Good morning everyone. It's Friday morning at Davos, so a lot of people are still getting home at this time right now or some others are waking up, but we appreciate the fact that you're here and of course that we have an amazing panel to talk about an important issue. My name is Enrique Acevedo. I work for Univision and Fusion in the US. We are the largest Spanish language network in the country and on many nights the most watched broadcast network in the country regardless of language, which in a way is a statement about immigration and the power of immigration in the case of the US. We're gonna talk about immigration today. An issue so divisive that it shot down the US government just last week. In the last few years, we've seen people migrate from their homes due to economic opportunity. Also, in cases they're forced to to immigrate from their countries because of political turmoil, climate change and conflict among many other reasons. I was looking at the statistics and around 3.5% of the world's population lives in a country that it's not the country where they were born. So a quick show of hands here in the audience and also in our panel. How many of you live in a country that is not the country where you were born? So I'd say around 60% in our panel, it's 90% and well, I'm also an immigrant. So it's an issue close to everyone's heart here and I think it's an important issue to discuss especially at a time where nationalism and populism are on the rise around the world and the role that immigration has had in fueling both of those dynamics. A couple of housekeeping items when we do television panels, they usually ask you to be very quiet and still. I'm not going to do that. You can be part of this conversation. We're going to make it as interactive as possible. We were planning to do a poll, but we're going to wait until more people get here. So I don't want to say statistically valid, but at least we have a good show for the result and I'll also introduce each of our panelists when we do an introductory round. So Ronald Reagan was actually responsible for a phrase that's become really famous now, make America great again and we'll hear about that in a few hours here at the forum. But he also said something that I think it's important and relevant to our discussion. He said that in America our origins matter less than our destinations and that in that sense immigration is crucial to democracy. So my first question for Alyssa, Alyssa Varsena, Ibarra from the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean is is immigration a threat to democracy or is it is it something that actually helps democracy grow and Well, I definitely believe that in migration when it's good migration and an order migration can contribute enormously to democracy and contributes particularly to diversity. I think that that's something that is extremely important. For example in Latin America, we have 30 million people living out of their original countries. You were asking how many people here. We're talking there 30 million people in Latin America out of 600 and but the majority of them 20 million are in the US, of which 11 million are illegal. So what I would like to say is that when migration is illegal then the status of migration is different and now those migrants feel very threatened because they feel that they are going to be returned home and it has become an issue, a political issue and actually my view and the view of the UN, I would say, is that migration can be really a contribution to democracy to development and that's why currently the UN is working on a global compact on migration that is going to be probably ready by the end of this year to be presented to all the heads of state of the UN to see if everybody can agree on this order well-managed migration compacts in the world because it's extremely important and here we have Bill Wing Swing who is the head of the International Migration Organization with whom we are working very closely Precisely what we what we do in the UN is we try to understand migration and the contribution for example migrants in the US return back remittances to Latin America up to $278 billion a year and we'll talk about that with the president of Western Union who's Bringing the business perspective into our discussion today, but I wanted to ask Alejandro Ramirez the CEO of Cinepolis one of the biggest cinema companies in the world about This idea of immigration and democracy you come from a state Michoacan in Mexico that produces a large percentage of the migrants that go to the US So you leave this close close to home Your thoughts about this this link between immigration and democracy and what he can do for a country that That's losing all this human capital Well, I think Alicia alluded to the contribution of immigrants to diversity and and I would like to point that through that diversity also Immigration contributes positively to economic growth through increases in productivity and innovation And there's evidence that suggests that countries that are more open to immigrants grow more There's a recent IMF study that shows evidence that countries that are open to immigrants on average grow for each additional point of Immigrants in the labor force. They they grow up to two percent more in the long run So this is a you know, an econometric Multivariate analysis so very very rigorous. So it shows, you know across, you know, tens of countries this evidence So and and it's quite obvious for you know, CEOs We employ People from all over the world, you know, I employ over 40,000 People in my company and I have people from every Latin American country from the US from England from Spain from India from Arab countries and and I see how that Diversity in my workforce enriches my company and allows us to be more innovative more dynamic to understand better every market and Just like it it works for firms. It works for for countries. I Want to I want to bring in a Korean Yang. She's well, she describes herself as a entrepreneur but serial entrepreneur Your stories is amazing and you represent the voice of a million undocumented youth in the US the so-called dreamers Who by the way are in the front pages of the news today in the US? So no pressure But I did want to ask you about You know your your Experience and bringing that experience into the conversation as someone who immigrated to the US when you were 13 years old 13 just a couple of weeks before 9-11 correct and then went through a 10-year process of becoming a an authorized immigrant in the US So I'm really honored to be amplifying the voice of 800,000 undocumented DACA students Who are in this very difficult place currently due to what's going on with the policy changes and In my case, I came to provide different perspective I immigrated to United States two weeks before 9-11 happened from a island called Vanuatu and it's in South Pacific Neo-Fiji it was very surreal because a Immigration process that really should have only taken three months actually ended up taking more than ten years to get processed as a result of the circumstances and I hear a lot of myth after Working through this process of trying to understand how can we go about surviving and Staying in a country where my parents are where my family is who had officially invited our family to the country and Navigating that process was very challenging but at the same time helped me realize how many people really realize the importance of investing in youth and In my case, I was very fortunate to have a lot of mentors and counselors and people who who wanted to provide that safe heaven for children who They knew that was going to be the future labor force. So what I do through what I have done through the Los Angeles Junior Chamber of Commerce as well as a Company that I have founded for social entrepreneurs was to work with all these immigrant Immigrant entrepreneurs who basically provided more jobs for people in the United States Representing the country in other parts of the country doing social entrepreneurship and bringing social goods. So I I'm here to provide a different perspective from the people that have met outside of California and so I'm Very happy to be here and just an interesting fact Kiri hired around a hundred workers while she wasn't documented. Yes, so, you know, that's also something We should be looking at that how not only immigrants contribute to the community, but to, you know, the creation of jobs and wealth He could also the president and CEO of Western Union. You you Lead a company that thrives on the power of immigration in many ways So you have a unique perspective the business perspective about immigration from the US as an immigrant Your mother was Austrian and but your father was Turkish, right? That's that's I'm married to an Indian. So And live in the US your daughter lives in Germany. So yeah, that's I'm not unique By the way, many of the fortune 500 CEOs like me are immigrant background. So it's not, you know And obviously there is something if you come with a global background You do have a certain etched you do work hard You have a global understanding and actually you do understand the customer needs but just before I Start today, you know, just to complete your Ronald Reagan Quotes he also said tear this wall down So, you know, just maybe And you know the last wall I know was you know The two histories went was one is a Chinese wall great wall and one was Berlin wall and both are, you know Didn't hold for a longer term. So I think walls, you know, especially in the world like where we live Where the digital connection especially with young people like you where it's, you know, people are connected where everything is communicated it's hard to stop people around the world not to immigrant and not to contribute to the economy they arrive in fact You know global remittances are about six hundred billion dollar. It's probably largest foreign direct investment Happens every year If that wouldn't happen the world will be in a different well different, you know situation And I just want to change also some perception the immigrants they come they drive the not only the economy of the country but they also 85% of their earnings stay there. They send only 15% back home and That's 600 billion dollar worldwide and I can see that daily in 200 countries Happening constantly and Immigrant contributions about 9% of the global GDP If that wouldn't happen our GDP a global GDP growth will be 5% less and this is something that we don't see it on day-to-day and Actually, we play defense here instead of offense. We always want to Talk about our rights immigrant rights instead of telling them what we can do and it's not something like we are taking away We are giving actually and this offensive Contribution I like this panel because I'm looking forward to learn from this panel or so What we can do be play play more offense than having you know already Saying that we are here, but and I want to avoid that word but perfect. Thank you so much. Mr. Essex These are fifth year collaborating with Davos panel panel