Welcome to the NTN Nightly. I'm Nisha Charles. This edition stops stories. The president of the Republic of China Taiwan deems the partnership in public infrastructure undertakings here a foundation for sustainable development. The Chamber of Commerce gets a first-hand look at an innovative productivity tool. St. Lucien's in the diaspora continue to demonstrate interest in their homeland. All that plus the latest in youth development, sports, and the NTN Nouvelle Arquéon. President of the Republic of China Taiwan, Her Excellency Tai Ing-wen, ended an official visit to St. Lucia on Friday 19 July 2019 as she closed off a tour of Caribbean allies. President Tai praised the relationship between St. Lucia and Taiwan as one of mutual benefit and development. On Thursday 18 July, President Tai addressed St. Lucia's parliament in a special sitting. Speaking to the various projects St. Lucia and Taiwan have been engaged in, the Taiwan leader said public infrastructure is a foundation for sustainable development in any country. In addition to the St. Jude Hospital, we have also begun work of the International Airport as well as a national road system. These projects do more than build Brazilian infrastructures. They also create high quality jobs. That is also an important element of the SDGs. While project loans will come from Taiwanese banks, the work will be contracted to St. Lucia's companies through Taiwan's overseas engineering. This means we will be hiring local workers and using local materials. This model of cooperation ensures that both our peoples can participate and reap the benefits. There will be no issue of debt traps, unlike some other corporation models. Meantime President Tai has commended Prime Minister Hon. Alan Shastney for his persistence and dedication to rebuilding the St. Jude Hospital. The Taiwan President says together her government and St. Lucia are ensuring health and wellness for people of all ages. Ten years after the initial fire that destroyed the hospital, the government of St. Lucia and the government of Taiwan have promised the people of the south that their new hospital is on its way. The Minister for Health and Wellness, Senator Hon. Mary Isaac expressed confidence in the government of the Republic of China Taiwan to bring the project to fruition. The St. Jude Hospital is not just a hospital in the south of the island. That will serve the people, tourists, family, friends and foreigners. It is not just another necessary project. It is not just a project that we have waited long and spent millions of scarce dollars to complete. No, it is not. It is a monument of faith. It is a monument of hope. It is a monument of charity to the people of St. Lucia. Faith is that the God we serve must have seen the catastrophic effects of the fire that was wheeled on a structure much in need of repair and replacement and the people with little and insufficient funds to do so. Funding for the hospital includes 10 million U.S. dollars which was left over from an existing loan with Taiwan and an additional 20 million U.S. dollars totaling 30 million U.S. dollars. The Taiwanese President, Her Excellency Tai Ing-wen, has long hoped to support the reconstruction efforts. Since taking office, Prime Minister Shastane has pushed hard for improvements to St. Jude Hospital and combined efforts of both our governments and public-private partnership we can finally begin to realize the dreams that the people of St. Lucia have looked forward to for such a long time. So I find it especially meaningful to be participating in the groundbreaking ceremony for St. Jude Hospital's renovation and delighted to be able to witness this important moment alongside distinguished guests and the people of St. Lucia today. This redevelopment will not only improve healthcare quality for people in the southern part of St. Lucia but also contribute toward the UN SDG of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. Government has appointed the OECC's Engineering and Construction Corporation, the OECC, as the main contractor to build the new hospital. Prime Minister Hon. Alan Shastane says that given the OECC's track record he's confident that the project will be delivered on time and within budget. The initial attempt at reconstruction had not, we regret to say, been successful. In fact, it has produced very disappointing results. But this town of U4 needs and deserves a modern hospital to serve this southern part of the island. And this is what we are embarking on today. This project must be completed once and for all. The 90 bed facility will cater to both inpatient and outpatient services and will see the construction of a new wing to incorporate all the functions and services of the existing east and surgical wings. There will be integration through retrofitting of some existing buildings to achieve a fully functioning hospital which will match the services of a level 4 hospital. With the assistance of the Government of the Republic of China Taiwan, the Grusley constituency boasts a modern human resource development centre. Anise Antoine reports on the dedication ceremony held Thursday. The Government of St. Lucia with assistance from the Government of Taiwan have refurbished the Grusley Human Resource Development Centre. The freshly opened centre is equipped with facilities such as an auditorium, a restaurant, a music studio, a conference room and office spaces. Parliamentary representative for the constituency of Grusley, Hon. Leonard Montout, explained that the centre can be used to enable a roof of creativity which can be highlighted as an extension of the Grusley Friday night experience. I envision inclusion as the showcasing of plays or musical performances become part of the social and cultural life of this constituency. Further, my ministry holds the responsibility to work towards endowing and fostering independence through training and the development of skills in the adult population. This is a responsibility that we take seriously and I am pleased at the availability of the training room which will facilitate more thorough and organised training experiences covering a wide range of areas of expertise. I view this centre therefore as a catalyst for growth and development of Grusley and the neighbouring communities. The Republic of China Taiwan has completed over 2,400 projects across St. Lucia via the constituency development programme. The President of the Republic of China Taiwan, Her Excellency Tai Ing-wen, during her state visit was a guest of honour at the opening ceremony. The President stated that the centre will be essential in achieving tourism policy goals set by the Government of St. Lucia. People will be able to take part in classes to learn crucial job skills. The centre will also provide the community with a space for young people to come together and hone their artistic talents. So with the completion of one project, we are helping to bolster economic growth, revitalise local culture and spur tourism. I can see that Grusley is a vibrant community and the addition of this centre will help to bring the community closer together and better showcase your cultural diversity. The opening ceremony took place on Thursday, July 18, 2019. From the Government Information Service, I am Anisia Antoine reporting. The Chamber of Commerce got a first-hand look at an innovative product created by the National Competitiveness and Productivity Council designed to measure productivity within their business. Measuring productivity is critical to a business as it is a measure of the efficiency of a firm in utilising its production inputs to provide a given level of output. More from Glenn Simon. ProTool. Measuring productivity and building efficiency in business was the title of a presentation made to the St. Lucia Chamber of Commerce by the National Competitiveness and Productivity Council during the Chamber's quarterly event called HR Connect. Executive Director of the NCPC Fiona Hingson explained that businesses are required to measure their performance, particularly their productivity. This is in an effort to sustain efficient operations, ensure proper allocation and time management, identify weak areas, provide timely feedback, track progress, which can lead to profitability of the business. The NCPC was