But at the half, you wanted to see some pride from your team. You wanted to see them respond in that way, were you more pleased with what you saw in the second half? Yeah, I think we played really well in the third quarter and came out. And I think the fourth quarter, we did some good things as well. But I think we just got to play tougher. We got to play for 60 minutes. We haven't put 60 minutes together really all year. We always take off like 15, 20 minutes. And that's when they really get honest, just like Lynchburg did in the second quarter today. Got us. It happened in Dickinson in the fourth quarter. So we got to find a way to play that. And we got to do better in the offensive end, scoring on our open shots and scoring more tough goals. And that's how you win games. And we're just not quite getting that right yet. A lot of new guys in there. And we're still trying to find our way. But hopefully a good part about this tournament is that we get to play again tomorrow against a really good team and another good opportunity to see if we can get a W. You made a goalie change at the half. And I know there's always a lot of reasons for things like that, and certainly one of them being you're playing again tomorrow, right? But what did you see? You put in a really young goalie who made his debut. What did you see from that? Yeah, Nick's been playing really well in practice and getting an opportunity. Justin, he's played a lot of games for us. That's how he needed a little bit of a break. And we weren't giving him really any great help there, I thought, in that. So we thought just making a change right here, give Nick an opportunity. He did OK. He gave a five. He only had two saves, I think. But Justin will start again tomorrow. And he'll be fine with it and understand. And he still is a great cheer on everybody on. But sometimes you've got to do something different. And our save percentage isn't great. And so we tried to do something a little bit different to see if that sparked us a little bit. Did you see anybody stepping up and demanding accountability with the body language stuff? I know at times it didn't look great tonight. But did you see some guys that really stepped up and showed you something leadership-wise? I think, you know, Gran Zick does a great job of that. And you know, Jack Scalotti does a great job of that. And I thought, you know, Robbie van de Golt does a great job of that, being as tough as he is. And I thought everybody played better in the second half and really gave us an opportunity to compete and get back. We had some chances to get back in the game, unfortunately. And we kind of gave him a couple of easy ones there. And we just got to clean up our defense a little bit. We didn't slide as well as we usually do. It happens in about, we got another chance and we're still trying to figure out who we are, I think, which is a little late in the season, but we're still trying. As you mentioned, that is the great thing about this event is you get to turn around and come play tomorrow against a team that's, you know, licking their wounds today and is a really good Washington and Lee team. Just your thoughts on that. And even after a loss, what this event continues to mean to you? Well, I think it's a great event. You know, overall, I think that's about the coaches and the sacrifices that they do. And it's a great day for divisions through lacrosse today all around with great games and great players. Everybody played really hard and tough and that's what it's all about. That's what makes this tournament great. And then again, you get to play some great games tomorrow that are really, really important to people's seasons and you'll see teams sell out. And but tomorrow's a hard day for everybody with guys playing back to back. So it's going to be a great day and I can't thank everybody enough for being here today. And tomorrow's going to be a beautiful day, like 70 and sunny. So it's going to be awesome. Come on out. And we're looking forward to some great lacrosse again. One admission price, five games, coach. Thank you. Appreciate it. We'll see you tomorrow night. Appreciate it. It's Paul Cantabene. I'm Glenn Clark. This has been day one of the Mustang Classic.


Welcome to course entitled advanced geotechnical engineering in module 5 stability of slopes. So this is module 5 lecture 5 on stability of slopes. So in the previous lecture we have understood about the effect of rainfall on stability of slopes and with an increase in rainfall intensity we have seen that the factor of safety decreases upon increase in the pore water pressure within the slope. And having understood about the different causative factors for this slope instability is in this lecture we will look into various methods for enhancing the stability of slopes. This means slope stabilization techniques what are the various means of ensuring that a slope is can be maintained stable. So this lecture deals with the slope stabilization methods or methods for enhancing stability of slopes. So we have various methods of slope stabilization in bulk. The slope stabilization methods are generally reduced driving forces and basically increase the restricting forces or sometimes both. So the slope stabilization methods generally reduce the driving forces which are causative forces for instability and increase resisting forces. The driving forces can be reduced by excavation of the material from the unstable portion what it is called is head portion and drainage of the water to reduce the hydrostatic pressures acting on the unstable zone. So we are able to do removal of the material from the unstable zone and the draining of water to reduce the hydrostatic pressure acting on unstable zone one way this can lead to reduction in the driving forces. The resisting forces can be increased by various means primarily the drainage that increases the shear strength of the ground the draining of water reduces the hydrostatic pore water pressures and thereby increasing the shear strength of the ground. And elimination of the weak strata or the potential failure zone. So elimination of the weak strata or the potential failure zone or in a way some of the techniques what we do is that we reinforce the unstable zone with a stable zone. And the building of retaining structures or other supports by retaining the soil with an appropriate retaining solution there is a possibility that the resisting forces can be increased. Another method which is chemical treatment to increase the shear strength of the ground one of the prominent method which is used being used is by lime stabilization that is called by lime columns or some lime slurry injection which results in a sort of hardening chemical hardening. So the slope stabilization methods generally reduce driving forces increase the resisting forces are both then the resisting forces can be increased by primarily by drainage that increases the shear strength of the ground elimination of the weak strata or the potential failure zone and building of retaining structures at an appropriate location. And there are also some techniques where if in case if there is a deep seated failure then you need to adopt a technique where the forces are transferred to the deeper strata and this is called piled slope stabilization and to retain the soil at the surface level there is a method which is used for called suppressor walls which are attached to these piles. And the fourth method what we said is that the chemical treatment which actually can results in hardening and to increase the shear strength of the ground. Unloading which is one of the method to reduce the driving forces within a sliding mass. Because if there is a portion which is being subjected to slide or then unloading is one type of a method where the slope stabilization technique to reduce the driving forces. So next this thing is excavation is a common method to increase the stability of a slope by reducing the driving forces that contribute to the movement. This excavation in the sense that this includes removing the weight from the upper part of the slope that is called head of the slope and removing all unstable or potentially unstable materials. All unstable or potentially unstable materials and flattening of slopes and benching of slopes. So flattening of slopes in the sense that the slope which is actually having