannot also be length of the house at least you yourself have to be able to go in. So, that is not correct the good point that is making is that we should validate the bad point here is there is no specification of what to validate against and why I like this question is this is exactly what will happen in 95 percent of the real life problems what kind of questions do you solve in exam make sure that the value is positive the value of x is in the range 2 to 5.8 this is specified in the problem. So, you know I have to validate, but real life problems will be like this. So, you have to make some assumptions and there is nothing like correct assumption and wrong assumption 200 assumptions might be right 20 assumptions may be wrong and that describes the way you have applied your mind there is no unique answer we agree there is no unique answer. So, let us now fix some limits on these values ourselves from our common sense knowledge of the sizes or houses and our common sense knowledge of fixing tiles on the roof. Now, fixing tiles on the roof is not something that you usually do every day or something. So, you would have no clue on what is the price, but let me tell you that the prices could vary drastically depending upon the nature of the type. Some types which in Hindi we call Khaprail could be very cheap some very fancy types could be 100 times costlier than those types per square meter, but still there is some limit as you said 1 crore rupees per square meter is unthinkable is 1 lakh rupees unthinkable perhaps is 1000 rupees unthinkable perhaps not is 2 rupees per square meter unthinkable definitely so. So, you can arrive at a judgment the point is you have to apply your mind you have to think you have to think and say what should be the right values what should be the range and then decide that anything below this or after this will be incurred. So, can you think now let us have some suggestions or what should be the limits on C L and W first let us take L and W these are common sense yes L should be greater than equal to how much and less than equal to how much 5 to 15 every modest house I mean certainly not Bill Gates house or something or Narayan Murthy house may be bigger. Narayan Murthy is in a small house that is true, but not as small as this that is all. What should be the limits on W there is another angle whenever you prescribe limits on such parameters as length and width there is a deadly danger of what you call length being interpreted by someone as width and what you call width being interpreted by someone as length and therefore, it is prudent to put the same limits of check it is prudent like and if you do not like this lower limit of 5 that every house must be minimum 5 meters wide and if you say no it should be 2 it is prudent to change this also to 2. This is just a thought is this a unique answer certainly not anybody else deciding anything else is perfectly fine as long as it makes sense that is why in my question papers you will see make reasonable assumptions in case of difficulties, but state those with justification. So, you have to justify and how do you justify in a program that you write by writing commands the other thing that is missing in this program is commands and these are the commands which will precisely tell a reader all the assumptions that you are making. So, there is no need in a exam situation to write a detailed commentary in English before the questions these are my assumptions they can be incorporated right at the beginning in your program itself get a point fine anything else that more or less sums up. So, we need to modify this program we note to include what all things we include a message to the user both before input and along with output we include assumptions made on this and based on these assumptions we include checks whether the values are valid or not and if the values are invalid we give a message, but do not do any computation will that be fair suppose there is one fellow whose house is exactly 15.3 meters he has calculated it exactly and is giving input because you experts have written a program and now if your message says wrong dimensions of the house if it is my house I will be very very angry with you this is my house I have constructed it and what is your problem it is by point. So, you have to be careful about both the assumptions and you have to be very careful about the message that you give the message must not say wrong dimensions the message should say invalid specifications contrary to assumptions in my program you own up the mistake something of that sort now that English you can decide whichever way you want to use it, but a professional grade program would do this and a mature grade program will do this what you see here on the screen in an exam situation what you do the minimal that you should do is do what is done here, but this minimal will not get you full score in the exam marks because that is expected that you should do validations you should provide messages input output etcetera now those things take time to write and therefore those things should come automatically you should not have to think too much on doing those things, but that will require almost as much time to be spent on solving this question as you spent on writing these basic steps of the algorithm there is no shortcut to it. So, if this had taken say 3 minutes to write writing those things may require 4 minutes, but in 5 to 6 minutes you should be able to get an absolutely correct version of the program a professional get the point that is quickly see how long it takes to write such a program see I am writing a comment on two lines because I did not have space to write, but anybody who is reading it can understand what exactly I mean I am not writing explicit limits as extra explanation why because that will be double work it will be there in my statements anyway they notice what I am doing I am trying to think like you would in an exam how would you think when you are checking multiple conditions this and this or this or this. So, I first wrote and then I wrote or then I said and I am again constructing it to all and then I am saying let me forget it let me write down all the elements of