very excited today to present to the Chamber of Commerce the membership about the ProTool. It is an interactive software that the NCPC has been working on. The ProTool basically helps firm measure the level of productivity, assess the qualitative aspects of the business in terms of business processes, innovation, leadership and management and so on, and also give them right away recommendations on the areas that they can improve. The NCPC laments the insufficiency of data on business productivity in St. Lucia, attributed mainly to the inability of small and micro businesses to measure their level of productivity, which the ProTool is designed to capture. This tool will be able to measure not only productivity of labour, it can measure productivity of capital, productivity of raw materials, energy productivity, any type of input that the firm uses in the production, the tool will be able to give a specific measure of it. Executive Director of the St. Lucia Chamber of Commerce, industry and agriculture, Brian Luisi, said the Chamber is keen on working with its members to improve the productivity of their workers and operations to ensure they remain competitive and profitable. We thought that the work of the NCPC in developing the ProTool needed to be shared with members and members should be given the opportunity to learn more about the ProTool and actually use it. So within the ProTool gives the members an opportunity to measure their performance, measure the level of productivity, identify gaps in diet value, opportunity for enhancement and improvement and so we thought bringing members together for the presentation, explanation and exposition on the ProTool would be a very useful exercise. Chairman of the NCPC, Jared Begas noted that the presentation demonstrates very clearly that the NCPC is out there in the market seeking to improve the lot for businesses in St. Lucia and the nation as a whole. We don't compete only in St. Lucia, we compete globally and if we are not trying to be more productive and getting more out of less, if we are not continually trying to do that then we are actually moving backwards. The St. Lucia Chamber of Commerce plans to work closely with the NCPC to promote the use of the ProTool among its members and the wider business community. The presentation was held on July 10th at Coco Palm Hotel's conference room. For the National Competitiveness and Productivity Council, Glenn Simon reporting. And this is the NTN Nightly. Ryan O'Brien is up next. The problem starts with finding a suitable spot. It extends to double parking. Offloading zones are ignored, thus inconveniencing commercial activity. Handicapped spots are occupied by drivers who use the quick errand excuse. And of course there's the constant fear of parking tickets. In an effort to curb these and other parking related issues, the Castery City Council will be implementing short-term paid parking. $3 an hour can save you $500 in parking tickets. Short-term paid parking, coming soon. Welcome back. We join Ryan O'Brien for the latest happenings in youth development and sports. Thanks Nishio. Welcome everyone to another update from the Ministry of Youth Development and Sports on the NTN Nightly News. I'm Ryan O'Brien. As the 2019 edition of the Winner Island Schools Games approaches and destined for Dominica, the director of sports in the Ministry of Youth Development and Sports, Patrick Matrae, says the schedule of disciplines to be contested will be similar to those competed in St. Lucia last year. As usual, we have not changed in terms of the sports that we have. We have volleyball, male and female, basketball, male and female, football, and of course track and field. So those are the components, those are the aspects of the Games. I'm sorry about also netball. And basically St. Lucia for the last few years have won the netball component and we expect more of the same. Our greatest worry has been with the male basketball. They seem to be very inconsistent. But as for the coaches and what they have done, it seems that we're more prepared and we would see St. Lucia coming, not in the cellar position but somewhere up, hopefully first. But we feel a bit more confident this year for our team because of the preparation. And the good thing about it is that we have retained a lot of the team from last year. So almost 50% of the team is still there. And so they have had the experience. They know what to expect. And as you would know that Dominic has always had a task because they come for St. Lucia specifically. But this time around, I think we're ready. The director of sports in the ministry of youth development and sports, Patrick Mattrain, he added that one of the good things going for St. Lucia this year is the fact that half of the team members from last year would have been retained for this year's Games. Secretary General of the Caribbean Community, Karikom, Irwin Narok has hinted there can be other sporting events other than the Karikom 10K that can be staged around the annual Heads of Government meeting. He made the comments following this year's Karikom 10K held here in St. Lucia. We've had walks for the Heads. It doesn't get any publicity, but we've had them. We had a walk in Antigua and Barbuda. We had a walk in Suriname. We had a walk in St. Kitts and Nevis and the Heads participated fully. So we just have to put it into the planning and try and get it done and so on. But yes, it's something that is always, we spoke about it, but it's something that's always on our program to get done. Karikom Secretary General Irwin Narok and in that item we have come to the end of your segment from youth development and sports for today. I'm Ryan O'Brien. Thanks Ryan. St. Lucia's in the diaspora continue to demonstrate interest in the socio-economic development of their homeland. Here's Chanel Norville with the latest example. St. Lucia National and Registered Nurse Virginia Wolfe and husband Lloyd Wolfe extended their generosity to the Castries East elderly home care program. The couple recently made a donation of equipment and other items. Virginia Wolfe explained the initiative. I started to work on the project of assisting the elderly and bringing getting blood pressure machines and glucometers, adult diapers and chucks on the pads, nightgowns and anything medical that would help our elderly. And I also helped sponsor four kids at the Seventy Adventist Academy. Two of them graduated and one of them was the valedictorian. And I'm very grateful for the opportunity to be able to do it. St. Lucia Social Development Fund, SSDF's representative attached to the Home Health elderly care program and Selma Cauldron thanked the individuals for their generosity. Occasionally we tap into the assistance of individuals who could assist us in making the program even better. Because if left to SSDF alone, there is so much that could be accomplished that wouldn't. So we want to thank individuals like those who will be introducing to you in a little bit who were able to take time off their busy schedule, who were able to sacrifice some of their finances to be with us to ensure that the program is able to benefit and expand. Ambassador for Diaspora Affairs Dr. Joyce Lynn-Clarke Fletcher threw her support behind the initiative. And this is what we're trying, the message we're sending out here to our diaspora, that you are important, you are valuable, you matter to St. Lucia. This is why the Government of St. Lucia have decided to implement what has been on the backbone for a number of years. All of them are interested in it, but it is now being implemented. And we are reaching out to the diaspora saying, look, the Government of St. Lucia appreciates you. You can give back with your skills, you can give back with your talents, you can give back with your finances, you can invest in St. Lucia for your business, you can do trade. We are now willing to partner with you, to work with you to make it happen. The Ministry of Tourism, Information and Broadcasting, Culture and Creative Industries, with responsibility for culture and creative industries, Honourable Fortuna Bell Rose, indicated how such an initiative can benefit the people of St. Lucia. The Care for the Elderly is a program that our Government, even this year, have expanded because you recognize