Hi everyone so it's a fresh new week today is Monday and in my last video I told you that on Sunday I was going to be getting on with my assignment and hopefully finishing it and I asked you to motivate me but guess what it was Sunday I was motivated and I've got 400 words left of my assignment to do and then it's done how amazing is that I was really motivated I got on it I started typing I found all my references that I needed to find I was on the ball yesterday I'm so proud of myself so I do have 400 words left out of 3,000 I really smashed this one out guys I'm just hoping and praying that what I've written makes sense and it matches the assignment brief so I do need to go back and change that if needed but I've got until April before I have to submit it so I've got plenty of time to perfect this one and get the grade I really really want so I'm chuffed I just thought I'd update you today is Monday I've just said this but I have a day off and I've just been for a training session at our Works Education Centre if you don't already know I work in sexual health so in sexual health I'm a healthcare assistant and we usually work alongside the nurses and the doctors and help were needed but now the training goes to actually see patients alone and do the testing alone as long as the patient doesn't have any symptoms so they're training us to use the computer system how to manage patients how to assess patients properly and give them the best care possible properly in a sexual health setting and assessing those risks and how we manage those risks to be honest the computer side of things I am on that already because I actually taught myself the Exelica system that we have which is a really really frustrating complicated system so today's session was really good really loved it we had an amazing nurse go through it all with me and teach me everything and yeah also I find out something really interesting actually today in today's session some of you may or may not know as women when we reach 25 we have to go for regular smear tests every three years this is a sphical smear test which tests for those initial cancer cells forming which is going to hopefully prevent cancer in the future every three years we have to be tested it's not a pleasant experience but to be honest I've never had a problem with mine and I find mine fine and in and out and no bother to me but I know some people can find it a little bit traumatic and a little bit painful and uncomfortable a little bit embarrassing and awkward and that sort of puts people off but anyway sorry sidetracked I found out today that if you are diagnosed with HIV you have to be you have to go for your smears every year instead of every every three years and I'm assuming that's because you're more at risk because HIV reduces the immune response and things like that so it just brings your risk up a little bit more that's my assumption but I didn't know that I didn't know that if you had HIV you have to have your smear tests every year so that I'm actually going to look up today because that's really fascinated me and that was a new piece of information that I have to share with you of course because everything I learn you're gonna learn you guys are learning with me it was a great day I got a free pen and a free bag I know let me actually let me show you my free bag oh I've got my certificates as well from my e-learning so this is my free bag I know I haven't used a drawstring bag for ages but this is it my fancy free umbrella bag so all in all it's a winning day tomorrow we have a couple of hours we're back on the policy and politics tomorrow Wednesday we've got an all day nine till six thirty session of physiology and then Thursday we have a respiratory skills session so I will show you this it's gonna be a really great week and I can't wait to get stuck into it this week so today is Wednesday yesterday we had our policy and politics lecture which to be honest it was a good lecture it was all about A&E admissions and discharges and all about discharge planning and something really really interesting I always pick up these random facts from these lectures and it's all I take from these lectures I don't know why last week I told you about the random fact about the west side and the east side and where people live this week I've got something really interesting to tell you I didn't know this this was brand new information to me this is another general knowledge fact for your quizzes hopefully but basically I found out found out today that when a patient gets admitted to hospital they're only the water the hospital is only funded for four days of that patient stay once it's been past four days that fundings no longer available for that patients then the hospital has to find that money from somewhere to support and fund that patient if that makes sense so you've got all these patients that are staying weeks and months and whatever because they can't be discharged yet it's not safe or they acquire an infection or something so they've got a longer stay and that hospital no longer has funding so then there's gonna be all this excess funding that's having to come out of their own sort of money pot so yeah so I didn't know that and that shocked me a little bit I'm not too sure why but then I thought oh and it doesn't make sense when you're out working on the wards you've always got the bed manager on the phone they want discharges discharges they want the patients in out in out as fast as possible so that was really interesting I didn't know that before and then today so today we had policy and politics in the morning again and then we had the rest of our COPD patient physiology lectures this was the the last of our COPD patient and we are going to be moving on to our cardiovascular patient so I'm really looking forward to our next patient our next case study learning some new things about the cardiovascular system and heart failure and all of that really really excited to get stuck into this third case study can you believe we are halfway through our physiology teachings how scary is that that means we are that step closer to our exam which is terrifying but the exam is looking a bit better now now as we're going along and we're learning more and more and we keep repeating over and over I'm sort of looking at things and thinking okay actually this exam might not be that bad if I can concentrate on the high marks physiology I think I'll pass it fingers crossed that's what I'm hoping for I also I told you all that I had my supervisor meeting and that was today for my acp dissertation slash not dissertation it's called acp he's really tough that was so organized I literally had everything it was in my folder had my print out everything and she was like yeah so I think she was happy that I'm a little bit organized and I've got my question and I've got all my research and I think what I've chosen and my question is okay but I just need to go over my research and make sure that the research is actually answering all of my question this is going to be the tough bit now because there's not going to be research out there that's actually asking my question so I need to look at the research and hopefully it's going to answer my question in a good section of the research that they're doing about something else but it's related to my topic does that make sense so I'm thinking I'm going to have to look at the evidence again the research again and my question again hopefully I don't need to change it too much because I'm so set on doing this topic but I'm going to have a look at again over the next week and hopefully come to a final decision because I really need to get on and do the rest of the work with this otherwise it's just going to make me panic because you know I'm organized and prioritized everything so yeah but this doesn't have to be submitted till October so I have got time I just want to make sure that I'm doing each bit well ahead of time so that I don't get caught up and don't get left behind and don't rush and panic towards the end okay so I am about to apply for my very very first job as a newly qualified nurse I know I don't qualify till November but everybody's starting to apply and get a job position now so I thought you know what I'm going to apply I've gone on to NHS jobs I've found one general practice nursing position that are taken on newly qualified nurses and it's less than two miles from my house how more perfect can you get I am really really excited about this it's going to be my first job and if not anything it's going to be a good experience to do the application form hopefully get an interview and experience an interview and if they don't want to take me on yet because it's too soon at least I'm going to get that experience so I'm really excited I've got my screen up here look there it is and there's that button here says submit application are you ready oh god there's another thing are you sure you want to submit okay here we go are you ready that's it it's done I've submitted it thank you for completing your application form if you have been successfully shortlisted you should hear back from the recruiter soon that's my first one it's my first application so I haven't got high hopes but I'm just really excited and I'm glad that you can all share that experience just meeting that moment with me of submitting my first application form and it's all becoming very very real now hands up he's excited I'm so excited save application forms profile save because I don't want to go through all of that application form again this will arrive yeah do that okay so I've saved that application form so hopefully the next job I find I don't have to go through that whole process again it'll just else matter save and I can submit oh my god this is nerve-racking what if I get an interview oh my god I'm terrible if anyone's watched my previous videos on my interview tips I said at the very start I'm terrible at interviews my mind goes blank I get really nervous during an interview but there are some tips and things in that vlog so I'm just really really scared now I'm gonna have to do my research have a look at some things for GP practice and applying to GP practice and just make