Everybody for us here up in 2023 gold standard six box half case number 13 run 13 right now 13 all right Brandon S with the chiefs Brett W. Eagles Bruce B. Packers Bucks and Steelers Chris B. Titans Daniel L. Niners Derwood with the Broncos Edwin with the Giants George M. Saints Gordon P. Browns GuH Jags Jack P with the Vikings and Raiders James L. Washington Jeff M. Bangles Chargers Bills Joe N. Dolphins Cowboys Jose M. Texans Joseph L. Panthers and Colts Keith B. Ravens Nicholas S. Seahawks Paul B. Jets Rory C. Lyons Ross D. Falcons Steven V. Rams Stormy with the Pats Tim S. Bears and Todd Z with the Cardinals All right Daniel let's get to a party shield then all right then okay then So guys all we have left is fall tonight 18 to go gold pack per spot 3x combo on the uh on the that is a great one though It's one of the best like universal twitch emojis for sure Uh Baker to 30 let Baker bake. Oh jersey number six of 30.  He's killing it Wanda Robinson gold gear jersey number to 299 Giants Justin Fields on the jersey card of 299 Bears gold gear He's been lightened up recently. He's the number three fantasy quarterback. I think I know because the other weeks they were like fine. They were like 14 or 15 But yeah, he's had like 35 plus each of the past few weeks redemption rookie jersey autograph Raiders Michael Mayer Has been I was waiting for you to tie it in. Oh man Yeah, if Spencer's here, he will say something, you know Michael Mayer Raiders rookie jersey out a nice card there Dude, we're hitting these like easy tonight Dan Hampton golden oldies out of 24 Bears Go Bears And a Dorian Thompson Robbins and rookie autograph to 199 for the uh browns DTR I'm glad he signs like that because that's what I was calling him. Yeah Well, what's the upset of the day tomorrow in college? What's the upset? You can't say we're gonna Washington. It's not an upset if the other one beats the other Well, I don't think it's gonna be Stanford over Colorado tonight 75 Mike Evans bucks It's a 99 Paris Johnson jr. Rookie Cardinals Got to ask Herb Street. Herb Street will know Purdue Ohio State. Wow Gold rush jersey to 299 Bosa for the Niners. See, I don't know. It's why I'm asking like I don't follow college very well I like no players like I know the big names and all that I know what what teams are good, but I don't I don't know the depth in depth coverage of it.  Yeah, sorry Spencer Who's there who's like who's like their best player like what's the silver lining for for Michigan State? Antonio Gage Jr Ozzie Newsom on the golden oldies out of the 24 for the browns. How many are there like There's gotta be a lot Because we were we're hitting these things. Yeah, but the other ones were all the 10. That's true. Even 24 is here Christian Gonzalez rookie out of the 199 for the Pats are we getting extra hidden each of the first two boxes here Nice Gonzalez. He's very good. I know he's out for the year, but he was He was probably the best corner So I expect him to be there. They're like number one dude next year Anna Stetson Bennett the fourth dual jersey rookie out of the 149 la rams Who you got in the break trash Oh, let's go. I knew I knew he's a Pats fan. I just didn't know if you had him This is like the first time I've ever seen the Patriots be like cheap in breaks is right now Because the rookie class like doesn't have like like it's a first round corner is their first rounder And like there's not a ton of vet stuff in Yeah, like gronk signs and products, but it's not like a ton And even then like max struggling if he had autos quarterback situation is just muddled And they're just struggling so The team are struggling like there's only so much like card value they can have right Rookie to 75 is rouge on johnson for the bears So 99 is copper really jaguars I have to I'll send you that Corlin Sutton the 299 gold gear jersey for the Broncos. Just nobody the And the cat does anybody does anybody know please I'm on the island here anybody Kickers the best player from Michigan State. Hmm. Yeah, that's never it's not the best thing. Although the Ravens Obviously he's not their best player Tyjay Spears patch card rookie to 49 for the Titans It's a good looking card right there Russell Wilson hard of gold jersey to 199 baroncos E fresh What is this one now? Oh, that's it gold jacket signatures to 99 is alan fanica Kyle knows Kyle's the only one that does know That looks fire the acetate like autos in this are super or super duper super super cool And dual patrickie auto to 49 is jaden reed packers Nice jaden reed Four touchdowns for Shadr. I didn't even realize Yeah, he's lined like three Is that kid play with a grill? Yeah Legs a dream weaver. He's a stud It's a senior. Whoa He's been there. Has he been there? Did he come over when? Oh, man, I'm jealous. They're wearing like jackets and stuff there and this is like cool weather I'm jealous Did you uh take Shadr? Kyle Are you over soon? You guys got prop bets or something? Yeah, sure Player props 75 cmc niners 75 rookie tuckercraft for the uh packers Aiden hutchinson gold gear patch to 49 for the lions jay caner newly minted rookie jersey to 399 for the saints Nick chubb gold mine jersey to 299 browns Oh, here we go. Here we go. K. Sean boot a rpa 1 of 49 rookie jumbo patch there Rookie auto jersey. I think it was technically called my boot a Sweet boot a 1 of 49 only got tennis tonight Oh, come on trash.  That's good stuff. I Three to weave. Yeah, dude. We're just seeing that Oh, that guy on the Patriots. Give me give me weaver out there I need someone with some swag on that team No, not at all like I like Kendrick born, but he's not a number one receiver. He's not it I like juju Not a number one receiver like we have a bunch of like second or third receivers Yeah Hunter Henry's our best receiver No, we should have kept Jacobi for sure the guy just runs good routes and gets over Come on He's actually doing pretty well one of one Austin Echler Chargers He's coming back this week. Thank god My fantasy team stands a chance now And a 75 dtr rookie for Cleveland I don't I'm not like claiming Echler, but I'm just like thank god. He's back. Dude. I need him JK Dobbins patched a 49 for the Ravens.  I don't get mad at players. I don't do well in fantasy I like the people on like twitter or like instagram like you. How cool you are.  You're bad Don't be a baby got jaden reed rookie jersey to 3.99 for the Packers White gold Justin Jefferson jersey to 2.99 vikings Roshan Johnson Trey Tucker rookie auto to 49 for the Raiders And a ze flowers dude. That is sick to 24 On the logo patch on the right there. That is that's so cool Congrats to the Ravens. Come on. I this one That's clean. I like that a lot of the patches look fantastic there 7 of 24 Not the best edge over there That's fire. We're gonna get that in a match. That's a really pretty card So my youtube is only looking up Like older memes and vines and stuff and then watching Late in sports card because all my youtube is Every time I go on there the search is the same thing it was from like three months ago Like the recent searches is the same thing It never changes to 75.  It's It's in the card though. I was gonna send the box. I don't like it's in the car Like it might just be like maybe like a printing error, but it might be across all of them We'll send a A box wrapper for the Texans in case it's like not and you want to get replaced maybe I trade Tucker rookie jersey to 399 for the Raiders Yeah, I mean it's tough to hit with a lot of teams annual, but You know, the teams a lot of rookies are gonna hit the most in products like this or just like jerseys and And whatnot Niners hits are big hits though and Products like this you hit like a rice or something like that Or like a purdy 299 jersey white gold davante Adams Raiders I feel like the colorado spot is a lot of money, but like it can pay off pretty quickly For real Like you hit at one number of either one of those players and you probably are fine Even at like the the hobby costs like what 500 for that spot for a hobby case, which is crazy, but like So Darnall Washington rookie auto to 199 for the Steelers If I had 500 to burn I would probably do that And how about this again for the Ravens of zave flowers? rookie patch auto to 49 Ravens killed it Last two boxes All right, let's do a recap here my relics of read Tucker wilson hainer Sutton Robinson Fields that was Wanda Robinson Bosa to uh Hutchinson Jefferson jk dobbins That's davante Adams Malcolm Rodriguez nick chubb and ty jay spears All right autos of michael mayer redemption for the Raiders darnall washington dorian thompson robinson tray tucker christian gonzalez Stetson bennett's dan hampton to 24 ozzie newson to 24 Jordan addison to 99 jaden reid kashan butte That is an alan fannica to 99 Zay flowers rba here to 49 Echler one of one for the chargers on the base parallel And every 24 is a flowers triple patch rookie auto That is sick. There we go. Thanks again everybody moving on now two One more half case gold standard


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Hello, everybody. Great to see so many people here in the room. I'm really surprised how many people are interested in the whole topic about decentralizing the internet, and also how many people stay still in front of the door and want to come in. That's really amazing that so many people are interested in this whole topic and all the stuff with this Cassio the whole day. That's really amazing. My name is Bjorn. I work at OnCloud, and backslowed at the moment, but I started OnCloud already three years ago to think about how Cloud Federation could work how we could set up Clouds, which works together in a decentralized way. And then we developed this with OnCloud, and then I went over to NextCloud, and we developed this word, and I just want to present you how all this works, what we already have today, and especially also what's our plan for the future, what we want to move to. Did some already use OnCloud or NextCloud here in the room? And you already tried to use the federated sharing feature? Oh, OK, quite some people. That's really nice. So just some introduction. As you know, the internet, as it started at the beginning, it was all decentralized. Everybody could set up their own web server or its email server, and they could all communicate with each other. But then at some point in time, we entered the dark age of the internet, how I would call it, where we moved to more and more centralized servers. And if you look a few years back, honestly, even today, if you look at the mass market at 90% of the users, if they want to store their files and to sync them with their devices and share them, they