Thanks a lot. Indeed, I wanted to remind you that we met a long time ago at the time when you were still thinking about this great idea of the relationship between matrices and membranes, and we have now seen the success and the use of it, and especially in this conference, I'm very glad to be here. So let's see. The topic I'll be talking about is not precisely that. I will mention the word matrix from time to time a little bit just because of the invitation, but I will be working on this corner where it is the ADS-CFT duality, and in fact we have a very nice previous talk by Bicert, so I'm glad to follow that. What I'll be doing is a much, much simplified version of that. It would be in fact not matrix models, but vector models, which would have been considered trivial even at the time when we met because the goal was always matrices, but I was surprised that these vector models, just an n-component field, they also have nice dualities, and they also relate to gravity, and in fact to put things into a contest of what Bicert did, he mentioned a set of operators, which are the simplest, which is the folded string, and it is that sector that the vector models would capture. Obviously, string theory has many other sectors, and that's the complexity and greatness of string theory, but this sector, which is essentially a dipole, leads to a picture, or leads to a type of gravity is known as higher spin gravities. They in a way are a poor cousin of string theory. They in fact should not exist really because they are not string theory, but nevertheless because of the duality with the simple set of models, the vector models, they might actually have a chance. So that is potentially another theory of gravity, which is in a way competitive to string theory, but it might have a lesser degree of complexity. So that is the set of theories I'll be studying, and it's a question of reconstructing space-time. I will mention space-time a lot to agree with the conference, and the work I'll describe is with my former students and some other collaborators. It will not only be that we concentrate lately on these vector models, but we even lower the dimension, meaning that the simplest model, which one might, or the lowest number of dimensions is 1D, and this is the such devier-kittire model, which is being studied a lot. So I will actually start with that 1D model, and then maybe if I have time I move up in dimension. But let's see the details of the 1D model. So the 1D model really looks very simple. It consists of Majorana fermions, which just depend on time, so there is a Hamiltonian, but the slight complexity comes in the fact that the coupling constant, for example, of a quartic coupling between them is a random variable. So that, in a way, is an aspect of, that's where matrix, some aspect of matrices come in, but it's a random variable with a simple distribution, like a Gaussian, and that essentially is a model. It can be Majorana, or it can be other fermions, or what happens is in this type of models that were introduced for studying spin glasses, but there is a phase that is no replica symmetry breaking. You need replicas because the averaging has to be done with replicas, and I introduced another index here, which is A, which goes from 1 and little n, while this capital N is taking to infinity, the little n is taken to zero, really, in this replica limit. But there will be a phase of this theory which is being studied, where actually the replicas will not play a role. That I will comment next. But again, going back to the model, it started out with a random coupling with a Gaussian distribution. If you integrate out J, which is very visible, you will get this squared, but it will be at time t, then multiplied at time t prime. And that is how you get the following formula, which is now, we have the kinetic term for fermions, which is very simple. And then we have this combination of the Majorana one-dimensional fermions at time t1, and another one at time t2. And it was power four, but now it's squared, so it's really power eight. But what you have here is a contraction over that color one to n, and this forms an object which is O n invariant. So that's why this is an O n vector model in the sense that we might think of some various field theories. The vehicle of studying this or rather the observables in this theory, and that again ties in with the previous talk, would be this operator's phi i of x, any number of derivatives here k, derivative s minus k, and phi i of x, again, which is a local operator with any number of derivatives. So those are the operators, which you remember by Seth mentioned that I correspond to maybe that picture. Just that this is also vaguely equivalent to a bilocal, when once the bilocal is expanded in Taylor series, so I will not carry this up, I will, it's just maybe notational, so I'll be all the time concentrating on bilocal. And you see in this case that this action already involves the bilocal. So the SYK model brings in non-locality immediately, and that came in because of this random coupling. That plays a fairly big role for the relevance of this model to, it exhibits chaotic behavior. That is why the model is selected as maybe the simplest model of black holes, that is why the concentration on its study, but it might be related to this non-locality, which is visible very much here. But I would anyway proceed with non-locality because my observable will be these objects, which are bilocals. So let's switch immediately to that bilocal description, which I just advertised. In this case it's only time, in higher dimension it will be space and time doubled. So this would be the invariant operators as far as O n is concerned. We will ignore the replicas because this is being studied in a phase where there is no replica symmetry breaking. Everything will be symmetric in that space, and what the vehicle, as I mentioned, will be these composite operators, 5x1, 5x2. And for those composite operators we are able to just write down an effective or collective action. So here is the collective action replacing the previous action. Obviously you recognize this was the kinetic term of Fermi, I was just written in terms of this bilocal quantity. This was the quartic interaction, which is just rewritten, both of those terms are trivial. And there is an extra term, that's all. That is where maybe some elements of knowledge comes in, that extra term trace log. Trace is in the matrix sense, everything will be in this matrix sense of multiplying things in bilocal space. So whatever formula I write, always involves such a multiplication if there is an issue.  