My name is Ashley Miller, the 2017 Ferris to the Fair. I'm happy to be here. And we have Lee Mydolus with us to talk about his Go! project. So Lee, by how long have you been in four each? Probably since I was, like, seven-ish. Seven? How old are you now? I'm 14. OK, so about seven years. Awesome. So what did you do this year to get ready for the fair? Well, you have to pack everything. And for chickens, well, this is goats. Never mind. For goats, you just have to bathe them and clip their hair. I show me goats, so it's not as much clipping compared to a dairy goat that you have to trim their hair shorter. You trim their hooves to make them stand even. Yeah, you just make them look neat. Make them look neat and good for the judges. Awesome. What is your favorite part about the fair? I probably like just hanging out in the barn. I don't know. I don't really go out and look at much. I don't like rides. Yeah, just hanging out in the barn. Awesome. And lastly, what is your goat's name? My two goat's names are Axel and Aspen. Axel and Aspen. Awesome. Thank you so much for your time. Yeah.  And I have two of our wonderful 4-H members here. We have Kayden Nicolaus and Morgan Phipps with us. So we're going to ask them some questions about what they do to prepare for the fair, what their favorite part of the fair is, and how they get their pigs ready. So, Kayden, how long have you been in 4-H? I've been in 4-H for seven years, showing pigs all seven years. Awesome. OK, what's your favorite part about showing pigs? I just love the competition. I'm pretty competitive, guys. So I like going out there and competing. Good, good. So what's your pig's name this year? My pig's name this year is Sugar. Sugar? That's awesome. So what have you done this summer to prepare for the fair? I've gone out there walking the pigs every day for probably the last two months. Morning and night, we go out there and do chores. We feed them. The feeding's just kind of like an experiment. You feed them all sorts of different stuff just to try and improve them. So it's a lot of fun. Does Sugar have a favorite food? She likes Oreos. Oh. Awesome, that's awesome. All right, Morgan, so how long have you been in 4-H? I've been in 4-H also seven years. Aw, how cute. And have you shown pigs all seven years? Yep, okay, awesome. So what did you do this year to get ready for the fair? About the same thing Kayden's done past two months, out there twice a day, walking them, spraying them down with a hose, just trying to work with them and get them friendly so we're ready for the fair. And what's your pig's name? I guess according to my brother, its name is Toothy. So, Toothy, that's awesome. That's awesome. Okay, and then a little non-related pig. What is your favorite part of the fair? My favorite part of the fair is probably the fair food. The food? The food's the best. Okay, what's your favorite type of food? I like the 4-H stand early in the morning, after doing chores. It's always a great breakfast. Definitely. Definitely, they have good malts. Okay, what's your favorite part of the fair, Morgan? I don't know, just the whole being here in the competitions, it's great. It's awesome. Okay, do you have a favorite fair food? Probably the mac and cheese. That's the first I've heard. Awesome, awesome. Well thank you guys so much for sharing your experience with us. All right, I'm here with Tyler Keyes. We are in the sheep barn. So Tyler, how long have you been in 4-H? About 10 years. 10 years, awesome. So I see you've got your sheep here. How did you do this morning? I took Grand Overall Market Lamb and Grand Overall Senior Showman. Awesome, that's really good, that's awesome. So what all went in to earning that? Well, we get them around February, or all their born February first, then from there we raise them on. The one was 136 pounds, so it's gained about 110 pounds since we got them. Wow, awesome. So what all goes on in the ring? Well, the judge brings you in from one of the sides, you walk around the ring to give end profile and he makes you walk around and give a side profile. And all the while he's watching the structure of your sheep to make sure their sound and he feels them to make sure the muscle is good, I guess. Awesome, good. So then from there, where do they go? Well, he'll dismiss them by first place, second place, third place. So if you leave their ring first or get pulled out first, it's either a bad thing or a good thing depending on the judge so you don't really know. Awesome. So what about the meat animal sale? What about it? So your sheep. So since they won, are they gonna be in it? Yeah, I'll be selling, I'll be the first lamb selling tonight. Awesome, cool. So right now they're just kind of resting, chilling out. They've got blankets on them. What does that do for them? It's just to keep them cool, keep them clean, keep the fungus off them. Awesome, cool. So great job today. We enjoyed talking with you. Thank you very much. We are here in the dairy barn with Savannah Ridge and Adam Bindle. So Savannah, how long have you been in for each? Six years. Six years, awesome. Have you been showing dairy that whole time? Yes. Okay, awesome. So can you tell us maybe like a fun fact about dairy? They can smell up to six miles away. They can smell up to six miles away, that's impressive. So kind of what is a day in the life of a dairy cow? They basically just sleep, eat, and lay down. They sleep, eat, lay down, awesome. How much do cows sleep usually? I don't know. A lot, I'd say easily hike half the day, they lay down. Okay, gotcha, awesome. And then when it's not fair time, what are you doing with your dairy cows?  Awesome, all right. Adam, how long have you been in for each? I've been in for, this is my second year showing. Awesome. So what do you have to do to get ready to show them? I get, I feed them, I wash them every day, I walk them every day, and then when it's fair time, you do the top line, and fill them, and wash them. Awesome, okay. So what's your favorite part about the fair? Getting them ready. Getting them ready? How come? Cause you get, it's just, I like doing the top line. Awesome. And then do you like being in the ring and showing them? Yeah. Yeah, that's fun. Awesome. All right, well that was a look into our dairy barn. Thank you guys. We're here with Tori Colway. So Tori, your steer took grand champion today. Can you tell us a little bit about your steer? Well, this is Mr. Milo, and obviously I've worked the most summer, lots of hard work. Awesome, awesome. So what did you have to do to prepare him for the fair?  Awesome, and then you also took showmanship grand champion. So tell the public a little bit about what showmanship is and how you took grand champion. So showmanship is a little more than just having a nice animal. You actually have to know how to show, how to talk to the people, how to like make your animal look presentable at all times. So every night we put the show halters on, we take them for a walk, and you do it so we can walk right into it like the judge said. Awesome. And then this is your last year in 4-H, correct? Family. All right, yeah. So what has been your most memorable part of the whole thing? Probably this year. This is the best I've ever done. So taking grand and then grand in the showmanship. That's awesome, yeah. You've had a lot of success. It's really great to see. So last thing, what are you going to take away from all your years in 4-H? What have you learned? The hard work is worth it. The hard work is worth it. Awesome, thank you so much. We are here again in the Beef Farm. We are with Leona Meyer. So Leona, your animal made the meat animal sale today, correct? Yes. So what happens at the meat animal sale? Well, what happens at the meat animal sale is each exhibitor gets to bring in their animal and the auction bidders bid on the animal. OK, so then when your animal gets sold, what happens? Well, it's a lot of action, really. There's a large crowd. People with flashing cameras, signs go off. It's just quite the experience. And then after you get your picture taken with a buyer, and you get the check later. Awesome.  Yeah, well, with the money, it goes primarily for college. I mean, I'm a senior this year, so I'll be going to college next year. I'd like to attend South Dakota State University for agricultural communications. So primarily, most of the money goes towards that. Awesome, awesome. So how many years have you been in 4-H? We're about nine years now. Nine years, that's awesome. So last thing, what is different about your steer than some of the other steers in this barn? Well, since these are Holsteins, their breed is known to have shorter hair. So really, before the fair, a lot of prep work is before we even take the animals here, versus the beef cattle that have most of the prep work before the show. So for example, we shave their heads, their tails, and their lower stomach to give them a better appearance. OK, awesome. And I also see your steer has a pretty great name. What's its name? Harry Potter and Draco Malfoy. Awesome, little Harry Potter theme going on. Thank you so much for your time. We're here in the horse barn with Diane and Lena. So you guys, can you tell me a little bit about your relationship together? Her mom actually babysat me when I was a kid. And then as we grew up, I started to babysit her. And she kind of just grew into the horse part with me. And Lena, what do you do with Diane? What is that called? Lices. Awesome. So how long have you been in 4-H? This is my first year. Your first year? Awesome. And how many years were you in 4-H? Nine or so, yeah. Awesome. What's your horse's name? Jules. Jules, awesome. Well, her real name is Juliet, but everyone calls her Jules. Good nickname, it works. So what kind of showing do you do? Showmanship and trailing hand. So what goes on during that? Showmanship, you have to be all prim and proper, which is really hard sometimes. You walk and chat, and you get judged.  And you open a gate. So awesome. Awesome. So what is your favorite part about showing Jules? Just. Well, what do you have to do to get Jules ready for showing? The first two weeks before fair, almost. Awesome. And then lastly, what's your favorite part of the whole fair? Oh, sweet. All right. Thank you.


