See, whether you call it alternating current or alternating voltage does not matter the one in the same thing. What does alternating means? What does it mean? It changes. So, tell me which one are the alternating voltages or alternating currents? One a, b, c, d, which one are the alternating currents? Is it alternating? They definitely not. This is yes or no? Why? It is not changing. It is changing, but it is not becoming negative. It is not changing the direction. So, it is not alternating. It is a direct current. These are changing the direction. There is a positive current. After some time, there is a negative current. And in our syllabus, we are specifically focusing on this kind of AC, which is sinusoidal curve. When I say sinusoidal, cos is same as sinusoidal, like sin theta plus pi by 2 is cos only. So, it is one in the same thing. They behave similarly. So, we are dealing with this curve in this chapter. Why? Because this is what we are creating. In AC generator chapter, there is a sin term coming in or not. emf was equal to nab omega sin omega t. This is what is getting generated out of that rotating this thing. So, this automatically comes naturally. So, our focus is this type of voltage. See, this is the first time you guys are learning about alternating current. So, we will be first talking about the basic elements. Like for example, a basic circuit with AC, like only resistance connected to AC first. Then we will connect only inductor, then only capacitance. We will find out the current, voltage, power in all these circuits. And then we will talk about what if we connect them together, what will happen? How we will find out power, current and voltage, all that. And once we are done with everything, then we will talk about few practical stuff. Like how can you utilize alternating current to create something which we have learned in current electricity, potentiometer, midstone bridge. First we learn the basics, then instruments, similarly here. But the basic of alternating current starts from the very very basic, because you are learning alternating current for the first time. So, the first circuit that we are going to study is resistance circuit, only R. So, if you connect a resistance of value R with an AC voltage source, AC voltage source is denoted by this. This is AC and this is DC, this is AC. Let us say AC voltage source is this, V naught sin omega t. First you tell me, what is the average voltage? How much is the average voltage? This is the sign for average. How much is the average voltage? So, average voltage is how much? Average of sine graph is what? It is 0, it is equally above and equally below. So, average of voltage is 0. Current is how much? If you apply Kirchhoff's this thing, you will get current is equal to V naught by R sin omega t. Simply even current also changes with time. So, what is the average value of current? 0. So, how different it is with 0 voltage and 0 current? There is a lot of difference. So, average is not giving a true picture of what is happening. Average of 0 is also 0. This is what current which continuously changes and V naught sin omega t is voltage that is continuously changing. But if I ask you what is on and average, what is the voltage in AC? If you say 0, that does not make any sense. Because if you say on and average is 0, it should not give you a feel that there is no voltage. So, the way you take the average is completely different when such thing happens. What you do? You square it so that negative also becomes positive. You square it, then you take average of all the squares and then you take the square root. So, it becomes root means square. So, we will be taking root mean square root of all the means of the square. So, now let us try to find out V rms. Rms means root mean square. This will be equal to what? The mean of V square sin square omega t under root. Try to get the value of this. Use the fact that average of cos omega t is 0, cos 2 omega t is also 0, average of that. Use it and try to get the value. The average of V naught square is V naught square. So, V naught will come out of this square root. You have to take average of sin square omega t. What is sin square omega t equals to 1 plus or 1 minus? 1 minus cos 2 omega t divided by 2, the average of that. So, this will be root over average of 1 by 2 is 1 by 2. It is a constant minus average of cos 2 omega t divided by 2. How much is this? 0. So, you will get V naught by root 2 and as a fact also if you remember average of sin square is 1 by 2, average of cos square is 1 by 2. Now, it makes sense that on an average, if you take root mean square the voltage is V naught by root 2. So, now it is different from 0. So, there is something. V rms is V naught by root 2. What is I rms? I naught by root 2 which is what? V naught by r root 2. So, we have found average of voltage and current, but this is just average. Actual current is this and actual voltage is this. Now, can you find out how much is the power dissipated in the resistance? Power dissipated. How we find power? I square r. No. V naught square r sin square omega t. This is what you will get power. Isn't it? This is I. I square r is that. So, power dissipating the resistance depends on time. So, we will try to find out average power now, but you should remember one thing is if average power is coming out to be 0, you do not take rms of the average power because power represents energy. It has some physical significance. So, we do not take rms value of power. We just take average of power. So, what is average of power over here? V naught square by r into average of sin square omega t. What is the average of sin square omega t? 1 by 2. So, this will be equal to V naught square by 2 r. Now, if you try to write down in terms of rms values, you can say that it is V rms into I rms or it can be written as I rms square into r. So, when you use rms values, the formulas are very similar to what you have in direct current. So, this is the first basic circuit plot of the graph. In this graph, plot current, voltage and power. The voltage will be simply like this. This is voltage. The current will be what? If you assume resistance to be more than 1, V naught by r will be less than V naught. So, we will lag behind. No, no, no. They are both sin. No, but the graph will be the same, but it will be like this. If r is more than 1, when voltage is maximum, current will be maximum. When voltage is 0, current is 0. What about power? Power is this. It will go like this and it will just hop over. It will remain in the positive pattern. This is the most simple circuit for AC. Just resistance is connected. Write down a question. A light bulb rated 1000 watt for 220 volt. I am talking about AC. When I say 220 volt and I do not say anything else, what does it mean? What voltage is this? rms. Otherwise, I have to specify that this is peak value or whatever it is. If this is rms value, this is divided by 2. You have to find out resistance of the bulb, peak voltage of the peak voltage and I rms. What is power? Power is average power. There is no meaning rms power. Power is i rms square into r. This is also equal to v rms i rms and that is also equal to v rms square by r. Resistance is 484. R is equal to 0.454. When you substitute values over here, you get resistance as 484 ohms. Peak voltage is how much? This rms voltage multiplied by root 2 because peak voltage divided by root 2 is rms voltage. Resistance is 484, peak voltage is 311 and current is 0.45. 1 divided by root 2 is 0.7. You remember that 1 divided by root 2 is 0.7, root 2 you know and root 3 divided by root 2 is 0.866. This thing you must do is 0.866. 1.7 divided by 2. This thing should be on your fingertips. You should not be like, okay, let me divide with root 2. No, multiply with 0.7. Okay, so should we proceed?