that there's so much need on the ground in communities. But we will never be able to meet all the needs. And so, contributions like yours, you know, St. Lucia's in the diaspora like you, are free to continue to contribute. And we really much appreciate the assistance that you've given. It is making a difference and you talked about visiting the people on the ground and actually getting involved in them, actually getting the medical attention. That's the kind of thing we want. We still, you are connected. You live abroad but you're able to come back home and contribute in a significant way. And I think we're quite happy and we want to continue to encourage you to give that support. The couple pledged their continued support to the people of St. Lucia. For the Government Information Service, I am Genelle Norville. And stay with the NTA nightly. Up next, Primus Hutchinson is here with the NTA Novel Arqueo. It is absolutely necessary to wash your hands if you want to keep good health. And even if you don't wash your hands often, it will make you feel better. Listen. Wash your hands often and clean them thoroughly. After a while, you will feel better. For example, if you don't wash your hands, you can change your way of life. Your previous life, the type of people who are injured and ill, the type of animals and the type of animals you want to eat. And if you don't wash your hands often, it will make you feel better. Wash your hands often and clean them thoroughly. It is a good way to keep good health. For more information, go to the NTA Novel Arqueo. Welcome back. We join Primus Hutchinson for the NTA Novel Arqueo. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Prime Minister, the University of Sambaliti, for the information and government of the CIGIS, the National Peer and National Television Association, for the NTA Novel Arqueo, for the Primus Hutchinson. We have a big ceremony to take place for the construction of the Nef Hospital, the 8th construction of the Nef Hospital, St. Jude, and the 4th Ministry of University of Sambaliti for Economic Development. We asked Joseph to deal with the quality of the facilities that affected the total number of people in the Nef Hospital, St. Jude. We asked Joseph to do some results for the project to go down this important level because I was surprised to see that there were a lot of people who deserved to be involved. We have Joseph T. Delivered Address Salar, make it a pass. During visitation, President of the Republic of China, that pay Taiwan, he visited this place, Madame Tsai Lingwen. Minister Joseph, he said that during the time he was in trouble, he had to find a construction, hospitals and so on. He declared that the government had to consider seriously the contributions that were already made by the other government that was cleaning up this place. Mr. Commitment Salar, it was one of the 20 million dollars that the government, the public patient of Taiwan, to help finish the construction of the St. Jude Hospital. That's why we have Joseph T. Delivered Address Salar, the government made a decision to rebuild the hospital on the other side of the country. He said that it would be necessary to rebuild it. The Minister declared that the St. Jude Hospital would have the capacity and facility to discuss whether it would be possible to rebuild the hospital and whether it would be possible to visit the hospital. The Minister of Economic Development said that the construction of the hospital would be complete. It would be necessary to have all the facilities and all the facilities that would be available to the business of the construction of Taiwan and the St. Jude Hospital. Thank you, Mr. President, for putting this place so close to the government and for the country and the government. We can't do anything to rebuild the hospital that was completely finished. We can't do anything to start the construction of the St. Jude Hospital so that it can be completed completely. We can't do anything to complete the construction of the hospital in the future. President Wibbubrikshin, the Taiwan Sai Ling Meng, and adversely, complimented government setlesi for FOIO, ecla.TV, reconstruction, hospitals, and jude. Madam President Sai, Felicity setlesi for the Degui Initiative Cooperation and Depays Ala. President Taiwan won 4C Commitment to continue supporting setlesi, particularly in the diverse Poujé and Tang, and mainly in the small hospitals and jude. President Sai said that Ika Kueh, the hospital that plays a role, is not only to address certain issues, but also to support the Degui that supports the Poujuei assistance setlesi for Nijian and the Pliguan in the south of the country. President Sai said that Ika Kueh, Poujé Sai said that Ika also won 4C Commitment to continue supporting setlesi for Taiwan, and mainly to support the Degui Initiative Cooperation and Depays Ala.TV. Prime Minister setlesi, we have Alan Shastri, an adversely, Divan ceremonial, and we thank the Taiwan government for their support for the Poujé-Degui assistance setlesi for the construction of hospitals and jude. Thank you very much to the Taiwan Government for their technical support for the medical晚上 and together, at the completed hospital, it is for the peace, easy I'm I'm I'm We have we have we have we have we have This is the first time we have seen such a large number of people. Thank you, Prime Minister. And here's a look at what's happening to us weather-wise. Weak and stable conditions in the wake of a tropical wave will continue to cause a few showers over the lesser Antilles Friday afternoon. Saharan dust trailing this wave is expected to reduce the visibility and shower activity around the eastern Caribbean region for the next couple of days. Three tropical waves located over the central and eastern tropical Atlantic are moving westward near 15 miles per hour or 24 kilometers per hour. Tropical cyclone formation is not expected over the tropical Atlantic during the next five days. The seas are moderate with waves 4 to 6 feet or 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The sun will rise Saturday at 5.44 a.m. And that brings us to the end of the NTN Nightly. Join us next time at 7 p.m. with a repeat at 7 a.m. You can also catch up with us anytime on the San Lucia Government Facebook page or YouTube channel. I'm Nisha Charles.


Spencer, we've heard the guys say over and over again, it started with the stops on the defensive side of things. What changed and what was the difference? Man, I think the effort level was way higher. We saw Nick get real active, protecting the rim. Doe also with a couple of weak side blocks. I got switched on to Jalen Brown after he was on a heater. 12 for that. Spencer kind of going off the way. He had a couple of games coming into tonight. And then all of a sudden, he just got hot. What have you got us doing? Oh, yeah, yeah. He'd been struggling coming in tonight. And obviously, the big games, what would you see different in him tonight that maybe wasn't there the past few games? He just shot the ball of confidence.  He needs to keep doing it, you know what I'm saying? Just shoot the ball of confidence. And obviously, with them, they tend to like to put Robert Williams on four or one of the shooters instead of him guarding the five. That way, they can still play the switch in defense with a traditional pick and roll, and then he tries to come and clean up the mess as guys drive. And so being able to spray out and kick it to dough so he can tee it up. All right, you guys, when I say you're 400 guys that came here but we're not in switching defense as well, you guys slowly getting more accustomed to switching one, which is not a normal thing. Yeah, I mean, I think everybody's learning to fly. Obviously, we're taking every practice that we can, even on the back-to-back, so practicing, trying to get locked in, even today's shoot right, it was all about defense. So if we can solve that side of the ball and hold teams in that 100 range, then we give ourselves a great chance to win, because odds are, we're going to score above that, just being able to play fast and transition. I know they said, since we got here, our pace is second in the league. So we're going to get some attempts up. Now, hopefully, it's open three, start falling a little bit.


