So, we arrived at a very important result in the last lecture called the Stokes Einstein relation which was derived by considering the autocorrelation of the velocity fluctuations. The Stokes Einstein relation is D, the diffusion coefficient equal to the thermal energy k T divided by the friction coefficient and within the Stokes regime friction coefficient is basically 6 pi eta a. In view of its importance it is a useful to see whether we can derive it in alternate ways. In fact, the original derivation from Einstein does not consider Langevin equation. You can derive it by thermodynamic equilibrium arguments using Fokker Planck classical Fokker Planck equation in position space itself. However, having started with the Langevin equation dynamics we can derive this relationship without using the autocorrelation functions and that is what we do now. For that let us start with the Langevin equation which says if the particle has an instantaneous velocity v and then when I say dot it means derivative with respect to time. So, v dot plus beta v T equal to a T is the Langevin equation which is where a T is random acceleration with the properties that a bar ensemble average is 0 and the autocorrelation function T minus T prime at two different times the autocorrelation functions at two different times a T and a T prime expectation equal to gamma delta T minus T prime is delta correlated where gamma is basically in intensity of fluctuation parameter which in turn we could relate it to the temperature the friction coefficient etcetera all that we did in the last lectures. Now, let us start with this equation 1 itself and see whether we can arrive at the diffusion law. For that it is a very important educator because from a velocity equation we will have to examine in the presence of random force we will have to examine how we get the position equation. So, for that of course, first thing we know that velocity itself is the time derivative of position. So, we can call it as x dot T. So, we will specify whenever we say x dot or dot represents derivative with respect to time. So, with this the Langevin equation 1 takes the form x double dot it is a function of time, but we will just for brevity we will omit it and it will be beta x dot velocity is x dot and the right hand side is going to be just a T. Now, let us multiply this equation let us say we call it as equation 2. Multiply equation dot by x T just there are a couple of steps multiply equation 2 by x T itself. So, it simply looks like x x double dot plus beta x x dot will be x T at all all referring to a single time now because x is a function of T x dot is a function of T and x double dot also will be a function of T double dot meaning second derivative d 2 x by dx dt square. Now, we note the following note this term x x dot can be written as half of d by dt of x square because if you differentiate x square you will get 2 x 2 cancels x into dx by dt which is x x dot. Similarly, you can say and this is a bit long winded, but you can do it x x double dot can be written as half d 2 by dt square of x square minus x dot square. You can verify it by expanding first you differentiate you will get the first derivative term then again you differentiate you will get x double dot only in fact, x dot square will cancel from both sides. So, this way of writing the advantage is now you go back and call this is equation 3 and this we call as let us say equation 4 a and equation 4 b then we can upon substituting these equations equation 4 a b in equation 3 then we will obtain the following equation because x x double dot gets replaced with this. So, you will have half d 2 by dt square of x square then x dot is v. So, we can just write it as minus v square then of course, beta x x dot becomes beta by 2 into d by dt of x square and the right hand side now will be x t a t let us call it as equation 5. It may be useful to all the time right instead of writing x square to just define a tentatively a quantity y just equal to x square just for reference define then it becomes looks like differential equation formulation we are quite familiar d 2 y by dt square and of course, I multiply by 2 throughout. So, this becomes a 2 v square v is the particle velocity at time t plus beta dy by dt will be twice x t and a t to see to confirm that it is true we just take a step back and look we have put x square equal to y here that is all we have done x square as y.  So, we will y and x t a t now we make very important assumption coming from physics right away. Supposing I take an average now ensemble average equation call it as 6 the previous one was 5. So, this will be 6 by ensemble average we again just to remind ourselves we mean it is an average over the replicas of a path of a given Brownian particle, but paths will not be the same of course, each time the randomness will make a different, but under identical host fluid conditions whose host fluid conditions is stationary it does not change with the time. So, every time I do an experiment the underlying fluctuation character remains the same, but particle trajectories will be different. So, you average over them when you do that this equation becomes d 2 say y bar by d 2 square minus twice it will be v square bar plus beta d y bar by dt that will be twice of x t a t. Now, we assume that we are basically working with the macroscopic timescale t. All the microscopic variations let us say have died down. So, as a result the system is almost near thermal equilibrium it is undergoing spontaneous fluctuations of course, and hence there is always an x associated with it, but the underlying fluctuations are coming from the fluid and the fluid is stationary. And as we have seen in our previous class asymptotically at a timescales much larger than 1 by beta or the tau relaxation time v square average reaches the equipartition equivalent of mean square velocity. So, assuming that the particle is in equilibrium particle gas equilibrium we can assume therefore, that v square average has reached the equilibrium value of k t by m that is one important assumption. So, this is assumption one another important assumption we make is that the ensemble average of the quantity x t a t will be 0. This is a little subtle and we can invoke a causal argument for it. After all a t is an acceleration coming from various impulses from the fluid x t is the displacement of the particle. Impulses first they affect the velocity and then it takes some time for it to affect the position of the particle. And hence the impulse that has been imparted at time t cannot be related to the position that the particle has at that time because the position at that time cannot be influenced by a t. It will always some delay effect is there. And that qualitative argument we can use here to justify x t a t equal to 0. You can also see it because we have already developed an expression for x t detailed expression. And then if you multiply by a t and take ensemble average it will also turn out to be 0. But so, we will not but then we do not want to depend on that proof. Hence independently we argue by virtue of a kind of causal relationship that the force that a particle receives now cannot influence or cannot be dependent or the position now cannot be dependent on the force that is it receives at that point in time. There is always a certain delay. Hence the ensemble average of position and imposed acceleration should be 0. So, with this the equation therefore takes the form you can write it in the way d by dt if you can take it out of dy bar by dt plus beta y bar equal to 2 kt by m. You can see that if v square average is kt by m then that we can take to