the condition and then I will decide what I want to do. So, I continue writing it further and I leave gaps here now I come back and examine what should I write in my condition. So, can someone help if C is less than this I must get out or so this should be or this should also be or this should also be or this should also be or this should also be or any one of the conditions is true I must get out. So, you see now even if there is confusion I can revisit that confusion in correct mass it has taken about three and half minutes or four minutes to write this with some thinking it should not take longer to you now that is the kind of practice you must do even in such simple problem invariably what happens if you refer to any textbook on programming and you have such problem it will only go by giving you it will say write an expression for calculating this. Now, writing an expression for calculating a given formula is a mechanical job, but solving a problem is a non mechanical job where you have to apply your mind and writing a program is also a work of art where you construct something which is readable which is understandable and which is meaningful and you as IIT students must incorporate these habits and this way of thinking you get my point. So, that is what will be expected we go ahead and complicate our life a bit more we now say that the contractor who does this toiling work tiling work sorry he toys to tile that is ok, but he wants to earn a profit which is natural he has not opened a Dharamshala or something to keep tiling people's houses. So, he would like a profit now how much profit now he has calculated this cost imagine there is a contractor who ask us as great programmers saying please write a program for solving this problem the first problem he gave was this we said ok this is the price purpose then he says that is a good idea, but my dear friends this is the average cost that I have calculated. Now, this average cost is based upon total number of tiles that I had purchased total amount of money I have spent on labour and total houses that I have tiled like this and average cost works out to be like this, but that is my cost now I have to earn some profit in it. So, I say ok what percent profit say 20 percent profit 15 percent profit now he knows that if his profit charge is very high that will not be fair because he also has to do competitive business, but he tells you one thing that whenever he is tiling a small house then for that his people to go to that small house take the logistics etcetera etcetera relatively cost more money than in a large house because large house any like quantity discount as you say in a larger quantity when you do something your overheads are less. So, therefore he says that if the house is small I want to earn 20 percent profit if the roof is middle size I want to earn 15 percent profit and I want to earn 10 percent profit for large houses solve the problem. So, what is the first thing that you have to do suppose I am the contractor what will you ask me would you like to ask me some question what do you mean by a small large or medium I am the contractor I say what your great IIT students you do not know what small big or medium is what kind of students are coming out of IIT the correct question to ask is not this why it is not this because what you are showing is complete refusal to make assumptions that is what you are demonstrating when you ask this question I will not make assumptions the correct question to ask is first I make some assumptions and then I ask the contractor I believe small should be this medium should be this big should be this do you agree do you understand the difference do you understand the difference you are willing to take responsibility and accountability the first one says unless you specify everything I will not solve the problem second one says I believe it should be like that in real life since I am not a tiling contractor and not an expert in housing but my common sense tells me that this should be the classification do you agree which particular question do you think any contractor will like second now that is what I want you to start doing think make assumptions get them validated but don't ask specifications for any real life problem they will not be forthcoming because if you ask me the first question define what is small what is large I will think about it you know small is this much medium is this much large is this much this hands denote in his mind so many hundreds of square meters but for you what does it mean is a good da good tea cows or something like so you see in real life this is required is necessary so let us make assumptions so what is small should be less than so many square meters medium should be between this and this and large should be greater than something okay can I say anything which is less than two square meter is small no less than two square meter is not small medium no no so it is small but is it so what is it that I should check please note I made certain assumptions on length and width I cannot define something as small which is smaller than the smallest length and width and generally we said length and width to have the same parameters as two and two on the smaller side just to ensure that if somebody swaps length and width I will not get into error but in general one of these parameters will be larger and the other will be smaller in unless somebody wants to build a square house which is rather rare in India in which case what should be the parameter for small see this is where you cannot give an instance answer and you are right you cannot give an instant answer because you have never thought like that earlier anything else that you thought earlier you would be able to come back with a quick answer so start thinking like now tell me what should be a small what should be a medium what should be large width vis a vis the assumptions that you have made he is suggesting small is something which is less than 10 square meters medium would obviously be between 10 and 50 and large is greater than 50 this is one classification in general if he says this is my classification are you ok with it it is unlikely that a contractor will