The reason for it is that it was introduced to reproduce the Schringer-Dyson equations. Those are equations Kawaii-San described in his talk. And if you ask the question, is that an action whose derivative you take, which would reproduce his equations, then that's precisely the question we asked with Sakita at that long time ago. And there is an answer, and we came up with a scheme known as a collective action. Obviously, we didn't plan to do vector models. Those at that time were considered trivial. In 30 years, they became non-trivial. We designed that for matrix models, Young-Mills theory. And that is a similar action for, which would reproduce those loop equations, which Kawaii described. But here, for vector models, this is the action. If you take a derivative with respect to psi, those are the Schringer-Dyson equations of the vector model. So I will not prove this. This is really an old statement. Now we'll just use it. And any, all the many works which were done on this SYK model, they are done in the large n limit, typically unless they are numerical, directly on a computer. They're always done in the large n limit. And they're always done by studying this action, really. So whoever writes a paper, sometimes there are versions of the action, which are in terms of two fields rather than one. And they are reached by something called Habard-Sretonowicz trick, which people are familiar with. But this is a more economical way of writing it, in terms of one field. So here it is. That's the action. The study then sounds straightforward. This is very straightforward. There are two features of the action, which follow from what I said before. First of all, you notice immediately that we moved from 1D to 2D. And this is in line with ADS-CFT correspondence, where a CFT in dimension D would become an ADS theory, where the dimension is increased by one. So that is, that is kind of very easily accomplished by this, by just concentrating on this set of close set of operators. And that set of operators, this is not an assumption here in the vector model. They are a close set of operators under the equations of motion, large n equations of motion. That is the second thing, which n appears in front. So it is already in a form, which is the ADS dual, meaning that the natural coupling constant is then 1 over n. So those two very relevant features are actually almost accomplished. So you might think that now all we have to do is just do some simple study of this model. It should be simple. It's one dimensional. And that's what I will describe. That study has been going on for three years. And first of all, there is an infrared critical point for strong coupling J. J is, in this case, that's the coupling constant. If J is large or infinite, these two terms, you can scale J and it will move out here. Therefore, at large J, you can just drop that term. I will call this term while the full action is collective. This is just C, meaning conformal. So these two terms constitute the conformal limit. So you can concentrate just on those two terms, which is even simpler. So let's study that conformal theory. And here, almost again, you get a very interesting feature of this action which we wrote down. Obviously, the action existed for 30 years, but this was noticed only recently. It was actually noticed in the framework of spring glasses maybe 10 years ago, but it was obviously featured now. That it has a reparameterization symmetry. Namely, if you make a reparameterization of time, t1 to f of t1, arbitrary function, and obviously t2, f of t2, and you transform this field, the bilocal field, in an obvious way so that this term will be invariant under this symmetry. You can then show that the trace log, because of the matrix structure, and things only happen at the end point, and there is a trace, it is also invariant up to an additive term of f. And that's precisely the feature of Liouville theory. So maybe those who love Liouville theory again, it came as a surprise to me that there is a one parameter family of Liouville theories, actually, with similar features. And this is that one parameter family if you replace that four by q, so that that interaction is not quartic, but it is higher order and the order q. So if you replace this by q, four is replaced by q, that would be a qsyk model. It is now a one parameter family of models. And a second comment is that a particular case where q is infinite, then this is Liouville theory. It doesn't, it is, we probably all know, probably several different ways of obtaining Liouville theory from various directions, from string, and other way. But this is maybe, this adds to your list of getting Liouville theory from somewhere else. This is Liouville theory. It's not very visible, but if you just, if you have that power q and you replace this by one minus q phi, introduce a new field phi, then this becomes e to the minus phi. That part I have proven, that's the part of Liouville theory. All you have to prove is that the trace log will give you the kinetic term of Liouville theory in that limit, q equal infinity. So, but in view of time, I won't be demonstrating that, but that would be the, the competition of, the competition of the proof. So, the statement is it is Liouville theory when, when q is infinite. So, but to continue with this three parameterization symmetry, which will in this problem play a fairly big role, which is what I said here. And now let's see what role does it play. First of all, it will relate to a problem, which is known always as a zero-mode problem every time there is a symmetry. And you are shifting by a background psi zero, so that you can transform that solution into a new solution. There is a zero-goalstone mode. The wave function of that zero mode is just the derivative of that shift, or transformed solution by that function f of t. That's a continuous symmetry. In this case here is, here's what you get. The solution for the background was very simple. It was just t1 minus t2 to the power one-half. When it is transformed, it is just f of t1 minus f of t2 and that derivative which you have here. So, if you take a derivative and Fourier transform, you get this Bessel function of t1 minus t2. This will be a wave function of a particular mode in the small fluctuation spectrum of this problem, which would be problematic if at the outset the propagator will blow up precisely at that value of the conformal dimension. But we also know how to treat such problems. Such problems are characteristic of solitons, or more generally, brains. They are treated so that this symmetry coordinate becomes a dynamical variable. Again, that was also called collective variable. I am not sure why Sakita and me called everything collective, because maybe inspiration with the success of the famous model of Soviet economy. But that is also collective coordinate, but not the same thing as the collective field. And here is how that evaluation goes of what would be the dynamics of that symmetry coordinate. It will come from that extra term which I referred to, which I dropped, the one which breaks conformal symmetry. If you transform that term, this does depend on f. There was there a source, because this was by local, and that term was local. So, it is that term, that breaking term in the action, which will capture that coordinate f. And now follows an evaluation which I skipped, and that is actually fairly non-trivial. It's much more complex than in the case of solitons, where we could evaluate things easily. The point is you have to evaluate things in this strong coupling limit. So, there is regularization and there is renormalization, which you have to understand. And we spend a lot of time agonizing over that with Kenta until we understood it. So, after that strong coupling regularization and renormalization, we were able to evaluate this quantity and obtain the action for that. So, similar evaluation was done by Kitawa and Su. So, we were happy with that, but an earlier evaluation was done by Maldusena and Stamford. However, they were working in a linearized approximation. So, the action which you get is the Schwarzian action, which is right here. It is non-linear enough, highly non-linear enough. It's well, the Schwarzian term is well known in conformal field theory. That's how the energy momentum tends to transform, but it doesn't mean it just follows from, this is not conformal field theory. This is a totally different subject. And that's the form of this dynamical collective coordinate for that symmetry-Golstow mode of the reparameterization symmetry. It's one-dimensional, which it was. It is one