morning, everybody. Happy, happy Monday. This has probably been one of my most requested videos to do when it comes to yoga asana or posture practice in the yoga world or any type of exercise really and that is dealing with your hips. This and back bending. We're going to get to back bending next. I need to do the hips first because the hips have a lot to do with back bending. But before we get into some stuff you can do for your hips, there are a few things that I want to talk about. We are going forward with a four week yoga online course for anybody who wants an intensive when it comes to yoga. As I've said, this will be mostly geared in philosophy just because I'm not there to adjust you or to see you practice. I would feel safer just focusing on the philosophy aspect of the yoga practice. With that being said, there will be a little bit of asana. We are going to go into the sun salutations because the sun salutations are the basis of all asana practice. And I'm actually going to be making some videos to go with the course so that you have kind of a virtual manual to help you go through serename scar a and serename scar b. You hear my dog walking around. He's up this morning too. I call him the sheriff of the neighborhood because he barks a lot. So if he starts barking, I'll have to pause the video for a moment because someone just went down a drive. With that being said, I have gotten a lot of emails from you guys regarding the start date of this online course. And I understand that school is starting back soon for those of you who have children. And I do know the cost of school supplies. I totally get it. And so I am going to pull back the start date for a couple of weeks as you guys requested just to give you some time to financially recover. This course, this yoga course will not be run through my channel. So it's going to have absolutely nothing to do with esoteric Atlanta. It's going to be strictly yoga. And so registration will be run through a shala. I'm working with the shala right now to partner with to run the registration through. So with that being said, for those of you who are taking the course, can you sign on to the zoom, we're not going to be talking about anything having to do with the truth or community or Intel or anything like that. We're going to be strictly focused on yoga, which in my opinion is the crux of the Great Awakening. Anyway, when I teach courses live in person, I usually do six week courses. The workshop portion is usually 90 minutes. However, for this course, I'm going to do four weeks. And I'm going to do two hours for each window of time. I think that would be easier, especially since this is strictly online. I think it would be easier to do a shorter amount of time with just longer classes. And in this time, this four weeks, not only will you get four classes as a group, it'll be about 10 to 12 people in the course. You'll get a zoom link and all 10 to 12 people will be in the course together. But every individual person will also get a one hour private with me where you'll zoom with me privately. And in that private, you can practice for me. I can watch your practice and help you. We can talk about philosophy. You can ask me private questions you want to ask of me regarding the philosophy of yoga and how it's affecting your life, whatever you need that hour to be within this course within the four weeks, you will also receive two reiki sessions with my friend and me who is able to do reiki over zoom. I wanted to incorporate this into the course because we are again going to be talking about philosophy. We're going to be talking about the chakra system. We're going to be talking about the bunda system. Shashuna, all the values of energy. We're also going to be talking about the doshas, the Ayurvedic doshas as well. And so I figured that getting treatment from me would also help you drop deeper into your body so that you can practice the philosophy so it makes more sense to take the theory and bring it into your own body and into your own practice, which is really the hardest thing to do. The theory in theory or the philosophy in theory is easy. But when you start to actually practice it within yourself, that's when there are challenges and they're supposed to be challenges. Just to clarify a few things I've said many times on my channel before that it's very evident to me that many people in this great awakening are very confused about what spirituality actually is. And I don't blame anybody for being confused. The controllers have done a really, really, really good job confusing us. Spirituality is not light and love. It's not spirituality is actually war. War is spirituality. And I've heard people say, oh, if we go into a war, that's not good. No, no, no, no. War is necessary, sometimes even in positive polarity. It's a friction. That's the ultimate friction. And that's what spirituality is. It's inducing friction so that you can get that light, right? You can't strike a match without striking it, right? The light on the match doesn't just appear. You have to actually strike the match, which is that friction. And I would highly suggest that everybody read the Bhagavad Gita. If you're confused about the idea of war and spirituality, you absolutely need to read the Bhagavad Gita, because that's where it is really spoken about. You know, the Bhagavad Gita basically is Arjuna is this warrior in India, and he's standing on this field in India and he's having to go to war over land. And standing on the other side of the battlefield are his friends, his family, his teachers, people that he's loved in his life. And now he's got to go to war against them. And he's having this like, crisis moment, this darkened soul. And the whole Bhagavad Gita is Krishna, who's the avatar of God in this story. He comes down and like, gives Arjuna a pep talk. He walks, he talks him off the ledge. And he basically tells him to toughen up buttock. Like, this is your Dharma. This is what you agreed to do when you came into this world. And I have loved the Bhagavad Gita ever since I really started studying it. It is going to be with the course you are going to be required to get the Yoga Sutras. Sri Swamy said he did not does commentary on the Yoga Sutras, but I will have another list of books that are just recommended that we won't cover in the course, but I recommend that you get to read the Bhagavad Gita is one of them.  That's you going to war against yourself against the ego, doing this practice or any type of true spiritual practice takes a lot of courage. It takes a lot of bravery because 99% of the time it's not fun. 99% of the time you're being forced to unpack and deal with emotions that you would rather hide. And that's the hips as we're going to talk about soon the hips carry a lot of those emotions. And it's not for the faint of heart. You know, when you first started yoga practice or Tai Chi, or any type of deep spiritual work. And yes, deep spiritual work should involve some sort of exercise, which will cover in the course deeply why that is your your body is your GPS system. They'll hear the first you know, six weeks to three months, you're in the honeymoon phase, you're in love with the practice you're feeling good, you're having revelations and then all of a sudden you hit a wall. And that's when the real practice begins. That's when it's really becomes disciplined because it's hard. And you're picking at this these scaps of emotions and you're having to experience them and let them pass. And you're having to to acknowledge where you are attached to certain things. And that's you being Arjuna. That's you being brave. It takes so much courage to do this. The Ramayana, I've shared the story before my channel, I'm just gonna go ahead and share it again. The Ramayana is part of the Hindu Pantheon, part of the Hindu collection of stories. And I say Pantheon, but Hinduism is actually a monotheistic faith. As one of the one of the uncles at one of the temples said to me once I asked him, what's the biggest difference between Christianity and Hinduism? And he just said, Christians believe God came to earth one time, Hindus believe God came to earth many, many, many times. So I kind of follow that that path God has had to come to earth many, many, many times. And so every time you hear a deity in Hinduism, it is an avatar of the same God. And so in the Ramayana, we're we're we're looking at Ram, who is one of the avatars of God. And Ram, he marries this woman named Sita, his true love Sita, Rahman Sita. And this demon named Ravana, who lives on an island off of India, many people think it's Sri Lanka, and they're speaking about Ravana comes and he kidnaps Sita. He takes Sita to Sri Lanka, and he hides her in a forest. And Ram is just devastated. He can't find his wife. He can't find his true love. And so in searching for Sita, he hires Hanuman.  He's also associated with the planet Mars, which is the roaring planet. And he hires Hanuman to help him find Sita. Now the thing about Hanuman is that his father is Bayu. Bayu is the breath, the wind. And Hanuman goes through this bit of this identity crisis, kind of like we all do when we come to planet Earth, where we kind of forget who we are, we go through amnesia. And so Hanuman has his own issues going on where he can't remember who he is. He forgets he has these powers. Well, eventually he does figure it out. He does remember. And Hanuman is able to jump from the shores of India all the way to Sri Lanka to get Sita. He finds Sita in the forest. He finds her. And he has the honorable thing though. He knows that if he just sneaks Sita out of the forest and bring her back to Ram, then Ravana is just going to come get her again. So Hanuman, being of high courage and high integrity, knows that he has to face off with Ravana. He has to actually defeat Ravana to properly bring Sita back to Ram. Well, I'm not going to go into detail. Ravana is known as the demon that can't be slain. He's got 10 heads. You cut one head off and another one just goes right back. Right? So I'm not going to go into detail how Ravana or how Hanuman actually ends up defeating Ravana, but he does. And he returns Sita back to Ram. Well, the story is a metaphor. Ram, again, is the avatar of God. Sita is your soul. And Ravana is your ego, the false sense of self, the ego, the 10 headed demon that can't be slain is always trying to keep the soul from God. Right? That's why in the yoga practice, we work to destroy the ego, to get rid of that false sense of self. Well, then who is Hanuman? Hanuman is your courage. Hanuman is that heart of you that is okay to face scary things. Having courage doesn't have encouraged means doing things even if they're scary. And it takes a lot of courage to have the integrity to drop into a traditional yoga practice, a traditional spiritual practice so that you can defeat yourself, basically, Ravana is your ego.  