discussions and Something we've learned throughout the years is that sometimes a discussion gets lost in Policy data and we never get to see the human side of the things that we discuss here in Dallas We have an amazing artist with us today I actually just learned your your last name today Platon because I've known you like Prince and share From your first name Platon photographer the founder of the people's portfolio an amazing artist again And he's here to provide that human perspective about what we're discussing today about immigration that the human stories The lives affected by the policy the data that that we are Dividing today, and I know you wanted to share the story of Ebony So what an honor it is to be amongst my friends here My role is to humanize the data I've heard so many amazing amazing people talk about policy and Analyzing information, but I'm always interested to find out who who who is represented by this data So I began a project a few years ago when immigration Believe it or not was not discussed in America It wasn't discussed on Capitol Hill The press didn't really want to deal with it But I kept hearing that if you are a family in the front line of this problem, and you're being torn apart It's a huge news. It's a big deal. So I Decided to go and investigate and I went to I crossed over America. I went to the border and One day I was in Arizona at a march a pro immigration reform march And I saw a mother marching with her daughter Her daughter was three years old and her name is Evelyn and she was beautiful this little kid, right? So the little girl was wearing a white t-shirt with hand-painted letters on it saying free my dad So I went up to the mother and I was just amazed by the idea of this image Because it sums up how complicated the whole issue of immigration is this little girl is a citizen Her father is not a citizen He was an undocumented worker and he was now in a waiting deportation So the family was being ripped to pieces So I said to the mother excuse me. Here's Evelyn I said can I take a picture of your daughter and she said yes, so I pointed the camera to the daughter and She got spooked by my my me the strange man with a camera just like my kids would and she hid behind her mother's Legs now that is not the picture. I wanted to take I didn't want to photograph her as a victim Frightened on the run because when I saw her in the march with her mother. She was marching for dignity and pride So I had to earn the trust of this little girl by playing balloons with her for five and a half hours Now let me tell you I have never had to earn that kind of trust working with Obama Trump Putin any of the world leaders I've had the privilege to work with but this little girl I had to earn that trust of empowerment and after five hours. She says to me picture So I took the picture because I had now graduated and And it was an amazing. I was very proud of this picture. She doesn't look frightened She looks like she wants the world as a dignified empowered human being and then I turned to her mom And I said, you know what you should be really really proud of this little girl Because despite all the powerful people I've worked with I think this is one of the most important pictures I ever took Because I think it's going to help people understand this problem and the mother then turns to Evelyn and she says Photographers very happy you did good and then Evelyn says if I did so good. Does that mean daddy can come home? Thank you, but We we started talking about immigration and we discussed some of the economic components of the debate But during the 2016 campaign which I covered for Univision I Understood there were these economic frustrations jobs wages Trade and what that did to a large segment of the population in the US, but what about the cultural and social? Issues behind immigration and the demographic anxieties. It's causing in in some of the countries that are getting these influx of immigrants You know President Trump would go into one of the rallies and he would talk about again trade globalization And all these issues all these economic issues and people would pay attention But as soon as he mentioned the wall, they weren't crazy. They would chant build the wall Mexico will pay for it. That was a strong Narrative for the campaign and one that won him the nomination on a very talented field of 16 Republican presidential hopefuls But but that also ended up winning him the campaign. He outflanked everyone on immigration So let's talk about a little bit about the social and cultural aspects of this debate and and the demographic Anxiety is causing in a country like like the US. Mr. Ersek Well, you know what we do is always we show us and Europe as an example But the immigration is not only the building the wall is not a US issue. It just came back from South Sudan Uganda Country like Uganda, which has a few million people are hosting about 1.2 million immigrants on all Uganda And that's an issue what they have done though. They issued immediately work permit for South Sudanese So South Sudanese can be it's integrated immediately in you can denies Society which helps a lot. So one thing we should really put away is that it's not an it's not a US issue It's not a new issue Immigration was always there and it's gonna go more especially given the climate change one thing is Gonna happen that the people gonna move for better opportunities Some statistics or you know, I know I don't know and I put it also in the human way. Let's me put it in a human way Japan is getting older Europe is getting older and they are not getting kids. They're not producing kids Africa by 2050 will double the population and it's the what we are talking here is really the distribution of wealth and Distribution of our human wealth worldwide in a fair way and if you don't take care about that this issue will never stop Stop and it's gonna It's gonna continue. One other thing I would like to mention is that You know, if you are a European politician or US politician, you got four years How do you win the next and the election? You need to have populist slogans to win the next election and Immigration issue won't be solved immediately. It's a long-term issue. So what you do is that you choose a slogan Which is easy to argue which has no defense the immigrants have no lawyers The immigrants have no flags the immigrants have no national interests the immigrants have no ambassadors the immigrants have no Presentatives here except us maybe Who raised their voice who has legal rights and the easiest way to win an election is to go after them instead of to you know getting the real issues and I think that's a big Thing that it's not on it's happening globally and we should put that in a global perspective It is in a way Alejandro. We mentioned this in the beginning. It's since immigration is feeding this Rise of nationalism and populism around the world not only in the US We're right even in countries with strong economic growth like Germany like Holland like Denmark for example, no totally right. I think One of the key problems is to to understand Why politicians find it so? Easy to target the immigrants as was mentioned and I think it's because a lot of the job Displacement that we're seeing in every economy and in the advanced economies Due to technological innovation and technological disruption It's easier to blame on an immigrant than on a robot You know you can say this Mexican immigrant is taking your job this Polish immigrant is taking your job It's very hard to say well a new automated process in the plant has you know this place a couple hundred Workers, so it's very easy and I think you know to your point about President Trump's rallies during the campaign I mean there's evidence that net migration from Mexico has dropped over the past ten years in fact today there's one million less unauthorized immigrants from Mexico than ten years ago and This is due to both economic growth in Mexico and Just there's been a negative Flow of migrants. I mean more Mexicans go back to To their country of origin than they go in every year and yet You know the rally was build a wall as as if you know that was the problem You know displacing American workers, which is not true It's it's really and many studies attest to this is really due to a technological innovation and disruption It's sorry just Just if you know you're absolutely right what we see is now that Mexico is getting an odd bond country Mexico is attracting actually Immigrants to Mexico from solid let other Latin American come Countries and they are sending back from Mexico home to Peru and other countries remittances So you're absolutely right. It's changing. Alicia. You want to say yes, I wanted to say something I think that the that what what's happening today and yesterday actually Is that President Trump is saying Mexico has to pay for the wall and and we want to end we want 25 million? I mean dollars for the wall, right and we will then give a chance to 1.6 million DACA Dreamers to stay now. That's I mean that's a dealer and let's put it this way So the whole thing of the bridges or walls between Mexico and the US is totally linked to one factor And that is that Mexico is super avitarian country has a super avid vis-à-vis the US in terms of trade China Japan Mexico and Yes, China Japan Mexico and there's another one and Germany, of course But of course Mexico is the neighbor. So it's the easy target. No, but actually the the largest target is really China When you talk about where are the jobs that the US lost? Indeed they did lost the jobs and they did lost the companies and the industry especially the car industry Which went to Mexico and to China so but are these jobs going to go back because immigrants are going to go back home? No, because that that's the point, you know the point as you said is that the country the dreamers don't want to go back home The US already paid their education. That's their home They the US already paid for that educated people and they are sending them They're not gonna send them back is what deals are they going to be made in in the in the road? And and I would say that let me put the example of another country that is not Europe It's not the US is Chile where I live Chile is 17 million people in a very large country. They are not having children So immigration for them is going to be the future at the end of the day Who is going to be the social security who is going to be the the support of social security for the elders in Chile? The migrants right so what Chile is doing in a very intelligent way. They are receiving migrants legally They they ask them to pay social security. They formalize them. They have a work contract And we made a survey among the private sector and we we found out that there are certain sectors that prefer Migrants for example the construction sector. They love the Peruvians the sports business. They love Haitians So and and for example the service sector. They love Venezuelans So it's very interesting to see where does the Immigrants fit in terms of the