So first let me welcome you. My name is Jeremy Callan and I am a developer advocate manager for Amazon EKS and joining me today. I'm Mohammed Wasik and I'm a principal security engineer with AWS. In particular, I work with Amazon GuardDuty team. And today we're going to be talking to you about finding the needles in Haystack or identifying suspicious behaviors with EVPF. And I'd like to start by first looking at the challenges that you're likely to encounter when developing a solution for detecting threats in runtime events. Now for starters, the solution should be lightweight and stable. Also should be able to handle a high volume of events. And assuming that you can overcome those challenges, you then need to separate the wheat from the chaff. So all that you're left with are actionable insights. And in this talk, we'll explain how AWS approached these different problems and why we settled on EVPF. So there are various approaches to this problem. We could have tried to extend the links kernel. And the advantage there is that you have enormous flexibility. However, the likelihood that your change is going to be accepted upstream is significantly small because when modifying the kernel, your changes typically have to be broadly applicable. And so it's unlikely that you would choose to extend the Linux kernel to solve this type of problem. You could also write a kernel module. And again, that also gives you a lot of flexibility. But a lot of folks are a little apprehensive about installing kernel modules in their system as they can affect the stability and security of the system, of the operating system. You could also try deploying a sidecar container. And this is good because you have a separation of concerns. You don't have to muddy your application logic with security code. But this increases overhead and it can be circumvented. So for example, if you're using an admission controller to inject a sidecar into a container that's deployed into a particular namespace, you could circumvent that by deploying a pod into a different namespace, for instance. And yet another option that has come to the fore recently is EBPF. And EBPF, like kernel modules, is extremely versatile in that it allows you to capture rich information about events that are occurring from within the kernel. And EBPF happens to address a lot of the challenges that I mentioned at the beginning of the presentation. For instance, programs, EBPF programs are typically considered safe to run because they're sandboxed. They also only have read-only access to the system call parameters. They can't modify the parameters of the CIS calls. They're also very performant because they run within kernel space and they can be loaded dynamically. That is, they don't require you to reboot the system, which is really nice. And EBPF has really evolved since it was initially introduced in the Linux kernel 3.18, I believe it was. And at that time, it was largely designed for filtering network traffic. But it has since evolved and new capabilities have been added to it too now where you can deny certain CIS calls. And the implementation that a lot of us are probably familiar with is SecComp. Okay, so let me spend a moment here to explain how it works. So first, the operating system loads your EBPF program or the bytecode for your EBPF program verifies that it's safe to run. It's typically run through a verifier, looking for things like infinite loops and that your program exits gracefully and so on. The program is then just in time compiled and then run. And typically, there is an accompanying user space application that is used to load the EBPF program and then reads the output or enriches the output with additional metadata like in a Kubernetes environment. It's valuable to know the container ID or the pod name. But reading that output from EBPF is completely optional. You don't have to do that. And I feel like this is a replica of Liz's slide from this morning. This basically is depicting how applications in user space communicate with the kernel. This happens when you have an application that has to access an area of memory or accessing a file on disk. Interfaces with the kernel through these syscalls. And EBPF can attach itself or an EBPF program can attach itself to these syscalls. And that's where you can get additional information about the program that invoked that particular syscall. So here's a very simplistic example of how GuardDuty is using EBPF. In this example, we have a process that's running in user space that's attempting to open a file. It calls the system handler and the arguments that were used to call that handler is passed in the EBPF probe. And then that EBPF probe has the ability to send that information to a user space agent. And with Zeke here, he's gonna run through this in greater detail a little later when we get to his part of the presentation. As for getting started with EBPF, I'll say this, if you're not a C programmer like me, writing your own EBPF program might not be very feasible, practical, or easy. And having said that, I'm pretty sure there are plans for EBPF to support Rust and other languages in the near future, which will make EBPF a lot more accessible to developers. And in preparing for this talk, I found three really useful resources. The first is a project from SoloIO called Bumblebee, which I'll say automatically generates boilerplate code based on your answers to a series of questions. It also comes with the CLI, which makes loading your EBPF program relatively easy. The other resource is a book that appeared on Liz's slide this morning called Learning EBPF. I managed to get through like the first half dozen chapters. Very, very good resource on EBPF, especially if you're getting started. And then the last resource that I'll mention here is the EBPF Summit. All the talks from that event are now available to watch on demand if you're so interested. And similar to the earlier slide where I showed you the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to threat detection, I've created a table here showing the advantages and disadvantages of EBPF. We know from earlier that it's extremely versatile and faster to write and deploy than say Linux kernel module or to change the kernel itself. There are other advantages like memory safety and great performance and portability with things like compile once and run everywhere along with BTF or the EBPF type format. Yeah, which can translate with data structures within the kernel between different kernel versions. Yeah, now the downside of EBPF is that the tooling for it is relatively immature and debugging it is still pretty hard. But I'm sure that as it becomes increasingly popular that these challenges will be overcome. As for the common use cases for EBPF security, of course, but it's also found in a lot of networking applications and observability tools like Hubble, which you saw a few pictures of during the keynote, along with Pixie and lots of other networking and observability tools. And at AWS, we love EBPF. We have several groups that are using it. It's becoming increasingly popular at AWS. Here are smattering of examples of how AWS is making use of EBPF. Lambda is using it today to create pools of Geneva network tunnels. And this allowed us to reduce the VPC function cold start from 150 milliseconds to 150 microseconds. Pretty significant improvement. And then VPC is actually using it in several different places. They're currently using it to observe TCP flow level performance. We have applications like S3 that can be accessed in a variety of different ways. And so they're looking at the TCP flows for performance. And then later, they're looking at dynamically tuning the performance of the TCP stack for different services and their access patterns. We're also using it, or we have a distributed packet processing pipeline written in EBPF. And then it's also used to implement security groups and knackles. And if you used Amazon EKS, Amazon's Managed Kubernetes offering, it has its own VPC CNI. Today, it does not include a policy engine. We make use of the Calico policy engine or the Cillian policy engine. In the future, we're going to add support for network policy using EBPF. And then why EBPF for guard duty? EBPF elected to use, guard duty elected to use EBPF for threat detection for a variety of reasons. First, it can be implemented quickly. As I mentioned, there's less apprehension about installing EBPF programs than there is about kernel modules because EBPF programs are sandboxed. And EBPF programs are relatively easy to install and update. Finally, EBPF provides rich information about kernel events. And these events can be enriched with additional information, like container ID and pod name, which gives the user additional context to help identify threats to their environment. And EBPF can be used to provide protection at runtime, which also makes it very appealing for threat prevention, which you might talk about later, right? Yeah, so today, guard duty is primarily using it for threat detection, but the appealing thing about EBPF is that it could be used to prevent attacks in addition to detecting them. So with that, I'm gonna hand the baton to Zeke. Yeah. So I'm gonna dive into some more details about how we are using EBPF, what choices we have made, what type of events we are collecting, and we'll also go into a scenario and show you what type of events will result in that scenario and what type of detections we'll be able to get. Currently, we are primarily using EBPF for a system called tracing, because it's very effective for threat monitoring and threat detection. When you're using system called tracing for threat detection, there are three main objectives. Number one, you need to capture the input arguments of the system calls so that you could figure out what it is trying to do. Number two, you need to capture the details of the actor process or the process that invoke the system call. Number three, you may also need to capture the written value of the system call so you could figure out if the system call was successful or it returned an error. EBPF allows you to, as Jeremy mentioned, allows you to attach EBPF code or EBPF probe to various trace points or hook points inside the kernel. For system called tracing, one such hook point is system call enter hook or system call enter trace point. This trace point triggers as soon as the kernel starts processing the system call. When an EBPF probe is attached to this trace point, the kernel passes all the input arguments of the system call to the EBPF probe. The EBPF probe can also get the details of the actor process from the task structure, which is an internal kernel structure. Then it can send the input arguments as well as the details of the actor process to user space for further processing. Another option for system call tracing with EBPF is to attach an EBPF probe to an internal kernel function which is invoked as part of the kernel processing of the system call. These type of probes are called K-probes. When you attach an EBPF probe to an internal kernel function, the kernel passes all the input arguments of that function to the EBPF probe. The EBPF probe can then take these input arguments as well as the actor process details and send those to user space for further processing. In order to get the return value, the primary option is to hook into the system call exit trace point or hook. When you attach a probe to that or EBPF probe to that, the kernel passes the return value of the system call to your EBPF probe. You can collect the return value and send it to the user space. I'll also talk about some of the security considerations when you are choosing a proper trace point. I talked about the system call entered trace point for capturing system call arguments. Although it's an easy and efficient way of capturing system call arguments, it is vulnerable to race conditions or time of check, time of use issues. Let's consider the example of open Syscall in order to understand this point. When you hook an EBPF probe into open system call, as I said, the kernel passes all the input arguments to your EBPF probe. One of those arguments in case of the open system call is path name, which is a pointer to a user space address that contains the path name of the file being opened. Now your EBPF probe