the right hand side and this expectation is 0. And hence you will have these two terms on the left hand side and d by dt is common. So, I take it out that is what we have done. We can actually integrate this now step by step the first integral for example, can be obtained we can I will write down the solution for you the first integral is for dy bar by dt. So, dy bar by dt for example, from this we will have the solution 2 kt by m beta plus some constant of integration e to the power minus beta t. This you could do by taking dy bar by dt as z or something and then this will be dz by dt plus beta z equal to this it is a first order equation and then you can very easily integrate by integrating factor use the integrating factor then you will get back to this result. So, which is now further easy to integrate once again you can do the integration. So, you will have y bar equal to 2 kt by m beta t plus some c 1 by beta into 1 minus e to the power minus beta t where we know by definition that y bar is nothing, but x square bar because y was x square in the limit t tends to large exponential functions decay much faster of course, in fact, t much greater than when we need not really be infinity. We can even say that that is t much greater than 1 by beta that is sufficient. Then we will get x square bar equal to 2 kt by m beta into time plus some constant number c 1. C 1 is actually maybe the value that the system attains a certain displacement on an average, but when t is very very large this will tend compared to any initial value this will tend to t kt by m beta into t only as t tends to infinity because the constant number can be neglected with term which involves an ever increasing time. So, we now compare this expression compare with this definitional expression compare with the definition x square bar is twice dt. Then we get d equal to kt by m beta and note that beta was by definition f by m and hence m beta is f. So, we get kt by f. So, this is the desired result we have proved what we set out to do. So, if you work back in this we straight away rather than solve for v and then analyze the behavior for x y auto correlation functions by using two assumptions one that the Brownian particle eventually has its velocity fluctuation governed by thermal energy and the auto correlation function between the position instantaneous position and the instantaneous force it receives from the host gas is uncorrelated. Its instantaneous position is uncorrelated with the acceleration it receives we obtain this derivation. The idea of proving this is that there is a great underlying physics or underlying phenomena that relates the two that is the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium for the displaced or Brownian particle eventually that is underlying cause of this relationship between two otherwise very different quantities as which we discussed yesterday. So, the learning point that we should note in this why this relationship is further important comes from the following consideration. Supposing we have to discuss suppose we have to consider a Brownian motion of a particle in the presence of an external field supposing consider Brownian motion in the presence of an external field f x some external force f x we call it as f e x e for external. Then the Newton's law if we write that is a Langevin equation of course, we have d v by dt plus beta v equal to the systematic force this external force we are talking about is a very systematic force which is a function of position let us say plus of course, the random acceleration. So, since we are writing for v this will be f by m we have divided by mass throughout plus random acceleration at time t. Supposing we take an expectation over the various ensembles of the differential equation itself then the equation reduces to the form d v bar by dt plus beta v bar and since that expectation force does not depend on this expectation we can keep this term as such. But however, this will be 0 since a t bar is 0 when we do ensemble average. Now this equation if we solve for most forces if we consider the behavior of the average velocity after some time that is for times much greater than 1 by beta. Like for example, if 1 by beta is on my in micro seconds then we are interested in let us say milliseconds and more then the entire transient effects can be forgotten. So, then we can set d v bar by dt equal to 0 some steady state will be achieved and the velocity now will be virtually governed by the external force alone and that results in a formula. So, v bar therefore, in such a situation will be f external x divided by m beta. So, when you have an external field a steady state velocity that is system or Brownian particle here Brownian particle attains a steady velocity. Usually such steady velocities are expressed in non-equilibrium of physics as v bar equal to some mobility b into external force. This is we can call it as mobility coefficient. Sometimes the notation mu is also used for ions and for molecules mu is used. We are talking of particles Brownian particle and n's we use b. Now, if you compare this expression with what we obtained from the Brownian motion theory we can we will get b equal to 1 by m beta and we know beta equal to f by m. So, m beta is f so, 1 by f. So, mobility coefficient is inversely proportional to the friction coefficient. So, one can put it this way that if friction coefficient represents the concept of how difficult it is to move the mobility coefficient reciprocally answers same question of how easy it is to attain a velocity. Higher the b more will be the velocity attained whereas, friction coefficient would say that the higher the friction coefficient less will be the velocity attained. So, if they are reciprocal concepts. These two statements are of course, within classical fluid mechanics, but because of the Stokes Einstein relation now we have shown that f equal to is related to D. So, since D is kT by f we have the relationship using Stokes Einstein relation for f we obtain the relation B equal to since we can come back here since the Stokes Einstein relation tells us f equal to kT by D. So, we can replace f with the kT by D. So, 1 by f will be D by kT. So, B is D by kT. This is a very equally deep relationship which says mobility proportional to diffusion coefficient. To put it verbally the tendency for particles to scatter is what is represented by the diffusion coefficient. The tendency for particles to move with the smooth directed uniform velocity is what characterizes the mobility coefficient and there is a connection between these two apparently opposing concepts. And the underlying depth being underlying quality or a feature of the host gas being the random fluctuations the existence of random fluctuations both these originate from the existence of random fluctuation and thermodynamic of course, equilibrium of the system. From this point the question that is of certain interest is twofold. One we obtained the many several characteristics of the velocity and its variance of a Brownian particle. How does one go over to making predictions on the eventual evolution of the probability distributions? One we had the Fokker-Planck description for pure random walk. We moved over to a differential equation formalism, but there was no velocity involved. Now that we have brought in a concept of velocity what kind of equations are we going to get? So, that is one question. Second of course, how can we make use of all that we learnt for actually simulating? I want to do a numerical simulation of velocity fluctuations. How do I do that? So, these two aspects we will address in the coming lecture. Thank you.