over J, which shows why we needed the strong coupling, the correction in strong coupling to evaluate it. That's proportional to the action. There is a parameter alpha, which is actually the strength of coupling of this action and the answer is while we were able to show this very convincingly, that coupling is still not known. So, it is known only numerically. As I said, Maldusena and Stamford evaluated this in a quadratic approximation by linearizing this. And in that case, they were able to nail down the value of the coupling numerically. There is an outstanding question even in this simple model to find that coupling analytically. That is the price for that. So, but that is the action of this collective coordinate. I should just quickly state that for just things which follow that the same dynamics comes from ADS-2 in a dilaton gravity of Jaquiv-Titelborn kind, which is written here, where you vary the dilaton field and you get just the equation R plus 2 equals 0. So, it's a topological gravity in two-dimension. It doesn't have any degrees of freedom, but it does have a boundary degree of freedom as always. And that boundary degree of freedom can be shown to be governed by this very same action with 1 over G, which was N here that complies with that formula and some other numbers. So, then this was shown by Polchinski and Armheri, who independently earlier studied some details of this topological model. So, it was very easy to put these two things together. You just ask the question where does a Schwarzian action appears. And then we conclude that the Goldstone mode or the SYK model just correspond to 2D Jaquiv-Titelborn gravity in ADS-2. So, this is now a result. This is a statement and great. We can now carry on. The next step, obviously, is to study fluctuations and ask the question, what is the full spectrum of the model? So, that's the next step. And that procedure again is... So, in fact, this identifying the precise Schwarzian was slightly non-trivial. And from the fact that even the coefficient is only known numerically, you might assume that it actually fairly non-trivial. But the next step sounds trivial because I will concentrate in that critical region of conformal theory. Only two terms. Trace log. Derivative of that is psi in the matrix sense inverse. And the second term was just psi to the power 4. So, this is the equation of motion you have to solve with. That's psi 0, which I already used previously. You can generalize this to finite temperature, which is of interest to studying black holes. That is also one of those reparameterizations by that reparameterization symmetry to finite temperature. But to study the spectrum, you just take one more derivative with respect to... And I didn't try it with respect to psi t3 t4. So, now you get a kernel between... For this by local t1 t2 and t3 t4. I will not take a derivative. Everyone knows how to do that. So, you get a kernel which depends on psi and you plug this in. And that's your kernel. That's a very non-local kernel. But it is very easy to diagonalize it to find a wave function, which will diagonalize that kernel. Because of... We are in the conformal limit. There is an SL2 symmetry, which is the dilatations plus conformal symmetry plus translations. But now, what is operational on that by local is just the by local SL2 R, meaning you have to copy for translations d1 plus d2. And from dilatations t1 d1 t2 d2. So, it's a very simple implementation of the very simple one d conformal symmetry and then the k. If you compute that, you get the very simple answer. The chasm here of this SL2 is t1 minus t2 d1 t2. You can think of this as some kind of basic Laplacian in this by local space. It will not be d1 squared plus d2 squared or something like that. It is this chasm here of SL2, which is the Laplacian in by local space. You'll make some further comments on that Laplacian that will have a space-time interpretation. And the eigenfunctions are the conformal... related to conformal blocks. There are general three-point functions with an arbitrarily conformal weight h. Those functions look like that. There will be an eigenfunctions of the chasm here that is well known in any dimension. So, you use that for one dimension. You do a Fourier transform maybe. So, there will be two quantum numbers. We are in two dimension. The quantum numbers will be h and omega.  That's the center of mass of the by local. And this is t1 minus t2 and the function z, which is a linear combination of Bessel function. It would be the wave function in ADS except for this second term. The second term comes with a fairly non-trivial coefficients. Because of that, on-shell, when you now ask what are the on-shell values for this conformal weight mu, you get an equation. This equation will actually have not one solution which you might have expected because we basically would want one scalar field in two dimension. But it has, this is a transcendental equation. We are known to everyone who teaches quantum mechanics. It's a transcendental equation which has infinitely many solutions. Those are the, that's the spectrum of the SYK. There will be an infinite number of states. And if you now ask the question that by local kernel, how does, how should I picture that? Here is how you should picture that. It is really an infinite product of Laplaceians in ADS II with growing masses. Because if those growing masses are precisely on this phone, then they, this is what, what agrees with that infinite spectrum. So, so this probably tells you that I, I, I began saying we'll be studying a simple model of a simple model. This actually is not such a simple model at all. This is a fairly complex, you know, it is in one dimension. But it, for example, comes with this kind of non-local, extremely non-local Laplacian. So that, but that is the spectrum. That's the answer which just comes from evaluation of that quadratic eigenvalue problem which, which was so easy to write down. Okay. And this interacts with this gravity degree of freedom which is the Schwarzian. So we have some matter interacting with the Schwarzian degree of freedom. I should maybe tell you where I'm going by studying this model slowly and through the last several years. We are trying, I, I forgot to tell you, we do not know what the dual is in this case. It is not like the beautiful case you had previously, where the dual was stated very clearly. It's, it's 10 dimensional super-sync theory. In this case, we have no idea what the dual is. We know what the CFT theory is. We would like to know what the dual is. We know this is a nice theory to study black holes and do maybe possibly non-perturbative physics. And we are maybe trying to figure out the dual. So at this point, you have this highly non-polynomial action and the Schwarzian degree of freedom which is really two-dimensional gravity. That is a 3D picture. As I said, that formula which identified the masses that was reminiscent of something. If you study, if you study a quantum mechanical problem in the third dimension, so that has something to do with certain version of Kaluzak line, but a very peculiar version of Kaluzak line, you can understand that infinitely polynomial non-polynomial Lagrangian or Laplacian from going from a standard scalar field theory in three dimension. And this is what we have kind of figured out with Das and Kenta. And this works very simply. So you are in three dimension, gravity coupled to a scalar in three dimension, two are ADS, and the third is that Kaluzak line dimension which will have to give us some desirable result once we evaluate what's going on in this third dimension. So