Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. We continue talking about a structure of atom, electronic structure of atom, how basically electrons are positioned around a nucleus. This lecture is part of the course, Physics for Teens, presented on Unisor.com. I suggest you to watch this lecture and everything else from the website, because it's a course which means there is a manual, there is a certain sequence, order of lectures, because if you just found it on YouTube, let's say, it's just one singular lecture and I might refer it to something else, and you don't know where it is. From the website you have all the lectures at your disposal. Now the website is totally free, there are no advertisements, no strings at age, you don't even have to sign in if you're just learning by yourself. There is a prerequisite course on the same website called Math for Teens. Math is absolutely necessary to study physics and at least something like calculus and vector analysis are definitely the part, subjects of mathematics which are needed for physics. What else? Now the website has not only lectures but also the textual description of every lecture. So you have a video and you have a text, like a textbook basically. So you can always, after the video, you can read the textual part of it just to re-emphasize certain things and make it a little bit maybe better understanding. Okay, so today we will talk about energy of electrons. Now we did go through Bohr's model of how electrons actually are moving around a nucleus, that there are certain stationary orbits where moving on these orbits, moving along these orbits, electrons do not emit any energy and that's what makes these orbits stable. So we were talking about, instead of the word orbit, we were talking about the concept called shell, which basically means the same thing, it just reflects the three-dimensional world we are in. So electrons are somewhere within certain shells around the nucleus. Now we were also talking that it's not just shells, every shell has certain sub-shells and it was a pretty good, like mathematically even very nicely looking theory about sub-shells. So sub-shells have numbers, numbered let's say 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. They have been assigned letters, I think it's S, P, I don't remember, something like F maybe, no D, first G I believe and then F and then G and then by alphabetically. There are some historical reasons for these letters, so sub-shells are called with the letters and every sub-shell has certain maximum number of electrons it can hold. So this one is 2, then 6, then 10, then 14, then 18, every time we are increasing by 4. So this is number of electrons per shell. Now per sub-shell, I'm sorry, so these are sub-shells. Now the shells have certain number of sub-shells. The shell number 1 has 1 sub-shell, shell number 2 has 2, shell number 3 has 3 sub-shells. So this one has S, this one has S and P, this one has S, P and I guess D. If I'm not mistaken, I think that's what it is, etc. So these are shells, these are number of sub-shells and as you see number of sub-shells is equal to shell number and then these are sub-shells which are included, which means that the first shell has only 2 electrons, the second shell has 2 plus 6 equals 8 and this one has 2 plus 6 plus 8 equals 18. So these are structures of the first layers around the nucleus. Now let me just exemplify it with this configuration for a few elements which we do know about. Okay, let's start from hydrogen. Now hydrogen has atomic number 1, which means it has only one proton and one electron. Now obviously this one electron should be on the first sub-shell of the first shell because it's only one electron, there is nothing else, right? So what I can say is that the electronic structure of the hydrogen is first shell has only one single sub-shell and there is only one single electron in it. So this is the shell number, this is sub-shell letter, well, letter and number basically correspond to each other, but it's traditionally the letters and the superscript with the shell tells how many electrons it holds. Okay, let's go further. Helium has atomic number 2, which means it has 2 protons and 2 electrons. Okay, now shell number 1 has sub-shell, which can hold up to 2 electrons and that's the only thing which we need, we have 2 electrons. So they go to the first sub-shell of the first shell and that's it. Next one, lithium. Lithium has atomic number 3, which means it has 3 protons and correspondingly 3 electrons to make the atom neutral. Now how they can actually be positioned? Well, let's just think about it. We have the first shell, now the first shell has only one sub-shell and this is sub-shell S, it can hold up to 2 electrons. Okay, so we have 2 electrons here, but we have 3 electrons. So, where does it go? The first shell doesn't have any more sub-shells. So we need to go to the second shell to its first sub-shell and put electron there. Oh, it's not we actually putting the electron there, it's there. Who puts there, I don't know. Okay, so that's basically how the lithium atom is created. Okay, let's just skip a couple and let's go to carbon. Carbon has atomic number 6. So we have 6 protons in the nucleus, we have 6 electrons in orbits. So let's just position these 6 electrons into shells and sub-shells. Again, let's start sequential. We have the first shell, it can have only one sub-shell, and this sub-shell has 2 electrons. Okay, 2 goes 4 to go. Now, we have the second sub-shell. Now, the second sub-shell has the first sub-shell of it. It can hold also 2, right? No more than 2. So we need to go to the second sub-shell of the second shell. So it's 2. This is the P is the letter of the second sub-shell. And it can hold up to 6 electrons. Now, we need only 2 left, right? Because we need 6, so it's 2, 2 and 2, 6. So this is how the electrons of carbon are positioned. There are 2 shells. The first shell has only one sub-shell and it has 2 electrons. The second shell has 2 sub-shells. The first one has 2. And whatever is left of electrons, 2 of them, goes to the second sub-shell. Now, this is not the limit. The limit is 6 for the second sub-shell, right? Okay. Now, let's skip a few more. Let's go to silicon. Silicon has atomic number 14. So we have 14 electrons to spread around. Well, let's just continue this thing. I think it's an interesting kind of exercise. So the first sub-shell can have only one sub-shell and 2 goes there. Great. Let's talk about the second sub-shell. 2 goes to the first sub-shell and the second shell. Now, the second sub-shell has the second. The second shell has the second sub-shell, which can hold up to 6. Now, we need 14. So these 6 will be definitely taking. Now, the second shell has only 2 sub-shells. So we cannot go into the second shell anymore. So we need to start the third shell. Okay. The third shell has the first sub-shell, which can hold 2 of them. Now, what do I have right now? I have 10, 12. We need 14. So we need 2 more electrons. Well, we have the second shell of the third shell and the remaining 12 electrons will go there. That's silicon. Okay. Now, it's actually getting much more interesting as we go down the table of elements. The next one I would go with argon. Argon is the noble gas, actually. Now, it has 18, number 18. Now, in many cases, or what people do, instead of repeating all this, I will repeat all this, but they're kind of abbreviating. So instead of this, for example, they can call something like this pot, for instance. This pot is equal to 3 liters or something like that. I mean, they do abbreviate. So they take the pot, and instead of putting all these shells and sub-shell, they put something which they already have written about and then attach a couple of more. But I will go all the way through. All right, so argon has 18. Well, let's think about this guy, 14. We still have some capacity here, right? The sub-shell P has 6 maximum, right? So we can put 4 more, and 4 more will be exactly this. So what I will do is I will basically repeat the whole thing. 1 is 2, 2 is 2, 2P6, 3S2, and 3P6, that's the maximum, and that will be 18. 