child marriage before the age of 18 affects over 12 million girls globally every year, leading to serious physical and mental health consequences. Despite acknowledging the negative impacts of this practice on reproductive health, mental health has been largely ignored. This can lead to increased risk of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and other mental health problems. To address this gap in knowledge, our study is the first to examine how mental health is addressed in current literature on child marriage. We conducted systematic reviews of existing research, including both qualitative and quantitative studies, to identify the social factors associated with mental health outcomes among those who have experienced child marriage. Our findings suggest that intimate partner violence, poverty, challenges during childbirth, and isolation are all linked to emotional distress. Additionally, depression was the most commonly reported mental health condition. Other mental health conditions such as anxiety, phobias, psychological distress, substance misuse, negative well-being, and antisocial personality disorder were also reported less frequently. These findings highlight the need for further research into the causal links between child marriage and mental health, as well as the development of. This article was authored by Rachelle A. Burgess, Mary Jeffrey, Sabina, Adhiyambo Ottero, and others.


Well, today we gotta talk about Nintendo Switch 2 again and I'm gonna be quite frank with you guys. This isn't a topic that I enjoy talking about this much. It's been a prevalent topic on the channel now going on for the last few weeks and frankly I'm ready to talk about something else, but what happens in the world of rumors and reports and leaks is once they sort of begin again and we had a break for a little bit and now they're just back and stronger than ever. The floodgates open and this is something that's very common the closer and closer you get to something actually being revealed and this time we have some potential new information coming out of the manufacturing side that kind of gives us an idea of what to expect for this new system and what to look towards being different about this system in comparison to the original Switch. Now all of this information comes from a YouTuber called AK Tech Studio and it's a YouTuber out of China so we're going with the closed caption English translation that YouTube provides for this channel and we're going to give you some exact quotes why we're listening to this person and they're a fairly large channel over 400,000 subscribers is because they have a friend in manufacturing and they have been correct on things they've talked about in the past so in digging through other things that have been you know tied to them we've seen leaks from you know things like Samsung and Apple and PlayStation and yes even some Nintendo things in the past so there are some things that we could sort of connect the dots to here to point to this person being in the know. Now his latest video uploaded today doesn't necessarily have anything to do dealing with next generation stuff at least that's what you figured because today's video was about tearing down a Joycon talking about Joycon drift the causes of it how to manually fix it but here's the thing he actually at the very beginning decided to reveal some information from his own personal source of course take all this with a grain of salt we've heard stuff like this from other places but we haven't heard stuff in this exact detail and it might be new to you it might be expected I don't know but let's dive into the exact quotes according to Google's own closed caption system I have a friend who has seen the real machine that Nintendo switched to in the supply chain according to him the performance improvement and resolution improvement reported online is true but it's inconvenient for me to go into specifics the innovation however in the new switch is the Joycon they will be adding new types of gameplay I have only heard about this and have been unable to confirm it but there is some new hardware that has been added to the handle and there will be a new way of interaction in operation but that isn't really the point of this specific video please wait for news of the new switch which will be officially released soon when that information comes out you could then see if I was right I feel strongly the next generation of Joycon will have a big innovation now look he doesn't tell us what that innovation is going to be something in the handle of the Joycon so I mean that that could be anything right like we have an IR sensor in one of the handles as an example on the last one maybe there'll be something else HD rumble was supposed to be this revolutionary thing that Nintendo really under utilizes but is cool the few times it is used not as good as like a dual sense you know the rumble features in this are just top tier but at the time HD rumble was basically the best rumble on the market and maybe Nintendo is going to be advancing the rumble features to be more like the PlayStation dual shock controller maybe they're going to do some of their own stuff maybe there's going to be I don't know I mean the IR camera was sort of a dud so I don't really know what they were putting to it but I'm very interested I'm also interested if the old Joycon are cross compatible with the new system in case people prefer the old Joycon there's other improvements we want to see in the controllers I mean biggest thing is obviously give us new sticks give us the you know the the hall sensing control stick so we get rid of drift and his video is about drift so it's kind of it would kind of neat I guess I get why he brought it up because if the if the big innovation he's hearing about are in the Joycons then hey you know like he's doing a video on Joycon repair it makes sense to maybe bring it up I also found really interesting that he's claiming that the new system will be officially revealed soon now when Nintendo says soon that could be a year from now right like Nintendo is very much a hey when we say soon you know our launch windows anywhere from three to six months I mean that's a really big launch window most people can start a launch we're gonna be like a week but I find it interesting because this isn't someone who works at Nintendo it's a content creator with some connections and he said it's going to be officially revealed soon which to me when you look at it be in the end of July right now you're thinking soon is