Hello everyone and this is MS Balakrishna from IIT Bombay once again. It is my pleasure to come back to you with yet another lecture series in chemistry under NPTEL that is National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. My first lecture series that was made sometime back was on the chemistry of main group elements. This course is about the trans elements. The course title is Advanced Transmetal Chemistry. Before I begin talking about the chemistry of trans elements I thought it is very very appropriate to make you all familiar about the periodic table by giving glimpse of its history and about who are all contributed to arrive at this beautiful format that explains the physical and chemical properties. It was a wonderful thought process. So let us begin our journey to understand the history of the periodic table. The title of this lecture one is it is all about the periodic table and you can see the periodic table I have shown here if you just see different objects under each element that essentially describes the utility of various elements or in combination with other elements or compounds in day to day life. And this is the modern periodic table with fully named all 118 elements. If you go back to old periodic tables after 103 you can see a UPAC approved names like Un, Un, Bayam, Un, Un, Chordium something like that. Now we have a complete periodic table with all 118 elements named. What is periodic table? Place for every element and every element in its place and ancient India. So when I say ancient India I am talking about five to 8000 years back in believed in four element theory that is earth, fire, water and air and about 2300 years back Aristotle also opened the same thing what Indians felt about 8000 years back and about 8000 years back gold was known and about 6000 years back copper and silver were known to mankind. Similarly, lead was known about 5500 years back and tin about 3750 years back and the same time iron was also known. In fact, Indians knew how to extract mercury from cinnabar and distill and purify about 3000 years back and also they knew how to handle and they had the concept of fume hood and those days all these elements based on their brightness and color were related to planets. For example, gold was related to sun and copper was related to Venus and silver was related to moon and lead was to Saturn and tin to Jupiter, iron to Mars and mercury is to mercury and it is a known fact that the elements are the basic units of all types of matter including both living and non-living things and as I mentioned about 3500 years back Indians brought the concept of four elements they are earth, air, fire and water and early civilizations when you go back to 5000 to 8000 years the elements such as carbon, sulfur, iron, tin, lead, copper, mercury, silver and gold are known to mankind and about 1600 years ago elements such as arsenic, antimony, bismuth and zinc were also known to humans. In fact, first element that was discovered was phosphorus that was in 1669 by German pharmacist Henrik Brand I shall tell you little bit more after a couple of minutes and in 1735 Swedish chemist George Brand discovered cobalt and phosphorus was the first element to be discovered in 1669 perhaps no other element was discovered disgusting manner the way phosphorus was discovered by German merchant pharmacist and as well as an alchemist Henrik Brand he did not had any intention of identifying or discovering new elements he so intention was to make elixir and convert all base metals into gold and also leave longer to elixir. So what he did was he collected 1500 gallons of urine that is about 5678 liters and he distilled over a period of several days and tolerated all the stink that is emanating from that one and eventually he ended up making 60 grams of a glowing substance that we call it as white phosphorus and it was glowing and during dark that is the reason it was named as phosphorus and later he sold that recipe to one gentleman called Decraft from Dresden for about 200 Thalers and Thalers traveled all over the Europe including England where he met with Robert Boyle. So the secret that was made from urine leaked out first and John Knuckle in Sweden and later Boyle in London also managed to make phosphorus using the same strategy as that of Henrik Brand and of course later Ambrose Godfrey Hekwitz the assistant of Boyle joined together and they started a business of manufacturing phosphorus and Boyle's states that I quote craft gave no information other than that phosphorus was derived by something belongs to human body this gave Boyle enough clue so that he to manage it to make phosphorus and publish it the method of its manufacture later he improved Brand's process by using sand in the reaction and of course until calcium phosphate was used to manufacture white phosphorus this Brand's process was used to make quintal quantities. You can see in the picture here how nicely white phosphorus is glowing and this is Robert Boyle. Let us talk about Anthony Levois here who lived from 1770 to 1789 and he wrote the first list containing 33 elements that means the attempts were began with Anthony Levois here then known 30 elements he started listing in some order and also he distinguished between metals and non-metals the discovery of the role oxygen place in combustion was an important contribution from Levois here he recognized and named oxygen in 1778 and hydrogen in 1783 and opposed to progesterone theory so progesterone theory says that a material undergoes combustion because of inherent substance that assists or that facilitates combustion but he told that it is not actually some constituent that is responsible for combustion it is oxygen and nothing else. So Levois here helped to construct the metric system wrote the first extensive list of elements and helped to reform chemical nomenclature also he discovered silicon in 1787 and showed sulfur as an element not compound in 1771. He is a French scientist chemist after the French Revolution he was central to the 18th century chemical revolution he had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and biology he is widely considered to be the father of modern chemistry. Levois's great accomplishment in chemistry is changing designs from a qualitative to a quantitative one he discovered and argued that although matter may change its form or shape its mass always remains the same that means he was trying to establish the law of conservation of mass at that time. So Levois here was a powerful member of a number of aristocratic councils in France and an administrator of Femi general one of the ancient regime which did not do business in a very fair manner. His political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research that means while doing business he used some unfair means to make money to support his research. At the height of the French Revolution he was charged with tax fraud and selling adulterate in tobacco and unfortunately he was guillotine in 1794. Let us talk about John's Jacob Burgelius he is a Sweden chemist he developed a table of atomic weights and introduced letters to symbolize elements. He discovered besides known elements zirconium, titanium, selenium, silicon, thorium and cerium and let us look into the basis for classification of elements and also let us look into the chronological order in which how many elements were known. In 1800 only 13 elements were known. In another 65 years almost it doubled to 63 and in next 120 years it doubled again to have this 107. In 1997 112 elements were known. In 2004 that number rose to 114. In 2016 the modern periodic table is completed with 118 elements. Out of 118 elements we see in the modern periodic table 94 that means 90 plus 4 including nexonium, plutonium, actinium and proactinium are also formed along with uranium in pitch blend are stable elements and the rest are radioactive. So that means we have 94 natural elements and remaining are manmade. So let us look into the classification of elements and periodic properties before the modern periodic table came into the picture. In 1800 a German chemist called John Dobreiner what he did was he arranged several group of 3 elements in this fashion. For example you can see lithium, sodium, potassium and calcium, strontium, barium, chlorine, bromine and iodine and he called them as triad of elements. French geologist A.E.B. de Concortoise in 1862 arranged known elements in the order of increasing atomic weight and made a cylindrical table of elements to display their known properties. I have shown here Concortoise model here. This is the first attempt to