various components of the water balance. We had also seen what are the importance of components like which are concerned with the crop and we had seen some of the characteristics namely the the root zone depth, what do we mean by root zone depth and we had also looked at what is the moisture extraction pattern of different crops, how the moisture is extracted from this this roots on depth which varies for different crops. There are still some more characteristics which go on the moisture attraction of the moisture extraction as well as the sensitivity of the moisture availability to these crops. So today we will start with the with the aspects of what is the sensitivity of crops to water shortages. There are some crops which can survive with a low level of moisture availability. There are some crops which are very sensitive to the moisture deficit in the soil and those crops will be will be under the deficit conditions very fast. That is what we will decide how long you can wait for the irrigation water to be applied and that is going to be a very important aspect to be considered while designing the irrigation systems. Now if you look at these different categories these are broadly most of the crops are broadly divided into 4 groups. The crops which are having low sensitivity to the water shortages can be cotton, millet, pigeon peas. So there are some crops which are not as lowly sensitive they are their sensitivities higher than these crops. They come into the category of low medium sensitive crops and these are alpha alpha, citrus, grapes, donuts, serbin, sugar beet, sunflower, wheat. Similarly the next category is the next higher level having the medium high sensitivity. The crops with the maximum sensitivity of the highest sensitivity are the banana, fresh green vegetables, most of the fresh green vegetables crops are very sensitive crops. They cannot tolerate the deficit in the soil moisture levels, paddy is there, potato, sugarcane. So likewise all the crops can be put under one of these 4 categories and while deciding on how the deficit conditions can be you can say when you think of the water management ultimately these aspects will be having importance because you have to find out from where you can you can save moisture. So all those crops which are very lowly sensitive or where the sensitivity is very low you can you can let those crops wait for the moisture availability or the irrigation can be delayed in those crops and you might be in a position to wait for the natural rain to occur or some other similar situations can be looked into. So these these various aspects are important from that angle. Now this is as far as the crops in general the behaviour is concerned or concerned that is what is the situation but when you talk of the individual crops every crop has some critical stages very important from the moisture availability to point of view. How do you define the critical stage of crop growth? The total growth period of the crop is known starting from the sowing time to the harvest time that is what is the total growth period. So if I know that the crop this is the sowing time or the sowing date this is the time when you harvest this total is the growth period, the crop growth period. Now this total crop growth period can again be looked at in terms of different periods of or different stages of growth there are some stages which are more sensitive than the other stages. So all those stages which are having lot of effect because the moisture deficiencies or where the if the moisture deficiency is encountered you will have the yield reduction to the maximum those stages are the critical stages of the crop growth. These critical stages of the crop growth they vary from crop to crop as you have seen that the sensitivity of the crops as a whole vary from one crop to another crop similarly for each crop for each individual crop within the crop growth period there are stages which are which are more critical than the other stages and the knowledge of those stages which stages are more critical that knowledge is again very very essential when you want to schedule the irrigation when you want to plan the scheduling of irrigation or in other words to know when to irrigate that knowledge will require this knowledge in term which are the critical stages and at what time of the crop growth period that stage is active okay. So from just to give you an example for or before that if we try to look at which are those stages now these are the generic growth stages which have been identified in all the crops these 4 stages you can you can in general you can say that these 4 stages are there similar to a human being you can say that the human beings have different stages of growth you are a child at one time in the beginning then the adolescence starts then you have the next stage when you are a mature man and then you are a old man. So all those stages in general you can you can identify similarly in the case of crops and these are those 4 generic stages the formative stage which are which is the early stage of growth then the next stage is the stage of rapid growth which is termed as grand growth stage and then the next stage is a stage where the flower and the flute setting is predominant as known as differentiation stage and maturation stage which is the ripening period. These 4 are the generic stages their duration will change from crop to crop but sensitivity as we have just mentioned their criticality will change from crop to crop. In this categorization somehow it is slightly difficult to identify or correlate it with the the the crops in general F-O which is the organization food and agriculture organization based in Rome which is a body under the UN they have work which is which is being produced all over the the world they keep on compiling that work. So they keep on coming out with various suggestions various methodologies which are which can be used by the agriculturists or by the irrigation or the water management people all over the world. These are the stages which have been written as by F-O they are the same things but they have tried to quantify these stages slightly better than what has been done earlier. Now these stages the way they are defining is the initial stage where from sowing to 10 percent of the ground cover when you get the demarcation of this particular stage proximately again there is no and it might change from crop to crop to an extent but if you are talking in general terms these are the stages. The crop development stage when you are ground cover is from 10 percent to 70 percent. The mid season stage when the flowering and the green setting is as we have said earlier in the case of the previous nomenclature it was the differentiation stage, the late season stage the ripening and harvest. So these stages will later on will look at what are the variations how the the consumptive use changes when you go from one stage to another stage. Let us look at the some examples in some of the crops which are the critical stages if you do not take care of the the moisture availability is going to affect the the yield of the crop. So in the case of wheat the crown root initiation the flowering and the milk stage these are the critical stages in the case of maize, tasseling to silking and the grain filling these are the critical stages which are identified, yes please. The milk stage there is a stage when the grain in the grain we are having the milk formation the food is dried have you seen the the the corn or the the the corn which you normally roast and eat there you must be finding that the the corn is having a lot of might. So that is if it is a raw form you will find that the milk is the milk formation is there and when it dries out then that is the time when it is totally ripe. All these different stages people who are from the the agronomy they will they will identify all these these different stages they will know that what they exactly mean you can refer to any specific book and these are quite the names themselves they suggest what do they mean. For example in the case of sorghum flowering and the grain formation these are the critical stages. So if you do not if you do not ensure the supply of sufficient moisture at these timings then you are going to have problems your ultimate yield of the crop because that is what we are interested in. We are not interested in what happens in between to the crop we are ultimately everything we are assessing with respect to the final yield. So if the yield is going to be affected maybe that yield is you are only going to know about that effect on the yield ultimately when you do the harvesting but is the yield only with which you can assess all this impact because that is what is your interest whereas in the case of fodders if your crop is only for the function of providing fodder to the animals there the yield is fodder itself whereas if it is a grain drop then the yield is the grain that is what your ultimate aim is. If it is a vegetable drop how much is the production in terms of the vegetables the shape of the yield can vary but the yield with which you are concerned with they will be defined they will be predefined okay. So which means that if we look back till now we have tried to look at all the aspects which are relating the soil the water and the plant these 3 items these 3 major items which are actively involved in the overall crop production we have looked at their interrelationships and we have done that with respect to this close volume which is the close volume of a field because from now onward to look at some of the individual aspects in details for example we have we have not gone into the details of what happens to the water which is spread over the this surface that is the next topic of our discussion the process of infiltration similarly we will also look at what happens what are the various ways and means by which the evapotranspiration is taking place what are the various factors which are actively involved in that process of evapotranspiration what are the various methods by which you can evaluate the evapotranspiration there will be another topic which will be going into before we actually go in for the design of the various methods of irrigation okay so with that we conclude the topic on soil water and plant relationships if there are any questions specific questions related to this topic we can take up before we go to the next topic okay then in that case we will start with the topic of infiltration if we put the same slide again in this particular case we had seen that when we apply this depth of application the irrigation water DA is moving the water is moving from this and which is the upstream end of the field to the downstream end there is some water which gets infiltrated into the soil in the process of this movement then secondly we also saw that because of the rainfall because of the precipitation which is falling over the total area there is some component of that rainfall which also gets infiltrated into the soil so as we had earlier also we had mentioned once in the beginning of situation where we had tried to look at what is what is the infiltration what do we mean by infiltration we had said that infiltration is the process of entry of water from the ground into the soil is also controlling the water entry into the soil besides the water entry into the soil is also controlling the advance rate of the overland flow at what rate the overland flow will move that is