I'm also happy to be here and thank you Lucinda for inviting us here to speak and to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Thessaloniki Agenda, the Thessaloniki Agreement and actually the start of what was the most important process for the Western Balkans in the last several decades. At that time I interrupted my work career and I was studying, I did my master in Athens, so I spent the year 2002 and 2003 in Greece while Alexandra was working on the Thessaloniki paper in the north of Greece, I was in Athens, following the news and following what the, and how the actual European Union is going to devise a sort of a mechanism for the Western Balkans. At that time, and I think I remember the Evorah meeting before that of the European Council, the very approach was tailored and us in the Western Balkans, we were just very keen to see how the Zagreb meeting and also the Thessaloniki meeting is going to give birth to sort of a new approach of the European Union towards what the, and how the Western Balkans should approach the European Union. Now, 10 years after the events, we could say that there are some mixed feelings on the progress. There are some mixed feelings on how the countries actually managed to use the opportunities. The Thessaloniki actually coloured or actually influenced most of our work careers of the people who worked in the European, who still work on the European integration agenda along with the Stabilisation Association process, Stabilisation Association agreements, also EPA, and all those words that became very important for everyday work of anyone who works actually on the European affairs. I'm also glad to be here to be actually talking to not just the Western Balkans countries but also the member states because as we could hear also how the Irish did their negotiations in what kind of time span and how many meetings, if I remember correctly, eight chapters, ten ministerial and 29 civil servants meetings. As the commissioner said, we already had some hundred meetings on chapters 23, 24 and not to tell you about the rest of the 33 chapters that we are going to work in the next months and years. I wanted to give you a sort of, so we actually, we fulfilled the Irish quotas. Now we have to start on our own on the different, actually, nature of the negotiating process of the different nature of integration and enlargement. As you know, a lot of things changed. The creation entry and the creation negotiating process was a sort of, I would say, the last modified enlargement approach that characterized the 90s and the years after 2000. I believe that Montenegro is the opening country or the first country opening the face of new negotiating waves and new enlargement approach to things. As you know, we talked a lot about the new approach and what the new approach brings and how it actually influences the rest of the chapters and actually the pace that the country makes. I would say that the very substance of the negotiations of the integration has changed in the sense that now many things, the focus actually turned to many things that were not so important in the previous enlargements. Now we talk more about the substance, we talk more about the practical elements, we talk more about the delivery. I believe that the delivery has become the word of the important for anyone working on the European agenda in the candidate countries or potential candidates, meaning that I can push forward for the through my negotiating structure back home in Montenegro to have the legislation amendments to adopt the laws and to have the legislative framework. But if the country cannot show to be able to deliver on the key issues such as the rule of law, on the economic performance, on the financial scrutiny and the financial discipline, then the very process will either stagnate or regress. And therefore the integration or the enlargement, depending on the point of view from which you look at the process, has become very much different. Now, a year and a half after Montenegro actually opened the negotiations with the so-called specific clause that we got through the December Council on opening actually talks on 2324 and then getting the green light opened the rest of the chapters. I can say that we again have a sort of a mixed feelings. In the previous year and a half I talked a lot with the Icelanders, for example, because we could, that was the only country that we could share our experience when it comes to specific negotiating techniques or when it comes to the issues such as what we should take care on when it comes to the screening or how you actually what you do after you do the screening or what actually to focus on and so on and so on. No matter how Iceland was far away and how different their agenda was when it comes to the really the problematic areas that they are negotiating in comparison to us. We talked to the Turks a lot when it comes to their positioning and how they see the process. We also went a lot to Zagreb. We got the chief negotiator from Croatia coming to Montenegro. I talked to him regularly in Brussels and we tried really to circle around and all the friends and all the possible partners within the negotiations to see how the things change and how to adapt to the new circumstances and how actually to be able to proceed in the process. Now 2013 this year has marked or has been marked by two big events. One is the Croat entry. The other one is possibly the opening of accession talks with Serbia. So these two countries, the biggest two countries of the region and to be frank, that are actually coloring the pace of the rest of the region and their success is key for the rest of the countries. I might have liked to be like Iceland and Ireland somewhere in the seas and not surrounded by the neighbors but that's not the case. Montenegro is a part of the region. It's heavily influenced by what's happening in Serbia and what's happening in Kosovo, what's happening in Bosnia and Croatia and therefore the Croatian entry in a month or so will have a huge symbolic impact. That would be the first time that the land border of the EU comes to the Montenegro land border. That would be the first time that one of the western Balkan countries, actually the real western Balkan country joins the European Union. And therefore we are planning a sort of a celebration from our side of the border on the 1st of July to congratulate Croatia on entering the European Union. You would agree that this, for those who know what happens in the area, that was a part of our land where the conflict came about in 1991. And I would say that this is clearly a kind of a show, a kind of a symbolic value for the region, showing that we are actually saluting the Croat entry and we look forward to joining them in the Union of the Ordinations of the European Union. Therefore the very situation in the region where we stand now is as many of the speakers said today is very different. You cannot in many occasions share your experience with the rest of the countries because unlike with the big bag enlargement we cannot go to Sarajevo, to Belgrade to tell them, OK, we are doing this, how did you do this and what should be focused in Chapter 13 or Chapter 15 on our European agenda. This will stay for some time like that, even when Serbia opens accession talks in some months they will have to go through the screening and finalize everything before they really start working on specific chapters. Now we work and we go through the new approach, we work on the rule of law chapters and we are the first one developing the sort of action plans that will be a very detailed, very elaborate steps, a kind of a stream of steps or actions that the country is going to take in the next five years when it comes to the rule of law area and to be the special focus on organized crime and corruption. And therefore it's not easy to be the first one doing things, it's not easy to be the first country where so much focus is or more so much spotlight is put on a country doing something which should also serve as a kind of a basis or as a kind of a model for the rest of the western Balkans countries once they start accession talks and use the model that we are building up now. And therefore we are in a kind of a flux, in a kind of a hectic dynamic on creating the action plans which already have some 500 pages in total of activities that will mark the country's progress when it comes to rule of law in the next years but also that will actually provide for a good monitoring mechanism that would show that the country in the negotiating phase, in the pre-accession phase can show that it has attained the standards that are needed for the entering the European Union without any burden of entering it without finishing the job or doing everything it could have done in the process of negotiations. The rest of the chapters has its own life as you know much or less the same as the previous enlargements but also the substance or the let's say focus has changed because now we look much more into the delivery it's not just about changing the transport legislation or looking into the country's strategic approach to let's say economy or the trans-European networks but it's also more about seeing what the country can contribute and how the country can behave once it becomes a member state. And therefore I believe that the enlargement package from last year December 2012 was a very crucial package because it talked for the first time or it talked very importantly about the need to get the member states together at the same table with the candidates and the potential candidates to discuss the European policy. So it's not just enough to have a sort of a negotiating agenda but also to get the candidates and potential candidates involved in the European policies because once we become the members of the European Union we would need to be ready for what the European policy strategic approach is and so on and so on. And therefore the Southeast European 2020 strategy is a kind of a key tool of getting the Southeast European or Western Balkans countries within the wider framework of Europe 2020 strategy and therefore the mechanisms and the tools that the European Union is using in building up on competitiveness or fighting unemployment