So I will try to make it as technical as possible. So apologies if it sounds like too deep of a dive, but I want everybody. So I have 20 minutes, so in 20 minutes, you'll learn what PlasmaCache is, how it works, where it works, where it doesn't, and why it's the most viable solution currently, at least at the current research levels, because all the other solutions I'm of the personal opinion that they're quite, let's say, optimistic and ambitious and it will take some time until we have them in production. So there's my slides. Yeah, so who knows here how PlasmaCache works, like has tried implementing it in a low level, essentially. Oh, shit. Okay. Okay, so the point is that the other Plasma constructions, the original Plasma paper, it was very, very important because it gave the notion of what Plasma is. It should be like the Satoshi's vision thing, Vitalik's vision, whatever you wanna call it. However, it was totally unrealistic. It has this whole map-reduced construction. It had a bunch of the dream of the tree of change and now everything communicating with each other, like the Supreme Court. I'm not of the opinion that it works, so this talk will be highly opinionated on what I'm thinking, how Plasma is and works. So take this with a grain of salt. This is not expressing the general, let's say, opinions of the Plasma community, I guess. So, yeah. Test, test, one, two. Yeah. And the point is, okay, anyway. The thing is that the Plasma, it works like with a classic side-change construction. You have a main chain, the side-chain. You deposit your funds, you do whatever you like on the side-chain, you can take them out. But the thing is that in order to get scalability, we actually need a consensus mechanism that advances faster than the normal mechanism, than the base-chain mechanism. And you cannot do that, in my opinion, by definition. You need to make some compromise on either decentralization or the security aspect. And so, what we're doing is that with Plasma, you construct essentially a non-custodial side-chain. Because at any given point in time, if there's some invalid state transition, you can go through this exit game and you can just get your money out within a certain challenge period. Yeah, maybe, how do you handle this? I'm not exactly sure. I have a bunch of nice shapes and all that to explain it. So, the whole difference between Plasma Cash and the other variants, it's because the Plasma Cash, it's non-fungible. It is in the family, let's say, of Plasma protocols, that it's the securities enforced by the non-fungibility of root-chain deposits. So each coin you deposit has a unique ID. It's different from each other. And you can use it to have a sort of a simple exit game where each coin is unique. You don't have to use the whole priority queue for the construction to go through your, what you call it, to make multiple exits. There is no need for the mass exit construction, which is very important because currently, all the other Plasma, non-Plasma Cash variants designs, they require mass exits. And they will make the claim that the mass exits currently aren't viable due to how, like, let's say primitive, like our signature aggregation works on the, we are not very fine enough. Even if you do a multi-signature and you compress it and you do a threshold signature on all of them, you cannot actually verify the whole thing on the EVM. Yeah, and like, okay, okay. So Jeff just said, like, explain why Starks are better than XT-based checkpoints and whatever our RSA accumulators. So first of all, quantum resistance. Okay, so the argument is Plasma Cash has a very big, let's say, disadvantage that whenever you're passing coins around and as the side-chain progresses, the coin history grows linearly. So I have 10 blocks. I need to pass around 10 blocks worth of proofs.  So what we can do is, one, we can just pass around the proofs. Two, we can do checkpoints, but which is a very brilliant construction by Kelvin. However, this thing, it requires so much social coordination. It's like on the level of the mass exits and I'm not sure if it works. So on the contrary, what you can do is that you can use the RSA accumulator, the RSA accumulators recent construction, which you assign a unique prime number to each leaf and you make some black magic on it and you can somehow prove compactly that the coin history is valid. And the final, the very sexy alternative is that you can just take the whole history, you make a stark proof, you put it on a black box without any trusted setup or anything that you don't like and just have a compact proof that can be transmitted to your receiver. And actually in these cases, we never need a non-chain verifier to do that because I'm just, I want to prove like, let's say to Jeff, I just want to tell him that, you know, I have this coin, take it, and he proves it on his own and the verification is very fast. And yeah, quantum resistance because we need to be like anticipating the quantum computers, they're coming to get us. But where's my slides? Yeah. More, yeah, Q&A, exactly, more questions, please. So actually, yeah, I'm pretty sure I can answer like any technical question. So hit me with your best shot and if I don't answer, yeah. Why do we need to worry about quantum resistance if we're not even sure if the systems work yet? Like we're going to iterate multiple times. PlasmaCache is real. Is it because it's going to exist in perpetuity for a long period of time and then future quantum computers are ready? I mean that generally we need to be like looking ahead and like protecting against a, so to rephrase, if we can have a quantum resistance scheme in one year, I believe it's much better than investing six months in a non-quantum resistance scheme. So I'll just chime in for a second. So I think the danger is, is if we encrypt all this data and we have like our browser history encrypted and then somebody gets a quantum computer, we're all screwed, right? More Q&A, more Q&A. Okay, so how do you get started? Firstly, Kelvin and friends have done like a great, great amazing educational effort with the site called littleplusband.org, if I'm not mistaken. But I am of the opinion that, where's the timer going if I don't have slides? But I am of the opinion that, I literally cannot show you how one thing works if I give you 10 links, it doesn't work that way. So I've been writing a plasma paper, like okay, I will talk about my work, right? I've been writing a sort of plasma paper that it's like a 20-pager that you read in maybe two hours and you can like understand everything about plasma, this variant that I'm working on. So you read it and basically you should be having like a pretty good idea of what's going on. And implementing a plasma contract isn't actually the hard thing. Implementing the client software is the hardest thing because the smart contract, you define it like you give it, like you need to do this for exit, this to withdraw, this to deposit, that's all there is to it. And you add the submit block function to commit the Merkle route. And that's it. But the client software, it needs to watch, it needs to cash state because if you pull the Merkle proof, you need to save it.  And if you do that, why even bother with plasma? Which is, I'm pretty sure there is some like plasma variants that assume some sort of data availability and you shouldn't ever assume any kind of it. So yeah, just read, learn plasma. Like I'll give a link to the paper at the end. Yeah, anything going on? More questions. Yeah, yeah. Anything, anything, seriously. Yeah. So I do not work on MVP, but again, my opinion, I don't think light client verification works on MVP. I'll put very contrary on your opinion, so always with a grain of salt. So MVP, it requires you to validate the side gene state, which by definition it contradicts the scalability because if you need to do full client validation on the light clients, you can never run like a secure plasma chain on your phone. You can never like validate the secure plasma chain on your phone. And you need to do that because otherwise you cannot be sure that the plasma chain is not a fractional reserve. Like if there is withdrawal from it and you didn't take note. So yeah, that's why I'm very bullish on the plasma cache because everything that happens on chain, you know it at that moment. So, okay, plasma cache, blah, blah, blah. Okay, so why is plasma, you have the main chain, the side chain, like you deposit some funds, you do the funds whatever you like. We talked about this already, so I will skip this through. The big detail that we need to insist on is that each block must be submitted and the gas costs for this, they kind of stack up. I actually really like this purple color, it's very satisfying. So you checkpoint each block and the moment you consider transaction finalized, this is like a security property that you consider transaction finalized once the block route has been committed and the witness data, the Merkle branch for that transaction that you're looking for is made available to you. Because if that data is not made available to you, you literally cannot know if the transaction was included or it was answered. So, just a moment to just say that plasma cache is real, it's working right now, it's live right now, you can do MPM install like this thing, you can run this command, these are two real addresses and you can connect to Rinkeby via Infura or your own node, but nobody runs their own nodes unfortunately, but yeah, shout out Bitcoin.  