That's the Ramayana. And that's the whole purpose of the yoga practice. It's the same as the Bhagavad Gita with Arjuna and Krishna. It's going to war. It's going to war. It's controlled demolition. The opposite of war isn't peace. The opposite of war is creation. Peace should exist within both war and creation if you're doing your spiritual practice. I also want to remind you guys as I remind my students a lot, there's no need. I know this is going to sound weird. There's no need to, if you sign up for this course, there's no need to try to impress me with things that you can do with your body. I've done it all. I've seen it all. There are a lot of psychopathic flexible people out there. What you can do with your body has absolutely nothing to do with the value that you hold as a human being. The asana practice, any type of exercise that you're doing for your spirituality is just a tool. That's all it is. It's just a tool. With that being said, in our strong yoga we have six different series. There's only one person living right now that's completed all six series. That's how hard it is. So you're never going to stop working on things. There's always going to be things to whittle and to work on in this practice. Another reason why we have six different series is because every single person is coming into the practice with a different level of athleticism. I'm just going to say it as it is. For me, I'm a very athletic person. I always have been. I have good eye hand coordination. I'm strong even though I'm skinny. I'm strong. I'm just not competitive.  For me, going through this practice usually takes five to ten years to get the primary series. I went through it really quickly. When I got a second series, all the back bending, that's when things started to fall apart for me. So the reason why we have these six different series is because so every person practicing has struggled. They get somewhere where they have that friction. That's the only reason. And so my original teacher David Greig used to say, the lucky ones, the lucky people, their karma comes up in primary series. They struggle and those are the lucky people. They don't have to get to third series or fourth series or fifth series before they meet that resistance, before they meet that physical resistance in their body. They feel something. They feel sensation. So I just want to put that out there. When we're looking at yoga asana, the posture practice, the tools of the practice in a lot of ways don't matter at all. If they're not used properly. If they're used properly, they're the most important tool you have. Because again, your body is your TPS system. Your body is where you hold information. Okay. For me personally in my own life, I'm sitting here in my kitchen right now, shooting this video and then I'm going to film after I'm done or I'm going to do my practice after I'm done filming this. I prefer practicing by myself. The only time I ever practice with somebody around is when I'm in India and then with my teacher. I don't like practicing in front of people. I know I have a pretty practice. I know my practice is very well put together. I've been doing this for 15 years, but I don't like practicing in front of people because it's very, very private and I need to be in a space where I can solely focus on the sensations that I'm feeling. And so I just want to put that out there to you guys. Please do not judge your values spiritually on what your body can physically do. With that being said, let's talk a little bit about the physicality of the body before we get into the hips. A lot of people confuse the practice of yoga with flexibility. We're now looking for flexibility. In fact, if you go to a class and the teacher is telling you to get more flexible, don't go back to that class. Flexibility is very, very fleeting. Flexibility also on the flip side of that will develop just like strength and endurance develop. So even if you feel like you're someone who is not super flexible, don't worry. It will calm the more you work it, right? That's just science. Practice makes perfect. As my teacher used to say, practice all is kind. If you keep working it. But the thing about flexibility, especially for women, is it's going to ebb and flow, right? There's going to be some days where you feel like you're gumby.  That's normal. That's just being a human. Days where maybe you're feeling a little bit depressed or stressed out. You might feel tighter, right? And that's just information for you. Like human brain does a good job of lying to us sometimes. And so when you feel that your body, it's a good way to kind of gauge what's really going on with you emotionally, spiritually, etc. The thing we're really looking for in yoga practice is mobility. And that is the combination of both strength and flexibility with more of a focus on strength. Okay, so what do I mean by this? When you see these shapes that people put themselves into, the only way that they can get the energy to flow through the values, through the pathways in the body, through the shapes, is by having controlled muscles. The muscles in your body are what pull the blood. They are what pull the energy through the fascia. Okay? And so if you're passively stretching, if you're just working on flexibility and you're passively stretching, that energy is probably not going to move. And it's probably going to end up causing you an injury, which is okay. Injury is part of it. There are three teachers in this practice. There's the teacher, the practice, and the injury. You're not hurting yourself in the practice. The posture isn't hurting you. You're hurting yourself in the posture. Okay? And so the injury is there to teach you where you need a course correct. Okay? So with that being said, there's a reason why we focus so much on strength. That is because that strength is what's responsible for moving the energy. And there's also something very psychological that happens in the psyche of a human being, the stronger they get. Right? In a handstand, for example, if you've been working on a handstand, it's not about the handstand. It's about the fact that you can actually hold yourself up and something happens to you emotionally. You develop more confidence. That courage is easier to find when you start to show yourself that you are capable of doing hard things. All right. So when we're talking about the hips, what we're looking at is a ball and a socket. All right? And we're going to talk about this. If you take the course in Serious Namaskar B, Serious Namaskar A is very linear, it's very masculine. Serious Namaskar B is very feminine because we're working into starting to work into the hips.  So with that being said, if the joint is working properly and their strength and mobility, that ball and that socket should be able to move pretty freely. Most of the time, it can't. Same with the shoulder, right? But the hips are a big one because the hips are the biggest joint in the body.  I'm very organized. That's my, um, I guess that's my oval. I may as the vaught to enemy, I don't know. But everybody has a junk drawer, right?  That's your hips. So when you start working into the hips, you're going to start to trigger yourself. There's going to be stuff that comes up that's uncomfortable.  We don't do that in Astanga. The hip openers I'm going to show you today are not part of the Astanga practice, okay? They're just little ones that you can do.  That comes, traditionally, that comes in second series, Ekapatashashasana. Although you are doing a part of it in primary series with supta kamasana. With that being said, Rome wasn't built in a day. Your body wasn't built in a day. Your trauma wasn't built in a day. So we're not going to just yank your leg behind your head on the first day. It's probably going to take years to slowly get it to open so that it can go back there to get it strong enough to hold it back there. And that strength is very important too, especially working with the hips.  And so if you're next being pushed down by your leg, you have to have that strong core to be able to sit up and push the leg back. And that's also going to activate more into the hip. Alright, so I'm using Ekapatashashasana as an example. We're not going to work on that. Again, that's for you to work with with a teacher in your own mice or room. That's just an example I'm using because we're going to use it to kind of look at the hip when we get into these hip stretches. Okay, so I'm going to back up.  But we're going to first look at the flexibility of your hip. And just so you guys, this is just an exercise you can do just so you know where your flexibility lies within your hip. It doesn't matter where your foot goes at all. Again, the value of your value as a human being has nothing to do with how open your hip is. We're just trying to open the hip for your own information so that you can allow those energies to come up.  Okay? So doesn't that doesn't the flexibility means nothing. And I'm going to tell you guys a little secret too. As a teacher I would rather have a student come in who is super tight than one that is super flexible. The person who is naturally super flexible has a higher propensity of getting hurt than the person who is super tight. So don't judge yourself by how flexible your hip is. This is just something for you to information for you to take in for yourself. I do this with my students and again my head might get cut off a little bit in this filming. That's okay. So we're going to do the telephone. I want you to extend your left leg all the way out. And when you extend your left leg out or any time you extend a leg out, I want you to make sure you're keeping the leg nice and flexed. Okay? Again, that keeps, if we're passive with the leg, there's no action happening in that knee joint and we need that energy to come in through the knee. So I'm going to ask all of you to keep that leg, that extended leg nice and flexed. All right, so you're kind of in, let me put the camera a little bit. You're kind of in a Johnny Ushershawson A position to start with. Okay?  So we have, we have two sections of the leg. We have the front of the leg, we have the back of the leg, the thigh, the femur bone. This is where that hip socket is, all right? So what I'm going to ask you to do, just for you, just to see, just information for you, is I'm going to ask you to take your leg, try to pull the hip back, kind of like you're pulling back the bow, right? You're pulling that bow back.  