All right, good morning everyone and thanks for taking the time to come over and Spend a little time learning about what we're doing on the earthquake early warning program So let me start off by saying that This really is a monumental day for us because over the last several years the earthquake early warning system has really Taken several steps forward to become realization. I keep in mind that You've seen on the news in the past the technology that's been developed the capability to actually sense that early energy that gets emitted by an earthquake at the Hypo Center to be able to technology to be able to Sense the the time that that energy gets released Before the shaking occurs and take that that that time and be able to put that into a warning. It's very very significant But it the the whole piece of building a resilient Reliable and sustainable earthquake early warning system for California is more than just the technology It's more than just the ability to sense the wave It's the it's the requirement of taking that that information and moving it through our telecommunications Pipelines it was such speed and accuracy that we get that information out to all of our 18 critical infrastructure sectors to all of the public of California to the visitors of California in a time enough way that they can take action and If it's if it's in such a time where they don't have the immediate because they're very close to the epicenter of an earthquake To take immediate action the ability to automate action particularly in our critical infrastructure our power our water and other kinds of systems or to put alerts and Audible announcements in our hospitals and in our schools so that Certain actions can take place to ultimately not just protect infrastructure and buy down the impact of a disaster Like an earthquake, but to all ultimately save lives. And so we're very very excited today because The governor signed Senate bill 438 which was authored by Senator Jerry Hill who's with us today and you'll hear from him in a minute a great partner and He's carrying on from work that now secretary of state Alex Padilla previously the State senator Alex Padilla introduced Senate bill that allowed us to begin that process of Starting the earthquake early warning program and then today the governor signed that Bill in the into law that basically establishes the governance structure that will organize and facilitate in a comprehensive and coordinated way the rollout of the earthquake early warning System and remember that California a very long state Very the topography the complexity the population really requires us to be able to be able to move that signal Throughout the state in in a in the speed and timely way And so those are those challenges that we're working through it also removes the restriction on the general fund monetary sources for the system when available that we could also be able to leverage General fund dollars, but but truly this is a public-private Partnership and it's a it's a it's a partnership that will be in the long-term funded by both public and private entities and it Requires various reporting requirements on the progress of the system implementation to the legislature So there's checks and balances working with our legislative folks additional additionally this year state budget included ten million dollars by By the governor for the project the funding is a significant startup helps us to sort of get the program Fully moving forward. This is in addition to some federal dollars that were made available by Congress to the USGS And the idea is is to working work together to enhance the sensor arrays The the sensors that are needed to be put in the ground so that we've got enough Sensors placed in the right locations so that we're getting the most Reliable information on the on the earthquakes that occur and you'll see here. There's a lot of Charts and grass that will describe what those sensors look like and you're a little bit more about that today from our folks from from the universities and from the USGS The governor's structure itself is really established as a key item And and really what we see as a major success in being able to make sure that we are all on the same page Moving forward. I don't I think the public and our industry and business Absolutely see a value in having earthquake early morning We we recently partnered with the California seismic safety commission to do a study on On looking at the the benefits and how how the benefits of the system can Impact each of the various sectors and the information we got back was very very positive So we know that there's an interest, but we also know that the public and Industry wants it to be done in a very coordinated and a very systematic way And so the governor's structure today that the governor's side and in place Senator Hillsbill helps to establish that process In addition this morning myself and the governor had an opportunity to meet with representatives of the major utilities in California Utilities are a great partner with us in this process when you think about the ability to Automate the Interruption or shutdown of power water fuel You know in case of gas you get less gas fires in the case of power The ability to get the power up and operational again much faster much more rapidly these are all benefits So the utilities are a great partner with us throughout California and and and we'll we'll be working very closely with us in the governor's structure We're also working very closely of course with our university system partners throughout California Berkeley and Caltech USGS the California geologic survey Stanford and others that UC San Diego that are partners with us as we move forward and our federal partners at FEMA And again the USGS that are working on this system So it's really an all-hands on deck one team one fight effort to move forward with