The user needs to do the very, very minimal amount of things, just need deposit, transfer, exit, withdraw, that's all you need to do. I'm of the opinion that you never should force the user to do anything we are even watching, it's all in the client software. And yeah, whatever, you can demo it if you want. I won't do a live demo because it's total hubris, it doesn't work. So, okay, I've written this thing, you should try to read it, give me feedback and so on. I'm basically trying to do what I said before, I'm trying to do a very concise overview of how PlasmaCache works and what's it about. And soon I will have some more formal notation of how the exit game and the finalizes and the state transitions work. So, first of all, why? It's real, we can do it in pretty realistic time frames, I believe that I started working on it on May and we had an implementation within a month and a half, so it's real. We have low data requirements for the live clients, okay, it's not really low, but it's lower than any other available solutions, I will claim it's low. And you can have this modular architecture where if anything that you don't like, you just add the plug-in, so this whole naming convention thing, yeah, I'll talk about it also. So, I believe that this is a very good quality slide to get people to understand what are the difference of each variant. So, the ones that we are working on and much thanks to Rangely for maybe I said the name wrong for all the discussion for this, is that whenever you deposit the coin on this variant of Plasma Cash, each coin is unique. So, you have this like, this gives you like a very simple exit game and it's very like, the security is tight. And what you can do is that, but it has some problems, it doesn't have like fungible payments, it doesn't have, it's a history good like hell. So, what you can do is that you can either like use some magic like RSA accumulator zero knowledge proofs to prove the coin's history in a more compact way. And the other thing is that we need to like, if you want to do like fungible payments with multiple ones, you can apply the other technique that you break a coin down in 100 pieces and you have the user transferring the sub pieces of it and whenever you're speaking about a coin, you're actually talking about a range of coins. Or just use state channels, yeah. I'm a very big fan of state channels from Plasma, but we'll talk about that later. So, the other variants, there are the Plasma MVP ones, which I argued earlier that they require too much data and they also require sort of priority queue construction for exits because if the operator is basically able to create a huge GTXO which exits the whole chain, which would make it a fractional reserve and you need a mass exit, which to my knowledge, there is no working mass exit scheme to date. And on top of it, you can add the more viable Plasma, which Kelvin has thought of to like solve you to make UX better and maybe most viable Plasma one day, I don't know. And yeah, you can use snarks to verify the state transitions from like one thing to another. So currently what we have is that we do transaction routes. So anytime you submit a block, you don't actually submit the state route. So it's not the latest state. So you need to like go literally through the whole block history. Well, in this case, you just have the state route and it's like, it's there. You know it's there because you have this, whatever black magic box that it proves your assumptions. So I'm pretty sure this is a good taxonomy on like which are the variants of Plasma. And there are, okay, to be fair, these are the variants that are based on payments. And the payment, the variants that are based on smart contracts, I'm not well informed on them. But they're very fun. So to do like a quick technology primer. So the main data structure that we use in Plasma cash, it's a sparse miracle tree. It's basically a tree which has all the, it has like whatever leaf amount you want. It's all pre-computed. So it's all like in the default values, it's the hash of zero or whatever null value you want. And to prove the inclusion of an element, you do it in the classic way that you just provide the miracle branch with the siblings and everything. I'm assuming that people know how a miracle tree works. And the fun part is that you can actually prove non-inclusion by giving an proof of inclusion of the zero hash of the hash of zero at this leaf. And this is very convenient because we can, this is what basically makes Plasma cash work. And you can actually have some very nice optimizations on top of this. So because all the values are pre-computed, when I'm giving the miracle proof, I do not need to give like 32 bytes every time. Whenever I want to give the default value for a sibling, I can just give a bit field. And this, like it's literally one bit where it's 32 bytes. And in this very simple example, so like in the, normally the miracle path could have been hash of zero and the higher level one. So it's 64 bytes. Well, with the optimization for the bitmap, it's two bits. And much love to the world team for thinking this up and having a working implementation. So the usual suspect. Alice deposited five ether was like the actual flow. So, pardon me. So Alice deposits like five ether to the smart contract. The smart contract emits some deposit event that the Plasma chain listens. The Plasma chain is supposed to create a new block. One new block per deposit. This is not a security requirement, but it makes proving like it's an optimization, basically. This has been asked a number of times, just deposit the coin and you get a new block. This isn't necessary, but it's better. And what it does is it creates a Plasma block and you get literally a five ether bill, if you will. And the thing is that the transaction flow, it's like UTXO based, but it's one input, one output. I cannot break a coin. I just say new owner and that's a new owner. Just like gosh, yeah. So I'll just go through a simple example of how the transaction flow works. So Alice deposited the five ether, like the five ether example. So five ether, it just appears. Alice gives the coin to Bob, but the thing is that at this moment, Bob must actually verify that the coin's history is valid. And now let's consider that there is a new block where Alice, where Bob, who is the latest valid owner of the coin, doesn't move the coin. And if Bob wants to give the coin to Charlie, Charlie must not only verify the inclusion block one and two, he must also verify the non-inclusion in block three, which is why I spoke before about the non-inclusion proofs in sparse medical trees. And he needs to do that because considering the fact that there might have been a transfer from two to three, the two to three would make the two to four a double spend and we don't want double spends. So yeah, and he does that and he exits by providing an ancestor. There has been some discussion lately that there might be a way to optimize this to not require an ancestor, but I'm not sure about the safety of it if you want to evaluate it, fine, but I haven't been able to evaluate it. But basically the thing that we know that works currently is you give it a coin and the parent coin and you use these to exit. And I will go over the exit games, the game that's played very soon. So the whole plasma constructions, they work based on a challenge period, like the classic dispute period where I make a claim, I put up a bond, I wait some amount of time, and if nobody challenges, yeah, my claim must probably be right.  So the time currently and the bond amounts are totally arbitrary. I'm of the opinion that somebody just wrote the first MVP implementation. Maybe it was David, actually. It just put seven days for an exit period and everybody said, that's it, the holy grail. Or maybe Vitalik said, I don't know. But the point is that currently there has been no game theoretic proper analysis on what the challenge period should be and what the bond amount should be. And I'm very interested in that. So if you have any research on that, please speak to me. And yeah, so this is like a good takeaway from the presentation that we model each coin as its own state machine. So state machines, like it's, yeah, we have the initial deposited state and basically you define a transition function that whenever you want to go from one state to another some certain things need to happen. And what you do, it's simply like whenever you want to go from deposited to exiting, you start an exit and you put up a bond. The start exit, you put whatever proofs you like with. That's another. And there are two types of challenges. The one type of challenge is the interactive one and the other is the non-interactive. So I'll speak about the non-interactive, which is simpler. So the non-interactive challenge, it is essentially I see a claim and I instantly challenge it and the exit goes home. Like it never happened, right? And it's a simple form of challenges. However, the interactive challenges, essentially in order to finalize an exit, it mustn't have any pending challenges, any outstanding challenges. So what you do is I start an exit, somebody else challenges my exit and in order for me to be able to finalize my exit, the word exit has been said many times, you need to actually respond to the exit.  I hope this slide is clear because it's like more or less the whole construction of how it works. And now I'll talk about the challenges. So I'm hoping things are clear so far because like this where we're going to the examples. Let's say that Alice has a coin at block M, whatever you like and Alice spends the coins, she gives it to Bob or whoever else and Bob maybe then gives it to Charlie. So the thing is that Alice isn't forced to exit from the latest stage. She can always go to a stale state and just say I'll exit. So yeah, she can do that, but the thing is that she needs to wait seven days or whatever to do the exit. And at that point, another entity, they can challenge by providing a spend. So Alice essentially makes the claim I'm the latest owner of the coin and then the challenger comes and says no, you're not. Basically, that's the whole thing that you need to know about it. And this is the one type of attack that you can do. And this shout out to Carl because he did like a very good like specification which explained all that stuff. I used it, you should use it. The other alternative is that you do double spend. So the example I was talking about before, I was considering the fact that Charlie the or Alice prime, not plasma prime, is actually like, it's not a colluding party. So what can happen in this case that Alice gives the coin to Bob and Alice in collusion with the operator, they double spend the coin. So they give it themselves, some other friend of them, whatever. And what happens in this case, if Charlie wants to exit the coin, he needs to provide the parent, as I said. And the whole like exit game here, it works that you need to provide the coin that is in between. And this actually proves that double spend because you say no, I owned it before you did. And yeah. And the final example of like the exit game is that when you're exiting a coin, you actually, so when you're receiving a coin, you actually validate the whole coin's history. But what if you don't? So I want to stress that in this example, like try to imagine that the red arrow doesn't exist. It exists, but it's like the response state. So let's say that Alice has a coin and that the operator, they collude with some party to give a coin to Bob. So they make an invalid state transition. So to say in Plasma MVP, if an invalid state transition happens, the whole chain has to leave, which isn't possible, seriously. So what you do is that if somehow Alice, somehow there's a transaction that gives the coin to Bob and Bob starts to transaction with this coin, there's an invalid