systematically arrange all elements known in the periodic table. John Newland other English chemist he tried to arrange the 60 elements known that time in the increasing order of atomic weight and he observed several similarities between the 1st and 8th element, the 2nd and 9th element and 3rd and 10th and so on and so forth. So he proposed the law of actives and you can see here using law of actives he proposed this periodic table in 1864. So this is how he arranged the known elements. For example you can see here so lithium is there if you count here 7 the 8th one is coming below and then of again the 8th one is coming below. So he showed this active law and this was found to be good up to calcium and was not fully accepted as there were lot of drawbacks and anomalies were there and he was awarded Dewey Medal in 1887 by London Royal Society in recognition of his contribution towards systematic arrangement of elements then known. Interestingly this observation was similar to music notes that is every 8th note being similar to the 1st in octave of music for example if you look into Indian classical music we have Sarigamapada Ni Sa it repeats and in the same way western classical music also we come across Dore Mi Fa Solati Du like that. So on the same basis John Newland proposed the law of octaves and in 1862 commits one Dimitri Mandele from Russia and Lothar Mayor from Germany were started working independently to arrange the elements in a order in 1869 both succeeded in arranging the elements in the increasing order of their atomic weight and showed the similarities appearing in physical and chemical properties at regular intervals. Around 1869 Lothar Mayor compiled a period table of 56 elements based on the periodicity of properties such as molar volume and arranged in increasing order of their atomic weight. This is Julius Lothar Mayor's plot you can see in some of the old textbooks and also NCRT book shows this plot and also he showed the relative trends in their atomic mass and this is called as Lothar Mayor plot this also you can see in textbooks. So what Lothar Mayor did was he plotted physical properties such as atomic volume, melting point and boiling point against atomic weight and showed periodically repeating pattern and in contrast to Newland's octave format Mayor identified the change in the length of the repeating pattern. In 1868 he was almost ready with the modern period table however he did not publish his result however meantime Dimitri Mandele published his periodic table in 1869 with an important statement the properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic weight that means the physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic weight. So this is what he concluded after publishing his periodic table Mandele arranged them known elements in horizontal rows and vertical columns in a table with increasing out of their atomic weight in such a way that the elements with similar properties occupied the same vertical groups. The most interesting and intelligent aspect of his periodic table is he gave importance to the similarities in the empirical formulas and properties and atomic weight was not strictly followed. Why he did not follow strictly atomic volume I shall tell you despite the lower atomic weight of iodine compared to tellurium he placed iodine along with halogens and whereas tellurium with charcoans he placed iodine in group 7 along with fluorine chlorine bromine and tellurium along with oxygen sulfur and selenium. That means the thought process was not completely biased towards atomic weight but he was also looking into the properties and empirical formulas. Also he predicted the properties some of the unknown elements and left gaps at appropriate places in the table. For example he left gap below aluminum and silicon and called to be discovered elements as aca aluminum and aca silicon. So he predicted the existence of gallium and germanium and described their general properties before they were being discovered. So this is the Mandeleev's work of course you can see in Wikipedia more details about these things. This is all the work up towards the periodic table Mandeleev made during that time. So he was born on 8th February 1834 and he died on 2nd February 1907 leaving a complete 72 years life and this is the periodic table that he published in 1871. So you can see here as I had mentioned earlier tellurium has little more atomic weight compared iodine however he placed tellurium along with charcoans and iodine along with halogens. And you can also see the difference in the atomic weight between cobalt and nickel. Cobalt shows slightly higher atomic weight compared to nickel. So when Mandeleev proposed his periodic table the structure of atoms and electrons were unknown. In fact the same time Werner also proposed his coordination theory and in 1893 when electrons were not known even the concept of atomic theory was not known and I shall tell you elaborate more about Werner as this course progresses. And of course you all know that electrons were discovered by J.J. Thompson in 1897 and modern atomic theory was proposed in 1913 by Niels Bohr and work of English physicist we should remember him. Henry Mosley on X-ray spectra of elements and the atomic theory showed that the atomic number is a more fundamental property of an element and certainly not its atomic weight. So Mandeleev's periodic table thus modified as the physical and chemical properties of the elements or periodic function of their atomic numbers. I repeat again the physical and chemical properties of the elements or periodic functions of their atomic numbers. So atomic number of an element is equal to its nuclear charge that is in a neutral atom the number of electrons are equal to number of protons in the nucleus. Thus by simply knowing the electronic configuration it is possible to recognize the periodic variations and trends across a period or in a group. That means you know how important the periodic table for us to understand the physical and chemical properties and also predict their structural features, reactivity and also application in various aspects. Since periodic law is governed by the electronic configuration the variation in electronic configuration determine the physical and chemical properties of elements and their compounds. And hence this is very very appropriate to say that the physical and chemical properties of the elements or periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Let us try to understand little bit more about Mandeleev's family. So Mandeleev's mother Maria Dimitriva Kornileva was born to a merchant, a family in Siberia and her husband Ivan Pavlovich Mandeleev was the headmaster of local secondary school. So Dimitriva's 14th child and he had a younger sister. So when he was 13 Ivan went blind from cataracts and was forced to retire on an inadequate pension. To help the family, Maria became the manager of her family's glass factory but was completely burned down in 1848 and within a year Ivan died of consumption that is tuberculosis. At the age of 57 nearly destitute she left Siberia on foot with her two youngest children Dimitriva and his younger sister Elizabeth walking and hitchhiking about 2150 kilometers to Moscow with sole intention of sending Dimitriva to college and look at the desire and determination of a mother to educate her children. Due to the political unrest and being Siberian he was bored from entering the college. So family walked additional 640 kilometers to St. Petersburg. He joined there for science teacher training program with a government scholarship in 1850. So her dream of Dimitriva going to college was fulfilled but she was not there to see him graduated. So within few months she died due to tuberculosis and exhaustion. So Dimitriva utilized his mother in his chemistry book. She instructed by example corrected with love and in devoting her son to science left Siberia with him spending her last resources and strength. So when dying she said I quote refrain from illusions insist on work and not on words patiently search divine and scientific truth Dimitriv Mandaliv regards as sacred a mother's dying words. So what Dimitriv Mandaliv concluded was it is the function of science to discover the existence of a general reign of order in nature and to find the causes governing this order and this refers in equal measure to the relations of man social and political and to the entire universe as a whole. Let me stop lecture one today and continue the remaining aspects of period table in my next lecture until then have a wonderful time and see you in my next lecture. Thank you.