we obviously will fit things. We will say that that extra dimension will be compact and at y equal to 0 there will be a delta function spike which I didn't write, but in that case the spectrum is given by that equation from quantum mechanics of momentum being decided by a transcendental equation. So that spectrum looks like coming from the third dimension, not of spacetime, and the test for that is really to evaluate that propagator in third dimension. And if you evaluate the propagator in third dimension and take it at y equals 0, you get this answer. Sum over those m's with the right values for p m's, the right conformal weights, and with the right wave function which I featured before. So I never wrote down the propagator for the SYK model because I knew I didn't want to repeat it writing it down. So here comes the same propagator from third dimension where this is how we go down to the SYK. Obviously all the other degrees of freedom are being integrated out in that Lagrangian that I wrote. So this might look that we are out of the woods, but in a way the interesting stuff is just beginning. So let me prepare you that this will be, I hope not an endless situation of new things in the trivial model, but nevertheless there will be some, there is a further question. So number three, we understood the matter sector, we understood the gravity degrees of freedom, but here is a question of spacetime. And this is in the answer is honor, spacetime. So if you just make the combination T1, T2 and T1 minus T2 that's trivial, but that casimir which I mentioned is this form. That's the sitter casimir, the sitter Laplacian, or the anti the sitter Laplacian. In two dimension it is always SO12 or SO21, you cannot distinguish which one is it, is it the sitter, is it anti the sitter? Because so that's the question now. So obviously you ask the question is it the sitter which would be maybe even more interesting if this theory gave the sitter space, but it will not be, so first of all there is this comment on the question is it the sitter or anti the sitter? You say let's look at those wave functions Z which had that linear combination with that strange factor between two Bessel functions and those who know the sitter wave functions know that there is an infinite number of possibilities in the sitter called alpha vacua, they all lead to different type of excitations. This is a particular alpha vacuum, you just specify the value alpha and it's very simple in terms of new and the well-known the sitter wave functions in the alpha vacuum will agree precisely with this formula. So you might say then okay now maybe this is the end, this is the sitter and you are in particular alpha vacuum and that's what you are, that's what the S-Y-K is studying. These are the alpha vacua that have a charge at the anti-bord? That's right, yeah the standard alpha vacua which you just opened the books of the sitter, the paper by Alan who first wrote it down, so looks fine, but there is a problem and I'm sorry but there is a problem. The problem is the problem of an I which goes as follows. I should say and someone should have noticed it or because we were studying the partition function that was an Euclidean problem, we studied the trace of e to the minus beta h maybe at infinite time, but nevertheless it was an Euclidean S-Y-K model that I was starting with and studying all the time. Nevertheless it seems to have something to do with the spectrum is that of a Lorentzian problem. So I don't think you have ever seen anything like this that you started out with studying a Euclidean problem and looked at the fluctuations and you encountered a Lorentzian Laplacian. There was no mistake in the algebra so that's just a fact. So this collective field theory sorry was like this, it came with minus that collective action, it was based on Euclidean logic or deriving it, but even though it was Euclidean the small fluctuation spectrum looks Lorentzian. You either say this is some kind of contradiction maybe this theory is sick because for a Lorentzian theory we would have matter coupled to gravity much alike head but there would be an I and then all the endpoint function that I is not irrelevant that is there for a reason so then simply you would say you will not be able to claim agreement of this with anything like that that I is an obstruction unless you agree to study Lorentzian Laplacians without an I in front of the action and that you will not agree but so that's the problem at this point in time of making a statement what is the space time. We were thinking between the sitter and anti the sitter the point is that none of them is really a possible answer it must be the answer actually we know it probably it no it must be Euclidean anti the sitter we are studying an Euclidean problem standard ADS CFT would say it's an Euclidean anti the sitter so you better exhibit Euclidean anti the sitter it's possible to do that that is a transform and I should say that in this by local theory and it especially becomes visible in higher dimension in this d equal one things are a little bit misleading but in higher x1 x2 is a by local that's not really a space time of any kind it's just an anomaly that in d equal one that Kazimierz was so simple that it looked like the sitter but that was just a special case of of d equal one if you study things in high dimension you would not even see anything recognizable for the for the Kazimierz of the by local it would not be a recognizable space time so you wouldn't we would immediately know that to go to the space time probably there is some transformation the simplest point is maybe to do a coordinate transformation between this by local to maybe some physical space time it's actually close to that but not a coordinate transformation it will be a coordinate transformation in momentum space it will be a momentum that the next simple possibility either I will make change of coordinates or I will maybe make change of momentum if it's anything more complicated than that then I'm in trouble if I have to do canonical transformation which which involve both coordinates and momentum and here is the answer of that transform in fact it's a very well known transform it's called the radon transform it looks like as follows you transform for this by local space here you remember eta and t to an euclidean ads space and you might have an euclidean ads wave function and you will get our wave function which is the by local wave function the radon transform has a you know even greater use than the membrane matrix duality because it's so everywhere in the CAT scan so so hence you still have a way to go to achieve such a such an important as Mr Radon it is it is a transform which is which is just obviously it's a transform which allows for recovering the image in in CAT scans why does appear why why does it appear here I don't know but I know how to understand it from our discussion namely we and this will be true in other higher dimension this is not only for one dimension such map is required because the conformal group is realized differently here with the in the by local we had two copies of just the standard CFT realization of the conformal group but in the dual ads theory we have standard curd space ads realizations of the conformal group so it's a very simple question why don't you just take the generators of SL of realization of the conformal group on your by local which are here this is the dilatation t1 p1 t2 p2 p1 p2 and the conformal t1 squared p1 p2 and you go to euclidean ads tau p tau plus z pz that all standard and this is how the analog of conformal k looks