is a kind of a thing that the also the Western Balkan countries have to be in and to understand even before they join or open accession talks because this is the way you do you actually have to do the things even before you join because now the process is taking a much longer time than it used to before and we need to actually start early in the phase also in thinking strategically visionary and also thinking about the position of your country or our countries have to take once we join the European Union. We have you know one of the favorite questions by the by the journalists or the media is when we are going to join when Montenegro is going to finish the process and the Croat chief negotiator taught me one of the first one of the first lessons actually he gave me in the year and a half ago was never to tell about the dates never to talk about the deadlines because that's the kind of a trap with which you never know when you're going to end up. You see now Croat have fought for a lots of transitional periods that already expired even before Croatia joined the European Union so your our ideas and our plans do not have to coincide immediately with what the plans of the European Union are when it comes to the integration on the enlargement or what the real situation on the ground is. Now when we finalize the screening until being a month that we finish the whole screening we'll have a much better picture of what the country stands and how to proceed in the next years to develop a very elaborate also plans on what to do in in each separate chapter and how the country can progress. This will be done according to also the experience that we have accumulated from other countries to see how the rest of the countries planned their legislation changes but also how the and and how the country's pace can catch up with what the the needs are. You know that we live in the crisis environment you know that this influence is very heavily the also the reform agendas and also the integration agendas of very country and therefore it's I believe that that nowadays the the countries within the enlargement process have very hard task first of all to combat the the crisis the economic crisis to combat with the growing feeling of the enlargement fatigue sorry and also with the feeling that the there is not not not so much focus of the western of the european union in the western Balkans there is not so much of the real involvement like it used to be five years ago ten years ago when really the western Balkans was so much in the focus of the of the european capitals and lots of people do not understand that it's because the the situation calmed down that in many countries really people turn to living and bettering their standards of living and and and doing the normal things rather than provoking instability or or security issues but these are all kind of questions and kind of indicators they have to be taken into account in order to be able to understand where the country and how the countries are going to progress in the next decade I would just end up with with a kind of a quote and a kind of an example why I feel that the integration process is really doing a miracle in the in the candidates and potential candidates you know in 1687 there was a big battle of the Venetian armada against the Ottomans fighting to get the the whole of the Montenegro coastline under the Venetian rule at that time the Venetian negotiator envoy in Montenegro was talking to the um let's say the spiritual leaders of the of the Montenegro's and and and and the bishop told him you know how Montenegro's are they're ready when it comes to bribe they're ready to jump into the sea and drown just to get it so you see the perception of being um easily bribed of corrupt and things that um actually are a sort of um um a kind of a stereotype stereotypical for the region still persists I would say that the only way how we can actually fight these perceptions and stereotypes is really to work together and to use the process to use the enlargement process and actually to change the countries and and and actually to be able to say after several years like we did with it or you did with Croatia to be able to say look the integration did the miracle it changed the country it helped it to become a EU member but also it changed it within and therefore um I believe that the uh current process the current state that Montenegro is and the rest of the countries will be when they start accession talks is something of a specific period in um in a lifetime of any country which is um a kind of thing that does not happen very often uh so we we want to use it we want to utilize it for the best of the citizens but also to show that uh we need to work together and also to um actually show that the enlargement policy as it has been mentioned many times is one of the most successful policies of the EU thank you thank you


My name is Durei Shin, I am the host of Finding Our Future which is one of the think-tank Hawaii shows. So today I have my really good friend Anna Kamacho on and we're gonna talk about being young people, millennials, and what our future needs to survive and thrive. So Anna, thank you for being here. Thank you for having me. I'm super excited to be on the show with you. Yeah, so we have conversations like this all the time. It's like what we do for fun and so yeah I just wanted to take us through I guess maybe first you can introduce yourself and share a little bit about what you do and what you're passionate about. Yeah for sure. So my name is Anna Kamacho. Together we co-founded the Good Food Movement which is on a mission to make it fun, make food choices that cause the least harm and the most good. We do talk story events, we do movie screenings, we do taste testings, ecstatic dances, so anything fun that builds community and we eat good food pretty much. So aside from that I also bartend at a vegan restaurant. I work as a tour coordinator for a travel company and yeah I have a lot of side hustles which is kind of the story of the people in this generation. Yeah so let's talk more about that. So what do you think like we went to school together at UH Manoa and we are talking about kind of what the struggle financially is as a student and then entering our lives in the real world after that. So talk a little bit more about that and your experience with that. I guess it's the story that we've inherited after high school. We go to college and you invest a good amount of money that we don't actually have into an education but it's okay because we're promised that we're gonna get good jobs and pay it off. This really mortgage-sized loan in the future. So at least for me that wasn't the case. After college I ended up getting a job in this tour company. That wasn't enough to supplement my lifestyle so I got another part-time job and then my passion project is what we do with the good food movement. So it's made me really happy but I also work really hard for money and that's not a unique story you know in today's day and age. So yeah. Yeah so I think we know a lot of people that work three or four jobs like that's normal and I feel like that's crazy and I know that the local labor union here fights for one job should be enough and there is a report that came out that said like half of people in Hawaii are one paycheck away from homelessness or from you know big big economic downfall in their life and with their family and I think that really is amplified like with students and or you know post-grad that enter their careers and say like how do I work for an entry-level job or do I work as a server at a restaurant which is not my passion but that will make you know potentially twice as much as that so I think that's like like what a lot of young people have to go through and make those decisions. So how do you think that that affects people and their way that they move through life and the amount of energy they have to spend on you know other projects that they might be more excited about? Yeah I work with these people we work with these people and often times when we're in the grind of the day-to-day living paycheck to paycheck an emergency comes up we use our savings you know whether it's health or something with our car or a family thing we only have so much resources that we we we accumulate as young people so when these things come up we're often back to where we started we've got to start from square one and when you're in this cycle of just trying to pay rent trying to buy food trying to pay bills whether it's student loans cars anything it's hard to get out of that one-pointed scope of survival when really I I personally believe like we don't have to be in that scarcity mindset of like I have to just get what is good for me and not care about anything else around me when the problems that we face in this world today like we need to be outward focused and we need to realize like it's not all about us and we need to band together in that movement I feel like that's what we're trying to do yeah totally so it's exciting like I think we've achieved some level of balance where you know we have financial we have debt from being students but we also have this ability to have jobs that pay us okay and balance out our passion projects but like for most people that's not really a reality and so and we talk a lot about like the climate crisis that's here and you know going to become worse and with this perspective that we have is young people and millennials that are trying to work on social change what do you feel like a lot of people want you know like out of our government or out of our culture that needs to change for us to start healing ourselves and healing the problems around us at a fundamental human level I think we want to feel connected to each other and something greater than ourselves we need a feeling of purposefulness and meaningfulness in our lives and just the basic need to be happy and have our basic needs met which is totally possible in this time unfortunately you know there are some people that still don't have it in Hawaii we have a really large homeless population you know that's no surprise to anyone you go down to downtown you go to Kakaako I mean Kaimuki any any of these places you'll see