sure I know about the practice that I am applying to as well because it's always good if you do your research about the place that you're going to work at so you've got a bit of background bit of knowledge and hopefully gain some brownie points so yeah um so that's it guys I've applied fingers crossed I'll let you know as soon as I know of course so that's it for now tomorrow we have a respiratory skills session so I shall take you all with me and show you what we're going to be doing in respiratory skills tomorrow and again it's going to be one of our last ever sessions skill sessions everything's the last it's always very emotional so I'll see you all tomorrow happy valentine's day everybody so today is valentine's day and I'm single so um I woke up a little bit sad and a little bit anti-valentine's but when I opened my room door over there I woke up to a lovely bunch of things being left outside my room a teddy bear chocolates flowers and a card my housemates have gathered together and got me something and it was just so cute I was just like oh okay valentine's day is a little bit cute but today I had my respiratory skills session at university with my favorite people we had a mannequin that had a tracheostomy and we had to just manage that airway take it out clean it rechange the dressing and practice doing that we had to look at different masks for the oxygen we had to look at the suction machine and how to use the suction machine and what it should be set on when you're cleaning out trachea so that was really really good and oh and a chest drain I saw a chest drain I've never seen a chest drain before so that was really really interesting to see that and actually understand why a chest drain would be used so basically you use a chest drain on a patient if they've got a build-up of fluid that's not going anywhere or a build-up of air like just air filled in that space and it's obviously causing them problems and it needs to be drained out so a drain would be put into the chest to remove it so it was really interesting to go through all of that because I'd never seen any of that before obviously I've seen the the masks and the different valves for the oxygen but I hadn't seen aches before chest drains and that was new to me so I was really excited really happy that I did that took a little couple of obviously the obligatory selfies in the skill sessions rooms so I'll show you those next but I just want to say a massive thank you for tuning in as always that is it from me for now I shall see you next week


Oh my God, Shawn. What's going on people? Welcome to another day. We're walking into the spinning feather store. Me and Shawn woke up kind of early and Daniel and Isaac are now. So we're gonna walk into this little bait hiking camping shop that we got over here. That color is good, bro. I got like a pack yesterday. It's kind of similar to that one. This place is nothing like special, but you know, that's still pretty cool.  Picking up some of these blade minnows by Strike King, KVDC, I'll call it pretty good on them so picking some of these up. Oh, and I need to get a pack too. What is that? Quarter. So just to forget, we're in the middle of nowhere guys, I've never seen anything like it. We got like six hours left. And when I'm in the middle of nowhere, I'm in the middle of nowhere like weird, just this out here and just no connection, I have a connection and it's just crazy. All right, it's insane. Yeah, a lot of cornfields, a lot of other plants. A lot of other plants, just so much this. The same stuff is just insane, up and down, hill, up and down, hill, maybe. Like, nothing interesting. Like four hours and 30 minutes out, we just took a stop, got some gas, we're by this old Cabela's right here, we're gonna hop in here for a minute, they wanna walk in, we're gonna grab by deep, we're gonna do everything over here, get back on the road and just tug it out.  That's insane. Y'all heavy is that thing.   I feel somebody put them in there and put them on ice. Put them on ice. Look at this, this place is insane. This is by Minneapolis, look at that, got a line. The motivational videos, I see where you're getting, I forget the line. And the gazelle, you know, the gazelle, you gotta be on the line, you know, if you're the gazelle, you gotta run. Oh my God, man, this is crazy. Look at, dude, that's just for knives, dude. They got knives, they got everything. This is crazy, I'ma film a whole video in the shop today, I'm not gonna lie, this is insane. This is awesome, it's cool, man. Dude, this place is so crazy. You know how much money is worth it, like taxidermy they got in here, dude? Like seriously, they got all of that. They got all of that, they got this, they got that badass thing. Yo, Shawn, look at this. This is just insane, this is like some sights. This is better than any Bass Pro.  It's insane, dude. This is literally unreal, look at this, like he even got his head shavin' the tree. This is insane, Isaac, look at that thing right there, look at it, whoa. Dude, even got a rabbit, got a coobie. Dude, I don't even know, look at that, dude, that is just, dude, that doesn't mean, look at that thing. How are you? I'm doing great, even got the polar bear, bro. What is that, Isaac? Do you know what that's called? Dude, that is insane, man. Oh, it's actually on here, there on here. It's a stone sheet way up there. What is a timber wolf and you got an ox? That's an ox? Oh, dude, that thing's bad. They're an arctic fox, what? Yeah, polar bear, arctic fox, polar bear. That's a big sun gone right there. Ooh, look at that. Dude, I think it's, dude, that looks so real, that's scary. And you got grizzly bears. Man, try to tackle one of them, that is just insane. That's a caribou. Dude, look at that, Isaac. How do they have a caribou, just, it looks like it's floatin' in the air. Dude, this is crazy. Man, he ate the caribou, man, not the caribou. It's a bad bear, he ate the caribou. He ate the caribou, guys, he ate the caribou. If they had that water goin', yeah, it'd just be, then you got Mr. Badass right there. Man, these guys are so cool. They're so harmless, they're just chillin'. You got these crazy, crazy things right there. You got everything, man. You got everything. What's up, bro, how you doin'? Man, look at all this. Man, it's just, it's a secret passageway, guys. That's the secret hole, you just open it up.  Look at the beat, oh my God, dude, this is crazy. Man, they're gettin' rich, too. They got all the money up there. You got a bear tryin' to get a, one of those, huh? I know that. Dude, that's insane. Look at that, are you talkin' about a buzzbait? We found our type of tank, but there's no bass at all. Look at these blue gills, what's up, buddy? What's up, man? This place is awesome. Where? Aquarium. Aquarium? What? There is Mr. Big Daddy. Hey, man, hey, hey, I need you. I'ma take him with me, I'ma fill him a live well. Where's the big one? I need my kicker. Got a walleye. They don't have any monster bass, though. And that's still a solid two and a half right there. I'll take them any day. Look at that little one. Look at these crappie. They're huge, just like the size of three of my fans. Did you just hear that, bro? What? That guy just farted on us. Did you hear that? Dude, he did. His daughter was even saying to you.  Dude, that sounded real. How they got? That's just frickin' crazy. What is that, dude, look at that thing, man. Oh my God, look at that. Dude, that thing's sick.   That thing's sick. I ain't gonna lie, that thing was running at me, I don't know what I would do. Holy Jesus. God. Zebra. Got the lines. You got that thing, you got some hyenas. Hyena. Dude, look at this thing, look at it. Oh my God, like it's hair, man. Look at that, that's really stylish.  The lines and the zebras. Dude, zebras are so cool, too. Zebras are sick. Dude, what if I just got real close to him, turned and bit me? Shawn, get the neck, get the neck, come on. Get him, he's right here, he's right here. Daniel's got the fish. All right, here we go, here he is, here he is, here he is.  Oh my God, Shawn.  The same one, dude. It must have just happened, I guess, I don't know. I didn't even see it from where I was going. This is the same one that- Dude, I'm talking, that thing's dreaded. The same thing that happened last time. Same one. Second time meeting this man. Same tire. Gosh, two hours away from our 24-hour trip. I'm surprised it happened before then. Hey man, nice meeting you. Nice meeting you. We finally made it, guys. Oh my God, this is unreal. All the chaotic stuff that happened, you know, we got to that cabela, it was just completely awesome. Tire pop and just all kinds of crazy stuff on the vlog today. Lake Beminji is right here. We're staying at the Double Tree. Big shout out to Isaac for getting us at the most top quality hotel. It's actually a boat ramp right here. We can't fish until Monday, all right, and it's Friday, we got here pretty early. It's super windy, and it's just sick here. We're, gosh, 24 hours, guys. Longest drive we've ever done, just insane. I just can't believe we made it. Can't believe we made it this far, and it's just awesome. Frickin' great. I hope you enjoyed this video. If you guys could pound that like button, press that things. Check out, all right, not gonna lie, it's pretty cold up here. I had to throw this question on. Check out the new Kickin' Our Bass TV apparel. My teacher guy texted me today, said the new teacher's on the way, so stay tuned for that on the website. Links below. But thank you guys so much for watching. Be sure to comment below something about the vlog. It was crazy, you know, I was not expecting, I was actually really expecting the pop tire.  Thank you guys so much for the support. You guys mean the world to me. You guys are awesome. You guys are the best fans ever. It's crazy to meet some of you guys literally on the highway, all the way across the United States. Like, that just blows my mind. You guys are awesome. I love you guys so much. Thank you so much for the support. But overall, be sure to subscribe. Like the video, comment below. Stay tuned for more of the travel vlogs for nationals coming up soon. And I'll catch you guys in the next video.