also decided by the infiltration because when you are letting the water when you are letting some water move from this end of the field to the downstream end now it is a case of a spatially varied flow the discharge is also reducing as the water is moving in the forward direction because some of some component of that water is moving into the soil. So in all those methods this particular aspect the advance rate of overland flow will be only applicable to those methods where you are you are having the upstream end the entry point at the upstream end and the water flows to the downstream end and those are the methods where you are using the gravity flow those are the methods which are the surface irrigation methods or the flooding methods normally known as but the methods where you are sprinkling water those are not affected as far as this second component is concerned the advance rate of overland flow is not because there is no overland flow in that situation there in the case of sprinkling sprinklers irrigation you are controlling the irrigation to the extent that there is no generation of any surface runoff that will come to later but at this stage when we say that the advance rate of overland flow is also governed by the infiltration we are only confining ourselves to the irrigation methods where we are using the gravitational flow. Let us have a look at some of the definitions concerning the infiltration there are various ways by which we measure these or we represent the infiltration one is in the form of infiltration rate which we normally represent in terms of centimetres per hour or it can be any other depth unit per time unit the infiltration rate this infiltration rate which is mentioned here is the instantaneous infiltration rate at a particular time what is the rate so it can also be called instantaneous is instantaneous infiltration rate so if you want to know only particular time then you can represent the infiltration in the form of cumulative infiltration which is the depth the accumulated depth over a particular time so this has to be over a particular time because this does not belong to instance this belongs to a duration of the time so in a particular duration how much infiltration you could how much water has infiltrated into the soil at a particular location that can be represented in the form of accumulated infiltration which is represented as y normally is expressed in centimetres or any other depth units similarly another term which is sometime used the average infiltration rate when you want to look at the averages over some durations so you can always find out what is the accumulated depth at a particular time what is the accumulated depth at some previous time so within that interval how much is the infiltration and what is the duration over which it has occurred that way you can always represent the instant instead of instantaneous infiltration rate you can find out what is the average infiltration rate over some different successive intervals thus sometimes it is expressed in this form one thing is there that out of these two forms as far as the irrigation is concerned is the accumulated infiltration which is which is more useful because at any time you are interested in how much moisture has been stored into the soil or in particular in the effective root zone of the crop that is what you are interested in but if you if you look at the typical curves this is the curve which gives the infiltration rate or the instantaneous infiltration rate you can say and this is a very typical curve the infiltration curve is also known as sometime the infiltration capacity curve why it is called infiltration capacity curve because at any time at any time what you are getting you are getting the infiltration capacity of the soil the infiltration capacity why is known as because there is a maximum infiltration which can take place at that particular time and since it is a function of the soil conditions it becomes a unique thing for the soil or those moisture contents the infiltration capacity will be similar if the moisture content changes then the infiltration capacity curve will also or the if for example let me say that this specific curve is a curve when you started the infiltration at a specific moisture content of the soil if the moisture content would have been more than that next time when you start the infiltration or when you start creating the depth of water over the top of the soil surface the moisture content was higher than what it was at this time then the infiltration rate the starting infiltration rate will be different it might be somewhere here might start somewhere here let me just put that in that case you might get something like this might become the infiltration capacity curve for those conditions the infiltration capacity curve is will remain fixed and is called capacity curve because is constrained is not constrained with the availability of water at the top if the moisture is more than what is infiltrating into the soil at the top of the surface then you will always be getting the infiltration capacity which will be prevalent at that particular moisture condition if your moisture is availability is less than what can infiltrate then the infiltration rate will be constrained with the availability of moisture obviously so in that case it may not be a capacity infiltration rate it may be a rate which is less than what can happen that is why normally when you talk of the infiltration curve it is always the infiltration capacity curve it is the maximum capacity of infiltration which is prevalent under those moisture conditions that is a very important aspect because many a times we will get mixed up with that so is because of the reason that the availability of moisture is much more than what is the infiltration rate there is another property of this that after some time if you let this infiltration continue there will be a stabilized infiltration rate which will be observed and that is called some time you also term it as basic infiltration rate but basic infiltration rate is also the characteristic of the soil irrespective of where you start with which moisture condition you start you will ultimately reach that stabilized infiltration rate which represents what it represents? It represents the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil it represents saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. Now the other curve which has been drawn here that is the cumulative infiltration curve so if you integrate this infiltration rate curve you will get this cumulative infiltration curve it will be dependent on where you have started integration what was the starting point so from which time to which time you are you are talking about at after in this particular case after 5 hours the accumulated infiltration is this much 20 centimeters after 10 hours is around slightly more than 30 centimeters so you have to look at which interval is always with respect to the time for which the infiltration has been taking place and that is known as I will introduce that term here is called infiltration opportunity the time for which the infiltration is taking place or the time for which the infiltration is under consideration that is what is the infiltration opportunity time. Let us look at moisture profile under ponded infiltration how the moisture moves into the soil when you have the ponding conditions created on a dry soil it has been observed that there are 5 general zones which get established under that situation and these zones are saturated zone which is just the top layer the top around 1.5 centimeters a very small layer of the soil which will be under saturated conditions and the moisture content will be the saturation moisture content in that particular layer then the transition zone which is around 5 centimeters below the saturation zone and under this particular zone this transition zone the moisture content will be changing very rapidly the change of moisture content is very steep is very rapid and the next zone is the transmission zone this is the zone in which the moisture content varies very slowly with depth as well as with time and then you have the wetting zone where again you have a very sharp reduction in the moisture content and the wetting zone will be having a wetting front where you can make out clearly what is the moisture you can you can see the change of moisture content actually taking place in a laboratory setup you can visually see that the region where the moisture gradient is visible the same thing when you in the form of these different zones that is the soil depth profile and the way it has been depicted is that this is the variation of water content under x axis which is depicted just to show that how the moisture content changes in the case of saturated zone if this level is the initial water content and this level is the saturated water content if these between these two levels over the profile how the moisture content varies so this is not a demarcation you do not take it as a demarcation this is only a representation of what is happening in terms of these different zones in terms of the moisture content changes that is depicted so this is not a profile as such you can see here that this in the transition zone the change of moisture is very steep but this zone the transmission zone this is the zone which is having a very slow moisture change and this zone is considerably in terms of the size of the zones this zone is the one which is having the major extent of the total moisture availability and this wetting front again is not within this you will find that the wetting front is there after the wetting zone you can see that how the wetting front is moving this also changes with if you keep on going in for the infiltration the extent of these zones will also vary this is only a depiction to bring home the point that there are variations the moisture distribution also changes within the profile of the soil so this can help ultimately because you have seen the moisture extraction pattern of the root zone in the root zone the moisture extraction pattern is such that the top soil is contributing the maximum to the availability of moisture to the plant so that is the that is the which needs moisture availability more rapidly if you can take care of that moisture availability or if you can cater to that moisture deficit without without looking at the lower levels where the moisture extraction is much smaller and even if you know that the the time which it takes with the water takes to reach that zone is also very large you can even ignore that that zone when you schedule your irrigations that is where you can you can use all this knowledge in managing your limited resources of water and we will come to that later on when we look at those aspects where this juncture this knowledge is essential to at least have a complete knowledge about what happens to the moisture which is which is applied on to the soil and it infiltrates into the field the next thing which we are going to look at is that how we or the various methods by which you can you can find out the infiltration characteristics of the respective soils there are various methods available example you can you can use numerical techniques where you can solve the the equations analytically and analytical solutions are available or you can have the the numerical formations which can be used but most of the times those those techniques are not they are