with this This new new system now in reality. It's not a turnkey We're not going to turn the key tomorrow, and you're going to get early warnings This is a process now by which we are Officially rolling out the implementation plan that we have created collectively that will include milestones in being able to build out the sensor array maximize the pilot projects that have been going on in southern and northern California and Working with the key some of the key Infrastructure sectors that I've already mentioned but also like the transportation industry today You'll you'll hear from our partners at BART high-speed rail authority and others ports Maritime all of these will be Areas where we will will maximize the work that we've already been doing with them as we move forward and so Those those initiatives will go into higher gear I guess you could say and In reality, you'll see the ability to get these warnings probably hopefully within the next year to two years in reality and so it'll be all probably based upon regional rollout and And again, it's going to it's going to leverage and maximize the existing pilot projects But a big piece of this comes with a public education And training piece because once you get the notice, what does it mean? What do you do with that notice and so it's important that the public understands how important this is But once you get that early warning, these are these are not warnings. You're going to get all the time We don't you know, it's not going to be for every magnitude To earthquake these are going to be for earthquakes of significance That are going to result in enough shaking and and you're going to be getting those Warnings that come out. What do you do when you get those warnings? So part of this ties in with that Education piece and collectively all the organizations you see up here And and and all our partners will be working on that public education piece together So I want to thank all the partners. I want to thank of course senator Hill and the governor for Moving this forward. This is an important milestone step forward and Very excited about it. And this is really something that you know We are getting to the place where a California will have this system The next five to ten years technology continues to improve. This will only get better. It will only become more sophisticated And it will become a secondary way of life here in California as we move forward This is earthquake country and beyond all this great capability. It still does not negate the fact that Every one of us needs to have a plan Be prepared for earthquakes know you live in earthquake country and if you do get earthquake insurance and And and and understand what to do when an earthquake occurs. This is just another tool That will be very helpful for you. So with that Let me introduce the next set of speakers Following myself will be senator Jerry Hill again a good partner and and great to work with him on this And he will talk a little bit about the the the actual bill that was signed today senator Thank You director. Thank you. Good morning, and thank you very much Hey, what an honor it is to be here today. I it's this is one of those Milestone days because someone who was born and raised in in San Francisco and live in the peninsula now I've lived through my share of major earthquakes over that time and a lot of shaking has gone on in that area as well As in the rest of it of California the good thing about today is we're unlike Japan unlike Mexico City We don't have to lose 9,000 or 5,000 people and then Implement an early warning system We're doing that before and hopefully we can get that operational in the next year or two before that big one hits So it's wonderful to see a partnership, and that's exactly what this is today I mean it is a true partnership to get this much needed system up and running It's a partnership that takes legislative support scientific expertise Emergency preparedness leadership and director get Gilarducci has been an outstanding Outstanding leader in this someone who has the perspective the foresight The leadership abilities to bring this together. So thank you very much director. It's been a pleasure working with you We achieved two major goals legislative accomplishments this year We've secured we secured ten million dollars from the early warrant for the early warning system in the 2016 2017 budget We've made it possible to establish the earthquake early warning advisory board to support the development of the statewide earthquake warning system the board will be made up of the governor's cabinet secretaries private industry partners and local governments and will oversee the sustainable implementation of California's earthquake early warning system the board will help coordinate all stakeholders and will help oversee system operations research and development finance and investment and public training and education the early warning system is Incredibly important as we'll soon see because it's not a matter of if as we know It's just a matter of when that next big quake will occur The the part that I think is important as we all know in the Northridge quake in Southern, California with a magnitude of 6.7 The 1989 Loma Prieta quake this that struck the Bay Area with the 6.9 and 63 people lost their lives in the Loma Prieta quake 3757 people were injured Thousands were displaced from their homes and the region suffered an estimated six billion dollars in property damage And it's critical that with the 27th anniversary of the Loma Prieta shake This what warning system would have saved lives then for sure And as as director Gilarducci said it mentioned it will detect that shaking if it occurs and send that urgent Alerts before the shaking happens before it spreads and gets to the point where you're at think of the possibilities I always think of that ophthalmologist if I'm getting