in ads space so you say just make a identification that this should agree with each other and figure out what transformation you have to make between the by local realization of the conformal group and the actual space time realization of the conformal group these equations that is a nice nice I guess advanced group theory problem in the class to ask that question because there is an answer and remarkably the answer involves something which is very obvious that this is a center of mass and then pz that's the extra dimension of ad s this is a formula for what z is actually that's z in our case is never holographic we even though I use the term by local holography because I am by local everything is being recovered in particular z or its conjugate is being recovered from from from from from the cft coordinates but it's a momentum change the change in momentum space it's not a change in coordinate space it's change in a momentum space and if you evaluate the kernel of this kind of momentum kernel very simple in this case you that's one new way to get the red on transform that's not how red on got it but this would be our way because that's how that's how we met the problem in this case so it's a change of coordinates in momentum space and if you fully transform that in these four variables then you you get that red on transform so okay then the red on transform will take us to the Euclidean ad s space and you might in good this is maybe the end of this we finally are happy we have we are now our theory is now in Euclidean ad s everything is consistent almost true there is still a kind of some very unusual feature going on in this case which will have some relevant consequences which I hope I'll be able to transmit I know I probably I probably yeah yeah I probably kept all my science rate or at least some quantities were positive oh very much that's the next issue you you spotted the issue okay so let's go to that issue okay it transforms at the ceter laplacian into an Euclidean the ceter laplacian if I concentrate not on the time but space and just maybe introduce exponentiation of variables y and the ceter this this is what is being transformed it's a Louisville type potential minus into plus so so and that that is very visible why this happened you know this is the consequence the fact that I'm transforming the Euclidean to a Minkowski and problem you are transforming a potential which is which looks like but before anyone gets negative I should say that's what the redon transform does it transforms a problem and you all go for examinations so you trust the redon transform so it is this problem into that problem they are very different there are only scattering states here reflection so that Louisville wall and there are scattering states here but also bound states here in fact an infinitely many so you are transforming a problem with bound states to a problem with not not you but redon is transforming a problem with bound states into no bound states that has a simple consequence which I will state and then I wrap it up at least what we have learned if you take a normalized wave function in one of the spaces Euclidean you do not get a normalized wave function in the other space you get a lag factor the lag factor is this ratio of gamma functions those gamma functions have poles precisely where those bound states are so it is something we would expect you you say there must be some way that that this problem here is equivalent to this problem but there must be some extra accounting for the fact that there can be bound states so there like like this I call lag factors but there are factors between the two wave functions and then this is the final result so if I take the bilocal propagator which I had some over those wave functions but now I am in Euclidean space the only price I pay for this Euclidean space is this extra factors because that that's what the and that that those extra factors have those poles because I transformed one problem with bound states into a problem with no bound states so this is the proposed answer then of what the propagator of this theory is in maybe what we think is a physical space meaning Euclidean it's Euclidean at least but it has this lag factors okay maybe then that that has a lot of physics in it in addition to those poles which are here those are the solution to that I already discussed those are those massive states there are now poles which are also there so there is an extra set of states at least this is what one is one is predicting and that's what I said here now and this is my chance to mention a matrix if you think that this story is maybe confusing this what I did here I just repeated something which I probably gave a lecture on you know in 1990 in an identical way with with with the identical you know just just a slight change of slight change of terms at that time the duality which we studied was between a c equal one matrix model and in that case the dual was known identified from first numerical studies the 2d non-critical string theory this is really a predecessor of ads cft and has been studied at that time in detail with precisely this sequence of you know statements I don't I'm not sure yes how much time I have oh then I certainly don't have time to go to two then three and higher dimension this is still one I'm still stuck in one dimension but let me then complete the one dimensional story because maybe I will just illuminate this statement so that there is some connection to a matrix model after all that I use the word spacetime sufficiently many times so let me then switch to the matrix so that matrix model was was this model and with the potential in fact the potential was a simple upside down harmonic oscillator potential so in that sense it's a very solvable theory on the outset and the collective field which is the analog of this by local was the distribution of eigen values which then led this is the density and led to two dimensions so it is again d equal one and the collective description is in terms of d equal two in that case it was even simpler to do I will not write down the the the filter which governs the large n and those stringer Dyson equations which which I mentioned but after you linearize everything and evaluate quadratic collective Laplacian it just gets to be this this one so it's a standard Laplacian in two dimension so you immediately jump at the statement oh this is just a massless scalar field that's been zero scalar in two dimension and the 2d string which this is supposed to be describing does have such a state it's only the center of mass of this it's a closed string but open or closed and that would have been a tachyon that's the scalar that's the would be tachyon in other dimension but if you remember string theory for non critical strings that mass is equal to two two minus d so it would be tachyon in twenty six but in d equal two is precisely massless so this is a winner this model that's why it describes two distinct theory but that's kind of not enough and that's where the long story start along the same line which I was proceeding before you say but this I know cannot be the the actual space time time and some other this is now Lorentz invariant the two denon critical string theory involves uh you know the second dimension is not a c equal one conformal field but the Louisville Louisville Louisville conformal field and then the Laplacian would be at best at that you know this would be the Laplacian but there is a transformation between this Laplacian and the one I wrote down and then if you work out the transformation you get again an extra factor it is