It's time for the Daily Decrypt where currency competition is most definitely the name of the game I'm your host Amanda and today's episode is brought to you by Crypto Compare The first downloadable version of Bitcoin classic was released last week And since that time the number of Bitcoin classic nodes has jumped from about 10 to over 500 What is Bitcoin classic? Who's behind it? And is it the fork that finally could? Bitcoin classic is an alternative variant which seeks to replace Bitcoin core Currently its only difference from core is that it supports a double block size cap from 1 megabyte to 2 Roughly 5,000 clients are running core meaning the classic has about 10% of the adoption that core has This percentage is similar to what the Bitcoin XT variant had last year But Bitcoin XT failed to gain majority traction and speaking of XT Their node count has shrunk by about half possibly and probably due to a migration to classic But you've heard this story before Both Bitcoin XT and Bitcoin Unlimited have competed with core for several months now and neither has gained popular traction What makes anyone think that classic will be different? A team member of Bitcoin classic apparently did a good bit of homework before committing to the project He gauged the support for an increased block size not only from among Bitcoin's miners But also from among its largest companies and users in this chart the classic team member reports that 92% of Bitcoin's mining pools find a 2 megabyte block size either acceptable or preferable Statements from 23 Bitcoin companies including Coinbase, Bitstamp, and blockchain.info Indicate the same even Bitcoin Jesus Roger Veer today tweeted the specs of his own Bitcoin classic node core developer Turned classic developer Gavin Andresen has published some numbers about what it will take for classic supporters to officially part ways From core supporters. He writes that if 75% of Bitcoin's hash power or mining power becomes compatible with classic The official fork will be set for 28 days from that time This is being called a grace period and all non classic nodes during that time will have the option to upgrade to the fork If they like Andresen writes that he believes that 28 days is sufficient for the switch to take place Because if even 50% of hashing power switches to classic the Bitcoin core client is pre-programmed to tell its operator This version is obsolete upgrade required Classic is likely the last and best chance for those who would like to see Bitcoin's development return to something more in line With Satoshi Nakamoto's original white paper, but will it be enough? Whatever the outcome of the battle for Bitcoin's soul the first chapter of decentralized history is most definitely being written Today's episode is brought to you by crypto compare whether you're a day trader Investor or just someone who's curious about crypto currencies particularly how they stack up against one another Crypto compare is a place where you can easily compare markets analysis trade data and Mining hardware for various crypto currencies. You can check them out yourself at crypto compare.com You're lovely darling. I'm telling you you're really lovely. Have a fabulous day


you know yesterday we have discussed about kinetics one example and of course contacting we have already discussed earlier but this is the performance equation where using this information we have to have input kinetics and contacting to predict what is the output from the reactor normally the output from the reactor is the volume of the reactor if conversion is known or if you know volume finding out conversion yes so now I said yesterday that I would like to give some more examples of the kinetics where we will see different examples how you can try to model the systems we are not deriving the equations but we just draw the figures where it will give you a clear picture of our thinking and our thinking is more important first then actually writing the equations right so that is why the other day yesterday we have taken one example coal burning now we will take another example like catalytic reaction example catalytic reaction yes so this catalytic reaction may be taking place in a packet bed reactor or in a fluidized bed reactor or even in a moving bed reactor and you know FCC fluid catalytic cracking and they use one system and you may say that it is fluid catalytic cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking but that fluidized bed is not the normal fluidized bed classical fluidized bed classical fluidized bed has the solids in the form of batch but whereas in the FCC it is a moving bed or in other words sometimes we also call it is fast fluidized bed continuously the regenerated catalyst will enter and also it will come out that means the system should be operated beyond terminal velocities and there is what is called another term transport velocity and beyond this velocity if you operate the catalyst particle will go out of the system and during this sojourn in the reactor then you will have contact between the FCC crude in the form of vapor and also catalyst and the catalyst will come out go out of the cyclone and those particles again taken for regeneration and send back and gas is taken outside the reactor so that is not actually fluidized bed it is fast fluidized bed so the reaction can be this catalytic reaction can be even in fast fluidized bed but in all these beds our imagination is one single particle how a single particle is contacted with the gas or it can be even liquid but gas I mean liquid solid reactions are very very few so our imagination is we have one single particle and we have this is the catalyst catalyst and definitely we know that of course highly exaggerated film this thickness and here we have the reactant going on around the particle and this is true if I if I take fluidized bed same situation if I take packed bed it is also same situation one particle and of course this particle is contacted by another particle but around that the gas is moving so if I isolate one particle and look at this this is what is happening this is bulk gas bulk gas this is catalyst and this is the film and now we have to imagine how should I model this that means first we have to imagine the process in our mind this is what beautifully Einstein did because when everyone was worried about Aether he did not worry about Aether he just imagine in his mind that do not worry about Aether at all let me take that in this universe the light velocity is constant and everything afterwards fallen in its own place beautifully so like that any process when you are thinking everything should be first clear in your mind till then you should not even put your you know pen and paper together it is only imagination and that can be when you are travelling or that can be when you are simply sitting or in whatever position you are you may be thinking even probably as a good researcher you should think even in your dreams ya really otherwise you know you do not get ideas so that is the kind of clarity in the mind should come before you start and this message particularly for the PhD scholars MS scholars of course even B Tech also when they are doing the project in the project most of the time we expect that something new should be added to the adding literature that new should come first in your thinking otherwise you do not get any ideas right and straight away writing equations does not mean anything and if you understand the physical process then for example if you take SCFC again how the catalyst is moving how the gas is moving how they are contacting what is the time for this contact and during that time what is actually happening all that you have to think you have to think first after thinking what normally we try to do is that we will try to put on the paper qualitatively that is what what we are doing now this is the qualitative treatment so I have imagined that I have particles and I have gas and the gas should contact the solid and if it is porous particle it has to even go inside the particle for the reaction to take place and once I imagine that process now I would like to put this information in the form of some equations so that is why we have to first draw this figure and now this can be imagined as the reaction steps how the reaction should take place I have the catalyst and surrounding that we have the gas and we know that again fluid mechanics will tell me that whenever you have this kind of heterogeneous system at the interface you have you have the films then the reactant gas has to go I mean if I just say that I have a going to R products simply very simple reaction then reactant A has to diffuse through the film and in the bulk of course we do not expect any diffusion and then the sorry we will expect it after a lot of diffusion so that you know you will not have any concentration gradient and then it has to go through the film where there is some resistance and you may have slightly a different concentration in the bulk we call that one as CAG and on the surface it is CAS right so this is the process and from here it can even go inside the particle right so now what are the steps instead also I have told you about the steps what are the steps now step one is mass transfer of A through the film to reach the surface and step two is to go inside the pores you may have pores like this inside the pores all around and then during the movement of these molecules through the pores then they may get absorbed on the surface then after getting absorbed on the surface then the reaction takes place after reaction they cannot sit there if they simply sit there there is no use of that surface because only product is there it is not allowing the reacting to go and sit on that so they have to naturally dissolve they have to come out what is the reason for desorption because the concentration outside of the product concentration outside is less when compared to the product concentration here by natural phenomena called diffusion because of the concentration gradient it will try to come out so through the pores it has to come out first and then through the film so desorption and product coming back through the pores to the surface and from the surface into the through the film to the bulk these are the seven steps right now as an engineer now you can try to simplify many things like for example I will assume that I do not have a porous particle what are the steps that will not be there adsorption desorption will not be there diffusion of the reactants into the pore and also product coming out of the pore is absent the adsorption desorption will be definitely there but now it will be only limited to outside surface so and that is one assumption as an engineer I can always try that because my mathematics are going to be very very complicated okay let me try porous particle non porous particle right so out of seven steps now two steps we knocked out so now generally what we imagine is that adsorption surface reaction and desorption