normally go to two or three vendors which are out there, which is mainly Apple D-Stay, Google's, or Dropbox, where they put their files in there and then they can do all this stuff. And then they have, of course, all this in one centralized server, which on the one side is nice because they all, of course, know how to develop software. So there's a nice, shiny interface. This works all great, and all people are there so we can collaborate with all of them. So it looks quite nice, but of course, it raises a lot of questions about privacy and who controls the data and who has access to it. So a few years ago, some projects started to develop free software cloud solutions, which everybody can host by their own and install their own cloud server to do basically the same. And I think this was a great work from all the projects out there which did this because there appeared a lot of great software. And then people start to set up their own server, be it an own cloud server, next cloud server, and Pydio, and Z-File, whatever you name it. And people just start to upload their files, sync their contacts and calendar with their own devices. And everything works nice as long as they state on their own server or start to collaborate with the few people on the server. But especially if you think this as a few steps further, for example, like projects like the FreedomBox, where we think about maybe a point in time where everybody has a small box at home where he has all his cloud services, then the number of users on one of the service goes down to nearly one, maybe two or three, depending on how many people live in your building. And then, of course, it was really fast to get into the situation that you want to share with someone, a file, or want to collaborate with someone, but he's not on your server at home, but he has his own server. And so the question is, how can you collaborate with these people in a way that is as good integrated and as seamless as if the user would be on the same server? So that's the challenge. And that's where we came up with the idea of Cloud Federation, where he said, OK, we need a protocol a way to create a bridge between the server so that a user or a monitor server can share with a user on the other server and work with them together on some files or collaborate. And for the user, it should be completely transparent. For the user, it shouldn't matter if the other user is on the same server or different server. To achieve this, we have invented the idea of a federal Cloud ID, which looks quite similar to an email address, because we thought, OK, that's most people are familiar with. They know how to handle it, how it looks like. So it's basically the user on your Cloud Server and then add the URL of your next Cloud Server.  It's just four to five calls, basically, where you can send and share invitation to a different Cloud Server. And then you can accept or decline it. And then you have requests to unshare it or to change permissions or send a notification. But this really small API is easy to implement. And once this invitation is accepted, once a user on the other server accepted your share, then we create a normal web dev mount. For us, it was really important at next cloud all the time that we don't want to reinvent the wheel. So whenever there is a standard already out there, which is also widely used, we try to use it. Because I think that's the best way to make it available to many people on different projects. So we choose that even if we know, especially for syncing and stuff like this, it has some limitations. But we saw that it's the widely used and standard and most easy to implement for most of the people. And as I said, we don't want to create the next island. If this would be only implemented with next cloud, then, of course, then all the next cloud could work with each other or all the own clouds. But we would still generate an island. The island would be just bigger. It was the island of all the next clouds or all the own clouds. And you could interpret across these different cloud solutions. So for us, it was always really important to also implement this in as many solutions as possible. So at the moment, as of today, no matter if you have installed a next cloud server or a Pydio server or an own cloud server, you can do this federated sharing across all the servers between the users. It doesn't make a difference. All these three solutions already implemented it. And I just talked last week with some C-File developers, which are also really interested in this. So the chance existed maybe in one year or something. This will also work together with C-File. So let me show some screenshots and explain how this works also a little bit historically because we moved from a simple implementation and then advanced it over time. This all started with the idea next cloud always had this public links. If you want to share with someone outside of your next cloud, you could create a public link and then put it in an email or something and send it to someone and then the person could open the link in the browser and access the file or the folder you shared with them. And then our first step was said, OK, if you send someone such a link, then add an add to your next cloud button at top of it. If the user also has a next cloud, he can click the add to your next cloud button, enter his cloud ID. And then in the first version, it was then just directly created in Webdavmount from this file to the other users' next cloud. So then it was seamlessly integrated in his next cloud file listing. His sync line started to sync it and it was already a great step forward to what we want to achieve. Then in the next iteration, we changed this a little bit to not create this Webdavmount directly. But nowadays, if you do this at least on next cloud, it's not implemented in own cloud in PyDio yet, but in next cloud. If you go on this open public link in Adio cloud ID, then we don't create this public Webdavmount directly, but then we ask the server from the file, please make a federated share with the other user on the other server. Besides many advantages, one is that the owner of the file can keep track who has mounted his public link to his next cloud because in his share list, he will then see all the people who click this add to my next cloud button and mounted. So then the owner of the file can control the permissions, for example, which permissions that the different people have on the file and can remove one of these mounts again. So this makes it already way nicer to integrate. And of course, the next step, we didn't want that people first have to send it out at this public link and then people can add to next cloud. So the next step was to integrate this in the share dialog we have in next cloud if you are logged in. You have a dialog where you can share with internal users and group where just type in the name and then you have also nice auto completion and then you share with the user on the same server. And there we allowed now to also type in the very cloud ID like you would type in a local user and then the file gets shared to the user on the other server. And again, you have then your listing with the people who have access to the file, all the people, also the internal people and the external people and can control all the permissions and revoke the access again and stuff like this. This works quite nicely except for one thing, group shares at the moment are not impossible. But we are also thinking about how we can solve this problem that you can also address a group on the other server so that if we want to share with a working group which is on a different server, you don't have to share it one by one by every person in the group, but you can also address the group directly on this other server and share with the group. Another problem then, okay, at this point it already worked quite nicely and was quite integrated but another big problem was always how to find people because to share with someone I need to know the very cloud ID. And there we thought about many different things, also partly some stuff which was just discussed before me in the matrix talk. I think we made a thing about quite similar problems and maybe it also makes sense to discuss this and see if we can maybe even have a common solution for this. One first step we did and which is already implemented for quite some time in next cloud and own cloud and Pydio now also implemented at the moment is the concept of trusted servers. So this was a request from mainly research institutes which has many next cloud installations on different institutes and if people want to work together they want to somehow have them in the shared dialogue, auto completion of all the people no matter on which cloud they are. So there the administrator of the next cloud server can add trusted servers which they know for example they are in the same research institute or in the same department or the same university. These are the servers I trust and if the other admins adds the same server then they start to exchange an authentication token and then use this to synchronize the user lists. So then all trusted servers know the users from the other trusted servers and then you can find them in your auto completion and share seamlessly with them. And if you want to go one step further you can also enable it that whenever you create and federated share successfully with a user on a different server then your server automatically adds the server to your list of trusted servers. That's basically the idea that as soon as you have created one valid share with a user on the other server then you can somehow assume that the other server is not a completely spam server or a completely stupid server but then there are users which are really valid users you want to work with. So if you want you can enable it and then your network of trusted server basically grows over time and you will know more and more people you can share with. Then we want to take this one step further that's what we implemented now just recently a few weeks ago with next cloud 11 and we want to move this forward with next cloud 12 in a few months and this is some kind of a global address book so we extended the profile page of the user you have in your next cloud where you can not only add your full name and your email address but you can also use all the other stuff you need you know from context like your phone number your address, your Twitter handle your website and stuff like this and then we allow you to define the visibility of all of this information. By default of course everything is private so nothing happens it's just