sometime this year that it's going to be unveiled now I have been of mind that they're not going to unveil the system this year even if it was coming early next year there is a roadmap to unveil a new system in 2023 for an early 2024 release that could exist that won't hurt Nintendo's holidays and included in that roadmap would have to be price cuts to the system I think if you price cut them to just the right price while also releasing games like mario wonder and super mario rpg and stuff you could still see a really really good sales period over the holiday even though revenue would obviously be down but that's because people would be hyped up and saving for that new system to launch this winter plus game sale wise wouldn't be heard anyways mario wonder is still going to sell incredible because hey there's already a hundred and like 30 million nintendo switches out there like there's already a consumer base hungry for software we can see that with the sales of pikmin 4 which are like that's one of this way the debut sales of pikmin 4 in japan are higher than the combined debut sales of pikmin 1 2 and 3 put together that's how incredible the launch of pikmin 4 is even 4 n might end up being a 4 or 5 million seller when it's all said and done and that's curbie in the forgotten land territory for an ip that's never sold more than 2 and a half million units that would be double the best it's ever done and that was a rerelease on we you and pikmin 3 deluxe so yeah we're hungry for software we obviously know how incredibly well zelda is and guess what in like a little bit less than five days right now we're going to find out all the sales updates we're probably at the official confirmation of 130 million nintendo switches sold we're going to get all the official zelda numbers we're going to get all the official updates on pretty much everything pikmin will be the one that we don't because pikmin's in the new fiscal quarter so this will be fiscal quarter ending in june but man i am i'm just really really happy that this person is saying revealed this year because i gotta be honest i started this video by saying i'm sort of tired of talking about this damn thing because it's getting old it's getting repetitive i'm trying to keep all of you guys up today on every source that's out there all the various information and while i could argue that this person from china doesn't really necessarily give us any new information like it doesn't give us a specific feature for the joy con it doesn't really say anything about you know hey we're just saying that you know what's already been reported out there is true okay so it's going to have dlss it's going to be able to output at 4k etc like i i just sit back and i go okay what i'm more interested in is when this thing is being revealed and to me out of everything he said the official information being revealed soon is the one that i pay most attention to because there hasn't really been a lot of indications of when this thing is going to be revealed we've had indications of potential release right like oh it could release in the first quarter of 2024 it also could be holiday 2024 it could be the middle of 20 all indications are sometime in 2024 so team 2023 is probably looking like a dud but also would nintendo dare to unveil this thing we do have gamescom coming up at the end of august we have nintendo live coming up these could be events they want to push new hardware at or at least advertise the new hardware but why when the new hardware still won't come out for five or six months but then again that would be right in line with the nintendo switch it was announced in october of you know 2020 uh you know i'm sorry 2016 and it came out in march of 2017 about five to six months later it's interesting thinking about that window and going huh if they announced it in august and then five to six months later i mean you're starting to look at hey this thing's coming in january or february it might not be a march release so i'm just going to sit back and see how things play out at this point i don't know that i'm going to talk that much about switch to barring some major report coming out from bloomberg or uh jeff grob or or someone like super reliable and in the know moving forward i i think at this point we have a good idea of what all the rumors out there are saying right this thing's going to be pretty powerful somewhere between a playstation 4 and playstation 4 pro seems to be the current expectations on its power there's going to be changes to the controller so we're not going to get the same old joycon there's going to be some sort of gimmicky thing like we got with the ir sensor but it sounds like it'll still be pretty much traditional controls which will be nice to have again for another generation in a row it's still going to be a hybrid uh console so it's going to still be docked and taken with you uh we're going to get it at some point in 2024 there's a possibility of it being winter of 2024 the earliest possibility we got from that was actually a pokemon leak that suggested that one of the updates coming up to scarlet and violet was going to include a graphics enhancement for a brand new switch and that update is supposed to land sometime this winter winter is technically early 2024 so that lines up with the quarter one 2024 stuff now we have this person from china saying hey this thing's going to be officially unveiled soon soon in terms of most people usually means within you know one to three months when it comes to something being unveiled so this thing could be honestly unveiled in august and that sort of gives us a timetable of what to expect and now we just have to let things play out it either is unveiled this year or it's not it either comes out early next year or it doesn't and that's that so i'm just going to walk away from this washing my hands sort of done talking about switch to i read your comments every day i know some of you are kind of tired of this as well you're not blaming me it's just what's out there and i i try to stay as up to date on nintendo's new hardware as we can and i think this is the last little tidbit to throw out there borrowing some sort of massive new information coming out from an extremely reputable place so we're good consider this my last switch to video i guess until the next one which should be based on a lot more reputable information or might even be just nintendo announcing the damn thing so thank you so much for being here and i'll catch you guys in the next video


