It's positively bruised. Yep, Sholomaine to God, Andrew Schultz.  Thank you for joining us for another motherfucking week of brilliance and idiotness, whatever you want to call it. We might as well get right to it. We can start this week off by saying what we saw. That was positively brilliant.  Where do you start, Andrew? Why don't you start?  And I think that we're probably going to avoid that.  Who's the one person? Oh, now you want to talk about it. Now you want to talk about it. Now you want to talk about because we decided not to talk about it before the podcast. What are you talking about? We don't do no prep. You said we don't do any prep on this show. Oh, we don't do prep. Oh, we do some post. We didn't have any pregames. We do some post. But we have no pregames. We had a couple of lay-up lines, Charlotte. There was a couple of lay-up lines going on for the game. OK. You just got the itch. You just got the itch you want to talk about. And it wasn't just lay-up lines. We were catching up. I don't know, man. Listen, here's the thing. I feel like you got a shooter's hand. I feel like you might have. I don't want to. I don't.  She like, no, we can't listen. Maybe you got to call some ISO, please.   Give it to me in the post. But I would rather. I would rather you hear it, though. Yeah, I got to hear it first. I want you to hear it. I want you to hear it. It's not going anywhere. It'll be it'll be a little topic for a minute, especially in this little podcast world. I want you to hear it. Yeah, exactly. Because I just got the cliff's notes of it, but I need to hear it. Yeah, I want you to hear it. But then I have to listen. Oh, it's it's worth it. It's kind of worth it. Is it? Hey, is it, though? A little bit. Nobody got any clue what we're talking about. That's fine. That's fine. I want it that way. Everybody knows exactly what we're talking about. That's fine. That's fine. I will say this.  NBC News mistaking you saying, boat with Kevin Hart. Listen, I know we're in a volatile time. I know racism and bigotry is at all time high, but we don't have to bring back the old tropes like all black people look alike because it has to be in the same ballpark. You mistake me and Kevin Hart. Fine. I get it. You mistake me and anybody in the same height bracket. I get it. That could that had to be paid for, bro. Somebody saw it. You can't make that mistake, dude, because that implies that the person that was doing that does not know who Kevin Hart is or Usain Bolt. And I don't think that person exists. You just called him Usain. What? Usain is somebody that the Trumps want to take out in Iraq, probably. I don't know. Usain Bolt. Usain. Usain. It's Usain Bolt, bro. Usain. I think it's Usain Bolt. I don't know. You might be right. No, it's Usain. I thought it was Usain. It doesn't have a Y in the front. It's U-S-A-I-M. No question, buddy. I'm going to be honest with you. I don't know if it's Usain or Usain, because people say it too fast, but I'm broke. Usain Bolt. Most of it, Usain. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I think he's right.  By the way, they said that it was like a word. Hey, slow down, young man. Usain is named too fast. Get it? Usain, Usain. All right, nevermind. Usain was a glitch, though, and our other producer at the Breakfast Club said that it does happen. It does happen what? A glitch in what? In your... He was saying the glitch in the program or whatever. Like, if... However they do it, if the image doesn't match up with their format, then it'll go too good. They use another image of a black guy. Basically. Yeah, that's great. You can't post any old image.  But I still don't understand how you mistake Usain Bolt for Kevin Hart, but this is the reason why I purposely mistake all white people. I do it all the time. It's amazing. I love to say Elton John is in the Beatles. I love to say Sting is like the last living Beatle. I do it all the time. I mistake Channing Tatum for Neil Patrick Harris.  Just because. It might be like Channing Tatum. I'd be like, yeah, yeah, yeah, doogie house. Right. Just do it. Just do it. Just do it to piss people. And then how do we react about it? It depends who it is. We don't care, right? No, no, that's not true. Yeah, honestly. If I say Sting is in the Beatles, that can cause a fight. If I say Elton John is the last living Beatle, that can cause a fight. Nobody's fighting over the Beatles, Charlemagne. Hey, people love the Beatles. Oh, that's right. Love them. You said something who is bigger than the Beatles. What'd you say? I didn't start that. Did I start that? I don't think I started that. I think Deezus started that. Sway Lee or something like that. Amigos. Amigos are bigger than the Beatles. Amigos are bigger than the Beatles. Yeah, yeah. Deezus started that. Deezus started that back in the day. Yeah, and people got upset. It was freaking articles and like rolling stone and variety. We were really discussing history. Like they was really, really, really, really upset. That's how many white people watch VICE. Oh, this is before VICE. Oh, really? Yeah, this is when Deezus and Merrill was just on social media.  Oh, they were the best. Come on, man. They were the best. They were the best. Yes. Listen, Deezus is like... Deezus is one of the few... Not even one of the few. Deezus is the only black person I know who got on pretending to be white.  Like Deezus was really pretending to be white. It was one joke. It was one joke. Right? But they thought he was white. His avatar. His avatar was never a person. It was like a dog or something. I don't remember what the picture was, but he would talk like a black guy. And then one day he revealed himself. He was white. And then people lost it. Lost it. Yo, you know how good of a troll.  Oh, that's brilliant. That you don't even care about getting credit for the troll. Mmm.  Bro, that's the greatest prank. I've ever told you how I got pranked by that chef, by that cooking show guy. Oh, what happened? I've never told you this story. Where like, I was leaving, where we used to record the podcast, and there was a guy who does, it was like Adam eats anything.  Where he just eats the weirdest food. It was like one of those cooking show things. Right? Okay. And I recognized him on the way out, and I was with a couple of my guys. And I said, I was like, Oh dude, we're about to go get some food, man. Do you have any like great restaurant recommendations in the city? He's like, All right, I got you. I'm going to hook you up with the best thing. Right. So he gives me these three restaurants. Right.  No, no, a different guy. So Adam Richmond. Right. I think it was man. Oh, it might have been a different guy. But still, it was one of those guys. Right. Anyway, so he gives me these three different restaurants. Right. We go to this one restaurant. We asked for the Lomo Saltado. We sit down there like, sorry, this is a vegan restaurant. I go, what? He goes, yeah, it's a vegan restaurant. I go, I know it's the off menu Lomo Saltado. It's the off menu. They're like, we don't have an off menu.  I'm like, oh, that's weird. So we go to another restaurant. Right. He goes, you got to go to the five napkins burger and you asked for the off menu sushi. Right. So we're in the five napkins burger. Bring a banana. Oh yeah. We have to go to the five napkins burger as for the off menu sushi. But before you give them the order, you have to give them a banana.  We buy three bananas each. The waiter comes to the table and we're like, listen, we need that off menu sushi. And then we hand them the banana. Right. Hand on the banana. The waiter takes the banana and he goes, yeah, this is a burger spot. It like says burger on the outside. Like there's no way you could have sushi here or whatever. And then just walks away with my banana, which is mad weird. And then we go fucking, we're just going to eat there. He gave me one more recommendation to go into a container unit on the West side. Like where people come and they drop off stuff. Not people like boats come. They drop off those containers. He's like, there's a Mexican restaurant. Best tacos you ever had in your life there.  