say no unless he says that look the housing colony where I have taken this contract is a very different kind of housing colony there could be two extremes housing colony for low income group people where the large house could be smaller than your medium the other one would be the housing colony that I am building is for very rich people then the largest in your meaning he will be the smallest so everything depends on the context and that is why it is necessary not only to make assumptions of course to show that you are able to think but also to validate them with the actual person then validate those inside your program is a difference so having done that there is not a problem for you but how will you implement it so you will have to calculate the area you will introduce one more thing so you will say somewhere in your program you will add somebody called float area then somewhere in your program you will say area is equal to L into W and you will calculate the cost separately as area into C and then you will have an if statement you will of course you will require one more variable which will be say profit and you will now say if area less than something what was the number that we agreed then we just write this as percentage right now what was the other number do you see how if then else ladder is being used do you see that there is a single statement so I need not put a curly bracket open curly bracket close after every after the condition is changed because there is a single statement so a simple if then else if solve this problem and then of course I will have to calculate another thing which is called the price there is no harm if I keep writing float something float something later on rather than inserting something the other choice in an exam kind of situation is to leave that blank and the moment you come up with a requirement of a variable name you put that name in your declaration before going forward so these are some of the tricks to save time now what will you do you will first calculate cost as equal to whatever C or that you have already calculated so what will be the price cost into 1 plus profit by 100 notice that 1.0 and 100.0 is not required because profit is a floating point variable so even if I wrote 100 here this 100 would be converted to floating point integer is converted to floating point so I will get a proper division and this one even if I write it will also be converted to floating point before being added but it is prudent as a professional programmer to automatically write constants as floating point constants if you know the result is going to be in floating although that is not true so this problem is also not a very difficult problem to solve but here again one may make mistakes in doing variety of things one the assumptions so you will have to write assumptions here additional assumptions and the second in the correct sequence in which you evaluate if then else and the or and and that you write in your if statement you could easily make a mistake for example here if I wrote this as or what would happen either this or that profit is equal to 15 either this means even if it is 10000 square meter house or less than this mean it is 0.5 meter square meter house however if it is less than 10 you would not come here at all so this in the L SIF this is unnecessary do you notice that because I have written else if I were looking at each condition separately if if if if separately then all this would be necessary but in this particular case since I am coming here with else what is redundant here can you tell me what condition is redundant in this L SIF I need not write it I would not come here at all if the area is not greater than or equal to 10 so that is imply that is the advantage of if then else ladder but you can choose which way to implement you can write completely independent if statements you can write opening curly bracket closing curly bracket whichever way you want just ensure that your logic is correctly written and I am telling you that in an exam situation in spite of your 100 percent accurate knowledge in your mind you may in a hurry make some small silly mistake here or there and that should be avoided because a professional programmer does not make mistakes or if a professional programmer makes mistake in the second reading of the program which is always done before submitting that program for compilation always not like what I have seen you doing in the lab you you write a program and say C++ and the compiler says here oh 35 oh semi colon missing 58 that is not what a professional programmer you are lucky because you can compile your program in split seconds if you have read the book madhouse which is hostel 4 students had written then you will see there a figure carrying deck of punch cards which had statements like what you write in a g edit today and you would submit the deck of punch cards today evening and go home and tomorrow evening again you come back to collect one compilation run now there you don't have a choice to say oh semi colon oh something every semi colon missing is one day so if you are not careful you may spend your entire semester only trying to compile your program the logical errors will come later as you know so that is why you have to be very careful when you write and therefore you have to read whatever you and in an exam situation whatever be the compulsion after you have completely written a program at least read it a fresh one second okay we make life more complicated now that the contractor is very happy with your programming skills he says great guys they can give me a computer program I don't have to calculate anything he says that look I am getting this contract for tiling work by all the residents of the column now I have my munim has a diary there is a house number link and wait I will ask him to give you that diet now what you do is you calculate the price that I should charge to each of the house owners so give me the house number and the price I should charge I don't need anything else the input information I am giving you is house number width and length and width of the room to solve this problem we should always first like to write a sample data