an eye surgery that ophthalmologist That has that laser in my eye That he'll be able to take that out before that shaking starts or that fire station where the doors can come up Before the shaking hits so we make sure they come up so the trucks and engines can get out There's little things the BART trains that can stop the cal train that can stop the manufacturing equipment that can stop all of these things are phenomenal and Just for someone to be able to duck and cover because as we know half of the injuries half of the cost and the lives are Because people are in the wrong place when that shaking begins So this is critically important and just a few seconds can prevent Devastating and life-threatening injuries So I'm honored to be here today honored with our partners from the universities from public transportation The private sector our utilities who are playing a major role have been and will continue to be and others who are Working together to implement this and and again much. Thanks to director. Gillard Uchi and the staff of Cal OES For spearheading this project and for working every day with public safety agencies throughout California to keep us safe and also a thank you to to my colleagues in the legislature who Felt that this was an important Consideration assembly member is amazing. It's really important that we were able to to bring this together An assembly member gray who's here today was a strong partner in this in the assembly as we were able to move it forward since sirs, thanks also to Everyone who's been involved in this The process more importantly and especially the private sector who have now had the opportunity with state Contribution in our state that shows that we're serious. I think the ten million dollars shows that we're serious We have a commitment. We're making a commitment and now we want everyone to come together to put the final pieces together So thank you very much for the opportunity. Thank you to the governor who saw the wisdom today to sign the legislation and It felt that this is an important next step for the safety of all Californians. Thank you very much. Thank you again Okay, great. And so put on our Senate side now I'd like to introduce the assembly member Adam gray and he'll kind of give a few words on the assembly side Good morning You know in my capacity as the chairman of the government organization committee in the assembly I had the opportunity to honor this year to work with senator Hill with director Gil Ducci with Cali has to advance an earthquake early warning system both in funding and the budget as you've heard as well as a governance infrastructure California's major earthquakes left an early impression on my life as a 12 year old attending my first world series game in San Francisco, and I saw firsthand at that time the Fear and certainly the the chaos that can occur From the damages of such severe earthquakes and so the extent to which, you know, California can lead in this area We have the most innovative cutting-edge public and private sector Here in California. We have some of the best universities in the world As the senator said California wanted to make a statement this year Both by putting our money where our mouth is with a major investment in this and as well as setting the stage for working with our Public and private partners to make this a reality here in California. I want to thank director go Ducci Senator Hill Certainly the governor and I look forward to working my capacity and lending my hand to making this Success going forward. Thank you so much Great. Thank you very much Next from Caltech No, okay John McPartland who's the director of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District, so director Ladies and gentlemen, I thought that I would be following the scientist because I'm kind of sandwiched between with Bart between the science and the emergency operations and Basically what it amounts to is that Bart has been working in conjunction with Cal since 2012 we already have earthquake early warning. We have a system that's in place So how does this mechanism work? But first of all, we had to do our homework by virtue of the fact of Investing almost a billion dollars in making sure that our system will be viable after the earthquake strikes but the big Problem that we end up having is the potential injuries or deaths that would occur if we ended up having derailments and at the peak of the commute we have 64 trains Running a lot of them are 10-car trains 1500 people within a 10-car train Imagine a derailment that would occur that potentially would Injure or kill many of those individuals and The biggest factors for being able to predict Earthquake derailments and there are many of them but the two biggest dogs in that fight are going to be the speed of the train number one and The magnitude I can't do anything about the magnitude, but I have all complete control if I have early warning Because many of those matter of fact about 40 of those 64 trains are going to be traveling about 70 miles an hour If I have 20 seconds of warning I can reduce that down to 10 miles an hour That is huge from the standpoint of having a viable system not only for preventing the injuries and a potential deaths But that billions of dollars that we ended up spending for the retrofit are of no use if I have derailed trains When we have a partial or a complete Collapse of the entire infrastructure and we need to be able to get resources in and we need to be able to evacuate people out When that infrastructure has been compromised and Bart is still viable I can carry 1500 a thousand to 1500 people per train out we do it every day That's the advantage of the early earthquake warning that we end up having implemented right now and I just happen to be sandwiched between the science that ended up providing me with a tool and The emergency services that ends up connecting