all three also we will imagine that because all three will give me a rate equation that is what what we call Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics if I take purely adsorption desorption surface reaction right so it gives me only minus r a rate equation what I imagine is that I am not also taking all that because I know already because of all these three steps I have a rate equation minus r a now how many steps are there only three what are these three I have now film through the film the reactant going and then we have the surface reaction surface reaction now contains adsorption desorption and reaction right so surface reaction only one step and afterwards from the surface the product has to come into the bulk again through the film only three steps so now again my assumption is that this is irreversible reaction so now how many actual steps I have to what are the steps now yeah mass transfer we do not say that one has normally diffusion because around the film or through the film convective flow also will be there around that that is why we will say that we normally mass transfer and you know the difference between mass transfer and diffusion you know the diffusion is purely by molecular phenomena it is only by concentration difference and whereas the convection and diffusion together in mass transfer normally mass transfer equation when you say we have both diffusion and convection together I think I gave you this example or shall I give once more this example like again I was telling you that if I have lot of perfume on my body and now this room is very very still right so and if I stand in the middle of the room then the perfume will diffuse by concentration gradient because there is no movement of the gas at all or air in the room because there are no fans right so then it is by natural diffusion the concentration gradient and if I stay there and then try to find out the time the person who is sitting in that corner will smell may be in five seconds right so someone came just behind me and then he put a big fan the fan normal may be a standing fan so then that will now push more amount of perfume from my body by convection and over the convection definitely you have again the original diffusion so that is why in any flow what you have is convection and diffusion in the mass transfer but most of the time whether the diffusion flux is more or convection flux is more we have to decide as an engineers I will now ask you the question in plug flow what is the component you are taking is it convection or diffusion or both plug flow we have defined sorry what is that I mean what is that we have really taken in a plug flow pure convection we have taken that is why we are telling flat velocity profile otherwise the velocity profile is not flat it will be slightly moving like this that is by natural diffusion okay and of course a little bit of turbulence where back and forth it is moving natural diffusion means you should be slightly forward because it is as if another example most of you would have seen the conveyor belts now in a in the airports where you know you can just stand there and then it will take you right in the conveyor belts and even supermarkets and all that they have the belts escalators they call okay so if you are just standing there on the conveyor belt that is pure convection if you are walking on that then that is convection plus diffusion and the velocity what you are what you are measuring is with respect to flow which is stationary right and with respect to the conveyor belt velocity if you are walking that is your diffusion so in reality with respect to wall if you take wall is stationary so with respect to wall you take in the reactor you will have diffusion and convection and for plug flow because we are not allowing any axial mixing so we will say that I have pure convection that is why you have the flat velocity profile right so that is the reason why this mass transfer and diffusion we have to separate and mass transfer what is the equation and diffusion what is the equation mass transfer what is the equation for flux or diffusion what is the equation we use normally yeah that is fix law gradient into diffusivity whereas for for convective flow or mass transfer normal mass transfer yeah concentration difference is you know flux is directly proportional to concentration there is no gradient there concentration difference concentration difference and that proportional proportionality constant you are taking as mass transfer coefficient okay so that is why you know whenever there is a chance I would like to tell all these basics as many times as possible so that you will never forget at least you know these basics right so that is why the first step mass transfer is characterized with now this can be modeled with all the assumptions only with two steps and then if I write those two steps again mass transfer I am simply writing equal to reaction and of course here it is hidden that mass transfer of reactant through the film to the surface equal to yeah this rate of reaction on the surface that is what is at steady state yeah mass transfer surface only thing is if you have porous particle you have lot of surface inside available I have been telling you know I think it sometimes it is the in one gram of catalyst depending on the pores and then how do you design this one you will have one football stadium inside this one gram the area of the football stadium okay that is why ambitious people as ambitious we will always take porous particle but how in in how many ways one can model the system I am trying to tell you and it is not totally unrealistic model because whenever you have noble meters like platinum platinum particles are used and they are not porous and all the reaction is taking place on the surface and the platinum wires are used wire gauzes are used as you know the catalyst which is just stacked inside the reactor that is also one of the wonderful reactors I think this is for in ammo sorry in nitric acid process that is used I will also mention that out sometime when you are talking about mass transfer coefficients so but here the assumption is that how simply one can model and as engineers we should model as simple as possible but nearest to the reality we cannot have totally unrealistic things like our all movies you know most of the movies 99% it is unrealistic hero hits like this 100 people will fly I think you know under people flying is impossible I think no human being here on this planet cannot can do that it is only Superman has to come here right only he can do probably if he is existing so all these unrealistic that is why model also should not be so unrealistic but all of us you know clap when under people fly so because we also like unrealistic things here because we are not able to do the realistic things so at least unrealistic things I think we are happy with that is what is fascination you know yeah so that is the reason why the model should be as close as possible again beautiful sentence you know Einstein said that you know it should be as simple as possible but not simpler okay but reality we have to be very close to for this in this modeling that is why and when I assumed all these I am not very far because if I do not have this porous particles there are many situations where non porous particles are also used for catalytic reactions so that is the reason so once I have these two steps rate of mass transfer equal to rate of reaction then of the reactant A then the equation again minus R A O B this is the overall rate this also you should not forget minus R A O B all heterogeneous systems will have only observed rate measured rate overall rate different books use different names for this and if you do not have mass transfer at all and the reaction is taking place on the surface somewhere where there is no mass transfer effect at all so that concentration is also equivalent to bulk concentration and if there is no mass transfer coming into picture and the system the reaction is not affected by any external factors like mass transfer and heat transfer then what you have is an intrinsic rate of reaction that is the difference between intrinsic rate of reaction and overall rate of reaction overall rate of reaction takes into account our you know the transport process like external heat transfer and mass transfer right so overall rate of reaction and the intrinsic rate of reaction so this is the overall rate or observed rate or measured rate this is what normally we write R A O B equal to this equation already you know K G C A G minus C A S and okay I think in between I have missed something here the model for this for writing the this equation that part I have this is catalyst and then this is C A G film and yeah this is C A G and in general I may have this one as C A S it is exactly same as yesterday's example what we have taken correct no so that is why this equation also is K S C A S and this is equation 1 and equation 2 yeah so in this case if I take now the rate expression like yesterday minus R A O B equal to C A G divided by 1 by K G plus 1 by K S okay so this is equation 3 for catalytic reaction now I will ask your brain to open and then just think about this equation and yesterday's equation both are same right yeah but is there any other factor coming when compared to catalytic reaction and non-catalytic reaction just think in the process I have a coal particle I have a coal particle where yeah so then what happens I mean what is I mean is there any change in this equation yeah because I am using the same equation for both the cases right yeah and is there any parameter which changes with the phenomena what you are describing you are telling that catalyst will not change with time because yeah K S changes which one will change oh yeah K G will change because now K G depends on the size of the particle also right and again how do you find out K G as a function of size yeah yesterday's equation if I have a single particle from yesterday's equation what I have drawn there the Ranjan-Marshall equation Sherwood number equal to 2 plus something you can now say that for very small particles there are 2 terms in yesterday's equation Ranjan-Marshall correlation okay so those 2 anyway let me write again that one Sherwood number equal to 2 plus 0.6 Reynolds to the power of 0.5 and Schmidt to the power of 1 by 3 this is the equation what we have and now imagine if I have very very small particle then I can neglect this term when compared to this 2 then that means Reynolds number is small because of the size maybe I am using one micron particle and catalysts are used as one micron particles also in fluidized beds and even in FCC FCC they use around 100 microns particles because they have to transport out and all that so that is the reason why and in salary reactors also it may be 50 microns 100 microns like that and that is why this Reynolds number may be very very small and then in comparison to 2 term all this product may give me may be 0.01 as an