concentration of solutions is used to distinguish between two solutions that may have the same solute and solvent and concentrations can be used in calculations and can be converted into conversion factors which is what I'm going to show you today. So concentration expressed as a percentage, 15% if it's a mass mass concentration of sodium chloride. If you're going to take, if you're given that percent concentration you can turn it into a fraction. So any percentage is a fraction of a hundred, right? So 15% would mean that you have 15 out of 100. Since it is mass mass we understand that it's 15 grams of our solute sodium chloride and a hundred grams of our whole solution. If it was mass volume it would still be the same numbers 15 percent. So 15 over 100 but it would be grams of solute over 100 milliliters of solution. Okay? For conversion factors it's just writing your relationship as a fraction. So for conversion factors we can always turn a fraction into two different fractions. We can have the grams of solute on top and the grams of solution on the bottom but we can also flip it over and write the fraction upside down. So we will always have two conversion factors for any fraction that we can write. In terms of concentration, molarity is also used and it's the moles of solute per liter of solution. So if you're given a concentration that is three molar potassium hydroxide that means that you have three moles of your solute and every one liter of your whole solution. Okay? This is not a fraction of 100 because it's not a percentage. So it is the moles for every one liter. Any time you can write a fraction we can flip it over and make a second fraction and this time we put the liters on top and the moles on the bottom. So this is how we can take our concentrations, percentage and molarity and turn them into fractions. It is the fractional form that we will use when we're doing math problems where we're using those concentrations to convert. Okay? I have some examples up here that we're going to work through so you can see how those percentages, those concentrations are converted into fractions and used in these problems. The first one says how many milliliters of a 35 percent NaOH solution can be made with 75 grams of NaOH. Okay? So first step, these are our numbers. Okay? Notice that the 35 percent, since it's a percent, it's a concentration. If you see a concentration, if it's a percentage or a molarity, go ahead and write it as a fraction because that's the way you're going to use it in the problem. So 35 percent NaOH means that we have 35 grams of NaOH. We'll assume that it's mass, mass, since, sorry, mass volume. There we go. So that's grams of NaOH. If it's mass volume, it, for every 100 milliliters of the solution and we'll designate mass volume here. Okay? So our percentage I've written as a fraction and just understand that you can flip it over and make two fractions. I'm just going to write one for now. Then to start the problem, you have to evaluate the two numbers that were given in your problem. Never start with the number that you can write as a fraction. The fraction is going to be your conversion factor that you're going to use to convert one unit to another. So you don't want to start with the fraction. So if we don't start with the fraction, that means we're going to start with our 75 grams of sodium hydroxide. Basically, we are trying to convert our grams of sodium hydroxide to milliliters of solution. And we're going to use this fraction as our conversion factor to make that conversion. Our units have to cancel out. Whatever unit we're given, that unit, grams of NaOH, has to be on the bottom of our conversion factor. So with my fraction here, I'm going to have to flip it over and put the 35 grams of NaOH on the bottom and the 100 milliliters of solution on the top so that my units will cancel out. Now it's just a matter of doing the math. So you get your calculator. You have 75 divided by 35 times 100. And I get 214.2857 and several other digits. Again, your answers to a math problem have to be expressed in the correct number of significant figures. We have two significant figures in the number given here, two in this number. The 100 is considered exact, so we don't count significant figures for that. So our answer can only have two. So I'm going to round this to 210 milliliters of solution. And that's how we used our percent concentration as a conversion factor to convert from grams of sodium hydroxide to milliliters of the whole solution. Likewise, we can use molarity as a conversion factor as well. In this question it states how many grams of sulfuric acid are in 150 milliliters of a two molar sulfuric acid solution. So again, first step, evaluate your numbers. You have 150 milliliters of your solution. The solution is two molar. Can you write any of those numbers as a fraction? Yes. Anything that's a concentration. We're going to go ahead and write as a fraction. So 2.0 molar H2SO4 means that you have two moles of H2SO4 in every one liter of your solution. So of your two numbers, you have to pick which one you're going to start your math problem with. Again, my rule is don't start with a fraction. So you're not going to start with a two molar because we're going to use that as a conversion factor. So I'm going to start with my 150 milliliters of solution. 150 milliliters of H2SO4. Okay. First step I have to get rid of or convert my volume of H2SO4 to another unit. I'm not going to be able to go right to moles and right to grams in one step, but I can use this information to convert it to moles. So I need to have milliliters on the bottom. This fraction has liters in it. You can also convert that. Then you could say two moles of H2SO4 in every 1000 milliliters of solution because a liter is equivalent to 1000 milliliters. So I'm going to use it in this form. Okay. That cancels out my milliliters. So my milliliters of my sulfuric acid cancel out. Now I have moles of sulfuric acid H2SO4. I need grams. So this is where you go to the periodic table. You add up the molar mass. You add up two hydrogens, one sulfur for oxygens, and that should be 98 grams. So for every one mole of H2SO4 it weighs 98.0 grams. I had to put moles on the bottom so my moles cancel and that leaves me with grams of H2SO4. So this is where you pull out your calculator again. You have 150 milliliters times 2 divided by 1000 times 98. And I got 29.4 on my calculator. So again we need to look at significant figures. We have two significant figures here, two here. That means our answer can only have two. So I'm going to round it to 29 grams of H2SO4. Alright. So this is an example of how you can use your concentration of molarity as a conversion factor to convert between volume of your solution and moles of your solution. And then of course we went one step farther and converted our moles to grams using the periodic table. So these are examples of how you can use concentration as conversion factors in your math problems. The first step or the most important step I would say is picking out the concentration from the question and writing it as a fraction. Do that first when you have a concentration in your question and then you will use that as a conversion factor in the problem. So doing more examples of these will improve your ability to complete these kind of questions and I suggest lots of practice.


Yeah, ladies and gentlemen, I want to give you a short update on the ng-spice development and Have some application Which I was dealing in the recent past is Electrothermal simulation Well, my name is Holger Vogt. I'm from University of Duisburg, Essen in Duisburg in Germany, and I'm also with a Fraunhofer Institute on microelectronic circuits and systems Okay, yeah, just to wrap up ng-spice. What is it? It's a circuit simulator it shows the equations of Electronic circuits and these electronic circuits may be made of passive and active devices and We want to solve the equations for time-varying currents and voltages and it's well its name says it It's the open source successor of the venerable spice 3 from Berkeley Well, what do we have? In fact, we have a circuit on the far left simple circuit here in CMOS inverter But this is not the input spice typically has because it's a command line input And we use of this thing in the middle just a list a net list which gives us the devices and the connections and Some simulation commands and the output is on the right This is a graphical output of for example where voltage is versus time You see some pulse pulse waveforms input and output of an inverter Okay, so and you spice has two major application areas It's the one is a PCB design support Well, typically here circuits are made of a mix of ICs and discrete components And there you have a requirement. Well, you have a comfortable user interface Okay, you have seen Angie Spice is Command line. So this is not that comfortable. So we rely on others we rely on key cut and We rely on some other parties to offer for example schematic capture and when we do these Circuit simulations we have to be compatible to some Well-known software tools like P-spice and LT-spice. This is mostly concerning the device models we are using on the other hand we have the capability of doing IC design support mostly today ICs are made of MOS devices and You have many of them and you would have some parasitic devices as well, of course resistors and capacitors That are included in your circuit There we need compatibility to existing device models Berkeley models BISM 3 and 4 and maybe BISM bulk and others and We have to have large circuit capability a few thousands or even 10,000 of transistors Therefore we need to certain simulation speed and we should be compatible to some process development kits that are offered by the foundries. So you get their device models from the foundry and Typical software used there is H-spice, so we try to be H-spice PDK Compatible and in red and down you see some software using NG-spice and supporting NG-spice both on the PCB Design support side and also on the IC design support side Okay, so what is the status or what we are doing right now? So we are working towards NG-spice 32 Should be available. Hopefully in March Well, as you see from the things we are doing there, there is no revolution going on. It's a lot of evolutionary development moving on Improved graphics for the output both on Windows and both on Linux We want to add unicode support that we use UTF-8 Strings and white charge strings on Windows and that we can use Korean and Chinese and Russian and other language Languages or texts for plots, node names, file names, directory names And we have a compared to the last NG-spice issue a revised model for PowerMOS devices An efficient model, this is the 3DMOS model and this now includes self-heating and I will talk about that in a minute Well in addition, of course, we have a lot of Enhancement of robustness, bug fixes Improved error handling. So if there is an error get better error messages Major code cleanup is in in fact going on and therefore the Yeah, the interconnection to to users Maybe on the kick-out side, maybe direct users and of NG-spice are important to react and we are relatively fast Sometimes bugs are fixed within one day if required Okay, some just some impressions. Well What how to input things into NG-spice now for example? We are kick-at while the power amplifier Schematic here and you can directly get the net list out of kick-out into NG-spice and either use the Internal kick-out NG-spice version or can you can offload it to external kick-out? Well and concerning