state. And if Bob, Charlie, Dylan aren't malicious parties, they will check the coin's history, but they're trying to steal the coin. So Dylan tries to exit. And at this point at the seven day period, Alice can say, no, I am the latest of the owner of the coin. In this example, what you can do is that you can actually respond to the exit. So this is the interactive challenge. The previous two, they were non-interactive. In this one, when you make an exit, when you make a challenge, you leave also some amount of time to respond. Because if Alice made an invalid exit, an invalid challenge, somebody should be able to respond. So that's where the red arrow comes in. That you should be able to bridge, essentially. You should prove that there is actually a spend from Alice to Bob and it validates her challenge. And there can be a number of these. So you can have multiple challenges within valid histories. And the final result is that you want it to be, you can only finalize the exit when it has zero challenges. So from my experience, towards building a client, it has been a pain to actually keep, on the implementation part, has been a pain to actually keep the plasma contract and the plasma chain in sync because you have essentially a cron job which submits block to the main chain and to the Ethereum, whatever you wanna call it. And the thing is that you have to make, essentially, you mustn't make any synchrony assumptions. At any time, like any state that is in the chain, it must be checked point. But if there is a delay, or if for some reason the cron job submits a block twice, your chains are out of sync. So the main chain contract gets a block 10 and the plasma chain is a block nine. So that's bad. And that also relates to the second bullet point that whenever you're listening, so the plasma chain actually listens for mainnet events to actually modify the state and you need to apply them in the right order because if you don't, the state will be botched and so it's a problem. On the client side, so this was on the operator side, let's say it have a correct, honest operator or software.  It's like, it sounds like bad but it's like actually what happened with full nodes but I guess it's our approach towards full nodes but with like very light clients. And yeah, I'm very much of the opinion that you need to keep the client light if you need to store too much data on it, it's bad but also you need to be able like, yeah, just cache the state. So if you download some data, just keep it there and don't discard it. This may sound obvious but yeah. Yeah, so we should be able to do better. So currently this is like, better is the enemy of good. Good is good enough. Currently it is workable, it is done but we want to do better. We want to reduce the two main problems that we want to solve is reducing the coin history and making fungible payments. And this is pretty much what the Plasma Prime construction is.  So the non-fungible coins, it's a double edged sword because it gives you this nice security problems but you cannot make the payments that you like. So the one approach is that you have a change provider. So I send Jeff like seven ether and it gives two back to me. But you need an atomic swap construction which before Plasma Prime, Plasma Prime, the dream, it didn't exist. And the other approach, it was the Plasma Debit by Dan who I love Dan but he's not here. Plasma Debit which basically like instead of a coin like having a certain value, you can have any value between zero and that value. And you can think of it as a liquid like a liquid that goes from zero to that to its max capacity. And essentially if you're able to reduce the one like liquid by a certain amount and increase the other one by another amount, essentially you have simulated a transfer from these two. It's very neat because it also has the notion of transferable payment channels because if I own a coin that is like with some balance and I transferred somebody else, it's essentially that guy who has the payment channel now. So it's very, very convenient. And the final approach, which is the cash flow defragmentation Prime, whatever, is that I deposit like one ether and instead of depositing one ether, I get a hundred 0.01 ether coins and I can move them around and so on. But the problem with that is that if I have let's say like 10 coins in a row and I send the middle coin, suddenly I have two, like I have two subtrees and the whole technique, the efficiency of this technique is that you can exit multiple coins by exiting the sub tree, by proving it with whatever magic. And yeah, and the other approaches, like how will we reduce the history, right? So firstly the checkpoints, TLDR it's like you have a coin and you instead of validating from its deposit, which is like 10 million blocks ago, you validate up to the last checkpoint. So you pick the checkpoint range to be like manageable. However, I claim that this requires too much social coordination because it involves the operator advertising, it's complicated. And the other approach is that you can like simply like make less frequent commitments, but this hits on your throughput and your capacity. Because if I have like, you basically say that if I have like one gigabyte of history and they commit one time every 15 seconds, it makes sense to say that if I commit one time every minute, the coin history goes down by one fourth, by up to the one fourth. The other approach to use the probabilistic structure with the Bloomfielders, but if the Bloomfielders has false positives and it was shown recently that you can actually like pollute the Bloomfielders, yeah. Another approach is the accumulators. So with the accumulators, what you do is that the goal with the accumulators is that you succinctly prove the inclusion or non-inclusion of something. And you use either RSA accumulators, which is the current like approach that people like, or there's another alternative which is paying based, which I would like to discuss at the Plasma call live later. And the final thing is that, yeah, that magic black box, the Snark Stark toolkit, which I was at the Stark presentation yesterday and I was informed that it is possible to actually do budget proofs and everything we need like with Starks in a realistic timeframe. So that will be like lovely if we can have it. And yeah, okay, there's this other thing.  You need to wait seven days to exit the coin if you need to exit the coin. My opinion is that you don't need to exit the coin, but it must be there. So what you can do is that you literally like tokenize the exit. So I make an exit, instead of like owning the exit, I can get an ERC721 or whatever, non-fungible and I can sell that around and whoever owns that coin, it's like a coupon and you can send it and you can, after the exit period has passed, you can withdraw it. And the whole construction is that this creates a whole market for exits where instead of like, if I'm exiting five-eath, essentially somebody else is probably willing to buy my coin for 4.95-eath because they have a lower temp preference. And this party, it makes sense to say that it will be the operator because they're running the chain and they don't care. And they also run a full node anyway so they know what's valid and not. And the second one is the optimistic exit. So instead of exiting, so when exiting, you need to provide miracle proof signatures, whole lot of stuff, it's a lot of data so that the gas can go from 100,000 to like 200,000 and maybe more depending on your proof size. Alternatively, what you can do is that you can assume that the exit will be valid and add one more challenge, the crypto-economic approach, which it's nice because you can essentially reduce the cost of an exit like 60K gas like for two store operations but you add another challenge. Yeah, so the final takeaway from this presentation, the technical stuff, it's solid, like you should look into it. It's not complicated and talk to me for learning about it. Plasma doesn't improve finality so this whole one million transaction per second dream, it's not real. What you do is that you increase the capacity that you can force per 15 seconds because currently if Ethereum can handle like, what is it, like nine million gas per block or eight, what you do is that you can put the whole information that happened on the Plasma chain in 32 bytes. In storing 32 bytes, it's cheap. So if we had like multiple Plasma chains, yeah, okay, the scalability it can be one million transaction per second but it still settles every 15 seconds if the data is made available. And yeah, essentially just think of it as a compression, literally. Maybe not because you assume a decompression mechanism but the thing is that you just take everything, you put very little data on it and if you follow some certain rules of the protocol, like watching, you're good. And yeah, it's a non-custodial side chain. Thank you very much. And these are the repositories, go check them, break it if you can, yeah. Yeah, and have it take any questions. Maybe is there a microphone? Thank you for your talk. What's the problem with allowing atomic, multiple transactions to be atomic within one Plasma block? Because you cannot force the operator to include both. So what you can do is that you can construct a game where one transaction is depend what you want in atomic swaps is that atomic is a bad word, actually. So either both happen or none happen. So this matches your exchange use case, I guess. So the operator, you need to force them if they include one transaction that either they must include the other one or if they include the one and they don't include the other one, that one is invalid. And you can do this by essentially doing a two-step game. We're just like similar in the classic atomic swap construction between chains.  But yeah, maybe Carl is better to ask like in depth on how the atomic swap works because I haven't been looking at the prime how it's been done. Quick, if it's quick. So I'm from dock, we are a data exchange protocol and we were trying to enable micropayments using Plasma Cache and we need a POC. So we came up with that book but I wanna know your thoughts. How do you think micropayments can be enabled using Plasma Cache? Why don't you want to use the payment channels? Is that a question? You have the engineering toolkit and you need to use the right tool. I do not believe that Plasma is the right tool. Okay, Plasma Cache, you know. It doesn't matter. Okay, so you're saying using the stair channels probably is a better way? Payment channels. Payment channels, yes. I think Giorgio's needs a lot more credit for actually implementing Plasma Cache, which is pretty amazing. So thank you, Giorgio's.