2 and 2, 4, 10, 12, 18. So we have 18. And as you see, we have completely exhausted the second sub-shell of the third shell with argon. I specifically decided to finish up filling completely this second sub-shell because the next example will be extremely important. And here is why. Let's take exactly the next element after argon, which is potassium. Potassium is K-calium. Atomic number is 19, one greater than this. Now, let's just think about it. If you have one more electron, now obviously the last sub-shell, the second sub-shell of the third shell is completely exhausted. So what do we do? I mean, it's natural, and let me tell you, from the mathematician's standpoint, it's absolutely natural. So whenever we have exhausted the second sub-shell of the third shell, I know that the third shell has three sub-shells, right? The third has SP and D. So my natural instinct would tell me that I have to just put one more electron into the next sub-shell, which is sub-shell D. So I would put that this is equal to argon 18 plus 3D1. So I repeat all this. These are first two sub-shells completely, and the third shell with two sub-shells. And they know there is a third sub-shell in the third shell. So I can put this electron. But this is not exactly what happens. Well, people did experiments. What happened was instead they have the same thing as argon, so which means all these sequence, and the next one was 4S1. So instead of using the third sub-shell of the third shell, it goes to the fourth shell, first sub-shell. I'll just question why. And here we go to the subject of this lecture, which is energy levels. Here is the problem. You remember that again in previous lectures, we were talking about energy of the electron as it rotates around the nucleus. It's a Coulomb constant, square of its charge, divided by two radiuses, radius of the orbit. Now, we did actually derive this formula. This is full energy, potential and kinetic. Kinetic energy is positive, and potential energy is negative, and the total result is negative. Now, why is it negative? Well, because it's not we who are supposed to spend some work putting electron on the orbit, because electron is attracting to nucleus. It's whenever we want to take it away, we have to spend energy. That's why potential energy is negative. And by absolute value, potential energy is greater than kinetic, and that's why the whole result is negative. However, it is negative. However, as r increasing, the absolute value of the total energy is decreasing. So, basically it's negative, but it goes to zero, as r increasing. As r increasing, the potential, the total energy is increasing, but still remains at zero. Now, what does it mean? It means that as we are approaching greater and greater radiuses, the difference between energy levels becomes less and less and less. Now, we know that every orbit has some kind of an energy, right? So, we need something like a few different sub-shells, which means few different orbits on each shell level, right? So, unfortunately, unfortunately, I don't know, it looks like the shells overlap from the energy standpoint. So, if I will go like a model of the atom, so this is one shell and this is another shell. Now, this shell has sub-shells. And this shell has sub-shells. And whenever you increase the sub-shell number, the third sub-shell of this shell is energetically, if the distance is the energy level, energetically it would be greater than the first shell of the next. The first sub-shell of the next shell. So, that's why shells are... This is one shell and this is another shell. So, these are sub-shells. My fingers are sub-shells. So, they are overlapping. And that's why the energy level of lower shell, lower shell, but higher sub-shell, may be greater than the lower sub-shell of higher shell. So, that's basically how it is. And now we get a principle. How electrons are distributed among shells and sub-shells. And it's attributed to a few names. I don't remember them, obviously. Aufbau principle. And then there are Medlang and Klitschkovsky. People who were kind of explaining the whole mechanism of this, that electrons are not going like sequentially into shells and sub-shells within the shells. No, they are going sequentially according to the energy level. Now, in the beginning, let me go back to my graph. In the beginning, when the radiuses are small, which means the shells are in the first shells, like the first shell, the second shell, the difference between energy level is significant between the shells. And that's why there is a room for sub-shells here and sub-shells here, and they are not overlapping. But the farther we go from the nucleus, so the shells was numbered like 3, 4, 5, etc., they are so close to each other that the sub-shells of this one overlap with the sub-shells of the next shell. And that's why, since the principle says that electrons take the orbit in the order of increasing energy, not in the order of increasing shell number or sub-shell number, increasing energy, that's why we have this situation. Instead of going into the third sub-shell of the third shell, electron goes to the fourth shell, but the first sub-shell. So again, third shell, third sub-shell has greater energy level than the fourth shell, first sub-shell. That's how it is. And as a result of this, all shells and sub-shells are ordered basically in the level of energy they carry. In this order, I put in writing in the textual part of this lecture, it's basically like 1s is less than 2s is less than 2p is less than 3s less than 3p. And here instead of less than 3d, which is the third sub-shell of the third shell, it's actually 4s and then 3d. Because, as I was saying, the first sub-shell of the fourth shell has less energy than the third shell, sub-shell of the third shell. That's what it is. Now, why this is this way? There are really very neat theories about this and they're completely beyond the level of this particular course. But there are certain very, very logical explanations because it's related to how exactly these shells are organized and sub-shells, etc. So basically, that's all I wanted to talk about. I think the most important thing for you to understand this kind of notation, that's number one. And the second is that shells overlap with their shells as far as energy is concerned. But when you see something like this, you should not be surprised. This is very easy to decipher. The shell number, the sub-shell letter, which basically corresponds to number, and the number of electrons this particular sub-shell carries. This is an electronic structure of every element. If you go to some textbook, whatever, and you were basically studying this electronic structure, you will always see notation like this. So I would like you to understand it. There is nothing outlandish or very, very difficult to understand about this. It's very, very easy. Shells, sub-shells, and number of electrons per sub-shell. With this particular twist that electrons are filling orbits, not in the order of shell, sub-shell, but in the order of energy levels from lower to the higher, which happened to correspond in the beginning, the shell-sub-shell number. But as we go further with greater atomic numbers, with greater number of electrons, then this particular order might be distorted in some way or another. And potassium is a perfect example. Okay, that's it. I do suggest you to read the notes for these lectures. And this is it for today. Thank you very much and good luck.


So now the meniscus is starting to prolapse along the free edge of the tibia or the free edge of the femur. In that scenario also, I'll use the term extrusion of the meniscus or displacement slash extrusion of the meniscus in the parafemoral of the paratibial gutter. Let's take a quick look. Here's exactly just that. Here's our meniscus. And our meniscus is truncated. We'll get to that in a moment. You already know one cause of truncation is a bucket handle tear, but not the case here. This is the most common cause of truncation. The surgeon, the surgeon did it. They truncated the meniscus. They went and cut the inner portion of the meniscus, which actually has a lot to do with the meniscus extrusion or displacement along the paratibial gutter. Here it is right there. Our meniscus is in trouble and this patient is lying on their back. They're not even standing up. There's no hoop stress driving down, pushing the meniscus out when the patient is standing. It's even more extruded. Why did this occur? Because the meniscus got chopped right here. And now when you drive the femur down into a structure that is now paper thin and irregular and has lost some of its depth, you know from physics that that produces a scenario that enhances the pushing effect of the meniscus to one side. And most of the forces are coming down and out and down and out on both sides. So the mere fact that there's a trimming increases the likelihood, the physical likelihood, that a meniscus experiences more downward force, more hoop stress and greater likelihood of displacement and therefore displacement into the parafemoral and paratibial gutter rendering it useless. So minisectomies are not to be taken lightly. We'll talk about later on what circumstances they are absolutely indicator. Thanks.