IC work there is a relatively new thing called X-scam and Integration work is going on there also for IC work. Well, and the output is lots of different graphs It's new plot output. It's the internal NG-spice plotting capability. We can write post script files and we can of course use of the kick-out Integrated output Okay, so I have been Saying that I want to go a little bit into one special application area This is electrothermal simulation starting well with a if you are familiar with the MOS devices You see this output characteristics of an MOS device X-axis is drain voltage Y-axis is the current and what is happening? Well, you increase the drain voltage and the current is decreasing somehow This is strange. Yeah, do we have negative resistance in our MOS device? No, it's a very simple thing this device heats up and Because we have of course we have some power dissipation you see 10 volts and 2 amps 20 watt Power dissipation in device the device heats up and so the electrical characteristics of this device is changing Especially here the mobility of the charge carriers is decreasing and so the current decreases with increasing Temperature simply and the temperature increases because the power Disappointed power by increase Yeah, and so how can we do this? How can we model this and this is the idea we want? We have integrated recently into our devices. Yeah No, the gate watch which is a step. Okay, so Yeah, the question was to keep the gate voltage constant. No, I don't This is stepwise increasing in gate wattage here. Yeah, so the lowest graph is the lowest gate wattage and it's just raising up Yeah, so this is about electro thermal modeling and what is it yeah We make use of the equivalents of thermal circuits and electronic circuits Yeah, you be translate thermals into electrical circuits And then we run both circuit parts in ng-spice So electrical power dissipation generates heat Heat has some restricted flow path and so it rises to the temperature of the device temperature changes Some device characteristics and so we have these closed loop. This has to be integrated and well Deserves special device models that can react to this and in the table you see Okay, the equivalents of electrical and thermal terms like the heat capacitance Capability of a material to store heat similar as electric capacity electrical capacitance or we have the conductance Thermal conductance the heat flow is restricted somehow the same Equivalent as resistor for the electrical current. Yeah, and so because we can do Electronic and thermal circuits at the same time. Well, we can you simulate them at the same time here? You see just another power amplifier Made in a key cut is schema for generating the ng-spice net list and you see the MOS devices and these ms devices the power devices on the right Well on here. They're a little bit special because they don't have only three Pins, but they have five pins and they have three electrical and two thermal pins Thermal pins that the junction temperature and is the outer case temperature Yeah, so this is the interconnection between the electronic and the thermal Circuitry and on the right you see well This is our thermal circuit and in fact this is a heat Electrical equivalent of a heat sink you have a small resistor Coming in here. This is how the transistor is put on to the heat sink with some Some some glue or whatever had a certain thermal resistance Then we have a capacitor because of the mass of the heat sink that has a thermal thermal capacitance and you have a resistor The thermal resistance of this heat sink and then we have a voltage source. This is the outside temperature 42 degrees here and then you can do this Simulation because it's now all electrical Devices and of course and G-spice can do this and in the complete single fashion Well on the left you don't see much about these temperatures is just the input voltage and the output voltage So the amplifier is amplifying this is great and on the right you see a simulation for about 10 seconds 10 seconds on the x axis and the output well here It's named voltage, but in fact, it's the temperature you see here You just see the temperature of this Transistor on its heat sink is rising. Well, and we have the outside case temperature here And we have the junction temperature here and typically junction temperature is specified in the the specification sheet to We Not be the yarn the certain maximum and this can be simulated here easily now With a co-simulation of electrical and thermal circuits Okay, and you can do other thing. This is a resistor a simple resistor with has a negative Temperature coefficient that means the temperature rises so in the resistance decreases And we put a voltage on and we simulate versus time And we see where the temperature is rising and it's rising and rising and a certain point The thing breaks down the temperature goes up beyond all bounds and this is simply a thermal runaway Yeah, and so you can simulate The limits of your system system capability before it starts to explode let's say Okay, so to summarize well energy spice Hopefully will be available in March this year with several new features many many backfixes Unicode compatibility Enhanced Monte Carlo simulation capability. I didn't talk about this here today But this is another thing of interest especially for the IC designers and we have these electro thermal models of Power devices integrated and even then well, we just think about what will we do next for energy spice 33? Thank you Yeah, this is oh the question is where do I get the modeling data because the models are as as good as Well the data input data are Yes One has to look a little bit into detail. So for the transistor itself. It's just a So so judgment how much copper is in how much plastic is in and then you have weight and then you have its thermal Capacities of the material and then you can calculate the thermal capacitance for a heat sink. Well the heat sink heat sink manufacturer deliver these things to you Do you have to do that or is there a No, yeah, the question was is there in is it a native way of Doing some electrothermal simulation and he cut especially because on the graph it was voltage and in fact it was temperature Not yet the it's just a matter of these interface between a key cut and energy spice So energy spice in fact does calculate voltages and then you can tell of course the graph the output It's not a voltage. It's a temperature because the equivalence is clear and the the equations Relationship between these two is clear and so and he spice calculates voltage, but in fact It's the temperature and the graph should show temperature. Yes In within in g-spice directly you can just tell it. This is not a voltage. This is the temperature the question is can one take a cadence a Simulation environment the data and put them into ng-spice and to simulation Yes, there has been some guy doing a translator that use it takes the cadence Spectra input thing and translate it into the ng-spice netlist and the models of course you have to to select ng-spice had a certain Number of models available and if these are the same as cadence and well BZM 3 For older processes BZM 4 for newer processes, then you can do that or the question was Compatibility between LT spice and ng-spice and especially polynomial functions whether is a polynomial function capability in ng-spice as has been in the old spice to the same Same feature same function. This is working Well, if you say if it's fully compatible, well, we are never Fully compatible main reason is we don't know what LT spice has in yeah So we don't know the equations of LT spice so we can just figure out should be similar And this is what we are doing and this is continuously improving The question is what is the licensing situation of the the models Good question Well the Model development is mostly nowadays done proprietary these we are companies pay for these model development and models are Publicized some with some delay maybe a year or two also on the open world And there is I think model developers have and their The companies have agreed upon So-called I don't know the abbreviation educational license to and now they offer this models under this specific license. This is a sort of open-source license I Just have to clarify if it is Debian compatible because these are the very strict people will do that and If this is difficult well, then we have two distribution channels We have NG Spice and we have another download for If especially for Debian people and we have another download on the models and you can link it together So both are open source But maybe not the ultimate most newest model is available right now. Let's take what a year or two So


Nothing's ever what you'd expect. I have said many times over my many videos that I don't expect to be successful on this platform and even that I don't want to be successful as arbitrarily measured by being able to dedicate my life to it. The dream of being a YouTuber instead of just a guy with a day job in a YouTube channel. I've said it so many times that no doubt some believe the Lady Dolph protests too much and maybe they are right but if so it is not them I'm trying to convince it's me. I need that to be true because if I do dream of success actually then the reality of its lack is much darker and harder.  Less than two weeks ago I went through a period where I thought maybe I should just stop doing YouTube and if you're a part of the week Airview Discord you know that I didn't even have a plan to do a review right now. I almost gave up on the last video after it had been shot and this one was going to be a channel update called I Don't Know What I'm Doing and would have just been me figuratively and maybe literally crying on my couch about my current mental state. And maybe that will come at some point because it's still kind of true but between that initial feeling and now came cinema. You know sometimes you just see something that hits you in the moment that you need it. It encapsulates all of that emotion and makes you feel like you're not alone and if you're lucky it comes from one of your favorite directors. Hello by the way and welcome to the week Airview. You can call me frustrated about the uniformity of men's fashion and today I am talking about Edgar Wright's latest film Last Night in Soho. This was one of those films like Julia Ducarno's Teton that I went into completely blind. I knew that Edgar Wright had directed it, that it was a horror movie and that the always captivating Anya Taylor Joy played a prominent role. The only real insight I got into it was two days before when my friend Garth having just come out of a showing texted me, I loved that Edgar Wright of all people made an incredibly sober minded movie about how nostalgia sucks. And that certainly piqued my interest because though it would be unfair to say that Wright's career has been spent catering to nostalgia, it's certainly what fueled his rise. Look I love Shaun of the Dead and Hot Fuzz and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World but all of them are so obsessed with the past and making you think about the past and how fun it is to see the past but again somebody smarter or at least more dedicated than me should make a two hour video essay about the link between parody and nostalgia. Kind of surprised that one doesn't already exist. And I know that their stories often try to feint towards the idea that you'd need to grow up but when it comes time to commit to that idea, they don't. It's not until the world's end where Wright seems to