there for you but you can decide to set it in able to context this means that it will sync with the trusted servers of your next cloud or you can set it to public and if you set it to public it will sync to a global address book server which is the same as at matrix at a moment centralized and we are looking in ways how to solve this problem but then your data are published the data you want to make public are published on the server together with your cloud ID and then people again can find you and share with you. And we want to use the Twitter handle and the website we want to use to do there some verification a little bit similar like Keybase that you can sign your presence there and then you can verify that the person is really the person you want to share with but of course we also need to think further like ideas like or also verify your email address your phone number as said in the talk before would be really interesting to verify but it's not that easy problems to solve as you may already guess when you heard the last talk so our next step is that we want to move from the central server over to a federated server so that you can like you can set up your own next cloud everybody can set up his own address book server and then configure in his next cloud to which server you want to contact which way you want to contact if you have a request and therefore basically we have two ideas once if you look at big customers at next cloud big companies or research institutes they may want to have just one lookup server or address book in their institute which all their next clouds connect to but which doesn't federate to the outside or it's completely valid that you just find the people in your own organization or you can decide that you are part of the global network and federate with all the other servers out there and exchange the data so how we sort in the first step somehow we solve the problem that we authenticate the user and make sure that you share with the right person at next cloud already every person every account has a private public key attached to it so our idea at the moment is that before we send the data to this address book we could sign with the private key and then a valid address book server would only accept updates from the user if it changes email address or if it changes something only an update would be accepted it's still signed again with the same public same private key and you could at the same time use the Twitter and homepage verification to also make sure that the data set is signed with the same key like the homepage and the Twitter account and stuff like this and to exchange these public keys we just sort about to do some kind of trust on first contact because we sort the time where you share the first time with a user on a different next cloud is quite a random timestamp right once we get into this communication it's really hard to guess when this happens this first share so we assume that this is a relatively secure time point in time where this happens and for your first share you also are sure that you know to whom you share your files basically and so at the first share when the share connection gets established you also get a public key from this user from the server back so then every time you share again with this user every time you get an update from the address book from some data of the user you can use the public key to verify a signature and as long as the signature is the same you assume okay it's still the same user you are in contact with and if it changed then you know that basically something happens the admin of the lookup server changed something in the data or maybe someone managed to upload some false data so that's an idea we want to try out if it works and just want to push this forward and see how this works at the end so why are we doing this with this global address book I think there are a few benefits one of course as I said at the beginning it makes it way easier to find people to share with and I think that's a big problem we all in the decentralized world have to solve somehow how do you find people if they are not on the same server and this is one approach we want to try to investigate if this is a feasible way to do it and one thing which is also especially important for us is if this works this would allow people to migrate from one server to another so if you if you have your own next cloud server and you just change your domain for example or if you choose a next cloud provider and at some point in time you want to go to a different provider you could just migrate all your data to the next provider including your keys and if you are on the next provider you push an update of your data set if you know new federal cloud ID and then all the existing shares could adjust to the new cloud ID and also the new shares you do after that could be directly end up at the right user account another problem we need to solve at the moment at next cloud is that especially in research institutes you often have an held up backend to authenticate the users and it's quite typical that users use their email address to authenticate at the next cloud server and then the cloud ID becomes quite ugly because then you have two ad signs in it because at the front you have the email address with the ad and then you have another ad which refers to the server so that's a pain we heard already for years from users that we solved somehow and we thought about it and we came up with two solution we want to implement now in next cloud 12 one is that we want to allow the administrator to define a pattern how the first part of the cloud I should look like so in this use case an admin should just define that for every user ID we strip the ad from the email address and the email server and just use the first user identifier and the cloud server or the next approach will be that we allow in his profile settings choose a complete random cloud ID however they wanted to look like as I said the admin approach would be for a whole server but he would define a pattern how to do this and then of course the admin would need to take care that he doesn't create any name collisions for the cloud IDs and the server could relatively easy resolve this for the user part we thought that it would be quite nice because many users already have the email address also for example XMPP address so it would be really nice if you could use again the same address to also use it to share with people so they have one unique address where you can email the people you can chat with them and you can share files with them so that was the motivation of this and there we thought okay if you put your own cloud ID into your profile settings then you could put on your server if you control the domain either a well-known file which starts redirect to the real cloud server or maybe even DNS entry which starts the redirection and then if you do a federated share with this email address basically we would just look there if there is the well-known file we then would make the share request to the real cloud server instead of to the local server and the cloud server would provide an API to then resolve just this user defined cloud IDs to the real cloud ID which matches also the server which is out there and of course now I talked a lot about federated sharing with files but I saw that many people already use next cloud and own cloud with next cloud and own cloud you can do much more than files you can also have your context there your calendar and next cloud we work really hard to bring web conferencing to next cloud so that you can call with conferences people and want one calls and stuff like this and we want to move federated sharing also in this area so our goal is that in the future you will also be able to share a calendar just to a different user on a different server or an event or you can share an address book to a different server and of course with the whole video conferencing at the moment if you try it out you can just call basically an user on the same server or group on the same server or you can create again some public links you know from webRTC which you send someone and then you go on the web page and then you are in the call but there we also want to develop something where you can just say ok I want to call this user at this server and then his mobile phone or his desktop client will use this automatically and he will get pulled into the call and you can have a call with him so this was my really fast overview over federated sharing and I am happy to take some questions is there some formal specification for the federation protocol or is it just de facto whatever next cloud on cloud the question was if there is a formal specification of the protocol for the federated sharing and yes we started out basically this was a trial and error approach right at the beginning where we just implemented an own cloud and see how it works and then it was automatically of course implemented next cloud because next cloud is derived from own cloud and the patio people contacted us and asked how to develop this stuff and then we helped them to implement this as I said it is just three of our rest course but we are also involved in an initiative which is called open cloud match initiative from all the universities really and with them we are at the moment working on a real form of specification of this protocol so because you really want that it becomes an open standard which everybody can easily implement and set it up so that is ongoing at the moment we just finished the first draft which we have now a discussion around on this draft and we are heading into this direction Is it possible to simultaneously edit What was that? Is it possible to edit simultaneously if you have to use support? At the moment it is not possible because it is just the question was if you share a file from one server to another server it is possible to simultaneously edit a document so basically work collaborate on this document at the same time at the moment this is not possible it is just a laptop mount so the file just mount over there and if people edit it at the same time then basically the person will save the latest which will store the main version and the other version will go in the versions of the file as all the versions but with the integration we also integrate collaborate online office for really collaborate on office documents and there we want to make it possible in the future that then you can which already works with collaborate office but there we want to make it possible of course that you then can really collaborate on the same documents Have you considered aliases for