Martin Luther was a big guy and he had a truly epic debate with Erasmus where he said that God knew all human decisions before they were made He really didn't appreciate Erasmus's free willy comments So historically one of the most debated ideas in philosophy has been free will We all sort of feel like we make our own decisions But when you look at things like hypnotism and brainwashing you start to wonder if it's really just a feeling Maybe someone or something else is pulling our strings and we don't know it The biggest problem in establishing whether or not humans have free will is really defining what that is I mean, I know that I want it because I'm American damn it and it has free in the name But what is it really like if I say free will doesn't exist and you say yes It does if we're talking about different things We could be arguing forever and actually agreeing with each other without knowing it And if you read the back and forth between philosophers about free will you'll realize that that's pretty much exactly What's been happening for two millennia some philosophers to find free will as though every time somebody made a choice If you rewound time to that point they could choose something else totally independent of the chain of events leading up to that decision That's actually pretty easy to disprove because although it's technically possible that you might choose to get hit in the face With the tennis racket you're not going to because that's dumb people make decisions by reasoning out the best choice available in a given situation and if you Rewind time to that particular point their knowledge and reasoning would be exactly the same So why wouldn't their choices be the same other philosophers decided that free will meant freedom from interference People might make the same decisions over and over again But those decisions were governed solely by their minds and not by the effects of the world around them This is also pretty easy to disprove because psychology has definite examples of changing people's decisions by changing their environment Like if you say is this man guilty you will get more people to convict him than if you say is this man guilty or innocent Just adding two words drastically changes the choices that people make so saying that their minds are totally free from environmental influence It's pretty obviously wrong So our decisions aren't totally free But are they at least partially free or is everything that we decide unknowingly governed by forces beyond our control? No matter how you end up deciding what to eventually do whether you're using your so-called gut instinct or Really sitting down and puzzling out what might happen your brain is the beginning and end of that process now brains are very complicated things But we've been examining them pretty closely for a long time and we've never seen anything in there besides matter like the same kind of matter that makes up chairs or planets and That matter doesn't behave in any way that we wouldn't expect from chemistry or physics Like no matter how long you look at a carbon atom that's part of a neuron no matter how Important the decision that that neuron is involved in that carbon atom Just does what you'd expect the carbon atom to do every time without fail Which means whenever you choose between coke or Pepsi or between religions or philosophies or even when you choose to change your mind That decision is the direct result of a chemical equation unfolding in your brain exactly the way that it has to You might still define that as having free will but your brain doesn't have any Categorically different chemical processes than a robot there are more of them But even though most people wouldn't be willing to say that robots have free will your decisions are pretty much just the result of your Chemical programming so if you're talking about will you're already talking about something that's governed by the laws of physics the way That everything is you already sort of know that it's not free Suggesting that inherently physical stuff like your brain in the decisions that it makes could just suddenly Magically stop behaving the way that stuff behaves doesn't make a lot of sense But that still leaves us with a really interesting question Knowing that our decisions are governed by the rules of physics and chemistry are humans still responsible for their actions Well, yes and no Hume suggested that even though the human will wasn't free from the laws of physics You could still attribute decisions and behavior to it Like if you programmed a mean robot some sort of jerk machine You couldn't really get mad at the robot for its behavior, but you could still say things like I don't like this robot It keeps hitting me in the face with tennis rackets. I don't like what it's programmed to do You could say the same thing about people who are jerks physics may be ultimately Responsible for everything that they do or think but if physics has programmed them to be jerks It's okay to not like that I think that this is actually a really healthy way to approach human relationships and punishment But maybe you have a different interpretation. Please leave a comment and let me know what you think Thank you very much for watching. If you want a free thunk sticker choose to send your mailing address to thunkshow at gmail.com Don't forget to blah blah subscribe blah share, and I'll see you next week


We're out here at Ham Hansen to maintain our currency and increase our proficiency as a controller. Being stationed out here in Okinawa it's hard to conduct any kind of live fire training but we try to fill that gap by conducting more frequent dry cast training like this on base or we push out to Whiskey 174 and conduct closer support training as well. I'm Corba Hoyos, I'm a 0-8-6-1. I'm from Houston, Texas and I am a JFO on 8-1-2. Definitely one of the biggest challenges that nobody accounts for is weather. For example, we have the cloud deck, like the cloud deck affects the visibility of the aircraft. So the aircraft isn't able to acquire the target very easily. One of the air-calorie controlling was the AH-1 Zulu which is a rotary wing asset. And we also had a section of F-18 that supported us throughout the event. It's important to know both of them because fixed wing they travel at faster distance, they travel in nautical miles and rotary wing assets travel in kilometers and meters. For orders, they share a similar perspective as the ground controllers here. So our terminal guided operation process is a lot easier compared to the fixed wing.