finally be grappling with the genuine damage that can result from someone's inability to get past their glory days. Well I have some issue with its structure, I think the Cornetto Trilogy's final installment is also the most meaningful with top tier performances from everyone and far more complex character dynamics than I think in any of his other films period. And while some of that is a function of a more personal story, it also feels like after the box office failure of Scott Pilgrim which is as indebted to in-jokes and references as anything that has ever existed but is better than most of them combined. So take that Steven Spielberg. He decided to take a new tack. It doesn't surprise me that he first pitched the plot for Last Night in Soho as the world's end was gearing up for production but this can go so much further because it's not connected to anything. The world's end feels different from the other entries in that spiritual trilogy but it's still in the spirit. There are beats it's gotta hit. Baby Driver stood on the shoulders of Heist and Car Chase Giants but is less indebted to its references. I think while some unfortunate casting choices meant it almost immediately became awkward to watch, the film is important for how it pushed Wright's integration of licensed music into the fabric of his work to new heights. So it feels natural that he followed it with a decade spanning music documentary and that said decade spanning music documentary would be followed by the decades jumping Last Night in Soho. The film which I saw in New York's Times Square so I could sadly never say a movie I saw Last Night in Soho follows Eloise, a rural girl who wants desperately to be a fashion designer and travels to London to attend the London College of Fashion or as the weirdos across the pond call uni. In the US, colleges are higher learning institutions that typically offer bachelor's degrees and maybe master's degrees as well. Universities offer PhDs as well as a heavier focus on research. Actual British law professor and patron Phil Bates, seen here wearing the dope merch designs created by number one week air review Superfan Willow, told me that UK colleges do not inherently have degree granting capabilities but can be given them through partnership or other affiliation with a university. London College of Fashion, for example, is a constituent of the University of the Arts London. Wow, learning. But because she is the protagonist of a horror movie, there's another layer.  Her mother appears to her at times in the mirror. Something that her grandmother with whom she lives is aware has happened but the extent of which has been hidden from her. And for a while there's a very real question about whether any of what we're seeing is real at all or if Eloise is merely suffering from a mental illness. And while it's eventually clear that the events we are seeing indeed happened and Eloise literally has a sixth sense, it's very easy to read the entire thing as a metaphor for coping with mental illness and or trauma. Eloise's mother died by suicide and her grandmother explicitly mentions that things can get too much and that it's okay if she needs to come home and get away from the big city, a place that can be genuinely cruel and uncaring even if you aren't a teenage girl dealing with lascivious old men and spoiled brat roommates who want to tear you down as a way to build themselves up. As I've mentioned before, I not only live in New York City but on the island of Manhattan itself. I work on the border of Midtown and Hell's Kitchen. On my typical daily commute, I see at least hundreds of different people and probably over a thousand. The primary colors I see are gray concrete, red brick, and black glass. Not much green, not much blue. It's stressful. And if you've got mental health issues that intensity isn't likely to help them, it hasn't really helped mine except maybe helped me to ignore them. Smile here. Whoops, that was a note to self, not a thing I was supposed to say. My bad. That was a lie, but one of the interesting things about me scripting these videos over days or sometimes weeks is that my writing in general and jokes in particular differ dramatically in tone depending on my mood. And if you're paying close attention, you can maybe sometimes tell how I was doing at any given punchline, although I do tend to cut out the bleakest bits in editing. And Eloise doesn't have a good time in the modern big city. She's an old soul, I guess, someone who likes older fashion and older music and she pines for the days when those weren't old at all. She wishes she was in Soho in the 1960s and because she's the protagonist of a horror movie, her wish is fulfilled sort of, but in mostly a bad way. On the first night at her new room away from the dorms, which she rents from an old spinster type because her unique roommate was making her miserable, Eloise pulls out one of them old records. Syllablex, you're my world, turns it up nice and loud and gets under the covers. But when she does, she finds that the underneath stretches on seemingly forever. And of course, she follows it until she reaches a door that lets out into, you guessed it, Soho in the 1960s, vibrant and lively and a place where you could see Sean Connery as Bond on the big screen except when that was just a regular thing and not a fun throwback. But something strange happens when we find a mirror. It is not Thomas and Mackenzie looking back, but Anya Taylor Joy. It turns out that last night in Soho isn't a time traveling movie. Eloise did not physically go anywhere, rather her spirit or something unwittingly latched onto Sandy. And she gets to see this bygone era play out from her perspective. At first, it's glamorous. Sandy is a young woman with a dream to sing.  She knows that she's a star who just needs to show everyone how brightly she can shine. And Eloise is so excited. Who wouldn't be? If you've got to be hitched to someone, it may as well be a gorgeous gal who's going places and her fashion is to die for. Back in the present, Eloise blondes her hair and shifts her style. The clothes she can buy, she does. Those she can't become class assignments that she will make. Gosh, damn it. Everything seems to be going great until it isn't because Sandy, it turns out, is not the star of a heartwarming underdog story or even a horror movie, but a showgirl's type drama about a young up-and-comer who is exploited in every sense of the word by the men around her. And Eloise got VIP tickets to an immersive experience that she's forced into every time she goes to sleep. The rules surrounding how exactly Eloise is experiencing Sandy's story are a little muddy, though obviously we first see her as Sandy's reflection and that's the common representation. Eloise appears on the other side of a conveniently placed mirror. This more than implies that the story is playing out through Sandy's eyes, but there are other times where Eloise is a bystander in the room, like an out-of-body experience with someone else's body.  If I don't think about it while it's happening, it doesn't really matter now does it? And like, there's no apparent narrative reason for the shifting perspective, but there is absolutely a storytelling reason for it. The movie is better for giving variety to how Eloise experiences the past because it creates variety for us as the viewers. Sometimes all we need is the occasional look in a passing reflection to understand her feelings. While totally different in their usage and purpose, it is interesting that two different horror movies this year used mismatching reflections to tell their stories. I liked the Candyman reboot quote in general, but I loved the way that the killer appeared only in mirrors. Seeing things happen seemingly by magic in the real world with the full scene and perpetrator only being reflected is just cool as hell. But other times it's important that we see the whole thing play out, as in Sandy's audition in first public performance. These are crucial to Eloise's development, and so it's crucial that we see how she experiences them. Once the stakes are clearer, her constant presence would become more of a distraction because like, we don't always need to see Eloise to know how she feels about what's going on because we're feeling it too. What's happening to Sandy is horrifying. We want it to stop, but just like Eloise is trapped behind the mirror, we are stuck on the other side of the screen. Neither of us can do anything to change the past. All we can do is see it through. This parallels the lack of agency that Sandy feels each time she tries to get away from this life she's pulled right back. She can't escape it and doesn't know how to fight it. Eloise can't very well do something from the future that Sandy could not do in her present, and as the nights drag on, the experience of Sandy's life becomes more and more horrific. As the men blend together, they literally blend together. Each face seemingly a composite of numerous others. It is a truly unsettling effect, and because we have established that Eloise can see dead people, eventually they start to haunt her waking life as well, pushing her already fragile state of mind ever closer to breaking. Because in the collapse of Sandy's dream, Eloise sees her own. Eloise escaped the cruelty of modern London to this mythic time of decades past because that's when things were good, right? Of course not. The good old days were never that, and suddenly, Eloise's new style and ideas inspired by this girl, she idolized and became reminders of how wrong she was. Yes, her roommate's awful, but showbiz.  Which is why I'm very glad that Edgar Wright for the first time in his career chose a woman to co-write this screenplay. Christie Wilson-Carrons, who co-wrote 1917 and will apparently be working with Taiko Waititi on his upcoming Star Wars project, came into last night in Soho with a vital perspective. Sure, Wright could have ignored his own limitations and made a movie that was still a stylistic triumph, but missed the emotional core. Wilson-Carrons helps to bring it. At first, the evil men around the girls feels cartoonish, but the longer you sit with them, the more you realize nah, there really are people like this out there. I've no doubt that she has seen people like Sandy pulled into the meat grinder, people she desperately wanted to help but felt trapped and unable to. That's a bleak thought, but at the same time this is very much an Edgar Wright movie, visually sumptuous, impeccably engineered, and very funny, despite the brutality on display. And that is hardly a surprise. The world's end is a tale of alcoholism and how it destroys lives and relationships, but it is also shockingly optimistic about humanity. Last night in Soho can be heartbreaking and infuriating, but it's ultimately about women who refuse to be held down, who take their power back in radically different ways. Dreams don't always work out, they probably don't more than they do, but just because your life doesn't become the thing you wanted it to, doesn't mean you don't have value or that you can't have an impact. And that's good to remember. 8.9 out of 10. Thank you so much for watching, thank you particularly to my patrons, Tom, Hammer and Marco, Kat Saracota, Benjamin Schiff, Anthony Cole, Magnolia Denton, Elliot Fowler, Greg Lucina, Kojo, Phil Bates, Liam Knipe, Willow, I Am The Sword, Riley Zimmerman, Jacob Alexander, and the folks who'd rather be read than set. If you liked this video, that's great. If not, oh well. If you want to see more, please subscribe. I hope to see you in the next one.