example so 2.01 and 2 I think does not matter for me I will take 2 so that means now you can find out what is the relationship between DP how KG is varying with DP this totally neglected so then I have here KG DP by diffusivity then you will know KG is inversely proportional to DP right because DP will come down here okay I think maybe people are blinking so that is why I think I will write this one as KG DP by D equal to 2 then that is 0 I mean just neglecting that so then this gives me KG is inversely proportional to DP so similarly I can also now say that yes I have now large Reynolds numbers now 2 can be neglected when compared to this product so then I can also now find out because remember here also you have DP bit number of course he also has DP no okay good and so this DP you have to this is DP to the power of 0.5 so from that also you can find out how KG is varying with DP you may start with big particle in the beginning okay in coal combustion for example slowly the diameter is changing so that means KG also is changing so that variation you have to take into account in the design only to have that difference I thought I will also tell this one that means you may have the same equation but unless you understand how the process is taking place we cannot really appreciate all this and these things have to be taken into account that is why most of the time it is our brain which will give the clarity for us think think think think but unfortunately in our education system we are not giving you any time for thinking okay immediately quiz one starts next week and you are always worried about you know which aspect of this will come in the examination so that is why I think someone was telling in India that you know in India we have only exams but no education really because I think all the entire thing whatever we talk and then entire thing what you also convert most of the time in the form of examination whether this is coming in the examination or not that is only the problem all the time okay so that is why you have so many things here which we can always this simply depends on how deeply you are involving in the thinking process that is what I think most of my lectures will be only to make you that mindset different okay that thinking more thinking more like that so that is why one has to take care of all these things and for that initial process is very good thinking that is why I think the first one semester for Phd scholar should be given only for thinking you should not have I mean you have to be fed and kept in the hostel or whatever wherever you are okay but I think you know you if you are in the hostel most of the time dc plus plus you know that is not dc plus plus should be removed and then just allow you to think this is wonderful and then you come up and even without writing an equation I can always write like this you know this profile and you can also say that okay I have a packet bed reaction is going on I would like to it is exothermic reaction right and now so many assumptions in your mind that is why always thinking thinking and we can also say that yes I have adiabatic packet bed reactor exothermic reaction so can I now plot along the height of the packet bed the concentration and temperature profiles can I also plot temperature and concentration profiles across any cross section right and is a packet bed so that means packing is inside which is a solid can I also imagine how the concentration varies inside the particle and how the concentration varies between the particles because across that it is not uniform everywhere and also I can I may imagine how the temperature is changing so that means if I have a single particle like this can I draw the concentration and temperature profiles across all these so if you are able to imagine all that in your mind then automatically I tell you that you have clear picture of what is to be expected mathematically okay in engineering always mathematics come when you have to quantify something you have to say in terms of some numbers either 50 60 or 100 how do you know 50 60 or 100 so you have to use equations calculate and then say that it is either 50 60 or 100 but before that all this process should occur in fact in my PhD students also I used to tell them that you know when the problem is given you have to understand and then you have to draw the graphs on your own without even doing any experiment it is not that easy like I told you packet bed if I ask you to draw the profiles in the packet bed temperature profile and concentration profile along the length and across the cross section within the particle right so now you draw them and then keep it in your dairy go actually for doing the experiments and after doing the experiments compare what was your imagination and then what you actually got by experiments and also through calculation modeling and all that if you are thinking and if that is exactly matching then you are an excellent research scholar because you should visualize the entire process in the mind first and then able to convert these what all the great scientist did I mean for example again Einstein everyone tells but Einstein did only that I think simply sitting in that Switzerland patent office and then thinking about the universe and he could get the beautiful ideas okay and also this is the mistake all of us do as researchers we simply believe what has been published till this point okay based on that we try to visualize what is happening but you have to question now till now whatever is available is right or wrong again Einstein example so till then people who are fighting for aether there is something called aether everything is moving relative to that all kinds of things they were thinking this man said that throw away aether and only one assumption that the light velocity in the universe wherever it is it is constant okay so based on that when he started deriving everything has fallen beautifully and then aether has disappeared till then people are imagining aether is there that is there this is there various mediums and finally now this is the reason why we remember always Einstein because totally different thinking you have to also do that that is why I think all PhD scholars particularly because other projects are only term-bound projects so whatever they have to do they will do just you know within that time but for PhD scholars there is no end but you can do ten years also okay 80 gives only seven years time but you know yeah but I know the reason what I am trying to tell is that you should not believe the literature that does not mean that you should not see literature at all that is what no always we try to misinterpret things okay what is the point in seeing but anyway I am not believing it no you have to decide whether it is right or wrong what is right what is wrong what is correct how the people have done whether it is accurately evaluated or inaccurately evaluated and if something is missing that is what way we have to fill up that is what you have to do all of you have to do PhD in fact because that gives you more time for thinking the all other course MS MS and PhD all other courses coursework programs will only drive you for examination really driving you for madness so that is why more time and then more thinking will give you the clarity first okay so let us now take another example this is catalytic reaction okay so if I have a gas liquid reaction another example gas liquid reaction right again you know what kind of reactors we use for gas liquid reaction we use what is what are called bubble columns right so bubble column normally can be shown something like this I have yeah it can be simply yeah liquid may be continuously coming this is liquid liquid may be continuously going out then we have gas entering gas is coming out and we have the liquid and we also have bubbles yeah so this is liquid L I will write and this is gas okay now how do I model how do I imagine what is happening liquid is one of the reactants and also gas is another reactants so I can write this one is AG plus BL okay small L I will write giving me product again I am taking a reversible system okay now how do you imagine Naidu can you tell how do you really imagine this the process that means you know you can now see what is the you know the procedure for you for this imagination first of all I should know what kind of equipment I am talking so gas liquid systems we can have bubble columns okay so then using this how do I imagine my process that is taking place inside this bubble is the gas that is one of the reactants and then the liquid and in the liquid you would have seen all of us would have seen I think 99 percent of us would have seen how the liquid how the gas moves in the in liquid you know aquariums and many things we can see or your soda or Coca-Cola right you have the gas inside stored the moment you open it will it will try to equalize its pressure inside to the atmospheric pressure so bubbles will come out okay yeah so you should have seen bubbles and liquid that is what I mean that is why I am telling that example so how how can you imagine this process gas is diffusing through the bubble through the liquid reaction is taking place okay good so I will now again imagine that I have one single bubble almost very good bubble but most of the time this is the realistic bubble so this is bubble gas and all surrounding I have liquid right yeah and then in the process we also imagine that we have a gas film inside inside the bubble so now I can imagine this in terms of my profiles that I have liquid here I have first interface here this is the interface interface then we have here gas the side then we have liquid right so bulk liquid may be somewhere there but here I have liquid film surround that is the spot this is the liquid film okay so this is the liquid film then here I have noted also I have gas film yeah right so now this is bulk liquid bulk and this is bulk gas right now we have to draw the profile first before writing the equation so I know that inside everywhere here I have the same concentration of gas so I may show that one as like this CAG okay so now this has to go to through the film this is CAI okay yeah CAGI okay good so now it touches the interface that is the liquid gas liquid interface sorry gas film I have not drawn yeah this is gas film this is liquid film yeah here I am sorry here we have CAG then I have CAGI this is the gas liquid interface GL interface and at this GL interface we have what is called in this law what does that tell you okay gas has reached this film and afterwards this gas has to dissolve in this liquid film that at that interface and then it has to diffuse further in the liquid that means liquid concentration the A how much that is dissolved inside the liquid that has to diffuse through the liquid film so that is why depending on your henry's law it can be either top or it can be either bottom so that means here I have now CAI at this point I have CAI okay and from here again this will come