the same story that you you you transform now to this Louisville description which is the right space time but you get a factor and this is the factor this is the pole which is that massless scalar of 2d string but an infinite number of poles this I should say that even though I discovered or with Schumann does we discovered this contribution actually this contribution which was discovered by others is much more important that lack factor is actually much more important than the main excitation which was the tachyon because it's the lack factor which tells you this is string theory otherwise it could be just a scalar field in two dimension you say why 2d string theory the lack factor and this is now the correct answer this was written down by I should give credit to those people whom I learned this from at that we learned this from that time it's more cyberg and staudacher it was a very nice work they identify those the the the propagator of this 2d matrix model but now it looks like a propagator in Louisville theory but it has an infinite number of extra contribution at this value speak while I am those are called discrete states that imaginary values of momenta those discrete states were confirmed by polyacuff because 2d string theory even though it should have no degrees of freedom if you are very very careful as polyacuff was you will analyze for example here is just you can do the exercise for spin one this is momentum this is a shift due to Louisville the background charge for the non-critical string and this would be the the equation of motion for example s equal one this would be the gauge condition to Lawrence Lawrence gauge condition then you know to remove the other degree of freedom you would use an on-shell gauge transformation and then 2 minus 2 is 0 so you conclude that the two-dimensional gauge theory has no degrees of freedom but polyacuff noticed that when p is equal to minus q for that one special value of momentum there is no chance to use this remedial gauge transformation and therefore there is a physical state at p equal minus 2 that's the first discrete state that's the origin of these discrete states that's also the origin of schwarzen degree of freedom so then you start analyzing the string to all other degree all other higher levels and you find a perfect agreement with where this pulse of the slack factors are so then you have a complete agreement with 2d string theory and you you at that point are very happy so in this case we do not have in this case this is in a way a prediction of what we accomplished with kenta shumidas we are claim the following that this simple one-dimensional field strongly correlated theory in is equal to some gravity in two or three dimensions it has this soft mode called the graviton it has an infinite sequence of matter fields which are easy to find but those can be also understood for one higher dimension which by calzacline but it also has an infinite sequence of discrete states which I just featured so all three are then that's that's according to what we believe at this point would be the complete spectrum of this theory and then it's anyone's guess it's a it's again a challenge and the answer is not known what is this theory we we have a proposal we have something which we we kind of think that is the spectrum and the question is what is the theory so in this case the dual is not known for the higher dimensional case the dual is known it's vasilev's highest high spin theory it's only in this case where the dual is not known and it's a challenge to find thanks thank you thanks very much for interesting talk I will not mention what I asked you to talk about but it's very interesting but okay I told you this is what you I mentioned space time yeah quite interesting for me personally also it's the first power point I see from you oh I say okay that's thanks thanks to canta really are questions or comments is there any natural regularization of the theory that would allow to go from the weekly to the strongly correlated theory in a in a way you that parameter j it's up it's your it's still under your control you can study the weak coupling theory and that could be an exact normalization that there could be and in fact you know from the way kit I wrote his paper you might think that he might he's discussing that but I didn't see it in his paper and that's in a way something to discuss I I don't think that was done ah that's a good point okay so and that this can be analyzed Louville only takes only keeps the that h equal to the the lowest of those scalars you know there was a sequence of scalars I call them PM and the lowest one actually is the Louisville and the others the couple you can analyze that in the propagator the residue of the pole is proportional to one over q for the others except for one so that's why you get a nice theory that describes what you expect there is one scalar field the Louisville that's precisely the lowest mode of those scalars so it is a very nice nice situation the others the couple and is there a nice I mean apart from it when you had the transformation with the total momentum that's right so some other interpretation or it just comes out like this it is the fact that so again you realize the conformal group by by additively here you know basically so you have l1 plus l2 for all generators but the space time description should be realizing the conformal in ads space as it is easily done as as a curve space those two don't look the same so you can ask the question can I make them equal by a change of coordinates the answer is no by a change of code so you give up on the change of coordinates then you try change of momentum well which is the next simplest possibility and yes it works it's remarkable that it works it's just a curious fact I don't know but deep answer why it is momentum space that it it works it's a simple mathematical fact which but that's also the answer for why your cats can exist that's the red on transform okay we have now the shortest break of our conference okay there is an additional talk a quarter past five so we just rush do something thank you very much


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Okay, welcome back, everyone, with CUBE coverage here at AWS Remars 2022. I'm John Furrier, host of theCUBE. Remars, part of the three big re-events, re-invent is the big one, reinforces security. Remars is the confluence of industrial space, automation, robotics, and machine learning. But a great guest here, Mohamed Ciel, senior consultant, solutions architect at CAP. Jim and I welcome to theCUBE. Thanks for coming on. Thank you. So you just were hearing the questions we had with the professor from Okta ML, Professor Washington. So he's in the weeds on machine learning. He's down getting dirty with all the hardcore, uncoupling it from the hardware. Machine learning has gone really supernova in the past couple of years. And this show points to the tipping point where machine learning is driving space, driving robotics, industrial edge, at unprecedented rates. So it's kind of moving from the old, I won't say old, a couple of years ago, in legacy AI. I mean old school AI is kind of the same new school with a twist. It's just modernized and as fast or cheap or smaller chips. Yeah, I mean, but there is a change also in the way it's working. So you had the classical AI where you are detecting something and then you're making an action. You are perceiving something, making an action. You're detecting something and you're assuming something that has been perceived. But now we are moving towards more deeper learning. So AI where you