Stevenson defeats Lycoming, 64-55 in the Matt Commonwealth quarter finals. Glenn Clark with Brandi Hall. Brandi, before we talk about tonight, we didn't get to talk to you after Saturday. All you do is hit game winners. Is that the Mamba mentality, perhaps? Definitely. Like I said before, Coby Ryan's my favorite player of all time. So just to continue to do the things he's done and continue that legacy in the way I can. Well, you've certainly been big in those spots all season long. I talked to Coach about this. What was the locker room like at halftime? What was the thing that inspired just a stirring third quarter performance on both sides of the floor from your team? We just keep saying we've been in these positions, been down at halftime, and we've constantly over and over again pulled and dug ourselves out of a hole and just to rely on our defense, because that's been super consistent the entire season. So just to continue that. Brandi, is that infectious? It felt like you guys got a steal. And all of a sudden, everybody was willing to sell out and deflect the ball with any part of the body that you possibly could in those situations. Almost looked like a soccer team for a minute out there. Is that an infectious feeling when somebody makes a play that everybody's going to dive in and try to make a defensive play? Yeah, we get hungry for it. After you get one, we just want to keep getting more and more because we know we're capable of it. So just continue to feed off of that energy that one person gets. And then after you get three, four steals in a row, everybody wants to do the same thing. That's awesome. It was an awesome display tonight. All right, now, Wednesday, on the road at Messiah, what's it going to take to take down the top seed? Just play within ourselves. And just keep doing the things that we know we're capable of doing no matter what. And regardless of the runs that they may make, that we continue to weather the storm like Coach Jackie said and just play our game. Congratulations on a great win tonight. Best of luck on Wednesday. Thank you, Brandi. Thank you. She's Brandi Hall. I'm Glenn Clark. Go MustangSports.com.


Do you love math and science? Are you always asking why things work the way they do? Do you enjoy tinkering and experimenting? Do you thrive on discovery? If so, the natural and mathematical science majors in the College of Arts and Sciences might be the place for you. These majors involve a rigorous theoretical and mathematical background, and most combine this with hands-on lab work, collaboration, and experimentation. First, let's take a look at the majors in the mathematical side. Mathematics, actuarial science, computer and information science, and data analytics. These math-based majors give students a quantitative foundation from which to understand the world around them. The Mathematics major establishes a substantial mathematics core, then branches into five different specialization tracks which allow you to focus on acquiring the mathematical tools needed to tackle certain types of problems. The traditional track is the most flexible focus area, giving you a strong foundation in classical math. The applied math track teaches you how to apply mathematical reasoning to the physical sciences, particularly chemistry and physics. There is an education track for students who plan on teaching math at the high school level. Keep in mind a master's is required for teacher licensure with this track. The financial math track prepares you to perform in-depth numerical analysis of the financial market and understand how that data can be useful in making business decisions. The last track is the bio math track, which teaches you how to use mathematics and modeling in the biological sciences. Another major that requires strong math skills is actuarial science, the study of risk. Actuarial science introduces you to the mathematical and statistical foundation of all types of insurance, pension and benefit plans, as well as all the government regulations that impact how those services are offered. Actuarial science students take advanced math and statistics courses, as well as some general business classes in economics, finance and accounting. To become an actuary, you must pass a series of actuarial exams. The actuarial science curriculum is specifically geared towards preparing you to take up to five exams before receiving your undergraduate degree, creating a competitive advantage in the job search. A minimum OSU GPA of 3.0 is required to declare the major, along with certain prerequisite courses. The Computer and Information Science major provides you with the skills to become a software developer. The core of this major is similar to the Computer Science and Engineering major in the College of Engineering, but instead of taking engineering courses, CIS majors follow the broader and more rigorous arts and sciences general education requirement. CIS students learn fundamentals of computer programming and computing languages, as well as how they can be applied to various fields, such as graphics and animation, information systems, software development and artificial intelligence. Data Analytics is an interdisciplinary major shared between the Department of Statistics and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Data Analytics majors learn how to extract meaningful information from huge data sets. Practitioners in this rapidly growing field have expertise that cuts across core disciplines of computer science, mathematics and statistics, as well as critical thinking, problem solving and communication skills. Data Analytics offers three specializations, biomedical informatics, business analytics and computational analytics. Admission to the program is competitive and based on academic performance as well as programming experience. Now let's look at the arts and sciences majors in the natural sciences. These can roughly be divided into two categories, biological and physical. All majors in the biological sciences involve substantial lab work and focus on the study of how the organisms in our world live, reproduce and interact with their environment. The biology major is the most general biological science major, covering topics like growth, reproduction, cellular structure, genetics and biochemistry. Students can choose to focus their studies in forensic biology, life science education if they want to teach the biological sciences or pre-health if they plan to go on to a health profession like dentistry, medicine or optometry. The evolution and ecology major examines the processes that contribute to evolutionary change including natural selection, genetic drift and environmental factors. This knowledge can then be used in conservation efforts as well as the study of modern problems like antibiotic resistance. If you are interested in microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, you might find a good fit in the microbiology major. Microorganisms play a large role in the development of medicines, food and industrial chemicals. Students will learn about genetics, reproduction, cellular structure and survival strategies. If you're interested in genetics and the relationship between genes, traits and reproduction, molecular genetics could be a good choice. Students will learn how genes impact how an organism develops and functions as well as how other external factors such as disease impact organisms with different genes. Zoology is a biological science major that focuses more specifically on animals. Students in this major learn about a wide variety of animals from simple mollusks to more complex animals. Students take courses related to all animal groups including invertebrates, fish, birds and mammals. The zoology major can prepare students for graduate school in many areas in the biological sciences, health sciences or education. Students can also become a biological research technician in the public or private sector or perform environmental assessments for businesses, non-profits or government organizations. All of the biology-based majors can prepare students for future careers in lab research or field work in professions such as