Hey guys, what is up? Welcome to my channel. Obviously for today's video I'm going to be doing a tutorial on this look for you guys So I have officially made the decision to kind of start a little series over the next few months where I post one tutorial using each of the Pat McGrath and The Natasha Denona palettes that I do not have tutorials up for already and the reason that I'm doing this is I pretty often get Comments asking if I've done a look with this Pat McGrath mothership palette or this Natasha Denona palette And though I do have a couple up or I do have a tutorial included in my review I don't have that many dedicated tutorials up for palettes So since I do have so many Natasha Denona and Pat McGrath subscribers I have decided to dedicate a whole video and tutorial to each palette My goal for this is for my channel to work as a reference for you guys You guys can have something that you can look back to and feel inspired by and also maybe bring out your old Pat McGrath or Natasha Denona palettes that you haven't used recently and you can use them along with me So for today's tutorial, I'm going to be using the Pat McGrath Mothership 5 bronze seduction palette. Now the reason that I'm using this one is because it is my favorite of all Pat McGrath palettes, but also it's the one I've gotten the most request for for a tutorial I do have one on my review that you can watch that tutorial as well But I did want to give this one a whole dedicated video This look is really actually very simple to do anybody can do it So just follow along with me if you want to learn how to get this gorgeous kind of grungy glittery smokey eye So let's just get straight into the tutorial to start off I'm using my makeup revolution concealer and I'm using that both as a base and as well to carve out my eyebrows From the bronze seduction palette I am taking the shade entrapment which is just a medium brown shade And I'm just blending that all over my crease with a fluffy blending brush I'm then going in with the shade disobedient which is a darker chocolate brown and that is going all over my lid Once I place that all over my lid. I'm then just going to blend out those edges Taking the shade astroluna gold which is one of her amazing duo chrome glitter formulas I'm going to spray my finger with some water and doing this makes the shade more metallic And it also allows you not to have to use glitter glue The next step is to take just a small little brush And I'm using that just to diffuse those edges and then I'm going in with the shade fire opal And this is one of the most important steps of the look This is going to add more green to the eyes and really add a lot of dimension in the colors And again, you're taking I'm taking that brush and I'm diffusing those edges This is a glitter look so you're going to get fallout So I'm using a wipe just to clean up those glitters fallouts and here I am using my sleeve to dry myself And on to the face we go I'm using the Smashbox photofinish smooth and Baler primer This was actually my first time trying it and I kind of got to admit I didn't really notice any type of difference Good old L'Oreal and Fallible Pro Matte super good drugstore foundation I'm just using my sponge to blend that in Taking flower beauty light illusion concealer I'm going to use that to brighten up my face So I'm putting that on my under eyes as well as my chin to try and lengthen my face Using my sponge, I'm going to press in my Cody loose setting powder I find that pressing in the powder on your under eyes really locks it in and actually reduces creasing Go figure I'm using pretty vulgar mannequin bronzer to warm up my face and oh my gosh you guys It was so powdery. This is my first time using it. It really surprised me I'm taking this neutral pink shade for my Nars wanted one cheek palette And that's what I'm going to use to give my cheeks some life From the balm the luminizers quad I'm taking the highlighter penny luminizer And it's a really golden highlighter that I thought would really compliment the eyes And I just applied it on the high points of my cheek, my nose and my cupid's bow Back to the eyes. I'm taking entrapment the initial transition shade we used And I'm just going to put that on my under eyes And then we're working in with the disobedient shade, which is the darker color I'm using a much more compact brush and I'm really packing that onto my lower lash line And if you watch I want you to notice I'm really putting that into the inner corner as well to make it really smoky and dark Onto the ombre lip I'm taking the darker color Which is mess around from color pop and I'm putting that all over my lips And here's my special tip take a makeup wipe and just take the product off the center of your lips So you don't get too much product build up and then put your lighter color in the center of your lips And lightly pat with your fingers to really get that beautiful ombre look And you're not layering it on too much product so that your lips look extra crusty. You know what I mean And that is it. That is how you get this beautiful look I hope you found it helpful and I hope you take the time to subscribe to my channel. Bye guys. Have a great day


As people, as individuals and you have a lot of followers, what is there a complete change in our mindset and lifestyle that we have to do, make right now? And it's linked to consumption and how much we consume. See everybody being conscious of consumption has become important because we have such a large population, for the land that we have we have an excess population. And also it is time that we think of how to contain the population at least where it is. Whatever we need to do, we have to do. Why is it always necessary that the government has to bring a policy? There was a family planning department but that became family welfare now for whatever reasons. I'm not here to comment on different political decisions that have been taken but the important thing is, can we sustain the population that we produce, that's all the question is. If all of us can live wonderfully well, no problem about the population. But when there's a big question mark about that, that is also an important aspect, about being conscious of how we use water, definitely every citizen must do it. But the important thing is transforming India's agriculture. Right now the problem is, there is not enough organic content in the soil. How do you bring organic content in the soil? The only way you can do it is the leaves of the trees and the animal waste. Trees are gone long time ago, animals are all traveling outside the country. If you say one word, people will say this is a religious issue, this is this issue, that issue, no. If you do not put back organic content back into the soil, you're ruining the soil. Right now, out of 160 million hectares of arable land that we have in this country, 104 million hectares have been labeled as distressed soil. This is nearly sixty percent, fifty-five, sixty percent. What do you mean by animals going out of the country? Well, we are the largest beef exporter. This is not a religious or dietary issue for me. My thing is, how will you keep the organic content in the soil? If there's no animal waste and leaves from the trees, these are the only two sources you have. It is not a complex problem. Traditionally we have always known the answer for this. But we think there is some very high funder solution for it. There is no high funder solution. If you want to own an acre, a hectare of land, you must have a minimum of five bovine animals on the land. Not in your city, not somewhere in a school, not somewhere else, but on the land. Right now that was always the understanding. This is always the understanding of the organic farmer. But today that understanding is gone because he thinks he can draw chemicals and do it. See, in United Nations, according to UN standards, to call soil as soil, there must be a minimum of two percent organic content. But today, nearly twenty-five percent of India's soil has only 0.05 percent organic content. This means we are converting fertile land into a desert. Desertification is happening at a rapid pace. This is the most crucial thing that we are destroying the soil. Water is not the issue. Soil is the issue. If the soil is organically rich, there will always be water. You must put at least five bovine animals on every hectare of land if you want to own land. Otherwise, if you don't have animals, you cannot own land. It has to come somewhere. If we don't do this, we will convert fertile soil into sand. Desertification is happening rapidly. This is not some alarmist talk. Everything is showing.


Hello, everyone. It's Bob Waskiewicz from ST Microelectronics, staff engineer with part five of our nine part video series on the STM32L5 trust zone. In part three, we introduced the ARM Cortex M33 trust zone architecture. ST takes that IP from ARM. We've also added our own special things to it because of our background in security and that's what we're going to discuss in part five. The color scheme reminder, green is secure, pink is non-secure. So secure versus non-secure access to memory and peripherals is controlled in multiple places. We've already discussed the IDAU, configured hardware-wise versus the SAU, which is software configurable, but there are also protection controllers out on the AHB bus which also need configuration as well. The global trust zone controller for accessing RAM and external memory, for instance, plus a couple of the peripherals also needs to be configured. So the details of all this is too involved to go into right now. The key point to take away is that if the protection controllers are configured correctly, non-secure code has no access to secure resources. If they are configured incorrectly, secure faults are generated when the secure side tries to access a non-secure device or peripheral memory. This is a reminder summary slide of the trust zone isolation from the previous lecture notes a couple minutes ago, but what's new here is the very bottom comment. All secure registers when access from a non-secure domain are RAZWI. Read as zero, writes ignored. So from a non-secure side, if you ever try to access memory or try to read peripherals or so and it's not configured correctly, you're going to get all zeroes back. If you try to change something, it's just going to be basically ignored. So the protection controllers, as I mentioned, are distributed on different levels inside the flash on the peripheral. This slide is leading us into a discussion of trust zone aware peripherals versus secureable peripherals. So when the TZN equal one bit is said trust zone is enabled, the peripherals are identified as trust zone aware or a secureable peripheral. So trust zone aware is a peripheral that's connected directly to the system bus or the APB peripheral bus and is implementing a specific trust zone behavior. It knows that the trust zone is there. A secureable peripheral is a peripheral as protected by the AHB and the APB and it is controlled by this global trust zone controller. So there's attributes that need to be defined. I'll get into why this is a neat thing in a few slides. So what's trust zone aware? So here's the list. All the GPIO, the global trust zone controller, external memory, DMA, the clock configuration, flash memory on the fly system config, some of the power stuff in the real-time clock. The rest of the peripherals, the I squared C, the SPI, the UART, are secureable peripherals. And what does that mean? So the global trust zone controller is an ST for pi T peripheral. So we came up with this. It configures the SRAM external memories and then all the secureable peripherals. So a secureable peripheral is anything that's not trust zone aware. And it's also responsible for the illegal accesses from the secure side, as well as the secure interrupts. So as seen from the previous table of trust zone aware, the DMA controllers are trust zone aware. They can only be configured by a secure core. They're out on the HB master. What's kind of cool about them is that they support both non-secure and secure transfers independently. So you could theoretically, you could transfer a memory from the secure side to the DMA, and it knows what's secure and what's not secure. I've alluded to this on other slides about this secure, non-secured memory, aliasing. And in a legacy memory map, we have a contiguous memory map from some number to some number. And then within each one, you would take the SAU and you would allocate a region for that. However, because there's a maximum of only eight region, that's kind of very limiting. So ST chose not to do this method. It's unique to ST is that we aliased and have two sets of addresses, one for secure and one for non-secure. And the benefit of this is that, let's say you have four UARTs in a device, which you have in the L5. Because you can configure them and because we can fit them within the SAU regions, let's say I want two of those controllers to be secure and two of them to be non-secure. I can configure them that way. If I dedicate an addressing range to them, then either two are secure or two are non-secure. And if I need four non-secure, I'm not going to be able to do that. So that's one of the advantages of what ST has done in the aliasing of the memory map. All right. So the final word about the SAU, IDAU, and the aliasing of the memory map. The middle column shows the IDAU attributes. So out of reset, this is what you get. So certain areas of SRAM are secure, certain areas are non-secure.  The ultimate final security attribute is based on what's done by the SAU. Thank you for spending your time reviewing part five of the nine-part video series. I encourage you to continue with part six and part seven. Both are hands-on. In part six, we will add a non-secure application to the secure trusted application. And in part seven, I'll show you how to set up the IAR IDE to the bug with symbol data, the two concurrent applications, the non-secure and the secure, using the IAR IDE.