sectors in the case of the US we can also do that We are already doing a study of where the migrants of Mexico and Latin American general because I agree with you. They are coming back now They're not staying and the reason why and you may know this that what the reason why remittances are growing Almost 20% last year is because they are afraid. So now instead of sending 15% of their income They're sending 50%. I don't know much more higher because they know they are they might be sent back And we had a conversation with global shapers young Leaders from Latin America this week and one of them from Venezuela was saying I would I wish that the World Economic Forum Would hear our discussion about immigration not only as a as an example of the challenges that we face in Latin America but also Because of the solutions that we're coming up the local solutions that we're coming up for for immigration from documentary immigration That that you know that we get from other countries throughout Latin America. So Cree going back to the concept of demographic anxiety You know, you live in a very progressive state like California, but still especially in the last couple of years we've seen sort of a backlash against immigrants an anti-immigrant sentiment growing in the US Which is something you've experienced virtually. Yeah, I I think this is a very interesting conversation and thank you so much for opening it up because Right before I came I was interviewing a lot of my friends who worked at large companies corporations in Silicon Valley who are Paid a lot just to stay and then companies are coming up with solutions to figure out How are they going to keep these talents because they're actually being negotiated right now by Large companies in China and Taiwan in Mexico to be paid double just to come and Their software engineers there. I mean they're in health care the doctors or physicians their lawyers and they're they're Contributing so much to the country and what I found really fascinating was our US representative Jimmy Gomez shared with us that if if They get rid of these 800,000 illegal Children who are educated here the impact that it has just on the state of California is over 12 billion dollars loss in annual GDP and I was shocked to hear that number especially because I don't think a lot of people are aware of that and so I go around and asking a lot of my friends about their stories and Shockingly, there's a lot of people who came here Undocumented and they're in I mean they're in so many nonprofit organizations in corporations Working really hard. And so to me I feel like there's there's so much of misunderstanding and Perception around the what's the demographic of undocumented and just immigrants in general correct Platon going back to the wall and the border It's a common myth in the US to talk about border security and I say it's a myth because over the last 12 years The US has invested over I want to say invested or spent over a hundred billion dollars on border security They already have a 700 mile wall in a 2,000 mile border 21,000 well-armed men security presence similar to the one the US has between South and North Korea drones ATVs High-tech surveillance equipment, so it's a pretty secure border. I would say And still people say now we need border security as a precondition to anything else to any sort of agreement on immigration But this border militarization Platon has come at a great cost for border communities on both sides and For human rights for for immigrants rights, so sometimes even You know at the cost of their own lives yeah, I mean I wanted to personally find out what happens at the border and I heard that you know previous administrations had this Policy that they would you know sort of militarize the safe areas of crossing But they would leave the most dangerous areas of crossing Assuming that people wouldn't want to cross that dangerous terrain, but perhaps what they underestimated was that people's commitment to cross the border that many It's that they have hunger. They can't feed their children in other cases. They're fleeing gang violence So it's not always a choice to just go over the border for America in many cases. It was survival for your family So people were crossing the border. I Photographed a guy. I don't guys. I don't know if you can go to an image I have this guy is called Mike Wilson and he's a native American and He lives in Arizona and his land is the Tonneau autumn nation Reserve and on his land. It's actually one of the most dangerous migrant crossings on the US border Many many people die in this land In the summer it reaches 115 degrees Fahrenheit and it's devastating So what he does is he leaves water out in the desert in specific areas for migrants who are starting to get weak from dehydration to help them survive now many of Mike's friends have criticized him for aiding and abetting criminals and I asked him about that about the moral complexities and he said there are two laws To choose from there is a federal law and he said as a law-abiding citizen I would rather be choosing the federal law But there's another law as well that exists which is a higher law of universal compassion and he said People are dying on my land Families are dying on my land and I can't watch them die.  It's this is this is heavy stuff. I if you go to the next picture You end up here in a morgue This is the morgue in Arizona and I stood in this room surrounded by about two or three hundred bodies And I'll never forget the smell of death.  This happens to children, too So Robin has decided to start gathering all the personal effects found on bodies and She makes files of them and then she matches those artifacts with missing persons files and Tries to help get families a sense of closure to identify their loved ones Now she's holding all the artifacts that she finds on bodies and I asked her what kind of things she's found I said, did you find guns? She said no, I've never found a gun. She said I've never found a knife I've never found drugs So I said, well, what did you find and she said on one person's body if you go to the next image folks On one person's body. All I saw was a watch They had their clothes, but the only personal effect they had was a watch Someone else had a comb someone else had a toothbrush Someone else had a wallet with three dollars and some pictures of their children someone else had a cross or a rosary and if you go to the last picture I Made a set of images of all the personal effects and I put them up as a line Can you see yes? Here we are. This is like a washing line of the dead and You know that each each bag represents Someone's life that was lost in the border And the decisions policy makers Take on issues like immigration have a have an effect on people's lives And and and we see that through the through the images and and those decisions those solutions It's what I want to talk about right now before going to our audience and taking a few questions because I think it's worth having this conversation of course and and in terms of solutions, I think that the Bulk of the reaction has been on okay. Let's stop immigration. Let's figure it out Let's just stop immigration and see how we can you know keep a minimal number of immigrants coming in Trying to manage immigration, but we rarely hear about fighting the root causes of immigration It's not a sexy politically. Like you were saying Alex is not something that politicians can capitalize on elect on elections Because it takes probably longer and it means in many in many cases investing in in other countries The US investing in Central America Europe investing in Northern Africa And and and fighting the root causes of immigration and recognizing There's a core responsibility in creating the conditions for for these people to leave their their homes Crime in Central America has to do with drug consumption in the US The instability in Northern Africa has to do in many ways with how Europe has behaved in that region of the world so Talking about the solutions what works what doesn't work Looking forward Alex where should should policy makers be be focusing on well I think there are successful examples of Orderly migrant programs one for instance that has been going on since 1974 between Canada and Mexico Yes, every year Canada brings at least 25,000 Agricultural workers from Mexico that can stay in Canada anywhere between two and eight months And they have to go back and next year they can apply again And it's been going on successfully since 1974 and this 25,000 Mexican legal immigrants in in the agricultural fields in Canada contribute positively to the economy of Canada and of Mexico because they send remittances I think one of the things we need to start looking Going forward is to bring facts into this debate. I mean this debate as we said is easy easily overly simplified and and You can use stereotypes. I mean it's just easy to oversimplify something that is actually more complex But that there's actual actual data that shows that you know, for instance the cities that grew the most in the US between 1990 and 2007 where the cities that were more open to immigrants and they have that grew more their share of Immigrants in the labor force namely Houston Dallas and Phoenix and the cities that grew the least Pittsburgh Cleveland and Detroit were the ones that have The lowest share of immigrants in their labor force So I mean there's a lot of data that that shows, you know that immigrants contribute to innovation For instance in Silicon Valley, you know immigrants are around 15% of the skill labor force yet they they represent more than 50% of the startups in in a Silicon Valley and over 50% of the patents registered in Silicon Valley So we have to bring facts to illustrate and to enlighten policymakers and the population in general to see the many good things that migrants bring Especially in orderly programs and surprisingly among the 10 cities with the most immigrants in the US The ones that have the most positive reaction to to their presence are Cities like LA Chicago, New York where that that thrive through through immigration and diversity Mr. Erzegh one of the the the solutions that The US government has has floated in terms of undocumented immigration is taxing remittances with that with with that with that put a America Look businesses first or or would that hurt American businesses like Western Union? Look, I think money will flow anyway You know if you tax remittances Then the people will find a way to send money maybe illegal and we don't like that And nobody likes that not a government not a company and not people it should be documented And we should send money for good cause not for bad cause So I think the remittances taxing the remittances It's you know It's not a good idea and it doesn't work in some countries tried that never worked out and it went always back on That one and the other thing as we're seeing and I want to mention is that you know, these people are human besides statistics I give you some some fact US is one we talk a lot about us