have to train your model to do things or to detect things and hope that it will work. And there's like, of course, a lot of research going on into explainable AI to help facilitate that. But that's where the challenges come into play. Well, Mama, first let's take, what do you do over there? Talk about your role specifically. You do a lot of things architecting around AI, machine learning. What's your role? Yeah, so we basically are working in automotive to help OEMs and tier one suppliers validate ADAS functions that they are working on. So advanced driving assistance systems. There are many levels that are, when we talk about it, so it can be something simple like blind spot detection, just a warning function, and it goes all the way, so S-A-E, so. So there's like the easy stuff and then the hard stuff. Exactly, yeah. That's what you're just getting at. Yeah, and the easy stuff, you can test validate quite easily because if you get it wrong, the impact is not that high. The complicated stuff, if you have it wrong, then that can be very dangerous. Well, I got to say, the automotive one was there so fascinating because it's been so archaic and just in the past recent years, and Tesla's the poster child for this. You see that, you go, oh my God, I love that car. I want to have this software driven car, and it's amazing, and I don't get a Tesla now because it's more like, I should have gotten it earlier. Now I'm going to just hold my ground. Everyone has it. Everyone's got it in Palo Alto. I'm not going to get another car. No way, but you're starting to see a lot of the other manufacturers just in the past five years, they're leveling up. It may not be as cool and sexy as the Tesla, but they're there, and so what are they dealing with when they talk about data and AI? What's some of the challenges that you're seeing that they're grappling with in terms of getting things integrated, developing pipelines, R&D, they wrangle in data, take us through some of those things. I mean, like when I think about the challenges that autonomous or the automakers are facing, I can think of three big ones. So first is the amount of data they need to do their training and more importantly, the validation. So we are talking about petabytes or hundred of petabytes of data that has to be analyzed, validated, annotated, so labeling to ground truth, processed, reprocessed many times with every iteration of a new software. So that is a lot of data, a lot of computational power, and you need to ensure that all of the processing, all of handling of the data allows you complete transparency of what is happening to the data, as well as complete traceability. So your, for homologation, so approval process for these functions so that they can be released in cars that can be used on public roads. You need to have traceability, like you are supposed to be able to reproduce the data to validate your work that was done so you can prove that your function is successful or working as expected. So this, the big data is the first challenge I see that all the automotive makers are tackling. The second big one I see is understanding how much testing is enough. So with AI or with classical approach, you have certain requirements, how a function is supposed to work. You can test that with some test cases based on your architecture and you have a successful or failed result. With deep learning, it gets more complicated. What are they doing with deep learning? Give an example. I mean, so you are, you need to then start thinking about statistics that I will test enough data with like a failure rate of potentially like 0.001%. How much data do I need to test to make sure that I am achieving that rate? So then we are talking about in terms of statistics which requires a lot of data because the failure rate that we want to have is so low. And it's not only like failure in terms of that something is always detected and if it's there, but it's also having like a low false positive rate. So you are only detecting objects which are there and not like, momentum objects. What's some of the trends you're seeing across the client base in terms of the patterns that they're all kind of, what's the state of their mindset and position with AI and some of the work they're doing? Are they feeling, do you feel like they're all crossed over, crossed the chasm, so to speak, in terms of executing? Are they still in experimental mode and driving the full capabilities? Is it conservative or is it progressive? I mean, it's a mixture of both. So I am in German automotive where I'm from, there is four functions which are more complicated ones. There's definitely hesitancy to release them too early in the car unless we are sure that they are safe. But of course, for functions which are assisting the drivers, everyday usage, they are widely available. Like one of the things, like when we talk about this complex function. Highly available or available? I would say highly available. Higher availability and highly available. Okay. Yeah, there's a distinction.  I mean, in our architecture, so when we are developing our solution, high availability is one of our requirements and it is high available. But the ADAS functions are now available in more and more cars. Latency, madam. It's kind of a joke of storage. It's a storage joke. You know, it's latency, you got that, okay. But these are decisions that have to be made. I mean, they are still being made. So I mean, we haven't reached like level five, which is the highest level of autonomous driving yet on public roads. That's hard, that's hard to do. Yeah. And I mean, the biggest difference, like as you go above these levels is in terms of availability. So are these functions, can they handle all possible scenarios? Are they only available in certain scenarios? And of course, the responsibility. So in the end, so with Tesla, you would be like, if you had one, you would be the person who is in control or responsible to monitor it. But as we go- Actually, the reason I don't have a Tesla, all my family would want one. I don't want to get it on a Tesla. Yeah, but I mean, but that's the liability is currently on you, if like you're not monitoring it. So talk about AWS, the relationship that Capgemin has with AWS. Obviously the partnerships there, you're here. And this show is really a commitment to, this is a future to me, this is just like, this is the future. And this is it all right here. Industrial innovation is going to come massive, back office cloud done deal, data centers, hybrid, somewhat multi-cloud, I guess, but hybrid is a steady state in the back office cloud, game over. Amazon, Azure, Google, Alibaba done. Super clouds underneath great. This is a digital transformation in the industrial area. Yeah. This is the big thing. What's your relationship with AWS? So as I mentioned, the first challenge data, like we have so much data, so much computational power, and it's not something that is always needed. You need it like on demand. And this is where like a hyperscaler cloud provider like AWS can be the key to achieve like the high, the acceleration that we are providing to our customers using our technology built on top of AWS services. We did a breakout session this during remarse where we demonstrated a couple of small tools that we have developed out of our offering. One of them was ability to stream data from the vehicle that is collecting data worldwide. So during the demo we did it from Vegas, driving on the strip as well as from Germany. And while this data is uploaded, it's at the same time real-time anonymized to make sure we are compliant with the data