Hello and welcome to this summary of the poem, Mild The Mist Upon The Hill by Emily Bronte. Bear in mind that this poem features as part of Edexcel's belonging anthology, okay? Now, before we go into the details of analyzing the poem, its stanzas and so on, I think it's really important to always have a brief contextual knowledge and overview relating to things that influence the poet Emily Bronte herself, okay? So as you can see behind me, I've created a very brief mind map of key contextual factors you need to understand before we then look at the poem in detail. Now, first you remember that Elizabeth Bronte, or rather Emily Bronte, is a Victorian writer, okay? So she's a Victorian writer and she comes from the very literary and very famous Bronte family. Indeed, the Bronte sisters are really, really famous for producing some of the greatest Victorian fiction pieces, including, of course, by Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights and her sister Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre, okay? So she comes from a fairly famous literary family. But do bear in mind that she actually didn't come from a rich family. Her family members, her dad and her mom, they were clergy members. Her dad was the head of a postage and this kind of gave them a sort of very shaky middle class status, okay? But they were in no means rich at all, okay? The other thing to bear in mind is that because during the Victorian era, women were not seen as equal to men and she probably would not have had a great readership. If she had written under her real name, she took on a fake name, what is called a pseudonym, so a kind of gender-neutral name. And the pseudonym was Ellis Bell, okay? So she wrote during her time and during her life, she wrote under a pseudonym, which was a gender-neutral name, Ellis Bell. And she wrote this particular poem, So, Mild The Mist Upon The Hill, in 1839, okay? So do bear in mind that the Victorian society really saw women as inferior to men and it was often seen as even improper for a woman to do lots of writing, to engage in lots of writing, activism and so on, okay? Women were expected to be passive, they were expected to be angels of the house, okay? The other thing to bear in mind contextually is that she suffered traumas and losses herself, okay? Specifically speaking, in 1825, two of her sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, fell really gravely ill and they died and passed away, which is one of the things that really influenced her and influenced her a mini-bronte and also did bring on bouts of melancholy. And this melancholy, which is clearing up, is obviously hinted at within the poem, okay? So she suffered the loss of two of her sisters and she wrote her most famous book, Wuthering Heights, in 1847, okay? So much later than the death of her sisters, Wuthering Heights, if you do have the opportunity to read it, you will find that it's set on the Yorkshire Moors, which is where she's from and there is this overwhelming gloom, darkness and so on, okay, and it's a very classic piece of gothic fiction, okay? The other thing to bear in mind is that Emily Bronte, I'm like what was expected of women at the time, so women were expected to also get married, that was the main job of a woman to get married and have lots of children. She was very silent reserved and she never ever married, okay, so she remained an unmarried woman, basically a spinster, till the end of her life. And finally, this poem, so the Mild the Mist Upon the Hill, it never actually received a title, so this poem, the name of the poem is actually taken from the first line within the first stanza, okay? So this poem always remember that it actually never had a title. So now that you have this contextual factors in mind, okay, remember that when you're analysing any poem, you always have to know the poem and show, of course, your understanding of the poem on the one hand, but also you need to show an understanding of context and how this influences context. So now that we have this understanding out of the way, let's analyse the poem in detail. So let's read the poem, Mild the Mist Upon the Hill, Mild the Mist Upon the Hill, tilling not of storms tomorrow, no, the day has wept its fill, spent its stall of silent sorrow. Oh, I'm gone back to the days of youth, I am a child once more underneath my father's sheltering roof and near the old hall door. I watch this cloudy evening fall, after a day of rain, blue mists, sweet mists of summer pool, the horizon's mountain chain. The damp stands and the long green grass, as thick as morning tears and dreamy sense of fragrance pass that breathe of other years. So this poem is essentially illustrating the narrator looking at this mist as it's clearing from the hill and they are reflecting on the clouds and of course, even sorrow and sadness passing and they are reflecting on how they used to fill as a child and so on, okay? So now, given that we've read this poem and of course we have this sense of melancholy mixed in with nostalgia, let's analyse this poem in detail. The first thing to note is the title itself, Mild The Mist Upon The Hill. The title shares the first line of the first verse because Emily Bronte had never actually given this poem an official title, okay? So do bear that in mind. Now, when it comes to the first stanza, so as I've mentioned, Mild The Mist Upon The Hill, there's lots of alliteration here and of course the alliteration of M, especially Mild and Mist, reveals how there's a mild mist that's covering a hill that the narrator can see and this can