Can you get the ball of your foot to your ear? If it comes to here, that's fine. If it's down here, that's fine too.  It doesn't necessarily mean that your core is strong enough though, okay? So that's just information for you to see what's happening with your hip. Now let's change sides. So again flex the foot, the right foot now. Now my left hip, little information about me, my left hip is really wonky, okay? It sits higher than my right hip, my right shoulder also goes down, so it's like a diagonal pull, all right? So I always have a tighter left hip. I know that about myself. It's how it's been since the beginning, but we're going to check anyway. So you're going to take that left leg, try to rock it. Oh, I just had a nice little pop there. It's early in the morning, body's waking up. Try to rock it and then take that foot, see if you can bring it to your ear, okay?  It's just your core that might be a little bit tight. So that's just information for you. All right, now let's get into some simpler stretches. Okay, so now we're going to work on the front body, this right here, okay? This is where we have a lot of, if you're tight right here near hip flexors, you probably have low back pain, all right? So that's what I tell people a lot if they have low back pain, first of all. That's some energetic work.  So let's start with, I'm going to start with my left, stretching my left hip first, just so you guys can see. So I'm going to bring my right leg forward.  So if you find yourself doing this, that's not good. We want to get the knee and the ankle in a perfect alignment, okay? And we want to sink into, we're sinking into that hip, right? So you want to start to drop the hip so you feel a nice sizzle sensation happening right in this area. Mind keeping, you can if you want, pop up to the back of the foot. I'm not going to do that because I feel like when I, this is a warm up for me. So I feel like I have more control over my hip and just breathe into that hip. Now if you want to hold it anywhere between five and 10 breaths, this is also the motion of a back bend which we're going to get to next week. From here, let's go ahead and take a counter. So we're going to take the counter pose with a hamstring stretch. So you're going to pull, this is half hanuman asana, no hanuman, the monkey guy that we just spoke about, this is half hanuman asana. So you're going to flex your foot, I don't want it pointed, I want it flexed.  Walk your hands out. Now if this is not so challenging for you, if you if you need more friction, you can go ahead and come into a full split. All right, but that's only if you're able to do that. If you're not able to do that, you're just going to stay in a half split. Nope, no worries. Again, your value as a human being has nothing, nothing to do with what you can do with your body.  I know some of them. So okay, once you feel like you've gotten a good little counter stretch, come back up to that foot, drop your hips again. Now you're going to bring your hands inside your right foot. Walk that right foot out to the side. Again, make sure the knee and ankle stay in alignment. And then come down to your elbows. Now you can either stay on the back knee or pop your leg up. Just stretching into your hips. All right, let's come back. Let's change sides. So from here, bringing my left leg forward, my knee and my ankle are in one straight line. Again, this isn't happening. Watch this. This is common to do something like this. That's going to blow your knee out. Make sure the ankle and the knee are in a straight line. Drop down, get that nice sizzling sensation. In your right hip flexor, my hip flexors get really tight. So I do this every day before I start my practice, just to get some blood flow back in there. And then counter pose. Again, go ahead and bring the hands to the floor.  And again, if this is not enough friction for you, if you're strong enough and open up, go ahead and take your full split. Keep it modified for some of you guys who need to modify. I'm just breathing. If you're a runner, this is a really good runner. Get really tight hips. So if that's what you do, I would suggest doing these hip stretches before and after you run, just to get that blood flow through the joint. And then here we go. Walk the foot out to the side. Hands are inside the foot. Again, keep the ankle and the knee in a perfectly straight line. If you can stay on your hands, if you can't come to your elbows. If coming to your elbows is too much for now, stay on your hands. If not, come down to your elbows. You can pop up on the back leg if need be. This one feels really good to me. Okay, let's talk about some other hip stretches you can do. All right, this is another favorite stretch of mine. Again, this is not in the Ashtanga series, but I do when I have students who are working on Ekapata shear salsa. I know you can't see my head, guys. That's okay. Just watch my legs. When I have students who are working into getting into Ekapata, shear salsa and the one leg behind the head posture, I have them do this a lot. Let's start with your right leg. We always want to start action side with the right first, because the right side, the ascending colon is on the right side. That's pushing down. There's always reasons for this. It has to do with energy.  Let's take the left leg, since the left leg is going to be on the bottom, and you're going to bring it into a parallel line.  Then you're going to take your right leg, and you're going to bring it on top of the left. You see how they're stacked like this? Now some of you might not be able to do this.  Only if your leg is like this. If you can get them all the way down to the foot, do as I'm doing.      So we're going to be here for a few breaths. I think you can always hold it longer than I'm holding it. This is just a demo for you to start incorporating these stretches at home. Now from here, we're going to go deeper into that. Now, if taking this next step is too much for you, just stay where you are like this, all right? But if you can go deeper, you're going to walk your hands to the left, and you're going to keep pressing down into that right hip, right? So you're pressing down. If you want to, you can take your hand and press down on the femur bone. Don't press your knee. Your knee is a joint. Don't press it. The femur bone can be pressed, though. That's a very strong bone. If you don't have to press it down, don't. Just extend your arms out, right? And come back up to center. Let's change sides. So, again, now the right leg is going to be on the bottom. The left leg is going to be on top. You're stacking. You're stacking. If the knee is coming up like this, no problem. Just meet your body, meet your body where you are, okay? Meet yourself where you are. All right, lengthen, and then start to walk out. Again, as I said earlier, my left side is my bad side, not my bad side. I shouldn't say that. That's my, it's my wounded side. So I have to be very careful. I am feeling more of an intense stretch on this side than I am the right. That's just how it's always going to be for me wherever your wounds are. That's probably what they're always are going to be for the rest of your life. Healing yourself, working through this, it's never ending. There's no finish line. That's okay. That's why we came to earth school. And then we're going to walk out to the side. So now we're walking out to the right side to the opposite side of where the intensity is happening. Again, you can use your left hand to press into your femur if you want to, and then coming back to center. So another hip opening posture that a lot of people have asked me about is the posture Padmasana. And Padmasana is lotus posture. It's, it's like the ultimate seat for meditation. Now I do my meditation through my practice. So I, I, I use the Tristanan method in an actual practice. That's how I typically meditate. Sometimes I do seated meditation or mantra meditation. Most of the time it's through my, um, through my actual practice. But, um, if you are looking to do Padmasana for seated meditation, if I do do seated meditation, I don't sit in Padmasana. I typically sit like this, with the left leg in front. And I'll tell you why in a minute. But, um, when I do my Pranayama practices, my breathing practices, I am absolutely in Padmasana because the Padmasana is opening up again different channels of energy. Now the thing about Padmasana, like all the yoga, yoga asanas out there, is that there has to be a buildup, right? You can't just shove yourself into the posture. You have to allow the body to open naturally. And every single human body is created to do these things. So every single human body is created to get the leg behind the head. It is created to do Padmasana. It's just, you have to work through your own obstacles to get there without putting any deadline on yourself, okay? So the reason why I hold Padmasana for Pranayama, again, is because with Pranayama, I'm working with the breath. And I'm working with an intense breath work that's actually, it needs to be moved through the body, through the pattern, through the patterns in my body, through the passageways in my body. And so sitting in Padmasana is the best energetically for me to sit in to do that. But again, when I do do seated meditation, I don't sit in Padmasana. That's just my personal choice. But we're going to talk about Padmasana. So what is lotus posture? What is Padmasana? Well, it's simply this. And I know you're not going to be able to see my head. I'm actually going to be close to the camera. I know you can't see my head. That's okay. You don't need to see my head right now. Right foot comes in, and then the left foot comes in. This is Padmasana position. Now, sometimes you'll see people sitting out wider in Padmasana. If you have a wide Padmasana, you do need to work on getting it in, into a narrower Padmasana. This is because one day you are going to be asked to reach around and catch your foot. Okay. And we also want to really get it in because in these postures, there are pressure points. Yeah. There are pressure points that the feet are pressing into in order to open up different pathways. Okay. So how do we get into Padmasana? So once again, it's right foot first. So the right foot always comes in first. Why is that? It's going to come in right in that crease where your leg hits your stomach because it's going to come right in there. Why does right come in first? Because it's the side we take action on first. It's the ascending colon side. Then the left leg comes on top. This is because your liver, we're also working with the liver in this posture being on the opposite side of this fold, if that makes sense. Now, in rare occasions, people are boring with their organs flip-flopped.  