here so this will be CAI and from here it may be constant please remember this connects these two are connected by henry's law CAG CAI okay yeah those two are connected by your henry's law constant so this is the profile now I have to draw I mean I have to write now the equations yeah and now again you have so many assumptions here that is why day power and day power when you think you will get more and more information what are the things simply saying that okay I have this is the bulk and I have here the film and then at the interface it will reach thermodynamic equilibrium henry's law constant from there it will diffuse and then go to the bulk where is the reaction taking place yeah this assumption is that it is inside the bulk it need not be if the reaction is very fast where the reaction takes place almost at the interface because it does not have time to even diffuse here or if it is relatively slow most of the reaction may be taking place only in the film okay right and if it is further very very very slow then where the reaction taking place entire bulk at that time your batch equations are directly useful there see it is heterogeneous system but the presence of gas will only occupy some volume but it is not really reflecting in the rate of reaction because rate of reaction is so slow then the reaction is taking place through the entire liquid okay so you need normal batch reactor design expressions for that condition where you have the very very slow reaction if you have very very fast reaction most of the reaction may be taking place on the interface so that is why to exactly find out what is the reaction rate because it is interface you have to very accurately estimate what is the interfacial area interfacial area between gas and liquid right there are few methods available to measure interfacial areas that is why in heterogeneous systems whatever you know you only you have to think the limitation is only your mind and of course you have to also find out which one is faster which one is slower and all that right and most of the time when I have the bubble phase here and then the liquid film this is the bubble gas film this is the liquid film that is what is given here most of the time we neglect this part why neglect in the sense that we assume that there is no concentration gradient inside the bubble that is true particularly if I have pure gas if I have two gases and only we are talking about a diffusing through b our assumption is that all the resistance is in the gas film near to the interface but if I have only pure gas most of the time we use pure gas for example hydrogenation of vegetable oil this is also one of the very good pictures for that too so then if I have that kind of assumptions like pure gas then this will disappear totally so then I will have only liquid film which is coming into picture right so with these assumptions one can now write the actual equations like we have developed the rate observed good another example which I give is okay slurry reactor imagination I have the reactor first I have the particles we have the bubbles which are fed like this these are the bubbles and then in between I have liquid so this is gas phase this is liquid phase slightly exaggerated solid phase okay now here also I have not discussed about this one this particular one here I have taken liquid is continuous gas also is continuous but in fact here I can have liquid as the batch right the moment I have the liquid as the batch I don't have to worry whether it is plug flow or mixed flow because it is batch system but the moment I have the gas as continuous system then I have the plug flow so similarly here I can have liquid batch liquid batch and also solid batch gas is only continuous and most of the time we take it as plug flow now my imagination is that I have okay we have the particle sorry we have the first bubble surrounding this we have the film inside also we have the film and here I have the particle here also we have the liquid film right what are the steps now the gas which is inside the bubble has to first go through this film then at the interface from interface to the liquid film yeah this is all liquid right so assumption is that liquid is sufficiently mixed so that is why the gas dissolves here faster and then no concentration gradient and then finally it has to come through this film and go to the surface and react on the surface if it is only non-porous particle if it is porous particle again it has to go inside very quickly drawing now I think you definitely know about all these things so I can simply draw this yeah so now inside the bubble till this gas film I have a flat profile okay and at the interface this is the interface there is some drop and from there again depending on in this law constant there is another drop okay and from here it is almost constant and again from here you have the drop and if it is porous particle you have again the drop right again if I write this thing this is CAG this is CAG I this is CAL I this is CAL this is also CAL this is CAS if it is non-porous then this concentration CA as a function of R where R is the radial distance inside the particle if it is non-porous then this is stopped this beyond this is not there so all these steps we have to take into account now you see step one Anurag not able to follow yeah so because I explained those things so much so I just went a little bit faster here so then the first step is mass transfer through the gas film within the bubble reaching interface from interface to liquid film that is liquid side but surrounding the bubble then inside the liquid I have same concentration because of vigorous mixing if the vigorous mixing is not sufficient which has been created by bubbles then we will also put a stirrer okay stirrer also will help the solid particles not to settle okay so that is why sufficient mixing so this concentration is almost same throughout the liquid then it goes to the surface of the solid sorry the film surrounding the solid that is CAL then from there it goes to surface CAS and then this one and this entire thing we model in terms of effectiveness factor yeah it would not be same it would not be same that is why I have just shown a little bit of curvature there like this because if it is a spherical particle we can solve that and then it will come like that so the concentrations are analytically they just drawn but not the real shapes but still I wanted to show the difference so I have shown it here so all these concentrations we have to evaluate this this this this then finally we can express in terms of measurable concentration of the gas phase that is one possibility other possibility is also using the rate based on volume of the liquid these two possibilities are there in this right so that is why in heterogeneous how do you define the rate also is very important so in the next class I will tell you how do you define the rates what are the possibilities for the rates right I think I have already told you once but let me also write those equations then you will have a clear picture of under what conditions you have to choose it only depends on you your convenience right so this is one example I can you know I can also come out till here and then say that yes I will now express based on gas phase bubble phase or I can also express based on liquid phase or total volume it depends on how do you I mean what you like and what is the simplest one okay we will stop here and the next class we will discuss all this


Statistics and Excel Exponential Distribution create and compare sample line weighting data to exponential distribution. Got data? Let's get stuck into it with statistics and Excel. First, a word from our sponsor. Yeah, actually, we're sponsoring ourselves on this one because apparently the merchandisers, they don't want to be seen with us.  Like our crunching numbers is my cardio product line. Now, I'm not saying that subscribing to this channel, crunching numbers with us, will make you thin, fit, and healthy or anything. However, it does seem like it worked for her, just saying. So, you know, subscribe, hit the bell thing and buy some merchandise so you can make the world a better place by sharing your accounting instruction exercise routine. If you would like a commercial free experience, consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com. You're not required to, but if you have access to OneNote, we're in the icon left-hand side. OneNote presentation, 1580 Exponential Distribution create and compare sample line weighting data to Exponential Distribution tab. We're also uploading transcripts to OneNote so that you can go to the View tab, the Immersive Reader tool, change the language if you so choose. Be able to either read or listen to the transcript in multiple different languages, tying in the transcript to the video presentations using the timestamps. OneNote desktop version here and prior presentations. We've been thinking about how we can represent different data sets both numerically with calculations like the average or mean, the median, quartiles, and pictorially with things like the box and whiskers and the histogram. The histogram being the primary tool we envision when thinking about the spread of data and we can then describe the data on the histogram using terms such as it's skewed to the left, it's skewed to the right. We're now looking at those families of curves which have functions related to them, which often approximate data sets in the real world. If we can approximate a data set with a curve, that would be great because it gives us more predictive power with the actual formula. We've been looking at different types of curves in the past that are often represented in real life scenarios such as the uniform distribution, Poisson distribution, binomial distribution. And now we're looking at the exponential distribution remembering that as we saw in a prior presentation, it's often related to the Poisson distribution. And in practice in a business scenario, we often see the Poisson distribution in line waiting situations, asking questions such as what's the likelihood of so many people arriving within certain time intervals like one minute or one second. And we also could do it over space or distances such as how many potholes are in so many miles of roads or what's the likelihood of so many potholes being in so many miles of road. And then if we ask the question for the exponential distribution, we kind of flip things on their head asking what's going to be the average interim time between the next arrival, for example, in a line waiting situation. Sometimes it's a little bit more difficult to kind of envision the exponential distribution and how it fits into like a line waiting situation. So now we're going to do a problem that is going to be similar to what we did in the past for Poisson and binomial, meaning we'll try to generate some random numbers that will be equivalent or similar to us actually going out and testing and collecting the data so that