them around by them I don't you know yeah I mean houseless people you know so it's just it's just really unfortunate that like in this time of technological prosperity we have so much information coming at us all all angles and we know and have the resources to solve these issues it's just not being focused on by I feel like our government and our leaders today though yeah so we were talking also about what our challenges and frustrations are within you know being not only young people but also activists in some form or another so yeah how would you articulate some of the challenges and frustrations you're feeling around our movements and you know this deeper desire we have for for more change yeah I feel like coming from the service industry been working in it for like maybe a decade or so I work with people like I said that our living paycheck paycheck and then when they're so tired we're so tired when we come home that maybe we just zone out on Netflix or we scroll through our feed and it's this kind of we're feeding ourselves information and becoming aware of things that really don't matter you know so I feel like if there's any thing we need is to feed ourselves you know it's not it's not the screen or the technology that's the problem it's maybe the way we're using it because it's just a tool so like today I was on YouTube and I was on AOC Alexandria Ocasio Cortez's channel and she was spitting some real stuff that you know I needed to hear as a as a citizen and as a leader she's very inspiring for me and it makes me want to know more makes me want to get more involved with these issues because as we know these issues are very urgent to deal with I think it's about 12 years they gave us to tackle climate change before really the earth is unlivable which is really 10 years before it gets unbearable which is really you know just say eight years before we we can see some real change but really there's a stalemate going on in government with this green new deal that's been introduced and it's mostly politic you know because the this environmental crisis that's happening it's not political it's a human issue it's a very human issue and we need to take care of ourselves because the earth has been okay for billions of years it's been through like five mass extinctions that we know of we're 99% of the species that have been alive are no longer here and so now we have humanity us right now here in time facing our own demise of our own creation yeah and it's very human created and if it's human created then it must be solved by humans you know so yeah my piece on it yeah yeah I think like our political system is like so out of touch with humans and that's why politicians like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez are so necessary and important because what politicians forget is that you know young people it's like we grew up with a lot of entertainment you know so it's like we we can see right through politicians who are lying or acting or scripted and when a politician like AOC comes out and she's being really honest and straightforward and fearless and real and real and she's she's energizing crowds and she's relatable because she's been a bartender and she's our age you know I think that's what's really needed in politics so you know not only has changed too slow in terms of like what we're doing as individuals but really like our political system gets in the way of the rapid change we need and that's because a lot of our leaders aren't us and they've never been in this position they don't have mountains of student or other debt and most of them are benefitting from the way the system is set up and that system is destroying our environment so you really need to think deeply like how do we solve these big problems and recognize where the flaws exist and what can we do as individuals and communities to dismantle or repair or feel it whatever that is but being willing to accept that it's going to be a big change well what can we do to heal dismantle and repair and really heal this broken system I don't know get involved get educated about the issues yeah I think I mean I think as a starting point like people need to register to vote you know like that's like the basic thing you can do and the turnout has been really really bad for young people because they do they feel like the things we're feeling like what's the point and like it's all rigged and influenced and that's part of the reason my Trump won as well because there was a sentiment that it's rigged and getting if somebody knew even if it's Trump was like better than having somebody who's been around for a long time so and then you know people people need to like get involved in an organization or in a cause that they care about so like in the case of good food movement that like came from frustration like doesn't feel like people are doing enough or you know this is my passion and nobody's addressing it I was like oh well we'll just address it you know together and it'll be beautiful and fun and inspiring for not just us but for a lot of other people and have a really positive impact I think there is some level of empowerment that there's an opportunity to cultivate in people where it's like you can address your frustration directly and channel it somewhere positive and healthy yeah I think frustration is totally necessary but it's not necessary to stay there like you said channel it into creating something whether that's art or like a song or a piece of music or a video or in our case like organizing events making content on social media these are all avenues and we have all the tools to reach a mass level of cool right at our fingertips and I think it's so cool yeah but it's just a tool and it's how we use a tool that really matters so yeah I was I think there's about like 50 to 80 million millennials here in our country and that's a big number you know and there's a stigma around young people that were like entitled that's the number one thing we're entitled and that makes us lazy and we're always on our phones and we're always not present we don't know how to work but I think throughout all generations like that's been the story of young people ever whether it was the hippies in the 70s or it was the Gen X in the you know 2000s it's like that's 90s whatever they were yeah yeah we're just young and we have to remember like I feel like older people have to remember like where they were when they were our age 21 to 24 that's a really weird age between being so young and your values are shifting exponentially and now at 27 we can say like we are not that person anymore and we're ready to move forward and take action and be more outward focused and yeah be activist in our own way and evolve and actually like benefit the world outside of us so we're growing into that yeah yeah this is that time for it I work with a lot of teenagers international teenagers with my job and I have the same like stigma around them a lot of the time I'm like they're always on their phones yeah they're not listening to me there but they're doing what teenagers have always done which is ignoring authority being there you know being awkward and hormonal and trying to find their way in this life and expecting too much of them to be where I am or where we are right now yeah totally so yeah I feel like young people do hold the key to the solutions because we inherited these problems we inherited this world like this was passed down to us we have no choice like we must rise above our ourselves and realize how connected we actually are and how our impacts how our actions yeah totally yeah okay well well I think that we need to move to a break so I think we're gonna talk more about how millennials can positively impact our culture and talk more about kind of our lifestyle and the things we're learning and sharing with our greater community hi I'm Rusty Kamori host of beyond the lines I was the head coach for the Punahoe Boys varsity tennis team for 22 years and we're fortunate to win 22 consecutive state championship this show is based on my book which is also titled beyond the lines and it's about leadership creating a superior culture of excellence achieving and sustaining success and finding greatness if you're a student parent sports or business person and want to improve your life and the lives of people around you tune in and join me on Mondays at 11 a.m. as we go beyond the lines on think Hawaii Aloha Aloha I'm Winston Welch host of out and about it's a show that we have every other Monday on think back live here we explore a variety of topics that are really interesting organizations events and the people who fuel them in our city state country and world we've got some amazing guests on here like all the shows at think tech so if you want to catch up on stuff tune into my show every other Monday and other shows here on think back live it's a great place to learn about stuff to be informed and if you have some ideas come on my show let's talk about it see you later Aloha Aloha my name is Duretian you are watching think tech Hawaii finding our future so the show will be about millennials young people and how we you know make the changes we need to see in our future so that everyone can thrive so I'm here with my best friend Anna Kamacho we are both the co-founders of good food movement and it's our passion project to align our food choices with our values and use food as a way to talk about bigger systemic issues in our society so we didn't really talk too much about good food movement but why don't you share some of like the major work that we've done and then how that relates to your lifestyle our lifestyle yeah for sure I think in anything that we do we aim to build community and we aim to empower anybody that wants to join that community and so it's very inclusive we feed people good food whether it's from down to earth or some local catering or restaurants in the area but we try to keep it as local as possible sustainable and fun as possible so we've done the last event that we just did was a film screening of a documentary called from the ground up it was about plant-based athletes we had some vegan well-known vegan activist James Aspie and Carly Taylor there to do the Q&A we had about a hundred something