If you're an adult and you're panicked now, like, oh my god, are my organs flip-flopped, you would know by now you usually find that out when the person's a baby. It's a pretty serious condition, so you would know that by now if your organs are flip-flopped. So if you don't know if your organs are flip-flopped, they probably aren't because you would have already found that out. Okay. So this is the Padmasana. Now again, if this is not possible for you yet, we have modifications. You can put the right foot down and bring the left foot on top because you're going to always want that left leg on top or you can simply sit with the left foot in front of the right. Now if you are doing yoga mudra or a seated breathing practice and you need to take yoga mudra, let's talk about this. So this is not guys, this is not a yoga posture. This is upon, this is a hand symbol that the controllers use, not the yoga people. So if your teacher is teaching it to you this way, if your teacher is showing you this, don't go back to that class. Okay.  Okay. The proper yoga mudra is this. It's like a duck bill. It's not a circle. It's a duck bill. This is because on the hand, you have all these different energy cycles within the pads of the fingers. And so bringing the pads of the fingers together is going to cause friction. It's going to cause a connection. And so if we're doing yoga mudra, this is what it's supposed to look like. I'm going to go ahead and take Padmasana position. You take your Padmasana position. I tell my students to straighten the arm, spread your fingers apart, and then bring the thumb and the index finger together. At this point, you want to tuck your chin in to hold that Jhalandar bunda, which is a lock in your throat that's going to open up the back of your neck for energy for Shashuna. And this is where you take the mudra for deep breathing. Right. So again, it's this, not this. All right, guys. I hope that made sense. Ask any questions down in the comment section below. Next demo video, I guess, will be over back bending. I don't know when that will come out because I do not suggest anybody doing back bends cold and cold right now. So I will have to make that video post my practice so that I can show you guys everything. I can demonstrate everything without hurting myself. So again, use these as stretches just to move blood. Please, please, please focus on strength though. Focus on your core. You need to get your core really strong. Your inner thighs need to be really strong. Focus on that strength more than that flexibility. Use the tools of flexibility just to flush the blood. That's it. Remember, passive stretching is when we get hurt. Active stretching is when we move energy. So make sure you're constantly staying active. And I will be posting information about the course very, very, very soon for you guys. Keep practicing. As Patabi Joyce used to say, practice all is coming. And we said all is coming. He meant the good, the bad, and the ugly. So just keep practicing guys. That's why we came to earth school, is to work through this, to go to war with our own ego in order to find that soul so that we can have the courage to bring that soul back to God. So love you guys and I'll see you soon. Bye.


Hello and welcome back to The Craft Box. My name is Brent and today we're doing some more completion as crafter. We are back in Aquila today and we are crafting the transcendent toga of demise which is the level 90 thing, level 90 robe. Pretty good. I will have a comparison to probably Hades possibly. I think that's probably the best comparison to make here on screen as well as all of the other stuff. The Hades one will be slightly later but on screen now all of the things you require, things that you need and stuff like that where they get them and who knows what you want to do with it. All of that sort of stuff on screen right now so you know exactly what you need.  There is quite a few things that can be kind of difficult but a gaave if you don't have a lot of can be quite difficult. Same with turquoise I know people struggle with that and same with amber definitely with amber. Not too bad. I did have most of the stuff except the treasure cards which is really really cool which is also why we are crafting that today. I'm in a slight way issue to record today's video so we managed to get something though. So yeah the transcendent toga of demise obviously death, 560 max health, 9% power per chance, 5ps for accuracy, 20 damage, 5% incoming, 25% life resist, 91% myth block, death score only level 90 plus. It's interesting. If I wanted to go for more damage I could probably wear this. Still be fine except with accuracy and resist but yeah would I would I use this overall even at level level 90? Probably not. I'd probably stick with waterworks but on screen now is the comparison with the rest of Tartarus gear so if you want to make that comparison you can probably do that. Hades is probably what's on screen right now but yeah that's all we have for this video. Thank you for watching. Remember to like and subscribe if you're very subscribed. Press the wee little bell so you know exactly when we post another video. And remember crafts outside the box.


Γεια σας, καλώς ήρθατε back! Είμαι Vicky και είμαι εδώ με το νέο αργένειο αργένειο. Όπως είμαστε εξοδοσχεία, στο σπίτι μου θέλω να παρακολουθήσω πολλές μου αργένειες, και επειδή εγώ βρίσκομαι σε διαφορετικές προγέντες, θέλω να παρακολουθήσω και να το φίλω για εσένα. Λοιπόν, σκέφτω σήμερα ένα αργένειο που έγινε να χρησιμοποιήσω χρόνια από το νέο αργένειο, και θα εξοδοσχέσω τα νέα αργένειο μου, οι αργένειες είναι σήμερα σήμερα. Για το background θα εξοδοσχέσω με δύο παρακολουθήσεις από τα νέα αργένειο από τα νέα αργένειο, το νέο αργένειο και το νέο αργένειο. Τώρα, το νέο αργένειο είναι called Blue Hawaiian, και το νέο αργένειο είναι called Sour Appletini. Είναι δύο πολύ σκέφτια χρόνια, αργένειο όχι νέο, θα λέω, όχι τ ναเขχετείεις άξιψο χρόνια που έ Guatemπησες, αλλάώνω αρνητά για foods. Τα χρόνια είναι για να σημαίνετε καλό μου really advising, καιgaming the world of toasties, με ένα μυαλό μυαλό με το βαγγράμμα και παίρνει πραγματικά το παίλ. Και αυτοίστε ότι δεν κάνω μια καλύτερη ευκαιρία, καλύτερη μυαλό μυαλό. Αυτό δεν really matter. Υπάρχει να βλέπεις ότι όλοι θα έρθουν μαζί στο τέτοιο. Θα κάνω ένα στένσλι τώρα. Θα χρησιμοποιήσω έναν νέο στένσλι by DarkroomDor. Είμαι αυτολή για το σχέδιο. Νομίζω ότι οι νόμπες ή τις λόγες είναι καλύτερες για βαγγράμματα. Αυτό είναι called Alphabet Jumble. Φυσικά όλοι θα βρεις όλα που χρησιμοποιήσω, linked down below. Θα χρησιμοποιήσω πραγματικά τα δύο ευκαιρία που χρησιμοποιήσω για το βαγγράμμα. Πραγματικά, αυτοίστε το βαγγράμμα really subtle. Αυτήντας, θα χρησιμοποιήσω πραγματικά το μυαλό μυαλό μυαλό. Και θα χρησιμοποιήσω για να βλέπεις πραγματικά το σχέδιο. Βαγγράμματα είναι εκεί στο βαγγράμμα, but they do stay in the background. They don't turn into a focal point, since I didn't use black or any other really vibrant color. Now I'm going to bring in another stencil, which is new. This is again by Dacrom Door and it is called Grunge Borders. This one is awesome for creating borders all around. And I will be using it later on on my project, on this project. But for now I'm using the line with the diamond shapes. And I'm applying green paint over them. Adding visual texture, making sure that it's going to add something interesting for the eye at the background. But at the same time keeping everything really subtle. Now just like always I will add some white splashes. I'm doing that with a spray that I have, white spray by Altenew. But of course you can dilute to a gesso or white paint with water. And just spray all over the place if you like splashes like I do. Now in the Dilutions Collection there are two packs of collage papers. It is packed with pages. I think there are 24 pages in each one of those packs. They give you different designs, all arts by Diane. Like bodies and legs and heads and different bits and pieces that you can use for backgrounds. I absolutely love them. There are so many different ways to use them and make them your own. You don't have to use them as they are. I'm going quickly through some of them so you can take a look on how it looks. And I will try and find what I want to work with today.  And of course you can use your scissors and fuzzy cut everything. Keep them in a box just like Diane does. You can do that while watching TV, listening to music or on an audiobook. I love fuzzy cutting and it's something that I don't mind doing. And to tell you the truth I find it very relaxing since I don't have to think anything. I just use my scissors and go all around the lines. Now I brought here this page that has some houses and I'm going to cut out a few of them. And trust me I had no plan on how this page would look like from the beginning. I just created a background just like Diane does. And then I went through all those different bits and pieces of her designs on these collage pages. And picked a few of them. Try it out, I promise you it's not difficult. You will have lots of fun while doing all the collage. And you will end up with a lovely page. Now in the packs there are some pages that are great for creating borders. Like these ones for example. You can cut them out like this or vertically. Which is going to ensure that you will have all the designs on your page.  