Welcome back. This is the touch line on why to perform Banado Kumu. And on to our first segment of the interviews here, we're talking about a group of events that consist of competitive running, throwing, jumping, and walking. And that's Athletics, none other than John Vaseline, an Athletics reporter that I've engaged with and met out there in the field for the last, must have been now nine years, close to nine years. That's the first time I started seeing him. And don't ask me why I was the first one to see him. I've been around. Don't Vaseline, Karibusana. I'm Santesana. How are you? Great. I'm doing good. Great to have you. Thank you very much. We speak about what's on menu here. It's all about, you know, the interest I said about running, jumping, throwing, and also walking. Athletics, you know, and Kenyan calendar. Athletics calendar really starting off with a lot of fireworks and promising. Let's talk about some of the earliest events that we've seen and what really they give us a picture of what we should expect in either international events or just local series, you know. And maybe let's build on that and talk about the AK meet, you know, weekend meet, which I think the second one was at the Ulizi complex. Ulizi complex, yes. That's in early in January. In January. Yes, and the third one happened at Nyaya National Stadium. Yes, yes, yes. And I remember when we were covering the one at Nyaya at Ulizi complex, they were, you know, we asked Barnabas Korir, the AK youth development director. Yes. And also the Nairobi chairman for the association. He said that we put a task to him to explain how the records that will be set or the records that will be registered at Nyaya at Ulizi complex whether they will be ratified because of most of the equipment, right timing equipments are at Nyaya and he said that was a major issue and they were like, they hoped that the event will be returned to Nyaya National Stadium. So it was really interesting or really encouraging to see that the third meet was at Nyaya National Stadium, right? Very, very true. You know, literally Ulizi sports complex doesn't meet the standards of world athletics championships because even the creators of that pitch, they consulted well but they are technical issues that they never handled. For instance, I just give one example so I don't want to go into a lot of issues. When you look at the track actually, they track the lens where they run at least. They are not as per the standards that are supposed to be. They are linear lens and there are those that are standard so it's a mixed up. So there is no record that can be ratified on such a ground. That's why the government had to be forced to come back to Nyaya standard because Nyaya standard is a standardized stadium that an athlete can compete. And it's measured at technicality and everything on the technical level it has measured by world athletics. It's ratified, even the wind because of the, as you mentioned, the equipments that are used to measure those because for somebody like Omanyala, you know, there are races that are assisted by the wind. There are races that the wind forces you to fall back. So all those have to be put into place. If Omanyala breaks a record, they look at the wind. Was it negative, was it positive? You see, if he was being helped by the wind, it wouldn't be ratified. But if he went against the wind, definitely. Or if there was no wind, again definitely the record will be recognized. So we are happy that we are back at Nyaya. Nyaya is everything. We hope that Kasaran is down, now completely down. So we hope that it will be back because that is the fastest track that we have in Africa. Even you see the invested, they invited, at least officially, invite them to come and participate in this country. They love that track because it pushes you. Shelyan, she loves this. Fred Kali loves this. Brad, they love this track because they know time is always there. Yo, and talking about Shelya, I think we'll mention about that rocket. You know, the mummy rocket. The rocket, yes. We'll mention that, but let's again, the AK, of course, the third meet did really impressive. I saw Bako Omanyala, I saw one, we need to talk about now the return of what is Mako Tieno. Mako is Bak and we hope that because Mako and Omanyala, they gave us something. Those people, when they are two, they are on the track. They push each other to the wall and we expect good desert, good timing. It never happened for them to meet this time round, but I know they are going to meet in the coming trials. Mentally, how is he? He is Bako strong, he's Bako strong and he's keeping it positive. He's just hoping that he gets an opportunity. Mako, he'll be going to the Olympics because this time is good. Yes, currently he's in France, of course. Yes, he's in France at competing. Yes, that's interesting. Of course, we also did see some records tumbling, you know, Nusra. Nusra, Nusra, she's good. We pray that consistency, you know. She's been around, you know. She's been around, but you know what? Nusra needs somebody who will handle her in a personal level or on a personal level. What do you mean? Training is how you attack the hurdle. That is the main issue with running. You see, these two races, the hurdles are 110 hurdles, a 400 meter hurdle and a steeper chest. They need experience. You need somebody who will help you to attack the hurdle because it's a faster race and it needs total concentration. You need to concentrate, you need to see actually where you're heading to. So if somebody or he could get somebody, just I'm not trying to rubbish or talk bad about the coaches that are handling her, but she needs somebody more who will take her to the next level because where she is now, she's competing here nationally, trashing and beating everyone and crashing records, but we need now that next level that somebody will take her to up something so that it's only about attacking the hurdles. That's the only issue that Nusra has. And maybe she can benefit from the training of other hardlers, you know, like Kwaisman Were. Really been exposed to quality training right now. Like Kwaisman, again, is the same issue. Kwaisman is good here. When Kwaisman goes out, you see the performance where it is, Kwaisman is people that can push and pull him. The same way we are talking about Makotieno and Omanyala. Mak needs Omanyala, Omanyala needs Mak for them to push and we'll see records tumbling here. That's what I'm promising you. Records will tumbling here. Wait for them to meet in the 100 meter. Although Omanyala is now trying also to for endurance purposes or for speed, let me say, for him it's endurance and speed because he's not a road person. So he's trying 400. He ran 400 at Wulinsi, you remember. Then recently at the weekend he did 200. Good time for him again. Personal best actually. So he's trying to do those so that he can get endurance for 100. He dipped under 19? Yes, no, no, no, no. He dipped 20, 20, 20. 19 is still far. He's still from that. That's what I see. The top for the top. There are people for that. They know a lot. Yeah, the likes of that. But one thing we appreciate with Omanyala is now. You see he has changed his training ground. He changed the coaching staffs. He somewhere now you won't hear. You usually don't hear of Omanyala videos running here and there. They have really guarded now him. The people who came on board now have told him. Now listen, don't preempt. Don't talk big then. We took a ground it off out. You get it. So now he's actually he he. This is not boxy. Yes, this is not boxy. This is not those people they talk. You know with running you never lie about running. They put you on the track then they put on the watch. On your max. Let's go. Go when the time comes. Yes indeed. So I mean the AK meet of course this all serves to the athletes gaining time for the various champions that are forthcoming but more importantly all the eyes are on Olympics for most of the athletes competing. That's the importance of this meet. The fourth one, where will it be? Every dream of every athlete or every runner is to be at that level. It's just like the world cup. Every footibola wants to be at that level of world cup because it carries a lot of things. Endosments you see even finishing among the top 10 even one athletics themselves when they describe