Those other two ones, he got us.  The one restaurant that's real.  But I respect the restaurant in New York with containers. Apparently on the West side highway on, on like the port over there. But what I thought was so dope about the prank is I'll never see him again. But he knows that he made me buy a banana and then hand it to a waiter at five. Burger brother. Oh, listen, he's, he's, he's listening to this podcast.  Bro, that's the best prank. The one that you don't even need to see it come to fruition. I love it.    And then realize years later, I caused these people so much trauma.  Like really? Like what? No, one was real bad. One was so bad. Can you share it? No, not in this lifetime. Yo, you know what? Five years ago, I would have said it.  And there's this like thing, you know, the national lampoon. You ever heard of that? Yeah, it's a movie.  Anyway, they have this like little like house that is built just for the people of the national lampoon over there. The guy that built the house built all these secrets into the house. Okay. And there's tons of secrets that you just got to figure out. And then there are like messages within the house. And apparently Conan O'Brien found one. There's this tile wall, all the tile, the whole wall is tiles and ornate tiles with all these details. Apparently Conan was just chilling high. And he noticed that in the tiles, in the tile, the spiral on the tiles stopped and then started in a weird place on the next tile. So he chips away the tile, opens it and inside there's a note that says took you long enough. That's kind of fire, isn't it? I mean, yeah. Unless nobody sees it. Unless you're in the afterlife and you get to see it from the afterlife. I guess maybe that is. But like, I don't know. I love that. Like we always try to do that in our pieces on Saturday when we do the monologues.   I just love when people are willing to let someone not get the joke. I just like layers.  Don't get me wrong. But I like when you say something and it's kind of like an inside joke. Yes. You know what I'm saying? Like you have to be in a certain culture or be a part of a certain thing to get it. You know what I mean? Like I don't want to have to explain a Marvel reference to them up. Yeah. You know what I'm saying? Like I don't want to have to explain a dope movie reference to them up. Okay.  I get it. Bro.  What? The Wolverine looks like two Batman's kissing. Amazing.    The same forearm you used to whack off with.  What do you have to tell us? I didn't see, you know, it's so funny. I went through all those comments. It was like four thousand comments and I didn't see the one obvious joke. Which was? Batman. Yeah. I was like, what? I'm like, where's the one obvious joke? I'm like, what? It's two Batman kissing. Nobody made the most obvious joke. Bro.  He DM me, man, I got to get his names. I give credit. Totally random. But he goes, you know how Trump could really unite the country? Black dude, he goes, if he switched a MAGA to, instead of make America great again, it was make America safe again. Right? Like everybody wants to be safe. Right? You got it already? You got it already? Already? You got it already? Make America safe again turns MAGA to?  What does it turn? Massive. You got it quick, bro. I give you that.  Bro. My God. Bro, tell me what you thought about the DC drops. The Batman. Positively brilliant. Okay. I think that is brilliant that milestone comics. Milestone comics is a black comic company that's been around for a while. They got a lot of characters. They got static shock. Probably their most popular character. I think icon is a part of them. Man, I forgot the other person. It's a few characters in that universe. I just think it's brilliant to relaunch that right now and see what they're doing. They're doing it during Black History Month, which I think is perfect. No, I meant the Batman trailer.  Yeah, I'm talking about the white stuff. All the best stuff looked regular. Wonder Woman looked the best out of all of them. Ah, stop it. What's that called? Stop it. Is he capping again? Are you capping, bro? Listen to Misogyny, man. Yo, that's who I am, bro. Let's go.  Wonder Woman was the best. She was so powerful. It did. She was so powering up. Batman looked... Do you know Batman's only 30% done? Huh? The new Batman movie is only 30% shot. What about the Wonder Woman? Wonder Woman's done. Wonder Woman's in the can. Probably cost 30% less. Wonder Woman's in the can. Listen. Wonder Woman is the highest grossing DC film of all time. Because they didn't have to pay much. They save money, bro. You get 30% off on Wonder Woman, dawg.  Oh, God.  But Wonder Woman Trailer looks better than the Batman movie.  The Zack Snyder cut that's coming on HBO Max. What does that mean, the Zack Snyder? Is it the same exact movie they're just bringing back? It means that DC knows it's so trash that like how when you put an album out on title, you do a deluxe version. Okay. Sometimes the album doesn't get the reception you want, so you do a deluxe version with 10 new songs. That's all DC's doing. They're like, oh, let's try this again.   Shit that you probably wouldn't even watch, but they made us watch like Ant-Man. You know what I mean? We didn't care about no Ant-Man back then. They took, but I will say this. Being a band was having this conversation. The reason Marvel is better than DC is because when it came, at least in the film world, is because they were forced to be more creative because they didn't have all of the best ingredients. DC had access to all this franchise players. DC had access to Batman, Hooper Man, Wonder Woman, Flash, Green Lantern, Marvel Film Universe didn't have access to the Fantastic Four and who else is their star player? I think Spider-Man at the time. They had to use Iron Man and Thor and Captain America. All of these people that were considered, I don't know if Captain America was, but Thor and Iron Man definitely were considered like B-level characters in the Marvel Universe. But they had to create around that.  So you're saying that Marvel had to take a soul food approach to their characters. That's right. That's right. They didn't have the best pieces of the animal.  That's exactly what they did. Simple and plain. That's it. Wow. That's exactly what they did. And they took them ten years. That's why even at the end, if you watched Avengers Endgame, that end scene when they put all of the women together, that's like one of the what? When they put all the what together? When they put all the women together to stop misogyny, man. Oh, I took a piss during that part. I went to the bathroom. It was, by the way, it was a great scene. What it showed you was the lack of female character development in the Marvel Universe. But that's because they don't have access to the A-list male characters. They actually didn't have access to the A-list women characters after Marvel's A-list one. I think you could throw Scarlet witch in there. But everybody else in that scene, no. But what was that part? What was that part of the movie? I remember that in Endgame. Were they the paramedics or something? What did they do? It was really just the women's empowerment scene. Ah, OK. Yeah. But what was their purpose in the battle? Did they bring fruit snacks or orange slices to the guys or something like that? What were they doing? What's wild about it is Captain Marvel's one of the strongest heroes in the Marvel Universe. He just saw her run through Thanos' whole ship destroy it. Right. Yeah. She didn't need no help. She could have run through Thanos' whole crew. So what took her so long? Why was she kind of like leaving us out to dry here? Oh. Captain Marvel. Why was she so busy? What was she doing? Oh, because as she said in the movie, this isn't the only planet to protect. Ooh. Oh, yeah. She said that in Endgame. It's because they asked her that. One of the guys was like, what's wrong with the war machine? Where have you been all this time? And she was like, your planet isn't the only planet to protect and other planets don't have y'all. Sounds like a convenient excuse to me. That's what it sounds like. But also DC announced the milestone stuff, which I was talking about. Milestone is a black comic book company that actually licensed a lot of its characters to DC. And now they're relaunching and Static Shock is, you know, their main character and Static Shock, you know, I think Jaden Smith was born to play the Static Shock role, especially when he used to have the dredge and stuff like that. A lot of people disagree with me now. And they think other people should play him. I still think it's Jaden's role to lose. But I like that. You know, I like, I like it, especially after seeing Kid Cudi tweet out.   