The Cavalcade of America sponsored by the DuPont Company, maker of better things for better living through chemistry. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This is the Cavalcade of America sponsored by DuPont presenting Ralph Bellamy in The Flying Tigers. Our radio dramas inspired by incidents recorded in the recently published book of the same name by Russell Whalen. Its story is one of that small brave band of American aviators who at this time last year were fighting in China against the Japanese. Miss Li Ya-ching, the famed Chinese aviators, is with us tonight as a member of the Cavalcade players. Miss Li will also be heard at the close of our program in an interview with Mr. Bellamy, starring Ralph Bellamy as Al Fisher, pilot in The Flying Tigers on the Cavalcade of America sponsored by DuPont. One year ago, as the dazed and stunned America awoke to the full realization of the infamy of Pearl Harbor, a small band of gallant men produced a tiny ray of hope in a world blacked out in gloom. They were the Flying Tigers, whom Madam Chiang Kai-shek called my angels with or without wings. With too little ammunition, with planes taxed to the last ounce of endurance, with food and shelter where they could find it, they made history by defending the Burma Road, lifeline into China. It is their valor that we salute tonight, the valor of the Flying Tigers. The time, January 1942, the place, the officer's quarters of a battered airport in a clearing just outside Rangoon. Hey, Nori, how about checking on the weather before flight B gets back? Stick around a while, Randy. It's early, Ed. I want to get the Tokyo news report on the radio. Is it five o'clock already? Yeah, that's right. Time for our daily laugh at those Jap announcers. Hey, I wonder if they... Tokyo Radio reporting. The American Volunteer Group, commonly known as the Flying Tigers, at one time constituted our most important enemy in Asia. This ought to be good. The thousands of planes they brought with them from America represented a serious threat to our campaign in Burma. But today, January 29, 1942, we are happy to announce their utter and complete destruction. Listen to that, will you? Oh, turn that guy off, Nori.  Yeah, that's the fourth time this month. Tokyo has reported our complete destruction. Yeah, I wonder where they got the idea we had a thousand planes. Well, I guess they figured we wouldn't try to defend Rangoon without them. Well, I'm glad they think we've got plenty. It might be really tough if they knew we only had 18 of these old crates on the field. I don't think we got 18 anymore, Randy. That ship I came down in yesterday won't go up again for a long time. Well, do you think we're going to get replacements? Replacements. With the Japs right around the corner in Malmaine, it's going to be hard to get ammunition and parts into Rangoon to say nothing in new planes. Yeah, I guess that's right. The only replacements we'll get are transfers from Squadron 2 up in Kunming. They won't get many of those either. They need all the planes and men they got. Didn't they send down any pilots today? Yeah, three of them landed a little while ago. Three, is that all? Well, that practically doubles our personnel. I don't know their names. That friend of Smitty's is one of them. You mean the one that's always talking about Smitty's sister? Yeah, Al, somebody. Al Fisher? That's right, Al Fisher. Boy, I'll bet he doesn't recognize Smitty after seven weeks of Rangoon. Uh-oh, Black Bee is back. How many? Two, three, four, five. Five. It's tough. One down. Well, maybe bailed out. Maybe. Bentley got back once after bailing out. Yeah, Stevenson didn't. Wonder who it was. Well, quit talking about it, will you? We'll find out soon enough. Come. Hi, everybody, your troubles are over. I just flew down from Kunming to take the situation in hand. Oh, are you one of the new replacements? That's right, Al Fisher, wingman from Squadron 2. Hey, do you birds actually live in a dump like this? What do you think? Up in Kunming, we keep chickens in this kind of a shack. Well, this isn't Kunming. It's Rangoon. You sound kind of grim. Well, tell me the Japs have been giving you boys a shellacking. Never mind the small talk, Fisher. What's the good word from Squadron 2? Nothing much. Still haven't shot down a Jap yet. You'll get your chance down here. That's what I was thinking. You guys have been getting all the breaks. What do you mean? Well, figure it out. At that rate, Rangoon must be a gold mine. Not exactly. You sound like you haven't had much luck. What's your score? Four Japs and three fingers off my left hand. They play for keeps down around here, Fisher. You better keep your nose out of the arc of those Jap turret guns. Yeah, so those monkeys have a remote-controlled cannon in the tail. No kidding. I'll bet they shoot real ammunition. Get him. Where's my old friend, Smitty, having a workout in the local barbershop? He's Squadron Leader Smith. He's on the field. He just landed. Oh, is that him leading the flight? Doesn't he do a victory roll anymore when he buzzes the field? No, not anymore. Well, how about some food? I'm starving. Don't expect any fancy menus down here, Fisher. In the past three days, we've been eating nothing but cauliflower. What's the matter with the markets? Nobody to run them. Jap bombs chased half the civilians out of Rangoon. Killed most of the rest of them. Are you guys trying to frighten me? No. We're trying to tell you that things are a lot different than they were a couple of months ago. When the contracts we signed with China were new and shiny. This isn't a contract job anymore. What it wore. Sure, I understand. Only I didn't sign up with China because I thought it would be an easy job. I signed up because I needed the money and I still do. Well, tell it to your Squadron Leader. He's coming in now. That ease, man. How'd it go, Smitty? Oh, fair enough, I guess. Fourteen planes and all. Nine big rats, five little ones. Haynes didn't come back. Like you got away? No, I'm sure he didn't. I saw him land. Haynes, huh? Yeah, that's tough. We were wondering who it was. Yeah. Got a rotten break, Norrie. What do you mean? Trying to tackle too many of them at the same time. The first dive, he picked off two of the rats and then when he came up again, he tried to get another from underneath. He got it all right. The ship practically blew up in his face. Motor and the wings dropped down on him like a ton of bricks. How many did you engage? About sixty. Forty in the first wave, twenty in the next. Well, don't feel too badly about it. That's a pretty darn good score, fourteen to one. The loss of that one means more to us than their fourteen due to them. The three new pilots come down from Kunming yet? Here's one of them. Well, hardest blower of them all.  I guess they wanted you to have the best man. You probably were trying to get rid of him. Now, Smitty, that's no way to greet your future brother-in-law. Future brother-in-law. What are you talking about? Well, Carol and I are going to get married the day I get back home. Well, when did you decide that? Long time ago. We didn't want to tell anybody until we made sure it was going to work out. And you're sure now? Just as soon as I can run up some dough out here, I'll be sure. Rangoon's the place for it, isn't it? Yeah. How many ships did you knock down today, Smitty? I don't know. You don't know?  Well, things have changed a lot, Al. You'll understand why when you've been here a little while. You still try to keep score, but for another reason. A better reason than five hundred bucks? Yeah. You know this fellow Haynes who was shot down today? You heard about him? Well, he wasn't killed because that bomber blew up in his face, Al. He still had time to bail out of his ship. Well, what happened to him? Japs waited until he was floating down with his parachute. Then the machine gunned him. Attention, men! There comes Smith. I asked you to come to the ready shack this morning and tell you a few things about the way of been flying lately. Now, for one thing, we're taking too many chances, not paying enough attention to fundamentals. For instance, when you were Andy... Yes?  That's what Stevenson did, and you know what happened to him. Yes, sir. Now, you've got to make sure you're in the clear before you level off your dive. If you don't, you turn around one of these days with a handful of rats in your tail. Okay, Smithy. I'll watch out for it. Okay. Now, you, Al... Ah, don't rub it in, Smithy. I know I haven't scratched the score sheet. You don't have to call it everybody's attention. Well, the reason you haven't connected is you're too eager. You open fire long before they're in range. You can't outmaneuver them. So wait for them to make a mistake. Take it easy, Al. Wait for your advantage and then go in and make the kill. One more thing, fellas. Get low on ammunition so don't spray it all over the Gulf of Marta, man. Make sure every shot counts. All right, man, that's all. You know what's in trouble with you, Fisher? Yeah, I know. You've been shooting through a dollar sign instead of your gun sign. Look, Randy, I'm the guy that's losing the dough, and if you don't mind, I'll lose it the way I please. Just quiet a minute, man. Message coming in from patrol flight A. What's the story, Gordon? It's a disease coming in at 5,000 feet. That's it, boys. Scramble. All right, sir. Scramble. Well, what's the matter, Fisher? Why the sound of push? You hear what happened? For two hours we chased those lousy jabs, 20 of them. We never really got a square shot at one of them. First they ran low to keep us from diving and they ducked behind the clouds and they played the sun. They were trying to make us waste fuel. They were doing more than that, Al. Those bombers were decoys. While you were chasing them, 60 more came in high and headed for town. We only had five planes left to go up and meet them. Oh, that was their plan, was it? Half of us out in a wild goose chase and while we're away, come back and force for the kill. Did you get many of them? 14. The other 46 came right on through. 14. There were 14 rats right over ahead and I had to go chasing all over the Gulf of Mataban for the cheese. That's my luck. Did you hear what I said, Al? 46 got through to Rangoon. Oh, what? 46 planes bombing Rangoon. You've got the nerve to talk about the score you missed. Well, I got a tough break, didn't I? About the people in town. You ever stop to think what kind of a break they got? For crying out loud, Smitty, don't lose your sense of proportion.  They're used to these rats. Let me tell you something, Al, nobody's used to an air raid. Well, what's the difference? Look, I want to ask you a question. Can't we get 500 bucks for shooting down planes over the Gulf of Mataban? You quit thinking about money all the time. Aren't you out here to get the dough? I'm out to get every jab I can lay my hands on, whether it's in the air or the water or the ground. Get wise to yourself, Fisher. Outside of you, there isn't a man in this squad who wouldn't give 500 bucks to shoot down a jab plane. Why don't you lay off of me? Now, Finn, I told you I am so anxious to make dough. If I weren't in love with your sister, I... Oh, what's my sister got to do? Everything! Why do you think I signed up to fight Japs before America got into it because I like getting shot at? Why did you sign up? Because I wanted to make a pile of dough this year so I could ask your sister to marry me. I didn't think I had a right to without it. Listen, if I were in my sister's shoes, I'd have to have a lot more than money to marry a guy like you. Look here, Smith, I don't want you to let this get personal. Now, never mind that, Fisher. I've got some bad news for you. The next couple of days, we're going to have to help out the Chinese army along the Salween River. That means strapping raids without a chance of shooting down jab planes. Everybody has to take his turn. Those are orders. Okay, Commander. Only it's a rotten way of getting even with me. Randolph to all pilots. Randolph to all pilots. Gordon and Moran get to 20,000 feet and cover us from the top. Fisher, Clayton and Headstrom need us to draft the field. On the first pass, hit them from north to south. Let's go, you birds. Headstrom to Randolph. Watch the south end of the field. It's loaded with machine gun nests. Randolph to Fisher, Headstrom and Clayton. Nice going, Lance. Now, let's do it again. That does it, boys. The jab planes in those two swipes. Too bad this doesn't go on the score sheet, Fisher.  