it they will tell you this man finished among top 10 top athletes. You see it carries a lot of it and that is the premium anything. That's why Kipchoge. He wants to go and do a history and this one don't be surprised it might be a project. I don't want to play me to what I'm thinking but I'm seeing a project a night project coming in for Elwood for that record to come in because he will be the only person who has gone three times in the marathon in history of running and they want to focus and to concentrate and give him everything that is needed so that he can fully concentrate on achieving that goal. It will be a milestone in the running history. I mean we're talking about a night project and also that the same will apply to Faith Kipyegun on the cusp of history as well. Also going for history. Don't be surprised. Faith will be going for three races this time round. She's going to 800 which now Mary Mora has to to to overwork because faith is a beast right now. She's at the level that she's at the best level that anyone has ever been and Mark you know she's the most medal athlete in Africa. Faith. In Kenya she's the leading medal at least in Kenya. Nobody has ever medaled as faith and she's going to do 5,000 which Ethiopians are really working on it on how they can take it but for now that one is an off. They won't be near that and then her usual race of 1500. Yes indeed. And of course let's talk about the Sirikwa Daniel Ebenyusimiu Wow, explosive young man. Very explosive. This young man is smiling like a smiling machine. He's ever happy. He ran a tactical race because I was on the ground. The course this round wasn't that the hard course, we called it hard course. They tried to soften the course because we didn't have some alteration here. Yes, they did to soften it because of injuries. The thing is this the calendar is heavy. The calendar is so squeezed that's why we find the African championship they are taking names that even we don't know. Names that you might if you have not been that circle of athletics you wouldn't hear because we have major project. We have now we are talking about again we have trials that are coming for African games which are going to happen in March. We have the Africa cross country. We have relay team. We have world window. We have Olympics. So it's crowded and after that we have the diamonds. You see as they say the entry is full. So this Rikuwa did leave up to its building of course. On the women's side it lived to its building. We found a new catch and we are praying that Africa cross country championship can also be leveraged or used for you to get what to go for another 5k or to run for 5k. So I think what the athletes or AK is doing is they want to use immaculate Nyango for the world cross country championship so that she can get the qualifying time to take her to the Olympics. What's her background from? Is she coming from nowhere? No, no, no, no. This young girl has been around. She has been around. I've known a Maklef for the last 5 years. She has been running low key races but she wasn't that. And also she has been at the AK meets but the timing or the finishing wasn't good time that she can be picked. But she is consistent. Coaches that have been behind her? Oh, they are 10. She is best in 10. And I think there is a camp right now that has taken over her and she is partnering. Actually they are running together with Agnes if I'm not Agnes Shibed, the world 10 kilometer. You saw how she pulled her to even break the previous record. Nyango broke the previous record. She is the second fastest woman in the world over the 10k distance. So this is a girl and then Maku, she is still young, only 23 years actually now. So the future for her is so big and when I saw how she was handling the course at Sirikwa she was good, taking it easy. She wanted somebody who could push her but nobody was there to push her because of her consistency, her maintaining how she was running with the strides, her efficiency and the endurance. Running cross country is all about endurance. You want to endure because there is no speed, speed is found on the track. But the future for this young girl is so bright and something good will come out of. Yes, and of course that one takes us to the Africa cross country team that was named by AK and all this event is happening later this month. That's on 25th in Tunisia. Key names in both the men's and the women's 10 kilometer senior race but we can begin with the lady Sandra Phyllis. She is a regular champion. Right now actually she is going to run her first marathon. She has now gone completely on the road. She, because Sandra there are things that I only want to mention on national TV station but Sandra took a lot of her time when she was at her prime running the junior races. So it has really affected her progression. You see because I have followed this lead for the last eight years. I have her history in my hands. I have known her capabilities. There was a time that Sandra was her beast on the track but because of taking too long in the junior category it has really affected her progress into the senior category. That's why we don't hear Sandra in between. We only hear of the records that she has the silver and the bronze on the junior level but when you come to the senior level Sandra Phyllis is not there. Now she has gone into the half but I know here she is going to perform. She was number six at Sirikwa Cross Country which really put her to push for Africa title or to be on the podium. Also the list has Cynthia Chepngene. Cynthia Chepngene, a very young lady again. They are coming, actually these are upcoming people and I think AK is using this for exposure. She has run, she was in Paris. I think she won the 10k in Paris last year and this year she has run. I think she was number two if I'm not wrong. So something good out of this. She is coming, an upcoming person of interest or a person to watch. Yes and the men's team, Naibe Kiplimo, Naibe is credentials. Naibe is especially in 10k. She is doing actually the 11 races that I have seen him participated. The worst place that he was was position six but all the other races he has been on the podium. So we are hoping for a medal from him. Yes indeed and of course those are ladies Kenya did name the under 20 women team and also the under 20 men, those are the juniors. And the six runners are peace who will be heading to Tunisia and also of course the senior men, senior women and the team will be led by Paul Mutui who is the technical leader for that particular team. And of course the championship is on 25th of this month in Hamamet. That's the town in Tunisia. We wish the Kenyan cross country team to the Africa Championship all the bets. There also be the, let's talk about the fourth event here which is the World Indoor. You know, really interesting that to find that names that have ever meddled here they come in far and within, far from within. And the last woman to win a medal here was Obiri. Yes, yes, yes. This time we are talking about how that can be rewritten having another Kenyan again meddling. But let's talk about Ferdinand Omanyala and how he's be leading this particular team to the World Indoor in Glasgow. India is going to be a very, very hard event especially on Omanyala because on two fronts Mirama Saiso Omanyala running. He ran the first six, five, four then he came and ran six, five, two over the 60 meter distance. Yes, that's a new national record. That's a new national record. Then when we go to the other side you'll find these two men, Ferdinand Kali and Noah Lines they were again, the following weekend they were running again. Actually not after three days they were participating in a race and then you'll find that they are qualifying Mark who was even below the national record of Ferdinand Omanyala, six point five, two. And then you'll find that in the finals again Noah Lines ran six, four, four. So you'll be surprised. This is a technical race. One thing is the courses for this they are amazing courses. It's like an oval pitch. It's not the normal pitch that we shall have. Sometimes you'll find a pitch that is bent a little bit. With Indo it's very fun. You'll find even a hundred meters in Indos. They are not the usual, the ones we usually see. The stretch. No, it's at the middle of the track. So it's a technical and then