always a good idea to write some sample data to get an idea of what you have to handle in the earlier case the sample data was length width the cost per square meter and the percentage profit was something which was calculated intrinsic into my program here I don't have one house only he is telling me I will give you house numbers and length and width so I will have let's say the data may be suppose I have to input input the house number length and width I will say ok first I will I will find out how many houses you have so it is a 250 houses in the colony so I will like to input 250 as the first number and then press enter then I will put say house number one length is 6 meters width is 3.8 meters house number two length is 7.3 meters width is 4.2 meters house number three say 10.0 5.6 whatever this looks reasonable assumption that the data would be given to me like this now here is the question if I want to read the data and produce the output for every house what is the trialling price then I need to do exactly what I did earlier but I need to do it repeatedly I need to do it repeatedly and I need to read one more thing called house number now which was not there earlier the first value which is being accepted is the number of houses so I will need to add integer n which is number of houses and I will call it h n to mean house number I will have a statement see in I will require to set up an iteration and in this I have to do everything that I have done except in the see out statement I will have now put out something like this so for every house number I will print the price and of course I will have the iteration come concluded for this part I need to take care of putting an end at the end of each line each line there will be one input so this is a reasonably accurate program yeah oh see out would be I he says see out should be I instead of h i because I am running the iteration for 250 times for i equal to 1 to n his thinking is not incorrect given the way we think normally in problems already you have assumed that just because somebody has said 250 is exactly data for 250 houses have you ever done writing down of values in a survey in a in a colony you want to measure the room you go to each house house number one this house number two this house number three lock on the house I do not have data house number four house number five I have taken the Moony m's library that you take and contractor has told you there are 250 houses in this colony the Moony m's library may contain data only for 245 houses and which 245 houses not necessarily 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 that is why there is a house number and that is why another important assumption that you have to make whenever you are dealing with large data that some of the data could be missing so far you had assumed validity of data or invalid now you have to assume incompleteness of it anytime you do any engineering experiment and record the experimental results you will goof up somewhere or the other some data point will be missing that is natural to happen in any human activity therefore you have to read in the house number let me ask you another question suppose all the data was absolutely available is there any need to actually read the house number at all as input no because first will be first house number second will be second house number third will be third house where we are reading it we want to make sure that in that Moony m's library whatever is written house number and dimensions are correctly captured and you will find that in a large diary something will be missing you are required to write library for every day whatever you do in your about your project the diary format has not been put up although I had discussed it here two days of this week have gone have all of you written entries for two days in your personal diary all of you know now what will happen on Friday when your team or Saturday or Sunday whatever is the week in time and your team comes the team leader tries to accumulate all the time one day is missing for this person two days is missing for that person now this is happening in an environment where you are working as professional programmers on a project would this not necessarily happen in a real life situation where Moony m is sending some clerk to go around and get some data so please don't make assumptions about either that the data is valid or the data is complete particularly when the large data this is one point the second point is more important I have set up an iteration which executes 250 times or whatever be the number written here suppose that number and the actual values available do not tally and what will happen I have only 245 sets of values but the number given is 250 what will happen remember I am inputting the data one at a time and this iteration is going on it will of course give me messages give the next house number and this the last house number is quite likely to be 250 actually the missing data would be somewhere in between which I would not but my loop goes on up to 250 times is that fair is that realistic no so therefore what I must do is I must set up a mechanism to terminate my iteration whenever I say there is no more data no question of first saying that these many data points and that is why instead of having my data organized in this fashion I will organize my data in a fashion such that this is not there the data is I will type house number length well house number length well and whenever I have no house number to type I will give you an indication to your program saying whenever I type this value please terminate the program typically such a thing would be minus one since in a single input statement you will be reading three values and you do not want the program to bomb because see in statement encountered some error you will give some values arbitrarily here this is how you will type in your input you get the point so it is it is not fair to make an assumption that the number of input values are predefined such assumption can be made only when the data to be captured by you is actually automatically captured or is captured through some other process validation has been done and this