but you know one of the things is Syrian refugees currently happened about They're about You know, what does a remedy refugee do as you mentioned earlier for the human I do you die They died about a bill a million people in Syria Or you go you don't want to die that's simple and obviously you don't want to die you go Turkey Had 3.3 million immigrants Syrian immigrants Jordan 1.2 million Lebanon 1.2 million in Jordan another example is Jordan was the fifth poorest water resource Country of the world because they don't have a lot of water So they really give people to water since they had that you know, they hosted them They said okay, we're gonna give also water to the immigrants and now they are the second poorest Country water resource country of the world what they did is that they own citizen They shared the water with refugees in cost of their own citizen and this is something big solution-wise It's quite complex as you said Some countries like Turkey did okay We have buffer zones on the refugee zones on the on the border. We're gonna invest there They invested a lot on SMEs ask SMEs to invest their produce and hire Syrian refugees to produce good to export them Somewhere worldwide to Africa or to Asia and what happened is that they could not export them because They couldn't say it they couldn't say it made in refugee camp Because they were in a buffer zone It was not made in Turkey was not made in Syria and nobody would take the trade agreements wouldn't take that So I think it's the situation is more complex than it looks like it's needs a global global Union here that we understand this issue sometimes We think it's easy. It's easy to build a wall It's not easy to build a wall and we know also the walls don't help to avoid problems and I think we have to see that and go go more really case by case and solve this issue and definitely and it's an important distinction and I'm thankful that you made it people Sometimes link immigration to opportunity and that's a case for you know people who voluntarily want to leave their homes and go work somewhere else But in many cases, it's not about opportunity but necessity Surviving as a necessity fleeing violence crime conflict or climate change That's immigration. That's born out of necessity and that's what we're seeing more of around the world So solutions to address that and technology I'll go back to you in a minute Alicia, but technology has been a powerful tool query in helping us Incorporate the value of immigration into our societies You want to talk a little bit about for example how you used Greg's list to hire people when you were caring a company in the US over 10 years ago and Technology platform really allows young people, especially I've been representing the voice of youths for almost 10 years and It's really interesting how people think that we're part of the problem when in fact we are the part of the solution because we're the millennials and the incoming generation the Gen Z's are Actually innovative than ever and they're they're entrepreneurial and they want to do something that actually matters that has a purpose and so it's I think it's really interesting to see how these platforms like Airbnb or I mean like we travel around the world and it's so it makes it so easy like I don't actually have to hire a Designer within United States like I mean there's all these platforms that allows us to hire people from Indonesia to you know Eastern European countries and It really leverages and it flattens the world in a sense and we kind of forget that we're immigrants because I mean especially I'm I'm part of the global shapers group and Coming to Davos as a selected 50 There's 40 country representatives around the world and we were just shocked sharing our vulnerable stories of what got us here And what whose voice we're representing we were just shocked by looking at each other how? Wow, we're all sharing very similar stories no matter where we are and having that technology on we chat on What's up and and just Green modest and sorry to interrupt because you know you founded live guide which provides mental health services for people regardless of their immigration status right and The health care system in United States is not the most accessible especially in mental health so our Company goal is to bring mental health services as accessible as possible to Underserve communities and around the world through technology because it's such a taboo topic, but also a necessary Industry that needs to be addressed. Thank you so much. I agree and then Alicia. I'm sorry that you want to say something about Yes, yes, I think that the most important one is to promote regular migration and I Want to make a distinction between migrants and refugees It's not the same and the treatment cannot be the same. We're talking about 250 million migrants and the refugees is a totally separate story So when we talk about Syria or we you know, we're talking about a different story Right, so because talking about the causes of migration They are different from the cost of from the causes of people of large amount of people moving from one place to another Looking for refugee For and they want to go back by the way Migrants not necessarily want to go back the refugees normally want to go back and I have a story of Syrians That were accepted 40 families were accepted in Chile 40 of Syria They came to Chile and they were not adapted They came to the UN to make to tell us that they don't want to stay in Chile They don't know the language. They don't understand the culture. They want to go back So as soon as possible, they would like to go back So that's a different part of the story and and the other thing I wanted to say is that I Definitely believe the private sector has a role to play here, of course I mean, but indeed the governments have to come together. It's not a national problem It's an international problem That's why we are on on the global migration compact in the UN Working together with governments to find the solution But the private sector has a very important role because they can identify as you did Which are those migrants that you want the companies know They know much better than the governments many times What are the type of workforce they need and what type of people Qualified even not qualified that they would prefer as workers you go to the US you ask them ask the companies What do they want and they will tell you I want the mexican. No, I prefer a salvadorian.  I think it it has to become regular. It has to become managed It cannot be illegal migrants are not criminals by definition And I think this is something that we have to definitely overcome migrants are not criminals by definition no and Sometimes images perception can be deceiving about Who who the criminals are who the migrants are and then the narrative the political narrative the people rhetoric also confuses Confuses people You know, um, one of the biggest problems we face is persuasion So, um, I I believe that if you can't see yourself in the story Then you are comfortably detached from it Consequently the people that you are discussing become dehumanized And when someone is dehumanized, it's very easy to make a callous political or policy decision And if you look back at history Whenever we've switched to the wrong side of morality, it's when we've dehumanized people When people are humanized and it could be your daughter. It could be your father could be your mother your wife Then suddenly you see yourself in that story and I think our goal is one of Allowing everybody in this very complicated argument to see themselves in the story And if they don't then you can never really Make a compassionate, but also rational decision Now, um, I did do a picture. I'd like to show you where we're we're talking about perception Farm workers exploited at work The lady on the left Holding the box with her hand on her heart. Her name is Alina Diaz She's the most courageous lady perhaps I ever met. She's now a citizen Um, and she campaigns passionately for women's rights who are farm workers To my knowledge there's a large percentage of farm workers in america who are undocumented I even heard it could be as much as 50 percent. I'm sure my colleagues will be more accurate about that statistic But it's a large amount And now when you're undocumented and you live In the shadows of society you have no protection And you're very vulnerable A dear friend of mine works in the NGO community and this lady is a great lady And she said to me and I respect her immensely, but she said I don't think you should show people this picture I said why? She said because the two ladies at the end have got bandanas around their head They look like bandits. They look as if they're threatening I don't think we want anyone threatening in a picture about immigration Well, that horrified me because this is from someone I admire let alone from someone I fundamentally disagree with The reality is that these women are wearing these bandanas because when they're working in the farms They have no protection from pesticides and poisons They have no protection at all and they have to use a makeshift process Of protecting themselves by just putting handkerchiefs and scarves over their mouths and it's certainly not adequate So the question is The perception might be that they're threatening us The reality is they're just trying to protect themselves and they're extremely vulnerable These women are also wearing very baggy clothes Uh, apparently, I mean they told me that they don't wear tight fitting clothes Because it sexually arouses predators in the fields and many of these women are raped and are subject to sexual violence Again with no protection If there's an injury in the farms, there's no insurance for health. So there is that there's no process of healing your body So the lady who I know Alina. She's a friend of mine now. I said to her Alina. What what do you wish for? And she burst into tears And she said something and I wrote it down and if I may I'd like to read it to you. Please So Alina, what do you wish for? And as she wipes her tears, she says I hope to die in my bed Finally seeing justice for these women I want to die surrounded by all these women telling me Alina Things are good now. We have rights We have drinking water in our fields We have a bathroom They pay us fair They don't rape us They don't poison us with pesticides We can speak out now without fear and we can walk proud And nobody is going to arrest us because we are a darker color That is what I wish for That's a powerful statement It's a powerful statement and I think it's um an inspiring story That that you're sharing with us again. I don't thank you so much for doing that We have a few minutes and I would like to use them for um questions from our audience So if you can just say who you are and and the question for the panel My name is the Abbas Shah. I'm the chairman of the board of SWIFT. I am an American and immigrant So we had a very good conversation on the economic benefits of immigration the business benefits of