the user ID cloud addresses? Aliases? Yes Have you considered aliases for the cloud ID? Yes we considered it I also think it is not a bad idea I even implemented some kind of prototype of aliases for people in the next cloud and back then it was the own cloud community decided that they want to have it they thought it is too complicated too disturbing for the normal user whatever so it was the contents at the end that now keep it simple but I think now with the new approach that you can define your own federal cloud ID completely independent from the server we are heading again a little bit into this direction of course you still don't have multiple aliases but at least you can specify this one and address the way you want to have it Yeah? During your talk you spoke about C-file but they recently split up are you talking with the German or with the German? The question was I said that I talked to C-file about implementing this federal sharing and the question was if I talked to because they split up recently if I talked to the German entity or to the Chinese people I only followed this on the internet which was public like probably most of us but I have the feeling that the real development power and stuff like this is by the Chinese people I think that's the people who drive it forward and I talked with them about it Yeah? Talking about the police and the troops what about on cloud and the next cloud if you today have to give to make an argument about you should choose this solution or rather this one My argument I mean we are in foster we are all free and open source software developer and my main argument would be next cloud is completely free software Oh, sorry The question was if I would need to make an argument whether you should choose own cloud or next cloud because I mentioned both and I worked at both companies and so yes as I said because we are in foster we are all free and open source developers or interest in this topic my main argument to this group would be completely free software if you look at own cloud this has some kind of open core business model there is this community version which is open source and free software but there is also then the enterprise version which is no longer free software which has a commercial license attached which also has functionality which is not available in the community version so to this group this would be my main argument this is the complete free software solution driven by the community and with the community together Thank you


A warm welcome to the 12th session in the third module of signals and systems. So, in the last session, we worked with signals that have a Fourier transform and signals that do not have a Fourier transform and we recapitulated some ideas about such signals, both classes. We also agreed to confine our attention to those signals that have a Fourier transform. Of course, we could generalize later, but as far as our discussion on sampling goes for this course, we shall confine ourselves to that class, signals that have a Fourier transform. And amongst those, we looked at the signal e raised of an exponentially decaying signal so to speak, which had a Fourier transform and we understood that essentially that signal could be thought of as comprised of several constituent sinusoids. Let us write that example down from that perspective again. So, we essentially looked at the signal xt equal to e raised to the power minus tut and we recognized that the Fourier transform looked like this and we said, we could think of xt as a combination, essentially of mod x omega times cosine omega t plus angle of x omega. Now, we can fill in the values here, so this would become, these are the values we knew them from the last discussion that we had and what we need to do is to integrate this all over omega. So, limit of a sum over all omega of such quantities that essentially goes towards an integral. In fact, we do not need minus infinity here, we can do with 0 because we have already taken plus and minus, you see now where is the problem? The problem is that no matter what sampling rate you take, focus your attention on this constituent. So, let us write down things again. Go back to the discussion in session 10. There we had seen that if your constituent frequency is 1 by T0 and the sampling frequency is 1 by TS, then the impostors created, of course you know the frequencies created on sampling are as follows. They begin with 1 by T0, then you have 1 by TS minus 1 by T0, 1 by TS plus 1 by T0, 2 times. So, 2 by TS minus 1 by T0, 2 by TS plus 1 by T0 and so on. And of course, the first difficulty comes from here. So, these two can clash first and therefore, we saw there that you needed to have 1 by TS minus 1 by T0 greater, strictly greater than 1 by T0, which meant that the smallest 1 by TS that you could use should be greater than 2 by T0. Now, go back to the signal that we are discussing now. Firstly, when I have a combination of synusoids, can I generalize this constituent rule? So, for that we have to ask a basic question about sampling. Is sampling a linear operation? Let us ask that question first. Well, the answer is yes, of course. What is sampling? The proof is very simple. What is sampling after all? Sampling means multiplying, I mean I am talking about ideal sampling. Sampling ideally means multiplying the signal by uniform train of impulses. How does that train look? There is an impulse at 0, there is an impulse at TS and you can continue this at every multiple of TS. Let us call this uniform train of impulses Pt. So, essentially sampling of Xt means multiplication of Xt by Pt. So, simple. And therefore, if X1t is sampled, of course, we are talking about the same sampling rate, sampled at a rate 1 by TS. It is essentially X1t times Pt. Similarly, X2t sampled at 1 by TS is the product of X2t and Pt. And now take any linear combination, it is very simple. So, any linear combination alpha times X1t plus beta times X2t sampled, of course, this is in the same way, sampled at 1 by TS is essentially the same signal multiplied by Pt which can be expanded. So, in fact, we proved the result here. What have we proved? We proved that by sampling the linear combination, it is equivalent to the same linear combination of the samples. So, therefore, a linear operation, sampling is a linear operation. That is good to see because now we can draw a conclusion about the imposters that get created when you have many constituents. If I add up many constituents and sample them, it is the same as first sampling each of the constituents and then adding up the sampled versions. So, by adding any one of the constituents, I am going to create these imposters 1 by T0, 1 by TS, minus 1 by T0, 1 by TS, plus 1 by T0 and so on. And for every T0, this is going to happen. So, when I put these different T0s together, all these imposters are going to get created. What does linearity assure me? The imposters that are created as a consequence of sampling, a signal with multiple constituents can be analyzed by looking at each constituent individually. Find out what happens because of each constituent and the effect of all these constituents together is just the sum of the effects of each of these individual constituents. Let us put that point down very clearly. So, what we are saying is linearity assures us. So, the effect of sampling a signal with multiple constituents is essentially the linear combination you can even say sum because you are just summing the multiple constituents, sum of the effects. So, for example, if you have a 1 by T0, 1 and a 1 by T0, 2 and a sampling rate, the constituents are these. I am talking about the constituent frequencies and the sampling rate is 1 by TS. Then the imposters as we might call them are as follows, 1 by TS minus 1 by T01, 1 by TS minus 1 by T02, 1 by TS plus 1 by T01 and so on, a combination of all these imposters. So, now we can ask a basic question. What is the one thing that you need? So, that you are in a position to distinguish the imposters from the constituents. You have agreed the signal has a Fourier transform, but given that it has a Fourier transform, is it possible to still keep the imposters distinguished from the constituents for all such signals? Obviously, the answer is no. In fact, we can answer that question very quickly. Only as long as the sampling frequency 1 by TS is strictly greater than 2 times 1 by T0, can we make this distinction? And of course, if your sampling frequency is finite, it means that every constituent in your signal must have a finite constituent frequency. Otherwise, there is no question of being able to distinguish the imposters from the original. That is, the imposters may become smaller than the original in all other cases. So, what are we talking about? We are talking about a signal having an upper limit to its constituent signal frequencies. That is such a very important conclusion. So, what we are saying is, unless a signal has an upper limit on its constituent frequencies, imposters would not be distinguishable. Imposters may become smaller in frequency. So, unless a signal has an upper limit on its constituent frequencies, the imposters may start having a frequency smaller than constituents after a point. That is, 1 by TS minus 1 by T0 may become smaller than 1 by TS. So, we do not want that to happen. Otherwise, you know, the situation is such that we would like to consider as constituents. Now, all frequencies up to a certain value. So, we are going to allow. The only question is, can we allow up to infinite values or do we need to limit? The answer is very simple. Of course, we need to limit. Otherwise, we would need an infinite sampling rate to be able to deal with all these imposters. So, informally, what have we concluded? Essentially, we have said there must be an upper limit on the constituent frequency. And essentially, what we call such a signal in the literature, in signals and systems, is a band limited signal. So, we are saying a signal must be band limited for it to be sampled without these imposters creating trouble. And the second thing is that the sampling must be adequate, whatever that means. Adequate in what sense to take care of imposters. So, we have concluded this session essentially by noting that we need to have two things. We need to have a signal which has an upper limit on the constituent frequency. And we need to have a sampling rate which can take care of all these constituent frequencies. In the next session, we shall formalize this into a very, very fundamental and a very, very important celebrated theorem in signals and systems. Let us meet in the next session to carry out that task. Thank you.