This is stock number 2-0-T150B. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used car headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2012 Chevy Impala LT. This vehicle has the 3.6 liter V6 motor which pumps out 300 horsepower. This car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this car is 100% ready to go. Black clear coat is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it is like you're right here looking at the car with me and definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the vehicle before seeing it in person. If you want to check out all the photos on this car in the upper right hand party screen, there's a link right to our website. Click that and check us out there. This one comes with the factory 17-inch painted alloy rims. And it has brand new Kelly Edge 225 55R 17 tires on it. And they are brand new all the way around. We put those on in our safety inspection. Front fender is in pretty nice shape. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. Front bumper, no major dents, dings or cracks on that. Looks really good. The hood is in pretty nice shape as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Passenger side front fender, excellent condition in the passenger side rim. No major scuffs or scrapes on there and that tire is brand new as well. As you go down this side of the car, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the car, you can see the car, hear the car and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So then when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises. And that's why we offer the Summit Auto Fastpass option in the upper right hand part of your screen. Link to our website where you can apply for financing, get pre-approved, see a payment quote, even appraise the trade off from the comfort of your own home. So when you get here, all you got to do is drive the car and love it and you'll be all set to go. Notice that this one did add the power sunroof. Back rims in nice shape, four wheel disc brakes on here and you can see that those back tires are brand new as well. Still have the little wear knobs on them. Saw the rear deck lid was in pretty nice shape too as well as the rear bumper. A couple little scuffs and stuff on there but it is a used vehicle with pretty good miles on it. We'll take a look at the trunk in just a second. And this one does have the dual tip rear exhaust. Driver side quarter looks pretty good. Saw one little ding on there. I don't even know if you can see it but other than that not too bad. Back rim is in nice shape and down the rest of this side of the car looks really good. You get power mirrors. Inside the LT package gives you the gray cloth interior. There are no rips. There are no tears on these seats. They're in nice shape and it does come with some custom fit all weather formats in the front. Power windows power locks and power mirrors. You also get auto head lamps and as long as we're up here we're going to take a look at that trunk. Lots of storage area back here and this one does come with a spare tire. If you want to know where your RPO codes were on these they're right there. Feel free to pause that and take a look at the codes. Make sure this one's got all the options you're looking for. We'll hop inside the car here. As you can see this one has 87,652 miles. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. You do get a compass and outside temperature display. Leather wrap steering wheel, Bluetooth and audio controls on the right. Cruise controls on the left comes with the woodgrain dash and door trim. CD player dual climate control and an Augs jack there. All weather format on that side and the passenger side seat is in really nice shape as well. No rips or tears on there. Smells very clean inside this car and you do get that power sunroof. Up here you got your sunroof controls and your homelink buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems as well as on-star controls in that rear view mirror. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll check out under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have that latch child safety system for all your child car seat needs and it does have fold-on seats back seats so that you can get to the trunk or if you got a haul a bunch of extra stuff you can do that as well. Carpeting is in nice shape and see any rips or tears on that and the back doors do have the child safety locks on them. We'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this car is all the way around. Inside and out under the hood we have the 3.6 liter VVT V6 motor engine based very clean runs very smooth. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. The car has been gone through mechanically 100%. Four brand new tires you can see the hood shock is doing a good job there and this car is 100% ready to go. See more pictures of this car one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, you name it we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more Chevy Impala videos like this one on your right if you have not been on our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2012 Chevy Impala LT four door in black clear coat thanks again


A fiery horse with the speed of light, the cloud of dust, and a hearty high old silver, the Lone Ranger. Music With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the masked rider of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early days of the western United States. Wherever bad men and outlaws threatened the peace and security of the settlers, his strength and courage were used against them on the side of right against might. And in time, high old silver came to be the battle cry of justice on the frontier. Return with us now to those thrilling days when the west was young. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver, the Lone Ranger rides again. Silver, we're heading for Deadwood. There's going to be trouble. I will soon... He sat on the steps of his horse with his wife. Abner's eyes, dull with the years, were moving from a battered heavy old stagecoach to several aged horses in the nearby corral. Yes, all grown old together. Not even Jane here no more. Abner, you talking to yourself? Hmm? Oh, not special, Myler. You've got to stop thinking so much, Abner. There must be something you can do. Old and stoving, wore out like the old horses. Even the old stage is in better shape than me. No such thing. It ain't been the same since Jane and Charlie got married, moved to Charlie's ranch to the south. Well, why shouldn't Jane get married? Charlie's a fine husband for her. I reckon so. But it sure makes it powerful to launch them around here. Truth of it is, Abner, you ain't got no more worries about Jane. So now you're thinking of yourself all the time. If only we could raise enough cash. Cash for what? We've got enough to live on. The kindest thing I could do for them old horses is to get rid of them. They're old, stoving, wore out. Just like me. You've been talking to the new stage line, folks. Well, I did try to get a job there. What did they tell you? Even one job a man my age can do. That's to be general manager of the outfit. Can't be that unless I bought up an interest in the stage line. Well, then forget working. You don't need to. Six alive. We've got no money worries. I think I sold out my part of the stage line. Dog gone full. You didn't have no choice. A line you had was losing money all the time and needed new horses and new stages. It wasn't nothing but generosity on the part of Mr. Fletcher that gave you any cash. He didn't need to. You'd have gone broke in another three months. He didn't have the new roots or anything else. I know. I hadn't been sleeping while that other outfit started out. Oh, forget it, Abner. Look at that stage. I can't help thinking when I look at her how proud I was when I used to set up there. Those horses were young and spry, rare in the go. I'd make a big business of pulling all my gloves while folks stood all around admiring Envion. Then I'd take up the reins in one hand, whip on the other while the horses clattered and poured. Ain't just to get started on the run. Then I'd shout, we're off. The crowd had cheer and yell. I'd crack the whip. Get up there! Get up there, Nero! Blacky! Dusty! Get along! I could live it all over again, seeing that old stage. Now it's fallen apart. Horses are wore out. And me, I... Oh, please, Abner.  The stage coat? Yeah, sure. It's no good. Tears good? Can't use it no more. It's too big and heavy for anything. It takes four horses to pull it. I keep her greased in shape just the same. The wood dinner's just as solid as it was a day to build. You yourself just said it was falling apart. Well, it ain't. All right, Abner. If only I could raise the cash. I'd be boss of this new outfit. By the thunder, I'd show these young whippersnappers how to run a stage line. They seem to be doing all right. But not as good as they could. All the businesses out here now, they could do ten times as good as they're doing.  I've got to be doing something. Yeah, I wish there was somewhere you could go to work for the Deadwood Company, if it'd make you happy. What's that? Horsemen coming his way. There at the other side of the house, Mom. There they are. Look at that white horse. Do you ever see one like it? Looks much stronger. Finest I ever did see. Abner, the brightest mask. So he is. Say that, stranger. Hello. Don't make no fast moves. What's that mask mean? It doesn't mean that I'm an outlaw, Abner. You know me? I've heard about you. An Indian. Me, Tonto. You let horse have water? Water plenty by the crowd. Me, thank you. Take silver, too, Tonto. I'll have a talk with Abner. Tonto, water horses. Where'd you hear about me? What do you want here, mister? We ain't got nothing more to steal.  Where'd you hear about me? Tonto was in town when you were talking to the men in the office of the Deadwood stage line. Tonto, that's your partner? Yes. What'd you come here for? Just after you left town, Abner, there was a lot of excitement. What happened? These went to the Deadwood office and stole a fortune. They did? A lot of gold that was there ready for shipment. It was believed that they were heading this way. They never stole nothing when I was running the stage. There was never enough to tempt thieves. Robbing crooks? If only I could met up with some of them when I was handing the six in hand. There's a pretty big reward for the capture of the thieves. How many was there? Seven or eight of them. It was Red Brogan's gang. Red Brogan? Six alive, Abner, you hear that? Brogan. He's the biggest crook in his part of the country. That's what I've heard. That critters never come close to being caught. That's why there's such a big reward for him in addition to a reward for every one of his men. Golly. Do you know what Red Brogan looks like? I've heard enough about him. I've never seen him. If he comes this way, fire three shots. I'll fire one shot. That'll be right at him. But, uh... Yes? Who are you? I've been trying to locate Brogan. I finally had word that he was heading for the town near here. That didn't seem. He rode in, robbed and got away. Where was you? Too far from town to trail him. You figure you'll head this way? Yes. Why? If he came this way, he'd have to stay on only one trail. A trail over the powder river bridge. It would be the most dangerous direction for him to come. Any other trail would be safer for him. He could go three ways from town and have a fairly good chance of escaping. Sure he could. But, as you say, this way it'd be dangerous. Well, it seems to me, then, that this is the one direction Red Brogan wouldn't you? That's the way the lawman figure. Brogan knows that the sheriff will have a posse watching the other trails. That's why I think Brogan will come this way. By a junior, but sounds right, Martha. Todd and I are going to scout around here. But we'll be close enough to hear a gunshot. Don't try to capture Brogan's gang alone, Abner. Wait until he's well on his way, then signal for me. So you can get the reward? If I can find Brogan through your help, Abner, you'll get the reward. Don't sound reasonable. Granted, if only I know who you are. More spreading now. We're going hunk again. Yes, Todd-O. Hold on, stranger. Who are you? Here, Abner. Perhaps this will tell you. Eh? Ready, Todd-O?  He'll soon! Hoey! What was that he tossed here, Martha? Where'd it go? There, Abner, on the ground. Oh, sure. Sure thing.  But he called his horse... Silver. That's right. Why in tarnation didn't I think of it? A silver bullet. So that's why he'll give me any reward money I helped earn. The Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger and Todd-O crisscross the stretch of country near the powder river bridge, hoping to find some track of the outlaws led by Red Brogan. The masked man was right in supposing that the thieves had come to that district, but he was far behind them. Old Abner's daughter and her husband were much nearer the gang than the Lone Ranger. They sure done a good job of hiding our tracks, Red. We bet it. Bet there ain't a loman inside of 10 miles. Only one thing we need right now, and let's fresh horses. I reckon I know where we'll get them, too. I know. Straight ahead. That's right.  I see some right smart-looking critters in yonder corral.  