people show up so it was and it was at ViVi Collective which is a really cool spot a co-working spot and they're all about sustainability and being the Hawaiian culture alive so yeah it's it's been two years I believe we've done screenings of conspiracy what the hell what else have we done oh island earth and what we aim to do is really collaborate and partner with other organizations and businesses to make all of this possible because it's not just us it's not about us at all it's about the movement and yeah I love it I love it so much it's really a passion and it's my favorite hat I wear out of many goals I play yeah we get to create you know what we feel is needed and fun in our community so one of the things that inspired us to you know work on this project is that we went vegan at some point in our young adult life and we felt like there was a space in our community to really empower and educate people and show that this lifestyle it's not one of scarcity but it's one of abundance and that it's fun and that there's same young people who are vegan and that we do it for a lot of really important reasons that could potentially save our future so what do you how would you describe like your personal you know journey into veganism and and how that affected your life yeah I started studying health in college holistic health so I started learning about the food system I started learning about our bodies anatomy and what it really needed to survive food science and I just was realizing that most of the things we put in our body was not food at all so I came in it through the health perspective I went vegetarian and we actually lived together for a little bit where you inspired me well you planted the seed of veganism I wouldn't say that I went vegan right away but I did the thing that really propelled me into it was watching a documentary which is what a lot of people say their reasoning is but for me this documentary was called earthlings it was really hard to watch I'm not gonna I'm not gonna suggest it to anybody that has a weak stomach but it's free on YouTube to watch if anybody is interested but it's about human exploitation of animals on all levels so not just food but entertainment closing head trade yeah testing all these things I was so unaware about right and it broke my heart and I think that signal that change needs right and you had talked about you know making the changes that we need to make as millennials and young people but I I really think it's being the change yeah and that's the way we make it that's the first step that's the foundation yeah for sure yeah and that's I think for people who think that veganism is some kind of like friend or extreme lifestyle it's like you know some people won't do it and it's totally fine but I think it's really important and part of you know our goal is to say we're not like judging people who aren't vegan or anything like that it's really just like let's recognize at least for me like I would I used to say like I would never do this like this is way too much and like I love cheese and just like say all the things that a lot of people still say but to say like you know even from that perspective with an open mind I was able to listen to the facts watch these videos with an open heart and say this is not an alignment with my values whether it's from the cruelty perspective or the environmental perspective or the health perspective and just say this is because this is not an alignment my values I'm willing to make these changes or at the very least say I understand this lifestyle and to no longer make it a fringe thing something to be made fun of or something to criticize but to really you know acknowledge the value that this that the people who are choosing this lifestyle have on society because it means that they've had an open mind and that they've they've learned these facts and figures and said you know let's do something better and I think that all connects to where we are now and where we want to be in our future is we really need that open heart and mind whether it's from the food perspective or you know any other factor of our lifestyle and our culture and politics say we are going to be open enough to embrace change if changes what is what our values direct us to yeah absolutely and speaking of values I think it's just important to know what they are for you I think a lot of people myself included didn't reflect on that and so it's important to know oneself and speak from that real place and so yeah I it's been a I think it's just that was the first step in in the journey you know like when when when I decided to go vegan like I had no idea I was gonna open all these other doors of information right you know like you start reading labels and you're like what's that and why is this cheaper why is like a burger cheaper than a salad and it's because you know the government subsidizes like beef you know so and like dairy and these all these products so it's it just it all connects you know and it sends you into the spiral of wanting to know more right and wanting to be better and you feel better well I felt better and it's also hard at times because as social creatures like we want to be accepted we want to belong like I don't want to be teased by you for being different you know so it I think it's really important what you said it not make it a fringe thing which it's becoming very trendy now yeah Beyonce and Miley Cyrus Tim Kardashian many other famous people I don't follow but I heard that they've switched or they're advocating for the lifestyle that's really exciting and one thing that I really like to remind myself is that every huge social movement justice movement in the past whether it's women's rights or black rights or abolishment of slavery like any of these things were really fringe you know it was like you're gonna kill our economy you know like just like listing all these like paranoid facts and statistics that were benefiting companies almost all the time it was related to money and power and so I think it's really important to be aware of when we or other people are defending something cultural or something that status quo that benefits a large industry because then that's what we really need a self-reflection say well maybe they have a stake in this or maybe you know I've been influenced by my upbringing or by my lack of being open to research to make changes or to be open to hearing what somebody has to share with me about what they've learned and why they've made lifestyle changes that might be uncomfortable for me or for the rest of culture yeah and I think veganism is just one example of that zero waste is also another example so you know it's definitely a journey and you go from like plastic bags you know like oh my god maybe I should like bike instead of driving like just all these things and it's really powerful to be to be say like I'm I'm going to commit to at least being open-minded about these things it is it's one healthy sustainable habit at a time and you build this upon brick upon brick and then soon enough you have a whole different lifestyle yeah I know when we first met like the first time we ever hung out it was totally different from what we do now but it was you know but it's been amazing to see each other grow and to support each other on that journey totally like reminding ourselves in each other that we're not alone in it yeah and teaching each other things so well that's actually the end of our show but it was really fun talking and we will be I will be here every other week with a new guest to talk about our future so thank you for tuning in to think tech Hawaii


Making a Plan Custom apps can transform how you do business by addressing unique problems and user needs in your company. And you're the perfect person to create exactly what you need. You could create just about anything. So how do you decide where to start? In this video, you'll learn some techniques for planning your app. You'll learn a four-step process that identifies your goals and keeps you focused. First, you'll work with users to list bottlenecks and pain points in your existing workflow. Then you'll select a single goal with high impact to focus on. Next, you'll use a formula called a problem statement to describe your goal. Finally, you'll use your problem statements to list the features your app needs. Let's start with listing your pain points. For this course, imagine you're the office manager for a physical therapy clinic. Brainstorm with your team about their daily work. Guide the brainstorming session by asking these questions. Who's the person or group of people involved in each task? What do they need to accomplish? What's the pain point associated with that task? Your team will come up with a lot of ideas. Put them all on the list so you can assess each one. You might hear things like these. Clients have to wait while office staff figures out which physical therapists are available. Physical therapists hand write notes about client visits and their services. Physical therapists are often rushed and don't fill out forms completely. Office staff have to re-key the forms as they're turned in. Reports take too long to create and are error prone. Next, we'll choose one of the pain points to focus on. You'll often hear variations on a theme or about related problems that can be solved with a single solution. To stay focused, choose one pain point from the list to start with. It helps to start with something easy to fix that can make a clear difference in one workflow. After you choose one problem to tackle, the next step is to write a problem statement. That's a formula you can use to describe the problem you're solving. It helps you stay focused as you build your custom app. The statement includes information about what you're designing, who you're designing it for, what they'll do with the app, and what benefit will result from your solution. Here's the overall problem statement to help you address the pain point that you've identified. Design a mobile app. Four, therapists. Two, record services delivered to clients during their visit. So, service data is easy to enter and more accurate. Notice that we've not specified a list of features for this app. You're just making sure that everyone on the team understands the goal and agrees on it. Once you've agreed on the main goal for your app, you can now identify specific features. For example, each therapist in a clinic could be recording their services slightly different from one another. Let's start by writing a problem statement in support of that use case. Design a menu for therapists to select from a set of services so they are efficient and accurate. Your app could accomplish this by providing a list of services into one drop-down menu. Another feature of the app could be when therapists forget to have their client sign the visit form. The problem statement here would be design a form. Four, patients. Two, sign a confirmation. So, we have a record that they receive services. Your app could solve for this by capturing client signatures digitally. Continue to identify features until you've addressed your initial goal. The problem statement you create will serve as a checklist as you create your app. Pre-cap what we just learned. In this lesson, you learned a four-step process to help you focus your time and effort. The more ambitious your projects become, the more helpful planning tools will be to make them successful. In the next video, you'll learn how to focus on users when you make design decisions.