very cumbersome and many a times you do not have the data. In general for irrigation water management we are using the empirical relationships or some approximations to the physical processes which are used and they are they are found to be quite reasonably good we will like to have a look at those various empirical relationships available which can be used to represent the infiltration process these infiltration equations the earliest one which was as early as 1932 the Kostikov equation was introduced at that time and this is the equation which represents the accumulative depth of infiltration p is the time of infiltration or the opportunity infiltration opportunity time which is in minutes and A and B are the the empirical constants the same thing you can also express in the form of infiltration rate by differentiating this particular equation the only problem in this equation was that the time is very large you are not this the infiltration will tend to become 0 you are not in a position to get the basic infiltration rate which you know that is is prevalent the infiltration rate which is applicable at the time when the soil becomes saturated it stabilizes that is the steady state infiltration rate that is not that is not possible in this equation so one way of some people even try to put a constant F0 which is the steady state rate and improved upon this specific equation but there are other equations which have come into picture and they are they have also been used one of these is Horton equation and the Horton equation the infiltration rate is expressed with respect to the the initial infiltration rate and the final infiltration rate which is the F0 and a constant C so in this particular case you have to you have to provide what is the initial infiltration rate so having the initial infiltration rate known then you can find out what is the what is the infiltration rate at any specific time then there is another equation which is the Phillip equation where there are two terms one is the soaptivity term and one is conductivity term which have been used the soaptivity term is is more predominant in the initial portion of the infiltration curve soaptivity is defined as as the is proportional to the moisture content at the beginning of the infiltration minus the saturation level moisture content so when this difference will be high this will be more predominant whereas in the situation when the infiltration is persistent is looked at at a longer time periods this conductivity term will become more predominant the only problem in this particular case is that in many situations this term does not represent the steady state infiltration rate it might be slightly different than that whereas in the case of soaptivity again you will have to give this initial moisture content so it can be it can be adjusted with respect to the initial moisture content. There is another relationship which is quite often used it will become very popular at least in America there is a soil conservation service equation which is nothing but is the is a approximation of the the first equation which was given by Kosti Kov and this only this term C has been added in the Kosti Kov equation this C has been taken as a constant value when your infiltration is in centimeters there is another value when the infiltration is taken in inches and these constants also at the constant A it varies depending on the unit you are using. So there are there are curves what they are done is that they have given they have constructed a number of family curves for different types of soils for range of soils they have they have constructed a range of infiltration curves which are known as they are calling it as the the family of intake curves and the number of that normally designates what is the what is the steady state infiltration? So the steady state infiltration represents the number of that curve they have also found out some approximate ways by which they can construct those curves the point on Kosti Kov type infiltration curve at which infiltration rate decreases by 5 percent within 1 hour that has been found out and that is taken as the steady state level the steady state value of infiltration that has been approximated by respect to this assumption and if you look at it can be represented in this form because what you are what you are saying is that you are using that curve you are using this curve and this is the change in 1 hour multiplied by d by by dt and you can also find out what is the time at which the long term intake rate occurs that can be approximated by either of these 2 equations where I left is the number of soil conservation service intake family let me show you the these are the various intake families which have been is it visible these are the various intake families you can see here this is the cumulative intake millimeters and this is the time in minutes or is the opportunity time. Now for each for each type of soil for example this is a soil which has 1.25 millimeters of steady state infiltration whereas this is the soil which is having 50 millimeters of steady state infiltration so all these soils they are different soils and these are known as the family curves once you know these family curves then you can always find out knowing the opportunity time you can always find out how much is the accumulated infiltration the method of measuring infiltration in the field you use cylinder infiltrometer this is a very simple equipment is a set of 2 cylinders concentric stress cylinders N1 and outer cylinder which are used to observe the infiltration rate these cylinders earlier to start with if you look at this there was only single cylinder which was used for this purpose this cylinder is driven in the soil and then you put some known quantity of water and take the observations on that change of level with respect to time now what was the problem was that the infiltration which was taking place there was lot of movement of moisture in the lateral direction because of the fact that the soil in this zone the soil which is in this area this was having less moisture content so there was a deficit of the moisture content and this adjoining soil lot of water had a tendency to move in the lateral direction because of that it was not representative of what should have moved if the water was available throughout the field so because of that to avoid that loss the 2 concentric cylinders were used in which case you will still have the same tendency that some water will be moving from this area into the lateral direction this tendency will still be there but most of the water which is coming from the inner cylinder will have the vertical movement so all the additional amount of moisture which is going in the lateral direction is coming from the outer cylinder which is not part of the cylinder where the observations are being made and these are the dimensions as the 2 cylinders are in a one is 30 centimeters diameter the outer cylinder is 60 centimeters diameter and you have the depth of this these cylinders is around 45 centimeters and is driven into the soil up to around 10 centimeters so if you look at the various steps which are performed while making these slender and frutometer readings these are the steps which also include the various other operations which we have to start which we have to take before you lay the the cylinders in the field and also before you start observing the various readings these steps include the level of the ground and the level of the ground clean the surface so that there is no no undulations in the surface itself because at times you would like that throughout this area the level of water is uniform though it is a very small area which you are covering through the cylinders then you derive both these the inner and then the outer cylinders up to a depth of 10 centimeters and the soil you will have to fix a hook gauge which will be used to make the environments or record the levels of water in the inner cylinders so for that purpose the hook gauge will be installed you will have to place the plastic sheets as when you pour the water you want the observations to be taken with respect to time so when you are pouring the water if you are not ready you will like the water to stay and for that purpose you will like to use plastic sheets so that you can start the time when you start the observation. Pour water in the cylinders up to a depth of around 12 centimeters and this has to be done in both the cylinders so there is no connection between the two cylinders you will have to put the non quantities of water in the inner cylinders but as far as the outer cylinder is concerned you should maintain approximately a similar level in the outer cylinder also without maintaining observations. Record initial reading on the hook gauge then the next step is that lower the gauge to 1 to 2 centimeters depending on the soil if the soil is very light soil the infiltration rates will be very high so then in that case you can adjust the the gauge up to a level which may be higher level may be 2 centimeters because it will it will take very small amount of time to reach that level. Remove the plastic sheet and start the stopwatch because you want to observe the time when the infiltration starts taking place. Note the time when the level reaches the hook gauge that means you have you had set the the known difference of level how much time it takes to reach that level that is what you have observed. Lower the hook gauge further by a known depth. Repeat the above steps till depth in the cylinder is reduced to around 7 centimeters so you are trying to be within a range which is from 7 to 12 centimeters and after you have reached this depth of around 7 centimeters you can add may add quantities of water so as to replenish the depth up to around 12 centimeters again. So that is that is what is the procedure the whole procedure is geared to record the movement of moisture in the soil with respect to time that is what is going to give you the rate that is one way there is another possibility also in this case you are trying to find out the time which is taken for the water to move a known depth of quantity of water into the soil you can do the other way round you can keep on taking the readings at a regular interval and then find out what is the depth at that particular time. So in any case ultimately you are going to find out the you can you can make a plot where you can transfer these observations and then use that to find out what is the accumulated infiltration depth curve. So that is the procedure which is very simple and that is what is absorbed only thing is that you should try to ensure that the depth is approximately between these limits because in actual practice when you are using the actual irrigations the range is almost similar the irrigation also varies from the 7 centimetres or 5 centimetres to around 10 centimetres or 15 centimetres depending on again the type of soil which will come to those things later and secondly you can make these observations at different locations in the field so as to take the average value because there might be some variation in the soil type. So with that we will conclude this topic and I will give you a tutorial sheet which will give you some practice on what type of data some exercises which you can use those exercises based on the actual data which has been collected over the field and then you can try to use those those data to get infiltration curve okay.