Kid Cudi. There's only one black superhero with black in it. Black Adam. Black Panther. But isn't that Black Adam? I don't even think Black Adam is black. Well, he's the rock, whatever the rock is. He's, I don't think black. Let me see it with black. Is Black Adam black? Huh? Hawaiian? It might be. Hold on. Is Black Adam black? Let's see. Well, Black Adam ain't a superhero either though. He's a villain. Oh. I don't know Black Adam. Why is Black Adam called Black Adam? Yeah, because the Shazam power corrupted him and Shazam gave him the name Black Adam. I don't even think Black Adam is black, bro. He's not? No. I don't think black. But that's DC, so I could be mistaken. Is he black? I mean, that's crazy.  He looks like the rock. He does look like the rock in the comic. Well, the rock is playing him. They're bringing back the movie. Yeah. He does look like the rock. The rock is an actor. He's a wrestler. Oh, he's Hawaiian and black. Oh. I think the rock. I had a rocking. Rock is one of those. Rock is one of those rare. Yeah. I was like, I didn't even know. Rare humans. I'm just rare. No, no, no, listen to me. You don't look at him as any race. The rock is one of those rare humans who has transcended race. He really has, bro. Everybody can relate to him. It's very rare. Those people are very rare on this planet. All right. And he's just one of those people who star is so big and so many people love him. Yeah. That they can tuck their prejudices. Do you think he's bald, though? I don't think he's bald. I think he just checks so many boxes. Like he's Hawaiian. So he's kind of Asian, right? He's black. So he's kind of black. But when you look at him, he kind of looks like a tan white guy. And he comes from the world of sports. Wrestling specifically. Super white world. It's hard. It's very hard for races to hate the people they root for. The people they root for. Yeah.  Listen, a lot of bigots in Cleveland didn't start hating LeBron probably till he left. All before he was...  Literally.  He's a good one. But then when he left, they was burning his jersey. I think it's the same thing with rock.  People like you.  Then you become like this world-renowned actor. Your race doesn't actually present for you first. Question. Do you think that Montrez Harrell should have been fined or had to apologize or anything for calling Luca Dauncish a pussy-ass white boy or bitch-ass white boy? Yeah. Yeah. I think he should have. I mean, yeah. I saw Matt Barnes saying that when you were on the court, it's a different world. You know what I'm saying? Things that are said on the court that don't fly other places. But I know and we all know that Luca couldn't say a pussy-ass nigga. You know what I'm saying?   So, yeah, but I mean, listen, it's a clear double standard, right?  Like, it's sometimes like, yo, white boy's nice. Or pussy-ass. Or pussy-ass. So it's more pussy-ass. A bitch-ass. Exactly, right? So that's more of the thing. That being said, it's really weird.  You clown somebody's game, you clown the way they look, et cetera, but you just don't get into the racial component of it. Like, it's just, yeah, it's just something that just doesn't really happen. I mean, they made a whole movie about it, right? White men can't jump. The whole premise of white men can't jump was the stereotypes that exist about white men on the basketball court. You know what I'm saying? I don't know how I was back in the day. I would have to talk to somebody in the 80s. I'm sure Larry Bird got a lot of that.   That being said, when you add the corporate aspect to it, it is interesting because corporate rules have to be even across the board. And that's what I'm saying. That's why I say when you ask me, should he be fine? Somebody else would have been fine for what would be perceived as a racial blur. Yes. That we know. You know what I'm saying? Now, we also know that we grew up in an era where, like you said, yeah, when you're white on the basketball court, that is the thing. That is an identifier.   You know what I mean? It's that type of language. But in this climate that we're in, yeah, a white player wouldn't have been able to get away with it. White player wouldn't have been able to say, especially when everybody's got equality on the back of their jersey and the NBA has leaned into like this, racial harmony, which we want, all of us want racial harmony, it is just going to be harder for some people to accept if you're allowing some form of racial, I don't even want to call it injustice because that's making it too big, but some form of accepted racism in one direction. They might give some pushback.   It's just what it is.  That's just part of the game. But the corporations got to act differently, you know? Corporations got to act differently.  Oh, man. You know for a fact. They'd be on it. Oh, man. Here's the thing. I agree. I mean, I agree. I just don't know what the final would be. It's the NBA, man. It's like, I don't know. No, fine. I don't want him to be fine, but I do want there to be some sort of, at least, acknowledgement in some way. I just like pointing out when corporations are fraudulent. I was laughing at Skip Baylor. Skip Baylor said, Skip Baylor said. I'm going to swing on him. I'd have swung on him if he'd have called me a bitch-ass white boy. Yeah, right. Skip. You got your name. You got Skip in your name, bro. It ain't no white boy.  It's the bitch-ass, man. Whenever you combine certain words and certain phrases, that's when it becomes derogatory. Yeah. You know what I'm saying?  No problem.  You know what I'm saying?  You know what?    And they get thrown around a lot on the court, but I've realized this is what it is. You can call someone bitch-ass or pussy-ass. You can't call them that.  So for example, if a guy calls foul and it wasn't foul, you'd be like, That's a pussy-ass call.    Is that fair to say? Yes, but I would still say that's a bitch-ass call. That's a bitch-ass call. You don't call the person a bitch-ass.  Exactly. You know what I'm saying? Stop that bitch-ass call.   He apologized, too, though. I mean, that's... I respected that. He went up to him. He knew all the cameras were going to be on them and he went and he manned up on it. I think that's cool. I wonder how Luke felt about that, though. He's an Eastern European. He's not even a white American. Exactly. That's the thing.    You can't get in their heads. It's impossible. I doubt it.  Tucky fried chicken. What? It's suspending its finger licking good slogan. Why? Well, Kentucky Fried Chicken's Global Chief Marketing Officer. Because of Corona, son? He said in a statement, we find ourselves in a unique situation having an iconic slogan that doesn't quite fit in the current environment. Okay. Now, let me say why I think this is...    Have I been eating this chicken the wrong way this whole time? Am I supposed to be licking other people's fingers? My whole life, I've been licking my own fingers while I eat this delicious chicken, Charlemagne, when I should be licking the fingers of the person next to me. That's when you realize how good it is.   