So this picture of Hong Kong police firing tear gas and protesters is a shocking twist for over a decade Protest in the city have been amazingly peaceful Sunday marked a new violent face in the battle between Hong Kong and China over the city state's political freedom Now this clash has been brewing since the 1997 handover at that time Beijing promised to allow Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy for 50 years Hong Kong believes this included the right to free elections in 2017 This August China basically said free elections in 2017 are out Candidates still have to be vetted by Beijing hence the umbrella revolution as they're calling it Now there's a lot riding on how Beijing handles this a repeat of Tiananmen seems inconceivable But Xi Jinping's government has taken a hotline approach So you can be sure Tibetans Xinjiang separatists Taiwan or any country with dealings with China Which is to say the world will be closely watching what plays out in Hong Kong's streets


Part 3. When it was found that the mill could not run during the winter, we discharged all the men, except the cook and two others, who were kept to help to do a little mining on two of the claims that we had secured by trade and purchase. A shaft about three feet by six was sunk in each, which followed the vein of minimal quartz down to a depth of thirty-five to fifty feet. In one the vein was quite rich in places, but only two or three inches wide, and it would not pay to work it. What the hope that kept us, like hundreds of others at work, was that the vein would widen out when we got a little deeper and grow richer as it went down. This hope was never realized. The other shaft was on a load called the Keystone, and developed a wide vein of black pyrites of iron that much resembled that which was being taken out of the best paying mines, and most of the miners that examined it declared that we had a bonanza. Of course, we were in good spirits, but we did not care to run in debt in order to take out more mineral than we got in sinking the shaft, of which there were several cords. I worked a part of each day in the shafts, with the others, to learn the details, drilling, blasting, and picking out the pay streak. Then I spent a good deal of time looking around among other mines and mills there were at work, to learn what I could. Quite a number of other miners were at work in the gulch sinking shafts on their best claims and taking out ore to be crushed in the spring. To some of these we furnished provisions to enable them to keep at work. Most of the roving, restless, fickle people had gone home in the fall, and those who stayed were men of grit and determination. Some of them were well educated and intelligent. Every little while somebody would strike a small pocket or a streak of very rich ore, which would help to make everybody else feel hopeful, and so the winter wore away. There were four families in the gulch this winter, including that number of women, several children, and three young ladies, the young men buzzed around the homes of the latter like bees around a honey dish. These families united and had a party on Christmas Eve. Three cottages were used for the occasion, one to receive the guests in, ours for the supper room, and another with a floor for dancing. We regarded this as the coming out of the youngest of the young ladies. Several ladies from Russell's and other gulches came to the party. Among those living here were quite a number who brought a few books with them. No one person had many, but altogether they made quite a library and were freely lent. I remember borrowing and reading by the light of a candle in these long winter evenings, some works on mines, Carlile's works, a few histories, and several novels. The almost universal amusement with the miners and others was card-playing, confined to yooker and poker. Every miner had a pack of cards in his cabin, if not in his pocket, and generally so soil and greasy that one could not tell the jack from the king. Gambling was common and open in Denver and Mountain City, and not unusual elsewhere. Playing for gain was never practiced in our cottage. When poker was played, beans were put in the jackpot instead of money. Near the junction of Russell's and Leavenworth gulches, and about a third of a mile from our location, was a mill owned and run by George M. Pullman, then a comparatively obscure man, but later known to the world as the Great Sleeping Car Magnate. He also had an interest in a general store near Mountain City. He lived much of this winter in a cabin near the mill, and rode back and forth to town almost daily on an old mule. He wore common clothes like the rest of us, and the only sign of greater importance that he exhibited was that while I walked to town he rode the mule. He left the mountains the next summer for Chicago and entered upon his Sleeping Car Enterprise, which led to fame and fortune. Another young miner that was in much evidence about Mountain City this winter was Jerome B. Chaffee, who afterwards made a fortune in mines, took an active interest in local politics, and became a United States senator. In Mountain City there was an enterprising chap who started a pie bakery and did an extensive business. Miners from all the country around when they came to town crowded his shop for a delightful change from the usual cabin fare. I went to town every few days for letters and papers, or to visit the mills, and always indulged in this one dissipation. I went to his bakery and feasted on pie. He had peach, apple, mince, berry, pumpkin, and custard pie. And never since I was a boy in the land of pie did the article taste so good. Within a hundred yards of our mill lived and worked the Gulch blacksmith, named Switzer. He sharpened our drills and did our smith work generally. He had a bitter feud with a gambler in Mountain City, which resulted in each bowing to shoot the other on site. They carried loaded revolvers for the occasion for nearly a month, and then happened to meet in broad daylight in the principal street of the town. The other fellow was the quicker. Switzer fell dead, and we had to find another blacksmith. No notice was taken of the affair by the authorities. Solet became ill with what the doctors pronounced scurvy, and went east before April. Stubbs and he disliked each other from the first, and whatever one suggested the other opposed. This made it easier for me to decide some questions, as I never had both of them against me. The people here were generally very healthy. I increased much in strength and vigor, and weighed 175 pounds for the first and only time in my life. November was windy, stormy, and cold, but in December the weather was settled and pleasant. During the winter the mercury a few times went below zero, otherwise the climate was delightful. The warm sunshine of the last half of April melted the snow, thawed the ground, and brought a supply of water for the mill, even before the big ditch began to run. We soon began crushing the piles of quartz that had been taken out during the winter by various miners, and tried our own rich-looking black stuff from the keystone. The mill was run day and night. I took charge from midnight till noon, and stubs from noon till midnight. None of the rock was found rich enough to pay for mining and milling. That tried in one or two other mills was no better. General discouragement followed, and everybody stopped mining in our gulch, someone to work for wages in other mines to get a fresh supply of provisions, et cetera, someone off prospecting and gulch mining in the newer gold regions. Our neighbor, Farron, moved his mill 70 miles away to California Gulch, near where Leadville now is. A mill party erected near our mill site, and owned by a Mr. Bradley and a Mr. H. H. Onor, the father of Mrs. Potter Palmer, was moved away to other parts, and our mill was left alone. The gulch was soon almost deserted. Mines and mills seemed to be of no use or value. Our whole enterprise had apparently collapsed, and the golden halo that for ten months had surrounded it had vanished, hope departed, and for a few days was replaced by feelings of disappointment and depression of spirits not often experienced by me. Stubs abandoned the business and decided to go home and leave me to hold the fort and look after the wreck, as he called it, to see what could be saved. He built a boat, had it hauled down to the plate at Denver, piled in his provisions and effects, launched it in the river and started downstream, hoping to reach Omaha in that way. All went well for about a hundred miles when the water grew so shallow that he was stranded amid the small islands and shifting sands. He got ashore, abandoned his boat, and took passage in an eastward bound mule wagon. He and the principal, Mr. Solid, afterwards sold out their interest in the enterprise to Mr. Ayers for a small consideration. In a few days, I got over the dumps and spent a week or two visiting the newer gold fields up the south branch of Clear Creek, about Idaho, Georgetown, Empire, and Fall River, where new loads were being discovered almost daily. Not much gold was being taken out, but everybody was full of hope and expectation and busy prospecting and staking off claims on newly discovered loads. I had some staked off for myself by some men who had worked for us. George M. Pullman wanted to experiment on a load of the ore from our noted keystone load, as it looked so rich. When it was going through the mill, the amalgam piled up so fast on the copper plates, and appeared so rich that he had once came up to see me and proposed that we buy on joint account the adjoining claim on the same load, as I knew the owner and had formally had an option on its purchase. A few hours later, when they had cleaned up and retorted the amalgam, he came galloping up again on the old mule to stop proceedings, as they got very little of value from the amalgam, and that mostly silver. Thus the gleam of hope quickly vanished also. Late in June, with Tobias as a companion, I took a trip of observation over the range into the wild regions of Middle Park. We carried our blankets, flour, bacon, coffee, and sugar to last a week. Also tin cups, plates, and spoons, a frying pan, gun, pistol hatchet, and belt knives. Walking the first day slowly up the slopes through the pine forests around the head of Nevada Gulch, and along the high ridge south of Boulder Valley, we camped for the night just below the timber line, so as to have fuel for a fire. A few tracks of mountain lion were seen in the afternoon. The trees grew smaller and smaller, to the last scene were old ones covered with moss and only a few feet high. After leaving the line of timber growth, the ground for some miles was thickly carpeted with mountain moss, then in full bloom in rich colors of red, white, blue, and yellow. In the afternoon we reached the top of a high peak on the crest of the range, where all was desolation and nothing grew. The peak was a vast pile of broken rocks and stones partly covered with snow. To the north Long's peak stood out above everything else. To the east one had a grand view over a wilderness of mountain ranges and peaks to the great plains in the dim distance. To the south beyond a range of other snow-capped peaks towered Mount Gray. Within a mile of us in full view were seven mountain lakes from ten to a hundred acres in size, and one of them, which was screened from the sun's rays by a steep walkie ledge, was still solid ice from the freeze of the last winter. To the west was visible a circle of mountaintops thirty or forty miles away and surrounding the great basin, a mile below us in elevation, which constituted Middle Park. The afternoon was bright and pleasant, and we decided to spend the night on the peak to see the sunrise and enjoy the view in the clear morning air. We made a bed with flat stones and rolled up in our blankets for sleep. Then the wind blew over us and up through the crevices in the rocks under us, and soon our teeth were chattering, and we were chilled through and through. To keep from freezing we climbed in the darkness over the rocks and down the mountain side to a sheltered nook, then rolled up and went to sleep. During the night I