also serve as a metaphor for how nature is taking a break from being sad and by extension you can interpret this as the speaker themselves are taking a break from being sad, from the sorrow, the melancholy. Then the mention of storms, okay? So this mist is covering and it's not telling us of the storms that will come tomorrow. Now, the weather here represents the sorrows and problems that may come the following day. However, the mist hides all of this. Again, the speaker could be also by extension reflecting on how the day that is starting as it can on the mist, it seems like it has no issues, but this is hiding maybe issues that will come in and problems that might come then following day tomorrow. Then we're told that the day has wept its fill and spent its store of silent sorrow. So here we have semantic field of grief, so wept and sorrow and of course also the day is personified as weeping and having sorrow which shows that the day is emerging from a period of sadness. Again, this could be by extension reflecting the narrator themselves, the speaker who is emerging from a period of sadness. Now, as I've mentioned, contextually speaking, remember that Emily Brontë had lost two sisters so we could also maybe see this as an extension of her herself, thinking about how nature, just like the way it's coming from its sadness, she's emerging from a period of mourning and sadness after the loss of her sisters. Furthermore, in line number three of the first verse, the day has wept its fill. As I've mentioned, personifications used here to show that the rain has ended and the day is now clearing up. Moreover, the use of sibilants is spent to store silent and sorrow. It creates an atmosphere of silence so there's a quiet and somber mood that's established in the first verse. In the second stanza, the speaker states, oh, I'm gone back now. The caesura after oh conveys a sense of longing that the speaker has for the younger days when they were youthful, innocent and happy before all the problems came and befell them. Then they state, I am a child once more. Now here, it's interesting because there's a shift from the third-person perspective, which we see in the first stanza, now to the first-person narrative. So the speaker feels like a child again in nature. Furthermore, they refer to my father's sheltering roof and old hall door. So sheltering roof and hall door, here we sense a sense of shelter and protection that's mentioned through the roof and the door. And this suggests that the speaker wants to feel safe in nature as providing them with the semblance of safety and comfort, like a loving protective father who's given them shelter, who's given them a roof over their heads and a door which protects them from the outside. In the third verse, the speaker states, I watch this cloudy evening fall. Again, here, pathetic fallacy indicates that evening is now falling. However, it's bringing rest and respite. Furthermore, there are myths that they see. So blue myths, sweet myths, and here the adjectives blue and sweet describe the mist as seeming quite calm, pleasant, and soothing from what the speaker can see. Also, the repetition of myths turns our attention back to this myth that had began the first verse. Furthermore, the reference to summer pawls. Now the idea of pawl has negative connotations, okay? When something is pawled, it's kind of covered in a shadow and this is interesting because it's actually prefixed. So the word that comes before is summer which gives the verse a pleasant, sunny feeling. So even if there's a bit of a shadow, actually this shadow has been brought on by summer. And again, always remember that summer represents happiness. Furthermore, there's a reference to the horizon's mountain change. Now, the assonance of O in horizon and mountain focuses our tension back to the horizon of the hill. And here we can see that speakers looking at the hill again very reflectively. In the following verse, that entire stanza shows that the narrator is switching back to observing everything using third person narrative. So we wonder whether they are viewing the scene through their own eyes in the present or if they're remembering a memory and thinking about it through their eyes in the past, okay? Then in the second line, so there's a mention of thick as the morning's tears and then the third line of this verse, dreamy sense. Now here, morning's tears and dreamy sense creates a really conflicting description of the scene that's before them. One scene which has morning tears is filled with sorrow. However, the other which has dreamy sense, it's filled with reminiscence, okay? So there's now really conflicting descriptions here. Also, the similarly as thick as morning tears creates a really vivid image in our minds of really dense grass that they can see near this horizon and surrounding this hill. Furthermore, the mention of sense and fragrance belongs to the semantic field of sense. So of course, what the author is using here, so Emily Bronte herself, she is using visceral sensory language, okay? That she's appealing to a sense of smell. And this illustrates at the moment that the speaker is witnessing and the miss is quite brief and fleeting. Remember that a scent can be quite brief, it can be very fleeting, okay? So the speaker reflects on both the pain and joy of life. So that's it when it comes to analyzing Milder Mist Upon the Hill by Emily Bronte. I hope you found this summary of context as well as the detailed analysis that we've done of the stanza really helpful in understanding this poem. And thanks so much for listening.