with that to provide those resources in and the leadership and the Organizational structure so that we can end up getting that job done And I'm just like I said, I am fortunate to be in the right place at the right time to help facilitate that process Thank you Okay, then lastly Doug Gevin, who is the early earthquake warning coordinator at the United States Geologic Survey I'm the first earthquake early warning coordinator that the USGS has appointed and hopefully not the last because this Capability is going to have to work forever to protect the system the citizens of of California It's the goal of the USGS particularly our earthquake program to reduce the impacts of earthquakes to all citizens the United States And most of the risk in the United States is centered in California So California is first and thankfully they're leading the way in making earthquake early warning a reality It's the goal of the USGS to do it not only in California, but also in Oregon in Washington And this is a very important opportunity to show other states how a state can partner with federal agencies and Universities to make this a reality The system is built on top of the seismic networks that are already operating in California the California integrated seismic network And we've demonstrated in that collaboration the importance and the utility of those partnerships in operating seismic alert systems for the long haul And so that is going to be how the shaker earthquake early warning system persists through the decades to come Presuming of course that we get the funding to continue to do that So I can't emphasize enough the need for the collaborations and the partnerships not only between universities the state and the federal agencies Involved but also the private sector It's clear that implementation of early warning effective use of early warning effective education for early warning is all dependent On those who will ultimately use it and benefit from it I was at a meeting just yesterday at Berkeley with users who were telling us what they need and how they can use it I was on a phone call this morning with a mass notification company who wants to be one of the early pilot adopters to use this information to Improve their products to their clients and protect their clients as is part of their business So this is an extremely important milestone a real real thing I'm going to remember in my career as the early warning coordinator and I'm sure that Collectively we will all continue to work to protect the lives and property of the citizens of California and to improve the resilience of our Society, thank you. I also wanted to have Peggy Dr. Peggy Helwig to come up from UC Berkeley to talk about that Berkeley program Thank you very much. I'm here as operations manager of the Berkeley seismological laboratory and I'm one of a team who's been working since 2006 with our colleagues at Caltech and the US Geological Survey to Reach this day UC Berkeley has played a critical role in the creation of shake alert the earthquake early warning system that we are now embarking on implementing fully in California It's we the work that we've been doing together with Cal OES and with our partners have has brought us to the threshold today of a statewide system our During journey so far has been supported by funding from the state from the federal government and from private partners Especially the Moore Foundation, which gave us a big kick in the middle of the effort We have a strong tradition that UC Berkeley of World-class work in seismology we operated the first network in the Western Hemisphere in the mid-1800s and Contributed to the report of the 1906 earthquake. We had the leadership of the report for the 1906 earthquake We want to continue our leadership with this earthquake early warning system that we will Help put together for the state. Thank you Okay, so you can see that there's been a lot of work that's been done on this And there are many more people that we could have up here talking about their engagement This has been truly an all hands-on deck effort and all of the work You heard going back to the 1906 earthquake. This is phenomenal, but the technology the capability The innovation that exists here in California with our university systems with our partners the federal government is unlike any other place and and and you know, we do learn from What happens in places like Japan and Mexico and other places that have earthquakes and we share information But but I am just so Really deeply appreciative of all the work that everyone's done and I'm very appreciative of the fact that we all working together To get this this in place for the good of the state of California The real work now begins, you know, we've got all the governance. We've got funding identified We've got all the players in line. We've got pilot projects. We've got work that's been done individually and collectively Now the heavy work begins to pull this all together and get it rolled out so that we can say here in the coming year or So that we're fully fully operational and you all can be receiving earthquake early warnings So with that, don't turn it back to you or answer any questions No, that'd be great Right there So you can see if Just having that out and you know, he's driving down the road and all of a sudden that goes off on your cell phone You don't know what that what that means can be a little disconcerting So there's a lot that not just getting that signal out But what does it mean when that signal goes out and how does that signal get tied into? our critical infrastructure sectors power water or fuel our transportation networks, etc To be able to automatically either do shutoffs slowdowns put put systems into safe modes So that they protect the system first of all, but and also how to employees Our greatest resource our workforce get that information and what do they