immigration The human benefits of immigration What about the issue where people in western lands are afraid that their culture Their religion their way of life is threatened. How do we address that? When I was referring to social and cultural Um Components of this debate and the demographic inside is that's that's probably the most important part I don't know if who wants to tackle the this this can I can I just put one example that I have very concrete The largest diaspora of palestine people is in chile Uh, that's the largest amount of people from palestine that live abroad And they came many years ago They are now the most the most successful entrepreneurs in chile. They have a football camp They have the food And the culture really blended it all depends on how or what are you talking about? I also believe for example that the mexican culture in the us Has made a lot of uh impact I mean, I can say that you are from the the movie sector But there is one movie in particular that calls a tremendous impact if I can say the name coco No, that one that has been so successful and it's about mexico. It's about the traditions It doesn't mean that that you have to impose your traditions in the in the country you're going to But definitely you can contribute so I agree with you that in religion is a different story that Again, the migrants have been Stigmaticized There's like a stigma that if you're from the muslim region then you're going to bring your Your um, you're an extremist That's the problem when we when we put stigmas on top of the migrants I think this is this is a real problem, but the contribution in terms of culture food singing Art, uh, I think there's a lot of things that that humanity needs to learn from each other without losing your roots You know, you don't have to lose your roots To to migrate but it's a reality that that immigrants are coming from cultures that are more distant and different and and you know Societies can only take so much change in a generation mr. It's it's a long-term issue, but I can't give you for my own experience My mom is catholic My father is muslim and I'm married to a hindu So it works in my case Do you have one of those co-exists? Seekers in the back of your car. I know so it does and we do celebrate I mean, I'm fortunate that I can't celebrate more celebration than anybody I get presents here, but it is a culture long-term issue. That's an excellent question And in some countries has that been as an integral part of that? One thing in the u.s. Which I you know, we talk about the u.s. Thing one thing in the u.s. Now I am there what I like is the tanks given vacation It's the only vacation Regardless of your religion where you come from everybody celebrates And normally what happens is that in the country in Greece? Or in uh in austria you celebrate only one religion and the you know And that's it and if you come with a other celebration people look you in a different way So I think there can be done some institutions germany is much more relaxed here. They do celebrate Mrs. Merkel goes to a mosque celebrate with the muslim Communities there. They have about eight nine million muslims in germany and that's new also And it's nothing wrong there to just saying that I am celebrating man with my fellow germans Instead of I am celebrating with my fellow muslims It's a big difference And that's you know because uh the head of the state is head of the state is not head of the religion And that's something that we are Really ignoring most of the time religion is an issue. We know that you know one other thing political turkey's application for european union It is definitely some economical thing has been about 35 years. Do you think that turkey if turkey would be a Christian country would be easy to join the european union community? Probably yes, but it has been always delayed and delayed for other reason. Maybe also Maybe from political reasons also whatever that is, but that was one of the most main drivers the cultural differences So the one thing is also clear We did a study and I know that The multicultural the migrants have a higher multicultural competency And they be bring as you your point multicultural environment The other thing is also I want to mention because you said chili My sister-in-law is a refugee from pinotchet her family get tortured to austria And she is now a doctor a famous doctor in austria and she was a refugee now She's a migrant there and brought that also a part of it. So I think the uh, it's a huge issue By the way, last sentence I'm just I'm shutting the head up I do we need my family have the cultural fights every time Although I feel me extremely cultural competency But you know because of the different religions because of the different environment you have that all the time So which is a healthy one and cultural competency is such an interesting term I'm gonna have another question from our audience if you can just raise your hand in the back Okay Yeah, my name is maron peters from swiss national public radio are the question for mr. Erzeg Despite a pledge given by the g8 countries in 2009 to reduce the average global transfer fees To five percent They are still very high up to 22 25 Dependent on the countries. What's your explanation for that? Sure. Um, if you look at I very simple um, you know, we are a private company public traded company And our goal is making money And we won't be at the last mile of the Customers, we won't have five five hundred and fifty thousand locations We will we wouldn't have one of the best anti-money laundering system of the world We wouldn't invest 250 million dollar every year on our on the anti-money laundering systems We wouldn't have five five billion accounts worldwide if we wouldn't make money and The there are not other companies who can really serve these customers Because we are serving that customers in the right way If I would go only On the high profitable location only on that one. I wouldn't have five hundred thousand locations I wouldn't be in the rural areas or Bangladesh. I wouldn't be uganda or sudan. I wouldn't serve the customers That's simple And finally a lightning round and I know this is not easy. Sorry to put you on the on the spot, but in one word Um, how would you describe immigration and I'll start uh from the middle with with baton if you just had one word I know you use images not words, but in this case if you can just describe immigration In one word. Well, what word would you use? I'm an optimist, so I would say bridge building Curie I'm I share the same perspective for me. It's really compassion and it really with working together We can grow together so compassion compassion working together When people move good things happen I like that alicia solidarity A use of verb enriches enriches countries and cultures Perfect. Well, thank you so much to our amazing panel for sharing your experiences and your opinions with us today and to our audience Thanks again for being with us this morning and A round of applause for everyone. Thank you so much


Thank you. I'll be quick in the setting. And that's stuck with everything. And that's stuck with the short straw talking about the exams, probably the least enjoyable part of the CFA path, obviously. But necessary on both of you what the exam is and how you can prepare. There's probably more myth than reality in general. So how do you prepare for the rigorous exams? Good question. So rigorous is the key word, not rigorous enough so that 150,000 people do show up for the exam. So, it's a very noble thing. I forgot the number of members that you mentioned. 130,000, yeah. 130,000, those are candidates and members worldwide, yeah. 130,000 members and overall each year we have 220,000. 150,000 one hour June and 70,000 in December. Okay, so at least you won't be alone in suffering. Yeah, that's nothing. I won't go back into the benefits of having a CFA. I listened very carefully to what you said in. She's right. SFB is a training center for banks and the finance center in general. And indeed, I can tell you that I've been banking for a very long time, some see too long. I can tell you that the bowl game or the quality has gone up quite a bit and CFA, Kaya, FRM designations, we talked about CFA obviously, have become extremely desirable qualities to have and are being more and more requested by the employers. So I can definitely encourage you to take on some sort of certification with obviously the interest is that it's a worldwide certification unlike a university degree where you have different sort of quality levels. Everyone has the same exam. You have a CFA similar to this and that's a good place. So I start with some good things. We go on to the preparation. Those are the topics, basically finance. All of finance, not much is missing there. Yeah, economics, you have quite analysis, which means statistics, ethics, which deals basically with things that are logical but too often forgotten by the financial industry. Now, well remembered, given the good amount of fines. What's interesting in this exam, first of all, the first thing that you have unlike what you had in, for example, high school or college is that the exam is very straightforward. They tell you exactly what percentage each field represents. You know how many minutes you have, so you're able to basically allocate your time wisely knowing that you have 10% equity investments. Out of 180 minutes, you should spend 18 minutes. If you're spending half an hour, it's not going well. So that's very helpful. What's also very interesting, we've all gone through the same exercise. You're in high school, university, you say, well, I don't care too much about this topic. I'm going to learn for the exam day and then forget about it because I'll never see it again. It's not possible here because these topics come back every year. So you build on the foundations. Now what are we asking, basically? Level one, level two, level three, very difficult. Six-hour exams is grueling, but again, it's doable. I remind you that in France, some exams like medical exam can last up to 14 hours, so that's double the time. So six is doable. Level one is multiple choice questions. You have three answers. The very interesting part is that you don't get negative points for answering wrong, so you can actually guess. It's about 90 seconds per question. So basically, we're not used to that in Switzerland. We're used to having a few exercises and we have to think out loud for a long time. Here you have to be really quick. And it's very simple. You either know, you can answer quickly. Or you don't. And your best bet is going to be guessing rather than spending too much time on that. Level one is general knowledge comprehension. There's a lot of things to be learned by heart. But we'll have the ability to memorize things. And if we forget, we'll just eat some more iron. Level two changes a little bit. We're going into the applications. You have the multiple choice and you have what's called item questions. Item questions are basically a smallish case study, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 lines that you have to read through. And based on that, you have some questions of multiple choice sorts. We'll have a balance sheet, for example. And you'll be asked a few questions about the balance sheet. That's interesting. We don't have the so-called drawer of questions. They just want to answer in French, whereby if you can answer question one, answer question two, that does not exist. You're all independent, which is also a very good aspect of this exam. Level three, basically, same thing. You're going to sweat for six hours integration of different concepts, multi-discipline essays. As my colleague was saying, essays are not philosophical as these sort of writings. It's basically bullet points, keywords, et cetera. But it is not multiple choice. It's not calculations. It's a little bit more difficult, but it's still doable. Passing rate, and obviously everybody is grilling teeth by saying, oh my god, 50% passing rate. That's low, but that's still a higher passing rate than university. In university, we estimate that about 38% of those that enter finish with a degree. It's higher than high school as well. If you look in Geneva, you probably have 400 people that start high school.  