value of number of houses or whatever has been actually correctly calculated for that data and has been given to you such would be the case for example when you read data from an image file because an image file by definition contains the length and width of the image as part of the data that is the nature of the format you do not need to do any validation but in all such cases in real life computing you will have to make some so do you agree that this would be a better way but if this would be a better way how will I run my iteration now so this will not be there instead what will I say while h n the only thing is to begin with there is no h n so whenever you implement any iteration using while you will have to take care of first reading one set of input before the while and then process it inside the while and then before going for the next iteration there you again read the next value so that you always take the condition for a value which is there or not you get the point yeah okay what he is saying is you run the loop for n but if you run the loop for n you are necessarily required to read a value of n to begin with which is what is the assumption that no you cannot do that so that is why he is saying technically what he is saying is correct I can run a for loop and in that condition here I less than equal to n I can also say and h n not equal to minus 1 so combination of conditions either I have to run 250 times or I can terminate if I get a house number as minus both of that is okay the only problem is the reason we thought of minus 1 is because we do not want to exactly count how many data points are there so n will not be there okay so this is this is clear no issues on this now here is a question I have written this program and now I have read it I think it is correct now I type this program compilation is correct and I start executing the program so I give this value so what is that I input this value 1 6.0 something calculates 2 7.3 3 7.3 I suddenly find out oh there is some problem the calculation is not coming correct what will I have to do I have to go back and examine what expression I have written for l n to w n whatever I will go back there then I start typing again I re-execute now the values are coming correctly but suddenly somewhere I give let us say 128 houses I have got correctly inputted data and 128 correct results I have got 129th house that Lallu Munim has written 100 meters instead of 10 meters 100 meters is invalid as per your assumption what your program does shout shout shout return 1 program ends still another 110 houses are remaining now what will you do you say okay program ended here this was invalid correct that value on your paper again execute the program again start typing these values if on an average something goes wrong after you have typed in about 100 sets of values every time you run the program and you have to run the program let us say 5 times how much time will you be typing the data again and again and again and again and again same data which you have on the piece of paper that is the reason why we have this mechanism which ought to be revised which says I should be able to use input redirection and output redirection so I will actually create a file of data which I will call let us say house data dot txt in which I will write house number 1 2 3 4 6 let us say 7 8 12 whatever even if they are missing because they are house numbers now and the values and there is minus 1 I will prepare this file using g edit for once because I do not want to do the Godagiri of typing this data again and again and again when my program works and now suppose my program was let us say price dot cpp then when I compile it I would like to execute it by saying dot slash a dot out less than house data dot that we understand the significance and importance of this operating system feature it is not a c++ programming feature it is an operating system feature which says that instead of collecting the data from c in you can redirect c in to any text file it will read the lines from that text file as if you have been typing data on the keyboard so the keyboard gets connected to this so when you run this program like this your first c in statement will read data here there is a small problem now if you run your program like that you are getting data which you have prepared for house number, length of house width of house what happened to the cost let us go back to your program which you have been extending again and again and again you started by saying sure you will not read L and W now but you will have to read the cost where is the cost you have to therefore remember that the data file that you create will have to contain all the data for which you have seen statements in your program you are reading the cost per square meter separately somewhere in the program and therefore the first entry here should not be this the first entry here should be some cost let us say whatever 252.50 whatever in short this text file should be prepared this text file should be prepared to contain lines of data in exactly the same sequence in which your c in statement should be executed because once you say dot slash a dot out less than here there is no way a c in statement will ever collect data from your keyboard connected now for execution of that problem that keyboard is connected to that input file so you have to make sure that the input file is prepared proper is that obvious any question in this similarly the output that you produce will come on screen now you have prepared a perfect program and now you tell the contractor I have calculated all the values you will say where are the values say oh they were on my screen yesterday night when I executed that program so contractor says my dear friend is this the way you want me to run your business how do I run my business do I come to your computer you at least give me a file on a pen drive or something so you will need to create an output file as well now you are already creating an output on the text and that's the reason why you have the facility of redirecting the output as well something like price oh sorry this should not be that this should be txt and price data dot txt so this