a steep inclination can be made flattened and this you know reduces increases the you know also the stability of a slope. And benching basically the provision of benches or berms increases the stability of a slope. So with an appropriate design there is a possibility that the stability of a slope can be enhanced by removing the weight from the upper part of the slope or removing all unstable or potentially unstable materials and flattening of slopes and benching of slopes. The flattening of the slopes basically in this particular figure a cross section of a slope is shown the slope which is the profile which is actually shown here is a one which is actually steeper than the slope section which is shown here 2 is slightly flatter. Let us assume that with slope cross section 1 this is the potential failure surface L1 and with the slope cross section 2 that means that the slope of 2 is flatter than the slope of 1 and the slip surface or potential failure surface is L2. So the flattening of the slope not only reduces the driving forces but also tends to force the failure surface deeper into the ground. So the flattening of the slope not only reduces the driving forces but also tends to force the failure surface deeper into the ground. So one of the options is that flattening of the slopes but many times if any structures which are actually present close to the surface of the slope there is a possibility that the flattening option may not be viable. The another popular method to increase the stability of a slope at the downstream particularly is the provision of rock fill buttress. The provision of rock fill buttress is nothing but a simple method basically to increase the slope stability and this is basically to increase the counter reaction at the downstream of the slope that is a special at the toe of the slope and which counter force the resisting failure. So the rock fill buttress basically consists of with stones rather than soil. If you use this buttress material or a riprap instead of soil it is preferable because the frictional resistance between the these granular or stones is high and has the resistance again good resistance against the shear forces or disturbing forces and same time the slope is actually divide of water because of the free draining capability of these buttress materials which are nothing but the stones. So rock fill buttress is basically a simple method to increase the slope stability basically this is done in hilly areas where particularly when the slopes are actually constructed or highway or railway networks are constructed by using curtain fill methods in order to increase the stability of a slope at downstream end it is advisable to provide rock fill buttresses depending upon the necessity which way to increase the slope stability and to increase the weight of the this basically is to increase the weight of the material at the toe and which creates the counter force that resist the force. But this riprap which is provided is to be in the form of stones instead of soil because it has a greater frictional resistance to the shear forces and is also has excellent free draining capabilities. Then another very recent technique which is coming up we said that the removal of material from the head of the slope but if sometime we need you know a certain elevation to be maintained and but at the head of the slope we need you know the so called the slope profile has to be maintained the one of the you know very recent techniques is to use lightweight materials traditionally sawdust and other materials are used but the sawdust actually is prone for biodegradability so in view of that it is to be it has to be protected against the biodegradability up to some extent. So in the recent past there is a technology which is called use of geofoam in slope stabilization particularly EPS is nothing but expanded polystyrene which comes in blocks of different sizes and they can be placed one above the other like which is actually shown here and the film mass volume can be achieved and then this pavement system and other aspects can be provided. So here this you should have a cover which actually prevents you know the intrusion of any other into matter into this particular zone and these geofoam is actually available in different densities basically varies from 12 kg per meter cube to about 40-50 kg per meter cube and depending upon the type of application one need to select you know a particular type of geofoam and for this type of application reasonably as there are high compressive stresses it is maybe advisable to go for high density geofoam materials. But however there are by using this material it is a very advantageous to reduce the weight at the head of the slope and but it actually has got you know a particular failure modes at the failure modes can actually happen within the soil without interacting or interfering with the blocks. So there can be external instability internal stability and pavement system failures. So the major components of an EPS block geofoam system after Arinalo et al 2009 is actually shown here. So this is a portion this is the film mass which is with EPS blocks and a soil cover you can see that the soil cover and sometimes here also they provide the soil intermediate soil covers depending upon the requirement and this is the pavement system and this is the existing slope material which is regraded and provided and the pinching is provided to you know ensure the enough resistance along the this particular surface and this is the lower slope and this is the upper slope. So one way is actually used very widely nowadays with you know particular type of materials called EPS block geofoam but as we said there are different types of failures the first and foremost is you know from the you know localized failures within the you know soil that is the downstream failure and a global failure here and the upper slope failure that is above the this thing above the this portion where you know lightweight material is provided and this particular type of failure is actually failure surface passing through the blocks as well as the downstream surface as well as here also in upstream portion. So there can be you know possible potential failures so while designing this these failure surfaces have to be ensured have to be checked so that the adequate stability can be ensured. So while using for the stability analysis the appropriate strength properties of the geofoam need to be adopted and as well as you know the unit weights can be obtained and can be used in the analysis. The other failure which is in case of seismic instability the blocks can actually you know slide all together that means that if there is an excitation force because this the resistance is very low as the weight is very low there can be you know force which actually can make the blocks to slide. So involving the horizontal sliding of the entire embankment so this is one danger in case of you know seismic stability and this is an external seismic stability failure involving war turning of an entire you know geofoam portion. So this figure which is below in the slide you know ensures the external seismic stability failure involving the war turning of an entire vertical embankment about the toe of the embankment. Then in this particular slide there is this is a type of internal stability failure where internal seismic stability failure where there is a slippage between the blocks that means that the magnified version which is actually shown here where the car soil will be subjected to disturbance and there is a slippage which actually happens between these two blocks surfaces. So these need to be ensured and there are some means of in the field means of ensuring the stability by an appropriate anchoring from one block to another block so that entire system behaves like a the monolithic unit and this is another type of internal failure where local bearing failure of the blocks will happen and this is actually can cause when because the external load or stress which is actually more than the compressive strength of the blocks then there is a possibility that these bearing failure of the blocks can occur and which can lead to an internal stability failure as far as EPS geofoam slope system is concerned. In addition to that there can be some pavement cracking failures which can cause because of