for injuries most people avoid Indos because of injuries because of those sharp bends. It will have to hit a wall. Have to hit a wall again when you are running because it's a short course. So it's a technical course and then it lends your full concentration. So I'm praying that Omanyala be on the podium. But the names that are coming again, they are not easy names. Yes, I'm coming. And for the fact that he did begin his season so well that as you've mentioned in Nami Ramas during the early trades, setting a new national record, writing of the previous one by a few seconds means that he is in need, he's really picked his own season on. Yes, he's angry, he's calm now. He's composed. He's not the Omanyala that we saw because you saw he topped too big and then the performance it really affected him. I think it's normal. Yeah, it's normal. So it's me doing it and you want me to tell you how I do it? Yeah, I'll tell you. Before he learned that you have to keep quiet and only talk when you have to talk. Yeah, you have to watch what he said because what you tell us as journalists the young men though. We will exactly write and then after that the story is different. And people will hammer you for that. They will, you gave promises. You repeated, you gave promises. So it's going to be a good dress but I'm praying that again, one thing I know at the World Indo Games Omanyala again will lower the national record because it's going to meet with who over the 60 years. Watch out for that one and also what mentioning is that he'll be heading before the World Indo Championship of course the World Indo Championship is on 1st to 3rd of March. That's in Glasgow, Scotland but Omanyala will be competing in another race that's in Pari Indo meeting on February 14th. That's on Valentine's Day before heading for the World Indo. And also that particular team has no incubate in the 800 meters, the 1500 meters and also the 800 meters men. There will be, Kolinski Puto will be representing the Kenyan team there. The trials are for Africa Athletics Championship in Cameroon. What should you expect here? Africa Championship really... Actually the trials are over the coming weekend then it will be on March from 8, I think. It's from March where is it, 8.23. It's like a two weeks event. So we hope that Africa, for Kenya in Africa we will take the medals. We'll top up the medal, we'll take everything. The only thing we will not have in our past as we come back home is field events. But any other event, we will top them, we'll crush them. We'll crush itopians, they'll know us. Yes, talking points from this particular session, of course. Don Vaslin predicting that Omanyala will be setting a new national record over the distance, 60 meters distance, that's at the World Indo. Key events coming up, of course, the World Africa Cross Country Championship on 25th of February, that's in Hamama, Tunisia and also the World Indo Championship that's in Glasgow in March. Key events that are coming up. But of course thank you so much John Vaslin. Pleasure. For making your time and us just delving into athletics. So of course for the track and field I believe that next weekend or coming weekends we'll be talking more and delving much more into what's making helens in athletics. Thank you so much. Anytime, thank you very much. Yes indeed, keep watching Touchland. Let's take a short break, we'll be right back.


This talk was already in the schedule of Easter egg and it was announced as being English But there were only German speakers in the room. So I figured I'd do it in German But even though there still seem to be only German speakers here, I'm still going to do it English So you're out of luck Just for I guess for the tape so that we have this in English Okay, anyway, so I'm Andreas or fractinas in the a Schaffenburg Hacker maker space Schaffenburg ev and I built a photo booth and This talk is gonna be about why and how and all of this First off what is such a thing? What is a photo booth? So? you probably remember the actual photo booth Cabin things in train stations or at the city hall where you could get passport photos printed they used to work with actual developing film and Of course now there are digital with digital cameras and digital printers and Yeah, they're still around just not as popular anymore and Of course nowadays the term booth refers to Devices that you don't necessarily have to climb into and you're encased in a little box but it's also for just the device that stands somewhere or hangs on a wall and Yeah, in Japan There are really popular devices called Purikra and it comes from print club and there are little Things that came up in the nine nineteen hundred and ninety five by one of the major Digital game manufacturers. I forgot which one Konami or something and You could basically take a picture of yourself and then you'd have a little Screen and you could put clip art on it and move it around and then print little stickers and they're still very popular in Japan so a Photo booth as I refer to or as it's generally referred to is a device that'll take a picture of you after a countdown usually and then you can preview yourself in the screen digitally decide whether you want to print it or not and They don't even necessarily have to have a printer sometimes they just capture the photos like on a Wedding or something and then they may go into a digital photo album Or of course nowadays You may want to upload them to Facebook or to any social network thing The popular things not so popular on events like this, but still And of course usually photos are saved on hard disk or SD card or not Yeah, and sometimes Funny props that you can use and disguise yourself or make yourself even prettier than you already are Yeah, typical use cases. I already mentioned weddings and of course birthday parties big corporate events or Congresses like this affairs So our motivation why why did we build such a device was? It's really fun to use so I was at a birthday party at a fortieth and We printed over 500 copies on that night with roughly hundred guests and it was really funny everybody had a great time and I wanted to to have that photo booth for for an event for a charity event Christopher Street Day in our Schaffenburg and Then I found out how much these things actually cost when you rent them. They're really expensive Goes up to like 1500 euro a day And I thought to myself well for that price we can probably build one ourselves out of used Used parts And so I decided yeah, why don't we just do that? Considering that on that date that photo booth wasn't available anymore anyway Yeah, and It turns out we can actually use it to make some money out of it because people pay Donations to get their photos printed and when we're on a public event on a fair or something Yeah, people have a lot of fun Taking pictures and then printing printing them having something as a souvenir to take home And we hand out our little flyer from our hacker space and they give us a donation for the prince so win-win situation and Of course when you start from scratch then you really have to plan it and you learn a lot It's the software. It's the hardware. It's the woodworking Bring it up bringing it all together like interdisciplinary Lee That was an a big nice project And it's ideal if you want to delegate it into different groups like one group does the software one group Does the Arduino or not? So our approach building that thing was first I wrote an experimental capture program so is it possible using a digital DSLR camera Not so much a webcam. That would be too easy a digital actual good camera Capture a preview image a live video and then capture the photos through USB with a little program So when that worked I decided yeah, let's go for a printer and We bought all the different parts plugged it together and then once that worked Build the cabinet the case Yeah, and then at the end added some effects and the flash and everything So about the software architecture So of course it had to be all free software. We didn't want to use proprietary camera Makers drivers. We didn't want to use windows or anything closed source so of course the base is Linux and then There's three main parts that I use three frameworks or libraries to build the photo booth application and first part is live G photo to and this is a an