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasper's Case Breaks.com with a quick two box break of 2019-2020 Panini, Donner's Optic Basketball Team All Edition, the big e-commerce site in China, China Exclusive, two box random team break number 19, basically chasing these big gold waves. I saw all those notes right there. Now, there's also an early bird special here as well, so let's give away that spot. If you're one of the first 20, you have a shot at an extra spot after seven times, lucky seven, five and a two. One, two, three, four, five, six and seven and final time. After seven, we got Greg B. There you go Greg. After seven, you are the earliest of birds. Early bird catches the worm. All right, now let's assign everybody a randomize your names, randomize the teams, new dice roll. Three times, one and a two. One, two and three, easy. After three times, we got Zach Paul down to Jeremy 33. Three times for the teams, one, two and three. After three times, we got the Orlando Magic down to the Indiana Pacers. We named the dog Indiana. A lot of fond memories of that dog. All right, Zach with the Magic, Sean with the Pelicans, Chris with the Kings and the Mavs, Nicholas with the Heat, Matthew Shearer with the Suns, Paul with the Warriors, Sean with the Rocket, Matthew Shearer with the Knicks, Eastwood, you got my Lakers, Paul with the OKC Thunder, Jeremy with the Clippers, Jeremy 33 with the Hawks, Guy with the Bulls, Paul with the Spurs, Greg with your early bird spot, Pistons, Roguio with the Washington Wizards, Greg B with the Raptors, Jeremy 33 with the Sixers, Greg with the Grizz, nice, Jason with the Trailblazers, Paul with the Hornets, Yancy, Yuzon with the Cavs, Fuad with the T-Wolves, Matthew with the Bucks, Ollie with the Nuggets, Guy with the Jazz, Justin with the Celtics, Ryan H, Last Spot, Mojo, Boca Nets, and Jeremy 33 with the Indiana Pacers. All right, let's sort by column B. All right, any trades? Grab two random box from the back. Remember, I marked those with X's right there so you know that they're from the same case. We only have this one case. Many trades? No? Should we just roll? All right, T-W-C means trade window closed. Let's print, let's rip. All right, good luck everybody. Here we go. Saturday the 15th, two box, random team 19. Thanks everyone for getting into the action, really appreciate it. Keeping us busy on a Saturday. All right, let's pop this open. David is saying that the Lakers Blazers series odds just came out. Lakers minus 140 or minus 460, I wish it was minus 140. Minus 460 and the Blazers plus 360. Lakers minus 460, Blazers plus 360. Ray says 4600 to win $1,000 on the Lakers, too easy. He would lay the minus 460 without hesitation. Oh, nice and gold down there too. Blazers play horrible defense. Ray saying I think the best bet is over in all those games as well. Yeah, I'll have to see what the totals are and I usually don't play over totals, but yeah, maybe over on all those totals. Whatever it is, you would take the over, Ray. I mean, listen, I'm very scared about the the Trail Blazers as a Lakers fan. Lakers are not the best at perimeter defense, but yeah, I mean, Ray brings up a good point. It's not like the not like the Trail Blazers. They kept they kept Memphis in it for a long time. But hey, like I said earlier tonight, I would be like, little Damon Litter can go off for 60 points a night. I don't care as long as the Lakers win. I'd like it. I'd like it to be a short series. I don't want the Lakers grinding out a seven game series with the Trail Blazers, but it should be good. Ray would also bet Lillard and LeBron over points, anything up to 39. He would take the over every time. Yeah, I think I would too, actually. I think I think instead of taking sides or totals, it might be trying to identify like player props might be a profitable way to go in this this playoff run. Sides are hard in the playoffs every year. I do I do decently enough in basketball, build up a decent bankroll in the regular season. And then I'll just keep continue playing sides and playoff basketball like I'll like lose it in my mind. All right. Good luck, everybody. Ty Jerome playing some decent basketball. Robert Covington is there too. Red Wave, those aren't numbered. There's LeBron, Fantasy Stars. I need him to be a fantasy star. I want to beat the Trail Blazers. Adam, what's up? Jets sad because the Grizzlies season is over and the Utah Watanabe contract is over. Oh no. The Suns, that'll be for Matthew Shearer. Covington will go to Fouad and the LeBron will go to the Eastwood. Adam might have to get himself a Damien Lillard jersey. He's all in. There he is right there. He's pretty good. My House Hollow, RJ Barrett. Next, Matthew Shearer. So the Grizzlies are not going to retain Utah Watanabe, you think? Chris Dunn, Red Wave. Kind of get to that gold on the bottom of the stack here. We see another Hollow here too. What's up here? Miles Turner, Hollow. Another Red Wave, Alan Crabb. Adam's saying someone should coax Lillard out of Portland so he can win a ring. Where would he go? Who would pay him? What would a trade like that look like? I don't think it's going to happen. There's just too many factors involved. Tristan Thompson. I think he likes it in Portland too. Yuzan with the Cavs. Yannis, base card goes to Matthew G. And Alan Crabb will go to Jeremy 33 in the Hawks. And that gold down there, getting closer to the gold. There's Isaiah Thomas, Red Wave. There's Kobe White. Didn't he sign a long term deal with Portland? I think he wants to stay. And there's Terence Mann, Gold Wave for the Clippers. We might see him in the playoffs. His talk might rise if we see him in the playoffs. That goes to Jeremy Agno and the Los Angeles Clippers. Second and final box. Sterling's gone, nice. I mean, I think the Portland Trailers actually have a really good team on paper. It just has to click and they're in a tough conference too. It's hard. It's difficult, but healthy Damian Lillard with a healthy seizure McCollum, Nurkic on that team. Zach Collins can make some noise. They've got Skinny Mellow on that team, putting in those veteran minutes. You know, that's not, it's not a bad team at all. Hasan White side is still on that team, right? They still have, got White side in there too. So on paper, that team, that's a good team. I mean, Stotz is a good coach, right? People like him. I, maybe it's coaching, maybe just got to try to lure another free agent piece in somewhere, but, but I mean, they just, they just got to, they just got to put a, put a couple extra pieces together to get them over the hump. Yeah. Apollo says they could go to even the playoffs, but they play defense. That's the issue. If I mean, like, let's say you add like a, if you put like an Andre Roberson, I'd like Andre Roberson on the Lakers, but if we put like an Andre Roberson on the Trail Blazers, you know, that could be enough of a defensive piece to keep teams honest, but they're not that far away. I mean, they're just in a tough conference. You got to play these guys. You got to play my guys, the Lakers, the Warriors are going to be a lot better next year. Sons looks good. You know, Devin Booker looks good. It's red wave, Derek Rose for the Pistons. That'll be for Greg B. Tiger Rome looked good in the restart. The entire Suns team did. Matthew Shearer, and that's winner stays, Tim Duncan, and a gold wave, Mitchell Robinson. Nix, that's going to be for Matthew Shearer. LeBron's going to have to cover Lilard. Yeah, I think so. I think they'll try to, I don't know, LeBron covering Lilard for six, seven games. First round of the playoffs. I hope that doesn't have to happen too often. Dennis Smith Jr., Nix Red Wave, and my house, Hollow, Kobe White, Bulls, Guy. They're going to have, yeah, well, KCP will definitely have to set up defensively, you know, to stop this guy. Town Horton Tucker, yeah, he might have to just absorb some fouls, you know. Alex Caruso maybe would have to put in some, put in some shifts on Lilard as well. Here's D Wade. Yeah, Waders and JR, yeah, hopefully, hopefully JR Smith and Deon Waders aren't playing against the first unit. You know, I don't think they'll be rotated in like that. I hope not. I could see Kyle Kuzma getting energetic for a game or two, you know, or for a quarter or two and put some quality defense on Damian Lilard. I think it's just going to have to be truly a team effort. I think everyone really has to, has to, has to really be sharp if the Lakers are to get to where they want to be. Red Wave, Daniel Gafford, going to the Bulls, that'll be for Guy. Joe, if the Lakers do go to the finals, who would you like to see them play? Celtics, and then I want to see a seven-game series, Lakers win. Signature series, Damian Jones autograph for the Hawks, Jeremy 33, Donovan Mitchell, and Jeremy Land. Nothing too crazy in here, but another two boxes will probably be in the store shortly, so check it out on Jaspy'scasewrakes.com. I'm Joe, and I'll see you next time. Bye-bye.