was awakened by some animal sniffing about my head and pulling at my blanket. A yell, a start, and two or three stones thrown after him sent him off among the rocks, and I never knew what it was. At daylight we again climbed up the peak, saw the sunrise, made a breakfast of bread and sugar as we had no feel to make a fire, and then started down the mountain. The little streams and pools coming from the melting snows the day before were now all frozen up. By 10 o'clock we were down where the vegetation was luxuriant, the flowers in bloom, and the butterflies flitting about them. Along the stream that we descended to the westward was a series of beaver dams continuing for several miles, covering two or three acres each with breasts four or five feet high formed of logs and brush. Out in the middle of the dams were the beaver's houses, partly underwater and rising a few feet above. Many of the logs cut off by the beavers to form the dams and the stumps on the shore where they had nod down the trees were 12 to 15 inches through. Further on we saw bear tracks in the mud along the stream. When we camped at night we made a bed of pine vowels and over it a small shelter with branches of trees cut with a hatchet. We built a fire on the side hill above our sleeping place beside a fallen tree. In the night it burned through and a log rolled down the hill over us and we awoke with a sudden start. I thought of bears and instantly seized my hatchet and knife for defense before realizing the true situation. Old skulls and bones of buffalo were plentiful showing that the animals had once occupied these fertile valleys. On starting back we followed an old animal trail the general course of which was headed toward the range though it wound around the mountain sides and gulches in all directions. We felt sure it would lead over the snowy range at the easiest passage. After following it two days often climbing over and creeping under fallen trees it brought us through a low pass to the headwaters of South Clear Creek whence we had an easy trail downhill most of the way home. Though far away from the seat of the Civil War we did not escape its excitements. The Southerners were numerous in the mountains and of course all sided with the South. They and the Northerners were very suspicious of each other and each party brought up all the guns they could get in the mountains. During the summer of 1861 much fear was felt that a rebel force might march up the Arkansas and with the help of their friends here capture the whole settlement. But when the Southern troops were defeated and driven out of New Mexico by the Union forces in the following spring all danger was over and Pike's Peak was loyal. The Southerners gradually left to join the rebel army. We got news from the East in six days by telegraph to Omaha, the Overland Mail coach to Julesburg near the forks of the plant and by Pony Express from there to Denver. St. Louis papers were eight days old and Chicago papers 10 days old when received. One of the best known miners in our region was Joe Watson who came from near Philadelphia in 1859 and he came to stay. Though quiet and unassuming he was nervy, determined, persevering and persistent. He discovered, staked off, owned and worked many claims in Leavenworth and other gulches. Sometimes he had streaks of luck and often the reverse. When lucky he would hire men to help him. When broke he would put more patches on his clothes, sharpened his own tools, borrow a sack of flour and work away. Some years later he discovered a really rich goldmine, then worked a silver mine in Utah and became a millionaire. During the spring of 1861 and the winter previous he prospected in several of his claims but fortune was against him. In July when most of the other miners had left our gulch he came back and quietly went to work in a claim that he owned on the hillside a few hundred feet above our cottage. In two or three weeks he took out from a narrow crevice two cartloads of top quartz which looked like rusty iron not having got down to the pirates and he persuaded me to start up the mill and crush it. Very soon the amalgam began to pile up on the copper plates as I had never before seen it. The result of the cleanup and retorting was $1,000 worth of shining gold. The next run out of the same mine produced but little gold a good example of how the metal was found in streaks and pockets. Watson paid his debts, got a new suit of clothes laid in the stock of provisions and went to work again developing his mines. It was related to him that he went to Philadelphia one winter to try and sell shares in his mines and that he wore a suit of Quaker clothes, used the plain language, attended friends meetings and had good success in selling shares. Of those early workers I might name a few more who attained wealth or prominence but the great majority those who hoped and struggled and toiled without success are forgotten. The rich strike in Joe's mine made quite an excitement. Some others were inspired with renewed hopes and many visited the Gulch to see the rich mine they had heard of. There was a small army of miners marching through the mountains constantly going in all directions leaving one place for some other where rich strikes were reported. I concluded to make one more trial in the Keystone, dig a little deeper and see if the ore was any richer there. The result was a pleasant surprise and gold enough to more than pay expenses. I hired a gang of men to work the mine night and day and thus kept the mill going till the water gave out in the fall. As I had no skilled assistant I had to work at least 16 hours a day in running the mill, procuring supplies and superintending everything. Some runs proved the courts to be quite rich though it varied greatly. We still believed in the theory that it would grow richer as we went deeper. I arranged to mine all winter and pile up the courts for spring crushing. In April 1862 when provisions were nearly used up in the mountains and the early spring supply trains from the east were about due, there came an unusual fall of snow 18 inches deep extending far eastward over the plains completely blockading teams and transportation. A famine was threatened and people became panic stricken. Flower rose as high as $50 a sack and one day a small quantity sold for 80 cents a pound. Coffee and other things also advanced in price. We were on our last sack of flower and I decided that when that was gone the men must all quit work and start eastward to meet the supplies on the plains but the incoming trains soon began to arrive in Denver and provisions were plentiful at usual prices. When the mill was started up in the spring our hopes were dashed by finding that the courts taken out during the winter did not pay as well as that of the previous season. The mine was down about 100 feet and the last taken out did not pay expenses. So I discharged the miners again. I was getting tired and disgusted with the whole business and realized that it was about time to return east if I were going back there to settle down. About the first of June, Mr. Ayers came out to spend the summer. He was so delighted with the beauty of the scenery and novelty of the business that he talked of sending for his family. The mountain sides were gay with wild flowers in full bloom in gorgeous colors. The shining gold that he could see taken out by several successful plants delighted his eyes and stimulated his imagination nearly up to the point of genuine gold fever. His coming was of course a great relief to me by dividing the responsibility and work about the mill. We ran the mill night and day, crushed all the courts that could be got and worked over a large pile of tailings that had accumulated below the mill which paid a small profit. The summer success was very moderate. About mid-summer, Mr. Ayers bought out my interest in the enterprise with the understanding that I would remain till fall and assist him. He wanted to give the business a further trial. I determined to return to Chicago and tried to take advantage of the tide of prosperity then beginning to rise in the east. Mr. Ayers remained till late in the fall then went to Chicago for the winter and returned to the mountains early in the spring of 1863 to give the business a further trial. But he did not do much mining or milling. During that spring and the following summer a fever of speculation prevailed all over the east brought about by the war and the deluge of greenbacks. It extended to mining stocks and especially to gold mines as gold was then selling at a high premium, $100 in gold, bringing $260 in legal tender currency. Mr. Ayers offered his plant for sale, went to New York in the summer and disposed of it in Wall Street for $30,000. The mill was never afterwards run and I believe none of the mines ever worked. 20 years later I visited Leavenworth Gulch. The mill and all the houses and cabins of my former days there had disappeared and most of the old prospect holes and mining shafts had caved in. One familiar site however remained. A load or so of black rich looking ore was lying upon the ground unused and uncared for at the shaft of the Keystone. On the 22nd of October 1862 I left the mountains and gave up the mining business forever. The next day at Denver I took passage for Omaha in a two horse covered wagon with a man and his wife who were returning to their home in Barabu, Wisconsin after spending two years in the gold fields with only moderate success. Another man also took passage making a party of four. Leaving the wagon to the man and his wife my fellow passenger and I slept on the ground in our blankets except occasionally when near some ranch or settlement we would enjoy the luxury of a haystack. When two or three days out of Denver we had a cold snap which froze the vegetables in the wagon and made sleeping out very uncomfortable. The woman did the cooking and the men collected the fuel. The other two men had guns and supplied us with small game. We saw a few dozen buffalo but they were too far off to shoot. One day the two men went off on an all day hunt among the distant hills the arrangement being to meet us in camp at evening. I drove the team and in the afternoon we came in sight of a camp of Indians with their lodges set up near our trail. The only thing to do was to drive boldly ahead. The woman sat on a seat well back in the wagon and I sat forward with my feet out on a front step. I hung up a blanket close behind me across the wagon so that the Indians could not see how many persons were in it. As we approached the camp about a dozen of them came out on the trail in front of us motioning to me to stop and calling out swap, swap, swap meaning for us to stop and trade with them but intending doubtless to find out how many were in the wagon and rob us if they dared. Suddenly, when within a few yards of them I whipped the horses with all my might and drove furiously past and away from the camp. When our party met at night all agreed that the day's experience saved too much of danger to allow the hunters to go out of sight of the wagon again. We passed two or three camps of Sioux Indians along the plant but they gave us no trouble. When driving through the trees and bushes in a lonely spot about a day's journey below Fort Kearney we suddenly met a band of mounted Pawnee warriors who stopped us and in broken English asked where we were going, where we came from if we saw any Sioux Indians, how big the bands were if they had many Pawneys and how many days' journey they were away. We answered their inquiries and they told us to go ahead. They wrote westward doubtless to make a raid on their enemies, the Sioux. The weather was now getting cold. We approached the settlements and enjoyed the haystacks. One night while camping near an Indian settlement on the plant I crawled well into the middle of a small rick of hay. The Indians were tramping around it and over it and howling and yelling all night but I kept my berth till morning. We reached Omaha in 20 days from Denver. There I said goodbye to my traveling companions and took stage for Iowa City whence I could go by rail to Chicago. The stage trip was two days and nights of continuous travel except short stops