abstraction for basically every digital camera that there is like There's like 2000 or something supported more or less You have a pretty high-level API and you just tell it Take a camera or take a picture Download the picture take preview video and it does it all for you. You don't have to deal with separate camera drivers or manufacturing Or manufacturers specialties for the different USB whatnot So that makes it really easy, but it's also a little techier. It doesn't work perfectly yet You'll see later The documentation is not very Nice either. So it's pretty much non-existent. There are a few examples that you can use But it's now it's not so easy, but it's getting better. There's still working on it. So for example, this is a little sample command and what it'll what it'll do it'll just It'll just do what it pretty much says it'll take a picture and Download it as a file then I have it and then I can display that and Voila, this is a live picture from just now Pretty easy. It's just one command and it works with any camera pretty much So that was nice to have Going back to this The next big column I call it is G streamer and G streamer does everything that has to do with video processing and image processing in the photo booth software so G streamer is a General-purpose multimedia frame framework. It's pipeline based I'll go into that later What that means it's media agnostic, which means you can pretty much convert Everything into everything read everything. It can be a text file or any network stream So it supports everything and if it doesn't support it, then you just write a plug-in for it Yeah, there's countless plugins in three different categories like good, bad, ugly And it's super cool to use You should take a look at it Yeah, and for example, it allows you to if you capture a preview with the G photo That will Output an emotion JPEG stream so pretty much take one JPEG image after another and then send that to standard out and I can pipe that into G streamer with GST lounge Read it out with FD source that pretty much reads the standard out again standard in Decode bin is a magic element that will Find out what stream it is and then plug the necessary elements to decode that and auto video sync is The element that will show it on the screen and I'll just do that real quick That's this command I have this display equals zero because I'm working remotely so that the terminal knows that I want it on that screen and Yeah, this is the The live view can I? No Okay so the third part is glib and gtk plus that's the GUI framework that I used it's it's an old one that was originally created in 96 for GIMP so it's I Think it even stands for GIMP something so it's a it's a an acronym and Yeah, it gives you everything that you you may know from like qt or all the the widget systems toolkits you have buttons sliders and you have Below that you have an event-driven system that'll let you Take all that and turn it into a program. So below the gtk. There's g lip. That's also what G streamer is based on not lip g photo, even if even it's called G photo it doesn't use g lip And it's a it's a low-level core library that will pretty much bring an objected object oriented programming into ANSI see so you can use object oriented programming and you have threads and signals and everything that you expect from a modern system and Since G streamer uses that already I decided to just go And use that in the photo booth too and not qt or anything else. I was a question last time Um, yeah, there's a there's a builder software for for the g y and it's called glade and it's it's just a UX designer that I used Okay, so About the user interface of the software It's pretty easy Because it's meant to be used like by it by children or anyone just with a touchscreen It starts When you first start it up it loads the parses the any file loads a couple of options from it You can customize it extensively like you have a template for for the user interface you can replace and colorize all the widgets the buttons change the font the size and Of course an overlay image. This one still has the Easter egg overlay I made one for gpn now, of course and Yeah, the the safe paths and the template how the files that are safe should be named the countdown duration the strings for that should be displayed like the sage ease you could put any anything else in there translated for example and Settings for the sound like there's a beep during the countdown you could change that into anything and You can also have a background video that will play after a certain time I call it screensaver. It's more like a camera saver because the camera gets really warm during the live view and takes a lot of energy goes through the batteries real fast and and settings how many copies you want to allow max and minimum and the tokens for Social media upload like Facebook, Imgur Twitter Yeah, so you you start that up and then you set it somewhere and it'll go into the preview and People can see themselves on the screen when the when a camera is detected and it starts and by touching the screen countdown will start Counts down from six to zero and then take some picture and then you see The picture on the screen you can decide you want to print it Do you want to cancel and on with a slider? You can select how many prints you want? how many copies and Then once it's done printing You get another Button where you can upload it to Imgur or Facebook if you want it defaults to no upload So if you don't do anything, then it'll disappear and go back into preview after a moment Yeah There's also a little status bar status bar in the bottom that will tell you the dates and you can see if it's still working if Still counts the seconds and then on the on the right side. There's a status of the printer. How many? How many copies you can still make it's it's a big printer with a with a roll of paper that holds 600 copies and it'll count down so this is about the architecture of the application itself It has this is the main application context on the left side and there's a capture thread that is Yeah, that's pretty much controlling the LibG photo commands Which will read from the camera continuously read the Motion JPEG stream that I've mentioned and then hand that over to G streamer Which will display it decoded and display it and There's also the lead thread which is or a lead class which will Talk to the Arduino and make it all pretty colorful Just maybe go into this real quick so once the capture thread is started pretty much it'll do an in it and then it'll just keep capturing video and This invokes the capture preview command of LibG photo and then that's read by FD source and Displayed by G streamer pretty much as I just showed you on the command line. This is all it does When you take a picture so when you start the countdown That's a little more complicated because first off you have to close and re-init the camera. Otherwise You don't get get to take a picture It's a little tricky and yeah, then the the countdown will start after After a moment or a moment later The let's will start flashing or will start counting a count on a colorful one and then It will take the actual photo it will read the photo into G streamer and then it'll start a processing pipeline where it I've let's actually The in detail if you're interested so it goes through a couple of times the first time it Does a color correction so that the skin tones look correctly and it'll capture that again and It'll print it and first it'll display it and then it'll print it or it'll capture it so that it can be printed and so on So these things are in our git or online if you want to take a look at it So earlier I mentioned that G streamer is Pipeline-based that means that you can you have a data flow from the source to a sink and With processing elements in between and you can plug and play those together as you please I go into the Video preview pipeline again. So this is that fd source that reads from the camera The the video stream it'll filter it and the filter tells it which Format it has then this is a jpeg decoder element which will turn the separate jpeg images from the camera into a decoded video stream that you can work with like you you can't scale a jpeg video with G streamer or a jpeg image you can only scale raw Stream or raw video with it. So