Not unless they're in the house. I don't see no bunkhouse. I know that ranch. Chollabates, please. Yeah? Get married a while back, married old Abner's girl Jean. Abner, the stage line? Yeah, same. What about young Bates? You got any cowhands that are likely to spot us? No, he ain't much stock. Mostly horses and good ones. Which same we can use? It's fresh horses across the powder river bridge, and then we're in the clear. Sure, work a job out slick, Red. Got a hander to you. That's why I never had to worry much about the law. Pete. Yeah? Come here. Yeah, Red. Pete, I want you to take charge of the rest of the boys, while me and Laffley are making pilaf with Bates and his wife. You see, the saddles and things are switched to fresh horses. Right. And see, too, that you pick the best ones in the corral. Take all the rest and them along with us. Red, huh? I think we ought to be burdened with extra horses. We can always use them. But they might slow us up. There's nothing chasing us. What if we got a hurry if, uh, better to go slower with no horses left to be used in chasing us than fast outrung lid? You're right again. Here we are now. Send them horses, Pete. Hello there inside the house. Come on out. I want to talk to you. Someone opened the door. Come on to the porch with me. What's the shooting for? Howdy, ma'am. You?  He's your husband to home. Charlie. Charlie, it's Red Brogan. Look out, Red. Charlie! That'll learn your husband to draw a beat on me. You seem to know me, ma'am.  You shut... He's just winged in her bed. You mannerist beast. You better watch her. She's a fighting wildcat from all I hear. If she makes a move to draw a gun, put another slug in Charlie there on the floor, right? What do you want? I just wanted to make sure your husband wouldn't interfere with a little business my boys are taking care of over at the corral. Oh, horses. We need him, ma'am. And what we need, we take. Now, if you don't make no trouble for us, you'll maybe find your horses straying wild somewhere when we're done with him. You... If you want to get some water and bandage and patch up with your husband, you just go right ahead and we won't interfere none. My boys will have the horses saddled and we'll be on our way in a couple of minutes. You can't get away with this sort of high-handed business, Red Brogan. You'll get yours someday. You better do it, Red says, ma'am. Show you what I'll do. Put down that gun. I won't. I won't. Oh, you! Put down that slug at the floor about an inch from your husband's head. Now, you drop that shooting iron or bite thunder, the next one won't come an inch from his head. That's better. Here come the boys with fresh horses. They're good. You won't get away. They'll see about that. All righty, Red. One thing more, ma'am. Go on. Get away while you've got the chance.  There was a man and a woman against the aid of you, but you were afraid of even those odds. Two good men will let the pack of you. Go on. Get a head start because Charlie and I are going to get back our horses if it's the last thing we ever do. Lots of spanks for a woman. Come on, boys. Come on. Cowards, we'll get those horses back. You'll wait and see. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. Red Brogan, notorious alt law had robbed the stage office and made his escape by stealing fresh horses from Abner's daughter's ranch. Meanwhile, the Lone Ranger and Tonto were far from the outlaw gang trying to locate. We've been searching this part of the country for hours, Kimosabi. There's still no sign of Brogan in these men. Maybe we go wrong way. Positive Brogan headed in this direction, Tonto. Me not see sign. His horses would leave tracks in this ground. We couldn't have missed them. That's right.  Kimosabi. What is it, Tonto? Come to see something. Who's Prince? Tonto, we've located them. Ah, them go south that way. How long ago? Round a little bit dry. And pass this way maybe two, maybe three hours. Two or three hours. They've got a long head start, but we've got to catch them. What? What matter? What you see? South Tonto, do you see that? Ah, not not cloud. It's smoke. A column of smoke away off in the distance. It's too far to tell exactly, but Tonto, Abner's daughter and her husband have a ranch in that direction. The ranch must be on fire. We call. After me. Thank heavens. There's only a slight wound. That's it. It's bandaged fine now. Oh, and those sidewinders rode away and left you lying on the floor. Come on right now, Janie. Just help me up. They took our horses. Brogan and his gang take whatever they lay their hands on. Janie, we've got to get help. Too far to town. How about your father's place? What can father do? He's old, Charles. He's old and weak. Jane! Jane! Charles, what's the matter? What is it? Hey, it's on fire. So it is. It was a busy camp for you. I didn't know that. Yes, you will ride past the haystack. I didn't notice, but he must have thrown a match in the haystack. First he takes a horse and then he burns up a hay. You're gone that no good thief and coyote. What can we do? There's nothing we can do that they haze burners. What? Janie, those two riders. One of us is wearing a match. Here, run. Run for the house. I've got to get my guns. There's no need to be alarmed. We're friends. You must be Jane. What? Who are you? Never mind that. What about that fire? Then it's burned, Mr. Nothing we can do about it. They're almost gone now. What do you want here anyway? Where is he? I might have known it.   The same as he is. Listen to me. My husband's right. You're wearing a mask and you're looking for Red Brogan. Get out. He's done enough damage. He stole our horses unless some of his worn out nags in their place. And on top of that, he burns up a month's supply of hay just for fun. That's not all he did. Red Brogan's gang rubbed the bank. Mr. If I had my guns... Huh? Did you say you rubbed the bank? That's why we're after him. Jane, we're on the side of the law. Mr. You sound mighty convincing, but I don't like... Go that way. Charlie, are those Red Brogan's tracks? Why, they... Yes, Mr. I believe in you. They are Brogan's tracks. How long ago did he leave here? Must have been two hours or more. He's heading for Powder River Bridge. He's got fresh horses. Our horses. He's got plenty men. What do we do? We couldn't catch him anyway. Those horses he left us are tired and wore out. They're mighty slow. We thought he'd go to my father's ranch. Jane, that's it. Your father. Huh? There's a chance. There's just a chance, Kimosabe. What do we do? Charlie, can you handle a gun? Father's wounds nothing, mass man. You and Charlie, right after the outlaws. You won't be able to make very good time because of the horse Charlie will have to ride. Yes, but Brogan won't be going too fast either. Brogan doesn't fear pursuit. He won't travel fast unless he has to. Him got good start. Follow them. I'm going to try and block them. But how can you? There's no time to explain. Never mind how much of a start the outlaws have. Follow them to the Powder River Bridge. Aye, savvy, Mr. Come on, Janey. I better get my gun. I'll pick out the best of those horses Brogan left. I'll have them ready for you. Time to do like you say, but not know what you mean. Just follow instructions, Kimosabe. Leave the rest up to me and Silver. Adios. We do it. Adios. Come on, Silver. The Lone Ranger raced back toward Old Abner's home at a speed that made Silver seem like a streak of white flame flashing across the open country. Yet the mass man urged the stallion to even greater speed. Come on there, Silver. This is the time when you've got to meet the test, old fella. Stretch out, Silver. Faster, boy. Faster. And while the Lone Ranger rode north, Red Brogan and his outlaw band headed west toward Powder River Bridge. We sure got things easy, gents. Clear trail and nobody following after. Easy horses. We got a right good pony. Yeah, no sense in rushing them, right? Well, what's your joke? You didn't notice when we left Jane's ranch, Brogan. You didn't look back, did you? Why should I? Just for a laugh. When we was riding away, I tossed a match into their haystack. Short burns, good and fast. You set it afire. Are you local? What's eating here? Why are you dumb? So most somebody's seen the smoke. I never figured on that. Anywhere the sheriff couldn't have got there. He went the other way. Maybe so, but we better play safe.  Get traveling. Come on, get up there.  Outlaws heading west toward the Powder River Bridge and still racing toward the north, the Lone Ranger and Silver. White mane and tail were whipped by the wind. The brim of the masked man's hat was flattened back against the crown. A plan of daring was taking shape in the Lone Ranger's mind. Abner, still seated on the steps of his hulls, stood up as he heard the distant thunder of hoops. Well, and if it ain't a horseman coming again, I wish it was Brogan. I'd like a shot at the old ranger. Jumping. Ginger, it's a masked man coming back. Martha! You see someone? Six o'clock and he comes again. And riding like the wind. I don't see anyone chasing him to you. If it was, he wouldn't be heading this way, Abner. That's the Lone Ranger. Watch out, mister. Abner, answer my questions and be quick. What's your trouble? How long does it take to get from here to Powder River Bridge? On a horse? With a stagecoach. About half an hour. If there's four or six good horses, take six if there's a load. How long from your daughter's house to the bridge? That's a lot longer. How long? Oh, I'd say three times as long. Maybe four times. And there's a chance. Can that old stage of yours be moved? It sure bit moved. Bring out your horses, then hitch up. Them old horses? Yes. Oh, talk. Gonna miss them. Critters is old. War out. War them's blind. Bring them out. They've got to help pull the stage. But for what? Where to? At stage. Look, mister, I don't know what your scheme is. But those old horses ain't pulled a stage in two years. They couldn't budge it now. Horses are a lot like people. They'll do what's expected of them if they're made to understand how important it is. I don't know, mister. Abner, you're too old to drive. Who is? Aren't you? Like fun I am. Sure, he's too old to drive. Martha. You were trying to tell the men in the deadwood office that you could still handle the reins. Can you, or was that just a lot of idle bragging? I can handle reins as good as any man.  Maybe they'd like to be back in harness just as much as you would. If you could tell me for what? To smash the Bergen gang. What? Abner. Get your rifle and get those horses hitched. We're going to trap those outlawed. Great lander, milk and honey. Why didn't you say so in the first place? Get my rifle, Martha. But, Abner, you... And save your arguments. Get the rifle. Be sure it's loaded. And fetch the extra ammunition. I'll get the horses hitched as fast as I can. Oh, mister, don't let nothing happen to Abner. I won't. I'll go get his rifle. Thought to guard the bridge.  We ain't nothing to worry about. If we do meet the law, we shoot it out. Look at him. Poor old horses. Kindness steps Brian. Look eager. Hey, buy Thunder Nero there. He's got fire in his eye like he used to have. Steady there, Nero. Be ready in the jiffy now. I'll head Silver with the others, Abner. Steady. Silver. Martha, what are you doing? I'm going with you. Now, see here. There's your rifle on the seat, Abner. I'll ride inside. No, my six alive. What a woman to try and reason with. Well, get in then. Get in. He timed argues. Silver, oh boy. This is going to be a hard job for you. You must do the work of four horses. I don't think we can count on much help from the others. All right, fella. Good boy. Yep. All right, Silver. You take the reins, Abner. Be ready in just a second. Got to pour my gloves on. I've never learned your gloves. You ain't appeared before folks in town now. All right, I'm ready. Look at them old horses, Martha. Clattern and porn. Anxious to get started on the run. Well, we're off. Come on, Martha. Get up there. Get up there, Nero. Blanky, dusty.  Look at them travel, Martha. They ain't old no more. They're young again. Get up there, Nero. Blanky, dusty. Old Abner felt thrills of another day returning to him as he sat once again on the high, jouncing seat of the old stagecoach. The horses strained the lines. All four of them together, accomplishing only as much as the mighty Silver. The lone ranger leaned low over the head of Silver, whispering words of encouragement.  More than a capture of outlaws depends on you today. Come on, Silver. Mile after mile, unreal beneath the rumbling wheels. Then, Paul to River Bridge was in sight. A narrow bridge, narrower even on the wheels of the stage. Abner, look to the south. The bridge. Be on the bridge. That cloud of dust. What is it? Red Burgum's gang. We're ahead of them. Your horses made it in time. Right up now. Pull, pull there. Pull. Back it on the bridge. It won't cross the bridge. Back it as far as it'll go. Let the wheels drop over the side. We're going to block the bridge so the outlaws can't cross. Hi, Shabby. Hang on, Martha. Here we go. Back around there. Back around, boy. Come on. The bridge is blocked. Red, we can't cross the bridge. We're going to try. We've got to shoot. Forget us. In three seconds, we'll open fire on you. I'd like to see you show yourself and up to fire. How's this? We better backtrack. Wait. Look on the trail behind you. You see dust there. You're between two fires, Red. You're trapped. Surrender. He's right. Writers come over behind us, Red. They might not give you the chance to surrender. Far off, are they? Wrong ways. Can't see how many there is. We've got no choice. It's a little stage. I ain't hankering to die, sudden. I'll take my chance on jail. Wake him up. Drop your guns. Stop him, boys. Back from the bridge. All right, I'm there.  This is your capture. Sure. As soon as I scramble over the stage here. So, so you're the big bad outlaw, Red Brogan. Well, maybe you won't feel so important when you see it's just me and my wife and the little ranger that captured you. Hold him. Yes, Your Honor. Coyote. It's me, all right. And I'm getting the reward for capturing you. And I'm buying a stage line with it. Thanks to that there mask man. Trick. I thought there was a hull army there. Didn't need it. My old stage and horses was all I was needed. That is, together with a lone ranger and silver. The story you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the lone ranger incorporated.