So you have a higher probability of getting a CFA than a federal or camp in on maturity. These numbers are quite consistent. If you look at 63 to 2014, they're about the same or less 40, 45, 55 range. So it's steady. Basically, level 1 and 2 are graded by a machine. They're multiple choice. Level 3, they're essay questions. We'll talk to the holders. We'll put the points. There is no straight formula that will tell you exactly how many points you need to get in order to pass. The minimum passing score is reset each year. If it's a very bad class, we'll lower it. If it's a very good class, we'll put it up. But with 70% right answers, you get a passing grade. If you think about it by guessing, you get 33% of right answers, so you need to get 37% more. So again, it's doable, and don't forget there are no negative points. How to succeed? Well, we're not for profit, so you can bribe us. And you can't cheat either because you get caught. Basically, and this is based on a survey that CFA did, people on average spend 300 hours preparing for each exam. It seems like a lot, but not really if you break it down and you prepare in advance. Now, we're not used to preparing in advance. We're all the same. When the pressure hits the ceiling, we're writing the books. That's not a strategy that works with CFA because you need to be very comfortable at the exam and you need to be quick. So what I would suggest is to start early. We have a breakdown that lets you know if you start six, four, two months in advance, how many hours a week you need to study. If you start two months in advance, that's 38 hours. Given the fact that you spend 55 at work and 25 in the bar, there's not much left to study. So I would strongly suggest you start six months in advance. That is rule number one. Why do people fail? Well, one is poor preparation. So this is based on the survey as well. We've gone to people say, well, why do you believe you failed and there are seven common reasons. The first one is poor preparation. Poor preparation means either starting late, either not doing mock exams because you have this possibility to practice with mock exams, something that doesn't exist in university. I wish it did, but it doesn't. One obviously is anxiety panic and that basically is a byproduct of poor preparation. Usually if you're well prepared, you've done mock questions. You've done a lot. In general, people do 2,000 for preparation. It should be maybe not a walk in the park, but a much easier, I believe, process for you guys. Poor time management and it's easy to manage time because you know exactly which part counts for how many percent. You can break it down. So you still see a lot of people who said, oh my God, I spent 35% of my time on something that covers 10% of the time. There's a rule called 40, 50, 10. Usually in this exam 40% of questions are easy. 50% are relatively difficult and 10% are very difficult.  That's the first rule of time management. The other is every half hour, you're going to look where you stand, see if you're behind or forward and not waste too much time if you're late in a part. That's very important. Reading questions too quickly, very funnily. I'm also a professor in university. I gave an exam recently which wasn't very difficult. The grades were poor and the reason why the grades were poor is that people didn't read the questions precisely. For example, I would say something like give an example from the financial industry and it was all Apple and IBM and they said, well this is not finance so it doesn't count. So reading questions too quickly you have to push, read them thoroughly. They're quite straightforward and so that's a key rule. Overthinking questions as well. Everything that you have in this exam will be covered by the books that you've read or the material. Since you have a minute 30 to prepare for a question or to answer a question, obviously they don't expect you to think for 10 minutes. So do not overthink the questions. Think about the first thing that comes to mind, the simplest one. That's what we're looking at. Giving answers not found in the program curriculum. That's precisely what I said before. We expect people to follow the curriculum. You know, economics is not a science that is exact. So you can give several answers to the same question. You're expected to give an answer that covers the program. And finally, failure to follow instructions. That's also something a little bit difficult for those of you that studied in France. It's a very rigorous exam process. In Switzerland it's a little bit more freestyle. This one is rigorous. There are some instructions that are very strict. You have to follow them. There are people, for example, once time is up, you need to immediately, those that don't will be expelled from the exam. It's a very harsh punishment, but that's the rule. And a lot of people go out of bounds for not following the rules. Precisely. What else can I tell you about our tips? Manage the time wisely, obviously. Start with easy questions. It goes without saying. However, there's a lot of people. Very surprised that she starts with question one, two, three, four. She doesn't look at how many points each question is worth. And she doesn't sell it easy answer. Don't forget when you get to the exam we'll get to that. Reading questions carefully, we've been through that. To answer precisely, there's only one correct response. So if you hesitate between two, the one that seems more relevant will be the question you want to answer. You've answered some of the readings, we've seen that. I guess if you must, there's no negative points. And very surprisingly, I think Chris can tell you that, but a lot of people don't answer all questions. And you have nothing to lose. So at the end of your exam, give yourself ten minutes. Go back to what you haven't answered. And simply guess and pray. Don't panic, you're not going for an A+. I had a rule of thumb that worked very well for me in university and professional exams, which is when I go to my exam, it's like a tennis match. The match hasn't started. The exam hasn't started. I have zero points. Every time I put an answer, I increase my point total. The other thinking is, oh my god, I don't know this, and you start panicking. So start with the glass half full theory. Every answer that I give brings my point total up towards my goal. Don't forget, there are no prizes. You don't want to get 100%. You need to get 70%. This means that out of 240 questions, you can get 72 wrong. That's a lot of wrong questions and you're so past. Right. The rest, I think you know pretty much these things. What's important is the preparation for a D-day. There's nothing worse than, because it's routine, there's nothing worse than the morning at the exam. You can't find the calculator, there's no batteries, you forgot where you put your passport, etc, etc, and she's laughing but I wasn't then. So those are things you must get out of the way. It's very important. You can get eliminated because you come into the exam and you don't have your passport. And that's very annoying to come back home and say mom or honey, whatever. I failed because I forgot my passport. So you get all these, you're not very fun to deal with, but they're small items. Deal with them a little bit in advance so that you know your materials ready, etc, etc, you can focus on the exam. Our approach, because I work for in our center, we also provide courses for CFA. I'll be sending out an invitation. We're giving a free course also. In a week, I'll tell you about that for people who want to know a little bit more about the CFA program. Basically, for your concept, the first is to learn, obviously. There are things you must learn by heart. There's no other way to do it. It's like running a marathon. The only way to run a marathon is to do one step and one and one, and at the end you've done 42 kilometers. Obviously, the second is understanding. Well, you can do that with a friend. You can do that through a course. You can do that by going to a website and you can do that by buying another book. There are several ways you can do it. We believe the best is to go through a program, but that's for everyone to the site. Some like to self-study. Others learn better in groups, etc, etc. Practice, practice, practice. You may very well master the theory, but you need to practice the sort of exam that the CFA handles because it's quite different from anything we've seen before. Some people have good knowledge of the theory, very sound knowledge, but they've never practiced. For this, you have mock exams. You have run by the CFA as a matter of fact. For example, by ourselves as well. You do have also questions that you can punch in and Q&A you can find on the internet, etc, etc. That's quite important. And finally, reviewing, reviewing means going through mock exams. Again, practicing for D-Day. Getting a few days rest as well is important so your brain can actually get a little bit more oxygen. So this fourth year concept. Learning, understanding what you've learned, or what you have failed to understand before when you were learning. Practice, questions, and review, review, review for D-Day. It's doable. I said it'd be short, but I lied to finish off. We're running a free CFA sample class in Geneva so people get to know what CFA is all about. We did that for other programs so we CFA 18th of June from 6.30 to 8.30. You're welcome to join and see what the CFA is all about. It's a very good certification. I can certainly encourage you to pursue one of these certifications. It will be a big boost for your career. It'll be a little bit of suffering, but it's quite doable. But basically it's a not-it-value proposition. I think we're all thirsty starting with me, so if you have any questions I'll take them now or with a drink and a hand as you want. Thank you.