first you have to decode it and then you can scale it So so that it fits The screen size and the printer size because the preview video has pretty low resolution. That's one of the disadvantages of the G photo like I said it it's a Really high abstraction works generally every camera, but it doesn't work very well with every camera So you have a low resolution a high latency a low frame rate Okay, so you have to blow it up to fit the screen and then you have to maybe convert the Color space and then you can do an overlay of the Mask like of that Easter egg or gpn whatever you want That can have alpha transparency as well. So you would need format that supports that and Then at the end you can display that in the GTK sync is what the what I chose This is the video pipeline and The photo pipeline is a little different Then what I showed you earlier so it doesn't actually save it as a file Instead it'll save it into memory directly and then read that and Then do the JPEG decoding It'll have to turn it. It'll have to freeze it that image freeze turns that single JPEG frame into a video stream and Then the video stream can be processed as before With the overlay conversion a gamma is like makes it darker or brighter Can correct that and that T element splits it up into three different paths And the first path is a LCMS that's a little color management system like I said before that Corrects the skin tones because the type of printer that we use need a color correction a color profile. Otherwise, it looks really funny Then the second route goes into a JPEG encoder and that turns that raw video back into a JPEG image and saves it on a hard disk and the third third one just goes to the screen and displays it and You may wonder where is the social media upload the social media upload uploads the JPEG that's safe to the disk Well, that's not an own path there Okay, so I talked a long time about the Software now, let's go into the hardware real quick We'll open up that box and there is pretty much a general purpose PC main board in it it's a regular PC that runs Linux and we work with a digital with a good digital camera Like I said, it's supported by LibG photo. It has to be supported But if it's a modern one then there's a good chance like if you go with a Nikon or a Canon or It's pretty much guaranteed that it'll work Why are we using that and not just a webcam it's because of course, you get a lot better picture quality if you want to give the The JPEGs that you you save to a client then They have to be like decent quality. You could make prints from a webcam That'll be enough that's how the Actual photo booth that you may find at a lot of places work Because it's a lot easier grabbing the video from webcam and then just turning that into a photo Then it is the other way around but we do it anyway What also helps is it has a flash Output of course on the top the hot shoe from the camera that you can plug that in and We are working with a cheap wireless transmitter So the flash is not controlled by the software or anything or LibG photo. It's controlled by the camera itself Yeah, and the camera of course already existed We had one and we have another one that we want to test it with Yeah so Generally you will find a digital camera in any hacker space maker play space I guess so you don't have to buy that Specifically for it and you can just put it in in the booth if you want to use it And then take it back out really easily. It just mounts on the on the tripod mount Good the next component is the touchscreen of course I just bought something of eBay and it was advertised as an open frame TFT touch display and turned out to just be a really cheesy regular display and a resistive glass with a sensor and A USB controller and apparently somebody hadn't gotten it to work and sold it again But it worked quite well in Linux There's an X input calibrator and it works like a like a mouse pretty much just have to set the coordinates and then it works I Use VGA because the HDMI had some flickering issues. I don't know if it's a graphic card or the the controller of the Display probably more like that Well, that's okay printer, I think yeah, it's Over there. It's a really big box Why did we go with one of those? It's because we needed something that was really quick and had decent quality and there's the little portable Photo printers, but they are super slow they take over a minute for For a little photo and they are super expensive like the media is Cost like one or two euro for a single print So we decided we needed something that will be able to handle the case where there's six people Sending in front and they want two copies for each one We can't just make the people wait for half an hour and then come back later. They want it instantly so we needed a Thermo sublimation printer This is like the type that you will find at the drugstore where you can go with your USB stick and print out your camera pictures I got one a used one from a photographer for a good price Yeah, it has a big roll of paper Like endless paper in it and it'll actually cut With a knife cut off the the separate Pictures when they're done printing and that makes it really cheap so it's less than sense 15 cents per copy and of course the thermal sublimation Means it's a dry right away So you don't have to wait until some ink is dry or anything you can touch it as fine But those things are expensive. So this one would cost over 1,800 euro when it's new It's an older model But once I come out still are in that price range because they're not consumer products They are that professional equipment A problem of course is the availability of drivers The manufacturers never make them so I I don't know of any thermal sublimation printer that has native linux support but there is that good print project and that has drivers for a lot of Color laser printers or laser printers in general and also those dye sublimation printers so thermo sublimation Um, yeah, they have have another problem They're really big and really noisy and really heavy When you can actually really hear them work through the box Very loud. That's okay So you need to carry the carry that thing separately. It's 18 kilos roughly and of course you need to take care of the Image color match matching yourself because otherwise it'll come out looking funnily. It's like I mentioned before Good, yeah, the PC is a standard main board Something that I had in the cellar just laying around nothing special nothing fancy It would work with an embedded PC that would be nicer We wouldn't have to worry about like open parts and coolers that you could touch or But just didn't have one laying around Yeah, and there's an Arduino Uno Which controls some RGB leds that we have to catch attention around the camera lens and a stripe on the printer tray on the output tray I'll just show you real quick Okay, I can just open the terminal emulation here and then Probably makes us a little larger and then just It will read Chars through the serial port and then turn that into commands. So if I write a Little see then the countdown will start six seconds countdown and This is supposed to focus the attention of the person that's being Photographed into the lens. It doesn't always work. Usually they look at themselves in the screen down below Usually we have to tell them. Please look in that lens and then a little f will make it flash and P and a number will make the the bottom one glow and shine in the processing colors of the Dye sublimation printer. So, you know, now it's doing the blue now. It's doing the magenta now It's doing the yellow and then this is the real time And then the print is done Just so that, you know, it's working. Of course, you can hear it unless it's really noisy Okay, so let me exit that Yeah, I do, you know, good. Okay, this is about the the woodwork We wanted like a natural friendly environmentally friendly Thing we built it out of all used parts So we didn't want a like an aluminum or a really shiny high glossy box for it instead we used wood of course and it's It's 10 millimeter plywood covers and on the inside. There's a framework from Yeah, with like Leisten, that's the German word. I don't know what the English word is Frames probably Yeah, I drew that in Sketchup. That's the only software used in the whole project. That's not open source