That's what I'm saying. Like, why is that a thing? I can't see why did you have to change the slogan? And then they came back out and said that it was all just a part of a marketing ploy. So we can still lick our fingers or we can't? Should I start licking other people's fingers? What's going on? This proves to me two things, right? One of two things. Stop pointing your fingers up like that, man. I'm getting hungry. Don't you do this again, bro. I swear to God, Charlemagne. Charlemagne, you do this one more time, bro.  Listen.   Listen.  The moonwalk on whatever it is that they get backlash for is always dumb, right? Because the moonwalk for this is, oh, it's just a marketing ploy. It's a thing.  You know what I'm saying? They've seen it had no heat since that Popeyes chicken sandwich. Popeyes was killing them. They're killing them right now. Popeyes, that chicken sandwich was so impactful.  Bro. What has KFC done since? I don't know, man. What do they ever do? They just switch up the kernel every once in a while? They do? Yeah. They get a new kernel for the commercials every once in a while. Yeah, they do. Oh, they have a new actor play the kernel. That's actually kind of famous. Not all white people look alike. All kernels look quite similar, but not all white people. It's like Shamu at SeaWorld. You just get a new Shamu. No, it's been the same Shamu forever. Shamu has been switched out multiple times. Really? Yes, they just keep switching them out. You never saw that documentary Blackfish?   I've never seen Blackfish. I heard about it, but I never watched it. I don't like seeing animals in captivity, bro. Say again? I don't like seeing animals in captivity. Why not? It just feels sad. It feels cruel. I'm not going to lie.  No, I think it was just their claws. The claws were tied.  And you could tell the lobsters were all bunched up in one corner, and tank wasn't big enough for all the lobsters that they had in there. And I just was like, and that's wacky. And that's how you got to spend your last days. You know what I'm saying? Yeah, but what if they enjoy living that way? We don't know. There's no way. They're still human.  You just said the lobsters are human.  You're alive. I was talking about that the other day, though, about fish. I was watching this animal documentary, and they were getting attacked by sharks, seagulls, and some other animal, whatever. And I was thinking if fish get traumatized because they're seeing like their friends and humans die and stuff like that. Because they don't remember. Are you sure? Yeah, their memory is only three seconds. Who told you that? A fish expert, bro. Exactly, we don't know. We don't know nothing, bro. I'm telling you, man. Joe Rogan texts me the other day. He goes, bro, I'm listening to you and Charlotte talk about fossils and dinosaurs, bro.  He goes, seriously?  It's called the brilliant idiots. Bro. It's called the brilliant idiots, Joe Rogan. I got to get it up. And by the way, I don't even remember that conversation.   Yo, he just texted me. He just texted me. I'm listening to you and Charlotte talking about dinosaur bones and aliens maybe hurt my neck from shaking it like, no, we need to talk. Fossils are not bones. They're minerals that have replaced the bones over thousands of years. And then he keeps on going and then he just quotes this one section where you apparently go, chickens, are they mammals? That's a real question, too. It was a question, Joe. No question. Don't shame me for asking a question.  Wait for it, wait for it. And I go, yeah.  I said that. I eventually got to that. I said they're foul. I said that. We eventually got to that.    We not sitting here trying to be no experts. Yo, Charlie, I think we need to get to the bottom of this dinosaur shit because I don't know if dinosaurs ever existed, bro.   I had no idea. I thought bones lasted all these years. I thought bones lasted all these years, too. I had no idea. Why didn't they last, bro? Listen, now I don't want to be in a casket. Just bury me. Just put me in the ground, bro. Because I got a better chance of sticking around that way. I want to get fossilized. I want motherfuckers to find me in the future wrapped in minerals. Bro, he says...  Wrap with the mum? What? Wrap me in minerals, bro. Wrap me in minerals, bro. Turned Charlemagne into Japanese food. Turned Charlemagne into Japanese food. Turned Charlemagne into Japanese food. Turned Charlemagne into Japanese food. I want to come back to the California roll. That's great.  I do.    Wrap me in motherfucking seaweed.   Yo, we need to get to the bottom of this, bro. How are you going to tell me dinosaurs existed if we don't have any of their bones left?  How do we know if it was bones? No, but isn't the real bones at the museums? Like how they built the dinosaurs? Taylor, have you not been paying attention the last 10 minutes that we've been talking? There's no, they're not any bones at all. That's why they don't let you touch the bones at the museum. That's why they don't let you touch the bones at the museum. Say what? Yes, I know it doesn't make sense. No, because I went to a museum and they lied to me then. What did they say? They would say that it was a real bone.  You're young and impressionable.    I don't remember exactly where it is now but they took it from Anguilla and put it there. So I just assume that's what dinosaur bones were. What? I don't know what's going on right now. Wait, you said that thing. I don't know what's going on right now. I don't know what's going on. Look at his face. Okay, okay, okay. Hold on, listen, listen, listen. Listen, listen. It says the most common process of fossilization happens when an animal is buried by sediment such as sand or silt shortly after it dies.  Come on, yo. As this body decomposes all the fleshy parts wear away and only the hard parts like bones, teeth and horns are left behind.   Joe said there are bones like there's no bones at all. The minerals have replaced the space where the bones were so they essentially look like bones but they're not the bones. But to me there could be a lot of different things. I always thought like are they really dinosaur bones or is it something else? It might not be any dinosaurs, bro. There really might not be any dinosaurs, bro. No, no, no, no. Dinosaurs exist. I saw a pterodactyl in the early 80s. What? You saw what? I saw a pterodactyl in the early 80s. You did? Where? You saw a pterodactyl in the early 80s. Hold on, hold on. Where did you see this pterodactyl, bro? I'm going to tell you. Anybody that's from South Carolina you remember one time Live Five News Right.  I'm looking this up. I don't know if the pterodactyl was sick or what but somehow or another this pterodactyl came down to the ground and you could tell like it either was sick or something happened because it was like on the ground like in pain, right?  Google is your friend. How you spell pterodactyl, Sharla? Oh, you killed him. Hold on, hold on. P-T-E-R-O Dactyl No. P-T-E-R-O No, he's right.   You're not even saying pterodactyl.  Why? There's no point in them. They're silent. Why even add them in the fucking... Hey, yo, yo, yo, speaking of silent, yo. Taylor. Oh, I'm sorry. According to YouTube, they really need you to be quiet on this. Taylor. He asked me a question. Yo, I don't think he meant to, yo. I don't think I did ask you that question. I think you just shared that with me. I don't remember a question he didn't ask, yo. No, I'm serious.  But back in the day, in North Carolina and South Carolina, people used to see pterodactyls all the time.  I never forget it. Paterosaur sightings in South Carolina. Same thing. Wow. Same thing. That's all I'm saying. Now that being said, the first plane was developed by the Wright brothers in North Carolina, was it not? True indeed. So maybe these could be early versions of the first plane. This was the 80s. I saw, I'm telling you, I saw it. It was on the news. It was on Live 5 News. This was the 80s. And I remember telling my mom or whoever was in the house like, yo, look what's on TV. It's a dinosaur. They didn't eat anybody? Wow. What? What? You know, all dinosaurs weren't carnivores though. Most dinosaurs, a lot of dinosaurs were vegan, Taylor. I've never been around a dinosaur. I don't know. You said what? I've never been around a dinosaur. I don't know. Oh, a raptor would have loved you. I ain't talking about Ser Jabaka neither.  