So in this session, Mark will focus on the Zero Trust Core Principles developed by the Zero Trust Architecture Project Workgroup in the Open Group Security Forum that we've been hearing about. So a warm welcome from the Open Group please for Mark Simos. Over to you, Mark. Thank you. So thank you very much. This is an honor to be here amongst some of the original Jericho Forum folks and great colleagues that have been working with in the Open Group. So I'm going to be sharing information about the core principles themselves specifically discussing them just as a quick recap for those that may have missed Nikhil's excellent session. You know, the world has really become much more complicated, very much recognized by the Jericho Forum and all those efforts there. But even more intensely today with with APIs and the ability to generate it. They're sort of this interesting dynamic that if it is not that costly or difficult to add another instance of something you're going to find it sprawling. And we see that with documents with files with USB sticks and SharePoint sites and now we're seeing it with apps and APIs as well. And so the world is at a scale now of, you know, the sort of virtual electronic entities that have to be secured on that are, you know, each important to the business in their own way. You know that it's a really, really challenging world, especially given the world changes and all the other things as Nikhil mentioned earlier. Of course, remote work is now normal. So blasted what was left of the confidence that we could keep ourselves secure under perimeter. Those partnerships competitors and communication patterns and national interests and regulations are also changing very quickly, which are challenging businesses as well. And this in this leads to, you know, when you take a look at through the lens of, you know, how do we modernize security, which is many ways, you know, kind of a kind of definition of zero trust. You know, is all the things that know we needed to modernize for a number of years that have all come together and now being organized. And you need things like automated policy enforcement so you don't have to worry about manually applying things when stuff changes because it's always changing adaptive identity management that can handle these role changes of the mentioned a person that becomes a vendor and then a supplier and then a contributor and then a competitor in a matter of short period of time. And then of course, you know, the way I like to think about zero trust that helps bring me a lot of clarity to it is we're not trying to pull the users and the assets into the realm of it and security and secure the way we want. We're actually going and taking the security to users and the assets and where they are. And those, you know, those are users, those are the data that's the applications that matter to the business and and the end users and the customers. And so it helps you better focus security resources and better monitor when you're living in that space as opposed to artificially trying to pull them into the IT and security paradigms of times past. So how do you actually manage this, you know, again, other similar to the field diagram, you have to have a consistent policy that applies across it and great for intelligence, whether and applies it to the data directly to the apps and the API access. And so you end up with this sort of, you know, two different kinds of preventive controls. One is sort of the expected sets of access and then the other is the sort of unexpected types of ways that it could possibly be used. You know, whether you're bringing security up to the data or the data value down to the efficient scale of the way that you can provide security costs. And then, of course, the visibility sandwich of the immediate moment by moment stuff that's happening in terms of the attack space and the project that are hunting, etc. Of the attackers and then the ongoing sort of longer term governance and continuous improvement. Again, both consuming real time data, etc. But with different objectives and wanting to get rid of immediate threats and risks and the others we continuously lowering the risk level of the organization and sustaining the gains that we know. So that then leads us to the principles themselves. We wrote these down into about five different categories. The first two are organizational value and organizational risk. The next one is governments. And then the last two are the technology and then the security controls. And so I'll be covering each of those and a little bit depth. And then talking a little bit about the, how we map to the Jericho forum. And Steve's been an amazing job of kind of describing some of the history I've learned in lunch in the last session. And so I wouldn't be able to do it nearly as much justice as he could, but I'll give a quick overview kind of how those. So the first one in organizational value size of the text is actually a little bit bigger because there's only one. This is extremely important. This is the, this is the business driver for zero trust in my mind, which is that. In order for security to enable the business next actually enable the business, which is getting out of the way so that users and devices can do what they do naturally and work where they need to work in a place where. You know, the end users feel creative and they're able to meet with the business partners and they're able to meet with customers. And they're able to do business without being better by all the security pain and inconvenience. And so really working in any network in any location with the same security insurances is the goal. Obviously, you have to take into context of this person just randomly drop into a country that they've never been to before. All those things need to be taken into consideration, but the answer is not no, because you're not on the corporate network. So organizational risk is very much about aligning to the organization. So making sure that all of the security efforts and elements that are being done are being done in the context and in the frameworks in the mechanisms, the processes, et cetera, of the organization itself. Now, sometimes organizations have a mature risk model and framework, something based on fair or or another framework. Sometimes they don't. So you have to kind of apply these as it makes sense and as you're able to. But ultimately you've got to align and support at a minimum the organizational goals and the risk launch and threshold, even if that's not formally defined, you know, in terms of dollars or specific numbers. The security goals and security itself has to align to what the organization is trying to accomplish as a business as a mission. And they have to be able to align to that risk launch and threshold. So that is very, very important. And then the second piece is really in support of that. If the organization does have that risk framework to be using that to be fitting the security within there. So that the things that these business leaders have gotten used to that they adapt to on a daily basis and it's part of their decision process in their conversation. They're going to Franka. That is what security should fit in security should not be operating outside. Yes, security has some challenges with finding things. There's really a massive step in the right direction for allowing that. But it's very difficult sometimes to get data security because you're dealing with the human variable that on the other end the attacker and what it costs them to attack it will be gained from it. Also, security is a little bit tricky to integrate in there, but it is well worth the effort to go ahead and put that in there. So you can get that in there. Number four there. You've got to look at it over the course of the lifetime. So when you look at the organizational risk, you've got to look at the data and consider what it would be during its entire lifetime. For the transaction, make sure it's not just a point in time, but it's actually covering the entire thing and all the players in it. And then the relationship that there's a business relationship between two organizations. The risk of the sound of transfer of data and whether or not we provide the files and sort of encrypted phone home for the key kind of way. You need to be looking at it through the entire life cycle of the data relationship transaction so that you're not just saying. Well, we have TLS of the session, but it's unencrypted on the rent. Or yeah, the data is encrypted on our devices, but then I got emailed out. Right, you have to look at that risk for an end view so that you're really thinking through that business risk. So the governance piece, there's quite a few here and the governance by the way is in the middle deliberately that was a specific choice, because in many ways it provides a bridge between the business and technology. It should not be a point of friction should be a conduit and a channel that enables better conversation and discussion and process and rigor and not losing things. But it is very much a bridge. So the first thing, this is a little bit on the bold side, but the governance needs to reduce complexity. It needs to help simplify a lot of governance. Sometimes something a lot of governance, but frequently governance can increase complexity and add process for the sake of process. And it's very important to make sure that governance is gold with simplifying things to make decisions easier for business folks that are making list decisions and in which decisions on which opportunities to pursue. Want to make that as simple as possible for them for the security folks for the IT people. So the more that governance can encourage the reduction of complexity better because complexity is truly the enemy of security with complexity creates confusion and confuse people do not make good decisions. And so governance must reduce complexity and of course the threat surface area and be continuously reducing that. Next one, six, the governance frameworks should be guiding people process and technology that languages lifted directly from the original director form. And with clear ownership of the decisions. The policy and the aspirational vision so governments should be helping guide people make them help them make good decisions clear decisions as fast as possible. So that they don't have to consider a whole bunch of factors that the more that you take it depends on the better. And you can do that through decision ownership of this person makes the call man. You can do that with policy. This is the way we do things. We made the decision enough times that we know this is how we want to do it from now until we change the policy. And then aspirational visions can also help with that guidance for bringing that. The more the governance brings that clarity the more to reduce complexity and making more secure. Policy some security. I have to not directly to the organizational mission and risk security for security. It's safe is points security must be done for the purpose of organizational risk. Without the business there is no security. It doesn't matter. So you have to make sure you're in line to that organizational mission risk. And as much as possible favor that automated reporting because the metrics that you measure. If you have to do it manually they're not going to get that they're not going to get measured and not going to measure. So you want to make sure that's as easy as possible. And that alignment is automated and connected to that organizational promise. Governance frameworks. You know, governance needs to support shifting security close to the asset trying to do this as a big bulk network does not work. You have to get it as close to the asset as possible. Now you're going to need to group your efficiency. So, you know, all things of a certain type all projects of a certain sensitivity. There's a lot of things you can do to create efficiencies and groups using that business lens using technical lenses. But doing it with a big network doesn't work. And we want to make sure it is as close to the asset as possible. And the groupings that we do are then born of that knowledge of the asset as opposed to knowledge of the technical environment. So you want to shift the toolbox, excuse me, shifts the technical stuff to toolbox to help and really focus on the assets themselves individually or as a comment. And then nine all symptoms of integrity and trust level must be explicitly validated to the great possible. And this is really where the name of zero trust comes in, which is you have zero trust in something that explicitly validated that trustfulness. And so the integrity of the trust level has to be explicitly validated. You cannot simply assume. Oh, it's on the internet as well. So, that's what I