Suspense! Here again to introduce Columbia's program, Suspense. Our star tonight is one of the most compelling actresses in America today, Miss Agnes Morehead. Miss Morehead returns to our stage to appear in a new study in terror by Lucille Fletcher called Sorry Wrong Number. This story of a woman who accidentally overheard a conversation with death and who strove frantically to prevent murder from claiming an innocent victim is tonight's tale of suspense. If you have been with us on these Tuesday nights, you will know that suspense is compounded of mystery and suspicion and dangerous adventure. In this series, our tales calculated to intrigue you, to stir your nerves, to offer you a precarious situation and then withhold the solution until the last possible moment. And so it is with Sorry Wrong Number and the performance of Agnes Morehead. We again hope to keep you in suspense. Operator, I've been dialing Murray Hill 7093 now for the last three quarters of an hour and the line is always busy. I don't see how it could be busy that long. Will you try it for me, please? I'll be glad to try that number for you. One moment, please. I don't see how it could be busy all this time. It's my husband's office. He's working late tonight and I'm all alone here in the house. My health is very poor and I've been feeling so nervous all day. Ringing Murray Hill 7093. Mr. Stevenson there. Who's this? What number am I calling, please? I'm clear for tonight. Yes, sir. Number is this, please. Oh, how awful. How unspeakable. Operator, I've just been cut off. It was supposed to be Murray Hill 7093, but it wasn't. Some wires must have got crossed. I was cut into a wrong number and I've just heard the most dreadful thing. Something about a murder. Operator, you'll simply have to retrace that call at once. I beg your pardon. May I help you? Oh, I know it was a wrong number and I had no business listening, but these two men, they were cold-blooded teens and they were going to murder somebody, some poor innocent woman who was all alone in a house near a bridge and we've got to stop them. We've got to stop them. What number were you calling, please? Well, that doesn't matter. This was a wrong number and you dialed it for me and we've got to find out what it was immediately. What number did you call?  What time is it? Do you mean to tell me you can't find out what that number was just now? I'll connect you with the chief operator. Oh, I think it's perfectly shameful. Now look, look, it was obviously a case of some little slip of the finger. I told you to try Murray Hill 7093 for me. You dialed it but your finger must have slipped and I was connected with some other number and I could hear them but they couldn't hear me. Now, I simply failed to see why you couldn't make that same mistake again on purpose, why you couldn't try to dial Murray Hill 7093 in the same sort of careless way. Murray Hill 7093. I will try to get it for you. Thank you. Operator, operator, operator, operator, will you answer me? Try to get that wrong number tall. I ask you explicitly and all you did was dial correctly. I'm calling. Oh, can't you for once forget what number I'm calling and do something for me? Now, I want to trace that call. It's my civic duty, it's your civic duty to trace that call and apprehend those dangerous killers and if you won't. I will connect you with the chief operator. Please. Operator. Chief operator, I want you to trace a call, a telephone call immediately. I don't know where it came from or who was making it but it's absolutely necessary that it be tracked down because it was about a murder that someone's planning. A terrible cold-blooded murder of a poor innocent woman tonight at 11.15. I see. Well, can you trace it for me? Can you track down those men? I'm not certain. It depends. Depends on what? It depends on whether the call is still going on. If it's a live call, we can trace it on the equipment. If it's been disconnected, we can't. If the parties have stopped talking to each other. Oh, but of course they must have stopped talking to each other by now. That was at least five minutes ago and it didn't sound like the type who would make a long call. Well, I can try tracing it. Now I have your name, please. Mrs. Stevenson, Mrs. Albert Stevenson. Now, but listen. And your telephone number, please. Oh, Plaza 42295. But if you go on wasting all this time. Why do you want the call traced, please? Why? Well, oh, no reason, no reason. I mean, I merely felt very strongly that something ought to be done about it. These men sounded like killers. They're dangerous. They're going to murder this woman at 11.15 tonight and I thought the police ought to know. Have you reported this to the police? Well, no, no, not yet. You want this call checked purely as a private individual. Yes, yes, but meanwhile... I'm sorry, Mrs. Stevenson, but I'm afraid we couldn't make this check for you and trace the call just in your say so as a private individual. We'd have to do something more official. Oh, for heaven's sake. You mean to tell me I can't report that there's going to be a murder without getting tied up in all this red tape? Why, it's perfectly idiotic. Well, all right, all right, I'll call the police. Thank you. I'm sure that would be the best way to...  Your call, please. The police department, get me the police department, please. Thank you. Precision, precinct 43, Sergeant Martin speaking. Police department, this is Mrs. Stevenson. This is Elbert Smy Stevenson of 53 North Sutton Place. I'm calling up to report a murder. I mean, the murder hasn't been committed yet, but I just overheard plans for it over the telephone over a wrong number that the operator gave me.  Yes, ma'am. Well, it was a perfectly definite murder. I heard their plans distinctly. Two men were talking, and they were going to murder some woman at 11.15 tonight. She lived in a house near a bridge. Are you listening to me? Yes, ma'am. And there was a private patrolman on the street. He was going to go around for a beer on Second Avenue, and there was some third man, a client, who was paying to have this poor woman murdered. They were going to take her rings and bracelets and use a knife. Well, it's unnerved, mid-readfully, and I'm not well. I see. When was all this, ma'am? Well, about eight minutes ago. Then you can do something. You do understand. What is your name, ma'am? Mrs. Stevenson. Mrs. Albert Stevenson. And your address? 53 North Sutton Place. 53 North Sutton Place. That's near a bridge. The Queensborough Bridge, you know, and we have a private patrolman on our street. And Second Avenue... And what was the number you were calling? Murray Hill 7093. But that wasn't the number I overheard. I mean, Murray Hill 7093 is my husband's office. He's working late tonight, and I was trying to reach him to ask him to come home.  Well, we'll look into it, Mrs. Stevenson, and we'll see if we can check it with the telephone company. But the telephone company said they couldn't check the call with the parties that stopped talking. I've already taken care of that. You have? Yes. And personally, I feel you want to do something far more immediate and drastic than just check the call. What good is checking the call do if they stop talking? By the time you track it down, they'll already have committed the murder. Well, we'll take care of it, don't you worry. Well, I'd say the whole thing called for a search, a complete and thorough search of the whole city. Now, I'm very near the bridge, and I'm not far from Second Avenue, and I know I'd feel a lot better if you sent around a radio car to this neighborhood at once. And what makes you think the murder's going to be committed for them? Oh, well, I don't know. Only the coincidence is so horrible. Second Avenue and the patrolman in the bridge? Second Avenue is a very long street, man. I know. And you know how many bridges there are in the city of New York alone. Oh. Not to mention Brooklyn, Staten Island, Queens and the Bronx. I know.  