Hi friends, welcome to my channel and welcome to yet another interesting video. There's this question that has been rattling my YouTube subscribers for quite some time. And the question is, which subject should I choose to give their UGC Net Examine? I've already answered this question in the comment section of a lot of YouTube videos that I've made and have clarified this in some of my other videos as well but I've never made any dedicated video on this topic. So I've felt that since a lot of students are having trouble relating to this topic, let me make a separate video to end all your doubts for once and for all. If you have any other questions or queries, feel free to put that in the comment section as well and I'll be happy to make a video on that topic as well. Also at the same time, if you are new to this channel then please hit the subscribe button and press the bell icon so that every Sunday as soon as I upload a new video, you're the first one to know about it. We're proud to share that we are right now India's largest YouTube channel in the field of UGC Net Exam preparation. In today's video, we're also going to discuss the eligibility criteria, age limit and validity and many more such questions related to UGC Net. So please make sure that you watch this video till the end. Thus without any further ado, let's jump into the topic and let us look at the question of the hour. That is, in which subject shall one give their UGC Net Exam in? First, let's discuss with subjects we cannot give our UGC Net Exam in because we should know what we cannot do, only then we will know what we can know. So, some people say that if you have completed your post-graduation, then you can give UGC Net Exam in any subject, irrespective whether that was a subject in your post-graduation or not. Still confused? Wait a minute, I'll clarify. Let me clarify this by giving you an example. Suppose I have done my post-graduation in, let's say history. Now, is it possible to give my UGC Net Exam in political science? If I've done my post-graduation in history, can I give my UGC Net Exam in political science? No, it is not possible. And if someone in your circle is saying you're the same, please try to stay away and block these people because they are just trying to manipulate you. Okay, so by giving you this example, I just meant to tell you that this is not the right approach. If you have done your post-graduation in, let's say, subject A, you cannot give UGC Net in subject B. Please note that we cannot give the exam in any subject we want. Now the question is, can we give the exam in the subject in which we have done our bachelors? For example, suppose I had three subjects in my bachelors and they were psychology, sociology, and English. Does that mean I can appear for UGC Net exam in any of these subjects? No, because bachelors' subjects don't hold any importance when it comes to choosing the subject in which you give your UGC Net. So in which subject can we give UGC Net? You might be worried that what subject can we give? And the answer is the subject in which you have done your master's. You can apply for your exam only and only in the subject that you are pursuing or have completed your master's in. Friends, I will give you two examples and you are going to tell me which subject the person can give UGC Net exam in. I'm going to take examples from one of my favorite movies, DDLGT, here. Let's take Raj in Sembranaz characters. Now Raj, your favorite character, has completed his bachelors in history, political science, and economics, and he has done his master's in geography. Now answer the first question. In which subject can Raj appear for the UGC Net exam? What are you going to do is pause this video for a moment, write your answer in the comments below, and after writing the answer, resume the video. Ki answer, aap baatati hu mai what is the right answer? The right answer is geography. Raj cannot give UGC Net exam in Paul Science, neither economics, in spite of the fact that he has studied the subjects in bachelors. The only subject he can choose to do his UGC Net in is geography, because that is the subject he chose in his master's. Now let's come to Simran, Simran did B.Com. And after her graduation, she completed her master's in economics. Usko laga M.Com nahi kandami ko economics mai MA karna. Now tell me in which subject can she give her UGC Net exam? Comment your answers down below, and if you have done that, let me tell you the correct answer. It is economics. This means she cannot give UGC Net commerce, even if she chose commerce in her graduation. What we understand from this is that even if one decides to switch streams, he or she can pursue their UGC Net exam in the stream in which they have completed their master's. But do you know that there are some exceptions as well? Before I talk about that, here is something I want to share. If you are preparing for UGC Net paper one, paper two, MA entrance, PhD entrance, PGT, TGT, UPRC gate set, or any other competitive exam related to English literature, I have some amazing news for you. We offer detailed video course for all these exams, and now recently we also started providing video course for commerce, paper two commerce, and UGC Net paper two management. In all our online courses, we provide you with topic-wise video lessons with rich animations covering all topics in a step-by-step manner, which works even when you've not done any previous preparation. We also provide you with high-quality PDFs and revision notes that covers syllabus-wise topics comprehensively and ensure you qualify your dream exam in just one attempt. Along with video lectures and PDFs, we also offer test series that consists of more than 3,000 unit-wise questions that comes with detailed explanation. Plus, after every test, you get a detailed performance report also, annual ranking in the All India Leaderboard, which will help you to spot your weak and strong areas. We cover all these important topics and works in our online course. The detailed list of all the topics that are covered in our online course is available totally free of cost on our website, tarpidakarwa.com. Even if you are preparing for these exams on your own, we would highly recommend you to visit our website and download this detailed list of writers, topics, check out solved past year papers of all the competitive exams. The link of our website and all our courses are given somewhere, and that is in the description box. You can also check out the course details from our website and even watch free demo lectures and attempt free demo mock tests before you decide to enroll in our course. For more information related to the courses we offer, feel free to shoot your queries on the WhatsApp number displayed on the screen and me and my team will be more than happy to assist you. Now let's discuss the exceptions. Some of my very bright students say that they have double masters. Dober masters clip. For example, if there's a student who has got masters in history and then again he was like, or padana hai mujhe, to main masters krta paul science me bhi. Which subject will he choose to get his UGC net in? The answer is, if someone is having dual masters then he can give UGC net exam in both the subject of his masters and choose any options from the tool. Dono me bhi kan satta hai aur chaya to inme se kisi ek me bhi kar satta hai. For example, if someone has done dual masters in English and economics, he can give UGC net in both English and economics or can give it in any one of them. Another big question that is raised by many of my commerce and management students is that they have done MCOM. Now, under which subject shall they give their exam? Because in case of MA, a person has to choose a subject in which they want to do MA and therefore the same subject they choose in UGC net. MA, English, Paul Science, Geography all the subjects are in your UGC net list. But in case of MCOM, they don't have to choose any subject. Me ne MCOM khiya hai. Mujhe subject chooshi nahi karna. Then in which subject will I give my UGC net? And the answer is, commerce. Any person who has done MCOM or is doing MCOM can give UGC net only in commerce subject. Commerce ke students to phir bhi teek hai. Management wale students jino ne MBA kia hai Wo tha sapsinata parishaan hut hai iss tawal se. Ki aakhir konsa subject choos kanna hai UGC net way. Kyuki in MBA, there are different specializations jese MBA in finance, MBA in marketing and HR. So, an MBA student is always confused. Let me clear this confusion. If you have done MBA and have opted for MA specialization except HR, then you have to give UGC net at management. Be it MBA in finance, marketing, accountancy, one has to appear for UGC net management. Now guys, we have discussed all the other streams except HR. The question arises that which subject will a student of MBA with HR specialization choose in UGC net? The answer is UGC net in human resource management. HR is the only subject for which UGC net conducts a separate exam. Other than that, all the other specializations are combined under the name of UGC net management be it sales, marketing or any other specialization. So I hope in this video, I have solved this very big confusion that you had in your little head and that is how will I choose subject for UGC net? Friends, in the beginning only I told you that I will answer your questions related to minimum eligibility, validity of UGC net certificate. So now I'm going to look at that. Let's start with eligibility. Many people are having this doubt that when are they eligible to appear in UGC net exam? Let me tell you friends, if you're pursuing or have completed your master's, you can give the exam. For those who have completed their master's, the minimum marks required in the master's is 55% without rounding off. This means that even if you've scored 54.98%, you will not be able to appear for UGC net exam. This percentage rate is for general category students. For ST, SC, PWD, a slightly relaxed rate that is 50% in master's is applicable. Now some people say that they are pursuing their master's. Can they sit for UGC net exam? Such people can appear for the exam and even clear UGC net exam in the first year of their master's.  