we can then compare that actual data to a Poisson distribution, which will be the smooth curve. So we're going to start off and imagine that the mean arrival time in hours is 10. We're going to imagine there's 10 arrivals in a line waiting type of situation or a meeting, how many people are going to show up in a certain amount of time. We're going to say the mean number of arrivals or customers to a restaurant or something like that is going to be 10. Note that this is generally the question that we ask when dealing with a Poisson type of distribution, which is what's the likelihood that so many people might arrive in some certain time interval. In this case, an hour, the average arrivals we're saying in an hour are going to be 10 in this case. Now, whenever we're dealing with time, we always have to ask, are we going to be thinking about this in terms of hours and minutes or in seconds. In this case, let's break it down to down to the arrivals in minutes. So if 10 people are arriving in an hour, I can take the 10 divided by 60 and we're going to say about 0.166 people arriving in a minute interval. That could be a little bit of an abstract feeling number because now you're saying, okay, that's obviously less. You can't have less than a whole person arriving, but obviously it's an average, the concept of the average. So then we're going to kind of flip this around to go from the Poisson type of question to an exponential question, which is the inter-arrival time in hours. Let's first think about it in hours. So now we're thinking about how much time on average we'll be passing between arrivals. And so if we have 10 people arriving per hour, I can take 1 over 10, and that would give us about 0.1 hours. So now we're looking at hours in terms of a fraction of an hour. So, you know, 0.1 hours. If we looked at it in terms of minutes, I can say, okay, if there's 0.166 people arriving in a minute. So I can then take my calculation and say 1 over 0.166 it goes on forever and then a seven is about six minutes. So we have about six minutes of the interim time between the arrivals. Now what we want to do is imagine that we're actually going out there and counting the intervals between arrivals. So we're out there at the restaurant or wherever the line is, and we're actually counting the time between the arrivals. So one person arrives, we've got the stopwatch going, and then we're going to count to how long it takes for the next person to arrive. We're going to try to generate this with a random number generator, which is a little bit more complicated because you can't just use the normal random number generator, and we don't have the Excel functions to give a random number generation similar to what we had with the binome.dist and the Poisson distribution. So we'll make up our own kind of formula here, which is going to be this. So it's going to be equal to negative lm, which is a natural logarithm. I won't go into that in detail, but note what we're trying to do here is generate the randomness of the numbers that still has a random element to it, but it follows kind of the conditions of what would be present in a natural setting that has a exponential distribution kind of relationship to it. So then we're going to say one minus the rand. This is the normal random number generator that we've seen in the past for coin flips and whatnot, and then we're dividing that by this mean arrival rate in minutes, the 1.66 on forever. So don't worry too much about that formula. Just the concept is we're imagining that we're going out there. We're actually testing this out with our stopwatch, and this is a random number generator that gives us an approximation of what would happen in real life if our line situation followed a Poisson distribution, which then you would think also follow when you look at the interim times and exponential distribution. So for example, this first one we had the first customer came in and the enter arrival time was 14. And then the next the next enter arrival time was 1.16 minutes. And then this is in minutes, by the way, instead of seconds as our prior example. And then the third, it took 2.83 minutes. And then the next arrival 5.81 minutes 4.15 minutes 1.1 minutes 0.15 minutes 0.07 minutes. And notice the trend that you kind of see when you're looking at this you had this fairly large one here. And then you had a lot that are pretty low. Your five is kind of big, but it's not too large. You've got a lot that are fairly low. 6, 3, 4, 7, and then it jumps up to 10. So now you had an interval between customers of 10, 12 fairly high, and then it goes all the way back down to 4, 12. It popped back up 4, 3, 9, 4, 14, jumped up to 14. So you've got a lot that are kind of in the lower range and then it jumps all the way up to 21. Which is a pretty, you know, we haven't seen anything that high for some time, right? And then you've got a lot of lower stuff and that's what we would generally expect oftentimes in these kind of line waiting situations and which is why it gives the kind of the character of the curve sloping downward that we've seen with that exponential distribution. So if I took the mean of this data, if I just took the average of this data, we're now getting to 6.49, which is fairly close to 6 because we used that 6 as our kind of interim, that was our mean of our data set that we kind of put into our calculation with this .166 over here. So the mean is kind of what we would expect with our randomly number generated numbers. And so then what I would do in Excel is just copy this whole thing because this cell has this random number generation in it. That means that these cells are always going to regenerate randomly. So what I'm doing, I would just copy the same data over. These numbers are different because you could see it basically juggled the numbers around. But the idea is that this is still being generated with this function, but now we hard coded the numbers so they don't change because of that random number generation tool. Okay, so now we can count the frequency of these items. And we can do our standard kind of frequency type of, let's do it this way, where we would say, okay, here's our bands. So these are representing the minutes between arrivals now. So if I look at these numbers, what's the count that we have? Zero minutes on up to the 40 minutes between the arrival times. And note that you can't really use a count if function to do this because these numbers over here are now not whole numbers. So we have to use the frequency, which are going to give us the bends. So here's our fancy frequency, which we're just going to take the data array over here. And then we're going to say the bends, which are over here. That's going to be our array function that'll give us the frequency. And then it'll put these items into our buckets. So in this case, then we have the number one. So one minute, how many times did we have the one minute? And in our data set on this side, 51 times. Two minutes or up to and including, you know, two minutes, we had 30 of those three minutes. 31, four minutes, 19, five minutes, 20, six minutes, 18, seven minutes, 14, eight minutes, 14, nine minutes, 18, 10 minutes. And you can see it starts to go down as we get up to those higher numbers. So there was a lot of them you could see that are on the lower side. So the time between arrivals, we tend to have a bunch that are on the shorter side when things are following this exponential distribution. And then we've got a few that take a lot longer in the intrams. And that is how you can kind of imagine what's happening with our curve. So then we're going to say, okay, I can also represent this in terms of a percent of the total. So these frequency bins, if I add them up, should add up to the number of counts that we did over here, the number of customers that we looked at and saw the intram time, which was 300. So that looks correct. And so I can divide each of these then by the total of 300. So 51 over 300. Whoops, hold on a second. 51 over 300 gives us the point gives us the point one seven or 17%. So there's going to so we can represent this as a percent then as well, which is what it's going to be represented as when we do the actual exponential distribution. And so that's a that's showing that calculation. Okay, so then I could do it. I can do it this way. X equals the arrivals during one minute and let's this time use our actual exponent dot dist. So now I'm going to do the same thing, not using our randomly generated numbers, which represent us actually going out there with us with a stopwatch. But now we're just going to do the smooth curve using our exponent dot dist, where I'm just going to take the X here, we're going to take the lambda. And then we're going to take the cumulative it's not going to be cumulative. So we put a zero. So now we're going to plot this out with our actual curve, which is similar. Notice it's giving us it's giving us the percentages, right? Because when I use this curve, I'm not going to get an actual frequency because because we're looking at the percentages. So then I'd have to, you know, if I looked at this one, what's the likelihood that we have the one minute. And then if I did it 300 times, you would think the 300 times the point one four one one would be the actual frequency, you know, of it. So this is that's why you need the percent that we have so we can compare over there. And so so this is what we get when we get the smooth curve or the curve generated from our function, right? And you can compare these out. So if this is the one this is versus one, two and two, three and three, four and four, five and five. And so you could see there's some what similar. And so if I was to plot this out, this is the enter arrival times from our actual data set plotting this out in a histogram, which looks like this. And you could see it kind of it's approximating the shape that we would expect. It's not perfect, of course, because we didn't generate we only generated 300 numbers. Here's here it is with another another type of graph. And then if I looked at it in comparison to the actual the actual curve, which is the blue curve in this case. So the blue curve is a nice smooth curve compared to the random generated curve. We can see that it approximates what we would expect from from the exponential distribution. So and so the the general idea with these line waiting situations like why does that happen? And you could see why it kind of happens here is because you've got these the times are often short. The intervals are often short, but then you have some of those intervals that are the that are the long intervals, right? And that's what's given it that characteristic type of shape, which often happens in these line waiting situations. So if you were in a if you so if you saw the poisson distribution and a line waiting situation, then again, oftentimes you would think that if you took the exponential the time between that it would follow this kind of exponential characteristic shape as well.