to change horses and get something to eat. We were packed three on a seat with no chance to stretch out our limbs and no opportunity for sleep except such as could be obtained sitting upright and jolting over the rough roads. After an absence of about two and a third years I reached Chicago in the middle of November 1862 a wiser if not a richer man. After selling out my interest in the joint enterprise I still had left some 50 claims on various loads in the newer gold fields of the Clear Creek region. Some I had preempted and some I had bought in job lots from miners who were broke or were about to leave the mountains. Some had prospect holes dug in them and some were entirely undeveloped. They may have been worthless and they may have contained untold millions but I had given up the mining business. Sometime after returning to Chicago I was making a real estate trade and we were a little slow in adjusting the difference in values and closing the deal. And finally as a boot to make things even I threw in these 50 gold mines. Perhaps this was a mistake and a squandering of wealth and opportunities. Had I only kept them and gotten up some artistic deeds of conveyance in gilded letters what magnificent wedding presents they would have made and the supply would have been as exhaustless as that of Queen Victoria's India shawls in the long list of high sounding useless presents the present of a gold mine would have led all the rest. In summing up the losses and gains of the expedition I have to charge on one side two years and four months of time devoted to hard work with many privations and about five hundred dollars in cash which I was out of pocket. On the other side I had built up a fine constitution increased in strength and endurance gained valuable business experience learned in a measure to persevere under difficulties and to bear with patience and fortitude the back sets, reverses and disappointments that so often beset us and finally had learned enough not to be taken in by the schemers who are constantly enticing Eastern people to invest in gold and silver mines Did the enterprise pay? End of part three End of a Goldhunter's experience


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE, covering NAB 2017, brought to you by HGST. Welcome back to the NAB show. Lisa Martin here with Jeff Frick. We have had an amazing day one, wrapping up the end of a really informative day, Jeff. I don't know about you, but the theme of the NAB conference this year being that the met effect is the emergence of media, entertainment technology, and so many different types of technology was really very exciting, so much innovation going on, so much opportunity, and we've talked to a variety of guests today from those who are involved in film and broadcasts and lots of different sectors to sports broadcasting and really just a very, very exciting, kind of like with this tipping point of what's going on next. Right, right. The scenes that we see over and over continue, all about democratization of data, all about using data to make your decisions, even within storytelling, you want to use data, and there is data that will correlate to certain types of success and not success. A really interesting conversation around how do you build a movie trailer, and what percentage of the trailer has the star in it or not, depending on the star, and or who you're targeting with that particular trailer, the answer to that question is different. So it's a lot of interest. Then how cloud has democratized all this force power that's now available to basically anyone if they can scramble up the budget, they can apply the same kind of massive compute power to rendering and other processes as what was exclusive to just the biggest shops before. So it's just interesting how it continues to be the same themes over and over, and it's impacting this media and entertainment industry in the same ways it's impacting travel and healthcare, transportation, IT, everything else. Exactly. You talked about before the kind of data-driven decisions, and as we look at streaming services like with Netflix, they've got the advantage of knowing everything, and I think we talked about this in the open this morning, everything about us. One of the things that I learned today was they have that advantage, but one of the things that they couldn't do until they started creating their own content was change content. You look at the film industry and filmmakers and writers who have historically, it's been a very qualitative, intuition-based process where now they've got data at their power that can extract more value from and make data-driven decisions, and we're saying to your point, across industries that kind of bring in artificial intelligence, machine learning, leveraging data science to help make decisions that really can sort of level the playing field for, like you said, some of the big studios that have the money for real-time cloud rendering and had it a while ago, to now some of the smaller ones that can do that and achieve similar economies of scale that they wouldn't have been able to do on their own. Right. The other big trend that we see over and over, Lisa, is this idea where before, data wasn't always considered an asset. That might be hard for people to fathom that are kind of recent to this world where, of course, data's an asset. No, data was a liability. It was expensive. Think, in one of your interviews, they didn't keep dailies, because dailies were expensive. They didn't keep this stuff, and what's interesting in the context of film is if a particular film becomes a really important piece of work, you want to treasure it. You want to keep it. We had Sundance on and talking about archiving all this fantastic material, artwork, cinema, whatever you want to call it. So the fact now that in this industry, too, because storage is less expensive, more importantly, they see the value of the data exceeds the cost of storing it. Now they just want more storage, more storage, more storage, because you don't want to delete anything, and of course it's all generated digitally today in this industry. Right, that's a great point that you brought up where we were talking with the VP of Marketing at HGST, who was talking with one of the major studios. They filmed this scene that was beautifully shot for, I think it was a couple hundred extras in the scene, looked back and thought, you know what, we should have filmed that for virtual reality. And because they didn't save the dailies previously, they had to recreate the entire thing. So to your point of looking at the value of data, it's now also, here's your right, the economies of storage are going down and there's a lot of technologies, flash, hybrid that are really enabling it to be readily available. But it's also this data that's now valuable is creating new opportunities that's generating new revenue streams. And it's something that companies like Netflix or even broadcast television can utilize to find different ways of providing relevant content to their viewers. Right, right, as you said, things to learn. I learned today that there's so many versions of a particular media asset that are created for sensitivities that are around a particular country, obviously now for virtual reality, for all types of different playback mechanisms. So they need to keep everything and create many permutations of everything. And so again, data makes possible, absolutely, and there's a whole other round coming, right? Which is all around the analysis of the frame in the video to get the better metadata. And that's just a whole another rash of improvement that's coming down the line. We heard a number of people today talk about all the metadata. And how important the metadata is to capture along the process, but it's going to get even deeper in terms of the analysis of the frame level for these pictures, exposing that out to other kind of machine learning and other of the search, et cetera. So that it becomes an even better world for the consumer to find, consume, and share that which is of interest to them. Absolutely, one of the things that I find interesting is how much content is being created by people that probably don't really realize they're creating the content. Everyone's connected. We talked about, we had the independent security evaluator, Ted Harrington on the program today who was talking about security, not just in the context of media and entertainment, but the fact that it's a very relevant issue. We know it as an issue in lots of other industries. He was actually saying that it is the media and entertainment industry is actually pretty good where security, cyber security is concerned, securing connected devices where it seems to me that they could be potentially sharing some best practices with some of the other industries that might still think of security as a nice to have. Right, right, no, and we saw it with Sony, they got hacked early, I guess it's been years now, time flies, so security is very important, but obviously the hacking of DVDs back in the day which was a big deal, but now it's all digital and the windows to make money on these for the big releases at the big moments is relatively short, it's a super competitive business. So security is definitely a very big issue, so it's exciting. The other thing that's just kind of interesting is the democratization as we talked about with the power of all these tools, the thing that scares me a little bit Lisa and I see this one at a lot of big budget movies is sometimes I think the tech gets in the way of the storytelling. And I think it's a crutch to lean on cool special effects and cool stuff and forget about, you have to tell a story to make it interesting. And if you don't tell a story, it's not. And we talked on one of the interviews today about even like commercials, right, and we've seen, Coke has an advertised brown sugar water for a very, very long time. It's all about the emotion of the Coca-Cola. It's about being part of a community and to start to use actual data to drive the narratives in the commercials. When you're not trying to sell a billion dollar movie, you're trying to sell an entire factory production run of a new automobile, stakes go even higher, your touch points are even lower. So again, this whole theme over over, data-driven decisions based on AI, based on measuring the right things, based on knowing your consumer better because you have to or else they'll just swipe to some other piece of content. Exactly, exactly. Yeah, I think those were the very pervasive things that we saw here. But I think there's just tremendous opportunity. It's almost like we're at the tipping point. We had Kevin Bailey on as well from Atomic. Atomic fiction. And conductor, and he was saying six years ago when he had this hunch on cloud where to try to do rendering in real time for big movies like Deadpool, for example, the Walkman of my favorite movies would take a tremendous amount of time. And he said, you know, to be able to do this with the speed that we need and the agility and flexibility of fixed solution is not optimal. So he was really kind of leading edge in that space. And now we're seeing technology is pervasive, but you're right. There can be an overuse of it. So it's really about finding this balance. So I think we had a great spectrum of guests on the show today that really showed us all of the different facets. And then we probably just scratched the surface, right? Oh, definitely. That you have, that you can look through to really understand what makes good content emotional, what makes it successful, and what enables the audience to be in that control of this data that is democratized all over the place. Yeah, to get emotionally involved. There's some great lines, you know, it's all about emotion and connecting and in a hyper competitive world for attention. It's really an attention competition these days.  It is. You know what I mean? We've got two more days. We do. All right, so get a good night's sleep. I'll get a good night's sleep. You should get a good night's sleep. We'll be back for day two at NAB 2017 with Lisa Martin. I'm Jeff Frick, checking out with theCUBE. We'll see you tomorrow. Thanks for watching.