Oh. How do you know they're even talking about New York at all? But I heard the call in the New York dialing system. Maybe it was a long distance call you overheard. Telephones are funny things. Look, lady, why don't you look at it this way? Supposing you hadn't broken in on that telephone call. Supposing you'd got your husband the way you always do. You wouldn't be upset, would you? No, I suppose not. Only it sounded so inhuman. So cold-blooded. Well, a lot of murders are plotted in this city every day, ma'am. We managed to prevent most all of them. But the clue of this kind is so vague, isn't much more used to us than no clue at all. But surely you... Unless, of course, you have some reason for thinking this call was phony and that somebody may be planning to murder you. Me? Oh, well, no, I hardly think so. Well, I mean, why should anybody? I'm alone all day and night. I see nobody except my maid, Eloise, and she's a big girl. She weighs 200 pounds.  And the only other person is my husband, Albert. He's crazy about me. He just adores me. He's quite on me, hand and foot. It's scarcely left my side since I took sick 12 years ago. Well, and there's nothing for you to worry about. Well... Now, if you'll just leave the rest of this to us, we'll take care of it. But what will you do? It's so late. It's nearly 11 now. We'll take care of it, ladies.  Lady, I said we'd take care of it. Thank you. Just now I've got a couple of other matters here on my desk that require immediate attention. Good night, ma'am, and thank you.  Why did I hang up the phone like that?  And Albert, come home. Why doesn't he? Operator for heaven's sake, will you ring that Murray Hill 7093 number again? I can't think what's keeping him so long. I will try it for you. Well, try, try. I can hear it. You don't have to tell me. I know it's busy. Oh, if I could only get out of this bed for a little while. If I could, if I could get a breath of fresh air or just lean... Hello, operator. I don't know what's the matter with this telephone tonight but it's positively driving me crazy. I've never seen such inefficient miserable service. Now, now, now, look. I'm an invalid and I'm very nervous and I'm not supposed to be annoyed. But if this keeps on much longer... What seems to be the trouble, please? Well, everything's wrong. I haven't had one bit of satisfaction out of one call I've made this evening. The whole world could be murdered for all you people care. And now, now, my phone keeps ringing and ringing and ringing and ringing and ringing and ringing every five seconds or so and when I pick it up, there's no one there. I'm sorry. If you will hang up, I will test it for you. I don't want you to test it for me. I want you to pull that call through, whatever it is. It won't. I'm afraid I cannot do that. You can't and why? Why may I ask? The dial system is automatic. If someone is trying to dial your number, there is no way to check whether the call is coming through the system or not unless the person who is trying to reach you, operator... Well, of all this stupidness. And meanwhile, I've got to sit here in my bed suffering every time that phone rings, imagining everything. I will try to check the trouble for you. Check it, check it. That's all anybody can do. Oh, what's the use of talking to you?  I'll fix her. Of all the impudence. Oh, how dare she speak to me like that. How dare she speak to me like that? Young woman, I don't know your name. But there are ways of finding you out. And I'm going to report you to your superiors for the most unpardonable rudeness and insolence that has never been my privilege. Give me the business officer for me. You may dial that number direct. Dial it direct. I'll do no such thing. I don't even know the number. The number is in the directory. Or you may secure it by dialing information. Now, listen here. Oh, what's the use? Answer me. Who is this? You realize you're driving me crazy? Stop it, I say. All of a sudden, put that clock to 11. Oh, they've decided something. They're sure I'm home. They heard my voice answer them just now. That's why they've been ringing me. Why no one has answered me? Why didn't you answer it once? Give me the police department. We'll call you. Busy, busy, but that's impossible. The police department can't be busy. There must be other lines available. The line is busy. I will try to get them for you later. No, no, I've got to speak to them now. Or it may be too late. I've got to talk to someone. Oh, but there must be someone to protect people beside the police department. A detective agency. You will find agencies listed in the classified directory. Maysion, perhaps she will be able to help you. No, yes. I'm Mrs. Stevenson. The telegram tried to get you for last keep happy. A copy of the message. Thank you. Thank you, madam. Good night. Call 7093 number for me just once more, please. You may dial that number of Hensley Hospital. No, it's somewhere in the 70s. It's a very small private and exclusive hospital where I had my appendix out two years ago. Hensley, H-E-N-C-A. Well, will you please hurry and please, what is the time? You may find out that for heaven's sake, I've no time to be dialing. The number of Hensley Hospital is five. Butterfield, seven, all one, all five. The nurse's registry. Who was it you was to speak to, please? I want the nurse's registry at once. I want to train nurse. I want hire immediately for the night. I see. Nurse. I'm very nervous. I need soothing and companionship. You see, my husband is away, and I'm also... Have you been recommended to us by any doctor in particular, madam? No, but I really don't see why all this cataclysm is necessary. I just want to train nurse. I was a patient in your hospital two years ago, and after all, I do expect to pay this person for attending me. We quite understand that, madam, but these are wartimes, you know. I know that. Our registered nurses are very scarce just now, and our superintendent has asked us to send people out only on cases where the physician in charge feels it's absolutely necessary. Well, it is absolutely necessary.  I'm very much upset. Very. I'm alone in this house, and I'm an invalid, and tonight I overheard a telephone conversation that upset me dreadfully. In fact, if someone doesn't come at once, I'm afraid I'll go out of my mind. I see. Well, I'll speak to Miss Phillips as soon as she comes in. And what is your name, madam? Miss Phillips? And when do you expect her in? I've suffered eleven o'clock. Eleven o'clock? But it's not eleven o'clock yet. They're listening to me now. I don't dare. I... They're listening. Police department. Oh, I'm... I'm sorry. Must have got the wrong number. Police department? Police department. I'm sorry. Must have got the wrong number. Good... Don't worry. Everything's okay. And so closes. Sorry. Wrong number. Starring Agnes Moorhead. Tonight's tale of... Suspense. This is your narrator, the man in black, who conveys to you Columbia's invitation to spend this half hour in suspense with us again next Tuesday when Mr. Donald Crisp and Mr. John Loder will star in the suspense play called The Extra Guest. The producer of these broadcasts is William Spear, who with Ted Bliss, the director, Led Gluckin, the musical director, and Lucille Fletcher, the author, collaborated on tonight's suspense. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.