And then I'm going to start sticking down. For sticking down everything I'm using my Nouveau Deluxe glue. But of course you can use matte medium or any other stick glue that you have. Just make sure that you don't use any wet glue. That is going to make that paper super wet, stroking wet. And it's going to create wrinkles on it. I'm going to put on some music and let you see how I put my page together. And then I will come back for the little details. I want to create the illusion that she is super super tall. That's why I added those tiny little houses at the bottom. And I'm also drawing a couple of clouds. Using one of the patterns from the collage papers. And again you can see I'm not using it as a heart. I just like the design. And I'm using it as clouds. I'm going to stick them down. And for some of the clouds I want them to be behind her legs. I think those clouds really add into the whole composition. And make her look even bigger. I'm going with three clouds. I like three when it comes to our journal link. So you see I have three houses and three clouds. And now I'm going to bring in my black marker and my white marker. And as I was getting ready to do my doodling, I decided that I wanted to brighten up the clouds just a little bit. So I'm bringing in some gesso. And with a very wet brush I'm going to add just a touch here and there. This is going to make them look whiter. But at the same time I'm not covering up the design on the clouds completely. You can still see through them. But I think they pop out even more now. Now I'm going to use my thin black pen. And I'm going all around the cutouts. This is going to help them stand against the background. They are going to pop better on my page. And I'm going to do this detail not only for the houses or for the legs, but also I will go all over and around the border. I will also add black lines around the clouds. Everything. Now on all my layouts I always have a quote. And this is no exception. So for this one I'm using a lovely quote that I got from Darkroom Door that says just act normal. That's crazy enough. I'm going to stamp that on the empty space that I have on this page. And for that I'm using black archival ink. I'm using a stamp block for stamping this just because it is quite big. And I know that I will not have a great impression, the perfect impression, since this is a book and it is quite bulky. However I can always go back with a black marker and blacken up some of those letters just to help them stand out even more. Now I'm going to bring in my acrylic markers and I'm going to have some fun with them. This collage paper is perfect for writing on top of it either with your pens or your markers. So I'm going to bring in some colors like oranges and yellows and blues. And the idea here is to brighten up the colors even more. So you see I'm going with a Liquitex marker here over the roofs. I did add red on the polka dots of her leggings. Now I'm using oranges and yellows on some of the houses. And you can see how I can easily brighten up the colors. These are acrylic markers. I'm using two brands here. I believe these are Liquitex and Pebio. I will link to some of them down below so you can check them out. They come with different nibs. They go opaque on top of paper. But if you adjust a little bit you can still keep the designs that they have underneath. The fun part about using acrylic markers is that you can completely customize the collage designs so you can completely change the color of the house if you go on top of it with another color. So you see how easy it is to make them your own.  Adding highlights here and there. I'm not paying too much attention on where the light is. I just like to have those white lines all over my cutouts. I think they add something whimsical. They help them stand out even more. And it's a touch that I absolutely love. I will also add some white lines on a couple of words just to help them stand out even more. I think that the two words that are more important on my quote are the word normal and crazy. So that's what I'm doing. I'm only adding highlights on the right side of those letters. It is just one of those things that I like to do on pretty much every page that I make. Now again I'm going to bring in these grungy borders Stancil by Darkroom Door and I will use the line that has those axes all over. I'm going to use some washy tape and cover up the left and right design since I want to use only this one. And I'm going to bring in my paste. This is modeling paste or embossing paste, whatever you have.  To do not pick up paste with the front. The back is the side that you are after all going to spread it out on top of your project. I'm not going to add the stitches all over the border. I'm just picking different areas here and there. And by having the washy tape on the left and on the right of my stencil I make sure that I don't make a mess picking out more designs from the stencil that I don't want to. And that is the finishing touch for my layout. Here are some close-up photos on the project that I made for today. I hope that you had fun and that you got inspired to play with collage papers. It's lots of fun and very relaxing. Thank you all so much for joining me today. You will find the links to everything I used down below in the description area. I'm sending you lots of hugs. Stay safe and have a lovely day.


So, welcome to the second class on the course on topics in power electronics and distributed generation. In the last class, we briefly covered some of the issues related to the course. One of the issues was about comparison of central power plant and the distributed generation for providing energy to a load. We looked at issues of complexity of protection, cost related issues, efficiency related issues, then reliability related issues. As you are aware, there are large variety of DG technologies out there. However, there is quite a bit of commonality in the way in which the power is eventually processed and fed to the grid or to the load. And we are especially when it comes to the interconnection with the low voltage system. So, in this course, instead of focusing on individual technologies, we will be looking at this broader issues that are more common for independent of the particular technology. But, in today's class, we will briefly look at the range of DG technologies that are out there. And in particular, we will look at what are the technology trends related to the power conditioning or the power electronic side aspect of it. Because, the DG can be considered as a bigger system. It might have subsystems related to generation. It might have subsystems related to the power conditioning, interconnection, protection, etc. So, we will take a brief overview of DG technologies today. .. If you look at the DG technologies out there, quite prominent among them is solar electric generation, both photovoltaic and solar thermal. And it is one of the fastest growing electric generation methods today, although from a smaller base. Compatibly, wind energy is relatively mature. But, if you look at wind energy at a distribution scale, you are talking about individual turbines or small turbines. The common way in which large amounts of wind energy is interconnected today is in the form of wind farms. Also, micro hydro is getting a closer look for a variety of reasons. Then, you have tidal generation, wave based generation. You have geothermal energy systems in locations where geothermal energy is available. The most common form of distributed generation out there is actually generator sets. It is commonly diesel generator sets. And these generators need not just be filled with diesel. There can be a variety of fuels and that makes it especially attractive. Also, the gen sets can be modified to actually not just provide electric output. You can have combined heat and power units, where you co-generate electricity and also the thermal requirement, whether it is cooling or heating. You also have micro turbines, which is another way of generating electricity from a fuel source. And you have fuel cells. You have a variety of energy storage systems. Systems out there, batteries, ultra capacitors, flywheels, etcetera. And you can see that there is increasing use of power electronics in the DG systems, especially for the power conditioning aspect. If you look at typical role of power electronics, you can think of a block which might consider the source or the storage element. The output would go to a power conditioning system. The output would be fed to the grid. So, the output would be fed to the grid. Often, the source might be generating power at DC level or sometimes at AC. The power conditioning system, it need not necessarily just be a power converter or inverter. It can be something like a machine. For example, you can have DC machines, AC machines, etcetera. Often, you will find induction machines being used with wind turbines. So, you can think of the machine as a power conditioning unit or a synchronous generator when you are having a gen set. So, the power conditioning unit need not be power electronics. In fact, often machines are cheaper than inverters for a given power rating. So, often people look at machines much more closely rather than looking at inverter as the default option. Here, it is commonly AC. Mostly, the AC at you are considering low voltage. So, you are talking about 415 volts, 50 hertz or 230 volts single phase grids. You can also have DC. The off late people are looking at DC distribution, especially in applications like data centers, etcetera. So, you can have a combination of AC or DC depending on the configuration or the end application that you have in mind. If you look at the dominant technology that is emerging today, it is actually the solar electric generation. The photovoltaic is an important part of the solar electric generation. The cost of the photovoltaic system has been dominated by that of the panels. If you look at the photovoltaic system, you have the panels and the balance of plant. One third of the cost typically goes into the panels and the remaining into the balance of plant. In the balance of plant, you have the mechanical structures for mounting the panels. You have the power electronic inverters, the interconnection which could be switch gear, metering required for measuring how much power is actually generated. There will be wiring requirement from the panel to the power conditioning system and from there to the outside. Depending on the type of application, you might also need energy storage in the system. What I mentioned is that the panel cost is a dominant cost today. If you look at the overall cost of photovoltaic system, today people are talking about cost in the range of 1 and a half lakhs per kilowatt for the overall system with panel cost today being of the order of as cheap as 50,000 rupees per kilowatt. Four years back, it used to be a panel cost by itself would be the 1 and a half lakhs. So, you can see that the panel cost has reduced quite drastically by a factor of at least 3 over the last four years. If you look at the remaining aspects, the cost have not fallen that drastically. The cost of power electronics in such a system is actually on the smaller side. It is typically in the 10 to 15 percent range. So, you might say for a kilowatt, you might pay up to may be 20,000 rupees. So, you might say then the entire focus should be on the panels and the electronics