do to protect themselves? Ultimately, we want after the quake hits and the shaking stops that we want our we want our our citizens To bounce back to survive But we also want our businesses to recover rapidly and by by implementing this We honestly believe that it will will help in that overall endeavor Getting our systems back in in place and operational much faster if we don't have it So with that I'd be happy to open up the floor for any questions and for any other group that's here I Guess if I interpret the question is when when when are they going to know? I mean when the system is ready to go Gotcha, so it depends on where they are. Let's have Doug you want to talk about that come on here So the goal of the system is to detect an earthquake as rapidly as possible and to discriminate between a small earthquake and a large earthquake to know Whether an alert is warranted or not The system can do that now in in about four seconds or so it depends on station density Which is one of the things that we're working on now is to build out a sufficient number of stations to make sure Stations are close to any earthquake that should happen to occur. That's critical to making the system fast But to directly to your question the answer is it depends on where you are The system will behave as rapidly as it can the alerts will go out over various media So there'll be some delay in delivery of the message to you all that will consume part of the alert time But your distance away is going to determine how much time before the strong shaking reaches you So in general terms all we can say is you'll get somewhere from no warning in the worst case to Seconds to tens of seconds and in the case of very large earthquakes like an extremely large southern San Andreas northern San Andreas Or even the Cascadia offshore event minutes of warning is actually possible Our intent is to use every available means So it will come out in many different ways Most folks assume it will come to your cell phone and there are systems like the amber alert system on Cell phones, but unfortunately the way that was designed. It's too slow For earthquake early warning it consumes too much of that warning time And so we're actively working with both FEMA through Their iPods via system which delivers those alerts the amber alerts We're also working directly with the cell carriers to speed that up In fact just two days ago There was a report released by the FCC about what it will take to speed up that public alerting system under three-second delivery I don't want to hog the thing but Other things are of course the internet that would be very fast It's great for mass notification But as you can all imagine it might not be that reliable during heavy shaking particularly in the aftershocks After heavy shaking has potentially impacted the system There are technologies available besides that like broadcast radio So we're actually working with a partner to do that Technological piece where the data is actually carried over the digital portion of the radio frequency spectrum It's also possible to do it over satellite you get radio over satellite So you can also get warnings over satellite But it's going to take some technology work with these partners to accomplish all of these things could because these systems were primarily set up With a more leisurely pace and so it all has to get sped up for earthquake early warning So just a couple things California OES manages the statewide Telecommunications and public safety backbone that includes landmobile radio capabilities. It includes microwave It includes satellite. We've got all these systems in place that we use currently for public safety communications We are also working very closely with the federal government on a broad banding initiative to have a spectrum 100% dedicated to public safety communications We've been talking with our partners at the UC and others on on the fiber that they that they have in place so There's a couple of a couple items that That were mentioned there's a number of things we're looking at we will leverage all of those And and again some of that requires a lot of collaboration with the private sector And that's why the private sector this is a public private partnership and the private sectors in integrated with us on the Operations and the research and development arm of this So we're looking at everything there should be no impediment outside of The ability to use the existing systems to move the signal and where we can't move the signal To the time frames that are meeting our need we need to work and we are working on Improving that to make sure it gets out you as the user you'll get it on your smartphone You'll get it on your over your radio. You'd get it over You'd get maybe an audible alert that comes in a school or in a business What will will alarm? And you may come up immediately on highway signs There's a whole various kinds of things that we would push out so that the public if you're either a citizen of California Or you're just visiting California You get this information and you and you know what to do Well collectively to have a comprehensive system that we can say it's reliable that we can roll out You know At from this point today moving on it's probably going to be about a year or so before we're at that point We have pilot projects that are currently in place that we're building them on John talked about that from Bart. There's he's got the pilot program. They've been working that there are pilot programs in Los Angeles and Long Beach There's some in San Francisco We'll build on those pilot projects. We're running the Coachella Valley To accelerate the process and then it will probably be a regional rollout based upon those those kind of things But the deciding factor of course is going to be you know, not necessarily do we have the technology to do the sense though? The earthquake