Time for home group. Let's call some people. Howdy.  Oh, hey, man. How you doing? How you doing? Yeah, I'm doing pretty good. Yeah. No, I can't make it home group tonight. Just got done hunting Clean out my guns clean out the decoys Yeah, yeah, man. I kill a lot of ducks today. Yeah, it was pretty awesome, man Yeah, maybe next time I can make it. Maybe I'll bring me some duck jerky or something. Yeah. Yeah No, man, it's real good. Yeah, I think you'll like it a lot All right, man. All right, I'll talk to you later. Okay. All right. You have a good day. Yeah, okay All right. All right, man. All right All right. Goodbye. All right, I'm leaving. All right, dude. Tonight's home group. Come over here. Life is gonna be rock No, you can't come to home group. My uncle's cousin's sister-in-law's best friend's insurance agent's roommate Chihuahua died. It was tragic I Just Chihuahuas who? Hello, why me can't give up. It's caution in it You just interrupted my sweet time. So this better be good. Hey tonight's home group is gonna be straight up against it We're about to do the name and everything.  Hello. Let's call Pushkin. Last one. What's up, Carlitos? Hey, Pushkin How you doing? Hey, tonight's home group. I can't come I was fixing my BMW and I put it on the bricks instead of jack and it fell on my ear Dang Your issues are crazy And I'm laying in the bed right now. You can't make it. Sorry All right, man, it's fine. You can stay home tonight. Relax. See ya. Jesus. Why have you forsaken me? No one ever wants to come to home group. I lost all who has condemned to hell by Satan and all these fallen angels I can never get no one to come to my home group Try this. It always works for me. Oh, yeah, and how many people do you have in your home group? Once I had 20. Now they're all lost Anyways Inviting to a restaurant and you're gonna tell them that you're gonna pay for everything and everyone will show up, but I Can't afford that. You don't have to pay.  It's home group at the restaurant. I'm gonna pay for everyone My life is not perfect.


Welcome everybody. I hope you're having a good time. My name is Michael. I'm in the development team of the IoT service from the SAP. And today I'm talking about the IoT service, how we run it. Of course, I want to show you a little bit of the demos that you know what we are talking about. And of course, since we're here at the Cloud Foundry Summit, we also want to jump into what are the challenges? So what are we leveraging from Cloud Foundry and how this all fits together. But before we start, you might have seen already some presentations about IoT today or in the past. Just a short motivation. Of course, IoT is about connecting things, devices, so whether it be machine or robot, and collect data from these devices and of course make meaningful value out of that. So connected to applications like predictive services, remote maintenance and whatever scenarios you can have. And of course, the challenge is how do we get this data?  Then of course, how they talk to each other. So we are talking there about protocols. So there you see it's a huge here to genius world. And this is of course, a big challenge. And in order to get this data from these devices, you need some kind of data ingestion. And that's the promising of an IoT service, basically to collect the data from these devices, connect these devices, even they've arrived at protocols and of course, in their characteristics, and then provide this data to the applications. I mean, I just now talked about, let's say, collecting data. Of course, it's also the other direction. Sometimes you maybe want to change your configuration at the device or even send two commands to them. So we are talking now about, let's say, bi-directional communication. So you have devices on the one hand, collecting via sensors, data, so whatever this may be, maybe temperature or certain status. And on the other hand, you want to send commands to the devices up to even firmware updates for software. And of course, this is a challenge what we are facing. Now, what I'm talking about now is an offering which is called SAP Cloud Platform Internet of Things. So this is basically what I call and refer here now to IoT service. It's based on an acquisition. So last year, we acquired a company based in Italy called Blood One. And this has been very strong in connecting a set of devices and supporting a variety of protocols in the IoT space. And of course, we move this into the cloud, into the Cloud Foundry environment. This is why I mentioned here now for the Cloud Foundry environment. We started with a beta program because it's really important to listen to the customer, what are the needs, maybe like how to collect the data, where to collect the data, and what kind of data. So one example, I even have it in the audience, was with Mitsubishi, where we presented a demo at the Hannover Fair, so how to collect the data and then visualize this in an according manner so that we collected the data from a robot. And after a certain time, we got all this feedback, of course, put it right into the development, and basically offered the service now since May this year. We offer the service. We run first on Amazon Web Service. So this is our basically first cloud provider. Of course, we are intending building on top of SAP Cloud Platform. Therefore, we are using this multi-cloud approach. I will talk about this at a later moment. Plat one. So PLAT dot one. Now, since I want to go a little bit more into the detail, I pulled out an architecture slide which shows on high level what components we are talking about. I'm always talking about devices, so connecting devices. What do we see in the left side? Are devices which may talk different protocols? What we support out of the box is the communication via MQTT, so this is a very common protocol in the IoT space, and, of course, HTTP to the cloud. And now in the center, what you see is the IoT service running basically as a banking service on AWS. And with that, we have multiple components. One is the IoT gateway cloud. Maybe some of you have listened to the integration of BIM. So this is why it might be familiar to you. And IoT gateway cloud is basically the connection point which provides the variety of protocols. Actually, there are two running two instances because one for MQTT and one for HTTP. So in this data is sent to the IoT messaging service. This is basically our message broker. Underneath, we have an active MQ. So basically, we can publish all messages to our internal message broker and then handle the data. And that's the responsibility of this core component. So to persist the data, we currently store the data in a Postgres database and, of course, provide according APIs to create devices, to create, let's say, the modeling of a device, so what data they can talk to, for example, and, of course, getting the device data via API. So we have a strong approach that we say API first. So this is really key. So whatever you want to do with the platform or with the service, you can do via API. And, of course, on top, we are leveraging also this API via an according user interface. We call it IoT service cockpit. So this is what you see on the top right. This is basically our user interface for creating, visualizing some data and, of course, dealing with the service. Now, since there might be some devices who don't talk HTTP or MQTT, we are having another component or basically the component you see I mentioned before with IoT Gateway, which is basically a Java runtime with an OSGI container, which can also run on the edge side, which means it's not running in the cloud. You have the ability to install this on-premise and, therefore, you are able also to talk other protocols. So we support out-of-the-box, beyond HTTP and MQTT, for example, file adapters. So in case you have legacy files or you have structured data in a CSV format, XML format, whatever have you, you can connect to these files, get the data out of that in a structured format and send this to the cloud. Similar approach we have for co-op, SNMP and Modbus. These are also our very common standard protocols. And, of course, there are more to come. So, for example, we are investigating in OPC UA. So this is a very common protocol in the manufacturing space. But, of course, we want to be open there and allow even partners or customers to develop their own. So this is really important. So once you have a device, maybe it's a very specific protocol in your environment, what do you do then? For that, we will offer an SDK which allows you as a partner or as a customer to develop your own protocol. And I mentioned that this is a Java runtime with an OSGI container. And, of course, it has ability to deploy their things during runtime. And this is exactly what we are doing. So we can install, update and upgrade these individual adapters for these specific protocols via the cloud on this edge software, which means whether you develop your own adapter or use one of the extended adapters, you can manage them via the cloud and basically put them onto the IoT gateway edge. And with that, actually, we already talked about the first part. So we have now the ability to connect to devices with various protocols. And then, of course, we send this data, I mentioned already, to our internal message broker, so the messaging service that we use JMS. And then, of course, have according APIs and whatever to provide this data. Now, what do we do with this data? I mentioned already that we store this data in a Postgres database. Of course, this is one option. But then I talked also to make this application, this data available for the applications. We publish the data to a Kafka cluster. Of course, we have a big data stack afterwards, so to do some data retention. So we are talking about a HANA database. So it's a hot storage. So we can do a strong analytics on top. Then we can store the data in Cassandra or even S3. And on top of that, we have an, we call so IoT application enablement. So we have a thing model, which enriches the data with semantics. So I talked about that we have structured data in a certain format, which we are collecting, which we are providing to the application. And therefore, we are able, basically, to enrich this with semantics and build applications on top. With application, I mean something like predictive analytics, connected goods and all these applications what you can have. Or even that customers or partners can develop their own applications since they're leveraging Cloud Foundry. So you have your own, let's say, build packs or basically are able to deploy your applications there. Customers and partners are able to develop their applications and exactly use the data out of the model what we are providing. So this fits the whole picture. So we are talking about the data ingestion. We are talking about managing or basically providing the ability to connect the various devices with different protocols and of course needs. We are talking about the bidirectional communication. So we are not only sending the data to the cloud. We also can send commands to the devices. So of course, we have a recording persistency layer. We are connecting to certain platform service from SAP Cloud Platform, so namely here Kafka and of course, Postgres and further going to become. And of course, providing this data to the applications in order to make this available exactly there is Cloud Foundry layer. Now, what is this in the end, what we are providing? We were talking a long time, so are we going on top of Cloud Foundry or are we going on the YAS layer? So currently the IoT service, it's a backing service. And there, of course, we are leveraging of some benefits what Cloud Foundry brings. So we have our own service broker there. So we are using full Bosch deployments. So we have different plans for sizing when we provision the IoT service. And of course, we use a Bosch director for provisioning the instances. So I can easily go and do a rest call, just say what sizing I want to have, so which Bosch plan. And then I easily have an instance automatically deployed on AWS. So this is, of course, a huge benefit what we are having. But there are also some challenges which I will come later to when we go with it. Now, of course, we are integrating with certain services as well. I mentioned not so far like how do we do security. So whenever we connect a device to the cloud, we need some kind of security and therefore authentication we use certificates. So we use a trust