Hello and welcome to the session, the given question says integrate the following function. So first let us learn the formula to integrate a function of the type a square plus x square with respect to x. This is equal to half x into root over x square plus a square plus a square upon 2 log mod x plus root over x square plus a square plus a constant c. So with the help of this formula we shall integrate the given function. So this is our key idea. Now let us start with the solution. So we have to integrate the given function which is x square plus 4x plus 6 with respect to x. Now if we have a polynomial ax square plus bx plus c then can be written as a into x plus b upon 2a whole square plus c upon a minus b square upon 4a square. So let us try to write the polynomial x square plus 4x plus 6 as the sum of the squares of two polynomials. So we have x plus 4 upon 2 whole square plus 6 upon 1 minus b square b square so 4 square is 16 upon 4 into 1 square. This is further equal to x plus 2 whole square plus 4 4s are 16 and 6 minus 4 is 2 so it can be written as root 2 whole square. So the given integral can be written as integral root over x plus 2 whole square plus root over 2 whole square into dx. Now let us take x is equal to x plus 2 so this implies on differentiating both sides with respect to x dt is equal to dx. So the given integral can be written as root over t square plus root 2 whole square into dt. Now by using the key idea this can further be written as half t into root over p square plus 2 plus then we have a square upon 2 in a way is root 2 so root 2 whole square is 2 upon 2 log mod t plus root over t square plus root 2 whole square which is 2 plus a constant c. Now let us put the value of t so we have half into x plus 2 into root over x plus 2 whole square plus 2 is equal to x square plus 4x plus 6 plus 2 cancels out with 2 and we have log mod t is x plus 2 and again root over t square plus 2 is equal to root over x square plus 4x plus 6 plus a constant c. Thus on integrating the given function we get x plus 2 upon 2 into root over x square plus 4x plus 6 plus log mod x plus 2 plus root over x square plus 4x plus 6 plus c. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.


Hi everyone. It's so good to see you here. I am actually a few minutes early for the Q&A live that we promoted online. So if you are just now joining, please pop in, let me know who it is where you're from. I'm here live for the next 20 to 30 minutes to answer your questions that you have about chronic illness, Lyme or mold, or any of the things you might want to talk to me about. And if you will bear with me, I'm going to go ahead and get us. Let's see the questions here in the chat box. So, hang in there. I see a few you're on already. Awesome. Hello. Welcome. Great to see you here. We're going to be here for live Q&A for the next 20, 30 minutes. So pop in, tell me where you're from, where you're listening from any questions that you might have. I'm just getting up the feed so I can actually see your questions in real time as we are talking. So thanks for joining me today for the live Q&A as I just get set up so that I can see all of you guys and what you're doing and what your questions are today. Okay, good. Hi Dana from Wisconsin. Awesome. Hello everybody. Again, this is Dr. Jill live here to answer your questions about mold or Lyme or chronic illness or anything you might have. And I've got a few already that had been pre submitted so I will take a look at those and start there but if you're just joining me now. Okay, hello and put your questions in your high Trisha to Wisconsinites. You guys probably know what I grew up in Illinois not too far from you. So I was in a pure Illinois for most of my life growing up just a little bit. Let's see it would be a little bit east of pure a farm community called Roanoke Illinois probably most of you have heard of Roanoke Virginia but not Roanoke Illinois. I'm in the town of about 2000 graduating high school class of just under 50 so really small town rural area. That's my hometown so hi guys from Wisconsin. Hello from Missouri Hi Brenda, great to see you here. And here I am live answering your questions so just submit any questions that you might have. And I have a few people who submitted questions beforehand so I will go to those to get started but I'm just going to let everybody kind of filter on. Say hello tell me where you're from and submit your questions I'm here live to answer your questions and always look forward to these afternoons when I can interact with you virtually. I found a lot of names that I recognize so that is awesome. Thank you guys for joining me. I'm going to go back to the page here to see if there were a few submitted. We did have one scheduled. I don't know two three weeks ago, and I had to cancel that so if you guys are waiting on that one and then notice I didn't show up I apologize, but I am here now and ready to answer your questions. So Claire had submitted a question beforehand, and said she is feeling so much better from mold toxicity but still waking up feeling kind of toxic. So far colostyramine has been the best difference but how long to take it for. She said, I have sears I would love to speak to a mold expert and there isn't any in my area. I'm stuck do I need brain training Claire I'm so sorry, mold is just nasty and it lasts for quite a while I always say when patients are first starting to get treatment to expect anywhere from six to 18 months. I remember with my experience. It was about 18 months till I started to really feel like myself and unfortunately, I felt worse before I felt better. You might have heard me say this before but when I first started treating my mold toxicity years ago and started on binders I was like, I want to get better and I just took a handful like I don't know six to eight binders of charcoal. I was so sick, I got hives head to toe I got rash as I'm sure it was mass cell activation, and I learned kind of the hard way not to go too quickly. You know with mold toxicity and really any toxic issue there's two things there's two toxins out of your tissues so often after the mold exposure, we will get this stuckness of toxicity in our tissues in our fat cells in our body, and we have to mobilize that toxin first before we can excrete it. Things that include things that either precursor of glutathione like NAC, lipoic acid, milk thistle, selenium, all of those kinds of things might help to mobilize so would infrared sauna or epsom salt baths or sweating of any type. And then there's so many other things we can do to mobilize toxins. I feel like mobilizing toxins is the easy part. It's the excretion. That's the harder part and if we're mobilizing too quickly for our bodies to excrete often we get stuck and we get more sick and that would be the case, like when I took too much charcoal and got hives head to toe I was mobilizing a lot of toxins into my bloodstream, and becoming actually more toxic because I couldn't excrete. So what is excretion and how do we enhance excretion because that is going to be the key to you getting well, and you feeling well during the detox. So excretion is going to be sweating, urinating your stool, the breath that we breathe out, and through the skin like I said with sweat there are so many different ways that we excrete, and even our lymphatic system is key for excretion. So if your lymphatics are slower sluggish you might find you have ankle swelling or puffiness or weight gain. You might just feel more toxic like Claire mentioned in her question. And so that excretion is so critical and things that help excretion are dry brushing coffee enemas infrared sauna can help but that can also be pretty strong at mobilizing your scalp as can also be able to pull with excretion and any way that you can increase your sweating will help lymphatics are huge here so rebounding dry brushing, hot and cold therapy like hydrotherapy where you take a warm shower and then end with cool water or vice versa, usually want to end with the cool but you can do cycles of that. Those are always to enhance excretion massage therapy can help lymphatic massage can help. There's a lot of bio flow so calligogs which would be like ginseng, Genshin violet and dandelion root and astragalus and Artemisinin which is a really potent bitter. All of those are bitters that increase the bio flow, but those things can be really really helpful if you're getting stuck as you're mobilizing. So back to Claire's question colostrum means been helpful colostrum means a particularly good binder for ochre toxin, and it's a very powerful binder so I do use it to have ochre toxin that can be really really helpful, but it's a powerful binder and I feel like with colostrum mean if you take it too long. You can have more depletion of minerals and things like that. So I'm less apt to use colostrum mean as I am to use clay and charcoal and other binders. Okay, I see lots of questions and hello's coming in hi Taylor, great to see you hi and amna from Chicago not far from where I grew up. I mentioned curcumin. If you have a question about that Taylor type it in there and I will answer. Hello Nancy strange spasms under your rib after having gallbladder taken out, mostly after food sometimes even upon awakening any ideas. So, when our gallbladder is removed our gallbladder is the storage facility the bag or you know if you will, for our bile and our liver will take phase one and phase two and take toxic metabolites, transform them into intermediates which are actually more toxic than the first thing that came into the liver. And then that intermediate through phase two will be transformed into a water soluble toxin or toxin residue that is excreted into the bile and stored for excretion into the small bow. So what happens in our body then is that small bowel, get the bile gets excreted usually with meals to help emulsify fats but bile also stores cholesterol and toxins, but our body is really smart and really efficient so about 95% of the bile acid is recirculated. And so we use binders with a charge like clay or charcoal or glycomandans or chlorella or any of these things to actually grab on to this toxins and pull them out through the stool. So, back to your question, Nancy about the gallbladder if you don't have a gallbladder you still produce bile, but that bile just drips steadily into the small bowel without being excreted specifically at meal time. And what can happen there is either you have more trouble with emulsifying fats you have more intolerance to fatty foods, and you might need an enzyme. You can actually take oxfile with your meals if you have