this. So these are the as a with the technology there is also the different modes of failures are discussed basically to you know make aware of the need of you know understanding which is required in this area. So then the another appropriate technique for enhancing the stability of the slope what we discussed is the drainage so that the drainage of water reduces the hydrostatic pressure and so the shear strength of the ground can be enhanced. So adequate drainage of the water is the most important element of a slope stabilization scheme for both existing as well as the potential slopes prone to failure. So the adequate drainage of water is the most important element of a slope stabilization scheme for both existing as well as the slopes which are actually prone for failure. So drainage is effective because it increases the stability of the soil and reduces the weight of the solid sliding mass and drainage you know the way of you know providing this draining of water from the slope there can be two ways one is called surface drains and subsurface drains. The surface drains can be through either surface ditches along the slope which is done in a highway embankments, shallow surface subsurface drains or surface drainage is especially important at the head of the slide basically so that the water is diverted where a system of cut off ditches that cross the head well of the head wall of the slide and lateral drains to lead the runoff around the edge of the slide basically they are effective. So the drainage techniques are basically the two types one is surface drainage another one is the subsurface drainage. The surface drainage can be through the either surface ditches or shallow subsurface drains the basical surface drainage system is actually at the head of the slide that is at the top where the system of cut off ditches that cross the head wall of the slide and lateral drains lead to the runoff and the edge of the slides basically they are effective. So the drainage techniques in continuation the factor of safety against any potential surface that passes below the periodic surface can be improved by a subsurface drainage. So that means that in the subsurface drainage the methods which can be used are the drainage blankets, trenches, cut off drains and horizontal drains. So factor of safety of any potential surface slip surface or a failure surface and that passes below the periodic surface can be improved by subsurface drainage. The methods that can be used to accomplish subsurface drainage are drainage blankets and in the form of trenches and cut off drains and horizontal drains and another method is called relief wells basically the function of these relief wells is to lower the water pressure in layers that are deep down in the subsoil. So primarily these subsoil layers where the water has to be drained cannot be reached by open excavation system. So in such situation relief wells is a type of subsurface drainage technique which is adopted. The primary function of this is to lower the water pressures in layers that are deep down into the subsoil and the another technique is the drainage tunnels or galleries when there is a requirement of substantial number of horizontal drains and this is actually substituted by a drainage tunnel to drain the water. So various subsurface drainage techniques or drainage blankets and trenches, cut off drains horizontal drains and relief wells and drainage tunnels and we said that the relief wells which are you know when it cannot be reached by open excavation for a particular subsoil layer then relief wells are installed and the drainage tunnels or galleries basically they are provided when there is a requirement of substantial number of drains horizontal drains then it is substituted by a tunnel or drainage tunnel or a drainage gallery. Then as I said another prominent and popular technique of retaining the soil is slope stabilization using retaining walls, the different types of retaining walls are used at the gravity retaining walls which is a common application. The other application is to use cantilever retaining walls or reinforced concrete retaining walls or sometimes when there is you know availability abundant availability of the stones locally then nowadays the gabion retaining walls are also very popular and very recently the soil tire retaining walls which are also becoming popular wherein the used or the tiles which are the waste materials like the tiles which are actually used in a fashion to with the tire material actually forms the facing of the wall and then they are actually used with a particular technique to basically to construct soil tire retaining wall to retain the slope or to you know ensure the slope stabilization using a particular type of retaining wall. So this provision of the gabion walls is nothing but it has actually has gabion baskets and they are filled with selected amount of stones which are actually shown here and which actually ensures you know because of the excellent drainage characteristics they ensure the drainage of the water and to prevent or to loss of the fine soil particles there is a requirement of provision of a filter layer which is right behind the surface. So that this ensures this is done in the form of a nano by placing a nano in jota steel fabric right behind the you know this surface so that this will not allow the water to take away the fine soil particles. So this is as I said another type of stabilizing the slope by using the retaining walls and these retaining walls previously started with steel reinforcements nowadays we have the steel reinforcement elements are substituted by the polymer strip reinforcements and which are high strength in nature and they are used for retaining constructing these retaining walls and in addition to that they are also now the polymer materials like polyester geogrids which are actually used particularly uniaxial geogrids are used to retain the slope mass and also in this technique there is a possibility that because of its flexibility that it does not require any nominal foundation because if the soil which is available is actually having adequate bearing capacity then it does not require it requires a simple foundation about a mud bed depth of about 1 meter and it ensures also vertical phase so that the additional roadway and there is a possibility of you know at the upstream and downstream and the right of way can be used for other applications at highway transitions and although we provide these retaining walls but if the failure surface is such that it is traversing beneath the retaining wall then the provision of this retaining technique may not be useful. So here after Grinmore modern mechanic handbook 2001 a gabion retaining wall which is subjected to excessive forces can actually see here the deformed gabion wall can be seen here this particular portion and this is the failure surface which is actually passing right below the retaining wall so in such situation the slope stabilization is using right retaining walls may be not an appropriate solution. So in such situations popularly techniques called the slope stabilization by using vertical piles is an option wherein it allows one to transfer the loads to the deeper status. So this particular technique by name slope stabilization using vertical piles so in this a typical cross section which is actually shown here a slope cross section having a certain slope and this is the toe of the slope and this is the unstable soil and this is the stable soil and this is the slip surface or a failure surface. So assume that the piles the question is that and the piles are you know placed in a row a row of stabilizing piles embedded within the slope which is actually prone for failure. So that is what actually this sketch is actually shown that distance between these two that is called the spacing of these piles and D is the diameter. So this technique works in a way it actually mobilizes the resting forces and by transferring the forces to the deeper status. So in such situations what will happen is that where the retaining structures survivability is questioned and this particular technique by using vertical piles is a viable option. So here it is very important to realize and to understand is that where to locate these piles particularly whether at the toe or whether at the crest of the slope or in