in this case has to read the path name from this user space address. And some point later, the kernel also reads the same path name from the same user space address. You can notice that there's a time window between the time when the EBPF probe reads the path name and the kernel reads the path name, right? And an attacker can potentially exploit this time window. So since both the probe and the kernel are reading the path name at different times from user space, a user space attacker can modify the path name in that time window. If that happens, your probe is going to read a different path name than what kernel reads and processes. A safe option or a safe alternative is to attach your EBPF probe to an internal kernel function. For example, in case of open system call, one such internal kernel function is security file open. When you hook to your EBPF probe to this internal kernel function, you can read the path name from internal kernel data structures. For example, the file is struck in this case. This is not vulnerable to race conditions or time of use exploitation because a user space attacker cannot manipulate the internal kernel function, sorry, the internal kernel data structure. So we have learned, if you are interested in more details of these type of attacks, you can view this DAF CON presentation, Phantom attack, evading system call monitoring. Very interesting presentation. So we have learned from the research on these attacks and we have implemented our EBPF probe in secure fashion. In particular, none of our EBPF probe reads user space memory. I'll talk a little bit about the level of context which EBPF provides us. A significant percentage of our customers now use container workloads on platforms like Amazon EKS. When it comes to threat detection, the primary demand is that the detections should contain container level details. In other words, if a detection originated from inside a container, it should have the details of that container. Otherwise, that detection is not very useful or actionable for them. EBPF allows us to not just provide the container and pod level details, it also allows us to provide all the process level details which is a significant improvement on guard duties, existing flow logs and DNS logs based detections which only provide host level or EC2 level details. A little bit about how we are collecting the context details, which details we are collecting from kernel, which from user space. Our strategy is to collect as much information or data from inside the kernel as much possible because that's more efficient than it's also safer. So we are able to get all the process level details from the kernel, such as the PID of the process executable path. We are also even able to get the container ID if a process happens to be running inside a container from the kernel. Of course, there is some information which is not available inside the kernel. We have to get it from the user space. So for example, container image name, image digest, we have to get it from the user space. Similarly, Kubernetes pod IDs, name space and name is also obtained from the user space. And then the short 256 hash of the executable is also obtained from the user space. Now what type of events we are collecting? Linux supports or has 300 plus system calls. EBPF can capture all those, but that wouldn't be very efficient. So what we do, we try to collect all the relevant system call events which are valuable in terms of threat detection. Some of the main ones that we collect include process creation execution events. These events allow us to provide process level details. They also allow us to identify suspicious process executions. They also allow us to profile or track behavior of various executables and pods and containers. Next up, we also collect file system operations such as file open and file mounts, file system mounts. These events allow us to identify suspicious file system operations. They also allow us to track file system activity of various processes, executables, pods and containers. And then another useful category is network connection events. These events allow us to identify connections with known bad IP addresses or known malicious IP addresses. They also allow us to again track network-based activity of various processes, executables, pods and containers. DNS request and responses are also another useful set of data. They allow us to detect when a process tries to look up a suspicious domain name. And then another category is inter-process interactions or when one process tries to inject into the memory of another process. We try to collect events relevant to this category because these techniques or these system calls are commonly used for in attacks like process injection. And there are some other events that we collect. There are some miscellaneous events, system call events that we collect, which are primarily commonly used in exploitation techniques like halting kernel processing or interrupting kernel from the user space. And last but not least, we also collect container creation events because these events allow us to provide container level details and pod level details, and they also allow us to track behavior of various containers and pods. The EBPF agent primarily collects events and sends those events out to the backend. It does not implement any rules within the agent. This architecture allows us to update and add rules quickly. It also allows us to perform more complex processing on the backend. So after the agent sends the events, we collect events at the backend and then we pass all the events and we apply threat intelligence to all those events to identify connections with known bad IP addresses and domains. We then also pass events to our stateless rules. These are the rules which use a single event in isolation, and then we also have more complex stateful rules, which depend on more than one events. And in future, we also plan to pass these events to machine learning in order to profile behavior of various entities in customers environment and use those learnings for anomaly detection. Now I'm gonna go through a simple scenario in order to just illustrate what type of detections that EBPF allows us to generate.  So the attacker exploits, or the threat actor exploits this command injection vulnerability in order to first download a crypto miner, and then they execute the crypto miner, and then the crypto miner connects to a mining pool. So in the first step, when the attacker downloads the crypto miner, using file system operations, we detect that a new file has been downloaded at runtime, which is kind of container runtime drift, right? At this point, we don't generate any detection, we just maintain or store the state that this is a new file, which has been downloaded to the container at runtime. In the next step, when the attacker executes this new file, we detect that, oh, this was a new file and it was executed inside the container, so we generate new binary executed detection. So this detection is good in context of containers because containers are supposed to be immutable at runtime, so this detection shows that something was downloaded to the container during runtime and executed. Next step, using the execution process execution event, we are also able to identify that a known binary, which is a known crypto miner, was executed using its short 256 hash, as well as using the name of the binary. And then when the crypto miner connects to the mining pool, we have the IP address of that mining pool as a known IP address or known mining pool IP address. When it connects to that IP address, based on the threat intelligence, we are able to generate a detection. So these are the types of detections which EBPF allows us to generate. The main point here is that we are able to provide detailed context information in these detections. So this is just an example of one of these detections, so you can see that we are able to provide pod level details and then container level details such as container name. And then we also are able to provide process level details, all the details of the process and even the lineage of the process or which shows you the ancestors of the process, like the direct parent, grandparent of the process. And we are also able to provide the runtime context which is related to, or which is specific to the finding. For example, this is for the new binary executed finding. And in this case, binary path, which is the path of the new binary which was executed and the process that created the binary or modified the binary. We are able to provide the details of that process. So I'm gonna pass to Jeremy to wrap up the presentation. Great, thanks for seeing. Okay, so to quickly summarize what we talked about here, EVPF is an attractive option for threat detection because it can capture events from the kernel and the data can also be enriched to provide additional context. And it's really good for threat detection applications such as GuardDuty because it's lightweight, it's portable and doesn't require changes to the kernel. And when it's combined with the power of the cloud, it can be used to find the proverbial needles in the haystack that allow you to focus on the root cause of a security incident. And with that, I wanna thank you for coming to the session today. Again, my name is Jeremy Cowan. This is Rizik Muhammad and we'll be here if you have questions, thanks. Yes, sir. Not yet. I cannot say if there are any plans or we are not actively working just to be accurate on those. So is the question, what is the size or what is the performance impact of running an EVPF program? Yeah, that's one of the major considerations. The volume of the events that you collect on Linux workloads is pretty significant. The size of individual events is not that much in general. It's typically what we have noticed is that it's around 1K. 1K by experiment, but the volume of events is pretty high. So, and this is the reason at the back end, we have to use several optimization techniques to bring down the cost. This is a feature we are thinking about, yeah. This is going to be part of GuardDuty Patrol, which was announced at re-invent last year. It's looking at the Kubernetes Autoloc. Yeah, the question is Falco is deployed as daemon set. Then what's the daemon set and what we are doing and then how we are managing the resources, how we are making sure that enough resources are available on the nodes. And secondly, what's the advantage over open source? So, we are working to offer multiple deployment options. One of the primary ones again would be using daemon set on EKS, right? And we are trying to make it as hands-free as possible for customers, the customers that choose to do it, right? And then there will be other options as well where customers will be able to integrate the agent with their CID-CD pipeline and then deploy themselves. So, we are working to provide multiple options. In terms of advantages, I believe it's the primary benefit is the customers, just like GuardDuty, the customers are going to get kind of a ready product where they don't have to really pick and choose what rules they need to enable, what type of settings that they need for daemon set or how they are going to set up the backend in order for backend processing of the events. If the volume of the events is too high, then you need lots of engineering. Even for an individual customer, you may end up deploying lots of processing capabilities in order to manage the volumes of the events. So, the customers are going to be relieved from that work. How it reduced the VPC function start time? I don't have the details on that. I didn't have an opportunity to talk to a member of the team before this presentation. I did read a paper on it. I have to admit I didn't understand everything that was in that paper. But if you come see me afterwards, I can give you my contact information I can find. Yeah. Yeah, as much as we could. We try to hook into LSM hook points or the internal kernel functions which are invoked after the kernel has read the input arguments. Exactly, it was just an example. There's several LSM hooks that we are looking into. All right, well, if there are any other questions, thanks again for coming to the session. I really appreciate it. Thank you. Oh, and don't forget to rate the session.