trouble with those fatty meals, or you can take a broad spectrum digestive enzyme one of my favorites is our digest time, which has the TNHCL for proteins it has pancreatine for fats and carbohydrates, and it has oxfile so all of those things in one. I'll make sure and leave a link there for you guys if you're interested in checking that out. But that may be helpful around meal time, because that will help to emulsify the fats and the proteins and the things that little twins you're probably actually feeling a little bit of pain, either where the common bile duct is or it's hard to know exactly what you're feeling there, but I will say that's not uncommon after the cholecystectomy, especially if it's just several months after usually over time that will go away. But you can support with digestive enzymes like the digest time that I'm putting a link to right now. And then also bitters would be great. So the gentian any sort of art of missing in or bitter combination because that will help your bile be secreted. And if it's really bothersome, you can take a bile acid binder, which is also what we use for mold like colostyramine or well call those are bile acid binders and those can help if you're excreting too much bile and it's causing pain after you've had your gallbladder removed. Okay, lots of questions coming in anyway, thank you Nancy. Shen Kilo. I hope I said that right. You recommend immunolytics plates for testing after army dock things problem from army but mold inspector says hurts me was okay and house okay. Okay, so this language for some of you who don't know about moles like what is she talking about now, I know what you're talking about but basically, army was a test that was developed over some hud houses around 800, I don't know, 600 houses, and they determined some of them to be moldy and some of them not. And so they created this test that does QPCR so test the PCR that's the DNA from mold in the dust and tells you what species they find in the dust of your house. So QPCR which is DNA testing for mold in the dust is a valid test and a great test to look at the history of what might have been in your house as far as mold, I still find them incredibly useful I have patients do them all the time, especially if they're not sure that there's a exposure where they may have some tests that show some issues, and then I want to know if there might be some sticky batteries or ketamine in the dust. So that's called QPCR, but QPCR that technology can be taken and given an army score and a lot of the tests that you order are called army E RMI. However, if you talk to a good inspector you'll find army, the validation of that score on the army has been kind of invalidated because the study was poorly done. I never use the term army I use QPCR because it's the same type of test, but it's just a different looking at the data, the raw data versus giving that army score. So I don't use army scores but I do use the test the QPCR from dust, I think it's very valid. So that's the background there hurts me as another way to score which takes the top five molds that are in water damage or require water source. So you can look at that score and see if it could be likely safe or unsafe for a person to reside in that if the score is less than 11 it's statistically significant that it's likely safe for someone with sears. If it's between 11 and 15 we don't know there's no statistical significance. And if it's above 1599% of patients who have sears or chronic inflammatory immune response from mold will actually not get better in that environment. So you can pretty much guarantee if the score is really high above 15 that it's not a safe environment to get well in. Now, every test has his caveat so I always prefer to have an inspector weigh in on that it sounds like you did Shaquille. So, if the hurts me looked good the hurts me was zero that looks good. It all depends so how you feel in that environment because no one test is going to tell you for sure if it's safe or not. And even if the army or the hurts me looks good, there will still be dead debris from particulate from the mold remediation or mycotoxins that could make you ill. So in the order of remediation once you have remediation done you test retest QPCR or an instruction or air sampling and they look good. Then after that you'd want to make sure that you feel okay. And usually I recommend cleaning the HVAC system dry fogging and then doing a small particulate clean to make sure all that dust and debris is out of the house. That's a very long answer to your question is ethanol and Quicksilver from corn and issue safe if sensitive to gluten. In my experience to killer that ethanol in the Quicksilver products is not a problem and I'm a super sensitive canary. So I'm a good test case because if I can tolerate, and I have no problem with their products. I'm certain that some people might but in general, I have no problem with them and most of my sensitive patients tolerate them just fine. I've got a mold exposure they say I have Lyme thyroid Crohn's and more oh I'm so sorry sounds like my history for six months I'm going to the doctor Western doc and now functional Western so he's kind of open minded it sounds like he keeps throwing prescription and supplements at me. I'm on so many pills and keep getting worse. Don't trust but don't have any other options. Can you suggest prescription. Okay, Dina. First of all, I'm so sorry you've got a lot of diagnoses and I'm sure you're suffering to with the mold and the Crohn's and Lyme and everything. I don't love when docs are even myself. I don't think it's a good idea to take and just substitute Western medicines for supplements, because we need to get to the root cause and try to reverse whatever thing led to your illness. And it sounds like probably from the mold exposure your immune system is weakened on one arm you're having auto immunity which is overactive immune system that's Crohn's disease. You might be having infections like Lyme or Epstein bar which is underactive immune system. That's really really common and just throwing a bunch of supplements or pills at it is not going to cure the problem, even though I'm a huge fan of supplements I take probably 40 or more per day. So, having said that you need to get the root cause and if that's mold you need to get out of the situation. So, if you have any talks from mold in whatever way that you can. I've written a free mold guide so if any of you don't already have that I'll be sure and include a link here or wherever you're watching to that free mold guide. But I agree with you Dana, first of all trust your gut. It feels like too much you need to cut back talk to him or her and see if you can make some adjustments to that number of prescriptions, because when your body's overloaded with toxicity. Again, even good supplements can be too much. So adding more is not always the right answer. Okay, your question is do you suggest prescriptions or can you heal without. Often we do need some support like glutathione or binders. But I always check in with the patients and say is this too much how are you doing because the body can feel overwhelmed and especially if you're incredibly sensitive in that time after a mold exposure. I do often start with limbic system retraining that could be DNRS, it could be guptus program it could be porges safe and sound. It could be by urinal beats cranial sacral therapy neuro linguistic programming. Welcome to the world of trauma and limbic system and somatic therapy so this can be really helpful at letting your body know it's safe because often when you have mold exposure. Part of the issue is feeling unsafe and your body even if you know you're safe on a analytical level, part of your body is like, Oh, there's something toxic in this environment. Okay, hi Brenda increase symptoms falling amalgam removals specific suggestions. Great question Brenda, I have had my share of issues cavitation surgery removal of root canals and implants and so I've been through a lot of that and I used to have loads of mercury feelings, which I got taken out maybe a decade or two ago, but as you're getting them taken out you can even with the best dentist get a little exposure to mercury. So what I recommend. Quicksilver does have a detox cube that's a full detox for mercury it's expensive and there's a lot to go to do, but in the very basic with mercury you want some source of glutathione. Either glutathione itself and a liposomal form, or some precursor like n-acetyl cysteine lipoic acid vitamin C glycine glutamine those can all enhance glutathione production because you're going to need that glutathione to get the mercury or heavy metals out of your body after amalgam removal. The other thing that I would do is support with lipoic acid which is pretty critical with minerals. And with, you know, in conjunction with your doctor you may be able to do DMS a or EDTA which are both key leaders of mercury and lead. Those are a bigger heavier hitters so I'm always much more careful about how I prescribe them and talking to patients. Often we'll do like two or three days on and 11 days off or a cycling. So you do a couple days on a couple days off. When you're off of those you want to replete the minerals because those things will bind your minerals as well. So part of the protocol includes like an essential mineral supplement or something like that. So glutathione, lipoic acid, minerals, sometimes key leaders, zeolite is a great key leader. So I'm going to give you guys our new link to our new zeobind. I am so excited about this. And this zeobind is amazing for detoxing mold and heavy metals because it has the zeolite in it. So it has a very nice amount. I'm going to put this in the chat. It's called zeobind plus. You can find it at drjilhealth.com zeobind plus. And this will be a great way if you're suspecting metals or concerned about metals that zeolite is a really great binder for heavy metals. So hopefully that answered your question Brenda. Hi Donald. Thank you for the kind remarks. Not able to listen long but just encouragement I love that thank you thank you that means so much to me. And thank you Nancy. Shaquille you said can old like mold exposures compound each other. Well, yes and no so when we, I always think of it as toxic load. So toxic load is the amount that's in our buckets. And when that bucket starts to fill up with toxins of any sorts air quality, water quality food quality, it fills up to the top and then spills over into our buckets like chronic infections or fatigue or brain fog or pots or mass selectivation. So that bucket what we need to do to start to get well as to decrease the load in the bucket.   