dentistry or medicine or in other biological science-based industries such as environmental consulting and pharmaceutical sales. The physical sciences study the laws and physical systems that govern the universe and the planet on which we live. The biochemistry major straddles the physical and biological sciences, combining elements of biology with chemistry. Biochemistry majors study the chemical processes that are foundational to the existence of life, ranging from the absorption of medicines by the body to gene expression. Biochemistry also provides a solid foundation for research or careers in biomechanics, medical technology, biotechnology and agriculture. The chemistry major examines the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter. Chemistry has a huge range of applications, including in plastics, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Both chemistry and biochemistry involve a rigorous math curriculum. The core chemistry requirements of both majors overlap considerably with those of many pre-professional health programs, so either could be an appropriate choice of major if you're interested in health professions. The physics major could be a great choice if you're interested in studying the most fundamental nature of physical reality. Physics seeks explanations for the behavior of matter from everyday observations about how a ball moves through the air or how bubbles form in water to the most groundbreaking observations of the Large Hadron Collider. If you are interested in outer space, the origins of the universe, the search for extraterrestrial life, or the behavior of planets, stars and interstellar bodies, then you might like a major in astronomy and astrophysics. Both physics and astronomy and astrophysics are heavily based in math and physics, and students pursuing these majors must develop advanced quantitative reasoning skills. If you're drawn to both of these areas at once, OSU offers a predefined physics and astrophysics double major that might be worth considering. If you are more interested in the structure of our own planet rather than other ones, you might be interested in our Earth Science major. Earth Science majors study planet Earth's physical systems and natural history. They take courses covering subjects such as geology, energy, oceanography, petrology, mineralogy, and more. Graduates can go on to work in the petroleum industry, mining, and environmental consulting. In terms of career preparation, natural and mathematical science majors develop skills in critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and scientific literacy, and many of them develop teamwork and leadership through hands-on collaborative lab work or field work. The College of Arts and Sciences Career Services Office, FutureLink, provides arts and sciences majors with career development advice and connects them to internships and job opportunities. Students can look at courses in quantitative and logical skills and natural sciences general education categories to explore any of these majors. You can find more detailed recommendations using the freshman GE guide and the courses to explore majors guide available at go.osu.edu slash love your classes. For more information about natural and mathematical science majors or to declare a major, call<PHONE_NUMBER> or stop by the Arts and Sciences Advising Office in 100 Denny Hall. As always, you are welcome to meet with any advisor in university exploration if you have follow-up questions. You can schedule an appointment by calling<PHONE_NUMBER> or stopping by our office in 352 Denny Hall.


It's the first final of the 2017 NCHA Super Stakes and I'm here with the winner of the limited open classic, Hayden Upton, who rode Superfly and scored a 222. Congratulations to you Hayden. Thank you, appreciate it. A super run on Superfly, how does it feel right now to be you in this position? Yeah, it feels good. It feels like a while coming but it feels like all the pieces that I've been trying to put together all got put together tonight so it's really good. Well you've been knocking on the door for a while, there's been a few finals opportunities and now you get to make good. I mean there's not many people who've won a title in the Will Rogers. Yeah no, I'm very grateful, it feels great. It feels really good. So the seven in the final, you were first out, tell us about your game plan. Honestly the biggest game plan tonight was just to cut better cattle for the horse. I've been, when I was telling them my help and I want to thank my help, they've been great. But I was telling them my help earlier this week that when these cattle are tough like this my eye is drawn to the type of cows you might cut on a three-year-old and I'm just not familiar enough or in this moment at this level in this class trying to win a final and my goal was to cut different cattle and that's what we did tonight and it shows why we should do that more often. So what would you say would be different about three-year-old cattle to cattle for older horses? Well just when you need to go mark 19s in the go-arounds as opposed to 16s and I haven't had that much experience on a five-year-old of this caliber and I've just been cutting the wrong cows. I told Jesse Lennox tonight I said man I'm more confused watching cows tonight than I've ever been because I kept getting drawn to the wrong type of cattle. I bet a lot of people will find that really helpful. Now I hear you also had a bit of a strange change of strategy with your shirt, tell us about that. Well I usually wear a blue shirt seems like so I wore a black shirt tonight and maybe black's the way to go. Sounds like it. Now tell us about the horse because you've had this horse all the way through? Yes, this horse belongs to Brett and Shay Johnson and I want to give a very special thanks to both of them for their support for the opportunity to ride, train etc. this horse and he's just taught me so much you know and it's been such a progression and I apologize to him for that the horse because it's like it just seems like he's like finally you caught up tonight thank you but yeah he's just a great horse. He's a big horse, he can move so cool. He's timing with the cow, he's gotten so much better this year he's quicker and he's just a pleasure to have. So I take it you're just going to continue to show this horse? You bet, yes ma'am. And what other horses have you got for this event, for the show? Well I've got some four year olds that I'm pretty excited about I just started riding some horses for Wendell and Barbara Reader and some Warbird dogs and I'm very excited about those and so yeah it's nice to, this is the first time I've ever come to this event and had more than one or two horses to ride so it's pretty exciting to know I've been down there a couple of times and we've still got the four year olds to go so. So can you describe your run to us at all, do you remember much of it? Yeah I wanted to start with, there was a grey slick neck cow and she was right on the back fence and I had a moment when I walked in there and Cory said she's on the back fence and I thought should I walk down there and dig her out but that was also part of just a learning process I think I've made the mistake in the past of not taking enough cattle up and not getting up out of the herd so I thought well if I go and dig this cow off the back fence it'll get a bunch of cattle up there and get her bump way up on top and that got my run started and then my second cow was good and then I turned around and the cow we probably thought was the most challenged was a low bridge red mott and she just finished my run. Well it was a convincing win because I think it was some seven points ahead of the second place go. Well I'm just pleased to be number one, I don't mind. You don't mind by how much as long as it's number one. So you come home with about four or a bit over four thousand taking your winnings to about 165 approximately. Feel good? Yeah, it feels great. Just to have, just to, you know, that's all good and well but just to have it feel like it's all coming together. Best of luck with the rest of your events. Thanks Hayden. Thank you.