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Can billboards help stop anti-Asian racism? Or is this just a big government waste of money? Oh, you guys just wait and see. We're gonna show you about stopping racism looks like a boot here in Canada Uh, this is a viral news article on reddit. It comes from Canada.  Think about it. Don't you know clever little copywriting here in these ads guys But we're gonna talk about whether Something like this being posted around the city or at schools can actually help Stop anti-Asia racism or at least reduce it I have my own opinion, but everybody else has their own opinion Oh, there were some debates in the comment section andrew so make sure you like subscribe and turn on your notifications But you know what is something that people cannot hate that is asian There is no debate Smala sauce tastes very good It is a mixture of truffle a little bit of truffle flavor and szechuan peppercorns guys It's got a nice mala check out all the chefs and the foodies who enjoy it on our instagram page Yes, legit michelin star chefs have said it's good. So anyways real quick real quick andrew because people might be like Oh, no, there's no racism here in the land of drake look at drake and beaver and simul and they're so multicultural i'm gonna play a clip from uh Sheldon ho who's part of canto mando and a racist incident andrew he just went through like two weeks ago at a haunted house Play the clip just a quick psa today. I learned that for some businesses being racist is totally okay as long as it's asian The other day I was at canada's wondering with my girlfriend for one of those halloween festivals And the staff supposed to scare you right walking through one of their hawn amazes And one of the staff jumps out and cost him to scare us But instead of saying boo the guy says Konnichiwa i'm a little sorry because i'm like what what was that and then i look behind him and he has friends The staff are laughing first. I'm kind of like, okay, like okay.  I give you a seat for I have all my receipts from the food aid in the park. Just want my admission ticket And I don't want to be that guy playing the race car But I feel like a lot of times in western society people overlook racism and discrimination towards asians And they just feel like nothing and I feel like if I was a different race They would treat a lot more seriously than we can't do anything even though I have Real quick we got to acknowledge was this a microaggression when the guy is supposed to be professional He's a paid halloween house scarer and he pops out at shelled and he says konichiwa And everybody starts busting out laughing and breaking character. Yeah, I mean, I would definitely consider that uh a microaggression because it's not a violent or blatantly Disrespecting him because he's asian, but he's not gonna say He's is that haunted first of all that's super unprofessional. They got to do that And second of all he's not going to talk that way to any other race Like to an indian person, is he gonna try to say the indian greeting or to the spanish person?   I think the truth is andra and let's just say the gorilla in the room I think everybody thinks it's obvious people feel like it's okay to have microaggressions against specifically east asians Arguably even southeast asians a little bit less because they may be more intimidated of them. They think that east asians are so soft It's almost like Picking on uh something inconsequential, right? Yeah. Yeah, and here's the thing.  Oh, I gotta shut down the hate. You know what I won't hurt this asian That is not how it works. I think this billboard campaign is actually for all everybody else That can help and speak up about it because I think ultimately when you set up a bunch of reminders around the city It's not actually gonna stop a violent act, but it can start A conversation so I can almost begin to not change that single violent perpetrator or that violator Who's uh verbally harassing somebody but how people treat that person? Yeah, and also just like it's for the friends and the allies and friends of asians to be reminded that they can speak up About it and maybe it also makes asians feel more empowered Yeah, I think for them to be like, you know what the government's got my back society's got my back This guy he is not asian, but he's got my back because you've seen the campaign. Listen billboards pictures I know they don't sound like much But if you remind people to say thank you or open the door for people or on the subway david They always have these little ads sometimes like oh move for an old person You know move for a pregnant lady like a new york. You see something. Yeah. Those are just those are just reminders Yeah, exactly. I'm not saying it changes my mind a hundred percent, but it does remind me of things You know so reminders are important. Oh man in china and in asia japan and general andre They love like collectivist public slogans. Yeah, like乾淨城市好的生活 Which just means like clean city good life. Right. Right. Um, but david, I gotta say even though I Obviously if they could allocate this money towards like I don't know self-defense classes for asians and stuff like that. I think that would be a better use of money But since they cannot or will not I think this is Is worth something but a lot of people you're saying that's more the job of a private campaign Make asian strong or something like that. Yeah, I don't I don't think the government's gonna do that So i'm just realistic about things but david a lot of people in the comment section Would disagree with me.  Listen a lot of people are anti-racist will support it But it's just preaching to the choir and will completely fly over the head of the actual racist themselves Here's my thing imagine this man. Let's say you're playing pick a basketball at the gym, right? And there is a dispute over the rules of the game over because you know pick a basketball Plastic basketball situation has different like oh, are we playing 11? Are we playing one continuation, right? Exactly. Are we playing this? What's a foul blah blah blah? But guess what then there's a little board on the wall that says pick up basketball rules of this gym Guess what that puts that argument to rest So while it doesn't stop anybody from fouling another person or fighting another person or violating that At the end of the day, there are some rules in place.  You know what I mean You drink bubble tea you took a mandarin 101 class obviously the internal messaging to Other asians I would say is practice self-defense or practice verbal self-defense And uh, by the way, we have to say that this stems from an incident from when lili chang was five years old And she was chased through her neighborhood by three non asian guys that were swearing at her Calling her every single derogatory term in the book. Honestly, man I went through that a lot as a kid too. And I know that not every asian did I know even asians who grew up in a nicer part of our city or the city right next to us And remember some people at church. They had none of those experiences that we had. Listen, it's pretty sad But let's be honest. The reality is that people need to be reminded how Anti asian racism is wrong And it's just wrong and you got to point it out just like any racism against any other group You got to be able to just say you know what that's that's wrong You don't have to I mean do you have to lay your life down and save that You know what I mean to whatever extent you want that's up to you But I'm just saying we all got to just sit there and say that's wrong. That's wrong Somebody said why are asians always relying on the system and the billboards to do everything for them? They should be the ones bullying racism to submission by having unity and training and getting into the gym and being tough themselves And then somebody also said but when asians do fight back People also think it's bad because we're stepping out of character and the boxes that people put us in causing cognitive dissonance Which also makes people feel uncomfortable because we are breaking character in society I mean, I see what they're saying, but ultimately listen, man If you can't find in yourself to think about this on a personal level because the government is not going to get personal with you That's just what I'm saying like you mean the government just it provides generalized advice It's not gonna address your specific neighborhood your specific fishbowl.  Maybe he plays basketball Contact sports. He's gonna come across a lot more comments than if he stays in the STEM world Like you don't have coding competitions It's already kind of weird for the government and taxpayers to like spend money On giving all asians like pepper spray or something like I don't even know like that's usually a private thing to do But anyways, keep going. Um, somebody was just saying I can't believe there's some asians in here saying that they've never experienced it themselves Experiences can vary greatly even in a small local area Even a brother and a sister might have different experiences growing up The truth is there's a lot of stuff out there And just because some asians didn't go through it and they want to feel comfortable in their own mind A lot of asians have a tendency to deny other asians Experiences. Oh, yeah, see how do you would you agree that that happens sometimes? Or do you think I think that used to be true But after covet if you asian and you say you didn't hear anything I'm not saying necessarily directly to you individually, but somebody you know or somebody you know Who know, you know two rings out. I'd be shocked. Yeah. No, and uh Yeah, I mean, I think all asians have stories, but different stories Uh, are like less extreme and more extreme. So that's why I'm saying like you're saying some people might have went through A three out of ten comment and other people went through like a ten Yeah, I talked to somebody and they say yo, I experienced racism growing up.  