the mid distance and another question which is required to be understood is that what is what should be the spacing. So some of the you know studies which we have actually carried out at IIT Bombay and the studies in the recent past studies which are actually being carried out at elsewhere indicates that a phenomenon called arching plays a trivial role in ensuring the mechanism of this pile slope stability technique. So here according to Eund and Ellis 2009 so here the similar cross section is shown here and this is the you know pile loading from the unstable so the unstable mass actually has exerted a loading and this is the stabilizing pile and this is resistance in underlying stable material. So if the piles are located at a distance yes from the center to center so here what actually happens is that the material flows between the piles and if the piles are close enough then there is a possibility that the development of arching can take place. So arching is nothing but the transfer of the loads from the yielding portion to the non yielding portions. So here what actually happens is that the arching across the gap develops in a way what actually happens is that the pile become active in supporting the you know or restraining the unstable soil mass. So here and another way of arrangement of these piles is also called as staggered arrangement. In this case what will happen is that you actually have two piles which are actually placed and then there will be a pile which is actually placed at the center so like this. So when this actually has a portion the arrangement which is done like this then what you then it is called as a staggered arrangement. So then it is not called as a discrete row it is actually called as a staggered arrangement. So there are two patterns one is called discrete row of vertical piles or otherwise a staggered arrangement of the vertical piles. And so here this is again a similar typical picture which is actually shown after Ashore and Adelaide 2012 where the load which is actually applied on the pile surface pile on the pile and the soil pile resistance which is actually shown here. So the driving force induced by this special soil mass about the sliding surface is actually shown which is used in the analysis to derive these things. So the next method which is also by the reinforcement or inclusion is the slope stabilization using anchors basically the this is basically the permanent grouted anchors have been extensively used to provide vertical and lateral supported natural and engineered structures during the past 6 decades. So the slope stabilization using anchors basically here a row of anchors when they are actually placed at certain inclination and the possibility that the slope actually can have you know can have a better stability. So in this case the grouted anchors with fixed length and free length and basically provide a vertical and lateral support to the natural and engineered structures during the past 6 decades. So the end type of anchorage where the tendon is grouted below the potential surface has been used to stabilize the dangerous slopes to a specified safety factor because of the significant technical advantage resulting due to substantial cost savings and reduced reconstruction period wherein it involves simply a driving of these making a borehole and driving installing a tendon and the grouting the fixed length portion and then making the anchor active by applying a desirable force so which makes the slope so this is basically an active anchor wherein it generates the you know resistance because of the embedded anchorage with the resulting due to grouting which actually done in the fixed length portion. Sometimes if there is a bedrock or a rock outrock is there then the soil is actually anchored to the rock outrock otherwise if it is done in soil it is mandatory to do a verification test particularly a float test at the float test of the anchor basically to check the anchor capacity for which is designed and available at the site is in order or not. So in this particular slide what we have studied is that we are try to introduce ourselves to the slope stabilization using anchors. Now here in this particular slide a cross section of the slope is shown wherein we have the inclination of the anchor which is at an angle theta with the horizontal and this is the potential failure surface which is actually assumed and this is an angle with alpha with horizontal and this is the particular slice having width to B and weight W. So here S is nothing but the soil shear strength and this is the normal reaction which is actually from the soil. Now here this particular force P which is nothing but the anchor force or tension in the anchor acts in this direction. So here there is the two approaches which are actually used one is that they are using the reaction of the resolving the forces like this P along failure surface as well as taking it vertical that means that P sin theta in this direction and P cos alpha plus theta along the surface in this direction. So there is also the another school of thought to you know instead of resolving like this resolving in the form of like resolving like along the horizontal surface that is P cos alpha plus theta and this is nothing but P sin alpha plus theta which is normal to the failure surface. So it actually P sin plus alpha theta minus n that is the net force which actually acting at the base of the slice. So this we will try to see one is conventional effect is vertical effect, vertical approach other one is the normal approach. So the safety factor of the slopes stabilized with the anchors can be calculated by the following two approaches what we said is that vertical effect approach conventionally used in practice and normal approach that is what resolving with slopes with resolving P one of the components is normal to the slope surface. So thus the safety factor for the vertical effect approach is can be given by factor safety one is equal to this is with the modified Bishop's method and m alpha is nothing but cos alpha plus sin alpha into tan phi by factor safety. So here where P is the axial tension per unit width and theta is the angle to indicate the orientation of the anchors. So we also required to know what is the position of this anchor from the toe of the slope and for a given slope inclination and what is the inclination of the anchor with the horizontal that is theta which is optimum which can ensure the highest factor of safety. So thus the safety factor for the normal effect with particular resolution like has been discussed is that P sin plus alpha theta P cos plus alpha theta where safety factor for the normal effect approach can be obtained by dissolving axial tension in the anchor into two components namely normal and tangential to the normal and tangential to the base of the slice where the slip surface intersects the anchor where the slip surface intersects the anchor. So at this portion where we actually dissolve the forces as normal to the slip surface that is P sin alpha plus theta that is the component of P and this is nothing but P cos of alpha plus theta. The tangential component of the axial tension was assumed to be have no influence on the normal force at the base of the slice where the slip surface intersects with the anchor. So the factor of safety of the slope which is reinforced with the anchors can be obtained by normal approach, by considering this particular type of resolving with considering the normal component of the anchor tension we get this expression like this where summation C B plus W tan phi plus P sin alpha plus theta cos alpha tan phi by M alpha. So here you can see that both resting forces and driving forces are getting modified. So this actually likelihood of giving the higher factor of safety. So the reinforcing mechanism of anchors in slopes can be explained using additional shearing resistance induced by the axial tension on the slip surface. The additional shearing resistance was given more rationally by the normal approach than the conventional vertical approach. So in this what we would like to impress upon is that the normal approach is actually is actually provides additional shear resistance induced by the axial tension than the conventional vertical approach. And for a type which is actually considered by Kai and Ugai 2003 type of slope