What's up guys we're back with another epic video today. We're gonna be opening a Couple of these legacy of darkness packs just to make sure that this box is legit until we pull at least one or two foils also You guys saw in the insane mail day First edition legend of blue eyes. We're gonna be weighing these out I'm not planning to do it on camera I'm gonna weigh all these out and I'm gonna try and get the heavies out if it works out We're gonna open one heavy to make sure everything's legit You guys are gonna get to hopefully see a hollow first edition car could be the $100,000 blue eyes white dragon PSA 10 because it's wavy packs So hopefully that works out, but let's get into the giveaway I'll be giving away these three lobe original print unlimited cards were opening lobe So I should give away some original lobe. How about that all you have to do like this video be subscribed Let me know what you want to see from legacy of darkness and legend of blue eyes Please put blue eyes and please hope it helps. Let's get into it. Wait. Hold up This video is sponsored by Mercari tons of you guys watching this video are selling cards monthly weekly or even daily When you have a Yu-Gi-Oh! collection, you're buying it selling constantly I have a new way for you guys to do this and that's through Mercari Mercari is a marketplace that brings buyers and sellers together in a flea market style app So if you guys are not really sure how to get into selling This is a really easy way to do it grab some of your Yu-Gi-Oh! cards and go ahead and list them I'm gonna show you guys how to do that right now selling on mercari.com is super easy You just go to the sell button on the top right when you're on the website get upload your photos So whatever you're gonna sell just go ahead and take the two photos that I have and my cover photos the front of the Traphole bgs9 That's what I'm selling and then I have the back then you go down your title You go ahead and name it and then if you want to get the description go ahead and describe it a little bit better So that way people can have an idea then you go down here for hashtags and they have all they have suggested stuff So we have trading card game down here You can go ahead and click it it'll have it in there hashtags you can have like Yu-Gi-Oh! you can add hashtag trading cards Got a hashtag game stuff like that then you can go down to the brand they suggest Konami go ahead and click that Because it's made by Konami nice and easy It's not completely new so we're gonna go with light new because it's a mint condition card But it's not actually brand new then it gives the go ahead and ships from your address if you have it connected Let's go ahead and pay for shipping here because it's gonna be an expensive card We'll go ahead and set the price at six hundred dollars for this thing You guys can put whatever price you want for your card So if you think they're worth whatever you think a fair price or what we'll sell There's also all kinds of like fees and stuff so the fees for Makari selling fee We get the processing fee and then the shipping so I end up earning $518 so you can see what you're gonna do Then I'm gonna turn off smart pricing because I don't want to lower my price right now It's automatically on you want to go ahead and turn it off if you don't want it if you do want it though It'll put your price if it doesn't sell to lower it a little bit And then it'll go all the way to your floor until it sells and then you just have to click list Yeah, I think you have to connect your payment information so you can receive money But I've already done that so go ahead and do that and boom I'm listed I'm ready to go and just list just like I did it's pretty easy check out Makari by clicking the link in The description below thanks again and Makari for sponsoring the video and I hope you guys have great luck selling All right, so we have the open 36 pack box. Let's go ahead and open a few of the packs So let's just let's just start off. Let's open a few. I don't really have a goal of packs in mind I just kind of opens a packs, you know and first edition LOD. Why not? Can we pull the injection fairy Lily? That's the question will they be legit LOD, you know Will they have actual hollows we're about to find out because I bought the box open It was just on eBay. So I don't know if the box is good or not, but let's try this possessed art soul super adjuvenation batter reaction to Samochi Robo lady and Creature swap right out the bat. We have an ultra rare Centering is awful. It's legacy of darkness. What else can you expect? First edition look at that pole That's pretty awesome a creature swap pretty good card pretty good card mint condition Way OC that's I think is one of the lowest pop cards like two or three in the whole set Which is the set already has low pop. So it's pretty cool What's in the rest of the pack? We got a soul demolition convulsion nature the woodland sprite I hate that car and dragons gunfire. So already one pack in ultra rare. So it looks like who looks like we got a real box guys What else do we want to see? I've never pulled a creature swap. So that's really cool creature swap Of course, we want to see the injection fairy Lily You guys will have already had a live stream with this So hopefully we already pulled it by the time you see this You're probably gonna see a lot of legacy of darkness because this is coming out around then bark of dark ruler Why does that feel like I don't know it felt like kind of flimsy winged a minion. We've got a burst breath These were probably not stored in the best spot just based on the box a little brown So I bet they might be not in the best like condition in terms of that Bottomless trap hole, okay, but this feels okay bottomless trap hole the first couple were a little flimsy That's probably worth a couple bucks. That's a nice rear Bottomless trap hole first edition legacy of darkness very nice Okay, let's go into a third legacy of darkness pack. I'm enjoying this so far. Let's open a few more Yeah, because if you don't open enough somebody in the comments, look won't you open all the packs? I'm not gonna open all the packs. So about that. All right, let's go skill night number two Dragons rage and we will eventually open all the packs where you kitchen cloud I do have a plan for a lot of these packs though, and it's gonna be an epic video heart of clear water And a ray of revealing light with the dark greffer in the middle nice wolf axe wielder Secrets of the bandit and lizard soldier. Yeah, some of these cards feel strange. It's like they're uh Yeah, it's like they were stored in somewhere too hot I think that's what it was so they're almost a little bit too Limsy, but the the rares it felt good, which is good All right, we have a real kitchen cloud. Let's pull at least one more hollow heart of clear water You get nine per box occasionally 10 mysterious guard out of 36 packets pack boxes Thunder Nyan Nyan. We've got the 1900 with a big downside Okay, next pack fifth pack first edition legacy of darkness. Let's see what we can pull here Will it be something insane come on troop dragon. Let's get injection fair. Whoa Whoa talk about bad sintering That's even bad for LOD Fing shin mirror. That's just as bad. Oh my goodness patrician of darkness. Those are all awful and here we go Magic reflector. Okay, greatest option the illusory gentleman legendary ocean and rubble yard That was some awful sintering on those first few comments. Okay this one. I'm guessing we'll have a foil I think we're on the six pack. They may or may not but that's my guess Here we go Stamping destruction. We've got a spring of rebirth the row stone unit super Robo Yaru and The a-forces another warrior digrefer. He's on literally everything a legendary ocean Robo Yaru Wolf out. We've seen a lot of the same comments. I don't think it's that small of a set. So it's interesting So far one foil out of six packs, but I said one more so we got to keep going Smoke grenade of the thief. That's a good one. It's still worth it. Quite it's still worth quite a bit after the reprint So we're gonna pull that over there skull night number two got the dragon's rage re-ukish and clown Double ultra and this sintering is like it's a little better. It's not it's not great But it's a little better two creature swabs out of the same box That's so weird. Okay, wait The sintering is slightly better. Maybe maybe it's not much better. That's pretty cool. I Guess I don't know. That's weird That is so weird. All right. Let me sleep this smoke grenade. All right, so that's probably all we're gonna open for LOD That's just that's just weird Okay, we'll take it though two ultra rears pretty good.  Hopefully isn't injection fairy Lily in there some supers an ultra. That's not creature swap. Hopefully Let's move on to L. O. B. All right, the moment we've all been waiting for first edition legend of blue eyes I'm going to attempt to scale these out for the heavier packs. The reason is I bought these loose We agreed they were unweight. I don't want to have to open all the packs to confirm that I want to save a few for future videos. We're just gonna be opening the heavy packs The light packs will be for sale. So if you guys are interested in a pack with no hollow Yeah, make sure you know that there's not a hollow in it Then hit me up on Instagram Twitter or email at rexon 34 for the social media and the emails in the description Let's try and weigh these. All right guys. We're back and it didn't work out that smoothly So we're about to have to do some opening. So we're not gonna open a ton of packs I don't think but I think that these four they appear to be quite a bit heavier. So I believe those are hollows These three are all the same. They're just under these But they are less for sure, but they're very also very close to the other light packs So I kind of want to try one of these and see if it's gonna be a hollow because you know You get six to seven four is obviously not a full box ratio if this was actually a box But seeing that glossy symbol Kind of threw it off So we don't know for a fact that these are gonna be even you know, there's even hollows in here So what we're probably gonna do is open one of these and then if it doesn't have a hollow We're gonna open one of these heavier ones just to make sure there are hollows in general. So Hopefully these have hollows, but I don't have that much faith in them So we're gonna start and we're just gonna open this up. It is a first-dition Legend of blue eyes pack. So let's see what we can do here. Oh My goodness, okay, let's check the seals make sure there's been is there any funny business there If you guys see anything sketchy you think in me up. I mean, there's always a little bit of that stuff That's just the residue From you know being sealed for a long time What is that? I don't know that could be normal. I don't know. Let me know what you guys think there's a little bit of Something there. We don't want any sort of resealing So let's see. Let's check That seems to come open pretty normally That does as well So so far it feels okay the pack looks pretty good Let's see if there's a hollow in here. It could just be these could all be light packs. You never know So let's see if we can pull foil. Obviously the goal here first-edition blue eyes white dragon Anything ultra rare is awesome as well.  