That's like something to happen in like the 90s in america But in asian is also way more likely to get physically Super attacked in america. So that's what I try to explain to people like canada to me It's almost like I don't want to say it's like america light, but it's almost like Let's say for example I'm a vet in the mba and I don't rotate on defense and I give up a bucket because I'm lazy Or I'm a rookie and I miss my rotation because I just don't know the defensive scheme We both gave up a three in the corner, but one is viewed way more Hanously the veteran who is too lazy giving up on the play, right? I'm saying the rookie could still miss the rotation, but it's up for a completely different reason And I think that that's the best way to explain like things Can happen in canada, but I think it's like driven by almost like Boyish silliness or something overall canada is not as racist as america guys Just if you made me say yes or no, it's not but it is true that I have heard one time I'll tell the family story dad was driving in Vancouver, canada and an asian american threw candy at his window and said F and go back to where you're from you don't even know how to drive and I remember it was an asian american I mean uh asian canadian i'm sorry that's some self-hate man It was self-hate and the crazy thing was the police were right behind him and he got pulled over I remember that I remember that yeah And I always thought that that was really weird because I just don't think that would happen in america either So long story short It's just difficult to describe because a lot of things are different over there. Um ultimately andre what is Your major takeaway here. They got the millennial.  They center around more like attacks. These are centering around It seems like youthful microaggressions. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I don't know.  I think that that's what asians need to do but I think on a softer side not everybody's gonna fight back like I don't expect like little You know the 12 year old girl to fight back. She needs to feel like the city's on her side. That's what a young Helpless kid needs to feel like they need to feel like hey like at least Like the government knows that that's wrong and everybody else you can read this sign too. Everybody knows that's wrong And I feel like people in canada, they listen to the government more Yeah, I think that's that's true too. So yeah, if the government's on your side, like you said, hey man, um I'll say this ultimately guys Shout out to lily chang But I think the debate is encouraged and there's other aspects and guess what like you said, and the government is never going to address those aspects That's the personal aspect. How empowered are you? How are you teaching your kids how to live in this world where? Encountering potential hostilities for looking like an alien or being perceived by some people to be honest as nemoidians Do you remember nemoidians andrew they were viewed as like not fully evil but light evil but greedy But more towards the dark side versus the good side in the star wars, but they were also viewed as very weak I feel like that is sometimes on the downside how Asians are perceived Is it interesting that on these posters it said specifically let's end anti east asian racism because in canada they have so many south asians But this campaign is specifically for east asian looking people Yeah, I think it all comes back to a lot of things too. Like I said, you know, I got a lot of southeast asian friends um I feel like sometimes they're in the way they carry themselves or what they've been through or how they look or the The clothing that they wear is it's a whole different situation too when it comes to like this type of uh, I don't know. I guess very street interaction Anyway guys, let us know what you guys think in the comment section below. Um, we encourage the debate keep it civil What do you think of this campaign? How different is canada canadian racism from american racism until next time? We'd hop up boys. We out. Peace


Dude, I can't even see my own Roblox character, man Wait, it's up you guys real is the game in here today We're gonna be reading some scary stories in Roblox, and we have a pretty awesome lineup here You can see we got granny bending the ink machine Jason siren head slender man. Hello neighbor Samara and Ice cream. Yo, that is a pretty cool lineup. So let's begin with these scary stories. Let's begin with granny, man Old crusty granny. Oh, where am I? Hmm. It seems like this girl just woke up from a nap and she has no clue where she's at Okay, we can't open that. All right. Let's go check out what happens to this girly Girl granny is right behind you okay, so she found the exit but little does you know granny's creeping up with the bat Right behind her man. No Dude granny killed the girl dude right off the bat. No pun intended. Oh my god It wasn't even like a minute that she was alive and granny killed her right away Like there's an alien right there. All right. Let's see what granny. Oh, no, she knocked her out. Oh My god, it seems like granny tied her down to the table. Dude. Why are people dying? I think there's a granny right there, but she's invisible. All right So there's like an invisible granny model right here. That's killing everybody. Oh my god So that's the end of the story guys the girl ended up getting captured by granny My god, there was a blue face guy right there. Hey, that's one of the blue guys from the blue crew I forgot the name. All right, so let's move on to Bandy and the ink machine. Yo We haven't had one of these stories in a long time. All right, Joey. I'm here Let's see if we can see what you wanted to show me. All right Let's see what they're talking about. He's talking about Joey.  They're pretty awesome. All right Let's keep on moving guys. Oh, he came across the ink machine. Oh, oh, this is not good, man Dude, he's trying to get in the machine. It's not gonna work, buddy Pull the lever dude. He's about to activate the machine and he does not know what he's gonna get himself into Oh, like there's a little movie of Bandy right here. That's pretty cool. All right So this guy's getting himself into some serious deep business.  What is he doing here? All right, so how do we get across this? All right, we have to do some parkour actually to jump over here Oh, no Right. There you go. There you go. We got it man. We're pros. All right, so he came across Bandy Dude, there's a fire over there He came across Bandy. I have to get out of here. Oh man. I don't know if he's gonna make it out of here guys Right, so do we have to jump over here again? I think we do right or actually that's the end of the story We never know if he got out alive or if he even made it out alive. It kind of looks like my old outfit I used to have that outfit before our next story is Jason. Oh, man.   You hear that probably just the wind Yeah, I don't know. Oh Jason is back there. Oh All right, Jason is active. So don't get near Jason guys and the tree knocked over. Oh my god This is just pure bad. It's shank. Oh, no, dude. He stabbed the poor girl Dude Jason is a savage and then the poor guy is shocked at all. He is not responding right now Boy, you better move and start running before Jason cuts off your head, man All right, let's see what happens. Oh, no, he ended up getting the poor guy, too dude Jason is Jason has no chill like he does not let anybody live. He has no mercy.  All right. So this guy he seems like he's camping or he's hiking I don't know somewhere in between the lines. I think we should make a stop Dude, who is he talking to? He's talking to himself right because there's nobody else already Alright, so it seems like he made it to a stop. He made it to a tent. That's kind of strange There's a random tent build already. All right, let's go see. Oh, dude Siren head is right here All right, so this guy is deeply asleep as we can see in this tent But Siren head is right outside the tent ready to rip this guy in half What the oh no, so now he heard the Siren Head noises and he woke him up And he has seen Siren Head for the first time. This is so loud As you can see he is getting blared by the Siren Head noises and it's hurting his ears. Oh, man Why isn't he running? That's my question like why did not run it? Oh and Yep, that's what he gets for not running and just dating one spot. Dude, look at Siren Head Let's get a better look at him. Oh my god. This guy is super tall All right, man, so that's it for him He came across Siren Head came across him and took his life That's why I've never want to go camping man. These scary stories be having me paranoid Like when Jason pops out out of nowhere or Siren Head, for example Oh gosh and another forest story slender man. That's another guy You got to watch out when you go to the woods. Oh, no, I'm lost Oh, no poor guy. He's lost out here in the forest Like how did even get lost to begin with? I don't know man. What is this?  Oh wait, I see like a clicking thing right here. I don't know I don't see anything man. You might be seeing things buddy I think he might be cuckoo in the head actually.  What is wrong with his face? I don't know man. That was some funny business. Let's move on Oh, no slender man. Oh, it's headless slender man What in the world is going on now? He doesn't have a head Earlier he had a weird face and now he doesn't have a head on his shoulders This is so fish of business going on here guys I don't know what's going on with that slender man, but he is definitely not right All right, so for our next story, we've got hello neighbor. This is pretty cool We haven't had like a hello neighbors such a long time. How cool is this neighborhood? Um Yeah, there's not much really of a neighborhood here There's just a tree and the car But whatever he enjoys his neighborhood. Let the man be okay. I'm gonna go meet my new neighbors right away Yeah, man, I wouldn't want to meet my neighbor, but little does he not know that his neighbor is the evil neighbor What's one of my neighbors doing there dude? He's he came across Mr. Neighbor's house Oh, I think this guy just locked somebody up in the basement or something. Oh, man, let's go see what happens next Okay, it's time to run. Oh, no, he witnessed something the guy at the window saw it all and I'll catch him Oh, no, mr. Neighbor actually saw the guy seeing him through the window on whatever he was doing So now mr. Neighbor's not so fond of it and he's gonna chase them down I need to find out what he's hiding Yeah, man if I was you I would just mind your own business, man You don't know what you're getting yourself into and he went inside the house So the key was under the bed the whole time dude. Why does it look like he just passed out on the floor? And when he's trying to look for the key so he went into the house And he found the key to unlock the lock.  Oh, so he doesn't want to let him know that he actually kid that people blocks them up But the guy is clueless, but he'll find out soon Good night.  