yes, we do The the challenge is making sure that we can move the signal in a way that's reliable and then And and that's really the kind of where we're out at this point and then train the public on what do they do when they get the message? You know, we're working through that protocol, but the in essence, you know, it It probably would be targeted But when you talk about the size of earthquakes a big earthquake may affect a large portion of the state So I think it's going to be scalable based upon Where the earthquake is and the magnitude of that earthquake about where who gets notified It's one of the things that we're working with the federal government on they've got Emergency notification systems that they're still refining that you know, you want to get it targeted But you know, you're focusing on LA and somebody in San Diego gets a warning so So we're working through that process So many fault lines in California you want to hit that one? Yeah So yeah, we focused our our build-out efforts for seismic stations on the San Andreas In fact, I I was running the seismic network in Southern California the time in 2008 and our goal was to basically pepper them along the fault zone so we've got a priority list of problematic faults and population centers that are our first priority and that's why what gives us confidence that we'll be able to do some limited regional rollouts in the short term because those areas are very far along and other Less populated less hazardous areas of the state are lower priority and they'll eventually get filled in Where we are with the with the timing issue Well, I think you know The system called shake alert has been delivering Live alerts to beta users in California since February of 2012 So it in fact I had to mute my phone for this press conference for fear that it would go off because of the swarm That's going on in Southern California right now So the system is operational in a very beta Prototype sense today, but it is not sufficiently Well-tested it is not robust enough and it is doesn't have enough stations yet for Full public rollout. So this is not a notional thing This is something we've been working on for over 10 years and we've now reached that point where it is Sufficient that is the system is stable and capable enough to start to support what we're calling pilot projects and those are real live applications like Bart which was way ahead of the curve where the upside of an effective alert is very high and The downside of a mistake is very low. So if you slow and stop a train, no big deal Started up again move along go on with life But obviously there are lots of pilot Possibilities in that arena and that's the stage we're at now You know, we think we have enough money to roll it out now and we're continuing to work with other investment partners To ensure we have the sustainability over the long run, but with regards to the initial Investment of fun Yeah, the Napa earthquake about two years ago was I think the first six that's a system cotton. What was the time? Do you remember? I think no, but the the alert time was it was five. Oh, I'll let the Berkeley Hi, so I'm Dr. Jennifer Strauss. I work at the Berkeley seismological laboratory and I manage the Users for Northern California. So we had a few beta testers running the system at the time of the Napa earthquake Bart was notably one of them, but their systems sped spun up they got about nine seconds of warning in the Oakland Center and Of course, it was 324 in the morning. So no trains ultimately stopped because they were all stopped anyways We had a beta test running at City of San Francisco They got about 12 seconds warning for the earthquake and I think a little bit more than that for Google down in the Peninsula, so it's very different timings depending on where you are in the Bay Area because The amount of time you have for the earthquake depends on how far you are from the epicenter And it is not dependent on the magnitude of the earthquake And so when people talk about how much time do we have we have you know You're saying 10 seconds now maybe a minute depending on area That's something that we can increase by a little bit to get this you know infrastructure build out But using the science and technology that we're doing today. It's that doesn't necessarily mean oh five years from now That's going to go down to like two seconds. It's just the way earthquakes move and build over time Using Well, I would just say we're using as much technology that exists currently to be able to move the signals as we've been moving them But when we talk about pumping up the volume and the and the the the amount of Area that needs to be covered. You know, we need to make sure we've got the reliability in that process to get there So what we are using we're currently using our current communication systems We have our partners in the telecommunications that the telecoms that are that are working with us We're using existing federal alert systems here the warning center and at US GS and you know the universities are sending out messages. So those are all existing Processes, but we do know that there are challenges with those those systems and we really the really the one the big focus is being able to Once we build out the sensor array So we get an adequate sensor Capability is that we've got enough pipeline for moving that signal in the time frame. We're doing it So we always want to speed up the signal the more time we get in them and moving the signal the more warning time that you can get and As said earlier closer to the epicenter least amount of warning you get further from the epicenter the greater amount of warning you get so We want to we want to make that time frame as as rapid as possible Go ahead No, it's okay Yeah, we're doing a lot of work. That's an oversimplification of what's what's ahead. Yeah Good question, that's what the