is greater than means whatever output would have come on your terminal it should go to a file nothing will appear now so please note that less than and greater than will disconnect keyboard and terminal and connect whatever input file name you have given and whatever output file name you have given these files have to be ordinary text files and they should be prepared such that various lines in that text file contain data which will be read by your c in statements the c in statement is now reading from now do you agree that this simple facility will permit you to give the data from your input collect the data from your output on a file and give that file to the contractor so when you give that file to the contractor the contractor can go through each one says thank you very much that is how you will do business you want us to write a program this you will call it you know what will you call it a billing program for your tiling activities and you say I will generate bills for you you pay me 5 rupees per bill so 250 houses he will say ok 5 rupees instead of making my munim calculate you will do all the calculation but then he will say please don't give me just the list of house numbers and the price give me a bill which will say house number 1 it will say mister or missus so and so and then it will say some text message with respect to the tiling work that I have done in your house I beg to submit my bill total area tiled so much price so much you are sincerely please pay the bill within 10 days and one page bill you can imagine the contractor going with a list and tiling of papers in one small slip saying house number 2 house number 3 house number 4 that doesn't work how will you create such output well you can create it using your see out statements what you have to do is you print the house number you print the text that he wants you print the price how do you go to the next page what is the equivalent of page you have never printed anything on a printed paper you have outputted everything onto terminal what is the notion of a page a computer page you would have printed some documents which are stored in computer files on printers using maybe a word processor like a microsoft word or adobe reader or something like that you do get multiple pages right how many lines are there in a page nobody has noticed nobody is curious but I will ask you a harder question after printing 20 lines you have printed the information about one fellow's bill the next bill you want to come on to the next page how do you ensure that you come on to the next page I will leave it to you I will explain this next time in all word processors there is a notion called page break when you say insert a page break the next line will appear on the next page go to that text file and find out at the point where you have inserted a page break what is the character that is stored inside it will have an ASCII code that ASCII code is an instruction to the printer to go to the next page it is part of the printer's escape sequences will not go into those details but it is possible to do so what I would like to discuss in 5 minutes and leave the thought to you is as follows you are working as professional programmers group and want to make money by writing programs you approach that contractor and told him I will prepare a billing system for you the contractor says 5 but there are two stages first there are houses so I have details about house numbers and the owner of the house the name of the owner of the house then I will give you all that data for all the houses that data will not contain length width anything because this is the contractor I am taking from that colony my munim will first go and take names of the people who live in those houses so he says I will get you one diary of that munim which has house number name of the house and some other details what could be the nature of the details there from a business perspective can you imagine some very creative details normal details could be dimensions could be put there itself but there could be several other parameters every household may say out of the 5 or 6 different types of tiles available I want to put this type of type would you not like to decide that for your house so you will ask the contractor how many different tiles you have he will say this tile madam 1000 rupees this tile 2000 rupees square meter whatever whatever whether it is roof or flooring so the decision by the household on which type of tile he wants to put on now this data is available separately the next data is completed tiling on this house number this length and this width that is in another poti so there are two potis now you have now you have a problem you say see in you are expected to read the first poti which you say house number this and the name of the person is this why it is required because for all house numbers you may have the details of who stays where but for all house numbers you may not have the tiling details because you may not have completed the tiling now the contractor will say look Baba I do 20 houses per week I will give you data for those 20 houses give me those 20 bills you cannot say that complete all 250 because that is how I have written my program and come after 3 months now the contractor will say after 3 months if I prepare the bills and if I give to my clients when will I get my money back I must build them the moment I finish my what I am hinting at is that reading all the data in one stage and solving the problem is not feasible in real life second it is not therefore feasible to have all data in a single file even if you want to use redirection so you will be required to say I will read data which is prepared in one file which is about the owner of the house and the type of tiles he wants I will have another file in which there is data about house number size of the tiling that is required and the date on which I completed the tiling work because if I am giving a bill I should write that date on which the tiling work and there would be a third file or a small notebook in which sundry details like categories of tiles I have pricing or cost for each tile the pricing information that I want etc etc would be given