A raptor was a carnivore. You seen Jurassic Park?  Anyway.  Oh, I think we hit that one. No, we didn't. We didn't.   You want to pay some bills and come back and do a deep dive on it? Yeah, but oh, I didn't know we found out. Yeah, she said it. All right, we're going to pay some bills. All right, guys, we're going to take a break for a second. Pay some bills. Look, if you have a business, okay, an existing business, you are starting a new business. It's legitimate without a website. I've said this before. I will say it again. You need that website. Website is more important than a storefront. There are tons of businesses that exist without a storefront. Legitimate billion-dollar businesses that exist without a storefront. You know what?  So make sure you get your website. You want to start that right now. You go to Squarespace.  You're going to get your website, your domain, whatever you need to do. You will build it there. It is the easiest place to build a website. I cannot tell you. It is so easy. I can even build the website. That's how functional it is. All right, you can do everything you want there. You can build your website. They have 24-hour, seven-day a week, customer support. It's award-winning. It's amazing. They can help you with everything they need. They already have the templates and everything built. Okay, this is click, post, play.  Go to Squarespace.com, okay? New beginnings, new reality, new website. Get with it. Let's get back to the show. Um, yeah. We're back. Yeah, the Megan Thee Stallion situation, the Tory Lane situation. I mean, according to Megan Thee Stallion, I'm still going to say, um, allegedly. Only because that's the proper thing to do when you're in media. Even though this is a eye-witness account, it's made with no better than any of us. Did what? But, uh, yeah, Megan Thee Stallion said that Tory Lane shot her, bro. Why though? I mean, I don't think there is a reason. I mean, I... No reason justifies it. How about that? No reason justifies it.  Well, I think, um, from what Megan was saying, I think Megan got pushed by social media. I think that, um, I think that and I don't know if this is true, this is all I'm just going off Megan's account. Megan said that people in Tory Lane's camp were I guess hitting up different publications and putting different narratives out there and different stories. Um, well, if that's true, the reason I thought that was crazy is because there's really nothing you could say that would justify. I'm not saying it's justified. I'm not saying it's justified. It's not justified at all. But what it does, uh... You just want to know. Of course, that's the most... We're nosy people. We want the whole story. That's all. I think people get upset when people say that, like, I want the other side. They don't want the other side because they want to defend Tory. They don't want the other side because they're looking for some type of justification. We just want the other side to fill in the blanks. It's just like when I hear that somebody died, I need to know how they died immediately, especially when they're relatively young. Because the way my anxiety is set up, if somebody tells me, oh, such and such had a heart attack, I'm like, what? He's 40 years old and he had a heart attack. But when I hear, yeah, but he was doing drugs, I'm like... You know what I'm saying? Like, it's just a sigh of relief. Clearly, something's wrong with Tory. Yes, something's wrong with him. And I think that we can tell how deeply fucked up he is when we find out what he deemed shoot worthy, right? Well, you have this situation where he opened fire on a woman. Now, there's no... Allegedly opened fire on a woman.  But I want to know what in his crazy-ass mind he thinks justifies it. Because then there might be other people like him out there that also believe that that is justification to shoot. I need to know from my safety. I think a lot of it is just fragile ego. You think... Were they hooking up? Has anybody confirmed that? I have no idea. No, they didn't confirm it, but that's what everyone's assuming. I just think it's fragile ego. I think that a lot of guys are just insecure. They got low self-esteem. And that's what women call... When people talk about toxicness, toxic masculinity, that's what that is. When that ego, that wounded ego, gets touched. It's very vulnerable, you know what I mean? And you couple that with... This is me. I'm just saying, you couple that with alcohol, maybe some drugs. You know what I'm saying? Who knows? That's what creates those volatile mixes that lead people to do those type of things. That's it. You know what I mean? That's all. And that's not a justification at all. It's just like you want to know all the details so you can figure out how to prevent things like this from happening in the future. I have a question. What do we tell young men? You know what I'm saying? They avoid situations like this. Young men need to be... That's why I stress therapy so much. That's why I stress healing so much. Get to that place where you're operating from your soul and not your ego. By the way, there's nothing wrong with ego. It just can't be a wounded ego. It can't be a hurt ego. It has to be a beautiful ego. I saw this thing today, man. I'm actually going to post this later. I thought this was very very powerful. My homegirl, Debbie Brown, posted that ego versus soul. Right? This ego seeks to serve itself. Soul seeks to serve others. Ego seeks outward recognition. Soul seeks inner authenticity. Ego sees life as a competition. Soul sees life as a gift. Ego seeks to preserve self. Soul seeks to preserve others. Ego looks outward. Soul looks inward. Ego feels lack. Soul feels abundance. Ego is mortal. Soul is eternal. Ego is drawn to lust. Soul is drawn to love. Ego seeks wisdom. Soul is wisdom. Ego enjoys the prize. Soul enjoys the journey. Ego is cause to pain. Soul is cause of healing. I think that's the question that we all need to ask ourselves. Are we leading with ego? Are we leading with our soul? I have a question though. Do you think that there's anything Tori could say? Like to rectify the situation? Yeah. It's crazy how Taylor don't know what justification means. When we say no justification he doesn't understand it. There's no rectifying. I don't mean necessarily rectifying. The only thing Tori should be worried about is himself. What I mean by that is get your career. The energy you put out by doing that you got to deal with all the consequences of that action. If you put your hands on her if you shot her you end up going to jail whatever that's on you. If you lose your career whatever that's on you. So all of that is out the window. You got to deal with that. You got to deal with the comic consequences of that. The only rectification Tori should be seeking is rectification of himself. Burning that wounded hurt ego into a healed beautiful soul. That's going to take a lot of time. That's going to take a lot of time. What are your thoughts on the fact that she didn't speak out about this at first and now she's speaking out now like after the fact? No I know that but I mean like some say that this hurts her case if she tries to find justice that she speaks out about it. Does it hurt her case that she what now Alex if she tries to find justice? Yeah like saying it publicly and speaking on the case publicly it may hurt her case if this actually goes to trial. I mean this is what I expected from day one what she did last week. I mean it's commendable that they lasted a month or however long it lasted.


MAI We're in a holiday camp, and it's Haradake. He had a close game of rugby, so we're celebrating everything here, and I'm looking forward to have the night continue.