is secondary. But the main issue is if you look at it from a reliability perspective, the cost of the life of the panels is expected to be about 20 to 30 years. Whereas, if you look at the reliability of electronics today, it does not last that long. If you look at one end of the spectrum, today's laptops, cell phones, etcetera, they get obsolete in a couple of years. So, and things stop functioning. Even high end electronics, you might be able to work for a longer duration, but you might have to replace some semiconductors or capacitors, etcetera. So, if you look at typical systems, you are talking about say, may be 5 years, may be 10 years. But you can see that if you have cost of a system which cost 20,000 rupees, but it has to be replaced every 5 years, the overall lifetime cost can actually accumulate quite a bit. If you look at the details of the inverter topology in this photovoltaic systems today, the earlier topology was a centralized inverter, where you take all the panels, you connect the panels together in arrays and you bring them to a single inverter and use that inverter to actually send power out to the grid. So, you have issues of if the inverter for some reason is down, then you do not have any power that is sent out at all. The second thing is if you look at the maximum power point at which the overall array can work, it would depend on how the cells are connected together. You might have issues of things like partial shading, which might not allow the array to go at its best performance. So, people have looked at connecting strings on one particular inverter and having parallel such inverters. So, that approach is called the string inverter approach. People are also looking at having one inverter per module, which means that you could actually operate at the best power level on a per module basis. So, there has been a evolution in the topology of the inverter, that people look at advantages and disadvantages of going across this particular spectrum. An important part of the inverter is also packaging consideration. For example, if you have a solar inverter, which is sitting indoors, the thermal issues are relatively mild compared to a solar inverter, which you want to mount along with your module outdoors. Or if the entire central inverter has to sit outdoors, you have to deal with it and package it in a manner, which will handle the heat, the dust, humidity, etcetera outside, which makes thermal management more challenging, which in turn would affect the reliability. So, packaging consideration of the inverter is also an important issue. So, the other aspect is, if you look at the largest solar photovoltaic installations today, commonly it across the world, people are looking at grid connected, but in situations, where you are operating in a remote situation, where you do not have the grid. Or if you have a grid, which where the power quality of the grid is not good, you need energy storage and people are looking at dual mode systems, which mean that you can operate either in a grid connected mode or in a standalone mode disconnected from the grid. If you look at the solar thermal electric technology, it consists of large reflectors, which concentrate the solar thermal energy and make use of some fluid to actually drive a turbine and a generator and send the power to the grid. So, in many ways, it is similar to the technology of the traditional generator, depending on how much power is collected. Typically, solar tracking is done in this technology, which means that depending on the time of the day, you would actually track the sun. You also have to track the peak power that can be extracted from such a system, so as to fully utilize it. You have a variety of technologies for the dish collector, you would have parabolic collectors, you have dish reflectors, you have a frenel reflectors. Frenel reflectors are essentially small planes, which together form part of a dish, so it is more easily handled. So, the operation of such a system is similar to what you do with a thermal plant, where you have a hot fluid, you generate use that to run a turbine and then a generator and the power level depends on what is available from the sun. People are also looking at the possibility of storage in such a system, where you can make use of the collected energy during the day and you store it as stored thermal energy in things like molten salts. Then, you use that energy to drive the turbine at a time at night or a time when the solar energy is not available. So, people are looking at possibility of storage even with solar thermal technology. The recent people are looking at solar thermal closely is that the cost of solar thermal is actually lower on a cost of energy basis compared to the photovoltaic and the efficiency of the conversion is also typically higher. In the photovoltaic system, we are talking about efficiencies of 7 to 14, 15 percent for common commercial cells depending on whether it is amorphous or crystalline, etcetera. Whereas, you could get efficiencies of the order of 25 percent in the solar thermal. So, you end up having better cost of energy. So, it can be quite cost effective. The challenge in the solar thermal system is to make it truly distributed. Often, the solar thermal system is actually large installations, where you have large collection points from which you generate power almost on a centralized basis. It is difficult to scale many of these collectors tracking systems, so that you could put it on say individual rooftops or on commercial establishment. So, to make it truly distributed is actually a challenge. If you look at the wind technology today, it is compared to the photovoltaic is much more mature. In India, I think today the amount of energy generated from wind technology is actually comparable to for example, nuclear power. So, it is I would say fairly mature in terms of what capacity is out there. If you look at the evolution of these wind turbines, it started off with some things in the order of kilowatts in the 80s to megawatts today on a individual turbine basis. If you look at the wind turbine, the reason why it has scaled up to higher power level is if you look at the energy captured by a individual turbine, the energy captured is proportional to the area covered by the blades of the turbine, which is proportional to say the dimension square like radius square. Whereas, if you look at the material that goes into the construction, it is proportional to the dimension. So, you have cos that scale with dimension, but energy which scales with the square of the dimension. So, if you make it larger, you could actually bring down the cost per unit of power produced. So, the limits on how big it gets is actually related to constraints like how strong a material you could actually use for constructing the turbine to make it even bigger or you could have limits on what could be the speed beyond which your acoustic noise becomes too severe. So, even though it is rotating at slow r p m's the turbines, the tip speeds can almost reach to close to the speed of sound. So, you could have really loud noise coming in from things like the tip surfaces etcetera. So, the limits on how large you can go is actually limited by the technology of the materials that and that go into the turbine. And today commercial turbines are available in the 1 to 3 megawatts quite commonly and there are research turbines, prototypes that are installed in the tens of megawatts on a per turbine basis. People have looked at individual turbines that go up to 25 megawatts etcetera. If you look at the small wind turbines, you are considering turbines which can be connected to the distribution. Typically, you are talking about small turbines which are rated at less than 100 kilowatts. In terms of the mechanical structure of wind turbine, you can have a variety of mechanical configurations. You can have the common variety is the horizontal axis what we commonly see. You can also have vertical axis turbines. The commonly seen turbines are the 3 bladed turbines. You can have multi bladed turbines. If you look at the really old turbines that were used for pumping water etcetera, you would see a large number of blades and they would rotate at lower speed, but have a sufficient torque to pump water. You can actually also reduce the blades. You can have 2 bladed turbines. People have actually built prototypes of single bladed turbines. If you have just 2 blades, it is easier to carry. It is just in one dimension. Single blade again reducing components. So, people have looked at a variety of blade configurations. In terms of operation, the earlier turbines used to be fixed speed, stall regulated. What it means is that the speed would be dependent on the grid frequency, the motor that is connected and the gearbox. The limitation of power would come in by the design of the blade. For example, if the wind power becomes more, the blades were designed to stall rather than capture the increased speed of the wind. They are called stall regulated turbine. The other option with the blade is rather than keep the blade at a fixed position and design the blade to stall. You could physically change the pitch angle of the blade. If you have excessive power, you could actually increase the pitch angle and let the power not be captured by the wind turbine. They are called pitch regulated blades. You could also off late. People have looked at variable speed operation. This is what is commonly the state of the art today, where you not operate at a fixed speed, but you operate at speed which gives you the best energy capture. So, even at low speeds, you can actually operate at a lower speed and capture the best possible energy under low speed conditions. When you go to high speed, you pitch out the blades and reduce the amount of power that is captured. If you look at the power train, the power train of a wind turbine is essentially the main path of power flow starting from the blades where you have the energy from the wind being converted to the mechanical energy typically through a gear box, a step up gear box. So, if you are having blades that are rotating at of the order of 20 R p m, you and say your machine over here is running at of 50 hertz. Say at 1000 R p m, you would need a gear box which is having a ratio of the order of 1 is to 50. So, there is a large speed step up ratio that is required for the gear box. When you talk about 20 R p m, it means that in a minute you have 20 rotations. So, for one rotation, it takes 3 seconds for the blade to go around which appears slow, but because the