There are a group of poisons Threatening our precious communities in both Vermont and across the nation They're spreading through our environment in the water we drink the lakes and rivers with swimming fish in and the soil from which our food grows This has been one of the best kept unethical secrets in the history of this country in terms of the Contamination and poisoning that they've been doing the US Environmental Protection Agency is targeting PFAS chemicals And it's new proposal for a national drinking water standard PFAS are toxic chemicals linked to serious diseases like O Cancer liver damage and thyroid disease and guess what they never ever ever degrade in fact They're known as forever chemicals. They're so prevalent CDC scientists believe PFAS chemicals are in the bloodstreams of nearly all Americans PFAS or PFAS are poly fluoro alkyl substances or per fluoro alkyl substances. They're also known as Forever chemicals because they are pretty persistent in the environment PFAS chemicals were first discovered in 1938 Accidentally actually by Dupont scientists. They were used a few years later in the Manhattan project and some of the uranium research And once that was declassified they became more prevalent in consumer goods the environmental watchdog group found forever chemicals or PFAS and drinking water in some 31 states you'll find them in the lining of typical takeout containers and pizza boxes But the toxins in the packaging can transfer into food the food and drug administration just found substantial levels in some Grocery store meats and seafood and they found even higher levels in chocolate cake that can be bought off the shelf These poisons called PFAS are more than 5,000 man-made toxic chemicals and they're found in fire resistant products and Products that repel oil stain grease and water especially with Non-stick cookware and most notably firefighting foam. They are literally everywhere in our home. I Am Patricia Hines a retired professor of environmental health from Boston University PFAS chemicals circle through the web of life into water soil plants insects fish wildlife and humans Continuously and because they do not degrade they bioconcentrate in each part of the web researchers have found evidence recently That one half of facial skin cosmetics contain PFAS We excrete some through urine and feces, but slowly and thus it builds up in our bodies Normally it would appear as a white foam almost looking like laundry detergent But today with the rain, it's definitely grayer and flattened out it could have been coming from the Air force base the Vermont Air National Guard Downstream here, which is where we are downstream from the airport and the Air National Guard Very unattractive and it's highly poisonous Children and adults should not be swimming in this water a recent study of 50 breast milk samples found PFAS contamination present in all of the samples tested and In the worst cases at levels nearly 2,000 times higher than the one part per trillion levels some public health advocates advise is safe We do know that PFAS is here in Vermont In fact studies have shown that we have PFAS at six military sites here Green Mountain boys the Air National Guard the Army National Guard which is over there and also at 12 landfills five industrial sites in at least one airport PFAS travels through the air through water and through the soil And we know for example that the PFAS that was used here by the Air National Guard To put out fires here at the airport Traveled down to the Winooski River, which is over there And down the Winooski River into Lake Champlain and from Lake Champlain All the way up into Canada and the St. Lawrence. So PFAS does not respect national or State boundaries and what the PFAS that's here could end up almost anywhere and it's bio Accumulating and fish and Vermont has not tested the river water or the fish and wildlife here to know how much Contamination we're dealing with and how dangerous the problem is These poisons are very dangerous for your health. They are responsible for many conditions such as testicular and other cancers and fertility with men and women Exposure to PFAS can also lead to high cholesterol high pretension learning and developmental disabilities with children So what we need is to Regulate PFAS at a national level as a class of chemicals that are considered toxic And should not be used in any products that are bought by Citizens of the United States and I go as far as the world and and the world is starting to look at PFAS And we also need to hold the industry and the military accountable for the fact that they have known that PFAS is dangerous for Many many many years. In fact the most recent study by the DOD Showed that they knew that PFAS was harming their own military members in the service and in the core and those who lived in the community surrounding military bases and we need to Create class action funds so that people who have been affected by these chemicals can get testing and health care To very very important factors My name is Hannah Kylie I'm an intern for the military Poisons Coalition to learn more information about PFAS You can visit our website at www.militarypoisons.org or you can visit us on Facebook at Vermont Military Poisons Project Join our coalition to end PFAS in Vermont