Calo s keeps asking. Yes, we're pushing them But that's what we're saying, you know really the lot of this is managing the expectation of the public and of all of you About where we are so I mean reasonably I think that we're going to have to require the rest of this year To build out the sensor ray, you know to a point where we're comfortable enough that we can move that signal out But you know in reality, that's probably a couple of year project to be able to get as where we need to get across the across the land Well, I think it's some in some limited way that is I mean when you look at the way the sensor array has been Layed out currently there's they're really focusing on Metropolitan areas and other kinds of areas. So, you know, again, I started off saying one to two years We're going to shoot for one year and and you know, but really it's in that one or two year period Putting a sensor in the ground is an easy as just walking out and saying I want to put it right there There's a lot of science behind it. There's permitting the requirements There's there's a lot of involvement of different players that they're involved So all that gets to these be adjudicated, but I'll tell you this governor's structure that the governor signed in the law today Is these specifically designed to streamline all of that bureaucracy to and to enhance and make and very rapidly Address that particular kind of issue. So, you know, it's going to be in the one to two year timeframe before we can really say And it has to be reliable. We don't want we don't want a case where you know There's areas that aren't covered Adequately and and that they should have got a warning, but they didn't get a warning. That's really important. So Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, we really appreciate it real quick here The USGS has a high resolution version of that alert that we played for you. So you just go on their website search it You'll find it also some of these folks may be available for one on once after the press conference


Hi guys, Nuggetie here. I can't wait to show you a sexy glamorous red carpet look on Brooke. So before we do anything, I want to set Brooke's hair for success with our Neural Style Prime. Great for any blow-dry. I'm using my fingers to just work it through, make sure that everything's evenly distributed. And now I'm going to layer that with our Neural Lift. For light volume, medium hold, I love our Neural Liquid Collection because it not only sets the hair up with great memory and great shine and condition, but it also protects the hair. I'm blow-drying just away from the face, starting at the scalp root area and the crown back and forth. That will give me volume. A quick power-dry, I don't really need to lift up the hair round brush every section. That'll save time because I want to go in and set the hair anyway. Just using a round brush to just polish the ends.  And now I'm taking the top and just divide it up into a nice little horseshoe area. So I'm going to work on the sides first and then set the top and then move on to the back. You can already see the shine and great condition that our Neural Styler has given Brooke's hair. Now for the top, even though I sectioned out of the way, I don't zulu knot it or do any kind of tight clipping. Just barrel curl it so I don't disrupt the hair while I'm setting it. Before any iron work, I'm going to put in my new best friend, which is our Neural Protect. Spray it on each section before I curl the hair. Taking a horizontal subsectioning on Brooke's side, here's her left side so I'm just going to go in and curl it around my Neural 1 inch rod away from her face. Ribbiting it, no twisting, no turning, just a continuous wrapping. Making sure that I hold it for a couple of seconds before I release. So on Brooke's right side, all the curls are going away from her face. This will give a forward movement. It's going to be a little bit more classic inspired. I'm going to set the head all in that same direction. Therefore on Brooke's right side, the curl will be moving towards her face. So I know it's counterintuitive, but trust me, it works with this kind of setting.  I'm clipping it just so that it cools in that curl formation to give me a long lasting curl. Now moving to the top, I'm going to spray each subsection with our Neural Protect. I love the heat control technology. There is a combination of silicone and protein that interchains itself and gives the hair that protection from heat, friction and tension. Now for the top, I'm curling all of her hair away from the face to her right because I know they're going to drape this section of this top area to her left. This is going to allow me to have maximum volume with a sexy relaxed out drape over her left cheek. I'm going to continue this in the back, making sure that I clipped each one of those sections and let it cool in that curl formation for the longevity of it and also too, if I leave that out, it dangles the weight of the hair, it's going to relax out that curl before I get that sexy wave. I'm just continuing my curls top to the bottom, wrapping each one of the horizontal sections to her right so you see that everything is going in the same direction. Once all the curls are cooled, I'm going to release it and brush it out. Don't be afraid to brush out your curls. You see on her right, the curl is moving forward and on her left side, you see that the curls and the direction of the wave has a little bit of a backward movement. So on her right, it's a little bit more classic. On her left, it's a little bit more modern. Now on the top, you see the maximum volume that I got from just curling it on the opposite side. Now I'm dressing it out as my favorite part, taking big sections, doing a light TZ just to gather that section together so it stays put. Now just drape and mold and compliment Brooke's face. I love a little sexy drape in the front. No back home needed for height, just for stability and going in with my neural finish to just keep everything and every hair in its place to give me that kind of deodorant tease vibe, a little Jessica Rabbit. Now Brooke is ready for her red carpet. Brooke is ready for a red carpet event.