Thank you all for your speeches, they were all great, really appreciated all of them. I would like a sanity check for me. So I have been against Russian sanctions from the beginning, I have been very vocal about it, written about it, I think Europe's policy has been insane, I think it's been driven by Washington, which I think is clearly evident, and I think a lot of what's happened in Eastern Europe has been because of American policy. But European politicians are acting in a way, to me, that are completely contrary to the interests of Europeans, and I just want to know, what am I missing? Am I missing a huge piece here that I'm just not getting? These questions would be appropriate tomorrow when I give my speech, but none of these gentlemen said a word about this problem. So I think this question is not appropriate to this audience, okay? That doesn't mean that I don't allow them to have an opinion, but they should just express their opinion in private and wait until I'm done tomorrow, and then anybody can say whatever they want and condemn me or not condemn me or whatever it is, so alright. So next question please, or if you have another question, you can ask that as well, okay? But in fairness to the gentlemen, I have to, huh? No comment. Yeah, alright, I think, no, I think so too, yeah, alright. Next question. So I will try to keep my question on the topic. I have a question for Professor Karl Friedrich Israel with a hat-tip to Torsten Polite also. The inflation is one thing, but unemployment is also a statistic which could easily be fudged. It happened in the 26th of April 2007 that the empirical economists hired by the state of France went on strike because they were forced to publish unemployment numbers that were so fudged that even by their own exalted standards they refused to do so. So when I go to a private statistician named John Williams, who has his website Shadow Government Statistics, he thinks for the US currently the unemployment is at 24% instead of the official 4%, and he also thinks that the CPI is at 12% compared to the official 8%, although he also has a 1980 technology which puts it at 16%, so I don't know. I think the 12% is the Boschian commission that you described. I'm not exactly sure how he gets to the 1980 numbers because he doesn't publish his methodology. So obviously this is all the violation of the Phillips curve which says that you can have high unemployment, low inflation or the opposite, but here we have, according to John Williams, very high unemployment, very high inflation, so who should I believe John Williams, the private statistician or the Phillips curve? The easy answer is they are all wrong, so it always depends. I cannot really give an informed opinion or response to the question of unemployment, but as far as the inflation rates are concerned that John Williams publishes on his website, I have looked into those as well. I think it's a problem that it is not quite transparent the way he calculates it. I'm also wondering where he got the data, because a lot of the data that is necessary actually to recalculate these statistics is not openly available. Might be different in the US. In Europe, in Germany in particular, you don't get the data. What you would need is data of the individual items that are in the baskets, not only the prices, but also the weights, and both of these are not available. You can ask for a special permission to look at the data, and the conditions are really not very inviting. You have to pay a lot of money, first of all, and then you get permission to come to some office somewhere and look at a computer without internet connection for a specified amount of time. I'm not even sure you can take the data away on a USB drive or something like that. It almost seems as if the official offices are not interested in being transparent about this. So, whom should you believe? None of them. The truth may lie somewhere in between. I have a question for Professor Hulsmann. With regards to the dualism of scientific knowledge, the natural sciences on the one hand, and then economic science, praxeology on the other hand, I was wondering, are economists who carry out empirical research, are they contributing to economic science or true economic science, or are they contributing to the third option, namely meaningful facts, like statistical facts? Are they contributing to economic theory or to history? These words by and large are worthless as far as economic theory is concerned, because you cannot derive any regularities from these observations. Even if you find regularities, that's something that you have to explain in itself, which you could do only in the light of economic reasoning. For example, if you find a regularity between the variations of the money supply and the variations of the price index during a certain time frame and say, yes, this has something to do with the quantity theory of money. But as we have heard this afternoon or this morning, there are other factors that also come into play. So it's the compound effect of different universal mechanisms. But statistical work and econometric work can be helpful as a description of the factual situation that you had at a certain period or a certain moment in time. So therefore I think the Austrian take on econometrics would be to take it as a point of departure, not as an answer. It raises questions, but it doesn't give you answers. The answers need to come from theoretical reasoning and from understanding. I have another question. Would you or would Mises categorize psychology or as you call it, teamology or timeology or mathematics, would you categorize these disciplines into natural science or like the rational philosophy as as praxeology is an example of? Thymology would be part of history. So the purpose is precisely to gain understanding of the meaning that the acting person attaches to his situation and to understand why he acts and the way he acts. Mathematics is more complicated. I'm not enough of a mathematician. I've seen very interesting articles on the topic. Some people claim it's just an emanation of logic. Some say, well, mathematics numbers have a logic of their own. So it's some mathematical realism and so on. So there are different things. I wouldn't be able to classify Mises as, I think his take would be that mathematics is an outgrow of logic in case it's different from national science on the one hand and economics on the other. But the interesting thing would be indeed, if you think through his argument in the ultimate foundation of economic science, that epistemology and logic therefore have a praxeological basis, whereas the praxeological basis in mathematics, but I don't have the answer. And I have a third question for you if this is allowed with regards to Mises' critique of quantum physics. Can you or could Mises imagine or can an instrument exist in our possession, in a human possession that can disprove the universal and time invariable constancy principle that all laws are always and forever true? Then can we ever get to an instrument or make an instrument that could disprove this? Yeah, it's a good question. His take would be, well, when we do research of any sort in the natural science, we need to approach our observation with the hypothesis that there's an invariable concatenation of cause and effect. There's no exception. So otherwise, so then the question is, where do we get this regularity postulate from? And he says it's implied in the category of action, and I don't agree with him on this. So I think you have to assume this, but it's not something that comes from action. So my disagreement with him would be there. And in my eyes, this is where also belief comes into play. I think I'm siding there more with Augustine than with Mises. Augustine once famously said, I believe so that I understand, I understand therefore I believe more strongly. Here we have to believe that there is a constant relationship inanimate objects don't choose. And they always produce the same consequence, but we don't know this, right? It's not something that we can know, and it doesn't follow from the category of action. I have a question for Carl Friedrich, about the inflation. I must say I love inflation myself. It's dangerous to say this in an arco-capitalist environment, but I made some money by buying assets with borrowed money, and inflation did the rest. But my question is, could there be, I don't know if that's true, but how do you see they keep the inflation lower than it really is? Could it be the reason that they want to keep the interest low, so the states can borrow money for free money almost, and then the inflation does the rest? So it pays off all the debts by itself. Yeah, there obviously is a conflict of interest there on the part of the government, because the government is one of the big beneficiaries of low interest rate policies. And you cannot really increase the interest rates right now without causing a liquidation crisis and lots of problems also for governments in terms of public finances. So that is one reason why the ECB officially changed the strategy. Going back to 2% as fast as possible, as soon as possible, to a gradual approach. So what I mentioned in the talk, they gradually want to reduce the inflation rates, and they want to slowly increase the interest rates in order to get there over time, so not to provoke this crisis. So yeah, that's all I can say about that. It really depends on the willingness to bring about such a liquidation crisis, to really get rid of the problem. It would be very harmful in the short run. I believe that it would be good in the long run if people understand the necessity of the liquidation crisis. If people don't understand that, then of course, such a short term liquidation crisis can cause a lot of problems politically and economically as well in the long run. But if people understand why it is actually important and useful, beneficial in the long run to go through