But grounded ships don't count. Fisher to Randolph. Take your hand, Randy. Fisher, your engine's smoking. What's the matter? Are you in trouble? Just a wooden log fire here. I'll have it out in no time. 10 rats coming in from the east to 10,000. Randolph and I are going down to meet them. Want your step, boys? Randolph to Fisher. Come along, guy. Got to get up there and give the boys a hand. What's your altitude? Can you limp home? I can try. No use now. Pressure down to zero. My position, will you? We're about 55 miles from the border. When you land, head northwest steadily. You can make the Salwin River that way and run into Chinese soldiers. Best of luck to you, Al. Okay, Joe. See you around, sir. You are listening to Ralph Bellamy as Al Fisher flying tiger on the cavalcade of America in fact of our play. Fisher is staggering through jungle brush after having bailed out of his flaming plane.  Hey, wait a minute. Don't shoot at me. I'm an American. I'm on your side. I'm an American, brothers. Flying tiger. Me, American volunteer group. Now, wait a minute. Hey, look over my arm. You think I am a Jap? My name is Fisher. You're making a mistake. Look at the back of my jacket. There's a message on it from Chinese. Oh, now you've got to believe me. Wait a minute. I'll prove to you I'm a flying tiger. Here, look at this. Look at this bank note. Look at the signatures on it. Joe Finley, Scarsdale Jack, New Kirk. Scarsdale Jack? Yeah, I'm a friend of his. You know Scarsdale Jack. Yeah, look, this is his signature on the bank note. Look, this is his signature. Look at the bank note. Yeah, flying tiger. I'm your friend. Flying tiger. Oh, you guys are talking. Okay, okay. Thanks for helping me, boys. Feel kind of weak. I should pick me to a farmhouse or something. Need a drink of water. Savvy. Water. Farmhouse. Water.  Don't shoot. You've got to fly. You must be right. You must rest. What's happened? Where am I? Do not worry, flying tiger. You are safe now. Wait a minute. What am I doing here? In our house. Because you have been very ill. Soldiers bring me here? Yes, that's right. The soldiers brought you here. Oh. Ellie. Where did you learn English? Oh, I studied with others at Mission School. Oh, thanks a lot for taking care of me. What's that? That's guns. Japanese guns. But you will go before they come. Yeah. I've got to get back to headquarters. My father has gone to tell the soldiers to bring ox cart. And they will take you to Lashio. To Lashio? That's where I've got to go. If I can get back there, I can tell the other... Oh, my leg. You must not try to walk. Your leg is badly burned. I guess it was, all right. Well, nothing to do now, but wait. Hey, I'm not a very polite patient. I haven't even asked my nurse her name. My name is Lao Ming. Lao Ming. Do you live here with your family, Lao Ming? Yes, I live with my father. Oh. Got any brothers or sisters? My brother is in the army.  The Japanese killed her. Oh, I'm sorry. Air raid. No, not air raid. The Japanese used her for practice with machine gun. Oh. I see. Oh, I think the ox cart is here. We must put you on the stretcher. Yeah, I guess we better get going. Hold on. Hold on. Hold on. All right, all right. Don't get excited, boys. We're coming. Hold on. Hold on. Easy, easy. Easy does it. Just slide me under the cart. I'm holding on. There. That's swell. Lao Ming, come on.  Oh, no. My father and I are not going. Not going? No. There's no more room on that cart. Well, you can't stay here.  I won't let you. No, you must go. You can help win the war.   You will shoot down planes. And we cannot. You're flying tiger. I won't let you do it, Lao Ming. Please, you're wasting time. Oh, no, no. No, wait, Lao Ming. I'm not the one you want to save. Not me, Lao Ming. Not me. Get well flying tiger. Get well soon. And come back and fight for China. Well, Doc. How's the patient? Extremely well, Smilly. For a man who was burned as badly as Fisher was, he's getting along fine. Remind us of soap, Doc. When am I going to fly again? Well, we'll see about that in due time. Tomorrow? Hey, take it easy. You've been through the mill. As a matter of fact, I still don't see how you got yourself back to base hospital. You thought, sure, we'd never see again. Listen, Smitty, I got to get up in the air again. Now, you do like the doctor tells you to do. Stick around a couple more days and see how you feel. I can't wait a couple more days. The group will be disbanding in a week, and I've got to get at least one more ship before then. Only one? I thought you needed two to collect your quarter. Hey, what's up? I don't know. Got to find out. It's like a raid on the field. It is a raid. It's been a smart time to come over. Only got three men to go up in the air. See you later, Al. Yeah. Well, there's no point in trying to get to shelter. We're in a fairly safe place here. I wasn't thinking about that. I was thinking about... Doc. Huh? I've got to get out. What? I've got to get up in the air and help out.  Didn't you hear what Smitty said? He's only got three men to go up in the air. I've got to make it four. I've got to get up there and join him. You'll get back in that bed. I can't hear you, Doc. Keep the bed warm. I'll be back in an hour. Let's take class together, man. Only three of us. Got to break up their formation before we do anything else. Correction, please. There are four of us, Smitty. Al Fisher reporting for duty. Fisher, what are you doing out of that hospital? Coming up to join you. Let him have it, Smitty, and I'll pick you up on the next dive. This is no time to show up, Fisher. Get back to that hospital. Not right now, Stipper. I've got to take care of my score. Okay. If you're that hungry for money, come out upstairs. We'll get full credit for this one off the store. You'll have to share these rats with us. That's all right with me, Smitty. I've torn up my scorecard. What are you talking about? Torn up your scorecard? I don't get it. I don't blame you. But I mean it, Skipper. I didn't get it for a long time either. It took a ride in an ox cart to convince me. Uh, I'll get you now, Al. Thanks, Smitty. Well, let's get those rats. Let's get them for Haynes and Stevenson and Skarsdale Jack. Smitty? Yeah. Now we're about it. Let's knock off a few for a Chinese girl and her father. They're special friends of mine. Thank you, Ralph Bellamy. In a few moments, ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Bellamy will return to the microphone to present our special guest, Miss Li Ya-ching. Meanwhile, we have a story of chemistry. From New Delhi, India, Sonya Tomara, a famous foreign correspondent of the New York Herald Tribune reports that at night the temperature falls below 40 and that American troops have donned a new winter uniform, dark olive green shirts and trousers with wool-padded field jackets. Those are army field jackets. Behind these jackets, worn by American soldiers, is an interesting story. The blouses worn by our soldiers in the First World War were heavy, heavy and so tight in the sleeves as to cramp a man's arms. No more of that, said the Army. This time we want something new and better, a jacket that gives a soldier freedom of action. It must resist wind, it must shed water, and it must be able to take a lot of punishment. The job of finding or creating such a jacket was given to the quartermaster corps. The quartermaster depot of the United States Army in Philadelphia maintains the largest fabric testing laboratory in the world, a laboratory that can handle 4,000 samples of material a day. Experts in the quartermaster depot went to work. They studied modern sport jackets and took all the best points. They tested fabrics for thread counts, strength, resistance to wind and water and so on. For their fabric, they chose cotton poplin because it's a good tight cloth that lends itself to mass production. Last but not least, they wrote specifications for water repellency. What was needed was a durable water repellent finish, something that could withstand cleaning under field conditions. There, DuPont was able to be of service. DuPont Zeeland is one of the few water repellent finishes, one of the very few able to meet the exacting specifications of the Army quartermaster corps. A field jacket, in fact, any good garment treated with Zeeland may be washed or cleaned many times without losing its ability to shed water because Zeeland isn't merely a surface coating. It combines with the fibers in a really durable bond of protection against water. So during the past year, DuPont production of Zeeland has multiplied many times. More civilians too need protection against the weather. There are men, construction crews working out of doors, air raid wardens. In fact, all civilians can wear Zeeland treated clothing. With so much wool going to the armed forces, more and more clothing is being made of cotton. And Zeeland makes cotton more practical for all weather wear. Worn over light wool clothing, Zeeland treated jackets enable the wearer to keep warm and dry even and wet wintry weather. So Zeeland serves not only the armed forces, but is one of DuPont's ever-useful better things for better living through chemistry. And now, ladies and gentlemen, the star of our play tonight, Ralph Bellamy. Thank you. There's someone here tonight from whom I'm sure you'll like especially to hear, Miss Li Ya-ching, who played the part of Lao Ming in our play tonight. Miss Li is an expert aviator. In fact, I believe she's the first Chinese woman in history to pilot an airplane. Miss Li has been through bombings in her native country. For a long time, even before the war, she was on the Japanese blacklist because of her antagonism to Japanese infusion. Being a woman of China and a pilot as well, she should be able to tell us something personal about what the flying tigers have meant to the Chinese people. Ladies and gentlemen, Miss Li Ya-ching. Thank you, Mr. Bellamy. I think the Carvergate play tonight has shown better than I can tell how the deeds of the flying tigers uplifted the hearts and still the fighting spirit of my countrymen in China. Those brave American boys show the Chinese that we were not alone. They came when most needed in one of China's darkest hours. They fought at our side. They struck fear in the hearts of our enemies. Fear of American power when awakened. Fear of what American wings will someday bring to Japan itself. Madame Jean Gai-shek called the flying tigers my angels with or without wings. Truly, they were guardian angels to millions of my countrymen. I salute them and throw them all the American people. I hope and believe we will be friends in victory and peace as we have been allies in war. Thank you. Next week, ladies and gentlemen, the Cavalcade of America sponsored by DuPont will present the popular screen player Joseph Cotton in a new radio play to the shores of Tripoli. It is the story of eight United States Marines in Africa, eight Marines who raised the stars and stripes over Tripoli. Our play is not of today, but 138 years ago. Be with us again next week when Joseph Cotton plays William Eaton into the shores of Tripoli. Tonight's play was written by Robert Sloan based on material from the book The Flying Tigers by Russell Whalen. The orchestra and original musical score tonight were under the direction of Don Burry. This is Clayton Collier sending best wishes from Cavalcade sponsor the DuPont Company. This program came from New York. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