Loic asks, how do lightning fees work? Are there fees only for opening and closing channels? Are lightning nodes really capable of censoring transactions? Great question, Loic. There are really two sets of fees you need to consider here. There are fees for opening and closing channels, but those are not lightning fees, but just bitcoin fees. In order to open a channel, you are creating a multi-sig address that is controlled by the two endpoints of the channel. That multi-sig address effectively requires funding, so you have to initially fund that channel. That is a transaction that you have to do on bitcoin, so you would have to pay one or two satoshis per byte for that transaction. It will cost you 20-25 cents in order to open a lightning channel. There is a mistake in the assumption that in order to use lightning, you have to open a channel for every payment, and then close that channel. That is not true, otherwise the whole system wouldn't really make sense. You only have to open a channel once, and then you can make many, many lightning transactions through that channel. You don't really have to close a channel. There is no deadline by which a channel has to be closed. You don't have to move your money back to the bitcoin blockchain, to a bitcoin wallet, from lightning. You can continue to just use it in a lightning wallet. As lightning gets more and more mature, and you can do more things with it, there is less and less reason to close a channel. There is also a number of innovations around that that can make it easier to, for example, open a channel while you are doing another transaction that you are already going to do, so that is called splicing, and closing a channel while you are doing another transaction, or opening multiple channels simultaneously in a single transaction. There are all kinds of tricks that are meant to reduce the number of fees you pay to open and close a channel. That is the bitcoin fees you pay for channels, but separate from that, when you make a lightning payment, and that payment is routed through multiple other nodes, as it should be, you are not supposed to have a payment channel directly to the person you are paying, you are supposed to have a payment channel into the network, and from there it is supposed to route your payments to the destination. Lightning fees are charged at each hop, as your lightning payment is routed between channels. Lightning fees are extremely low, so at the moment the average fee is in the thousands of a satoshi, and even people who are running routing nodes on lightning and routing payments by the thousands of payments are still making just a few dollars for their fees, so this is not a great source of income right now, but it is also not a great source of cost. Lightning fees are completely insignificant, the fees you will pay are so tiny, and in many cases you can route payments for free. Lightning fees are not a very big consideration when you are using a lightning wallet. To the third part of your question, are lightning nodes really capable of censoring transactions? In theory, yes. In practice, no. In theory, you could configure your lightning node to censor some types of transactions. In practice, however, part of the way routing works on lightning is that when you receive an incoming payment request, that you are routing across your node, you can't tell where it is going, and you can't tell where it came from. You know the node that sent it to you, the first hop before you, and you know the first hop afterwards, which is the node you need to send it to in routing, but you don't know the final destination, and you don't know the origin. You also don't know how long the routing path is. All the routing paths always appear to be 19 hops long, and you don't know which position in the routing you are in, so you don't know if you are first, second, or third hop in that route. That mechanism of onion routing ensures that you have no way of knowing who is paying who. All you can see is that the node before you asked you to pay a node after you, but you don't know if they're simply routing for someone else. In fact, most likely they are, just like you are, and they don't know where it came from either. They just see you as the next hop. So in terms of censoring transactions, on what basis would you censor transactions? You could just not route transactions at all. That's not really censorship. That's just you not making any lightning fees and not routing effectively. You might as well not run a node. Censoring transactions in terms of looking very carefully at which nodes you route to and which ones you don't, doesn't make any sense, because even if you say, I'm not going to send any payments to this node, someone can route a payment in a completely different route that doesn't involve that node, and it will get through. In fact, when a lightning wallet is looking for a route, it doesn't just find one route through the network, it finds several routes through the network, and then tries them in order of the least fee until it can get the payment through. Therefore, if you create censorship, lightning will route around it. The routing infrastructure is very similar to how the internet works, specifically the Tor network. It's an encrypted onion overlay route, which means that the old adage that the internet sees censorship as a routing problem and routes around it applies very much to lightning. You can't censor it because that's just seen as a failed route, and lightning will route around your censorship, and will be able to find a route around your censorship.