center service from SAP in order to get device certificates in order to have a secure communication. I mentioned already the Kafka. So basically a Kafka broker in between to send all data to to make it available in our big data storage for the applications. And for example, AWS RDS, where we store currently, for example, the metadata for the device model and what have you. And unfortunately, we have to manage some components even ourselves. So like a Bosch director service broker, and even Alcsec. Of course, we are leveraging also from the platform services from SAP Cloud Platform. But this is something, of course, we have to manage and of course, yeah, this is a challenging thing for us. Now, before I go into the demo, I want to shortly mention the device model what you have because sometimes we talk about devices, machines and what have you. For that, I brought up a short picture to explain shortly the device model. I talked about gateway and protocols. So let's assume we have a device talking HTTP. So then we are talking a really a device, a physical device, which has a unique address, which you address. So for example, an IP address. And within this device, we have an additional abstraction layer which is sensors. You can think of a car which has an engine and which has some tires. Of course, they have totally different semantic sensors and how you address them. So this is why we have an additional abstraction layer. And of course, we want to have a reusability. So let's assume you have four tires and each tire has a temperature sensor. You don't want to model each one itself. So what type kind of data it's sending and so on. So we introduce an entity so-called sensor type, which you can reuse. And what does the sensor type actually does? Yeah, it defines what data we can send to the device or the device is sending to the cloud. And there we're talking about capabilities. I mentioned something like a temperature value already, which would be one property. So like let's say a double value send to the cloud. And if you have more than that, you can encapsulate this within one capability. Now let's go to a short demo. So I have not bring a big, huge machine with me now. So I thought something, what is light and what is handleable? So I feel such a sensor type. It's basically this measures temperature, acceleration and what have you. But this one is talking Bluetooth. So it does not have internet connectivity. So therefore I'm just using my mobile phone here, which connects to Bluetooth to this device. And then I want to send this device. But firstly, let's see how we do that. So what you see here now is IoT service cockpit, basically the user interface, which I was mentioning in beforehand. And here I already modeled and created certain devices. One which you see here is already this is our sensor tech here. And if you look into that, I mentioned we are talking about structured data about modeling of capabilities. And here you see that this sensor here has certain capabilities. So sending, for example, the acceleration, the pressure and temperature. So exactly what I was talking about. And if you can press on this one, you will see, okay, this is a single precision value. So basically your float value, which is defined here. So this is the data what we are expecting. And even we have a measurement, so a measure unit. So we are expecting here Celsius. So not that you're wondering that it's really that cold here. So these are Celsius values. Okay, so this is what we are doing. And I mentioned about certificates. So what you can do here even, you can download your certificate, especially specifically for this device. I did this already beforehand. So I downloaded a certificate on my laptop. And if you now show, let's see if you are receiving some data. So for that, I select this note here or let's say our device. And I want to say some real time data. So there's nothing coming at the moment. Nothing is incoming. But for that, let's use basically the console. So I use curl. Basically, this is a tool for sending HTTP commands or HTTP posts. And what I'm doing now is sending here basically an HTTP post with my certificate. So I have a certificate file to my laptop and a key for that. I send this with exactly one value here. So the value here is zero to the specific device to my instance. So I just do this two times. And what we should see now here, so there's two times of value zero arrived. So now since that you also want to see something. So I have now here a value which is 21. So you see this here on the lower corner. So I sent another value 21 two times. So via HTTP. And if you go back to our cockpit, we nicely see that the data arrived. So this simply shall show the ability that sending basically measures with certain semantics to the cloud. And here to show this even more practical. I said I have now the sensor tech here. So this was just some data sent via curl. So what I have here now is the mobile. So I'm starting on application, which is actually connecting to this instance, which I just showed where I showed the cockpit. So I connect to this instance. So I will select my device was currently this device over here, which is now popping up. And last but at least I decide how to send the data. We just have seen HTTP. So let's now use MQTT. Certificates already installed here. So this is why the connectivity works. So now I'm connecting to the cloud via MQTT. And if we now go back to our cockpit, we have to select a different device because now it's a sensor tech with MQTT. And let's see if we see some real time measures. And there we go. So this is a real time measures here now on the upper chart for this temperature. So if I hold it in my hand, I should see that this temperature is increasing. There we go.  So not only selecting the temperature, also maybe the acceleration. And if I set these three values and just turn this around, you will see that this is all flipping up and down. So we are talking here now about, let's say real time data consumption and ingestion. I mean, now I'm using the interval of one second. But it shows basically that we are able to collect the data from a device, push this to the cloud. This data is persisted in parallel. And then of course, this user interface subscribes to the data and makes this available for the end user. Of course, this is only in the cockpit. The same, of course, applies for the application. So if you now develop an application on top, you exactly make use of this. So you have the semantics. So what data we are talking about. So is it a temperature value or something else? You know what data format we are talking about. So are these integer double values and whatever have you. And then of course puts this in the cloud. Now what have been the challenges? I mentioned there was a strong decision. So where do we put the IoT service? Because it would be really beneficial to make use of C path, put it on the cloud foundry layer. But there have been some challenges. And one of them is we are talking about high scale data ingestion. So we are not talking about one device or hundreds of devices. There are use cases with thousands of devices and even more. Which we want to connect to and collect data to and even send data to these devices. And this of course evolves over time. And there's not only one use cases, there are multiple use cases. And therefore you need a huge number of concurrent connections to get this data ingestion. So we had a challenge. That's a go router. Which is basically a single entry point for any connection does not scale or is not suited basically for such high scale scenarios. So we just limited or run out of number of concurrent connections. And how you can connect the data to let's say the cloud foundry layer. So this was one decision why we had to move basically to the YAS layer. And then secondly, this is why I basically focus on this scenario with MQTT. So there are certain ports and of course certain protocols necessary. And at the cloud foundry layer you have really limited support in terms of protocols. So HDP is supported. And of course this is one limit. We cannot face because we talk about IoT, about connecting the variety of protocols. And of course this is a very strong requirements. And if you don't manage that, we cannot talk about IoT. So this is why we decided to go to the YAS layer.  So I mentioned that we have some, let's say our self-managed services, like Bosch Director and whatever have you. And like the Alkstek. So everything which is about scaling. So basically just provide another instance, failover come and logging and of course monitoring whatever comes with the past, you lose. So you have to do it yourself on the YAS layer which is of course quite challenging because it's additional effort and it's additional infrastructure which you have to maintain, operate and whatever. The last thing is about scalability and multi-tenancy. So we need to scale out for certain components. Let's take certain components like the IoT gateway. It would have been nice if this instance or this one's on the Cloud Foundry layer. You can easily just create another instance or container and whatever have you, but beyond the YAS layer. Of course there are options as well, but you have to do it differently. And of course this is something which we are working out. So pick out individual components, how to scale them. And of course we are discussing putting certain components on the Cloud Foundry layer. Of course as I said we are still there in the integration process, but this is of course challenging as we are facing. And there of course, like the first ones, again we come to this question. So how can we improve with the Go Router? So how to support these high-scale scenarios on the Cloud Foundry layers and even introduce additional protocols because it won't stay with HTTP and with MQTT. Of course there are many other protocols we want to support, especially on the Cloud Foundry layer. And this is exactly where we are going to go to. So we are going to introduce multi-tenancy at instance level. So what I've showed you is a cockpit I locked in with basically a tenant on the application layer. So we have a very fine-grade access control, which means you have certain devices and you can exactly decide which user within which environment or tenant we call it, can it have access to data or create devices and of course there are certain roles. But we are talking about here now about multi-tenancy, so to have not only let's say an instance, provide via bush release so that you have even multiple tenants within this environment. And of course this is a challenge which we are facing now. I mentioned already the scale out, so for individual components. So of course we will discuss which components put on the Cloud Foundry layer and last but not least multi-cloud. So what I have shown you is running on AWS. I mentioned that we are also making use of AWS RDS and of course we need to get rid of that and we are connecting to certain platform services. And this is of course what we are working on. I'm sorry. Then when I locked in I have not shown you this. You go with your own user management and of course it's very important if you're dealing within the application and then you want to go to the IoT and of course managing these. Of course these are different roles of users and certain type of users. But that's what we are going there of course integrating with URA so that even Cloud Foundry users are able to log in of your service. And last thing what I also would like to mention, I've shown the authentication we have certificates. So of course this is the most common used security mechanism in the IoT space. But like token-based authentication like OOS, this is something which is easy to handle and of course especially for starting scenarios whatever. This is really important. We use this also in our IoT service in the NEO environment. So basically one of the other IoT service and this is also what we are going to introduce so that we have a token-based authentication for certain devices. As I said there are many challenges. So it's not just that you take a service and put it in the Cloud Foundry environment and it works for all use cases. IoT has its specific requirements. This is important to note. And of course I hope I could give you a short introduction of what the IoT service are about, how we make use of this, what the challenges are and of course looking forward to feedback. So thanks for your attendance and thank you.