This is for all of you who blog, who write, I recommend that you consider posting your articles to medium.com. I have been doing a test of the search engine stuff. These are the two versions that I tested, okay? I first posted my articles to my own website. I indexed it on Google, make sure Google found it. And then I imported it into medium.com as a syndicated piece, meaning Google will say, oh, your website, georgecow.com, the article there is the primary version that we're gonna rank, okay? Not the medium one, okay? That was one test. The second test is posting my articles to medium.com first, okay, waiting a week for Google to find it. Sometimes it happens within a day, but just to be safe, wait a week for Google to find it on medium.com and then post it on my website. And for those of you who are more technical, you may want to use the rail canonical link, rail canonical tag, if you're doing it from medium and then your website, use rail canonical on your website so that Google knows you're not trying to duplicate content, you're syndicating it. Okay, all right, long story short, when I did the test, it turns out that the articles on medium that I posted to first did way better for those keywords on Google than the article that I posted to my website first. So for those of you who don't know what that means, basically it means that if I post my articles to medium.com first, I will be much more discoverable by those topics and keywords by anyone on the internet versus prioritizing posting on my website first. So that's what I'm gonna do going forward. I've been doing this test now for too long. I think it's been, I think it's actually been about a year and a half test. And if you go longer than that, before then I wasn't really testing, I was just kind of playing around. So going forward, I will be posting my articles to my medium.com first before my website, because that way I'll get found by a lot more people who are just Googling the kinds of things that I write about. And I care about being discovered by the right people and building an audience more than I care about people going to my website, georgecow.com. Now, let me talk about this. If people aren't, if not that many people are finding georgecow.com in my articles, now, first of all, why is that? Why is the test results that way? Well, I think it's because medium.com, not I think, I mean, this is kind of well known among website people. Medium.com has much better SEO, much better search engine capabilities than just about any other website on the internet. Certainly much better than my own because medium.com is well regarded by, many websites and by Google itself. And so things that appear there and they have good spam filters. So things that appear there tend to have higher credibility than things that appear on any of our own websites. And any of us can post to medium.com. It's a free tool that any of us can use to write and blog. So we might as well use it. So the other reason is that medium.com is people like reading on it. It's a very nice reading experience. Whether you're reading it on the laptop or on the phone or on your tablet, the articles there are all formatted the same and they all look nice. So even if you're not a website guru or you're not good at technology, you can just put your stuff on medium.com and it just looks nice there. So it's a great experience for the readers. So people who discover medium.com tend to like to read things there. So we might as well reach people there too. It's not as important to me, right? It's more important to meet people where they are rather than forcing them to go to our own website, right? Like for example, I meet you here on, some of you are watching this on Facebook, some of you are watching this on YouTube, other people may be watching it elsewhere, but I meet you where you're at. I don't say, well, I only publish on my own website so you gotta figure out how to get there and remember to get there. And yes, I have an email newsletter and yes, people subscribe to it to kind of be sure they get my newest and best stuff. But regardless of whether they read the newsletter or whether they subscribe, I'm meeting people where they're at. And I think that's really important. I recommend that you do the same rather than I think, and I'll just go off a little bit of a tangent here. Too many of you are too concerned about your website, honestly. Whenever I hear another client is working on their website, I'm like, okay, is that really a priority? And I don't really talk clients out of working on their website because they just feel really stuck until they have a good website, which I think is, I don't know how to talk them out of it yet because like I said, I have a crappy website. I've always said that, I still do. And yet I make more money than most of the people in my industry. So it's not the website. And plus I've also known, I've worked with by this point over a thousand business owners in the past 10, 11 years and I've known so many people who have had great looking websites, just really well done websites who have almost no business, who have almost no clients. And at the same time, I have also known people who are like really, really great at what they offer. They offer a great service or a great product and they have no website, but they just sell their products and services elsewhere. Like if they're a service, they sell it on Facebook and they sell it on YouTube and LinkedIn or whatever. And if they're a product, they might sell it on Amazon, they might sell it on Etsy or whatever and they have no website of their own and they have a very great business. So what if you don't need a website? I should make a whole other video on this, but I just wanted to add that in since we're talking about deprioritizing our website. What if you don't need a website? What if you can have a six-figure, seven-figure business without a website? Just using our tools, these tools like Facebook and Medium and YouTube and Instagram and Twitter and whatever else you want to use, Pinterest, whatever, okay? So just relax about the whole website thing. You don't need a better website. Like a website, like people are trying to make their website into some like engineering marvel or some work of art. Like give me a break. Like that's not, you should be out there doing business.  No, people aren't gonna do that and people aren't gonna go, well, I'm not gonna work with you until you have a great website. People will work with you because of word of mouth because they heard great things about you because you provide a great service that people actually want. That's much more important, figuring out the service that people want, providing it. And then the word of mouth just spreads like wildfire. That's much more, and of course doing savvy social media marketing to amplify the word of mouth. You don't even need a website these days. So just relax on the website stuff, let it go. Anyway, so that's, I have to have a website because I'm a marketing coach. Like people will laugh at me if I don't have a website. Well, maybe I shouldn't have a website and see what happens. It's a little bit late for now because I have a website now, but anyway. So I hope this is helpful. The bottom line is that I'm gonna start posting on, and so I should say, I should be very clear and say this, posting on media.com first, letting that be indexed by Google and then putting on my own website. And then using rel canonical tag to let Google know, hey, this is not duplicate content, this is syndicated. That is going to decrease the SEO of my website in terms of the new content I post. Google is not gonna care. They're gonna care about my media.com profile and articles there. But like I said, I've done the tests and I have 10 years of marketing experience. I know that this is gonna be better for my business in the long term and the short term by putting my stuff on medium, highlighting that to Google and not my website, downplaying my website. So, but again, I have to say that that's my decision and that's not always going to be your decision. You should check with your own marketing expert on just about every marketing expert will probably not just about, I would say many marketing experts who are so website centric, which I think is so old school, will not agree with me, okay? But I am a very pragmatic thinker and I'm a long-term thinker and I just think, you know what? It's better to meet people where they're at and also the better to build a brand in their life, in their mind, in their heart. If people really like your writings, they're gonna wanna keep up with you. You see what I mean?   That's much more important than, oh gosh, I got them to my website or even I got them by email newsletter. I mean, I think that's a smart thing, but website, anyway, let's downplay the idea. All right, I hope this helps and I look forward to seeing what comments you have. Go and comment below, actually. I'm gonna take a look at my Facebook Live comments and see if there's anything. So I'll pause and let you comment while I look for these comments here. All right, so thanks for joining me for this video. Captain and Bev and Octavio and Patricia and Connie and Patricia, thank you. Oh, Bev says, one upside is that I own my website so it will always be there and I hear about referrals, yeah. Well, the thing is you will always be there in the mind and heart of your true fans. If your website went down one day or if whatever happens, if your Facebook gets suspended or what, in a rare, rare case, right? People will say, Bev, where are you? And they'll look in other places for you. So that's what I hope is that people will find us in their hearts rather than on our website. Like that's what I'm trying to do, trying to get people to find you in their heart, regardless of whether you have a website or not. I think so, I hope that makes sense. Oh, Captain says, George, I've posted in the past on Medium and get almost no reads. Why would I keep posting there? Great, great question. Yes, okay. So when you first start posting on Medium.com, okay? You will not, you will have to promote your Medium.com articles, like in the early days, in the first few months. Like you will have to build a little bit of a following there. Not, it doesn't have to be huge, but if you get like a couple dozen to a couple hundred subscribers on your Medium, then it can really start to take off because people will start linking to your Medium.com articles. And I would rather people link to my Medium.com articles than to my website articles. Like I said, because Medium.com's SEO is like so much greater than most people's websites, including my own, that any links there will like catapult that article on Medium, the keywords and findability of those keywords for your writing on Medium will catapult so much more on Google than if someone linked it to your website article. So that's why I'm trying to get people to link to my Medium.com articles. I'm gonna prioritize that a lot more going forward. So I hope this helps. And any other questions and comments, please go ahead and comment below. I know this is a controversial stance and I know not everyone's gonna agree with me and you don't have to agree with me. You don't have to do what I say, but I'm just letting you know why I'm doing it going forward. And I will, of course, I'll update you maybe a year later and see how it went. But I've already done the test. I mean, six months this way, six months that way. And that's why I'm going forward with Medium.com as the primary. So anyway, all right, thanks. I hope this is interesting anyway. I'll see you in the next video.