it is very clear that C in statement alone cannot be used because C in will read from one source that source can be either your keyboard or that source can be your terminal but cannot be this file that file that file later on when we consider files in an object oriented environment we will see that files declared as objects can actually use a C in operator in each of those files separately but what is clear to us is input will have to be read from different files and at different positions and I may not write a single program for the billing system I may write one program which will collect all the data about the owners of the houses may be another program which will collect data about the sizes of the roof and a third program which will only collect the date on which the tiling was done and will produce the base so you see what we started with a simple expression evaluation but such expression evaluations always happen in the context of a larger problem and as an important aspect of this course you ought to learn to worry about those larger problems and you ought to be able to solve those larger problems that is why what project you are doing for example taking a larger problem and solving we will stop here but I would like you to read the you remember we had discussion on files there is one more thing which I will just mention here but we will discuss it in the next class on Friday and that is about use of arrays we have not done anything with arrays so far in this revision but you will appreciate that if I am reading data about 200 300 500 houses then it is better to keep that data in arrays for example if I have two files in which house number and name of the house owner then it is best to keep the array of the names of character arrays of two dimensional array and house number then later on when I read the data from another file about the dimension it is better to keep that in some other since house numbers are one to something it is perfectly right if I do not use my array index to start with 0 I will write that 0th element be there without using it so that I am logically doing what the house numbers are done the house numbers therefore becomes an index form that is how you would use arrays we will see how this problem is extended to be solved using multiple files but text files still you still each one of these are text files so they can you can use either 16 statements to read from different files or the equivalent open file statement which is what we shall see in the next class thank you so much


Good morning John. Parks and Rec was an extremely special television program. Not only was it hilarious, it was also friendly and kind and thoughtful and full of people who disagreed but enjoyed each other. And this has highlighted in a relationship between two main characters who could not disagree more politically. Government is bad, business is good, free market- They disagree a lot. They disagree on politics and on friendship, and weapons at work, and marriage, and they fight lots. But Leslie Knope and Ron Swanson do not hate each other. Okay, they did for a little while, but mostly they don't. They have very different worldviews, but they are both, and this is important and recognized by everyone who watches the show, good people, and they recognize each other's goodness. This is not House of Cards, in which as far as I can tell there are no good people. The thing about Ron and Leslie is that their politics are far enough outside of the poisoned political discourse that they don't ever disagree about the classically-politically-charged issues of the day. Ron Swanson isn't a member of the NRA, probably, because he wouldn't give them his address.  It gets you into the parking garage. I'll be taking the bus now, and I'll be paying in cash. This is a nice, dramatic device because, of course, Ron doesn't believe the government should regulate guns, but he also probably doesn't believe the government should regulate abortion or gay marriage because he doesn't believe the government should regulate anything. My idea of a perfect government is one guy who sits in a small room at a desk, and the only thing he's allowed to decide is who to nuke. Likewise, Leslie is in the trenches of local government, and though she is clearly deeply progressive and liberal and a huge fan of Joe Biden, You must be Leslie Note. Welcome. Welcome. She isn't talking about gun control or immigration, she's just trying to make the parks department work, which means that the politics of the show, while clearly liberal, are also disconnected from these extremely tense and seemingly intractable political debates, which makes it more believable that two people with such different belief systems could come to be close friends. But it says something about the discourse in the U.S. right now, that this distance from reality needs to be created in order to build a believable friendship between two people with different politics, even in a sitcom. It helps us believe that beneath it all, there's something that works here, and that thing, I think, is just respect. They value each other's convictions, even though they don't always share the same goals and they almost never share the same opinions, except about breakfast food. Nowadays, there's so much more to the issues than the issues. An attack on a government policy or in an action of a new policy can feel like an attack on our identity, an attack on us. But Ron and Leslie are able to move beyond that and share the world with each other, and they shared it respectfully and with kindness and the ability to value each other despite their differences. In the U.S., we're finding that harder and harder to do, and the deeper we get into the selection season, the harder it's going to get. We see the opposition more than ever both monolithically and negatively. You can live your entire life without knowing a single person who would even consider voting for the other side.  It would be nice if we could all be a little bit more like Leslie and Ron, caring passionately about what we believe in without demonizing those who disagree with us. And never, never in my life has that been more difficult. John, I'll see you on Tuesday.