Donald Trump ally Rudy Giuliani's law license in New York state has been suspended. A state appeals court found he lied in arguing that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from Trump. The 77-year-old had made unsubstantiated claims in court. Testimony before lawmakers pressed conferences and other media appearances about electoral fraud. The temporary suspension takes effect immediately. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello everyone. Welcome to this session. I am Mr. Praveen Yalapa Kumbar. Today we want to see adaptive Huffman coding. The learning outcome of this topic is, at the end of this session, students will be able to explain the concept of adaptive Huffman coding algorithm in lossless compression. The contents of this topic are introduction, procedure for adaptive Huffman coding, sibling tree property, tree update rules, and with the help of this tree update rules, we can see the example introduction. The Huffman code algorithm requires the knowledge of input data in advance to find out the frequency of occurrence of e-symbol. But if we observe in the live applications, we don't know what is the input data. Therefore, for the live application, this Huffman code algorithm is not useful. Therefore, we use adaptive Huffman coding for the live videos and adios, we use adaptive Huffman coding in these cases. Procedure for adaptive Huffman coding. Now for the encoder, first of all initialization the code with the assumption of some data. After that one, while we use the condition that is a not Eof, Eof means end of file. After that one, we will get C, C means what code, getting the code. After that one, we will encode the code. Then with the help of this encode procedure, we can update the tree with the help of that code. For the decoder, initialization the code. After that one, we use again here while condition, while not Eof, Eof means end of the file. After that one, we decode the code, which will transmit with the help of the encoding. In the decoder, we decode that code. After that one, we see the output of that code and again make a necessary changes in the tree and that will make the update tree with the help of that code, sibling tree property. The binary tree should satisfy the sibling property. Sibling property states each node except the root has a siblings and the nodes can be listed in order of non increasing weight with each node adjacent to its siblings. The node numbers will be assigned in a such a way that a node with a higher weight will have a higher node number. Second one is a parent node will always have a higher node number than its children. For weight of the parent node is equal to the sum of weights of its two child nodes. Now we want to consider in this example the first we will see the root. W means weight, n means node number. See what is a means of weight, what is a means of node, how this come 5, 9, we see the letter words with the help of example. First of all you consider this diagram in this one in this algorithm. First we want to satisfy the property or not we want to check in this example. Now what is the first property a node with a higher weight will have a higher node number, higher weight higher node number. And compare with this one this is a lower weight that's why this is a lower node number. Now if you compare this example the satisfy the first property yes the satisfy the first property. Now second property is a parent node will always have a higher node number than its children. Now here the parent node is this one and this is a child nodes. Now the parent node will always a higher node number. Here the higher node number is always greater than this child node yes this second property is also satisfied. Now we consider one another example if you consider in this example what will happen here if we observe here for the R code weight is 2 and n is 5 here weight is 1 and n is 6 but here the adaptive Huffman code is violated because a node with a higher weight should have a higher node number. Here weight is 2 and n is 5 but if you observe here weight is 1 and n is a 6 that's why here n is always large but if you compare with this one this child what will happen the weight will be the less as compared to this node number therefore this adaptive Huffman coding is violated that's a not satisfied. Now what we'll want to do for if this situation comes we want to see next. Now n yt n yt means not it transmitted now w means weight here n is a node node is equal to 2n plus 1 where n is the total number of unique words. For example if we consider example now I want to transmit this a b cd here total n is what 4 but now we consider another example that is a a b cd but n is what total unique words here n is not 5 why because here a consider as a unique word 1 b as a 2 c as a 3 d as a 4 therefore here also n become as a 4 for this example for both this example capital N that is a node becomes 2n plus 1 that is 2 into 4 plus 1 that is 9 in this example. Now n node should be increased from left to right and bottom to the top this is a rule for the node now we have to consider for example a a r d v now from this question you have to recall what is the number of n okay here n is equal to 4 now how this 4 becomes this double a consider as a one symbol r is a second d is a third v is a 4 therefore n is equal to 4 now put this value into the capital N that is 2n plus 1 that becomes 9 tree update rules now here tree is a construction constructed using the following rules now you are taking as a question as a previous question we have to continue and we have to draw this tree for this question now what is the question that I want to transfer the data a a r d v now for this one the first rule for this tree update is every tree contains a root and a n y t node where the n y t node is the node with the lowest order in the tree and with the zero weight now this is a represented with the help of this diagram and here weight and the node now second rule when a character is read in from a file the tree is first checked to see if it always contains that character if not then the n y t node spans into two new nodes the node to its right is a new code containing the character and and the left node is a new n y t node update weights for all the nodes in the parent chain if the character is already present in the tree then you simply update the weight of the particular tree node and update the weights for all the nodes in the parent chain now for example for the we consider as a input a now for that input a you can consider as a root n qt w is a weight zero and n is a node that is a nine now for that one you again goes to the n y t n y t means not it to be transferred here weight is zero and here n is a seven because n is a maximum number we have to get nine after that the previous of number for the nine is seven and eight now always remember lower number in between the seven and eight always write towards the left and the maximums of that number towards the right therefore i will write here seven and the next number is a because i want to transmit the data a that is one and the n is a now eight therefore for the n nine here left most seven and right most is a eight number then i want to transmit again this is what again there's a previous one a now when i want to transmit again another number that is a now here a you have to check whether a is a transmitter already yes sir you we already transmitted a then simply for this one i want to update here a now what will become here a weight becomes two n becomes eight now that's a simply shows with the help of this one here weight becomes two why because the previous one is a one and again i want to add the eight then it will becomes two the number will become the same no problem seven eight now this is a what parent node now i want to add zero plus two that is two the next symbol for that one i want to add this one again symbol i want to transmit that is a r now in this one i want to add here after this diagram we will get see for this zero and seven i want again go to the n y t and again i want to add this r symbol always remember whenever i want to transmit the new data always add to the left hand side of the previous one therefore here this n y t and this number is seven then it becomes as a five and here become it is a six and here i want to transmit r therefore it will the weight becomes one now after that one adding the zero and one you get the weight is a one and n is a seven now after that adding a a r i want to add the next bit that is a d after the adding of a d always remember it will add to the left hand side therefore it will become as n y t zero n three and d will be add to the right most side and this weight is one and n will become the four now after adding this d symbol this n y t goes off and it will become as here n y t goes off and n y t comes to here and update the weight with the help of this one zero plus one that is weight one and after that one this one plus one will become as a two this two plus two become as a four in this way i want to transmit the a a r d and this is a tree diagram now after that one i want to again transmit the v symbol now if you want to transmit the v symbol then again according to the rule it will add to the left hand side of this n y t then it becomes as n y t zero n one and for that i want to transmit this v symbol that will become w is equal to that is weight one and n is a two after that when we want to update all these parent nodes then it will become as w is equal to one n is equal to two how it becomes zero plus one that is a one and n is a three one plus one two two plus one three three plus two it will becomes as a root as a five now after the transmission of this all these symbols now i want to check their rules the first rule is what a node with a higher weight should have a higher node number but if you observe here n is equal to five w is equal to two n is equal to six and w is equal to one this condition at this level is not satisfied therefore we must go to the again new rules what is that rules when the node is not the highest order node in its weight class you will need to swap this node so that it fulfills the property that nodes with a higher weight have higher order to do this before you update the nodes weight search the tree for all nodes of equal weight and swap this soon to be updated value with the highest order node of equal weight and finally update the weight now apply that rules into this previous diagram now the after the applying this one we want to swap these to the this one and after that one will be the update that according to that one now after the swiping that one we get now now a node with a higher weight should have a higher node number this is the rules we have to follow and if you observe here again is there also not satisfied in that one again we want to swap and according to that one we get a new tree as such as this one we get the new tree after the swiping you have to check whether there is again there is a condition is satisfied or not if satisfied again you have to update the root values references for this topic are thank you