this, then that would be great. But I'm afraid people don't understand that. Again, the question for you, Carl. So talking about inflation, and the financial market would say, oh, we cannot raise interest rates too rapidly because that would induce a systemic risk, blah, blah, blah. But when I look at, you know, I come to Turkey since 2012, and you know, Turkey is famous because they have high inflation. My friends here seem to, I mean, they survive. I know they're just paying, but I mean, you know, you don't see riots on the, at least I don't see riots on the street. So what would happen if the ECB think, oh, then we just go the Turkey way, just let it, I will keep printing, just let it go. Is that, there is a possibility and what would be the consequence if they go to Turkey, Turkish way? Well, excellent question. I think that's exactly the route they will go. Get used to higher inflation. It's not that bad. Look at Turkey. They make it work somehow, so we can do that also. I think, yeah, this is very likely as a scenario for the future because it is in the short run less harmful to those people who make the decisions. And that's why I think it's going, it's very likely, it's a very likely scenario, yes. Yet other panel speaker could also comment if you like. Other panelists, you may want to comment. I do agree that maybe a solution of free rein of inflation is possible, I don't know if likely. What I see is they will try as usual in these situations to make other kinds of interventions especially on prices. In some European countries, for example, in Italy, my country, they are already talking about maximum prices and so this will be part of a manufactured scarcity crisis because if you set maximum prices, this of course causes scarcity especially in the food market which is what is the discussion right now.  It's a very ancient story, I talked about Roman history. The Emperor Diocletian tried to solve the horrendous inflation of the third century after Christ by setting maximum prices. The penalty was death penalty if you tried to sell something beyond the maximum price and he failed miserably as always price controls fail. I would argue that inflation is an evil. And if you say people are fine with inflation, I recommend go to a little shop and ask the average guy over here and he will give you a very different answer what he thinks about inflation. Inflation is a problem, it's not only that the currency will be debased so you get fewer and fewer goods in exchange of your currency, it leads to a redistribution of income and wealth among a country, a society, an economy and it's a fraud. Inflation only works if it takes people by surprise. If people are surprised by actual inflation coming in higher than expected, in this case there is this redistribution of income and wealth going on. And that is the reason why governments who would like to get rid of their outstanding debt must rely on surprise inflation. But people learn sooner or later that they have been tricked, that they increase the inflation expectation. In the next round the surprise inflation has to become even higher and so this is the path towards hyperinflation. I would argue that Turkey is already in hyperinflation. There's a definition in textbooks saying hyperinflation is if goods prices rise by 50% per month. On an annualized basis that implies an inflation of 12,900%. That means if your cup of coffee costs $3 today, in 12 months it will cost $390. That is what 12,900% inflation means. So hyperinflation, I think we are well advised to think of high inflation at a much lower level, maybe by 5% goods price increase per month. And I would argue we are on the way towards hyperinflation. Because if inflation has gone up it becomes very, very costly to bring it down again. You need a stability recession as they call it. You have to crush the economic system in order to break the upward price expectations of firms and private households. It's very, very costly. And I think we have reached on a global level a situation where most economies are in a situation of over indebtedness. And that is why central banks raise interest rates only gradually. And I fear that you won't see a stabilization recession that sooner or later they will stop with hiking interest rates. And high inflation will remain, is going to here to stay. And the downward risk is really that we move towards a hyperinflation scenario. There is, of course, a redistribution effect. So there are some people who benefit from this sort of thing. Otherwise, we would not be able to explain why the whole thing happens in the first place. I mean, why is the money supply increased at all? And the answer is, yeah, for some people that's good, for most of the people, it's a disaster. I wanted to make that same comment. So the argument that Thorsten made is the textbook argument for inflationary stimulus. So you have to have a surprise inflation so that the real economy is stimulated and you have higher economic growth than you would otherwise have. But as far as the redistribution effect is concerned, that works whether or not people expect the inflation rate or not. It doesn't depend on whether the inflation comes as a surprise or the expansion of the money stock comes as a surprise. By the very expansion of the money stock, you set in motion this redistribution effect. Hi. I got a question for Sandro.  I'm guessing he was killing them because they were resisting. So I was raised in the colony of the British Empire. And there are times in which I heard from my teachers that they were British that sometimes being ruled by an empire is good because that's what happened to England. We learned a lot from the Romans and that was partly justifying why the British went out there and got themselves an empire. So as a person who lived in the colony, I appreciate things like the common law system, for example. How many generations did it take or how long did it take for a typical person in one of these provinces, conquered provinces, to realize that the Roman system was superior to what they had previously? The British obviously acknowledged that, but I don't know when they acknowledged that. Was it a matter of months? Were they a couple of disputes with the Roman judge ruling very wisely with test cases previously and they think, wow, this is a great system. What did it take generations? That's the first question. And the second question concerns the redistribution of spoils, especially land, to soldiers. How did that actually work? Because if I was a soldier and someone was given farmland that is productive from day one and I was given a forest in which I need to chop down, then how do I reconcile that with my fellow colleague in the army? And how big was that piece of land?  That kind of thing.  Well, first question. I don't know if it really worked that way. Romans de facto, by means of military might, colonized most of the known world at that time. It is interesting to note that this worked in a certain way in the west of Europe and in another way in the east of Europe, where in the east, especially the superior strength of Greek culture at the end created a new civilization, the Hellenistic civilization and the Byzantine civilization, which was a derivation of the Roman order. But for example, already at the time of Justinian, the emperor who is the author of the Corpus Eurus and the compilations of Roman law, the main language was Greek in the Eastern Empire. So it was completely different, whereas in modern Spain, in France, the penetration of the Romans was very strong, not different than the one the British had, for example. I'm not sure that there was a realization that the imperial system was better. In fact, there have been lots of rebellions, lots of revolutions, attempts to get rid of the Roman system, which meant basically taxes, because this is the main issue about all empires. They could extract lots of money from the provinces. So the military might establish the Roman way, the Roman language became necessary because you had to deal with your overlords and so you had to adopt their language, it couldn't be different, and gradually the ancient Latin morphed into the modern Romans languages, but I don't think that there was sort of a realization or acceptance. Yes, there was an acceptance, but it was based mainly on military might, and on the superior strength, this is clear of the Roman armies which for a long time were invincible. It's interesting to note that when bureaucracy took over the armies during the second, third century after Christ, this destroyed the Roman empire together with inflation, with big taxes and so on. Second part of the question, what did you ask? How did the land redistribution? The land distribution, well it was a very bureaucratic and regulated system. For example, at the end of the republic there was one very important distribution of lands to the veterans of Pompeii, and they established a commission of 20 magistrates who had to a lot of lands in southern Italy near Capua, where they had these very good lands, very fertile lands. It was all strictly and very regulated in the tiniest details. The Romans they have many bad characteristics, but they were wonderful organisers. They were people of engineers, of builders and of lawyers in part, so nothing was left to chance. It was very, very strictly organised, and this superior organisation of the army as well as of the government is one of the reasons of their success. You just have to look at their buildings which still stand after 2,000 years, whereas the Italian buildings of 50 years ago are crumbling. I would like to ask a very unAustrian question of all of you, and like you to all comment on this question, per your particular lens, in other words per your particular lens of focus, history, philosophy and economics, monetary theory and IP. What do you see happening in the next two years, one, two years? What do you see the trends that are existing