with a type of material what they have used with one vertical one horizontal slope for that it is found that from their analysis that you know the stabilizing effect was optimal when theta is in the range of 7.5 to 22.5 degrees and the anchor position is 2 meter horizontally from the crest of the one vertical one horizontal slope. So in stabilizing the slope with anchors what we understood is that the stabilizing effect will be optimal and it found to depend upon the sloping inclination and the anchor position which is also need to be looked upon so that the optimum angle of inclination optimum position of the anchor along the slope surface ensures a better slope stability using anchors. So here this particular slide a typical application is actually shown and this is the sliding portion and this is the resulting with the anchor which is actually in place an active anchor and where you can see that the failure surface is actually subjected to a so called compressive force which actually makes the unstable force and to feel like tied with stable ground and this is the fixed length portion this is the free length portion and this particular anchor the this is actually a sheet and this is the anchor with spacers and this is actually shown so basically this ensures the stability by providing the frictional resistance at the you know beyond the failure surface. So mobilization through the pre stressing in case of active and relative displacement in case of passive so basically here there are active anchors and passive anchors the passive anchors in the sense that the soil movements make the mobilization of the tension in case of pre stressing or what you call is active is that without any soil movements where in what we tend to do is that we apply pretension to these anchors and lock the you know the arrangement which is actually shown here this is a concrete slab arrangement on the slope as a face this is the anchor after applying adequate pretension and these are locked here so this actually ensures these are the active anchors and this is something like to have both green vegetation as well as you know a support this is something like called grid type of beams which are actually used popular nowadays in number of applications. So this type of this thing is actually after wakai go 2012 where in this type of you know applications are actually happening in the practice. The another technique which is actually used for stabilizing slopes particularly clay slopes soft clay slopes or silty clay slopes where in so basically these stone columns is a replacement technique and which is used for improving the ground enhancing the load carrying capacity but there is because of the in the stone columns what will happen is that are a granular column or a the replacement of the soil actually happens and the soil is replaced with a stone charge or a granular material the stone columns are basically having a diameter of about ranging from 400 mm to 1000 mm to 1200 mm basically here what will happen is that the soil borehole which is actually play done with a drilling and sometimes vibro floats which are actually used and then the material is actually supplied. In this way the use of the if it is done on the downstream of the road the existing road can used for the placement of the rigs and then drilling the boreholes for installing the stone columns. So basically here in this particular slide a typical slope which is actually stabilized with stone columns which is actually shown here and this is the potential failure surface and it has to be ensured that this stone column traverses at a certain depth beneath the failure surface and it is also required to understand the lateral stability of these stone columns particularly when they are subjected to shear. So it will be interesting say for example to perform certain tests where in whether this particular you know the at this interface and whether it is adequate to have you know adequate restraining forces or not but in this also the different types of patterns of arrangements one is the like what we use in soft ground improvement the square layout or staggered pattern. So in the staggered pattern or what we say that the it is also called as the in plan they look like the stone columns are placed or a position at equilateral triangular pattern wherein what will happen is that you have S is the spacing and each side of an equilateral triangle is actually having a size of S. So with that what will happen is that actually equilateral triangular pattern and square arrangement out of this for as far as the soft ground improvement is concerned the equilateral triangular pattern was found to have superior performance. So here also for this slope stabilization using stone columns the equilateral triangular pattern may provide you know adequate resistance and then provide higher average shear resistance. So this is actually designed by using the similar concepts which are actually adopted that is the here this is the load which is actually portion by stone column as well as the ground. So this ratio which is actually called as the stress concentration and here in this portion the two methods one is the average shear strength method the other one is that to estimation of the shear strength by involving this you know the stress portion by the stone column and the ground. So this is the equilateral triangular pattern arrangement which is actually shown here and here this is the square arrangement pattern S is the spacing and here also S is the spacing and D is the diameter of the diameter of the stone column these are in the plan and this is in the cross section. So the another approach which we are actually going to discuss which is actually called the average shear strength approach which is the popular and once we get the average shear strength parameters based on the type of layout which is actually adopted for improving the stability of a slope then those average shear strength parameters can be used and then conventional slope stability analysis can be performed and which actually can be used for getting the effect of the stone columns on the slope stability. So there are the softwares which actually can you know adopt this scheme and then give the factor of safety one of the examples is the Talran which actually has got a facility to incorporate stone columns and then different layouts to induce to calculate the factor of safety of the effect of the stone columns. So here in this the stability calculations are carried out by using conventional slope stability analysis once we get the average cohesion and friction. So here C average is actually given as Cc into 1-AR plus Cs into AR where Cc is equal to 1-AR and Cs is equal to 0 for stone column so Cs is equal to 0 for stone column.  So the different notations will look into it. So the notations are nothing but C average is nothing but average cohesion to be used for the treated soil and Cc is the cohesion of the in situ soil or the ground and cohesion of the stone Cs in case of a stone charge it is 0 that is what is actually told in the previous slide. So average is nothing but average weight shear strength within the area tributary to the stone column that is within the unit cell and SR is the stress ratio which is also indicated as small n appropriate to the orientation of the failure surface at the location and SRv is nothing but the ratio of sigma C to sigma S to sigma S the stress ratio are vertical stress in the stone column divided by that in the in situ soil. Using the strong material the stone column actually a portion higher portion of the stress than the surrounding soil and AR is nothing but pi D square where D is the diameter divided by 4s square for square array and then AR is equal to pi D square by 4s square cos 30 this is for triangular pattern of arrangement. Then we have the some other variables which actually we have used tau C is equal to shear strength of the in situ soil and tau S is the shear strength of the stone column then sigma S is nothing but the effective stress due to weight of the column and applied loading where gamma Z and S mu S and the various other parameters like vertical stress in the in situ soil and alpha is the angle of inclination of the failure surface from the horizontal and mu S is nothing but SRv 1 plus SRv minus 1 into AR where phi is the internal