dimension of the blade is really large of the order of 50, 70 meters etcetera, the tip speed is actually quite large even with a slow rotational speed of the blade. So, you typically have a gear box and the earliest technology where you would have a fixed induction machine used that is used to connect the output of the gear box to the electric grid and the electric grid being 50 hertz. It means that the synchronous speed of the machine is fixed once you fix the pole number of the machine. You could have may be a couple of fixed speed points depending on the pole number. You could have a 6 pole slash 8 pole machine. You would also typically add a back to back connected thyristors to limit inrush during startup of the machine etcetera and this was the typical early configurations of wind turbine. If you look at wind turbines today, the state of the art you replace the induction machine, the squirrel cage induction machine with a doubly fed machine. So, you have windings on both the stator and the rotor. The stator is connected to the grid and the rotor is connected to the grid through back to back power converters. So, this type of configuration is what is called slip energy recovery scheme in doubly fed machines. The power handled by the rotor is proportional to the slip speed. So, if your slip speed is small range say 30 percent of your nominal speed, then the power rating required by this power converters would be a smaller percentage one third of the power required for the rated power of the overall turbine, which means that you would need smaller rated converters over here. This is actually the state of the art. If you look at commonly available commercial turbines today, there would be doubly fed machines with back to back connected converters with the rotor energy recovery scheme. If you look at what the people are looking at today, as you go to higher and higher penetration levels of the grid and when you are dealing with weaker grids, people are looking at instead of handling the just the rotor power with a power converter, you replace it with now a fully rated power converter, which can handle the entire power. Now, if you have a fully rated power converter, which handles the entire power, then the generator can be replaced with may be a synchronous machine or a permanent magnet machine, which has higher, which can have higher efficiency than an induction machine. Also, if you design now a special machine, which can run at lower electrical frequency, then it means that potentially you can eliminate the gearbox, because this particular machine can be made to run at a rated speed of may be 20 rpm itself, rather than at 1000 rpm or a higher rpm. So, you can potentially eliminate a large element such as a gearbox in such configuration and this is being looked at more closely by many manufacturers as potential as turbines that can be installed on, especially in the condition when you are having high penetration of wind. Turbines already in the system and you want to install more turbines or when you have weak grids, where the power that is put out by the turbine can actually cause problems to the grid, then having a fully rated power converter will allow rapid control of power flow, which will help stabilize the grid. So, if you look at the technology trend that was there, it is going in the direction of one increased energy capture from the wind. The second is to improve reliability. For example, if you can eliminate the gearbox, then the issue of gearbox reliability goes away. You also have high grid penetration issues. For example, not all parts of the world have the best wind resource. If you look at India, where you have the best possible wind resources available, you are talking about places like maybe Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, etcetera, you already have a large number of turbines. So, if you want to put more turbines in such a location, then you need to have better ways of dealing with the grid. So, that is another trend, which is demand requirement, which is being imposed from the grid side. So, granting some of the requirements like dispatching reactive power to support the grid, responding to grid frequency changes. So, if the grid frequency rises suddenly, you could cut down on the power that is sent out to the grid and help stabilize the grid. Obviously, the turbine cannot increase the power beyond what is already available from the wind, but you can actually reduce the power and still operate. Also, another issue that has become important is fault right through.  So, you need to have turbines with power converters that can actually stay in there when the fault protection logic of the power system operates. Power system protection typically operates in the many fundamental cycles time frame. So, you are talking about hundreds of millisecond whereas, if you look at the protection of IGBTs in a power converter, you are talking about a micro second range. So, you need to operate your power converter without tripping for many hundreds of milliseconds range, which is a challenge. Also, another challenge is to look at whether you could make use of advanced metrology. So, you have better weather prediction, better prediction of what the wind conditions are and use that to actually plan on how much wind power will be there, which means how much other resources would be needed. So, combined dispatch ability is something that people are looking at especially with power electronics, you could actually adjust things at a faster rate. Also, people are looking at offshore wind technology, large number of installations out there in the world. If you look at the load centers of the world, the bigger cities of the world in India, Bombay, say, Cochin, Chennai, Calcutta, they are all coastal cities and those are the load centers. So, if you look at London, New York, etcetera, you can have the power generation source cited close to the loads, then you have a better possibility of feeding the load from a source that is close by. So, the offshore wind technology is actually quite appealing. However, with offshore technology, you need higher reliability. For example, if you have a turbine, which is down on land, you can send a service person to go and repair it. Whereas, if you have a turbine, which is sitting in the Arabian sea in monsoon season, the rough sea might prevent you from repairing it during the monsoon season. So, you would need higher reliability for actually doing things like proper servicing and power collection is also an issue. At sea, you need to collect the power and transmit it to the land typically through subsea cables or some form of DC conversion and transmission, etcetera. People are also mechanical challenges of how to install the turbines in the water. People are looking at the technology from offshore oil and gas platforms and making use of that to actually use that in offshore wind technology. Another technology, which is coming up and is quite appealing is micro hydro. If you look at the large dams, that is already the best sites are taken. In the Indian context, you have a large dam, you submerge a lot of land and then there are rehabilitation and relocation issues. So, micro hydro is actually quite appealing in that context, where you are taking the traditional hydro system and trying to simplify it. If you look at the simplification, the big cost in hydro is actually the civil, the construction of the dam and the lands submerged, etcetera. So, if you can eliminate the construction of the dam, that eliminates a fairly big cost. So, if you eliminate the dam construction, what you are doing is you are taking water at a increased height and taking a pipe and draining it out at a lower height, where such possibility exists and making use of a fixed head. You do not have storage, but you have a fixed head depending on the height of the intake and the outlet. The second reduction of cost can be in terms of say, to control the power in a traditional dam, you have governors which regulate the amount of water that is going in, which would regulate the amount of power that is generated. So, if you have a fixed height and if you are not having a governor, it means that your power output is constant. If you have loads that are connected which are variable, if you can have dump loads such that the sum of the load, actual load plus the dump load is constant, then you do not need a governor. You are always operating at constant power output from the machine, because the total load is constant. So, you could potentially eliminate another costly system such as the governor. Then you could also for example, replace the machine, induction machine is cheaper than a synchronous machine. So, replace a synchronous machine with an induction machine, which means that then you have cost reduction in terms of the exciter not being there. The excitation in this case is then provided by a bank of capacitors which would, so it would be a self excited induction machine. So, for a variety of these reasons people are starting to look at possibility of small hydro where it is possible. In India you are talking about the western, eastern guards. So, in the monsoon season when water is available, you could generate power. Similarly, in the Himalayan mountain range, you could actually generate power with small hydro and people are looking at these as possible solutions. So, if you look at what would be the role of poly electronics potentially in such a system, you could say for example, if you take a load typically it is not just real power you might also need reactive power, which means that the total output of the induction machine, the voltage would not stay constant even though the total real power stays constant. If you add more inductive watts from the load, your voltage might drop, which means that you cannot have just a fixed capacitor, you would have need a bank of capacitors. Also by rapidly responding to the load requirements, you could improve the power quality from say a power electronic connected converter that is used in parallel. Also if you have limited some amount of storage available in the power converter, if the load on a transient basis for example, on a startup of the load, you need a higher level of power than what is available from the machine. Then potentially the storage element could provide a transient power requirement keeping the average power coming in from your induction machine, the micro hydro and the power electronic device providing you the dynamic power requirement as and when required. If you look at wave and tidal energy, these