right now manifesting in any landmarks that we might recognise? And why would they be important? Okay by Apple and Bitcoin, no I'm joking. On IP I see no progress except the continued march of technology in 3D printing which will allow patents to be evaded like torrenting and the internet has allowed copyright to be evaded, but I see no institutional or legal changes that will make things better. So copyright patents will continue to slow down, patents will continue to slow down progress and be a big factor in distorting the market and making the COVID vaccine more expensive. I don't know if that's a good thing or a bad thing, but so that's all I have to say. What trends in the next two years do you think will happen that you can invest on? No, I think inflation has come to stay, it's going to be high, it will erode the purchasing power of the dollar, of the euro, of all major currencies in the world. People will get the short end of the stick, the state will be enriched by inflation and raise the question of who benefits, of course the government in particular benefits because if we have a progressive income tax for instance, nominal wages will go up to compensate the increase in overall prices and so there will be this bracket creep, real taxation will increase and the benefit goes to the government. For instance the financial industry will also benefit greatly if there's inflation, there's more money around the nominal volumes, they have under management increase and they earn 1% of the nominal value so they benefit as well. The banking industry may in particular get some additional windfall profits, assume inflation goes up and people can no longer afford the houses, they go bankrupt and so the banks will get the owners of housing and real estate and so I think this is another sector that will benefit from inflation so inflation, that's just a footnote to referring to Hans' question, inflation I think is going to stay high and in some parts of the world you will get hyperinflation and the political reaction I think you mentioned that already is governments will interfere into the market, they will impose maximum prices for food, for energy, they will rationing gas and oil and I think the western world will transform into something we have seen in the 1930s in Germany namely a controlled economy, they called it the fields on Lenkungswirtschaft where the government is in charge basically of calling the shots, who produces what and under which conditions and who is allowed to consume what kind of good, what kind of quantities and so that's the underlying trend I see at the moment and one of the biggest challenges is of course to get some protection against the debasement of the currencies. I don't have much to add other than even if it doesn't come to outright government control and regulation in all markets of the economy this inflationary trend also will lead to the concentration of market power generally speaking so because the inflation benefits big businesses at the expense of smaller competitors so what the Marxists predicted would happen in a market economy will actually happen, we will have a kind of monopolization of markets, big businesses will benefit, smaller competitors will be ruined but it is of course not because of the market dynamic, it's because of the inflationary interventions. I do agree with the previous speakers, I see going on since a few years a deliberate attack against small businesses and against the medium class. The idea is to destroy these both categories by means of regulations, by means of inflation and during the next winter I see energy crisis and shortages and food shortages coming up and so the world will be a very dangerous place to live in and I don't see anyone who is capable to stop this development because most of the governments who still call the shots are in the hands of exactly the same people who want to reach these effects. The big hope is the creation of something else, of independent communities, of sort of free states on the model of John Galt's idea of somewhere to hide. It's not easy because technology is not that of the 50s and 60s when Ayn Rand wrote Atlas Park but still there is maybe the way to exploit technology to get rid of the influence of the states. For example we have lots of doctors who are prevented from working because they didn't get the shot, they can do it anyway and so there are lots of people who would rather go to a doctor who didn't get the vaccine and who has some independence of mind and maybe there is the possibility to build some parallel system. It will be very difficult but I see this as the only hope. In fact I don't have much to add so we better get to the next question. I have a question for Professor Gita Hoardsman. So it's a two part question. The first part of my question is rather I suppose I'm playing devil's advocate in asking this. Professor Rothbard in I forget the title of the particular essay in which he makes this point but he remarks that he disagrees with Professor Mises' view that praxeological laws are derived from facts about the logical structure of mind. Professor Rothbard instead says that he is an Aristotelian or a Neotomist so he views the action axiom as a law of reality rather than a law of the mind and therefore Professor Rothbard at least in his work on economic methodology emphasizes the importance of metaphysics more than Professor Mises did. And I'm curious as to whether you think adopting Professor Mises' Kantian foundation I suppose you could call it is necessary for developing a praxeological system for analyzing economic phenomena. And the second part of my question is even if Professor Mises emphasizes the primacy of practical reason over metaphysical speculation in economic science is he still not engaging in a type of metaphysical speculation when he says for example that man is a purposeful being when he says that man acts purposefully. To me it seems as if he is implying seems that he is implying that what man essentially is the essence of man is a purposeful being and therefore he is engaging or saying something ontological about about man and therefore metaphysical. And in order to I suppose analyze economic phenomena or develop economic laws it seems to me that one would have to affirm the existence of a reality that is common to all men. And the affirmation of such a reality would require metaphysical speculation in my view for example a Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte the German idealist builds upon Kant's work and says that reality is tat han lung is pure liveliness or activity and it is not substance but yet it is still a theory of reality in a metaphysical position which fakes to I suppose builds from or constructs from Kant's work. So I suppose to summarize do you think adopting Professor Mises' Kantian framework is necessary for developing a sound praxeological system and is Mises also not engaging in a type of metaphysical speculation when he for example when he analyzes or calls man a purposeful being? Yeah thanks for the thoughtful questions I start with the second one first it's a good point that you make right but I guess Mises himself would or could reply that he was focusing only on the difference on the observable differences and we know that human beings do have purposes they pursue projects they consciously choose between objectives and men's and so on. And that sets them apart from animals who react only to stimuli and to from minerals and so on who do not react at all. I think because they were that's the only I was only relying on this on this difference so it's not really an ontological proposition which would be which would get him into trouble by comparison to his own standards right. Now as far as the first question is concerned I actually think the vocabulary that Mises uses which is Kantian is completely superficial and he himself says let's not stay let's not place too much importance on this however we call this that's really not that important and he was using a language that was standard certainly in the German language university landscape which was his in the 1920s 1930s and even after World War II which was very widespread right so I mean you use these terms and even the logical positivists were not Kantians they use these terms as well only to say well but Kant was wrong as far as natural research and so on is concerned. Now I think there are lots of elements in Mises that indicate where he does I mean certainly he has elements of a Kantian approach but they are not very strong right and you find it in other of his works for example in the theory of money the first part of his money book is the title the nature of money the essence of money now that doesn't sound very Kantian right so it sounds very Aristotelian and he also emphasizes in the ultimate foundation of economic science there are various passages that you can give a Kantian reading but he also emphasizes that he's talking about the real structure right the logical structure of the human mind there's something that is not something that is a mental construction but that is something that is in nature there right now again the important point is that the logical structure of the mind is such that we operate with meaning that we do make choices that we do value now is this something that is a thought construct certainly not is something that is there in reality so I think you can give him a Kantian excuse me an Aristotelian reading right and Rothbard when he says well it's not a priori in the sense it comes from mental but in the sense that it's before all experience but that what we know about the structure of the mind is itself subject of experience I think Mises would concur right and if you read the ultimate foundation of economic science says yes we know this it's something that is part of human knowledge right not empirical in the sense that it comes through the senses but empirical in the sense that we gain