friction of the angle of the stone. Generally these stone columns are actually having a stone charge which ranging from 10 mm to 40, 50 mm size of the particles and then the basically in that gravel or you know in that particular range. So wherein it actually has got excellent friction angle depending upon the type of the stone so it actually can have friction angle ranging from 38 to 42, 44 degrees and the internal friction angle of the in situ soil phi C in case of undrained case where saturated then phi C is equal to 0 and then phi average is the average internal friction angle of the treated soil and gamma average is nothing but the average unit weight of the treated soil that is actually composite soil which is nothing but stone column reinforced ground unit weight and gamma C is nothing but the unit weight of the in situ soil and gamma S is nothing but the unit weight of the stone. So these were the this was the method where the average shear strain parameters are estimated by using the method which is described below and this allows us to perform the stability analysis by using stone columns with that there is a possibility that we can actually ensure and then one of the other attributes of using stone columns is that because of their excellent drainage characteristics the stone columns actually has you know a possibility of having you know allowing for excellent drainage. So this is a particular case study which was done by Keller India that Keller ground engineering India private limited in 2007 in one of the ports below the birthing structure particularly below the birthing structure when the what happens is that the slopes which are actually excavated to a certain depth basically these are excavated up to minus 15 minus 16 depending upon you know the requirement of the heavy duty ships to come close to the birthing structure. So with that what will happen is that the slopes basically of clay nature and very soft in nature so with that what will happen is that there is a possibility that the slopes undergo failures there are cases of failures which are actually reported in Kandler portress wherein in the 7th birth because of the instability caused due to failure of a ground which is actually beneath the birthing structure resulted in the failure of piles of diameter equivalent to about 1 meter and led to the you know the disturbances which actually have caused to the failure of the you know this particular slopes. So one of the viable options is to you know use this replacement method replacing a stone replacing the you know the clay soft clay with this particular stone charge so this is actually successfully used by here for a stabilizing a slope below the birthing structure and in order to ensure the stability here the rock field actually is provided that makes actually you know the ensures the adequate stress concentration actually applied to the stone columns and with that so here in this they actually provided the you know these are the birthing structure piles which actually have gone and this is the you know the stone columns which actually have been drilled basically to ensure the stability of a particular slope. The another technique which what we discussed is the slope stabilization by using lime slurry so here basically if the slope is actually having adequate suitable for this type of the soil in the slope is suitable for this type of technique then there is a possibility that the slope stabilization using injected lime slurry is used to pump the lime at high pressure. So this is one of the popular technique wherein if you are actually having the existing slopes with for example with black cotton soils which are actually having low sulphates then there is a possibility that you can actually use this injected lime slurry is one of the in situ method wherein we can actually use this technique to enhance the stability of a slope. So the more about the slope stabilization using lime slurry and lime the another form of you know inducing or improving the shear strength of the soil particularly for a marine clay using lime columns slope stabilization using lime columns and lime slurry is wherein the lime is injected with high pressure. So in this particular lecture we try to understand about methods for enhancing stability of slopes we have been introduced to different types of slope stabilization techniques and we actually have seen the mechanism of reinforcement by using anchors and in case a deeper failures do occur then we said that one of the methods which can be used is the slope stabilization using piles where the forces are actually transferred to the deeper strata and the piles here are used as retaining elements and used as a retaining elements to restrain the slope movements.


Hi everybody, it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft. Thank you for watching my tutorial today. I'm going to be showing you how to make this really fun pop-up card. Now, this has come from the pop-up birthday present. So after I'd done that one, and I thought there's so many other ways to make, you know, to use that pop-up feature in another way, and I've come up with this. So that's the front. So I've kept it all within the theme, you know, of what's inside, the papers and everything, and then you open it up, and the whole thing pops up, and it gives you this scene. So I've got the two Christmas trees, and then all the presents, and then the merry Christmas. Couple of things I'm going to change with the next one. You'll see here the merry Christmas I've put on some fun foam, but when these two, when it closes, I think there's just a bit of pressure on there, so I'm going to not add the foam for those pieces. So as much as it looks nice having them lifted, I'm going to not do that on the next one. This is still okay, but also the idea is that you have this displayed open, but because I've put a lot of dimension on the front, and I've done foam, can you see underneath there? It's stopping it from lying flat. This side's fine, but this here, it just lifts up. So a couple of things I'm going to change, but everything else I'm keeping the same. I absolutely love it. So the back piece here, that is exactly the same construction as the pop-up birthday box, or birthday present. So if anybody hasn't seen that one, head over to this little one here. It's a really fun tutorial, and lots of you have done that. Now you can write your message on the back of this. So depending on what you're having here, because I'm aware that you're not going to necessarily have the same thing that I've got, so you may have something much bigger, but you can easily write your message here, so to and from, or you can have it on the back, and that's what I'm going to do. So I will stamp and write my message on a separate piece, and then I will stick it onto the back, and then that's how it's going to stay open and displayed. But it's really, really fun. It's just very simple. It's not hard to do at all. I've broken down every step. You can see all the different pieces in here. It's all very neat, and I love it. So let me show you how to make it. Okay, so the paper pad I'm using is Cosy Christmas. It's my favorite of the new Paper Addicts papers, and I know lots of you have got it because you used it to make the Christmas cottage, and that's what I used to make it as well. It's just so sweet, and there's just so many lovely parts to Fussy Cut, and that's what I've used. So every part of this card, part from the Christmas tree, has come from this paper pack. Okay, so right down to even the mistletoe here, these strips, all these bits here, it's all from the paper pad. So that's the one there. I'll link it all below and over on my blog. And then this is the die here for the Christmas tree, and this is the Paper Discovery. It's the Elegant Room Builder Set. I have a really nice card coming with this. I know I've said that in another tutorial, I think it was, but I changed it a little bit, so I'm just, yeah, I'm redoing that. So it's really lovely. You've got so many elements to it, and inside here, it's tons, it's all the bits there to make up your room, so yeah, that's been a fun one to use as well.  