So let's check these these Those look wavy. I Can't remember wavy commons look like it's gonna be a lot easier to tell on the foil. So I Think these look wavy. I think wavy a little bit more dull. I've never opened wavy. So not sure. So that's another thing We're gonna be looking at those the pack code said wavy's we're gonna find out. We've got a urabi This is a two-mouth dark ruler the centering on these commons looks pretty good, which is nice So maybe I'll upgrade them eventually when PSA opens back up $20 of guards a lot though So not sure we got two mouth dark ruler He know Tama can we pull something good? We've got 500 damage a direct damage 500 direct damage to the opponent. All right Armored starfish as you can tell getting pretty nervous. Here we go. Can we pull something good? Polymerization but wait a second. This is This is a glossy card. This is not a wavy card So maybe it looks like my information on the pack Was wrong. So the good side is there's a couple of things here If it's a glossy box is that's why it's so much tougher to scale Secondly It actually did maybe come out of this box. So that's a good thing But I don't really I won't be able to confirm Which is which so we got a poly look at the look at the um wow look at those print lines Well, that is crazy. Okay, so we pulled a polymerization. That's an incredible super rare I don't know what I don't know so that we know the packs are legit, which is good So I know that we've been sold real packs I don't know if I can sell light packs though now I don't know what to do about that. Maybe I'll open the heavies And if they turn out to be heavy, you know, we get all the foils out of them then I can sell those light packs, but um They might not be light now. So I don't know if I'd be selling lighter if I'd be selling unweight So we have polymerization I'm so confused. I thought this was From what I saw, this was a wavy pack, but this is definitely not a wavy pack. You look at that card You look at the foil. You guys see that Not wavy Not wavy at all Definitely a glossy card Which is a little disappointing. I was really looking forward to wavy cards Um, so now I don't know if we have a gaya box or a tryhorn box But uh, yeah, I think I think it said it was a tryhorn glossy box On the IPC for the box. So I think it's a tryhorn box. We're about to we're gonna find out. So this is a weird video Very weird. We did get a foil So Did the weighing work or did we get lucky? I'm not sure So these two weighed the exact same as this polymerization So I'm gonna try those in a different video and then these four were a lot heavier. So I think These could be it could be heavy. I don't know. I really don't know So I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Oh, let's finish out the pack. We only open half the pack root water We got drilling lizard sparks. Okay, wait a second Yeah, so I think those I mean, I think those are glossy comments So that's kind of weird at least the sintering was good on the front, you know front four of them The back were not so a lot like all the glossy I've opened. Okay, so I hope you guys enjoyed this first edition LOB first edition LOD opening is pretty awesome If you guys want to support my channel use my tcg and ebay affiliate links below It supports the channel when you buy anything on those sites. That's pretty awesome. And that's it for this video. I'll see you guys later Peace


Allora, grazie molto per avvermi, è bello essere con te, è bello essere con te, è bello essere con te, per avere questa spacchetta. Bene, questo è me, e prima di iniziare, bene, questo è me, non sono più giovani. Bene, prima di iniziare, una breve questione a tutti. Chi sa che c'è un blockchain? E chi sa il concept economico per il blockchain? E cosa è il contratto smart? Bello, solo per capire come va più rapido con la mia presentazione. Ok, non sto parlando di oggi, non sto parlando di market, market per il blockchain, e tutto che è relato, non sto parlando di questa questione, durante la presentazione, almeno, possiamo discutere, se vuoi, ma non è l'interesse della mia presentazione. Stiamo parlando di blockchain come un legger general, come un punto di sviluppo di sviluppo. Quindi, cominciamo con una breve introduzione del concept blockchain e della criptocurrency, poi continuiamo con il contratto smart. Finalmente, vi mostreremo un codere. Non posso provare il codere live, perché non vorrei più tempo di fare il codere live sul contratto smart, ma vi mostreremo un codere realmente lavorato nei miei sessioni di codere live. Che è, basicamente, il blockchain? Il blockchain è un legger distribuito, che è un legger che è qualcosa di sottolineare data e collettare data e mantenere data sempre, più o meno. Il più usato della data è la transazione monetaria al momento, ma non è l'unica data che puoi ricordare. Il blockchain è qualcosa di trasparente che puoi sempre ricordare. Può essere un libro, se considerate il legger, per ottenere generica data, o può essere solo per coin. Ma il principale concept è che è trasparente, quindi tutti potrebbero guardare dentro e vedere la storia del blockchain. Un po' di definizione sul blockchain da Guardia e Wikipedia, una cosa molto importante, un legger digitale, la transazione ricorda, è sicura. La transazione ricorda, ma anche l'aggrimento e il contratto, è sicura di usare la crittografia con un po' di esplorazione, ineritamente resistente alla modificazione di data e può ricordare in un verificabile e permanente modo. Poi puoi ricordare la definizione, ma questo è il più importante concept del blockchain. La transazione è una leggera di transazione e data, è perciutante, sicura e modificata, basata in una trastra computativa, vedremo cosa significa con la trastra computativa. È distribuita e non è potente, che è il più importante caratteristico per un punto di vista sviluppato. La parte transazione è anonimosa, ma la transazione è pubblica e verificata. È una trasparente, come ho detto prima. La trasparente è una transazione che può essere di valore, di criptocurrency, ma non solo, ma può essere di valore e è qualcosa di nuovo. È una trastra di meno per i nodi e per gli usari. È basata in una trastra computativa, ma è una trastra di meno per gli usari. È un concentro più importante e vedremo perché, come e come. Iniziamo con una trasparente basata in una trastra computativa, che è esplorata con un po' di imagini semplici. Questo è un periodo serioso di Tweet che ho fatto l'anno, che ha chiesto di trasparente per imagini. Iniziamo con il primo concept, l'esce. Quando compiti un esce, hai una seta di data e il risultato è un numero. E' semplice compitare questo numero, ma è un npr, quindi è impossibile, per scoprire il numero della data. La più semplice esperienza è che se prendete blu, giallo e i colori di grado e mettete l'esce in una certa quantità per ogni coloro, hai solo un npr, ma io credo che nessun di voi potrebbe capire come molti blu, come molti giallo e come molti grado, hai messo a capire questo npr. Quindi è facile, se sapete la quantità di colori per sempre capire il npr, ma è quasi impossibile, solo guardare il npr e scoprire i colori. La criptografia usa le due data, il giallo privato e il giallo pubblico. Il giallo pubblico usa le due data e mentre il giallo privato è l'unico giallo che puoi usare per unire l'esce. Inoltre, se usate il giallo privato, usate il giallo privato per unire l'esce e puoi ottenere questo unico giallo che è il giallo pubblico. Prendete in qual modo usate il giallo privato e il giallo pubblico. E finalmente perché il giallo pubblico è immutabile? Siamo detto che il giallo pubblico è immutabile, il concepto è l'unico di una torta di carti. Se vuoi cambiare questo carto con un nr4, per esempio, puoi rimuovere questo carto e mettere l'altro, ma rimuovendo questo carto, tutto il tower sarà bloccato e solo per guardare al topo del tower, puoi chiedere che qualcuno fa qualcosa di scelto in base, in tutta la storia. Immagini, come la storia, svegliate al topo, al topo, al topo, al topo, al topo e solo per guardare all'inizio della storia, puoi chiedere che qualcuno puoi cambiare senza permissere la storia. Ok, abbiamo aggiunto una buona presentazione di Consensos. In un blockchain in generale, stiamo cercando di solvere il problema di general Byzantine. Il problema di general Byzantine è che molte parti, abbiamo n generali e alcuni di loro sono traitori. Sì, hanno bisogno di comunicare e aggriare su una strategia per attaccare il Byzantine e solo trovare l'aggriamento e attaccare con la stessa strategia per più di un'alfa di tutti i truppi, si potrebbero ottenere il Byzantine e si potrebbero comunicare solo tra il messaggio e il passaggio. Quindi, abbiamo bisogno di trovare un algoritmo per attaccare questo. Quindi trovare un'aggriamento, un Consensos, tra, almeno, un'alfa di quei truppi, considerando che alcuni di loro sono traitori e che qualcuno è trastare altre parti. Potrebbero essere solvete in diversi modi da un sistema di voto semplice, ma in permissima di un sistema in cui non c'è qualcuno trastare altre parti, un sistema che può trastare i nodi e i generali. Potrebbero essere attacchiati da un attaccio chiamato Sibili. Quindi, se più di un'alfa di questi generali sono traitori, non puoi