knowledge about it through reflecting on our on the structure of our mind yeah I think as far as difference between Mises and Rothbard is concerned I think purely semantic is meaningless but they are of the same opinion in this regard they use slightly different vocabulary that's all it is and as far as the teleological structure of humans is concerned anybody who denies it would have to say this sort of stuff and by saying this whatever that you are teleology or disputing it would refute himself he tries to dispute it because he says something that is aimed at a certain goal uses means to do it the statement can be right or wrong attempt to persuade other people can be successful or unsuccessful so I think it is indisputable that men is a teleological entity being or whatever it is last question this is to mr. Kinsella what do you think of the title transfer theory of contracts compared to the definition you presented I'm sorry could you repeat that what you think of the title transfer theory of contracts it's Rothbard has touched on compared to the the theory you presented cyber transfer no title transfer oh yes no no this is my I think it's one of Rothbard's greatest contributions he he actually he was very humble because in ethics of liberty he wrote a chapter restating and building on Williamson ever's work but in research I've done it looks like Rothbard came up with it first and sort of talked with ever's and ever's developed it and then Rothbard built on it now neither one is a lawyer so there's some imprecision and there's some mistakes and they are operating without a net and I wrote a big article trying to build on that but I think it's one of his greatest contributions actually I've written I had a tom woods episode about it and I've I've written about it so no I think it is the way to reformulate and understand contracts and my talk today was largely based upon that so anyone who's interested in uh contract theory you know read my article and read and read Rothbard's article in ethics of liberty okay I want to thank the panelists and I want to take one one little remark about what to expect in the future to come back to what you asked before it will be cold in Europe and and keep in mind Erdogan did not participate in the sanctions because of that oil and gas still flows to Turkey and you can take hot showers for a few more days here it might not be so certain once you get home but I can you can still use it so take advantage of the of the Turkish Turkish way they have their problem with inflation but the hot waters will flow for a while


It's essential for every organization to embrace diversity and inclusion. This month we have celebration of Asian culture because this is Asian heritage month and just show people different aspects of Asian culture, whether it be food, we got a little cute origami. And also calligraphy from these two are from the Japanese garden. And we also have a representative from Zombe, Jisitsu, Martial Arts, who's going to give us some demonstration. You need diverse thoughts, you need diverse cultures, diversity, it's power in organization, the more thoughts and things that you mix together, the more beautiful that your projects, your organization as a whole can become. Better to know more than one culture so you can learn other things. I think we can better understand each other. Sometimes we have different values. So if you have this opportunity more often, we can share the values with each other. I got my three daughters' names in Japanese. It looked really cool, so I decided why not. But this one is my oldest, Maresa. Then this is my youngest, Carissa. And then this is my middle, Ada. It's very important to know what the culture, the difference in how they are, what they do, their food and everything. It's more getting to know each other better. We have very people who work for the city of Fort Worth, and it's important for us to come out and celebrate our differences.


And I'm going to jump right into it because this is a lightning talk, and it's going to go by fast. Today, I'm going to talk to you a little bit about why, if you're doing DevOps right, you should be solving for security. And that's where, of course, a lot of these cloud-native security concepts and technologies come into play in terms of being able to deliver those outcomes. Now, we can't have a talk about DevOps without defining DevOps. And we could spend all day or all year on this, because if you ask 10 people what DevOps means, you'll get maybe 20 answers. But if we take a look at the Wikipedia definition, because no one's allowed to argue with Wikipedia, what you'll see is that there's an emphasis on the practices. Yes, there is a tool chain, but it's really about the practices that lead to this outcome. Shorten the system development lifecycle and you get high-quality software. To paraphrase, the goal of DevOps is shipping higher-quality code faster and more frequently, and, of course, to production, where it matters. Now, why does this matter from a security perspective? Which is actually, if you look at the number of common vulnerabilities and exposures that are getting reported every week, you see that over the last 10 or so years, basically since DevOps was born, there's been a 3 to 4x increase in how many of these CVEs are getting reported every week. Part of this is just we have more software. We've been kind of in this explosion and growth of the software industry taking over all kinds of industries. Or, as Mark Andreessen said, software is taking over the world, software is eating the world. That was his quote from about 10 years ago. And what we can see is that that brings along with it a lot of vulnerabilities. More code means more vulnerabilities, and how do we manage all of it? Now, if you kind of deal with that sort of at the end of your software development lifecycle, you get this kind of crazy effect where you're just getting hammered with the amount of code that needs to be scanned and remediated. And it feels a little bit like the scene out of I Love Lucy when they're in the chocolate factory.  So the conclusion that we have here is that we need some amount of automation. It's essential. When you factor in just the growth in the number of CVEs out there, the growth in the amount of code that's trying to get out into production, and then you take into effect things like containers as sort of one of the staples of DevOps tool chains and how they're very ephemeral. So instead of patching and hardening of VM that we're gonna keep in production for a long time, we wanna throw it away and rebuild it again. So we're gonna need a lot of automation to deal with that. Now, there's kind of looking at this as we can't just automate at the end. We need to sort of cause security to happen in more places. Some people talk about this as shifting left or expanding left. And there's a couple things to consider here. One is just on the design side and how do you educate more developers to be mindful about security practices. But there's also thinking about how do we automate in security points of control along the entire development and deployment life cycle. And that's really where you start to kind of get into some of these cloud native security technologies where you can think about, hey, how do I get code from development into the hands of customers and in front of users? And what are my points of control in that life cycle knowing that we're gonna go around it again and again and again. Now, even the best laid plans, if you develop a system to do this, if it's painful to use, developers are gonna go around it and take the gumdrop path. And that's not because they're bad people, but it's because they're just trying to get their job done. Now, this was actually a really great insight that was shared in the state of DevOps report from last year, which is really about you have to make these platforms a compelling option. And this becomes really important when you design these platforms to help solve all these critical security needs, whether it's scanning or points of remediation and control, you spend all this effort to do that, but then you don't want developers to go around it. So you have to have them in mind as the customer. So how do you make it a developer friendly thing? So this is kind of the formula to think about, the mathematical proof, if you will, that gets you to, when you think about the outcomes you're trying to achieve, the challenges that security brings in, as well as things like the ephemeral nature of containers and behaviors that developers exhibit, you really need to automate this whole platform and life cycle in a developer friendly way. And you probably need to be thinking about that on a constant basis with a team that's really thinking about a developer friendly platform. So at the end of the day, if you're doing DevOps right and you're doing it on an ongoing basis, then you've solved for these security challenges. Now, if this was interesting to you, I have a 43 minute version of this talk that you can find, you can Google, it's pronounced DevOps, the sack is silent because this bright talk URL is probably gonna be possible to memorize. So with that, I wanna say thank you and enjoy the rest of the Cloud Native Security Day.


Hi again. In this video, we're going to talk about that how to get phaser framework. First, what we need to do is to go to the website phaser.io. Then we will go to the download section of this website. And here we have a lot of downloads options. The most easy way to get phaser is to go to this min.js. Right-click on this link and save it to your computer. I will go to the folder My Games. I'll make a new folder, for example JS and inside this folder I'll save this file. Then also you can get zipped files to your computer. And if you know how to use Git, you can clone the repo with all the source, examples and built files to your computer. That's all in this video. Thanks for watching. Bye-bye.