One's going to be on the front, and then two for the inside. And I'm using the Chiripel by Crafters Companions. It's got that lovely shine to it. So I've got three of those. Now I'm working off of a six by six card blank. So I've got a red one here. If you don't have this, then you will want to cut a piece of 12 by six, because all of the pop-up pieces I've made to fit within this six by six area. Once you see how I do it, those of you that you feel that you can adapt it, then go for any size card that you want. So this is six by six, so I've cut two pieces here of six by six. I don't want there to be a frame within the inside. So you'll see there, there's no border at all. It's just the paper covering. The only bit that you see from the card is that middle seam, okay? The front, I've done different. I have left a border, because that's the front of the card. So two pieces of six by six, and then one piece of five and three quarters squared, and that's for the front. So you'll see there when I pop that on, I've got my red border, just like I normally would. So that's all simple bits. That is all decoration. So that will all be different for everybody. But I'll go through a few measurements, things like that you might want to know. But all these bits here are what you need for your pop-out part. So for the main largest pop-out, so the one where I've got the two Christmas trees on, this is a piece of two by six. Now, along the six inch side, you want to score at three inches. And then along the two inch side, you want to score at half an inch, okay? So that's that one. Then your next size down is this one here, and this is one and a half by five inches. Along the five inch side, you want to score at two and a half. And then along the one and a half inch side, you want to score at half. And then the next one down again is this piece here, and this is one by four. Along the four inch side, you want to score at two. And along the one inch side, you want to score at half an inch. Then you'll have your two pieces here. You'll see these bits on the back. And I've got one there as well. And then these actual pieces here. So for those bits, this is one and a quarter by one and three quarters. And along the one and three quarter side, you want to score at half an inch. And you want two pieces. And then the pieces that attach to that and attach to the very back one, these are half an inch by four. And along the four inch side, you want to score at half and three and a half. And again, you want two of those. So that is all of the scoring and the papers that we need. Okay, so first of all, we'll just prepare all these pieces. You just want to fold and burnish all of your score lines. Okay, next, with the larger one, you've got that middle score line and our two folded pieces there. The middle score line, you want to cut quite a nice wide triangle.  It's, you just basically what's going to happen. They're going to fold like that. Obviously when the card all closes and then they're going to pop up. So you want to make sure you've got quite a big triangle. And then I just cut a little bit off of the sides there just so that when you're looking at it straight on, you don't see those pieces really. They're kind of hidden because that's how it's going to be when the card opens. So then the next one, again, I'm going to cut a nice, if you want to make sure you get them the same so that visually it looks nice, just lay one on top of the other then you can go in and just cut next to it there. But make sure each time that you're getting it right onto that middle score line because we need this to all lie nice and flat. So again, I'm just going to take a little bit off of those. So that's that one. Then you'll have that smaller one, which is just this one by four. And again, you want to do the same. So nice big triangle and then take bits off of there. Okay, so you'll just have that half inch piece on the top and then a half inch piece on the bottom. Again, that's going to fold like that. That's all you need. It's just to stick things too because you end up building up on top of that. So you stick things on top of each other. These ones here I've already obviously done. So they're folded. You can corner the edges. I mean, I done it there. It was just in case anything was to show but it all ends up getting covered. So it's up to you if you want to do that or not. But that's those pieces all done. Okay, next we can start sticking our mats and layers down. So I'm going to stick this one on the top. So I'm going to decorate it the same. It was quite simple. Just got that one there and then I'm going to have the Christmas tree but I'm not going to add any bulk. So there's going to be no foam with this one. So it was the Christmas tree. Then I fussy cut one of the little tags and then I'm going to put all the presents around the bottom of the tree. So I'll do all that decoration when I do all the main stuff. For the minute, I'm just going to stick these mats down. Now you may well have to trim a little bit off these because you want to make sure that you stick it either side of that fold. So you'll be able to feel that folded piece in the middle of the card. Don't stick on that, stick either side of it. So I can see there I've got a bit overhanging. This card is a pre-made card. So it's obviously slightly shorter than six by six. I think that other one, no that was pre-made as well. That must have been okay. You see I've got a red line through the middle. Make sure you have that. Just test it, close the card. You want to make sure that closes with no problems at all. So I'm just going to flip this over. Yeah, this must have been a five and three quarter card. So I'm just going to trim that off. It shouldn't affect the pop-out pieces. Yours will be fine because you will obviously cut yours and make sure it is six by six. Okay, so that's now stuck down. Once this calow starts to set, it will harden because I can already feel that strengthening. If you look at this one here is almost as strong as grayboard. It's really, really very, very strong. So that will end up being like that in a moment. Next you want to start sticking down all of your pop-up pieces. So get your largest one and you want to pop glue onto the backs here. You can use double-sided tape if you would prefer, but you do want something that's going to be nice and strong. Okay, and then, so this is the back. You're going to pop this down and you want the points here to go as close to the back but keep that middle score line here within this score line, in line with that score line there. So I'm just going to sit that down first and then I'm just going to move that until, like I said, this score line has to sit perfect with this one and these pieces you want to just get not over the edge, just literally as close to the edge there as possible. Just let that grip. And what you want to do is just close it and that will also ensure that you've got everything in the right position because if it folds flat, then you know that they're both positioned equally and when it opens, it will pop up and that's what we're going to start building everything up on. So I am just going to make sure that he's completely stuck and doesn't move. Okay, then you're going to get the next one and again, add your glue to the tabs and then this one here, the edge here of your tabs, you want to almost touch the front of this one. So again, keeping that fold, running with the middle there, just sit it down and kind of push it in as close as you can. You see there, you don't have to have it that close, by the way, this is just how I've done them. You could have these forward, but you have to take into account that whatever you have on here, so once my trees are there, when this all folds flat, you can see there my Christmas tree just fits in. So you do have to, if you're not going to follow this one, then whatever you stick down here, whatever you put on it, you have to make sure that when it closes, it will all be concealed. You don't want anything popping out because otherwise it won't fit in the envelope and it just looks a bit odd. So again, just fold it down flat each time and just make sure that's all stuck. Okay, and again, you can see how they lift up. So then the last one, you're going to, again, pop your glue and just do it exactly the same way as we've done these ones here. So I'm just going to stick that down just in front there and again, close that all up. Okay, so now you'll see those three pieces and how good they look. You want them to just, you can