Top it is fine morning to you top it is fine morning to you. It's kind of scenic over here We're in Kentucky and there's a weasel over there He's a Kentucky weasel today Or at the flying J. We just woke up. We drove really late last night yet And since we got here we had a shower yet got to bed at about 3 a.m So it's supposed to noon already But we can get home in two days from here. That was the goal right we wanted to get home in two days So today's Saturday. Happy Saturday to you. I hope you stayed up late yesterday and slept in today. I did Except I was working But I hope you had fun. I had fun. I like my job. So it's not really a job Let's just wander around Anyways, this truck stop didn't even fill up last night. It was so weird. There's only half full Like three in the morning. I've never seen a truck stop in this area of the states.  Weasel mr. Weasel He's busy I'm busy running man Weasel The diesel weasel He's too busy right now. I'm not really forcefully calling him either watch this Ahem diesel come here. Good boy Good boy You need a hearing aid buddy. I was calling you. I called you three times. That's the maximum Then I get angry As angry as one can get at this face like diesel Like diesel He doesn't care and I'm busy sniffing the grass man. This grass is awesome Kentucky grass Good boy ready to go back. This is something some of you might take for granted down here Garbage cans at the back of the truck stop. Look at lined up all the way along there.  What we got garbage we live we eat Garbage so we got to throw it away somewhere so most like Flying jays in the States and other truck stops will have garbages for us at the back here, right? It also promotes people when they're sweeping out their trailers not to dump all their garbage like I've been showing you behind their Trailer rather put it in a garbage can Right, it's smart Truck stops in Canada Where I'm from so far hasn't haven't really caught on to that idea that home. Maybe these guys need some garbage cans Yes, we do. Yes. We do. I want to get a Camera strap for diesel. I know lots of you've been sending this link to me You can get a dog star for diesel and then the GoPro would sit pretty much right back here, right? I'll just keep walking you just And you can see where he goes And we call it the diesel cam or something the weasel cam. Yeah, that's it the weasel cam So I'm looking into that mount guys. I gotta go get it yet Eventually I kind of had an expensive month so it won't be this month or next month. Maybe for Christmas I'll get it for him Or for the vlog. I'll get you guys a Christmas present I'm hungry.  All right diesel shall we go? Wait the morning here already Oh, first we walked diesel there that we went inside Had breakfast came back outside did the pre-trip Went and got fuel scale I'm going to get my scale ticket Beautiful Connor freeway here. Hey, I took it first of all Mandy was directing me down here And I was gonna ignore it for a while and go just take the freeway the normal main road This is actually bigger than the trans-Canada in some places in most places. It is a two-lane It's not nearly this wide as big paved shoulder passing lanes That's what I'm talking about. I'm gonna show you a few clips going through here I'm gonna be on this shortcut here probably I don't know two or three hours this morning So I'm gonna show you some of the best parts of it until we get back on the freeway on the other side Chevy rocket a Chevy Corvette rocket I'd call it a rocket because it sure looked like one is rocketing my Chevrolet Corvette Just cuz you own it doesn't mean you got to find out how fast it goes Keep left on to us 50 West, but it sure is tempting. I tell you what I don't want to find out too Not saying I do it But I definitely look for opportunities to take it to a private track where I could find out how fast it goes Or you can do what some people do and just you know Google it That always works How fast is my cargo Google has all the answers come on truck pull you taking me past downtown? All right, I remember this. I've been here many times. Okay Yes, man Can you just tell me that Mandy you just told me that Probably fun, I couldn't do it forever, but I definitely tried out for like a little while hang out downtown I wouldn't want to like live there permanently But I wish I would have set up my other cameras outside the truck when I was stopped Come on Mandy I'm talking I was saying yeah, well last time I was stopped I wish I would have set the camera up outside the truck giving you a better angle I forgot that I was gonna be going through this scenic little downtown here Thank you.  So here we are Nobody's here Loves are not as popular in my opinion as the flying jays and TAs and Petros and whatnot. It's a smaller chain I don't know who owns them. I think loves is affiliated with something else or Or his loves independent. It might be independent very much like pilot They remind me of pilots Oh, I'm tired already. We got a long way to go yet. How far have we gone today? Let's feel Come on We've only driven three hours today and the Sun is going down I have a feeling we'll be driving late into the night late late at night. Isn't that right diesel? Oh, yeah, man, but we slept late. So we got lots of energy. We're good to go Something is rattling over here Something is always rattling So I don't know how much we're gonna get the vlog today guys cuz it's gonna be dark anyway Well, we're gonna be driving to Chicago. So before I drive to Chicago, I'll make a stop I'll try to get the camera up there and outside the trucks you get up It will get like a nighttime ride through Chicago or something. I'm hoping that'll turn out. All right We'll put the GoPro pick that up. All right It'll be a few hours before there yet, that's for sure Do you want to drive for a bit? Yeah, this is how he sits all day rest his head right there Observes the universe around him Yeah, bye Anyways, I'm gonna quickly run inside get something to munch on and we'll be on the road Let's go drive off into the sunset. How's that sound? I? Think that sounds wonderful. I Hate driving into the sunset It sounds better driving into the sunset is not fun at all Got the sun shining in your face the whole time. I'd rather be driving away from the sunset, but hey Whatever get on to I-74 westbound Towards Indianapolis here Road 800 west then turn left. That's the plan and get back on freeway I-74 west towards Indianapolis off to the sunset. Let's chase that son. We're not able to catch it yet He's always faster than me this way walking away. So Walking away so Yeah, so I didn't really get to vlog much today because it's been just like straight driving.  We literally didn't stop at all except for once just for my half-hour break That was the only stop we did today The half-hour break and then we continued on we drove 1002 kilometers that is about 600 and 20 some 622 miles made And that is the day where you got another 620 miles or thousand kilometers or something like that to go tomorrow yet Then we'll be home switch trailers and Me under our way east through Canada through northern Ontario Eventually ending up On the island of Newfoundland. I'm gonna wrap it up here guys. You guys know what to do There's links to more of my videos down below in the description all the way up to a year ago You can see what I've been doing in the past how far we've come if we change for better or for worse I'll see you tomorrow like usual 4 a.m. Central


I don't know if some kids think this is a joke, when they say stuff like this or do something like this. But it's no joke and a matter. It's very serious. And like I said, if anything ever comes and it's reported and we do find something, some kind of proof, they are going to be charged. So it's a very serious matter.