It's free, but it's not open Just because I knew how to use it We could probably use free cat or something. It's just to draw to draw that thing this these these images also come out of Sketchup and And Yeah, I did it in the workshop of my dad and he is pretty well equipped with the saws and different stuff So this is where we could do to do all of that One interesting detail is probably that I had to use glazing tape for fitting that Screen into the into the Cabinet because it wasn't a an OEM open frame Screen after all it was just a regular one that is meant to be in a plastic case like the regular Consumer one so I used a tape that is flexible that's usually meant for building windows on glazing tape and That is used in different parts too just for Like underneath the camera on the camera mount the camera is held on on the bottom with the tripod mount and I made a custom screw for that because it is a Quarter inch you and see mount as something that's not really used anywhere else in Germany Yeah, so I used a regular screw and cut that Mount into it Yeah, the printer and the camera are transported separately and all of the other components are fixed inside the box there's also speakers speakers that will play a countdown beep and Can play some music and we usually just put them on top but They're supposed to go somewhere in the box link on the side or something Once I figured out how to do that nicely and there's a butterfly locks They allowed Transporting it easily. It's like from stage equipment like in a flight case. You can find those things It's really sturdy and carry handles Yeah, and the bottom is a Tripod and that is supposed to be a Reminiscence of like actual photo tripods or optical devices Like they still have the camera ones and Of course, they can't they can't wobble if it's three instead instead of four. That's another good thing Yeah, of course, we also have some some 3d printed parts that is mainly the little tray that the photos fall into and we've printed that on our makerspace rep rep and There's another part which is That will protect the 3d leds. That's a little diffuser thing and When the printer is not in the box, then you can also Doesn't break off as easily okay issues Well, so once we use that thing on a on a intercultural Fair in our shopping book and it was a really hot July day glaring sun and The display isn't really fit for that. So there's not enough contrast to really be able to see yourself So you have to turn it into the shade Then then it's possible, but it's not optimal That Fairground wasn't paved. So there was a lot of dust and the dust went everywhere So we were really having a hard time getting it cleaned afterwards Especially since we had to open the back. There is a cover for the back, but we couldn't close that because it was getting too hot We are missing a few Fans in there. So the heat builds up especially from the printer It's a thermal Sublimation process which pretty much means it it'll Thermically it'll heat Ribbon with color swatches and turn that into Into a gas phase and then bring it onto the paper that way So it gets really hot. It has over 400 watts during the printing process and the camera gets really hot during the preview Considerably actually and of course the display and the PC don't help either so we we need If we really want to use this during the summer outside then we need some ventilation concept and It would be best to use like filters in front of the Fans so that we don't suck all of the dust into it Yeah, it usually takes a while or we're getting better at it We're learning but it takes a while to set it up properly just the photo set up the exposure time the What's it called the aperture all of those things? Auto focus is horrible that went really wrong So the autofocus will you can only trigger a photo and then it'll start Focusing and the photo the focusing may take from like point one of a second up to two or three seconds because when there's people moving in the background or when it doesn't know how What to focus on properly then it may zoom in and out all the way until it finds the the sweet spot and That wasn't really working well because we are doing a countdown and people expect the picture to be taken at zero and not some time so we had to turn off the autofocus and Just we're usually just moving people into the into the focus spot with a manual focus There's a lot of room for improvements. Am I over the time? Okay, so I Already mentioned some of these things Cool gimmick would be for example a coin validator people Throw in a coin and then it takes a picture Something is like that and just make it more robust or print QR codes on the copies so that people can download it things like that so the cost is was Roughly about thousand euro and that has already paid itself off by donations that people give us for the prints So this is now a money-making machine for our Hacker space so consider building one if you want to have some public relations and Publicity you can give out your flyers together with the prints and print your logo on the copies and Make some donations with it. Yeah, that's the intention Okay, any questions if we're yeah, yeah, oh, okay You got a microphone How much time did take making everything including what everyone else did? Yeah, it took Only about eight weeks and that was because we had a strict deadline of that one event the Christopher Street Day 2016 in our Schaffenburg that it had to be done for and We added a few things afterwards like the social media upload Twitter. We actually implemented during last Easter hack So it still worked on and improved But the the whole thing like writing the first line of code and building the whole box only took eight weeks I don't know Was like a part-time project and mainly me There were a few people helping with the Arduino on things, but wasn't that many man hours? Code is on git if you want to look at it If you have any more questions, we're in the lounge and you can come take a picture of yourself would be nice


The Bemidji Veterinary Inhospital has been working with some brand new technology to help animals in the most critical of conditions. Porter-Sherrell Moore takes us on a tour of the facility. The knowledge that we have to look down on patients here. The Bemidji Veterinary Hospital has been around town since the 70s. Although ever since they moved to their new location in 2016, they've gotten some new technology. One of the largest small animal hospitals in Minnesota, in this part of the state, we'll see patients from three to four hours in any direction. Take a step in the back of the hospital and you'll find more than a few state-of-the-art machines used to treat animals in the most critical conditions. Our radiography is all digital. We do have digital dental radiography. We have cold laser therapy. We have state-of-the-art blood machinery and urinalysis. We have an oxygen cage and an ICU unit. We perform bone surgeries. We do corrective knee surgery. Pets that are healing from bone surgery come in this area and get worked out in this tub. And we offer resistance training to water jets. Another cool thing about the vet hospital is that they keep in touch with other vets in the area. So that way, there's always someone there to answer your call. We help a lot of our friends and colleagues that have other practices that maybe want to not be on call. We take their calls at night. We take their cat boarding ward and we have an opportunity to be able to have them in a separate section where it's nice and quiet for them. Eight doctors are associated with the practice and each of the exam rooms were designed with a pet owner in mind. We ease a lot of pet parents' minds and make sure that everything is okay and that they know that they can call 24-7. We can have a doctor come in at any time of the night or day. And it's not just dogs and cats. Any pet you can think of is welcome. One thing I'm very proud of the hospital for is we offer very comprehensive care for multi-species. Pocket pets, including some of the birds, lizards, hedgehogs, iguanas, snakes, rabbits. Reporting of Imagee, Sheryl Moore, Lakeland News. Dr. Pillard says most of the equipment is brand new. They offer more than 20 services including cancer treatment and a boarding kennel. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.