All right, so for our next story We got Samara, huh? I like horror movies. Oh, man There's a creepy jump scare on the TV screen right so this fella right here is enjoying his time passing by by watching scary movies Who know TV? Oh my god, Samara just popped on the TV guys. It says die Oh my god, that's pretty that's pretty much a threat. Samara's threatening this guy out here. It's here Oh my gosh, you jumped out of the TV So it's like the actual ring movie going on right now as Samara really does come out of the TV It's pretty scary. I'm gonna hide. All right, so he's gonna hide now because he's terrified Dude, why is the fridge in the stone so humongous? They're like way bigger than he is Oh no, Samara found it. All right, and we all know how this is gonna end man He is not gonna survive the wrath of Samara dude. Look at her. She looks so big and bald All right, so to wrap up our scary stories our final story is ice cream And I think I believe this is like one of our first times ever getting one of these hello What do you want boy? Oh no boy if I was you I would run for my life But hey these ice creams look kind of good. It looks like they smack man I kind of want one for myself, but no we cannot fall for mr.   All right, so he found the map So this is pretty much basically like the game pretty cool. All right, let's see what happens next It's a cafe. All right, so the map led him to the cafe as we see Oh, no, he's but little did not know Rod might be lurking out around here. Hello, boy Oh, no, so as I said Rod just creeped up on him and he is terrified for his life No, he ended up getting the poor guy and he froze him alive. Oh my god. Hey Papa You let's go have a seat over here. All right, you guys. Well, those were the scary stories I think my favorite one might have actually been this one because it's like the first time we ever get a Ice cream story, which is pretty cool because he kept it between like those story game line And that was pretty neat. Let me know what your guys's favorite scary story was out of all these. Oh Man everybody's right here. All right, you guys. Well, thank you guys for watching Thank you guys for the baby support if you guys enjoyed the video Make sure to slap the like button if you're new to the channel make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell on and I Will see you guys in the next one


Diolch i'ch bythigafodd gydag bach o ffaith atweithio, os y llwylo teithio gyntaf, fy ysgrifennu ei gydag i'r ysgrifennu diolch yn yr unid. On afterwards maeth yn ymddydd yn ddigonu mewn oherwydd ac mae'r ysgrifennu twdd, I said that we must thank a 69 o Boeith iawn. Thank you very much for the invitation. I'd like to discuss the archaeology that has taken place at Ashen Gore. For such a famous event, you would think that everybody has had a go at a bit of archaeology over the last 700 years. But it's been very very restrictive. So what I want to do is discuss the work of John Woodford and my work since 2002. Ychydigwyd y fathl efo'u gwir i'r gofod am hwn o'r iawn a'r llawer o'r bwysig yn y cyfnodol yn yr hunain bwysigiaeth i'r cyfrannol. Yn 2002? Yn 2000? Yn 2000. Yn ydych chi'n gwir i'r hoffa'r gweithlo'r hyn – ond mae'n ymddangos i'r holl ffioedd o'r archeolog. Yn ychydigwyd ymddangos i'r ffioedd o'r holl ffioedd, mae'n rhaid i'n gwylltio'r holl ffioedd. Mae'n cyntaf gael y ddechrau yn y ddweud yn ddwyddio ddwydd ymgyrch yn ymgyrch, ein ddwydd yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn y ddwyddio ar y ddwydd John George. Mae'r ddwydd John George yn y ddwydd, hynny lle ar hynny. A'r cyfnod hynny yn ddweud yn y ddwydd 2002, ac mae'n ddwydd i'n cael ei gwybod o'r pobl i'r coleg. Mae'n ddwy'n cael eu coleg yn dweud o ydwydd cyfnod a'r ddwyddol a'r cyfnod a'r ddwydd.  Mae'n dda i'r ddod o'r bobl arosodolod ac yn ymgyrch ymddarnol, Ofwys pwynt go iawn i'r ddiogelio, i gael gofyn hefyd yn ddechrau'r panrwy. 14.1970-1894 – dylau'r llyffaeth tyddfawr o'r gwaith ar rydym. Yr anhygoel hefyd, y ddyn nhw'n cael amser yn y Llywodraeth o'r Llywodraeth. Diolch yn fawr o'r gweithio gwn y fawr o ddod yn unig. Elin, Alexander George Woodford, rydyn ni'n meddwl ar y fawr i'w gweithio gwrdd yma ar y fawr o'r gweithio gwrdd. Cymreithio gwrdd yn fawr o'r gweithio gyrdd o'r gweithio. Alexander Lothl, mewn cyfnodd, a John George, mewn cyfnodd yn ymgyrch, nid yn unrhyw o'r pethau yn ymgyrch. John fel yma, ..y'r risoedd yma yn 18th century.. ..y'r risoedd yn Cezig. A'r risoedd yn ystod o'r ddweud o'r rhan yn y cwmysgol. Yn yw ddweud, rydw i ni ddweud o'r rhain. Yn ddweud o'r rhain, yna'n ddweud o'r rhain yn y bwrdd ac yn Ddorion Robert Salbyn.. ..y'r rhagor i chi oed yn ystod. Ond yw'n cael eu bod eich adreu. Yn rhaid, mae'n rhaid i gael, ond rwy'n gallu i'n rhaid i ddweud yn cael gweithio'r iawn yn ymddangos. Rwy'n gweithio, yr adreu, i gael, a'r adreu i gyda'r nghymru yn ymddangos hynny i'r adreu, ac yn ddod i'r ddweud hynny. Yn 1818, John George wedyn gweithio'n cymdeithas y bwyntion dechrau i'r Ffrasig, i ddweud y ddweud hynny'n ffraith yn teimlo i ddweud y ddweud. It took advantage of his position to obtain leave to make a survey of the field at the Battle Base de Coe and its vicinity and to carry out excavations. During his excavations he recorded in the notebook the location, the area he investigated, and what he discovered. Unfortunately this notebook is now missing. Much to my frustration because there's a huge amount of information in there and I cannot gain access to. Mae'n ddweud ar eich gweithio i gael rhai o fynd i ddechreu eu grwm y metal i'r ystyried y cyfrifatau a'i ddysgwm i f monkio gan welwyr gyda y gallu cyfrifiadau ac aeth sy'n meddwl i'r tyfianaeth oherwydd wedi wneud rydym yn o Richard.  Rhyw gweithio, yn y ddod o'r ddod, unrhyw gweithio'r ddod o'r ddod, Mae cyntaf, rwy'n gweithio gwelir maen nhw, ac mae yma'r llwyddebos, fe fe'n llwyddebos mi arben a'r llwyddebos ar gyfer rhywbeth. Mae Rhaetyn er mwyneth, mae'n cympanylion gan rwyro yn cymlwm o'r gadw ddau'r bod wedi gweithio. Felly ar yr brujant mae'n gweithio gweithio'r grannu yn y rhan a'n ynchydigol ar wladol. so mynd i ddweud o yr hoffa thysgu yma yn ymwneud ar y bwdd ymwneud o'r mawr. Mae ymwneud yn mawr o'r mwyfydol yn bwysig, a rwy'n meddwl i'r rhaid yn ddweud i'r ffynulwyr, yn ddweud o'r 5800 a'r 5800? A'r ddweud o'r 5800? Mae'r ddull yn ddweud o'r 5800 a hynny'n gallu cyffinu'r ddweud o'r ffynulwyr. Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r mawr. Mae'r ystyried yn 85 yn ymgylchedd yn cyfrwyllfa cyntaf o'r dros. Mae'r cyfrwyllfa cyntaf yn cael ei wneud yn y bwrdd. Mae'r cyfrwyllfa yn ei ddefnyddio. Mae'r rhaid o'r chrysiau o'r prymysgau ar y trwm. Mae yw'r lefydol yn y ffordd o'r 20 oes yn Ffwgfaith. Bydd gweithio, mae'r ydweud o'r ysgolwyr oedd yn rhaid i gyd. Fy ffawr, ond mae'r eich tynnu gwahanol. Mae'r cyfrwyllfa ar hyn yn yr oedd yw'r rhain. Cyngor amdano, yn cael ei wneud yn rhoi gweld, lle iawn yn тыchon. Yn hyn mae'r bosedd wedi'u cyfweld i— fe wnaeth yma, ac rydyn ni angen. Ac yw'r galwau ar eich collant, ac yn oed i yn cael ei gwrs, sy'n gyhoedd yr un i gael'r ryngwyr o'r teimlo'r hirio. Bydd o'r prif. Gųdd hynny'n gweld o'r gwrs, a hynny'n gweld o'r Gųdd gwrs. Mae gennym ffwrdd gwrs gwrs, philosophy fe ffiario, ac yn ddechrau a'r hun, hwnnw, y Caelwydbaeth Gwrs, mae'r bod yn cyffinol, a gyda'n rhoi'r ystod yng nghydganiat. Rhyw i'r rhai ryngwyr ymlaen, bydd bod wedi'i gweld o'r argynodaeth y Bas Y Pwlad Ddau'r Rhywun beeping, 1827, Loeson's Alub minerals. Y Dúd Wrthyn wrote that, the role of Agingcor revives amongst us, all the old enthusiasm to digging up the ground itself by Colonel Woodford after our last continental victory. If you remember this is just afterwards alone. Excited in every Englishman's breast, we remember them handling the roads he's found, so they are actually touching these things with us much your war and interest in particular ring, a dymrwydd, mae gydion gydion mewn drwg, mewn gwirach i ymbrydd yn Mae enw i yn ymweld, felly mae'n gwirach i'r gwirach i'w gwirach i'r gwirach, felly mae'n gwirach iawn ymddarnol yn cydrogylch angen. Felly mae'r bod yn ddigonol i'r gwirach a rheinynt a'r ddigonol i'r ddigonol. Mae'r ddigonol yn teimlo i ffryd yn y ddigonol i ddim yn ei ddigonol ynddyn ni'n gwybod er mwyn cymdeithas, oer bod yn gyllid yr sefyddo i ni'r edrych yn gwneud gwych yn y Cymru. Felly oed yn i'r rhain oed i chi'n gwybod i'r Pyrroedd yn gwasanaethol a'r ddreu iawn ac yn teimlo gwylo ar gyfer hyffordd. Rydym chi'n gweithio cael gweithio? Dyna siarou o gwast y canllun, a'r gweld yn lluniau'r lluniau, mae'r llachau i gwych sprwp. Well, that sounds like another ring again. Membrisieb was found for rings. So this sounds like we've got two, the description of these two rings. Another ring is briefly described in 1847. So John Woodford is in possession of a gold ring. Found on the fieldASHLand, which bears the inscription burrowberto, berpot, hal杂 smarty, beryrio. And that is a charm against bad luck. According to Crossfack, Woodford wrote to the Duke of Richmond ond y 30 sefnod 1874, fydd y ffordd yn ymgynogi fod yn y maen nhw. Mae'n rhaid i'r cyfan, o unrhyw gyda'r cyffredig sydd yn ei wneud ym mwyaf i'n ffordd ymarfer. Rwy'n ffordd yw'n cyfrifiad o'r ffordd ymgyrch yn y ffordd o'r four gol o'r ryngau, oedd yn y Llyfrgell Bwysigol yn ym 1818, ac yn y Llyfrgell Llyfrgell yw'n ymgyrch, mae'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r rhyw o'r ryngau. Y llwyddoedd nesaf yw'r hyfforddiant y bwrdd rhan i'r unhau yn ddiwethaf i'r rhefn Lywodraeth Cymru fel panhyn Rhymau. Mae'r rhwng yn gaforio panorwni jathodgol o'r bydd y gaffr mewn ffrifau, sydd rwy'n gwneud yn ddau'r Rhymau i eich llwyddoedd y bydd fyrwll yn yr hyfforddiant. Algrifodd yr rhag o bairdo ryn yn gweithio'r wneud, ond rhai o gwbl gweld. Woodfett o eich lefach wedi'w gweld mae'n ddiwedd yw'n gweld lle hwyl. Mae hyревdraeth arall, un gweld gweld eraill yn cydweithio ar y cwbl â'r ffordd yng ngyllianeth. Y ffordd yr anodd, mae'r gweld gweld ar y gwybod yma ar y gweld. responding to waterfalls by Sir Edward Balan in 1823. This, here, is a little velvet pouch that the coin was kept in until very recently. William Suenner painted this, painted the coin as you can see there and then kept the coin in this velvet pouch on the illustration itself. I've seen the illustration, I've held the gold coin in a hand, it is real and therefore I can use it for any reason. rhai Diosblygiad o ran alledwar a'r fromod yn hynny, a ichidd lŵr i gwn ar涵arogion, felly rhai wneud i'ch glwah geworden, lawer, a r bab ddat voluntary iddyn nhw tejw mae fCall QEO deINBED Gweithgellt Prif Weinidyn o fe miedfa ar ynddechrau dda Policekamiad, i feelaf Blaenau o gwneud gyda ll100? Felly gweithg Shawnu uwch gweithio na wneud mor hynny o addictionφawr owr ar hyn hyn yn amlwgr. allan i bryd rydyn ni. Roedd yn cwrwp o'r dechreu'r amser bod oes mae'r cwrwp o ddysgu'r masnwyr? Roedd yw'r dechreu'r amser a yn gyfnog cyntaf o ddysgu'r teimlo o gwrwp o ddysgu'r masnwyr. Dysgu'r masnwyr yn cyfnog o ddysgu'r pwysigol yn gwybod i ddweud. a dduch yn eisiau ddysgu'r hanes Ydweud o ddysgu'r masnwyr o beth oedd yn gweithio, byddai'r defnydd wneud gyda'r wneud Elaborations of what he found. Also a report from the chief of the regional geology dated 20 March 1880, thanks to Ym Christof, who gave it his information, also confirmed that Woodford had carried out excavations and that, quote, the