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE, covering AWS re-invent 2017 presented by AWS, Intel and our ecosystem of partners. And we are back live here in Las Vegas. We're in the sands as re-invent day two wraps up, AWS here for four days and we'll be here live again tomorrow by the way on theCUBE, continue our coverage. We're wrapping up here today, saving the best for last. No doubt about that, Stu Benham and John Walls. We're joined by a couple of folks from Software One. Mike Gersten, immediately to my right, a global innovation and strategy. Mike, good to see you, sir. Yeah, likewise, thanks for having us. And Lauren Schwartz on the far side there, the CMO at Software One. Lauren, it's good to see you. Pleasure to see you again. Tell us a little bit first off about not only what you do, but why you're here. Sure, yeah, so Software One, we're in the business of making sure that people are spending the right amount of money on their software, not too much in making sure they're not under spending either, right? So all that optimization to spend. We also help customers implement their technology. We're at the show because we help customers do that in a cloud environment, so obviously natural to be at AWS. We help them do that on-premise as well, and we find a lot of our customers here, people we've been talking to for a long time, new people as well, trying to move over, so it's a great environment for us. We kind of see what's going on in the innovation side from AWS too, so. And so, Mike, what do you make of the show in general then? I'm just curious about your two day tape. We've been here a couple of days, and by now it's suckin' a little bit, I would think. It's incredible, you know, we were here last year, and there was roughly 30,000 attendees. We're here again, there's over 45,000 attendees. I walk the floor here, I see dozens of providers that I didn't see here last year. Some of them are one guy with a six foot table who's got some pretty interesting technology. So I would say that the pace with which this ecosystem is growing isn't showing any signs of slowing down.  You know, the Amazon catalog itself, you know, about 30,000 line items there, then you add on top of that a marketplace, and I'm like, I'm pretty sure it's infinite at this point, and marketplace has been a huge driver in growth. I have to expect that marketplace impacts your business quite a bit in a good way, I would think. Yeah, for us, that's probably one of the most exciting announcements that we've heard this week is around the marketplace specifically. We have a third year history selling software, so to see now AWS taking what they did in the online retail business, and Essence doing it for software in the marketplace, is a good opportunity for us to connect our global catalog to their global catalog, and provide a much wider range of software options for our customers. Yeah, Mike, I'm wondering if I can ask you, explain to our audience that might not have been in the keynote, gone to a break up, what is it about this announcement that's so special for Amazon? Today they have about 4,000 or a little bit over 4,000 applications that sit in the marketplace, and the idea is that any customer ought to be able to go up to the marketplace, and with a click of a button, procure some software, have it put into a maybe a reserved instance, or some hosted infrastructure from Amazon, and then be off to the races, no configuration, no support, no installation. Yeah, that was my tongue-in-cheek, so it's an infinite marketplace. It's an infinite marketplace. As of today. Right, yeah, Lawrence, one of the things we've been kind of wrestling with a little bit for the last few years, is this term multi-cloud. We hear an update from Andy every year as to how they look at it. Of course, I think it's everything is everything, is Amazon, and of course I think they've made an announcement about everything, and we still have another couple days left. How are customers, your customers, looking at that multi-cloud? What are you seeing? It gives a little insight as to and how does software 1 help? Well, what's interesting for us is because that's what we see all the time, and we were talking about this a little bit beforehand, and all the customers that we have, and we have tens of thousands of customers, we don't have any real conversations where people are talking about a single cloud that they're working with. They're working with multiple, maybe they're more in one today than another, but they're kind of looking at multiple solutions, so it's part of the business of what they do. And in a lot of cases, it's just another extension of what's happening in-prem or on-premise today or in the data center, and so they always have to think about that. So it's a part of it. There's lots of reasons for them to kind of go into that multi-cloud environment. Some of it might be for redundancy, some of it for flexibility on contracting, some of it is for things like GDPR where they're worried about where their data sits and some of the local requirements, so it's part of the conversations that we always have, and it's good to see some of the solutions that they're doing here where they think about that, and they've really thought about how different ways customers can go in there and look at a really dispersed environment, so. So, I mean, how does the, in a multi-cloud world, I mean, how does that change in terms of people optimizing their software, making these decisions that you're trying to steer and you're trying to advise them on? I mean, what's the impact that that's having kind of on what they're deciding to do going forward? Well, you've got, there's a couple of things. First of all, I couldn't agree more with Lawrence. Tens of thousands of customers, I can't think of a time where I've talked to a customer that wasn't multi-cloud, so it's almost, I would say all customers are multi-cloud. The challenge for our customers is how do you take all the different cloud environments you're working with that use different vernacular, bring it into one system that then is using a common language to, you know, a common language around the resources that sit in those cloud environments, a common language around how you map those resources to your organizational structure or how you manage your business, so that you're looking at your cloud resources, you're planning for them financially, but in the context of your business, using a common vernacular across all cloud providers, that's a difficult thing to do if you're just going to a point solution from one of the publishers. So, why do that? You wouldn't, you'd come look at it like this. I mean, why not simplify? Why not, but why not just keep it in one environment or maybe two environments? Why branch out? Why take it to a different sphere? Well, I think Lawrence touched on some of the reasons, which is, you know, some of it's price, some of it is I've got legacy applications that don't work in one cloud infrastructure, but will work in another cloud infrastructure. Some of it is security, some of it is just, you know, simply I don't have any control over it. People are acquiring cloud infrastructure via credit card within departments. Yeah, you can't say you have to use Amazon or you have to use Microsoft. You're not controlling that. You know, we've talked before, software one has a different legacy than say what I'd say the cloud management providers that are out there, but some of the things are very similar that you're attacking, because everybody, I think, has identified this multi-cloud and it's the big elephant, everybody's trying to take bites out of it.  Yeah, I think the, when you look at that, there's certainly a lot of vendors here do a good job of starting to think about that, but a lot of vendors have started with, you know, the cloud and kind of built around that. And for companies that are born in the cloud and that's all they focus on, that might be a great solution. But a lot of the enterprises that we deal with the larger customers, that mix of what's on premise and what's in the cloud is still a minority is going to be in the cloud. It's going to be definitely less than 50% for a lot of companies, even smaller for some of the big places. So if you get really, really good visibility, even in a multi-cloud environment, on only 20 or 30% of your environment, then you're not getting the whole big picture of what's happening, particularly on the expense side and where you're spending the money. So what we bring to the table that's a little bit unique here is we come from the history of doing this for many years on premise. We give a good visibility into what they're doing, how their assets are being utilized, giving them thoughts and contributions on how they price it and what they buy to it. So we give them that good view of on premise as well as what's happening in the cloud. So now when they make decisions, they're getting that holistic view. So marketing might come in there and they might have a software catalog that's part in cloud and part of it's on premise. Their CRM might be on premise. So if you're looking at, what's my overall budget and spend there? How do I consolidate it? How do I make it better? You just can't look at the SaaS applications and what's in the cloud or what's in Amazon. You've really got to get that full picture and that's what we can bring to bear. And the other thing is a lot of the solutions that you see, a lot of the vendors are very focused on one particular country or environment. Software one is really spread out across the globe. We're in 80 plus countries. So when you're looking at, okay, now I've got to figure out who's buying whatever in Switzerland and the UK and the US. How do I simplify procurement for it? How do I get visibility across all of that on-prem in the cloud? That becomes a much more complex question. And those are the things that we can help enterprises with that's a little bit above and beyond what you might see on some of the kind of pure cloud focused players. Mike, I had an interesting session I got to sit in with Amazon talking about how they are helping customers with innovation. And one of the things they put forth is, companies have usually hundreds or thousands of applications but at least the premise they put forth is there's usually a handful of companies that are the strategic ones. There may be a next tier that are kind of important and then there's whole lots of other stuff. Maybe they're not all crapplications but they're putting out, but they're coming to Amazon and saying you're innovating, you're moving fast. How do we do that? How do we help with the digital transformation? How does software one get involved in kind of the innovation helping them along that journey? Well, you know it's true that we work with over 9,000 publishers and I would say that the top seven or eight make up the lion's share of both our revenue and our customers' spend. However, if you take what we call the tail end spend, if you take not just those top tier providers and not the middle tier, but all of those small little applications they've been using departmentally, they don't seem to add up to a lot when you look at them at each department or each geography. When you bring them together for the enterprise, it's a large spend and it's very hard for our customers to get control of that. So when we talk about innovation, I would not suggest that you innovate just around the top five to 10 publishers. You have to be able to provide a cost management solution across the entire portfolio for customers across the entire life cycle. That's on-premises, that's multi-cloud, hybrid cloud, and that's from acquisition through disposition. It includes the tail end spend. So as a lot of that when you give the visibility into the client as to what they're doing across the enterprise, they might not realize how deeply involved they are and that could give them leverage for pricing and then the like. The best example is SAS today because SAS has enabled Shadow IT in a way that we've never seen. Now people are just buying whatever application they want in their department with their credit card. Well, the IT department, the procurement department, the compliance group, they have no idea where that spend is coming from. They haven't discovered those unknown SAS subscriptions and you can't budget for it, you can't manage what you can't see. Is that, what's the shocker then? I mean, when you come in just in general to a business, what's the eye-opening moment for them, you think, in terms of what you're uncovering or what you're showing them about their own process that you think they would know, but you give them a little aha. Yeah, I think one example, I mean, we work with obviously a lot of the companies, but one, not that far from here, we work with LA Metro, the county and what they do there, and transportation. And they were looking at their environment and their spend in the cloud. And once we gave them our platform to kind of see what was going on, give them full visibility on what's happening with their VMs, what's happening in the cloud, they saw that they're basically spending two to three X what they needed to beforehand, before they really took a good look at it. I think they were surprised by that, but it was a really good opportunity to take a good, hard look at what VMs I might need to spin down, what ones I need to throttle, what ones aren't being active. And again, you want to make sure you're right-sized for what you're doing instead of just over-provisioning and kind of taking a guess at it, if you will, and overspending at the end of the day. And interestingly enough, just to add onto that, I was talking to a CIO that we worked with maybe a month ago. We surveyed all of our customers on their spend, by and large, most of them know they're overspending on software, they estimate to go anywhere between 25 and 35%, especially in the cloud, but they know they're overspending. So some of them can't solve the problem, so they just budget for the overspend.  