are similar to in a way if you can think of it as something that is similar to wind, wind is a fluid which is not that dense, water is a fluid which is much more dense. So, if you look at the turbine required in a tidal application, the diameter of the blades in the tidal turbine would be much smaller because of power density available in the flow of water is actually much higher. So, you can think of there is some similarity to what is being done in wind and what could be done in the tidal or the wave turbines. So, you have the typical effect that the water flow does not change as dynamically as the change of wind. So, if you look at the tidal regions and wave energy regions in India, the Gulf of Kutch is a good location in India for potentially harvesting wave or tidal energy. Similarly, the Park Strait, the Gulf of Manar area, they are good locations for potentially harvesting tidal and wave energy. The challenge in these systems is that you have now turbines which are submerged in water. So, it is exposed to sea water which is has salt, it is quite a corrosive environment. So, packaging is a important consideration. If you look at geothermal, again depending on where the resources are available, I think in India there are geothermal stations in the Himalayas, a smaller basis. So, depending on where the resources are available, people are looking at the possibility of geothermal. In all these systems, you have turbines that drive generators to produce power. If you look at the role of power electronics in these applications, it is still in the evolutionary stage and the starting stage. If you look at the most common distributed generation technology that is actually out there, it is the gensets that are commonly used. If you go to any commercial area of the Indian city, you would have people who have gensets outside their shops. If there is a power voltage, all the gensets will turn on. So, there is actually a very large installed capacity of gensets out there. They are not connected to the grid, they are acting as backup systems. The cost of the genset is quite low, because it leverages the IC engine technology from automotive applications. So, the cost is actually quite low. If you look at the system, you have the fuel. The fuel can be a variety of fuel, diesel, natural gas, propane. It can also be landfill gas, fuel that is flared out in some chemical processing, industrial byproducts, etcetera. It could also be agricultural byproducts, ethanol blends, biomass, gasified biomass or biogas. So, you could have a variety of fuels and in the genset, what you do is you try to provide a fuel so as to regulate the speed, the output of your machine, so that you maintain your 50 hertz frequency required by the AC grid or the load. So, you would have this particular machine operating at constant speed depending on the required frequency, say if this is 50 hertz, you would have the corresponding speed depending on the pole number of the machine. You would also have a exciter system. So, with standalone loads, you are ensuring that you are maintaining the required load voltage or if you are operating it connected to the grid, you are using the exciter system to control the reactive power flow from the machine to the outside. So, one constraint that you can immediately see is that irrespective of the load that is connected or the power that is sent out, the IC engine has to operate at a fixed speed at light load or full load depending on the frequency that is to be generated at the output, which is in a way, area where power electronics can come in and that is essentially by allowing the IC engine to operate at variable speeds. So, you take the output from the IC engine through a machine rectified and then you use a inverter to provide the fixed frequency, which means that potentially now at light loads, you can run your IC engine at a much lower rpm. So, reducing the fuel consumption in the IC engine. So, you could see that also in many applications, your gen set might need to run continuously if you want to provide backup in a rapid basis. So, if you start a gen set, even fast starting gen sets, you are talking about maybe 10 seconds for it to start up. If you want to transfer to a gen set in a time duration shorter than 10 seconds, then you would run the gen set at almost close to no load and whenever there is a disturbance, you would transfer to the gen set. Also, many times when you size a gen set, you will size it for your maximum load and most of the time you will be running it at a partial load or at a light load, which means that you are not making the best possible use of the gen set in terms of operating at the best possible efficiency point and by being able to run at variable speed, you can actually operate now at the best efficiency for a given power that is being generated. So, also when you run a gen set at a fixed speed, your acoustic emission is actually related to the speed of your machine. You can see when you drive a vehicle at high speeds, the sound from your engine goes up quite a bit. If you can actually run it at low speeds, the sound can come down. So, for a variety of reasons, this variable speed gen set technology is actually quite appealing and there are manufacturers out there who offer variable speed gen sets. You can also say for example, in this particular slide, you look at machine, permanent magnet machine which is rectified along with the inverter to actually feed the loads. You can also have full and partial rated generators, similar to what we discussed in the wind application by having things like doubly fed machines to actually feed loads and even that has been manufacturer in Bangalore actually has started building doubly fed machine based variable speed gen sets. Another appealing aspect of gen set is when you are not just looking at the electrical output from the generator, but if you can potentially make use of the waste heat that would be invariably generated from the engine. So, if you look at the efficiency of conversion from fuel to electrical, you are talking about numbers in the 30 to 40 percent range. So, if you are only generating electricity, you are just making use of this part of the energy that is there in the fuel and there is a large amount of waste heat. So, if you could actually tap the waste heat for say a heating requirement or also for cooling requirement, then you might have traditionally the heating being done or air conditioning being provided by a compressor which might actually consume electrical energy. Now, because now the heating or cooling requirement is from the waste heat, the electric consumption can actually come down. So, that becomes an added advantage which means that now your fuel to your end use of both electrical and thermal energy can go up even above 70 percent compared to the 30 to 40 percent if you are just looking at making use of the electricity. Obviously, now for this you now need to have additional systems like heat exchangers, chillers, adsorption chillers etcetera and they are used for a variety of applications. For example, when you are a common application of such combined heat and power is in say a production of sugar where you have to actually boil the juice, the extracted sugar cane juice to actually concentrate it at higher temperatures lower pressures to actually get the sugar. So, you could actually make use of the waste baguette to actually drive your genset and then make use of the electricity to produce electricity to meet the requirements of the plant and make use of the waste heat to actually raise the temperature of your the syrup that is being concentrated. So, there are applications in sugar, steel, food processing where you also have data centers which need cooling, your hospitals where you need both hot water cooling, critical installations. If you look at the cooling requirement, typical cooling that will be done in say a refrigerator is with a compressor. So, that is one way of achieving cooling. The way for example, our body cools itself down is by adsorption cooling where essentially it depends on the phase change where you sweat and your sweat becomes vapor rises from the liquid state and the phase change actually cools down your skin. So, you have similar adsorption cycles with special fluids like lithium bromide, ammonia etcetera, which can actually make use of the waste heat to actually provide cooling to your end requirement. So, you could actually make use of the waste heat from the genset along with things like adsorption chillers for combined heating, cooling and power. If you look at the other technologies related to which consume fuel, another technology is the micro turbine technology. If you look at its difference with the IC engine, IC engine is producing pulses of power each time you ignite the fuel in the cylinder. Whereas, in a turbine you are continuously burning the fuel in the turbine combustor and again the micro turbines can be used with a variety of fuels. Because it is a continuous burn, you can optimize the burn to reduce emissions and pollution and because of the continuous burn, you can also have uniform power generation rather than pulsed power that is being generated or pulsed torque that is being generated, you can improve the reliability. However, the capital cost of a micro turbine is more than the IC engine because it is not able to leverage the technology that is commonly there in automotive applications. In fact, you can think of a micro turbine as a scaled down jet engine. So, its power scale can be from kilowatts to megawatt range and once you have the output of the micro turbine, the turbines are spinning at fairly high rpm, tens of thousands of rpm. So, you typically have a machine, you can have a high speed permanent magnet machine, which generates AC, you rectify it and then you use a inverter to actually feed power into the grid or feed the load at 50 hertz. So, in the next class we will look at some of the other possibilities such as fuel cells, storage and today we have looked at a range of technologies of distributed generation. If you look at the role of power electronics in these systems, it is actually increasing over time and the role of power electronics is to improve the energy conversion efficiency, the energy capture, to improve the type of power quality that is output from the DG systems, to improve reliability, to meet a variety of such requirements, the role of power electronics is actually increasing in these DG systems. So, in the next class we will discuss a few more DG technologies and take it from there. Thank you.