bones were re-interred on that also in the presence of the prefects of St Portsample and the mayor of the port. There is therefore independent documentary evidence that Woodford had found human remains. This is important. So where were the bones and the artifacts probably found? Going back to the letter, the first letter, according to Woodford's first letter, the gold coin was, quote, found in the ground where the knights were buried amongst the quantity of old bones or bones and the remains of skulls particularly teeth. And we now go according to Woodford and the map that this is the location of the current calvary, a place in terms of 5,800 French knights. So we seem to be focusing on one position, one location, and that's this location that is now overgrown with trees and shrubs. I think it's just been clear again of where Christof is, but I think it's been cleared up a bit again hasn't it been recently for the commemorations and stuff. So we seem to be very focused. We've got at least two gold coins. It sounds like we've got several rings, at least three or four. We've got some human remains and we seem to know where they're coming from. That's this location here. How many human remains were discovered? Well, Woodford's letter exactly to the estates of the bones I have collected, a little box full, all bore removal. Now this is quite acidic soil as you go. So the skeletal remains would not have been in perfect condition. So it sounds as though he's finding skeletal remains and then they're virtually falling to pieces as he's digging them up. But he's digging up teeth and a few small bones. But not a great amount. It's not extensive. A small box has a little box full. I've ordered an open sarcophagus for the bones. He made a little illustration in his letter. And given the details and dimensions, but he doesn't say what they are, we don't know if this open sarcophagus is this big or two or three metres, so we don't know how big it is. But should we buy the last letter? It sounds like he's collected a little box full. So it's probably on the smaller size than the larger size. I have settled with the mayor and the curate who deposit them in Agincourt Church, and that's closer to where they went. All of this is confirmed in 1836 in the letter discussion with the Duke of Walton. On the road to Agincourt, he discussed that in 1815 Curlewood would have brought the right of digging there. He got to the very place where François says that the French knights were all buried and he found stirrupines and spurs and other things. There's no other evidence he found stirrupines and spurs. But obviously this is 20 years later and presumably Wellington couldn't remember what he found. After he'd worked a fortnight or three weeks, he came to me and said, you have no idea what a noise this is making. I must beg of you to put a stop to it, so I gave wood for the hint. Dig in the elbow, please go away, you're making my life miserable. This is after the battle of Waterloo. It's supposed to be passing by in French, go away. And that's all he's got to say about it. So in summary, Woodford allegedly excavated the location he called Calvary. He apparently found human remains. He apparently found aspects including at least two gold coins and at least two but allegedly four rings. One coin has been located and now resides near Leeds. The current evidence suggests that Woodford's two letters are an accurate description of events that took place on the battlefield at Agincourt in 1818. There is no reason to doubt that those letters and what he was writing in them is all are authentic. And so we must assume that he excavated at the site of the current Calvary. So in 2002 we were asked to carry out a survey and excavations on the battlefield at Agincourt. Some of it was primarily metal detecting. We did an expensive survey with my colleague, Samuel Ripsison, as part of the Agincourt Battlefields Archaeology Project. This is still ongoing by the way. It's apparently simple and hard to discover and record the physical archaeological evidence of the Battle of Agincourt. That must be simple, surely. Surely of all that huge battle that's been undertaken on that piece of land there must be at least one artifact that I can find and say yes it is. But archaeology isn't that simple. So what qualifications have I got to do this? How dare I go to such a famous battlefield and she might have just wander in there and find something of significance. But we have history. The methods were to be similar to those used during our highly successful surveys of the medieval battlefield in town in 1461 in Yorkshire in England. And we were quite successful. We found, at the moment, well over a thousand artifacts, 15th century material, some of it is battle related, some of it is just very fine equipment and harness. A lot of it is gold leafed, so it's expensive. It's not something that we are normal farmers' cards. At the moment we found over 350 medieval arahas from a very, very small location, probably 200 or 300 square metres. It's not covering the whole of the battlefield. So this is a very small amount of evidence or a large amount of evidence from a very small location. We've also found one of the earliest composite lead shops in the whole of Europe from a very early gun. And we've also found two fragments of one of those guns. We've also found extensive human remains. These are from in and around the town hall, which lies to the north of the battlefield. And as you can see we've got a mass grave that we excavated in 1996. Two individuals from 2003 and 2002. And then another multiple grave and another individual from the excavation in 2005. So we'd be quite fortunate to be able to inspect it. We've also looked on the battlefield and we've now found a location of the mass graves themselves from the majority of the combatants. And so we've got the archaeological discovery of the mass graves. We've done geospatial survey over them and we've actually excavated into them and found that they are disarticulated human remains.   The biggest bone we've found is radius and ulnaw, which has loose bones there. And they were semi-articulated. So when these individuals were excavated in 1483 on the orders of Richard III they were semi-articulated, they were not fully decomposed. So it's only 20-odd years after the Battle of town. So therefore they were not fully decomposed and that's why there are significant big chunks of human remains but not complete skeletons. We were therefore quite confident that if I told you the battle existed in the open only site of Agincourt then we should be able to find some traces of it and we'd have some success from somewhere else. And here we are from the 2002 metal detector survey at Agincourt. The calvary is the red rectangle or rhomboid and the crossroads just to the south of it, all the way down to Maison cell and further north and further to the west. No identifiable medical artifacts were located from this limited sample. It is limited. We were limited by the crop in the field at the time so where the crop had been taken off we were allowed to do some survey but the crop was extensive elsewhere. So it's not definitive. We can't say that is not where the Battle Agincourt is but we can't find any evidence of it which is slightly surprising. Because we've got evidence from, if I can highlight this amount, see this there. That is a prehistoric flint core. There are some Roman coins in that lot. There are some lead and musket bowls and pistol bowls. There are some first world war fragments of ammunition and some second world war evidence of military combat. But there are no medieval artifacts which is very, very unusual because we found Roman pottery, we found later pottery. We couldn't find much medieval pottery which made me tend to think that it may not have been an agricultural site. It might have been grassland which is not what the documents tell us. They say they fought on cultivated ground. So does that mean we're in the wrong location? We don't know. So we can find evidence for it. We don't know yet. We thought we'd found one hour ahead. We went slightly excited when we found this. It looked like an hour ahead. And we took it to the Royal Armies. They've been excavating and excavating all our hours ahead from 10pm to 3.50pm. And they said it's sharp at one end but it doesn't look like an hour ahead because there is no socket on it. So we were completely deflated. But when I compare Woodford's letter with this, that's one of Woodford's hours. And you don't get much more similar than that. So I thought, no. So maybe ours was an hour ahead. Or maybe Woodford's wasn't. So again, we don't know. So it just gets more intriguing as we go on. So what we do is we go to the battlefield itself and we also did some geophysical survey. And we chose to do the area around the enclosure that the Calvary now stands in. And then in 2002 we did around it. And in 2007 we finally got permission to do the geophysical survey inside it. And these are some of the results. And there is no definitive evidence of either an excavation or of grades in there. I've been looking at this more closely recently. And what there is, you can better make out. Because you see this, we don't know what that is. But it's almost as if it's sort of circling to our surface. Now, we dug a very, very big hole here. What you do is you throw all the spoilware and all the spoilware. But if that is a hole, it's huge. It's bigger than this room. Probably about two or three sides of the size of the room. Now Woodford had 60 men at his disposal. It is possible to dig a hole that big. But he said he dug it three feet deep. So it is actually entirely possible that he dug a hole and literally removed everything. From there. We don't know. But we tried and we looked. So we did some small excavations shown by the little rectangles. And also some augers. We drilled holes trying to find evidence of humor or even disturbance in the subsolids. And we couldn't find them. Here's one of the holes in this pit calvary across space. It was about 0.8 metres deep. We couldn't find any trace of any disturbance in the soil. So we even dug an even deeper hole with the auger, drilled through the middle bit and we still couldn't find any traces. So it's either an absolutely massive excavation that he's removed and then put all the soil back. Very, very clean soil. Or he wasn't digging there. But we can't find. We were very, very limited in our ability to excavate there. We have only permission to dig some very, very small holes, which is unfortunate. Here's another hole. As you can see by the soil profile, it just goes from topsoil to subsoil. It goes as deep as you want there. It does not seem to be any evidence of disturbance in that soil. There's certainly no evidence of humor