see how even they look because we dropped down by an inch on each one. They're all even there as well. Next, we want to attach these pieces here. So just pop a bit of glue on the end of one of them, okay? And you want to stick it onto the end of this one here. Let's see who I stuck it against. So like so, and then again with this one here. Okay, so now you've got those pieces like this. Next, with these ones here, it's going to be easier first if you add glue to this end here and then stick it so that it's above that fold, okay? So let me just pop that one in and then I'll bring it up to the camera so you can see what I've done. I'll just bring that one up. Can you see where I've just stuck it inside there but above that score line, okay? And again, this one here, pop a bit of glue on there and maybe turn it this way, you might see better. And then I'm just going to stick it again in the center but above that score line. Okay, so then you'll have these pieces like this. Next, you want to add glue to the bottom here. Okay, and do this one as well. Actually, no, do, no, do one at a time. And then you want to fold like that and just let it lie flat, okay? And close it, it needs to be completely flat. So the tab there, there's glue just under that, lie it flat and then push it down. And then as this lifts, it pulls this up. When it lifts up, still drying a bit but once that's flat, you want that to really stand up. So you know, I've got the glue again on that side there and just close the whole thing down. Okay, so now it's ready for us to decorate. So I'm going to have my Christmas trees on the top of the back piece there and then I fussy cut loads of the presents. It's going to look very similar. In fact, I'm probably going to follow the decoration of that because I just, I like it. So I'm going to keep that one there so I can follow it. I'm going to pop this all on high speed but all I'm doing is just adding some glue and sticking it on there. And the idea is that you want to cover all of the white. So all here, you just want to completely hide it because when you look at it like that you can't see any of those pieces that are there. Okay, and then these bits here I'll give you the measurements too for at the end. Also as well, I should quickly add that whatever you're sticking on here make sure it doesn't go over the fold. So I've got that right up to the folks. Again, it's all got a fold flat and check everything. Well, actually this here is the most important one. So check your back piece and make sure that when you close it can you see there it all completely hides within there. All right. So that is everything decorated. I'm really pleased with how this has come together. Next, you just want to decorate the tops of these. So the, I have to just take a skidder off that one there. And I just think that once you add those on then there's no white at all. So I'm going to stick those two down. Okay, so that's those stuck down and then it all folds flat. Everything's all hidden inside and there's the front. So it's very similar to this one here. I just haven't put foam pads on it. So I wanted to keep that nice and flat so that now when it opens up and you'll find that it will initially be quite bouncy but once you start adding the weight to it it will flatten down. So now that lies much, much nicer. And once it does stay open, it will just naturally drop. But it's just this really nice look, so cute. And you can add sparkle to it. I might add a little bit of my, I'm waiting for one of my sparkle pens to come actually cause this one's completely gone. This is the Spectrum Noir and this is the Clear and that is clear. So it just leaves a lovely sparkle. So once I get some more, I'll go over it cause you can see there I did do it on the Merry Christmas. You can just see the sparkle there. So, but yeah, there you have it. So I hope you've enjoyed this quite a mega pop-up card. I'm not sure what to call this one yet but it's a really fun one. It's very easy and you can do anything you want on it. Just make sure every time you add something that you fold it flat and check that it's all going to work each time you add something to it. Hope you've enjoyed today's tutorial. I hope it's inspired you and you give it a go. I can't wait to see your versions of this pop-up card and please hit the like button if you have enjoyed today and subscribe to my channel so you get to see more. Thanks for watching, bye.


I think we have to approach law enforcement from the perspective of community building. The idea that law enforcement and patrol officers, police officers who have a very difficult job, we don't want to vilify them. They are critical to the success of our criminal justice system, but they need to be properly trained. They need to have a philosophy of engagement with the community, not punishing the community.


If you've been waiting for the new Samsung Galaxy S22 device, then the team at Appalachian Wireless has some good news for you. Appalachian Wireless is launching all Samsung S22 models on sale. We are you. We are Appalachian Wireless. Pike County plans to begin construction on the Wolf Pit Industrial and Technology Park, a $5.1 million endeavor of which the Pike County Fiscal Corps has obtained nearly $3.2 million. When this administration came in office, the Pike County Fiscal Corps didn't have any industrial sites ready for development. The site up at Scott Fork, the county doesn't have a lot of property left, and there's no industrial water and sewer available at that site. When US-460 was built, when I was in the State Senate, we were able to get the funding for that project, get it started. When it was designed, there were four sites that were controlled field sites, meaning that when the property was reclaimed, waste material was put in, that it was compacted and placed in in a way that would allow for industrial development after the road was built. The first piece of property that my administration obtained the deed from the state for was the Wolf Pit site. We have since named that the Wolf Pit Industrial and Technology Park. The controlled field site, which will be suited for heavy industry, will be located on 30 acres of flat land owned by the county. Construction on the infrastructure should begin by May 27th. We know that without an industrial site, you can't bring new business in. Once the site's done, we've got to work really hard to market the site. We've got to work hard to market Pike County. We're competing against jobs, not just against other counties in eastern Kentucky. We're competing for jobs with the rest of the country. I know that we have people with great work ethic. We have people that don't want to have to leave to find jobs. We know that unless we have an industrial site ready to go, you're never going to bring new business in. Now, does it mean that we're going to be successful? Obviously not. But what I can tell the people of Pike County is if we don't have an industrial site up and ready to go, we have no chance to bring new industry into the county tax base. Judge Jones looks ahead to other sites and projects that he hopes will allow Pike County to compete with other job markets. We've got a lot of things on the drawboard. We've got a lot of things that we're making a reality, the industrial site. We've got other industrial parks that are going to be coming later on, like Johnmore Branch. We've got some really good opportunities to market Pike County to the rest of the country. And we have to do that in order to compete in the 21st century that we live in. I mean, we're competing again against the rest of the country for jobs, not just against Floyd County or Mark County or Knot County, but we're competing in a global economy. The fact that we were able to secure two and a half million dollars in federal aid with the assistance of Congressman Rogers, Governor Bashir, I think that tells people when they see that our friends in Washington, our elected leaders in Washington and Frankfurt, they're willing to help Pike County because they know it's going to be money well spent, that they know these projects have merit, and they know that they're important to the future of the county. Judge Jones is hopeful for future projects, which includes an ATV trail that will run the length of Pike County into Virginia. For Mountain Top News, I'm Kelsey Dean.