capire che sono traitori e che gli attacchiati di Bisantio non sono traitori. Quindi, bisogna di provare l'autorità per difensore contro l'attaccio Sibili. L'autorità è un consensuo generale per dire che bisogna di che alcuni parti provano a altri, sono ottenuti e non sono traitori. Come fare questo? Well, the most used algorithm is proof of work. Basically, in proof of work, I'm approving that I'm not traitors because I'm doing a lot of computation. A lot of computation that means money on the end because you spend a lot of energy to do a lot of computation. And so, this proof of ownership is based on computing this puzzle. Only solve the puzzle and mine could be a block and we will see in a demo. But we have a mine in farming like this. This is not one of the biggest one. Bitcoin last year, there is estimation that Bitcoin last year used the same electric power of Switzerland to mine Bitcoin during the year. So, there is other possible algorithm. My presentation is not about those algorithms, but the most used one in public blockchain. We had a presentation before that considering not only public blockchain but also distributed ledger and son using different algorithms. In public blockchain, the other one is proof of ownership using digital asset instead of computational power. More or less, I own my cryptocurrency and I bet with my cryptocurrency on the block that is right. If I bet my cryptocurrency, I don't want to risk this block is discarded because I'm a traitor, because I'm losing my money. Otherwise, I'm getting a little prize if I'm not a traitor and I'm betting on the right block. Even if it seems that it's not democratic because if you own a lot of money, you can vote more. It's in fact more democratic because there is no scaling on your cryptocurrency. My Ethereum, or my Bitcoin, to mention the most famous one is like yours and yours and yours. While my power is different from the one of a big mining farm because there is a scale economy on that, having a very big mine farm is less expensive in terms of how many power I can have than having a lot of laptop. In fact, it became more democratic. I have to speed up a bit. Let's see those concepts in a nice demo. So, we started with Ash. What is an Ash? I compute data and this number, this is a number, is changing. Two things interesting because it's sufficient to change just one word, just one bit in fact and the Ash change, but the same word generate the same Ash, always. Look, if I reuse AA, I get the same Ash that I had before. Ok, how do you use it in a block? What is a block? A block is nothing else than data, a block number and another number called nonce, that means nonsense. And what is that? Is the number, this is for Bitcoin, it's not always true for every cryptocurrency, but for Bitcoin the rules for a valid block, a signed block, is that is Ash start with 40. If I change data, as expected, the Ash change and it's not starting from zero. So, what are doing miners? They are finding the nonsense number to have an Ash because the Ash is computed on block number, nonsense and data that start with 40. And the algorithm, the algorithm is written in a way that is, as I said, extremely hard to start from an Ash and guess data and it's quite easy to start from the data and get the Ash. So, what are doing miners? They are trying with nonsense 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 until they reach an Ash starting with 40. And how is used in a blockchain? Blockchain is nothing else than the chain of those blocks. So, whatever block number, a nonsense, a data, the Ash computed but also another data that is a pointer to previous block. So, what's happening? If I want to change a data in block 2 that is an older block, let's do that. I'm invalidating not only block 2 but all block pointing to that because I'm changing this Ash and so the pointer is no more valid. It's changing the pointer and so it's changing the Ash of the other and so on. And so, like Tower of Card, just looking at the last block that is not valid, I could guess that something has been invalidated in the past. So, it's very hard to change an older block. Why? Because if I'm a miner and I'm a traitor and I want to change an older block and I want to change it. For example, in block 2 there was a transaction that gave one bitcoin by me to him. But, as a traitor, I wanted to write that is the opposite side is giving one bitcoin to me. I have to change data of block 2 and then to have a valid block chain I have to mine this block and then this block and sometimes require a bit of time as you can see. And this block and it's very, very expensive. Very, very expensive and that said, since block chain is distributed so all blocks are copied on every node of block chain before I could finish to mine old block someone else can guess that I'm doing data and mark my node as invalid. This is the reason because it's becoming very, very, very hard to change block chain. Ok. Any question on this? But I told you that it is also distributed and unstoppable. Yes, because every node connects to each other and verifies the chain on other nodes. But this is a very old image from 70 to I think about what is centralized decentralized and distributed system but the interesting part is what happens if a centralized system is under attack the same for decentralized and distributed. For centralized one, this happens. All the system will go down. For decentralized one like cloud a part of the network go down. For distributed system just that. Just the node under attack. And so let's switch to economic concept about block chain. The question I get most when I talk about block chain is ok but why these cryptocurrencies as a value because they are nothing, they are not dollars. There isn't any bank but in economy in general intrinsic value doesn't exist as concept. Things as value because of convention mainly for main four reason I wrote three but it's four. Sorry. It's rare. It's hard to reproduce. It could be exchanged and someone want to buy it. So, some example. Euro. It's rare. It's hard to reproduce. It could be exchanged. It's easy to exchange an euro. And someone want to buy it because we are using as money. But also this this is a paint from Fontana. I don't know how many of you knows contemporary arts. It hasn't value. If you look at this, it's just a slicing the paint. But last last bet was 8 million euros for this paint. Because it's rare. It's hard to reproduce more or less. It could be exchanged and someone want to buy it. What about Bitcoin? Well, 7K euro last year. Not today. Bitcoin is the same. It's rare because there is a limited number of Bitcoin produced in the network. It's hard to reproduce because of cryptocurrency cryptography algorithms that I have tried to explain. It could be exchanged for sure. And a lot of people want to buy it right now. But just just another artist ask the artist thing that is a sheet of artist. 275,000 euro. It's rare. It's hard to reproduce. It could be exchanged. And someone want to buy it. It's strange. So, traditional payment need a central authority, a bank. And it could be done with cash or credit card or whatever. But always need a central authority emitting something. But the question is isn't it ok to simply trust a bank what could happen? Well, what could happen at Lehman and Brothers? So, what is the solution? Grandmama solution? Well, could become a bit un practical if you are lucky to have money. So, the solution could be or is the blockchain. Because transaction could be values and it's trustless about node and user. So, I'm putting my money in a trustless system. Well, depending on what does it mean a trustless system. You are not trusting in peers of transaction or even nodes of the network. You are trusting the protocol itself. Something that you are doing everyday. Everyday already, really. When you use cash. Because you don't trust people giving you cash but you trust cash itself the protocol. And in fact, maybe today you have been in a cafe to get a cafe and you have a big banknote and the bartender doesn't verify your identity. It just verify your money. Because it trust the money. You don't trust you. Ok, that's almost all introducing blockchain in general and the economic concept behind blockchain. I'm going to switch to smart contract. Normal when I do this presentation here I stop for a moment and ask if anyone has any question about what I just presented before switching to smart contract. Do you have any question? Ok, cool. Let's switch to smart contract. What is a smart contract? Well, start by definition again from Wikipedia. A contract is a voluntary arrangement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law as a binding legal agreement. And Wikipedia define a smart contract is a computer protocol intended to facilitate, verify or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract. In other word smart contract is general proposed computation that take place on the blockchain. A computer program, nothing else. How can we use smart contract to make what is called in blockchain world unstoppable distributed application that is distributed because it run on the blockchain and blockchain is distributed as I just presented. Can transfer money and asset can not necessarily does but can and is state history because what is a computer program a sequence of instruction with state. This state is written on the blockchain so the state itself is unchangeable unmodifiable. We will talk about Ethereum. It is not the only solution nowadays to write a smart contract in a blockchain. There is a lot of other blockchain implementing a smart contract concept. Just a few, like Tron, EOS, NEO are very very promising. Ethereum has been and is the first blockchain implemented smart contract concept. And so it is nice to look at this because everyone is taking ideas from Ethereum and implementing in a different way. Moreover is the most active blockchain in terms of research and development in particular on smart contracts and with a lot of smart guys working on this. Let's try to go quick. Every node is built in virtual machine called Ethereum virtual machine. It provides a compiler from high level language to AVM like JVM for all languages. In Ethereum we have two different kind of account account externally owned account