On to some high school volleyball. Grand Rapids looking for a section title against Cambridge-I-Santi on Saturday. Third set, Thunderhawks lead by 2-Megan Walsh. Strikes for the Rapids point. And then Game Point for the Thunderhawks. Brianna Sutherland delivers the ace. And they're headed to state. Congratulations to them. They win 3-0 over Cambridge-I-Santi. Here they are after the game. All excited. It's a good reward. Beyond the record and everything else and the recognition, it's nice that the kids can recognize the type of work they put in. The type of commitment they made to the program and the sacrifices they made. And to receive that as a paycheck is what we call it to get to the state tournaments, whatever kids are playing for. It's a lot of our first state tournaments. So I'll definitely just take it all in and hopefully get a couple Ws too. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


As Gary said, we're located in Southeast Nebraska, actually Richardson County, which is the most southeast county in the state, farm in a variety of topography from hills to bottoms and soil types from sand to heavy clay. The goal of our project was to accurately measure the remaining nitrogen needs of corn in season and produce a variable rate prescription, nitrogen prescription, that could be flown on with a plane to address those needs. There are multiple challenges in determining how much nitrogen to supply for each acre of corn. Overall growing conditions can vary from year to year, and I should mention we're dryland, so if it rains or doesn't rain, it's a very important factor in what kind of yields we can raise. In addition to the yield potential within the field, you can see things from the topography, soil types, fertility and rainfall, they're all going to play a factor in addition to what the weather is overall. The weather can also affect the nitrogen availability that's in the soil, how much of the nitrogen can be gained from organic matter mineralization, but we also have to be concerned about the amount of losses that can occur in wetter conditions and also due to our coarser textured soils. The red and orange dots on this map represent wells with high nitrate levels. For the environment and our own health, we need to be managing our nitrogen with the goal to not only to only apply what the crop will use. We felt by waiting until the initial application of pre-plant nitrogen was nearly depleted, the growing conditions that have occurred up to that point can be taken into account to help calculate the remaining nitrogen that will be needed. By waiting until that initial application is nearly depleted, the growing conditions can actually be experienced in season and factored in to calculate remaining nitrogen needed.  In dry land corn production there's two application choices, ground or air. One consistent advantage of the air over ground is no crop damage due to stand loss from the wheel tracks. Also if the field is too wet for ground applicators, a plane can get the job done. This project wouldn't have succeeded without a team effort. I've provided the experience for field operations. Nathan and Laura Thompson provided all the technical knowledge and skills to set up the plots, program and fly the drone, analyze the data and also write the prescriptions for the nitrogen application that will be made later. We used, I guess I should have mentioned, in this slide I'm applying various rates of nitrogen in the different strips that we set up and that will be explained shortly. We used a GPS auto steer to be able to plant on the anhydrous strips. This allowed us to make sure each seed had equal access to the nitrogen in each of the nitrogen rate strips. The entire plots were flown weekly to measure the nitrogen status in the crop. When the drone imagery started to show that the corn was running out of nitrogen, GPS reference prescription maps were generated and sent to the aerial applicator. Besides the cart scale weights of grain harvested out of the center passes of each of the strips, the combine also recorded yield data from the entire plot. Nate will now provide some in-depth look at the drone imagery that went into our project. The goal of this project was to use a multi-spectral sensor to, in effect, measure the amount of nitrogen in the corn plant. In the past, nitrogen, I don't know if some of the other people are with chlorophyll meters or a spad sensor or something like that, but in the past they were usually hand-held or mounted on some equipment that you would then drive through the field. Well, now with the advent of advanced technology, they've become a lot smaller and now you can mount them on things like drones or airplanes or things like that. So you avoid a lot of the problems like Dean was saying with driving through the field and creating crop damage or not having good conditions for things like that. And it's cheaper to fly the drone than it is to get a big piece of equipment through the field and it's easier, not invasive, more frequent. So what we're looking at is, like I said, we're directly measuring the nitrogen content of the corn plant and that's done sort of indirectly. We look at five different wave bands, but what we're really concerned with or the important one is the red band. The red band directly relates to chlorophyll content, which then you can relate to nitrogen content. We take the information we get from the red band and we make some indices. You've heard of them. NDVI is a really popular one. It's just a way of relating different indices into just an easy to understand ratio. The one we used, and I'll explain it a little later, but we used NDRE. And the reason we used NDRE is because the red edge area, and you can kind of see with this graph here. The red edge band is more responsive to slight changes in the nitrogen content of the corn plant. And what happens is, as the corn plant grows and it gets greener, the NDVI index begins to saturate. So this is an example of a comparison of two indices. On the top is NDVI, and the bottom is NDRE. This is the same flight at the exact same time, and you can tell that the NDVI has saturated where you can't see any differentiation. This is a nitrogen plot of different nitrogen rates, but you can see on the NDRE the differences start to show up. You can see the different nitrogen rates within the plot there. Yeah, red is less nitrogen, less chlorophyll, less red band reflectance. So in order to understand if a corn plant really is deficient in nitrogen, you need to have a reference point of a corn plant that is not deficient. So when we set up these studies or we do these prescriptions, we always have an area of the field that's a small area, but it's more or less over applied nitrogen. So we know that that corn there is fully sufficient in nitrogen, that way we have something to compare to. When we compare those, the fully sufficient corn to our target area, we create something called a sufficiency index. So this is an example. This is a field where you can tell that it's visually apparent, just with our naked eye, that corn there is deficient in nitrogen, whereas say the corn there on the left is fully sufficient, has all the nitrogen it needs. So what we do is we'll measure this all, we'll fly the drone over it, we'll get an index number for the sufficient plant, we'll get an index number for the deficient plant, and then we just make a ratio. We divide the insufficient plant by the sufficient, and then we come up with our sufficiency index. So that's kind of the key to creating our prescriptions and relating what we know is to be sufficient to our target area, which may or may not be. So when we first started this project, we had some choices to make as far as drones. There's lots there on the market. We went with a DJI Inspire II. It's actually built and intended for filmmaking. It's meant to be a videography drone, more or less. They make all kinds of fancy video cameras for it. We chose it because of its combination of price and features. At a time of about 25 minutes on average in perfect conditions, I'm going to fly up to 58 miles per hour, which it really isn't important for us. Important detail here is that it has some payload capacity at about a pound and a half, which is more than enough for our sensor. It can fly in winds up to 22 miles an hour, which means it can compensate, it can keep itself in the air, which is important because in late June, early July, in Nebraska, it can be windy sometimes, and we don't want to be kept out of the field just because it might be beautiful sunny skies, but if the wind's blowing, we want to still be able to fly. It's got its own built-in GPS that can navigate itself. It's got two batteries, and it costs about $3,000. The sensor, there's also many, many different choices out there on the market. The one we went with is made by a company called Micasense. The red-end sensor, as far as they're lined up, it's an older model now. These things are continuously changing and improving, but it's a five-band, multi-spectral sensor. It senses in the blue, green, red, red edge, and near and for red. It's pretty light, five ounces or so, small size, eight centimeters per pixel ground sample distance. What that means is that at 400-foot altitude, which is the FAA limit, each pixel on the picture that it takes represents eight centimeters on the ground, so about two and a half, three inches. It makes one capture per second, and it also includes, and this is important as well, includes a down-willing light sensor and its own external GPS, so it doesn't share any information with the drone, which has its own GPS. It has its own connected GPS system and a down-willing light sensor. The importance of the sensor, you want to be able to compare imagery across time, especially for a research project like this. We want to be able to take a picture on Monday and go back the next Monday and take more pictures and be able to directly compare those two, even though the first day it might have been overcast and the second day it may have been bright sunny, because again, this is measuring reflectance, and so reflectance is going to depend on how much light you have. This is correct for our light conditions, more or less, so this sensor comes with a down-willing light sensor that measures those ambient light conditions. Every picture it takes, it records also all the, just the amount of light that's coming in just from