and disturbance, even fragments of humor. What we did find is you go through the gates into the present calvary. I think these are reburied again now because I've had them. You go through some stones and you can see them when we first went there in 2002. So we excavated them when we came across this. And it's a formal wall containing holes, as you see in the big blocks, for railings and a gateway between the road and the present calvary. Now what is it? Is it just a gateway? And there it is. Handling photographs for us. And there it is in situ. Is that all it is? Because it's made up of an 18th century brick and stone. Not modern brick, not 19th century brick, 18th century brick. So is it made up of fragments of the chapel that was stood in this grave, or of the Brawl brick from somewhere else? We don't know. The base of the calvary is made up of 18th century bricks as well, which is interesting. So it looks like there were some bricks on the site. So that's the only photograph showing the calvary and the gate. However, do the excavated remains simply represent a gateway to the enclosure? Or are the remains of the front wall of the chapel built in 1734 because they look remarkably like this? So is that what we've found? Is that what the chapel looked like that is now formally stood in the location of the present calvary? Because if we look at the map from 1825, the pedestrian plan, it does show the place of the ancient chapel of Gascon. But does it illustrate the site of an excavation? It looks, it doesn't look like a building, does it? Does it look like a demolished building? Or does it show, remember it was published in 1825? So it's only a few years after Woodford's been there. Does it show Woodford's excavation? And we don't know. Which, again, is very frustrating. So, more frustration. If Woodford excavated here, why did he not mention the former chapel that's supposed to be standing there? Or did he just completely eliminate it by digging it all the way? Or was it not there at all? Okay, we don't know. So, future work. It is feasible that the 2007 archaeological excavations have missed evidence both of the graves and of Woodford's work. They weren't very deep. They weren't very extensive because women are given permission to do so. They have been limited, shallow surface investigations and were far from extensive, given the conditional and restrictive permission to excavate on that occasion. The only way to determine if the site of the Calvary is a site where the masquerade is a chapel or both is to excavate a much larger, deeper area. But that's a moment beyond our control. But it's a good suggestion. Alternative information. Right, this is where it's slightly... I go off tangent a little bit, but hopefully if you bear with me you'll see where I'm going. Bearing in mind that it couldn't lack of ideological evidence of battle, is it worth revisiting other evidence related to Woodford's notes and maps that he made in 1818? I remember he found something and he was talking to the locals before all this became very, very popular in the later 19th century. Although he drew up his map informed by the standard interpretation of where the battle took place his annotations provide additional points of interest. And this is the rest of his map. We know what the map looked like. And the standard interpretation is shown where the letter is on the right by the English and the French word. But if you look at other things on the map it gets quite intriguing. For example, in the south-west of Ardencourt, he suggested the route of the march of 400 men at out, which is quite a lot of men. Which highlights his belief that a significant number of troops we used in this area, that's of the map. He also noted along his routes a location known as Mont-Maurial, although the map does not explain what its relevance to the battle is, and why did he put it on there. Mont-Maurial, what does it mean in crossfade and lines as by stating that he noticed the elevated ground on the left of the English position called the Mont-Maurial. The inhabitants have always understood from their fathers that the battle commenced on the Mont-Maurial and it was probably over this ground that the English detachment had marched. This information is at odds with all of the descriptions of the battle. This is a French man telling us this, it's not what we are telling other people. And it happened before Woodford. Does it mean anything? In the standard modern interpretation of the battle, this small hill plays no part whatsoever in the engagement as it is significantly different from the intercepted sign. So everybody's ignored it. But what does Mont-Maurial mean? Does anybody know? Anybody got a clue what it might mean? I've looked everywhere, I can't find anything related to Mont-Maurial at all. In which case, it doesn't mean anything. Unless he's got a problem. The map of 1825 shows an adjoining valley, annotating only its length as Lergo, all that, Maureen Valle. Remember this is 1825. This is just around the time that Woodford was excavating when he was there. And this is an old field name. So this is, as with all your scripts on there, these are the old field names that have been supplanted by these rectilinear modern field systems. So we're talking about a very old information from old maps that no longer exist. The suffix valley presumably relates to the word valley. It's in a valley, why shouldn't it? But that leaves us with Maureen. The Latin translation, Maureen, is to die. The connection between the two words possibly suggests a meaning similar to the value of death or of death valley, an intriguing field name. And thus similar to those of the other medieval battlefield sites such as those at Bloody Meadows of town and Tewkesbury. The use of this word, compared with the fact that the locals believed it marked the location of the start of the battle, is intriguing. Has we been getting it wrong this time? The map of 1825 also shows a field to the south of the Maureen Valley annotated with the name Longle. This is a French writing longle, not the English writing longle. So this is something to do with the English. So you put it all together. We are therefore faced with a conundrum. The 1825 map does not give any battle-related names on the traditional sites of the east of Ashingbwrth. But it does include names which might suggest that the battle took place to the west or southwest of Ashingbwrth. The Cassini map of the late 18th century also places a battle to the west of Ashingbwrth. The plan of Nicholl's battle of Ashingbwrth 1827 places the English baggage to the west of Mezawser, approximately in the same location as a field name Longle on the 1825 map. It also places a battle to the southwest of Ashingbwrth in about the same location as the valley noted on Maureen Valley. Crosslake further describes Woodford's annotation by stating that it was probably over this ground that the English detachment marched, which immediately before coming into action, set fire to a farm belonging to the priors of George, and there it is, just inside the village of Ashingbwrth. He noticed particularly the stone, the village of Ashingbwrth, which formerly held a cross, and he sent to mark the spot where a conder shot alone received his mortal wound. A stone in the middle of the village marking the death of some of the important, not to the west, sorry, further to the east on the intercepted battlefield, but in the village of Ashingbwrth itself. The western side of Ashingbwrth is full of early documented possible links with a battle, which even appeared to form a sequence of events, basically from the south, sweeping round the west side, ending up very close to the current battlefield, whereas the eastern side contains only one, the calvary. Have we been getting it wrong, or has it passed us something else, something bigger we don't quite understand? This new information does not rule out the possibility that the battle was also fought in the area between Ashingbwrth and Shanghul. Mediwl battles could be fought over a large area of land, potentially including all areas around the village of Ashingbwrth. What the information does is to suggest that Woodford's overall insertion is potentially incomplete, and at least a part of the initial face of the battle was further to the west. This is incorrect, and a new area of interest opens itself up to further investigation. In order to investigate these queries further, additional archaeological work needs to be carried out on this important site of conflict. It is worth bearing in mind that archaeological investigations at Tapp have now answered many questions relating to that conflict. As a potential analogy, the location of a small chapel at Tapp marks only a small number of graves of the fallen, and the majority of the dead at Tapp are shown to have laid in a mass grave in the centre of the battlefield, almost one kilometre to the south amidst concentrations of artefacts and arrowheads, recording their many hundreds as illustrated on the following map. So we found a battlefield chapel, or the names of the archaeological evidence for that in terms of the burials at Tapp, inside Tapp and Village. There were human remains there, just as there are within the calvary allegedly by Woodford. That's as important. A kilometre or two kilometres from the centre of the battlefield at Tapp, we now know that there are extensive mass graves, or in the process of excavating and recording those. But they are completely different in terms of location. Is this what we're looking at at Agincourt? Have we got a parallel in that there are different areas of human remains, and therefore the battlefield is significantly bigger than we currently assume it is? Much additional work needs to be carried out in the battlefield at Agincourt to enable us to compare it with the results from Tapp. This will rely on extensive co-operation between everyone who believes that the site is not only valued, but that it should be protected and investigated further. If permission is forthcoming, and our Agincourt Battlefield archaeology project would like to continue looking for evidence of the conflict. As we meet today to discuss topics such as the number of combatants and the number of dead, it is so great to realise that there is still currently no physical evidence that Agincourt had any evidence in any location. Did it even exist? Yes, of course it did, because I was found a historical evidence for it. But without the archaeological evidence, we cannot put that into a specific location, and we're only approximating when we say we think we know where it is, because there is currently no evidence for it. So Woodford appears to have found some answers. Have we been ignoring him too long? I know it's a bit short, but thank you very much.