said. And then next we have technology and security controls. So security mechanisms must be simple, scalable, pervasive and easy to manage that may look familiar to some of that is exactly copy pasted from the original Jericho form. That principle has not changed one Iota. It was beautifully written as elegant simplicity is critical scalability. We cannot do something unless it's automated, etc. to be scalable, because it may not get done if it's not able to scale. If everything works here, but oh, we forgot scenario nine and 10, then you're really not as secure as you should be. And of course, easy to manage. Because if it's not easy for the IT guy, well, now they're going to work around it. If it's not easy for the security person, they're going to work around it. If it's not easy for the business, they're going to work around it. They have to get their job done. Their job is not necessarily to make all these other stakeholders happy that are within your job is to make money or get their job done. And so it has to be as easy as possible, simple as possible, scalable, pervasive, so that there's only one way to do it. And that way is easy. 11 access to systems and data must be granted only as required. This is another way of saying we switch. So you say least there is a pretty person gets it that explain a little bit for, etc. outside of security, but pretty much systems and data have to be granted only required. And that is not just the traditional element because we've the traditional view of that has been, hey, I only want to put you in the certain groups and we've heard on some of the previous sessions about the privileges of growing as some of the senior because they never did. It's not a group. So just out of the rules. And that is very true. And that is one very important element of this privilege, but we've also learned that there is sort of a one simple trick. There's, there's another approach that you can use to bring down your tax surface, which is to limit the time so moving to adjust in time such as a privilege identity management privilege access management. The more that you can provide the services and privileges rather on demand as needed, you know, throw a little workflow on there for the, especially for the super important things. But that the privileges come on demand at the time, even if they're a member of a lot of groups, and they potentially have a lot of access. You've, you've reduced it a lot if they have to ask for those permissions each time you use them, you know, within reason to get too much in their job and interrupt their job too much. But the more that you can do that, the more that you can keep those from being standing privileges and keep those from being standing risks, really. And attackers would essentially have to advertise their intentions in order to get the privileges they want. We can't just silently use this to learn that it's very important to look at these privilege through a number of different lenses, including which privileges you're entitled to at some point or potentially and then also a time value. So those two that combination of the two the just enough access just in time access tend to be a very powerful way of practically bringing you closer and closer to that least privilege your life. So next 12 all assumptions of integrity and trust must be explicitly validated to the degree possible. This sounds a little bit repetitive the previous one. We take this out and maybe one of those that's very competing. These are almost final. So these are getting really close. We'd love to have more participation. There are some discussion in the chat window of different folks that can participate. We'd love to get more folks and help finalize these. But in this case, this particular version of bears repeating that all assumptions and integrity and trust must be explicitly validated to the degree possible. There's, there's obviously this ongoing need to sort of instrument devices that are instrument users that will bring in more data sources. So it's easy for a normal user to do something is very hard to tackle to mimic. So we need to have that kind of that duality. And so that is going to be constantly improving to expect this line to move forward, but to the degree possible by the technology available. We want to make sure that we are making sure that the integrity and trust level are explicitly valid. Validated in all for all those different assets for all those different equestries and principles. So that they are so that they're proven. And that brings us down to the technology section. So reinforcement, we had this at the higher level, the risk level of looking at the lifetime. We also want to look at this to the technology lifetime. Confidential integrity must be maintained for the lifetime of the data, the transaction relationship. We want to make sure that again, we're not protecting just that moment in time or just that portion of the transaction. We're just that one type of communication partner that we're looking at this over all and at the full life cycle. You know what happens before what happens after look left look right is our softwares to say. And let's let's take a look at the full life cycle of those and make sure that we have the controls in place. You know, from the beginning through the middle, all of its iterations for mutations, all the way to its end of life that we are making sure that those assurances are there. And it's not just, oh, yeah, we forgot to protect that. So we want to make sure we're very intentional. 14 data centric app centric must replace network central. So network is not bad. It is not wrong, but it is it's necessary, but it's not sufficient. So you want to have network controls in place. You want to have firewalls in place, but you cannot rely on that your business on them, and you cannot make them the paradigm so much so that you interact business functionality. So data centric and application centric, those tend to be the stores of business value data is the intellectual property processes and pieces there.  So those tend to be the technical instantiations of business stores of value. And so that must be the center. It's very much a business centric thinking, but in most cases it lands on data or ads to provide the business value and store. And so we need to make sure that we're looking at it through that lens as opposed to those network centric strategies. We have to look at the entire life cycle. The end user flight in US. And we need to reduce that threat service by reducing data rest. I mentioned tokenization specifically, and I think a little earlier I mentioned you either have to bring the data, bring the security up to meet the needs of the data or bring the data down to meet the security that is possible to provide. And of course, you know, the more that you can reduce problems, you have to solve the better. So if you can do value tokenize on that data and make it something that's easy to secure, life is good. Take the one copy of social security numbers or the other P and I, whatever it is, put it in a highly secure database and give everybody else a generic pointer to that. Then you're in a much, much, much better place because you have less databases, you have to bring up to that highest level standard. So the more that you can apply that kind of thinking with that. 15 asset centered approach based on the asset sensitivity. So this is very much recognizing that you need very much related to the previous one that the asset centered approach has to be driven there. And you got to look at the sensitivity of it and perform prioritization of what we focus on first, next and later by how much impact it has and what the sensitivity is to business. And then you got to get that controls harmonization in place. So with that, let's speak a little bit about the math things to the Jericho. So, broken down pretty much into two different slides because we ended up with about 14, 15 of these things. You'll see that they are very, very closely related to the original Jericho forum. One inspired quite a few. And quite a few can end up processing into one, which is very much a whole zero trust that no work in any location, any network in the same security services. And so the the linkages between these are quite extensive. The one that I will call out that note here and I think Steve mentioned earlier devices and applications must communicate using open secure protocols. So it's a little very much a truth, but it is not really a part of the zero trust solution or architecture per se. And so we chose to and quite frankly the open idea a lot. And those kind of things ended up that vote is pretty much sale as far as current generation technology. And so, you know, like to think and hope that the Jericho forums and we're working with the open group has influence that. But ultimately, those things are out there and running and it's not something that as an organization that is consuming this has a zero trust strategy is building it. It's not something that there's a huge amount of influence over so we decided to emphasize that one and in non included. So for the most part, you see that these things are very closely linked to the original Jericho forum commandments. Retro trust levels. You know, it has to work outside of your locust or a control very much related to one as well as a time piece because time changes. You can control. So your patient privileges. And then on the other page, we actually address us. We jump to the second page. And so, you know, again, here's that direct copy security mostly simple simple basis and easy to manage 100% direct copy based. And all of these things do the same. So you see 11 here. I was a little bit more of a technical controls control. So it has to be secured and when stored in transit use. And that may explain to several. So, ultimately, you will see that there's a lot of. And the zero principles are very much an evolution of the thinking. You know, again, for the modern day, a little bit more emphasis on business and governance. There's much more of a representation of what the security role is as of this moment and as we anticipate. So with that, I think I have used up my time and I thank you very much. I look forward to questions and access. Mark, thank you very much. Great job. And as you say, your questions are going to be in the panel session, but. Thank you for taking us through that through that project. And this, as you said, you know, these, these principles are not quite published, not quite final. But getting close to at this point, and it will be great to get get more people involved. So, random, virtual random, thank you for some mark sign us.


Media are the forms that we use to communicate. Magazine. TV, radio, billboards and posters. It's newspapers. It can be movies. It can be advertising that you get in the mail. Anything you can scribble a message on is essentially a medium, and you had it all together. And those are media. When you're at the shore, the beach, and those airplanes fly by with the advertisements behind them, that's media. Anything that gives information, that's... Yeah. We absorb thousands, if not tens of thousands of messages every day. Media does three things. It entertains, it informs, and it persuades. Not necessarily every message contains all three of those, but any message would contain one of those elements. For example, you might be writing a note to your friend, and that would be to inform them of the right phone number. But if you're watching an ad, that ad is probably trying to entertain you to get your attention. It's trying to inform you of who they are, and it's trying to persuade you to go buy that product, and you are absorbing that message. Young people of today are bombarded, casted by these media messages. It's amazing to see how much time they actually spend using media. Most kids watch some kind of screen, be it TV, computer, the Gamecube, the Gameboys, for a minimum of four hours every day. We watch a lot, because as soon as we get home, I feel like we just want to sit on the couch. Kids don't realize how much they are around media and how much they're influenced by it. It affects their choices. It affects their lifestyle. If I'm not wearing something that some of my friends are wearing, then they're going to think I'm different just because of media. It attracts you. Gets people to buy stuff. Products. It's so persuasive, and what we want to teach is how to be good consumers of media. Media is not bad, but you need to understand what they're doing and why they're doing it so that you can respond intelligently and think through, do I really want this? Is this information I needed, or are they just trying to persuade me to buy something? Media is all around us. It's neither good nor bad. It's what we do with it that counts.