the sun and the sky or whatever, and before every flight, we have to calibrate it. I should have brought it as an example, but there's a picture here. We have a reflectance panel. It has a little square about this size, and it's painted a special color that's been accurately measured in a lab, and we know exactly what that reflectance is. So before we start a flight, we'll take a picture of that with the drone. We'll pick the drone up, and it's kind of cumbersome if you're doing it by yourself. You pick the drone up and you hold it over here, and then on your smartphone you can control the camera and take a picture, and then it's taking information from the light sensor and everything, and so then when we go in the process that we go in and we tell the computer what the values are of that panel, and it corrects all our imagery based on that panel and the information from the sensor. So we fly passes back and forth across the field, and it would be impossible to do that by hand, so we use software to control the drone and plan the missions and draw it. It's really simple. It's on an iPad or your phone or any smartphone or iPad can do it. This program, maybe you've heard of it, is called Drone Deploy, and it's pretty simple. It's pretty amazing really how just you plan out your mission and you tell it how high you want it to go, what your overlap is, which is another thing. We shoot for 75% overlap. It just helps, it stitches better, makes a complete, better, more complete map. So you can set all that information up and you hit a button and it just takes off and does its thing, flies the mission, and then comes back, all on its own. You don't have to do anything. So there are some legal considerations when you're getting into flying drones. It's all for commercial purposes like what we'd be doing. It's all under part 107 rules of FAA. If it's greater than .55 pounds, it has to be registered. Just like a plane. We have a registration number and we have to have it on the drone, just like a tail number on an airplane. Commercial use, you need a remote pilot certificate. It's kind of like a pilot's license. It's not quite as in-depth as like a manned aircraft but requires some study and some time. There's some restrictions. We have to stay below 400 foot above ground level. It has to be within line of sight at all times and you can't fly it at night and the line of sight is important. It's unaided line of sight, so you can't use a binoculars. These drones are able, I think, the max transmission range for the controllers, like four miles. Well, there's no way you can see this four miles away up in the air, so you have to be able to see it at all times with no binoculars or unaided sight. It's always important to check VFR maps, make sure you're not in any restricted air spaces or there's a website you can use to do that. Like I said, there's lots of mission planning apps and programs we use drone deploy. That's free and it's easy to use. Set for 400 foot, 75% overlap. Dream conditions, ideally less than 20 miles an hour. That's what the drone rated at. It probably could do better, but I wouldn't ever try it. Light conditions are important. It does have that light sensor is there to compensate for changing light conditions, but what it can't do is it can't handle partly cloudy conditions where you have big puffy clouds and shadows moving across the field. It can't quite compensate for that. You want uniform cloud conditions. You want either completely sunny or just some high clouds that are kind of opaque or just complete overcasts, but the big puffy clouds don't really work very well. Time of day, a couple hours of solar noon. It's not so much of an issue in the summer probably because there's quite a bit of time where the sun's fairly close to being directly overhead, but that's simply just a limit shadows, the effect of shadows. Even in a cornfield, you're going to get a shadow effect from row to row. You really notice that if there's any trees along the field, shadows will cast over the field and that will throw your imagery off. So you really want to be close to solar noon, limit the shadows, and then you've got the most directs straight on light. And this was a challenge this year in our county. Richardson County was awfully dry. If you waited too long into the day, the leaves would start to roll because the plant was conserving moisture. Well, you can't sense the leaves. You can't measure the chlorophyll content when the leaf's all rolled up. So you've got to be cognizant of that. So the final challenge is with flying, well, not the final one, but another one. There's quite a few. Data storage. So if you fly at four and foot, which is the most efficient altitude, 70% overlap, which is probably a little less than what we normally do. An acre field is going to have 13 and a half gigabytes of data. It's almost 6,000 images. So we were doing this like once a week for each one of these fields. And it added up. We have terabytes of data at home. So this is the output. This is what you get. Each row here going across is one capture. So if you notice, each row going across is one capture. So there's four captures here. And you can see, I don't know if you can see back where you are here on the screen, but you can tell the drone is moving this way. And so this is in time. This is the next one, next one, next one. And so this is the output you get. And they're all black and white because what they're doing is they're just measuring the reflectance for each given band. So the blue hasn't actually blue on the image that you get. It's just each pixel is a value representing the reflectance. When we take it into the computer, the computer then assigns blue to blue and green to green and red to red. And then you get a color image like what you would see if you were flying with the drone. But every image is geotagged. And then we stitch it together with image processing software. Software we used last year was Pix4D, which is specially designed and made for this. The year before, we used software that was made by Micasense. And this coming year, it'll probably be a different software because it's constantly changing it. And in fact, Pix4D changed right in the middle of the growing season last year. And we kind of scrambled and find an alternative. It's pretty computer intensive. It's about six minutes per acre. So on average. So there are some fields that take a couple hours. The computer sits there and checks through it. After we get stitched image, it'll stitch each band individually. And then we can use those to calculate our indices, NDRE or NDVI or whatever. So once we have our indices and our stitched images, we can then overlay those in GIS software. We use software called QGIS. It's free on the internet. It's kind of similar to ArcMap if anyone's ever used that. We can overlay all those imagery, you know, Calculator Index. And then we combine it with Calculator SI. We combine it with the base rate of N, well, organic matter, previous crop credits. So if you had soybeans before, we give ourselves nitrogen credit for that. And then we consider a yield goal. And that was all go into the equation that generated prescription. So first location, 2017, we had one. This was the plot layout. We had three base rate, four base rates, three that we were testing. We had two drone management rates of 75 pounds and 100 pounds base rate as in hydrosimonia. And then we had the traditional farmer management that was 160 pounds base. And then we also had two high-end reference blocks, 225 pounds. That went to the side of acreage. It was included on the acreage. This plot was about 90 acres. Each reference block, I think, was 300 foot long of one pass. Wide. 300 feet wide. Yeah, it was. OK. It's a small little, I don't know, a couple acres probably for each high reference block. 30 acres each for each treatment. We flew it about 11 times. We flew it quite a bit because what we're looking for is we were looking for that moment where the lower base rate strips started to show deficiency when compared to the references. We really weren't sure when exactly that was going to happen. So we flew it quite often. June 24th was apparently the day that, and you can tell, this is, these are the same flight, same data. This is an RGB view, so true color view. And this is the NDRU view. And you can see where the 75 pound rates really started to show up. Really a lot, yellow or red, meaning lower nitrogen content. So what was happening here is these base rates were starting to run out of nitrogen. The corn was showing deficiency. That's something we could see at the NDRU and we couldn't see in the true color. That was, it's a combination of the red, green and blue bands. So it's a true color. It's, yeah, here. This is just an actual plain old photo from just a digital camera from the same, you know, probably within a couple days. I don't know if it was the same day compared to NDRU. So you can see, I mean, what your eyes see, it all looks the same. But the index is showing the deficiency. So we took the imagery and then all those factors I mentioned before, like organic matter and yield goal and end credits and everything. This is the prescription we came up with. It was a variable rate prescription for an airplane. It was, yeah, 200 foot long blocks because when the airplane flies down the path, that's how far they, they can change the rate every one second. They go about 200 foot in one second. So that limited our block size. So the, the variable rate prescription ranged from 60 to 120 pounds of urea, of N as urea. The farmer rate, the farmer decided he was going to put on extra 40 pounds on his rate, on his, on his managed strips. So 24th is the imagery we used to apply. And then the 14th was a couple weeks later after application. I think it was like two days, three, the 28th, so a couple days later we applied. A couple weeks later we flew it again to see what happened. And you can see that everything was more uniform. It appears that the lower rate strips caught up, so to speak. Everything's more uniform and homogenous. So there is apparently a response to the fertilizer reapplied with the plane. We did, I don't remember what it was, I don't think we recorded it. We recorded that in 18. We tried, we tried to time the application to go right before that rain. So it's not just sitting there and losing it off. We wanted to get watered in. The urea that did go on was, was had