So yes that's a really great question because yes it can compound. If you had other toxic exposures or you have a history of mercury amalgams or breast implants for some women can be an issue because of the silicone and the things that can spill into the body. It can be a whole other topic, but it can be an issue for some people. So yes, the answer is yes that can compound over time, and party healing is decreasing the water level in the bucket and that's your toxic load. So whatever you can do to detox is often really helpful, because you bring that water level down and give yourself margin, and then that margin allows you to get well. So great question. So can the absence of my gallbladder also be the reason for constipation. Yes, yes, yes. So again, bile is a sterilizer the small bow it prevents fault bacterial overgrowth fungal overgrowth. So I guess the first place I would start Nancy is getting a stool test. Kind of a functional stool analysis to see the microbiome and then organic acids is a urine test and that will tell you metabolites of things in the gut because the first thing would be to treat the dysbiosis if there's fungal or bacterial overgrowth or parasites or any inflammation. I would also recommend a gluten free dairy free sugar free diet because most people who have gut issues are sensitive to one or more of those things and taking them out can really clear the plate and allow you to feel better. Third thing would be simple things for constipation will be magnesium citrate vitamin C or buffered C powder those you can kind of dose to bowel tolerance meaning to regularity. So if you're going to work you can use a Senate extract. We have a colon X product that's really fantastic. I will put a link here to that as well for constipation, and that can be incredibly helpful. And then there's an essential fiber, that's my favorite because it adds some really key fiber that is good for your microbiome as well and you could take anywhere from one to four caps of that at bedtime. My favorite probiotics for tough guts are spores. So, we have a spore with IG, and this one has immunoglobulins. And as I talk I'm putting the links here and anywhere you watch this you'll be able to see the links down below, just in case you're interested. The spore with IG has spores are just really good at helping increase diversity and helping with either constipation or diarrhea it helps to regulate, and this particular spore with IG has immunoglobulins which is helpful for passively binding viruses bacteria H pylori in the gut so it's one of my favorites because it's kind of a simple thing, all in one you're welcome Nancy. I'm Keela, I hope I'm saying your name right dear. What do you recommend for pots. Oh yes pots pots, I have pots to so I know this well. So, sodium is the big thing so you salt in your water can be really helpful, adding that to your water a couple times a day or some electrolytes with plenty of sodium potassium is good and we all need it. I just read recently that because of soil depletion 100% of Americans are deficient in potassium. So if you have pots potassium can actually lower your blood pressure. So too much potassium or magnesium can be an issue you want more sodium a little less. You still want potassium and magnesium but just not so much that you get dizzy and lightheaded. After meals and people will experience symptoms with the pots so you can modulate smaller meals. You can take pressures things that raise blood pressure which is ironic because most of us are trying to lower blood pressure but with pots you can actually often the issue is a very low blood pressure and it creates attack a cardiac problem when you stand up and don't feel well and you feel like you're going to pass out. So, things like coffee can help coffee can go either way so some people feel better some people feel worse stimulants, which are used for ADD, the medications can be helpful, and even natural stimulants like tyrosine or adrenal support, that's a big one to, and you really want to work with your doctor to find the root cause it could be infection could be adrenal issues. If you can ignore up an effort and adrenaline, it could be inflammation mass activation. So if you can find the root cause often then you can treat that root cause and improve symptoms, but with pots is often lifestyle. So for example with me, if I'm going to go on a hike or a walk always make sure I have some electrolytes with sodium in my jug of water.  And typically if I get tired I lay down and rest and I feel better. So some of those are. Okay, let's see here you have just going to answer another couple questions in the last couple minutes here. Marie, a bad lactic burn in my legs and arms just walking up stairs. Any ideas. Oh yes yes yes I love that you asked this. So there is a product you can find. I actually don't have it in my store, but you can find it anywhere online it's called sport legs, sport legs. This will bind up lactic acid and help you with that pain that's post exertional. It is wonderful I discovered it. I don't know maybe a decade or two ago when I was skiing and skiing of course you're going down the mountain using your muscles. And often that leg burning is common and then the next day or two you have that buildup of lactic acid. It's the reason why if you work out and get sore a day or two later. That's lactic acid buildup in your muscles. You can find sport legs you can also get calcium or magnesium lactate. You can find those pretty very cheap and easy. And those will take away that burn. Hi Don great to see you here. You asked about the IG the sport with IG. That is very similar to Megasport. It's my own branded product, but it has the same spores in it, and it also has immunoglobulin so yeah your question about it being like it's really, really similar. It's just got the immunoglobulins with it. So great question. Hi Kayla, what about adrenal fatigue. Oh yes, this is a big one. So adrenal fatigue, that term has kind of gone out of style so I like to be careful because if I'm talking to conventional docs are like we don't that doesn't exist right so you want to have the terminology just so that you can have the respect if you're talking to conventional docs. So now we call it HPA axis dysfunction. But the truth is the adrenals can be depleted after stressors or after infections or in certain situations where the cortisol is very flat line and how you would know is you would take a four point cortisol test, either urine or saliva. I like both ZRT and Dutch. Those are two labs that your doctor could order that test from. And you can check your cortisol and see where it's at it should kind of go, you know up in the morning when you wake up and then down in the evening. Often people are flat line during the day and they're up at night and they can't fall asleep and they're exhausted during the day, or some people are just like this flat line and they're not responding at all. So what to do. Adrenal glandulars are probably the strongest over the counter. We have adrenal essentials which is really great. It's one of my favorites because it combines some nutritional support and also a glandular. The other kinds are herbal and you can take an herbal support like anything with ashwagandha, rhodiola, Siberian ginsengs, those are all common in vitamin B5 which is panthethine is also really critical. So we have an activated B complex that is fantastic. I'm going to pull that up here too if you see me looking around and just getting links for y'all as I'm talking about because that B complex can be really important and helpful as well for the adrenals. And then you want to have magnesium and zinc. You want to rest and sleep well because that's the way you restore those adrenals. And you want to have plenty of salt kind of like the pots you want to have more sodium and electrolytes will help if you're increasing thirst and urination and those adrenals are not keeping you hydrated. So adrenals control blood sugar when you're fasting. They help with sleep and awake and those sleep wake cycles. They help with your ability to stand up and have normal blood pressure. So you want to make sure you have plenty of sodium electrolytes. You want to make sure you have small frequent meals and don't fast or wait too long between meals. You want to make sure your sleep is good. And those are all kind of the core things for adrenals. And then stress of course you want to decrease the stress, not too much stress, which is hard, right. Kayla Ashwagandha. Ashwagandha can be great. There are a few people who react to Ashwagandha. I think it's a relative to nightshades. I don't quote me on that because it's just off the top of my head. But for some people Ashwagandha can be a trigger, but many people do well on it and it's both an adrenal adoption and a thyroid adoption. So it's good for both thyroid and adrenal. So that was Kayla Marie. You're welcome Marie. Thank you for your kind of feedback. Last question, Shakila, B vitamins make me super bad and anxious. Oh yeah. So, so don't take B vitamins, especially methylated forms, you may need a non methylated like hydroxy B12 or folenic acid, because a lot of times the people are sensitive to B vitamins are sensitive to the methylated bees which are the active forms they're they're really the best forms but it's okay. You can just be overstimulated by those methylated forms. And that means you don't want to take high doses of those you can do instead like I said hydroxy B12 or folenic acid or a form other than the methyl B12 or the methyl folate or those methylated forms and you might feel better. Alright everyone I will be back. Thank you so much for your time today I always enjoy, even though we're not in person I kind of feel like I'm, I'm interacting with you and just bottom line here at the end is, I know a lot of you expressed suffering and illness and sometimes it's hard to talk to your doctor and the right answers hang in there keep searching. You can do a lot and trust your body trust your intuition if they're giving if your docs giving you 40 pills and you don't feel well. Talk to him or her and see if you can do some alternatives or take away some of those things because you know often you know the best thing for your body and even a doctor like me who knows a lot about different things I always check in with a patient you know your body better than anyone and trust yourself trust your intuition and it is very possible to heal from anything you're suffering from. So I wish you all well have a wonderful afternoon, and I hope to see you here again very soon.