that is user account nothing else is a private key that you can use to transfer Ethereum like the private key you use to transfer Bitcoin and it's the same private key that you use to execute smart contract and the contract account they are controlled by code nothing else that a smart contract in an order that could receive Ethereum money and could receive a call to its code. Ethereum virtual machine is interesting for a lot of reasons the two main reasons is because it is a Turing complete virtual machine so you can do everything with a Turing complete virtual machine and has a lot of high level language compiling for AVM already the most use of this solidity that is Java like syntax written with smart contract and block chain in mind but also viper that is a Python like is quite a user the other one is more for research and development AVM code execution transaction sent to a contract address is nothing else that a call for code like a rest call the important concept is that in order of Ethereum run the code at these address and store the state so every node in the network connected peer to peer with other node execute what is called so not only node you are connecting but all the node on the network will execute your code why? because every node calculate the state block chain and calculated the hash and then everything will be unchangeable as I said before smart contract code can run any program because it is a Turing complete machine read of write state call another contract so you can make a distributed system with multiple contract and could send Ethereum to other address both other contract or also to users so you can write for example a contract that receive an instruction verify some condition and only if those condition has been verified transfer money to the other party so for example again me and him need to transfer some money but this money will be transferred only when my package will be delivered at his home so I send some money to the contract saying that I am sending my package and when he will receive it instead when he sign DHL reciept it call again the smart contract and at that point his money come back to me there is a problem to solve of course in a distributed in every distributed system that is called the alting problem NPR the problem and it's defined by Turing itself and it's possible to determine if a program will finish running or continue to run forever using the same machine so you can't know when you start a program if it will finish or not the most easy example is a cycle with a condition that never verify and on your laptop what happens CPU go to 100% and at some point you decide that it's time for kill the process but in a distributed system it's not possible to do like this because again the code is running on every single node and you don't control any node apart of yours so the solution is to put a fee on every computational step called gas gas is not exactly a currency it's just a unit of measurement for computational step and then using a gas cost this is translated in a cost so everything you run in Ethereum has a cost for you you are paying a computational power of others more or less and you solve the halting problem again with a few images could be clearer when you start a transaction you have some gas cost how many gas you need to do 100 km and you put in each transaction a gas limit so how much you want to spend how many fuel you are putting in your car there is some gas price so combining how many gas you need and how much gas you are going to spend and gas price you determine the cost of the transaction and of course a gas limit for your transaction too low to solve the problem you run out of gas and it means that you are losing what you invested as gas but you don't get the end of the transaction to get the unstoppable world computer the most important point is every full node of Ethereum run the code at the disorders and store the state but what is the problem with that the world computer at the moment performing like this when you run smart contract you have to expect a computational power like a raspberry no more than that and it's busy this is the number of transactions in Ethereum over the years and this is in fact percentagio of utilization so we are reaching full the maximum power all already because in any blockchain there is a problem of scalability of course but scalability is a dilemma in blockchain world because if you put more power on scalability you lose on security and decentralization they are important concept too and so you have to find a solution not losing any of these the three important concepts there is different scalability solution based off chain or on chain off chain solution is out from blockchain sum of the computation on chain solution is to more or less to split blockchain in sub chains and work with more efficient algorithm of consensus like proof of stake let's come to how to write smart contract Solidity is the most used language at the moment not only by Ethereum but for example also Tron and NEO are using Solidity you also write in C++ like language anyway Solidity is a C Java like syntax is statically typed support inheritance even multiple complex user defined types called destructor polymorphism and overriding so it is a complete language, complete modern language let's see some code well this is an easy code to explain written in Solidity what is doing that is a smart notary so we are notarizing some document the idea is to get a document written in pdf word whatever you want compute an hash of this document and write this hash with my account on Ethereum and a date that is the date when I computed the hash why is very important because with this you can prove that document with that specific hash is written by you in a certain date and is written in blockchain and so no one can trick others saying that that document is yours exactly what what a lawyer is doing at least in Italy signing a document for example when you buy an house or a car or everything else so with this solution in the future maybe well it's already possible in some state like Ukraine I don't remember in Hong Kong using smart contract and blockchain to prove that a specific document is signed and unchangeable what we are doing basically we write this smart contract that we will deploy on the blockchain and it's very very easy because you set the file hash this file hash is written in this struct that is file details and this is the state of the program because they are what we would call instance variable in Java but those instance variable is written in the state of the smart contract and the state of smart contract is written on blockchain so we are memorizing on blockchain this struct and this struct is a file details having a timestamp a message sender so the message sender is a special variable containing the address and private public key of who is calling the contract and then everyone well we are paying for that value so when I call this I have to pay so put also some ethereum in my transaction and this payment will be registered to the contract and only the owner only the owner so who created the contract called transfer this balance that is owned by the contracted self to his own address and so getting the money from the contract to me then anyone with a public view so not paying could ask the blockchain given a file when it has written and from this is a very very simple example but giving idea of the power of that and then you can interact with it with just simple javascript the set function is calling this mart notary deployed on my blockchain calling with a file hash and a certain amount of ether and updating the status this is very very simple code but doing already something very powerful and very different from anything else you can do with standard with standard code but of course every smart contract called and most of them transfer money and so there is a lot of security you probably read that the blockchain has been attacked a few times now and ten million euros has been transferred from a contract to another and so on almost attack is not to the blockchain itself no one as far as I know because the consensus algorithm are very robust and the blockchain is really unchangeable but the problem is with smart contract because we are writing a lot of smart contract I read just yesterday that we Ethereum as Ethereum Tron and Neo together as now more than ten thousand smart contract deployed and everyone is doing smart contract and while developer of Ethereum or Bitcoin or Neo and so on are incredible smart people not everyone writing smart contract is the same and so there is a lot of wrong code that you can write in smart contract and have losing money this is one of the most famous attack called the rentancy attack it cost about twenty million euros in Ethereum what is the point the point is that they have a smart contract having a user balance and the opportunity for each user to withdraw their balance the problem is that the user balance is updated after the value has been transferred so what the attack did the attack write another smart contract that is rent with a rentancy code calling again withdraw as on the event of receiving amount so in fact you have a rentancy before the balance has been said so writing a good smart contract doh smart contract is withdrawing everything multiple time until the gas the gas for transaction doesn't end but the user balance is not updated and so it can go on and on this is the the attack of smart contract very very simple function empty payable redo withdraw function empty payable is called every time someone try to pay you even with an error and so doing that they wrote a rentancy code there is a solution of course solution is to move the change of balance just before the withdraw ok in the end of my presentation 50 minutes it's the last minute and I'm ending it's strange because normally I'm going out of time the end of my presentation is behind the terium a very young extremely focused guy and someone looking at this picture or meeting him in person I met him in person last year say well also a bit strange guy well don't you recall another very young extremely focused guy 20 years ago I recall him he is a Linus Torvald of course drinking a beer after release of linux 0.1 thank you