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What's good YouTube this your boy Chi world back at y'all again with another speed art slash tutorial and today I will be showing y'all how to make a Instagram cartoon using an iPad Pro the program I'm using is called procreate. So make sure you go cop that It's about three or four dollars in the app store and I really like it man. It's pretty dope I just got this iPad. So once I learned how to use it real good and learn how to Do all the shortcuts and a little tricks. I will be letting y'all know everything I know So if you haven't already go ahead subscribe to the channel Make sure you click post notification. So you will be notified every time your boy drops more heat like Come in and subscribe And let's jump right into this video


In this example we have copper nitric acid and copper carbonate. So a little hint to where we're going with this one. So what we want then is nitric acid so I can't remember the formula for nitric acid so I'll have my little table sitting in front of me so I can write them straight down. Once you memorize them you don't have to have that table anymore but it's really important if you can't remember the formulas to have them just sitting there while you're practicing, while you're learning so that you can become familiar and comfortable with each of these different formulas. So nitric acid HNO3 in solution with copper carbonate. Now carbonates are insoluble so I'm going to do this reaction and I'm probably going to do it with a solid copper carbonate. When with this reacts we're going to form water and carbon dioxide and in this case our salt is formed from the copper, the cation that's part of the carbonate and the nitrate. So copper from the formula I've made this a 2 plus it could be a 1 plus good if we actually have copper 2 just to remove some ambiguities there and then the formula for the nitrate will be CUNO32 and from NAGSAG all nitrates are soluble so that should be a soluble salt. When we're doing the net ionic equation we're not going to get quite the same thing this time because we've started with a solid, the solid we don't separate the ions however if this was a aqueous form then you would find that the ions that are here would also be cancelled out and we'd end up with the same overall equation. So just be careful because many of the carbonates are insoluble and therefore in order for these reactions to proceed you are often adding an acidic solution to a solid carbonate. Keep having practice and combine lots of these together in order to not only produce salts but also to name them. I gave you that as a little gift at the beginning of this slide. Copper nitrate specifically copper 2 nitrate because I've used the 2 plus form of the copper ion here is the name of this salt. Keep practicing and good luck and thanks for watching.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of IBM Think 2021, brought to you by IBM. Welcome to theCUBE's coverage of IBM Think 2021. I'm Lisa Martin. Today I have Savio Rodriguez here with me, the VP of Integration and Application Platform. Savio, it's great to have you on the program. Lisa, really great to be here. Thanks for having me. We're going to talk about automation integration, one of the things that we're going to kind of break down versus is hyper automation. Gartner announced that about a year and a half ago was one of the top 10, I think it was the top 10 strategic technology trends of 2020. Well, here we are in 2021. Before we talk about automating integrations, give me IBM's perspective on hyper automation and what did we see in 2020, like reality? Yeah, no, great question. So at IBM, we believe that the next title wave to hit organizations will be really the task, but frankly, the opportunity to automate the entire enterprise. And by that, I really do mean everything in the enterprise. So Gartner, when they talk about hyper automation, they're absolutely right because they're focusing on automating business tasks. But IBM's point of view is broader than that. And so we want to think about the work that business professionals, IT developers, that IT staff, security focus administrators, all of that work. And we think that the real differentiation is going to come to organizations that attack the task of automating work for all three labor types, business, developers, and IT. So hyper automation focuses on the first labor type. IBM's approach is looking at all three labor types. Now, you should pick automation projects that are specific to one labor type to begin, right? Instead of saying, let's automate everything. But the latter is a strategic statement, the former is tactical. And we're seeing clients automating specific business processes like order to cash, and then others are automating work of IT admins, such as reducing the number of security vulnerabilities found in production. And then others are automating the work of developers by automating the approach that they take to the integration lifecycle. And that's what I'd like to talk to the audience about today. All right, so like how you talked about it in terms of prioritization, because that's one thing I think that businesses can struggle with in terms of making automation and eventually hyper automation successful is where do we start? Let's talk, though, about this application sprawl that every organization pretty much is living in. We saw this massive adoption of SaaS applications in 2020, which a lot of businesses were dependent on to even facilitate just collaboration. But talk to us about the relationship between integration, automation, applications. Another great question. I spend most of my day thinking about integration. But I also know that most of my clients and probably the audience here thinks about automation first and then thinks about integration as a means, not the ends. The ultimate goal is digital transformation, i.e. delivering new apps faster with higher quality. If that's the case and you think about what's an application today versus what was an application 20 years ago? So today, there's definitely some business logic and code that you're writing. But the majority is actually integration logic. So you have to connect to a SaaS service like Workday to get data, connect to an app that's running on AWS, get other data that's running on IBM Cloud, to transform it, put it into a different database that's running on Azure. So there's a little bit of application logic and a ton of integration logic. So if you're a line of business owner that controls 50% or more of IT budgets or you're a CIO that's beholden to that line of business and you want applications faster than ever before and you don't want to sacrifice quality, how are you going to do that? Well, the way you do that is by focusing on the integration tier because applications are really driven by integration today. So if you want faster applications with higher quality, you really need to think about delivering integrations faster with higher quality. And integration is absolutely critical. As we look at the hybrid cloud, the advance of AI organizations that are in this multi-hybrid cloud world, what are some of the challenges that they face with respect to integrating those applications? So to your point, they can pull down data from Workday, align it with data in AWS for example, to make business decisions in real time. One of the biggest challenges is manual effort. So we started the conversation thinking about automation and we're coming back to it because we believe that you have to automate your integrations and the way you do so is through AI. So you can of course use rules-based automations and that helps to some degree, but things get really interesting when you apply AI. And the automation is driven by real world data that's specific to your organization in a continuous feedback loop we like to call closed loop and that's continuously driving efficiency. So if you think about the integration lifecycle, you've got to create an integration, test it, socialize it, operate it, govern it. That's what we mean by automating integrations, that whole lifecycle.  So for instance, if you could say generate a lead score and route the leads based on location to your sales team, you know what you're trying to achieve, why not get the software to do that for you based on AI under the covers? Or if you're doing testing, how about letting the AI generate hundreds of new tests for your integrations that reflect real-world usage behavior at your specific company? And these tests are based on other APIs that are running at your company. So we take the operational data, we know which parts of the API are being exercised, we know what data is going through your system so things that are, for instance, personally identifiable shouldn't be used as test data. Or if you're operating your integrations and wouldn't it be great if your AI could uncover optimization in the integration flow such as adding in maybe buffering to a message queue so that it prevents you from overages on your Salesforce account.  So for AI to really drive that integration automation, you need the operational data from your specific company and using that in a closing fashion so you're continuously improving not just your current integrations but your future integration. I can only imagine how much more important this has become in the last year as businesses in every industry were pivoting multiple times to survive and then ultimately thrive. When I think of integrations, I think of customers that I've spoken to who, and you gave the right example with respect to sales. They've got a CRM, they've got an ERP and they're not in sync, they're not integrated so that I can't, there's no one system of record. I can only imagine how much more important having that system of record has been in the last year for supply chains, even for demanding consumers, going, can I get some toilet paper? And if so, where can I find it? Absolutely. And this is where that notion of a closed loop approach to integration and the automation via AI comes in, right? So we strongly feel that today, this is the time that clients need to rethink their integration strategy. And we do agree with some of the other analysts and vendors that are talking about automated integration work and that's part of what we discussed earlier. And that's definitely necessary. But it's not sufficient, right? We'd say, oh. Go ahead, sorry. Sorry. Well, yeah, so our feeling here is that you also have to be thinking about evolving those integrations in a closed loop fashion so you're continuously making those integrations better with AI that's powered by your operational data that's specific to your company. And then finally, that the old approach that integration vendors used to have in terms of this style of integration fits all problems is the wrong approach. And instead, what we start seeing today is that customers are using multiple forms of integration to solve a specific business problem. So they're using Kafka, APIs, messaging, iPads. So from an IBM standpoint, we feel that every integration must be automated, closed loop and multi-style, with AI that's informed by your company's specific data to continuously improve so that you end up getting integrations faster, but they're also better. When companies have that spectrum of different integration processes, as you just mentioned, one of the things that I kind of think is, as we look forward, and you mentioned this a minute ago, wanting to have the foundation so that not only are applications integrated today and communicating well and sharing data, but in the future. So talk to me about this closed loop system that you mentioned, and how does that enable an organization to establish that now, but be able to take on applications that are not even created yet? That's really a foundational aspect that clients need to be thinking about, right? Because the closed loop nature of thinking of your integrations means that you're always looking at operational data and using that operational data and feeding it into your AI to improve your business processes, your integrations today, but also the ones that you're gonna be delivering in the future, right? So I'm sure your listeners are sitting here thinking, where should I get started? And frankly, for me, I turn around and say, you probably should ask your integration vendor of choice how effectively their solutions can provide an automated closed loop and multi-style approach to integration. And if the answer that they give you isn't very detailed, but I hope you'll ask IBM. And when you ask us this question, what you're gonna hear about is IBM's cloud-packed integration, which is our complete platform for automated closed loop and multi-style integrations. It's optimized for deployment across clouds with Red Hat OpenShift. And with IBM, you'll be able to use natural language-powered integration flows, AI-powered flow and field mapping, RPA connectivity, things that really take the manual effort of integration out and replace it with AI-driven automation. Second, you wanna think about the data that's feeding the AI, right? So this is where the operational closed loop aspect comes into play. Sometimes the other vendors in the space are taking operation data from hundreds of customers and putting it together and coming out with the average and using that to train the AI. We don't think that's the right approach because your most important integration processes are shared by no other customer, right? So you want your operational data to feed the AI that's providing things like field mapping, flow creation, creating the API tests automatically, or that's uncovering the inefficiencies that are running in your production environment. And then finally, what IBM will tell you is we've got the broadest set of integration capabilities, of multi-style integration capabilities, all delivered with a common UI and shared reuse and governance with unified management across clouds. And that's exactly what clients need because if you think about where are you deploying applications today, the components are running on multiple clouds, so you have to integrate across clouds. And then finally, what you hear from us is that IBM provides a proven hybrid and DMZ-ready security gateway that's never been hacked in 15 years, over 30,000 TPS per second, but the performance and security that frankly clients need for their applications today. So automated, closed-loop multi-style, you hear me repeat those over and over because we feel that's absolutely necessary for listeners when they think about their next generation applications and the integrations that we required for that. Excellent, well, Savya, I wish we had more time, but thank you for sharing what's going on with automating integrations, AI, what hyper-automation means, kind of where it is now. We look forward to hearing more about this and I'm sure the guests will be excited to see what comes at IBM Think. We thank you for your time. Thank you very much. For Savya Rodriguez, I'm Lisa Martin. You're watching theCUBE's coverage of IBM Think 2021.