the control of Manila Harbor with its great shipping facilities. Mountainous and rocky, Corregidor stretches across the entrance to Manila Bay. After Manila and Bataan, Corregidor was captured by the Japanese on May 6, 1942. Here, on that black day, after a four-month siege, the remnants of the American garrison were made prisoners. Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright was forced to give his last reluctant command, surrender. Japanese troops in front of the army barracks on Corregidor took down the American flag and raised their own. And 10 months later, nearing the end of an 8,000-mile round trip, American paratroops on nearby Mindoro Island prepare for the recapture of Corregidor. Veterans of Pacific Airborne warfare since New Guinea, these parachute infantrymen will follow up days of air and sea bombardment of Corregidor and lead the man-to-man attack. Parachute a subjective on Corregidor is a small, flat area which was once a drill ground, a difficult target which must not be missed. Down to Corregidor, more troops jump on the island's western end. Jump in teams of 10, one team at a time, for almost two hours. Almost simultaneously, this same navy is smashing Iwo Jima 1,400 miles away and Tokyo 1,700 miles away and also grouping fast reserves for blows to come. Strafing fighters add finishing touches to the intensive combined bombardment. Eighth Army infantrymen head for the strip of shore at San Jose. With the paratroops already in command of the heights, the beach head ground assault moves in on a clockwork schedule. Joined together, the two units smashed back the Japanese in close combat. It is retaken. Manila Bay is reopened to United Nations shipping. The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor is a welcome sight for this shipload of wounded American veterans of the fighting on the European front. Every one of 50,000 wounded brought back through New York. 25% are stretcher cases. The clearance of patience from overseas becomes a major function of the port of New York in a battle nearby. After months of battle front life, the return home is the finest medicine. America welcomes her wounded heroes and provides for the security of their future. In Washington, as Undersecretary of State Group resides, Mr. Oran H. Arrow, Chargé de Faire at Interim of Turkey, signs the pact of the United Nations on behalf of the Turkish government. The Honorable Mahmoud Hassan, Egyptian minister, also signs the pact. As representative of the government of Egypt, United Nations now include two distinguished newcomers. The common front against the enemy is strengthened. Farmers come over Ludwig's Lust in central Germany.  Nuremberg, in this one day assault, 7,000 Allied planes, 40,000 Allied airmen reigned destruction on German war industry, supporting ground armies which now have crossed the river Rhine in force. Fighters joined the attack, catching enemy planes on the ground. Most every important German rail junction, this is the greatest Allied air offensive since the landings in Normandy. Military transport is crippled by tons of high explosives, delaying enemy counterattacks on the American bridgehead east of the Rhine. Behind this mighty aerosol, Allied ground armies will smash to their final objectives.


So, the New York Attorney General's office released details about their investigation into the Trump Organization, and the details are absolutely devastating, specifically for Donald Trump, along with his children. So NBC News correspondent Tom Winters explains, former President Donald Trump, Donald Trump Jr., and Ivanka Trump are all alleged to have been involved in either overseeing or arranging financial misstatements to financial and insurance institutions, says the New York Attorney General in a court filing docketed tonight. So pause for a second and just let these details sink in. We're looking at a situation where Donald Trump, the former president, and his children were directly engaged in alleged fraudulent activity. This is absolutely huge, and there's even more details that don't look great for Donald Trump, to say the least. That's an understatement. But here's what Jake Johnson of Common Dreams explains. Former President Donald Trump's son, Eric Trump, invoked the Fifth Amendment more than 500 times over the course of a six-hour deposition to avoid answering questions as part of the New York Attorney General, Letitia James' ongoing civil probe of the Trump Organization. That detail was made public late Tuesday as part of a 115-page filing that James submitted to the Supreme Court of New York in an effort to compel Donald Trump, his eldest son, Trump Jr., and his daughter Ivanka Trump to testify under oath as part of the investigation which began in 2019. The new legal document outlines James' case that Trump and his family business, quote, falsely and fraudulently valued multiple assets and misrepresented those values to financial institutions for economic benefit. Eric Trump, who has served as an officer at the Trump Organization, was deposed by the New York Attorney General's office in October of 2020. A month earlier, longtime Trump Organization chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, sat for his sworn testimony to James' office during the five-and-a-half-hour deposition. Weisselberg invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination to more than 500 questions the new filing states. As The New York Times observed Tuesday, the latest development in the James' investigation came as the Trump Organization is already under indictment in Manhattan. So there's a lot that they don't want to get out. There's a lot that they don't want to answer for. Before we dive any deeper, I would be remiss to not show you what Donald Trump said about individuals who plead the Fifth. Well, you heard it straight from the horse's mouth. The mob takes the Fifth. Interesting. So why is it that Donald Trump's son, Eric Trump, and his close associate, Weisselberg, are pleading the Fifth more than 500 times during their depositions? What are you hiding? I mean, this is not my logic. This is Donald Trump's logic. So clearly, if you're pleading the Fifth, especially that much, you're trying to avoid prosecution. And after looking at these details, this might actually be one of the rare instances, not to get your hopes up, where a public official is actually held accountable for their fraudulent activity. Now, let's look at the actual release from the Attorney General's office because I mean, this is just devastating. So the Trump Organization misstated objective facts like the size of Mr. Trump's Trump Tower penthouse, miscategorized assets outside Mr. Trump's or Trump Organization's control as cash, thereby overstating his liquidity, misstated the process by which Mr. Trump or his associates reached valuations, including deviations from generally accepted accounting principles in ways that the statements did not disclose. And there's a lot more there. Obviously, it also goes on to explain that they're looking into whether or not the Trump Organization misrepresented the source of financial valuations to insurance companies and possibly financial institutions. And they found evidence that the Trump Organization, quote, submitted fraudulent or misleading valuations to the IRS.  So to say that this is very serious would be the understatement of a century. Donald Trump is in big trouble. They have him dead to rights. They've backed him into a corner. And now Trump, he doesn't really have much room left. How is he going to evade prosecution at this point? Again, the Trump Organization is already under indictment in Manhattan. So how is he going to get away with this? It seems implausible, right? Well, there's actually one way that he could in theory get away with this, at least temporarily. He could choose to run for president again and get that sweet, sweet executive immunity. And this isn't just me speculating. So in response to this news, Maggie Haberman of the New York Times explains any question of whether Trump runs seems to have been answered this morning. His aides have always signaled that if the investigations progressed that he would run for president again, to which Jordan Sheridan responded saying, isn't it so American that Conman Trump's best chance of staying out of prison is running for president again? Oh, it's very American, Jordan. It's as American as apple pie. So Trump might not have a choice, regardless if he wants to run for president or not. The only way he can effectively shield himself from prosecution is to become president again and then get legal immunity. But it's not too wild for the United States. So he basically has no choice. If he doesn't run for president, then he has no immunity. He has to run for president to protect himself. And his aides have long maintained that this is his go to option if, you know, the walls kind of closed in on him. And that is indeed the case. The walls are definitely closing in on him and his family. And look, still there's there's a bit of pessimism in me. That things maybe there's going to be some way that he finagles his way out of this mess. I don't know. But the easiest and safest thing that he can do, unfortunately, because he still is so popular within the GOP is to run for president. So Trump and his family are in trouble. He may be forced to run for president. And it's not just Donald Trump, his son, his daughter, people close to him, associates at the Trump Organization. They may all also go down with him. You love to see it. Mike is a total shitless. Once he started shilling for the DNC, I stopped watching. So I definitely won't be hitting the subscribe button or turning on notifications by clicking the bell. No way. It's very sad, I know.