She said, yeah, we're definitely overspending about 30%, I said, what are you doing about that? She says, I just put it into my budget. I said, it's crazy, why wouldn't you want to solve the problem? And the irony is that she's actually the CIO for a tax and accounting firm, but they're just bearing it, right? So, yeah. Yeah, that is funny. So, Andy, Jassy did quite an extensive keynote, lots of announcements, kind of give you the wild card. Something that jumped out at you, you want to build on any announcements or any pieces of Andy's presentation? Yeah, I think overall, I mean, he kept talking about innovation, right, and what they're doing. I think for us, we talked a little bit about the marketplace, but you also see things they're doing on the database side that's strengthening Aurora, making Postgre more attractive as an alternative to some of the legacy systems, and that complements well, the kind of what we see as a migration and people want to do, right? You really strengthen the offering, it makes it more attractive, and then certainly makes it interesting for the ecosystem, which we're part of, to help contribute that for people to move over there. I also really liked his analogy there, he kept going back to the musicians and kind of the relationship they have or thinking of that from compared to developers, right? And having all the instruments that you need to kind of build what you want and having that flexibility of choice. And I think it's a great analogy, and I think the flip side of that is, hey, if you've got a jam session here and you're bringing in all these different instruments, you know, a guitar player, a tuba player, whatever it is to build this up, you also have to look at, what do you have in-house? You probably already have a pretty good-sized orchestra. Some of it might be legacy, some people might be playing the harpsichord, the recorder, whatever it is, and you've got to figure out how does, in some cases, how do I blend that together? If I'm bringing them in, is it just for a jam session or do I need them here for a full set or for like a year-long concert? And if you're not careful, you can end up spending a lot of money on bringing in all these different players. And I think that's an interesting way to think about this is, it's great to have the flexibility, but how do you make sure you have the visibility of the cost controls so that doesn't overdo or overspend what you want to do to get that creativity that you need? You know. Everybody's going to play in the same key too, right? All right, let's all get on the same page. Same page of music, yeah. So, Software One's a global company. I know you both do a lot of travel. Give us kind of, we're here in the center of AWS. I mean, 43,000 devoted, super excited, passionate people, but what are you seeing out there in the globe? Where does AWS specifically, Public Cloud in general, still need to push? What are some of the concerns, challenges, things that you see out there? Geographically, yeah. Well, I mean, certainly in APAC, there's a challenge that any cloud infrastructure provider is going to face, and that's Oli Cloud. Oli Cloud is a fairly dominant player in China and Japan, and they have good presence throughout APAC. I think that AWS is making strong strides in Asia. Clearly, the market leader worldwide, everybody is chasing them with over 1,000 features and enhancements announced just within the last year. The pricing changes happening at such rapid fire that I think it's difficult for the other guys to keep up with them. So I'd say there's no question there that the market leader globally, Asia Pacific is probably their biggest challenge. Lawrence? I concur with a lot of that. I mean, we've seen in our own company, a lot of activities starting in Amia and even in South America, some good relationships with AWS, some early adoption there, but yeah, I think those comments on APAC, I think you've got some good experiences there, so. Well gentlemen, thanks for joining us. We appreciate the time here on theCUBE. Good luck with the rest of the show, and I'll be kind of curious to see where this goes. The vibe is good, right? Vibes, unbelievable. Fantastic. And you got a big runway, so good luck with that. Thank you. All right, gentlemen. That's it for our coverage here on theCUBE today, day two here at Reinvent. Back with more live tomorrow morning, 11 o'clock Pacific time. We'll be with you two o'clock on the east coast that we'll see you right here. Until then, have a good night.


Can you please tell us your name and where you're from my name is Luis Quiroz and I'm from kind of McWashington and Luis can you tell us what the problem that you were having before and the testimony that you have to share with us today? The testimony that I have for you guys is how I was delivered and freed from my addiction of marijuana of five years This all this all started the first time I smoked marijuana was when I was 14 But it didn't really become an addiction daily habit till I was 16 And ever since then it started affecting a lot of different areas of my life financially It all started with just like $20 a week and then all of a sudden it started going up to like $100 a week just more and more and more My relationships were like different friends They started like pulling away because they don't want to be part of what I was starting to be associated with My family, you know, they started getting really disappointed in me of the decisions that I was making and And and we just have well I could see them, you know being disappointed every day me Mentally, I started, you know, just thinking really negative My dreams and goals started just fading away all my all my motivation just started going away. I didn't really care about much and And then all of a sudden, you know, I started realizing that I wasn't just doing this for fun All of a sudden I was doing it, you know to get away from the pain to get away From the truth to get away from the things that really mattered to get away from my responsibilities and at that moment, I knew it was really affecting me, but That's when I also realized that, you know, it was an addiction. I couldn't stop because From that moment on every time that I did it was my last time, but it kept going and going and going so I mean, that's why I knew it was an addiction for me until last year and November that's when I got invited to this church and that's the I got saved that time, too and then I started seeing the Prayer line services and I started seeing and hearing testimonies of how people were being delivered and Being set free from any habits that in any addictions that they were facing So I knew that this was I knew I was gonna find the answers to my addiction at this time So ever since, you know, I got saved it helped me a lot to slow down because I started seeing things black and white But I was still struggling, you know, I Was still doing it once in a while So, you know, I knew that and I could find my answers in the prayer line So I asked if I could be prayed over and the prayer line of month of March And so I came in and got got prayed over and in that prayer line And ever since that day I've been clean haven't done no marijuana, but just my thoughts and cravings are completely away Wow, wow So Luis, can you tell us you had said that you had gotten saved and things had slowed down But can you explain a little bit more for the people here after you had received your salvation, you know A little bit about the experience and maybe the struggle that you were having of wanting to stop but not being able to Yeah, you know, I wanted I wanted to stop but like I like I couldn't you know, because that's what I knew I was being addicted to it and And you know, it was really hard because I would I would get mad at myself because I was just lying to myself saying that, you know, I'm gonna stop but I still kept doing it and And So I knew I knew that my answers were gonna always gonna find my answers in the prayer line Wow, so Luis now that you have received this wonderful deliverance from smoking marijuana and from doing all of that Can you give people advice today? Maybe they're facing the same situation that you were once in what can they do today to receive their own miracle?


greetings my valiant disciples and greetings to everyone else as well today I want to share some of my great knowledge with you all and I want to come with an update because it has been one year since I took the cold shower pill and started with cold showers and what an absolutely glorious year it has been anyway regarding the cold showers I have continued to take them and I still do it because of one simple reason and that's because of the sensation you get after the cold shower it is like getting another energy kick so there's only so much energy you can obtain in a day without compromising other things so for example you cannot take more caffeine late in the day because that might interrupt your sleep and sleep is obviously very important when you are looking to set the pace high no matter your endeavor so for me a cold shower is a way to get more energy without expending without expending more time or effort or money on it so a quick cheap time efficient way to get more energy and regarding other health benefits it's not something I personally have experienced but I just focus on that aspect the fresh sensation after the cold shower itself and when I say cold shower it's more a Scottish shower which means that you do the last one minute or so in cold water and now if you think it's a bit daunting to shower cold because the few the first few times can be a bit uncomfortable you can just pretend that you are some sort of Viking chieftain jumping in the ocean to save one of your men something epic like that it always helps with his mental techniques no matter what you are doing you can be out running in the forest for some cardio you can spar in the temple of rs you can go for some heavy deadlifts these sort of epic mental pictures are always a good instrument to the push through so you can definitely try cold showers give it a shot and see what you think and if you get hooked by the sensation afterwards like I did then you can continue to do so and also another benefit is that you can bathe in cold waters without any noticeable discomfort so that's another cool benefit so yeah that's my wisdom for the day just want to do check in and say that I still do cold showers and I can definitely recommend it to you and especially if you want that mental clarification boost throughout the day to get some additional energy highly aesthetic if anything xoxo