Another question is, when can one appear for the exam? The answer is one can appear any time for this exam. You can appear at the age of 50, you can even appear at the age of 98.  So ideally you should sit for this exam in the first year of your master's. Before that, it is not useful to sit. If you clear the first year of bachelor's, then how will you get master's degree in two years? So right after clearing your bachelor's, you can start preparing for UGC net and first year of your master's. So that within two years you finish your master's and you get the certificate as well. Another question is about the validity of the certificate. Let me tell you friends that the certificate is valid for lifetime. You can apply for the post-off lecture or any time after obtaining the certificate. But the GRF certificate is only valid for a period of three years after obtaining it. That means you will lose all the scholarship and stipend if you apply for a PhD after three years of getting the GRF certificate. Though you can still apply for PhD after three years of GRF but you will not get the stipend from the government. Okay? You can do PhD anytime but the stipend with GRF is only valid if you apply for PhD within three years after completing the GRF. And lastly, people are confused about the age limit of the candidate. In case of UGC net, there is no age limit. Anybody can apply for UGC net. Even a 70-year-old candidate who is retired and is ideally sitting in his house can also appear for this exam. But for GRF, the age limit is 30 years for general male candidates and 35 years for general females and for both male and females of ST, SC, PWD, OBC. Now I'm quite eager to know after so many discussions, how did you feel about this video? Did you like it or did you not like it? Did you find it helpful? Please share your views in the comments below. Also, if you have any questions, any doubts or if you want me to make a video on any other topic, then feel free to put that in the comment section as well. If you found this video helpful, then do one thing. Give it a big fan thumbs up and also share it with other fellow aspirants who are struggling with the same kind of questions and who keep asking you that when should I sit for the UGC net? Which year should I prepare for the UGC net? Send a link to all of them and tell them to stop eating your brain. So with that note, I would like to take your leave. That's it from my side for this video lecture. I'll meet you very, very soon in the next video lecture. Till the time we meet next, happy learning, keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitakarma.com.


Hello, everyone. I'm George Falford, and today I would like to talk about some potential applications of off-chain computation in the Lite Client ecosystem. Maybe you have already heard about off-chain computation and interactive validation. These are really promising and exciting new concepts, but the basic idea is really simple. If there's a complex but deterministic calculation that would be too expensive to directly process on the blockchain, it is still possible to have multiple parties evaluate the same function, check the results against each other, and only start an interactive validation process that could prove one of the parties wrong if there's a disagreement, and this validation process can be realized inside a contract, so eventually the results of such a calculation can be canonized on the blockchain. This technology can be used to process large amounts of external data, which could be located anywhere like a swarm, but in this case I would like to present some use cases where the input data is a blockchain itself, either the same chain where the validation happens or can be another one too. These use cases are mostly related to event filtering. In a current single blockchain scenario, event filtering is quite simple. We have the contract log events and bloom filters, but in order to do a full history search with good performance, we already needed some clever performance optimizations, which I will shortly talk about. Later I would also like to talk about the future challenges of event filtering with light clients when we are going to have a sharding and state channel technologies like Plasma or Polkadot and eventually we'll end up with a massive hierarchy of chains and massive amounts of chain data and we will definitely need some sophisticated filtering methods to make sense of all this data. First, let me just quickly talk about the current filtering system in the Coeterium client. You probably know bloom filters, they are really simple data structures, just a 2048 bit long bit vector and for every log address and topic, three quasi random bits are set and if someone else is looking for the same events later, they can just check for these three bits if they are set and only check the block resets if these bits are set. And this is already a good performance improvement compared to checking all the block resets in the entire history, but still checking them means that you have to read the entire header chain, which is already more than two gigabytes and it was kind of slow even on a full node and with the light client it is even worse because downloading and keeping the entire header chain locally is something that some devices just don't want to do, cannot do and that's also why we implemented the checkpoint syncing so that we can avoid downloading all the headers but then we don't have all the bloom filters either. So we needed some clever data structure and what we did is we took fixed length sections of consecutive blocks and put the bloom filters of them under each other, imagine that there's a bitmap and you can see on the left blue box then when doing a simple search, we are interested in three vertical columns in this bitmap, which is still if you read this, you had to read all the bloom filters from this because it's not tightly packed and the interesting bits are not tightly packed together but if we do a 90 degree rotation of this bitmap, we will get horizontal lines, horizontal lines will be interesting for us, just three lines out of the 2000s so we only have to read those and this optimization already yields a two or three orders of magnitude performance improvement in log searching and it also works nicely with the light clients, by the way this requires the second version of the LES protocol which has just recently been merged into the Go Ethereum code base and it also works very nicely, it can filter the entire log history in a few seconds but there was another problem we had to solve in order for this to work, namely that these data structures are not part of the consensus so we needed some, so light clients cannot directly validate it even though light servers can generate and serve it and in order to solve this, we created a special try, the Bloom filter try and organize all the bit vector in this try so that the light client only needs to know the root hash of the Bloom filter try and use Merkle proof to validate everything else. Of course the question still remains how a light client can trust the Bloom filter, root hash, Bloom filter try, root hash and currently we are doing checkpoint syncing with hard-coded trusted checkpoints which is only a temporary solution and right now the Bloom filter try is also hard-coded into these checkpoints but soon we would like to get rid of hard-coded checkpoints and use trustless validation of checkpoints and in order to do this, we need to somehow validate the Bloom filter try on chain and this is where off-chain validation comes into the picture because all the light servers know the input data which is the header chain and this is a deterministic calculation that they do anyway so servers can send the root hash, new root hash is to a judge contractor and only do validation if necessary if a root hash remains unchallenged on the chain for quite a long enough time then the clients can trust it. Of course we also need some security deposits and other incentives to make the system work but that's also part of the plan. Now let me also talk about how I imagine the future challenges, the massive chain hierarchies and scaling will mean for light clients and what we can do about it. Here's an example situation where there's a user who wants to observe a subset of the chain hierarchy which could still be a quite a large subset. Right now our imaginary user uses a decentralized marketplace which has multiple state channels for listing different market offers like one for listing crypto versus fiat mini trade offers another for listing second hand cars and a local news service which has a state channel for a federal arts and the user wants to observe these chains and get notified about interesting results and the filtering criteria for interesting events might be even more complex than what could be realized with our current simple log address and topic systems. So it would be great if clients could somehow get some help for filtering also it's possible with some state channel technologies that use low redundancy that their security model is based on an assumption that some interested parties actually do validate the chain and that's also something that light clients cannot do so they would also require some insurance to be able to trust the validity of these chains. I think it is possible that they can hire light servers to do all of this for them and also it would be even better and still possible to build a filtering and observing hierarchy for each client who is running complex applications. This hire he could run on multiple light servers and deliver just the interesting results from the entire work computer to our clients who can then run with very low resource requirements. I would like to show how I think this is possible so let me just define