The U.S. Army Research Laboratory welcomed more than 600 partners to its 2018 program formulation meeting March 20th at the Millette Training Facility at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Stakeholders from across the Army science and technology community, as well as the training and doctrine command, attend this venue to meet with Army researchers and influence lab priorities for the coming year. We should have some members, if not the actual leads. We should have some folks here from the cross-functional teams. And I think that their participation, again, is extremely important so that they get an appreciation for what goes on in science and technology and that they walk away from this session with an understanding that there's a connection, not a disconnect, between the needs that are being articulated in the operational Army and the work that is being done in the science and technology community. Major General Cedric T. Wins, commanding general of the U.S. Army Research Development and Engineering Command, told the gathering that the Army is targeting long-range precision fires, next-generation combat vehicles, and cyber as areas of intense interest from Army leaders. And so as our chief of staff, General Mark Milley, has said the character of war is changing. Much of that change has to do with the increasing pace of change in and the spread of technology, and so we want to be out on the forefront of all those efforts. So what does that mean for RDECOM and the Army as we begin to tackle modernization? Many of you in this room know better than I do that you can't force things in terms of discovery to happen quickly across the board, nor can you force discovery to develop into something useful faster than the science will allow. But you can find a faster way to move things from useful to actually being used. That's the piece of the Army that we're trying to get after. The general also told attendees to stay tuned for further developments as the Army prepares for a possible announcement about a modernization or futures command at an upcoming association of the United States Army Conference. The AUSA Global Force Symposium and Exhibition is scheduled for March 26th to the 28th in Huntsville, Alabama. From Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, David McNally, ARL TV.


Hello again. Today's question, it's a very interesting one, might apply to you and that is what is the point of slugs? So this is very much about systems thinking and looking at the bigger picture and how do things connect together and we could also add different things on the end of that sentence so as well as slugs we might say what is the point of mosquitoes or midges or ticks or leeches or wherever it is that you might find a little bit annoying where you live for whatever reason okay something's nibblers or stingers and other things eat the things that we like to eat like rats and mice for instance they like to eat a lot of grains that's basically their natural diet and so they compete with us for those foods. So what we have to do is to look at the bigger picture and say why do we have so many slugs in the first place and Bill mollison famously said you don't have a slug problem you have a duct deficiency and it's quite funny to hear that phrase but at the same time it does make a serious point which is that for systems to work they need to be in balance and when we create imbalance by putting a lot of one thing for instance in the landscape then we attract a lot of the things that will want to consume that thing so we store lots of grains so we attract a lot of mice and rats and we give them lots of food so they breed you know they increase their numbers and the same is very much the same of organisms like slugs. Now slugs are really important in the soil okay let's let's give you the benefits of slugs slugs are really important in the soil they spend a lot of time underground in the soil itself rather than just on the surface and as they're doing that that sticky substance that they use off the outside of their bodies is helping to stick together the granules of the soil so they make larger tunnels within the soil just like lots of other organisms smaller organisms so fungi do it too worms do it as well at different scales and bacteria they produce a slime that allows them to stick to particles of soil so that they don't wash away because when you're that size of a blob of water coming down to the soil can easily take you off somewhere else and so all the things that live in the soil many of the things that live in the soil make substances that will help stick soil particles together to themselves to soil and so on and so forth and slugs are really important part of the drainage system of soil if you like so soil needs to be able to hold some water that's the organic matter in the soil is able to do that for the plants that obviously grow there and the life that lives in the soil but it also doesn't want to hold too much if you have a lot of clay for instance clay very tightly binds water and so what can happen is clay soils can get very wet and then there's not enough oxygen in the soil for the plants and the animals that live there so slugs have important benefits in the soil and many of them are about you know what they're called what are called detritivores and detritivores are things that eat the things that have died basically so many slugs are very important in consuming the dead material that is falls off trees and plants and you know dead animals and insects and so on that also are part of the system to recycle those things so small things tend to be pretend to find there's a lot of small things because when you're small you don't need so much food and so you can have many more of you in the landscape populations of slugs are much higher than perhaps elephants which of course need a lot more energy and a lot more food in order to maintain one elephant so there are less of them and generally populations of bigger things tend to go extinct more quickly because in times of food shortage their numbers drop to a critical level much more quickly for instance than small things like bacteria that've been around forever pretty much so what about those other things like mosquitoes and such well mosquitoes very what happens I would say if you have a mosquito buzzing around what do you do well if you're in a position where you might move you might just get out of there as quickly as possible part of the problem is that our ancestors would have been able to do that to run away whereas we want to stay in one place we basically create a home or a place that we stay and so we try and get rid of the mosquito but the role of the mosquito for instance in the system is that if you have for instance large animals and they're hanging around in one place for a long time they start to compact the ground and certain in certain places if you have clay for instance that compacted ground will start to puddle so when it rains or any water coming across the surface will start to puddle there that will attract mosquitoes like to lay their eggs in the water and the mosquitoes obviously will start to buzz around and the animals will if they can if there's no fences in the way in a natural ecosystem would go somewhere else so their role is to keep things moving in the same way that big predators do the same so if you're in a landscape and you're looking out and you're seeing large groups of herbivores for instance moving around they move around to look for food but also they're kept moving by carnivores that are chasing them trying to eat them of course so the big things and the small things that are trying to eat us do the same job they keep us moving and part of our problem is that we don't like to move anymore so whenever you have a question like what's the point of what are they doing here what can I do about them what you need to do is step back and say what is their role in the system what do they eat but what would eat them and that of course comes back to Bill's original answer about you don't have enough ducks so what would eat this thing to create a balance and an example where we live here is that we have pear trees out in the bank on a little gorilla forest garden and there are a lot of pheasants that wander through the area and they eat the little fruits at the bottom of the pear tree so there's a problem a problem called pear mage this little insect that flies into the the immature fruit and lays its eggs and then the fruit falls off and it spends basically it overwinteres at the base of the tree turns back into a mage and then flies back and does the same the following year and the thing that breaks that cycle are birds that come around and eat those things and that might be for you that might be chickens we don't need to have chickens in our system for that reason because pheasants are already doing that job so look at the system as a whole say what is this thing doing in the bigger picture and what can I do in order to break that cycle to reduce their numbers