a stabilizer on it. So we did have a little more time to hopefully get a rain. Yeah, it was coded or, yeah, yeah. Okay, so this is a, this is a statistical analysis of the NDRE response. So you can see these are grass representing, oops, representing the reflectance on the 24th of June. These letters here represent that there's a statistical, statistical difference between the three treatments. This is a graph of the values on the 14th of July. This gray line here is the reference box, if you're wondering. And then again on 14th of September. So you can see they, overall, they decline. They're probably the greenest right before Tassel late June. And then as the crop matures and dries down, they obviously decline. But they stayed pretty uniform for the rest of the year. Here's a table showing their base rates, average in season rate from the prescription of an airplane, and then the total N rates for all three treatments. This is the yield. The yield was the same across all three treatments. So then since we used less nitrogen on the drone treatments, there was obviously some efficiency gain and pounds of N per bushels of grain produced. And these are really good, pretty good efficiency numbers. And then a partial product or a partial profit calculation. And they're all fairly similar in profitability. It is more expensive to apply urea with a variable rate airplane than it is to put it on as a hydrous. So that's why even though we saved about 25 pounds on average, the profitability calculations came out pretty much even. Dean's going to go through our two 2018 here fields. In 2018, we continued the project on two new fields. Bay-Oyesal, a neighboring farmer, had agreed to be part of the grant project and provided us with a field for testing. We reduced our drone management pre-plant rates from two to one. We chose to go with a hundred pound base rate for the drone managed fields, since it carried us further into the growing season and allowed us to take into account more of the growth factors that occurred up until that point. This north field site was on gently sloping upland. We did frequent flights through June as we had the year before to watch for signs for the first signs of any nitrogen shortage before any permanent yield reduction could occur. Because of dryers soil moisture profile and lower than normal rainfall in 18, the nitrogen level differences between the strips weren't as obvious as in 17. On June 27th, after flying the field with the drone, we'd made prescription maps and sent them to the aerial applicator. Because of the uniformity of the drone imagery for the field, we were able to have the plane apply a flat rate of 25 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Also note the rainfall that we received on the 30th of June. Here's a comparison of the drone imagery just before fertilizing and then a week and a half later. The improvement is subtle compared to the 2017 imagery. The drone likely made the drought, likely made the moisture a bigger yield limiting factor than the fertilizer. And to summarize this field, we started with the 100 pounds for the drone based and then applied 25 pounds for a total 125. The farmer managed strips had 160 pounds applied replant. The yields came out very close to the same, insignificantly different statistically. The thing that was statistically different was the improvement in efficiency of nitrogen on the drone strips. To get the NUE number, you basically just divide the pounds of nitrogen used by the eight bushels of corn you harvest. The profit per acre was slightly lower for the drone strips, although it wasn't statistically different. This is due to the fact that this in 18, the farmer strips didn't get any additional nitrogen as they had in 17. This is the layout for the south site. It was a bottom field but experienced less rainfall than the north site. Using the same two replant N rates. Well, excuse me, I should say the drone rate was still the 100 pounds. The farmer rate in this case was 180 pounds base rate. We use the same flight times for this field also. As we noted earlier, there's only minor differences seen in the drone versus farmer strips in 2018. Again, because of the uniformity of the drone imagery for the field, we were able to have the plane apply a flat rate. In this case, the calculations indicated that we could get by with 53 pounds of nitrogen on the drone strips. And also note that the rainfall following this flight was in this location was considerably less. Here's the imagery before and after fertilizing, showing only minor differences. Something to note, we continued flying the field on a slightly less frequent basis, but later in the summer, a little over a month later, on August 9th, here's an imagery that we captured. I think this really starts to show that under drought conditions, the different soil types and water holding capacities of this field had significant impact on the plant health of the crop. The accuracy of the drone imagery is very impressive, especially when you compare it to the combine yield monitor data that we gathered in October harvesting the crop. To summarize this field, the drone imagery strips received 153 pounds of nitrogen, the farmer strips 180. The yields came out basically the same, within a fraction of the bustle of each other. Again, we saw slight improvement in the efficiency of nitrogen in the drone strips versus the farmer strips. And this resulted in a insignificant but slightly lower profit because the farmer strips weren't side dressed due to the drought. The cost for materials and application are listed below. This is a picture from one of two field days that we held in 17 and 18. A later slide that will come up will list the web link to a YouTube video of the entire field day. At that point, I think I'll let Nate summarize what we've seen over this two-year project. So in summary, we saved nitrogen for all three sites, averaged 30 pounds an acre, 25 to 35 pounds. No yield loss in any site or year. In all years, the drone plus the sensor approach produced greater nitrogen efficiency. So we used less pounds of end to produce a single bushel of grain. The profitability is fairly similar. Like Dean said, in 2018, it was affected by the fact that the farmer chose not to apply side dress. If we weren't in a research situation where we were testing a method, we probably would have made the decision to not to apply and the drone managed strips either. But we really wanted to test the response to the fertilizer based on what the drone was saying. We really wanted to see what was going to happen. So we did it anyways. If we were really in a more practical real life situation, we probably wouldn't have applied. And then the drone imagery in that case probably would have been used to confirm the farmer's intuition that it was too dry, that we hadn't really lost any nitrogen. So there was no need to apply any more end. Yeah, low rainfall in those two in both years, actually. One of the big challenges was timing that nitrogen application to coincide with rainfall. Because if you fly it on and it doesn't rain for a week, well, you've lost a lot of your end. And that's going to affect your efficiency. So we would like to really see how this works in a supposed wet or normal year. Some future ideas we're thinking about is this would probably work fairly well in a center pivot environment where you have the ability to furtigate. So you don't have to worry about timing your nitrogen correctly with rainfall. And even going beyond a drone, but even just putting the sensor on the pivot itself is something you can do. So if we're non-arrogated, we're looking at obviously lowering the base rate, the starting rate, so we can better time our applications for when the plant needs it or when we think we're more likely to get rain. But also the other option is you could use a higher base rate closer to what you think you may need and then monitor with the drone to see if you have any loss events that require maybe some spot applications or something like that. So this is something I think we're going to be trying next year is do it on more of a contour area, having different high rate blocks throughout the field will fly and just observe maybe not necessarily use it to apply nitrogen, but just observe how things change in the compare yield and try to find out where the optimum nitrogen rates are going to be. And possibly in addition to high rates, also ask some small low rate blocks so you get an early warning that you're approaching the end of the nitrogen available. Right. Using those low areas is kind of like a litmus test for timing your nitrogen application. Any questions? He was asking if we took into account the cost of the labor and time and materials of flying the drone into our profitability calculations and we did not. We just don't have a good handle on exactly how much that would cost. I mean, we were flying it so much more often than what you would in, I guess, a real life application. Estimates are probably $2 to $5 an acre, is probably what it would cost. But the problem with a lot of our time on it is similar whether you're flying a 40 acre field or you're flying a 100 acre field. The cost of it is really kind of the same, so it's kind of hard to put a per acre cost on it. In perfect conditions, you can do 80 acres with this setup.  So it's about 80 acres in perfect conditions. Other setups can do longer. So, OK, you're asking if you can use prior years data to kind of predict when, yeah. Yeah, well, the thing about this is what we're kind of doing here is we're, in our nitrogen equation, we're taking into account the weather. So that crop is going to show deficiency at different times, mostly based on the weather. Right, and that's it. Yeah, I mean, we thought about that, but we're really not sure how we would approach how to exactly go about that. It's been thought of. Yeah, yeah.  So I don't know if that's kind of what you're, yeah. Yeah, it's a good, it's a cool idea. I mean, that would be more requires. Yeah. Yeah, in 2018, we had the plane fly flat rates because the imagery didn't show enough difference to justify doing a variable rate. In 2017, they did fly a variable rate, and it ranged from what? 60 to 120. 120 pounds, so it varied a lot. The imagery suggested that we could efficiently place nitrogen at those different rates along the strips. It was almost a quarter mile long strips in the 2017 project.