two very simple primitives that could achieve this. One of them is called the chain filter. A chain filter is a deterministic set of operations performed on an input block chain and it is specified preferably in a virtual machine that is suitable both for just-in-time compilation and interactive validation and a chain filter can have its own state but not its own consensus mechanism because chain filter blocks are deterministic functions of previous chain filter blocks and new input blocks so whatever consensus mechanism the input chain uses the chain filter we just follow and these chain filters can be used for realizing user-specific filtering criteria and so these are also of course use cases of chain computation but unless the bloom filter try they are user-specific. And the other primitive I would like to show is called the observer chain. An observer chain belongs to a single node, a single light server and it is also validated by a single signature and what an observer does is that it processes multiple observed chains and creates observer blocks that contain the new latest heads of these chains and the observer chain is also backed by a security deposit at a judge contract and the observer has to defend the validity and availability of these chains or at least the latest sections of them on request. The observer chain can follow public chains, private chains, state channels, chain filters and even other observer chains. And now let's see how we can realize a filtering and observing hierarchy with these primitives. Here's an example scenario where there's a public chain and two state channels and the user has its own chain filters defined for all three of them, which are called myEvents and these chains and chain filters are processed by hired servers, servers one, two and three in this case, who give certificates about the validity of the input chains and also the results of the user's chain filters. Maybe in some case it would be enough to just hire a few servers and collect the results but it is possible that we have such a huge hierarchy and we want to observe so many chains that we might need additional layers of servers. In this case, there are servers four and five who are observing the observer chains of servers one, two and three and run their own chain filter called collectEvents that could filter and collect all the interesting events for our client. So the client can very conveniently just contact the last layer of helping servers and receive just the interesting results. Of course we need some redundancy to make sure this system works correctly. So if we have multiple paths leading to every interesting chain or chain filter then the client can always detect if it receives different results from different directions and then it can try to investigate the observer chains and the chain filters of its hired servers or maybe raise an alarm and notify other clients about a suspected fraud. And eventually if there seems to be a fraud then start an interactive validation process to try to prove it. All of this is of course quite far from the original idea of the light client but I believe it still fits pretty well with the philosophy of what the original light protocol is based on because the idea is that in this massive world computer ecosystem there are nodes with very different capabilities and small entities will always require help from bigger entities. And what we can do to avoid the concentration of power is that we can create a standardized protocols that make the bigger helper entities interchangeable and therefore create a liquid market of services so that whenever someone wants to stop providing services or raise their prices very high then other servers can just take over and no one can stop them from doing so. So we can ensure a continuous service with reasonable prices and also we can still provide security not with the regular Merkel-proof like in the classical light client but we can still increase the cost of an attempted fraud by using security deposits and also reduce the risk of a successful fraud by using multiple paths and detecting any attempted fraud right away. Of course there are still some details that are not worked out and right now our main development priority is still making the classical light client reliable and usable but when setting the directions of new development it is always important to keep the future challenges in mind and the long-term goals and I think the long-term goal is a massively scalable high-performance work computer that even small embedded and mobile devices can safely access. And I believe that in this massive, in addition to the massive chain hierarchy that provides a global consensus the client-specific observing and filtering hire is belonging to this unique perspectives of some applications will be equally important in this ecosystem. And I hope you found my own unique perspective on the future of Ethereum interesting and thank you for your attention.


Five months now, people in Hong Kong have been protesting for democracy and against what they perceive as a growing influence by the mainland government from China. As an official from Taiwan, an island which Beijing considers a breakaway territory, how do you view these protests? The breakaway was at the neolithic age, I believe. I think in Taiwan, while we're looking at Hong Kong, we're seeing the beginning of a new way of demonstration for liberal democracies that are what they call be water or leaderless movement. In our own sunflower movement, which I participated where we occupied the parliament for 21 days back in 2014, we started this way of coordinating a leaderless movement by the time it was more like 20 leaders, but in Hong Kong it's now like 2,000 leaders. The protests there have grown more violent in the last period of time, and there is the chance that at some point Beijing says we've had enough, we're going to intervene with force. How do you view this? I don't think that will happen on an international watch, and when all around the world, liberal democracies are looking at it as something that must not happen. For our part, the Taiwan universities have been offering a lot of exchange programs to give the students there a safe space to have a conversation with international media precisely for this. Now you've started writing computer code when you were a kid. You've been active as a hacker, as a computer hacker. Now you're the digital minister of Taiwan, and you're calling for the reinvention of democracy. How's that supposed to look like, and how do you perceive your own role in it? As a digital minister, my workspace is totally radically transparent. Now the meetings that I chair, the full transcript can be found on the Internet. It's entirely published. And so by radically trusting people and making the state and how the state works transparent to the people, everybody can understand not only the why of policy, but also the why of policymaking, the context of policymaking. And this is as opposed to other jurisdictions which makes the citizen transparent to the state. But is there more to it when it comes to digital reinvention of democracy than just providing a bunch of papers for that matter? In Taiwan what we're doing is we're bringing technologies to where people are, instead of asking people to come to technology. And so we have universal broadband as a human right anywhere in Taiwan, even on top of the mountain of Yushan 4000 meters, you have 10 megabits per second. And if you don't, it's my fault. It's very affordable, 15 euros per month, and everybody can be their own press, their own YouTuber, everybody can just voice their opinions, and that is the foundation of liberal democracy. Because of universal broadband as a human right, we're also opening up the entire participatory budget, participatory regulation, everything on a single participation platform called Join The GOV.TW that has more than 10 million active users out of 20 million active residents in Taiwan. Big tech companies have played a questionable role sometimes when it comes to democracy, being a platform where fake news can be spread, where voters could be influenced. What sort of role do they need to play when it comes to reinventing democracy? First of all, just like in the additional counter-spam issue 20 years ago, we need to establish a norm where people can very easily voluntarily participate in the fact-checking community, and this is what a large platform has done. But more importantly, in each of our ministries, there's a team of at least five people that can roll out funny, mimetic engineered jokes, clarifications, one hour after each disinformation gets spread. So that when people look at those clarifications, they would think of something that's funny, and instead of turning anger into outrage, it will become something that people can more act in a pro-social manner. And this is why that we don't take down anything by the journalists. Our minister's words are not higher than a journalist's words, but we contribute into fact-checking a journalism by providing real-time clarifications very quickly and also a very funny way. Taiwan is also aiming to transform its economy from a manufacturing hub towards a more digitalized economy. It's been difficult to do that. What are the stumbling blocks? What are the roadblocks that you're encountering there? Well, we're doing pretty well, actually. Our AI strategy, which is based on the idea of AI as assistive intelligence, not artificial intelligence, enables our medium and small enterprises to automate part of the work that they consider. But chore to do without replacing anyone's job. And this kind of co-evolution, this kind of social norm-based AI development is very attractive to like-minded economies and countries. So that our unicorns don't generate negative externalities on the society or on the environment. For example, Gogoro is at once a unicorn for sharing ridering and scooters, but also energy management and also the green energy. Retain, thank you so much.