privacy, security. Of course, yeah. That's hard to do right there. And so the faces are blurred, the licenses are blurred. We also then at the same time can run object detection. So we have real-time monitoring of what our feed is doing worldwide and. I'm just curious. Do you do that blurring? Is that part of a managed service you call an API or is that built into the code? From part of our DSV we have many different service offerings, so data production, data test strategy orchestration. So part of data production is worldwide data collection and we can then also offer data management services which include then anonymization, data quality check. And that's as soon as you provide to the customer. Okay, got it. So of course in collaboration with the customer. So our platform is very modular, microservices based. The idea being if the customer already has a good ML model for anonymization, we can plug it into our platform running on AWS. If they want to use it, we can develop one or we can use one of our existing ones or something off the shelf or like any other supplier can provide one as well. And we all integrate. So you're tight with Amazon Web Services in terms of your cloud, your service. It's a cloud. It's a Capgemini SuperCloud basically. Okay, so we call it SuperCloud. We made that a thing and reinvent. Charles Fitzgerald would disagree, but we will debate him. It's a SuperCloud. But okay, you got your SuperCloud. What's the coolest thing that you think you're doing right now that people should pay attention to? I mean the cool thing that we are currently working on. So from the keynote today, we talked about also synthetic data for validation. So I mean, we are working on digital twin creation. So we are capturing data in real world, creating a virtual identity of it. And that allows you the freedom to create multiple scenarios out of it. So that's also something where we are using machine learning to determine what are the parameters you need to change between, or so you have one scenario such as a cut in scenario.  And so I mean, in real world, someone will do it in probably a nicer way. But of course, it is possible at some point. Cognition to the cars. It comes in a vehicle. I mean, at some point someone would be very aggressive with it, we might not record it. You might be able to predict too. I mean the predictions, you can say this guy's weaving, he's a potential candidate. It is possible, yes. But to ensure that we are testing these scenarios, we can translate a real world scenario into a digital world, change the parameters so the distance between those two is different and use machine learning to change these parameters. So this is exciting. And the other thing we are excited. That is pretty cool. I would admit that's very cool. The other thing we are trying to do is reduce the cost for the customer in the end. So we are collecting petabytes of data. Every time they make updates to the software, they have to resimulate it or replay this data. So that they can- Petabytes? Petabytes of data. And sometimes on a physical hardware and loop device. And then this re- That's called a really heavy edge. You don't want to be moving that around the Amazon cloud. That's the challenge. And once we have replayed this or resimulated it, we still have to calculate the KPIs out of it. And what we are trying to do is optimize this test orchestration so that we are minimizing the simulation so you don't want the data to be going to the edge unnecessarily. And once we get this data back to optimize the way we are doing the calculation. So you're not calculating- It's huge data integrity management, new kind of thing going on here. It's kind of, is it new or is it- I mean it's- Sounds new to me. The scale is new. So the management of the data, having that whole traceability that has been in automotive. So also kept geminized and involved in aerospace. So in aerospace, having this kind of high, this validation be very strictly monitored is normal. But now we have to think about how to do it on this large scale. And that's what, I think that's the biggest challenge and hopefully what we are trying to solve with our DESV offering. All right, Mohammed, thanks for coming on the queue. I really appreciate it. Great way to close out, re-marge our last interview with the show. Thanks for coming on. I appreciate your time. I mean like just one last comment. Like so, I think in automotive, like part of the automation, the future is quite exciting. And I think that's where we have to be hopeful that- Well, the show is all about hope.  You have new functionality that we've been waiting for. And I've watched every episode of Star Trek and Skynet, kind of Skynet going on air. Robots. Robots running cubes. Robots pose someday. You never know. Thanks for coming on. Appreciate it. Okay, that's theCUBE here, wrapping up, re-marge. I'm John Furrier, you're watching theCUBE. Stay with us for the next event, next time. Thanks for watching.


What's the word y'all NBA tray season is here and I am so excited for Cam Red is going to the next we're gonna talk about that in a second man NBA tray season is some of my favorite times of the year You would think it would be the finals or the season opener or just the playoffs in general. Absolutely not I'm here for small trades big trades. I'm here for free agency. I'm here for the draft Anything that we could get a team to look a little bit different. I'm here for I'm just always fascinated on The process of making the trade and trying to figure out that somebody get fleeced who won this trade Is this small trade gonna contribute to a team winning the championship in three years down the line? I love going to basketball reference and looking at like the lineage of trades We're like a team traded a draft pick and the draft pick doesn't convey to six years in the future The net pick ended up being this guy who got ready for this guy and this guy and this guy And it took a decade for this one trade to matter and boom that trade 10 years ago played a part in the championship Now it's all crazy. I'm not I absolutely love all of it I'm a little bit afraid though that this um this trade that line might be a all bark No bite trade that line just because when you talk about her the safety protocol you talk about injury history This might be a year where teams are kind of hesitant to package in a few players as unpicks to get one player return Because now we in the playoffs and all man I said three people on my team have a little outbreak and now the alpha 5 to 10 days And now we don't have the depth to compete because we traded the depth away And then there are so many teams that are still competed for a playoff spot I mean with the play in it seems like every team still has a chance halfway through the season to steal a spot So who's gonna be sellers? Who's gonna be buyers who gonna be stamp it put? I don't really know we're gonna talk about a lot of rumors today But we're gonna start off talking about the camera's trade because the Knicks came out of left field And I think a lot of people's initial reaction Was that the Knicks fleece the Atlanta Hawks Wow the New York Knicks if you do not know They're getting camera in a Solomon Hill in the second round pick and they sent out Kevin Knox in a protective pick That is top 18 protected. I think it's from the Charlotte Hornets or something I don't really know there had been a lot of rumors about cameras over the past year or so about him being traded and I think most people thought this was going to be the year for that but I don't think most people saw it as we're gonna give you a player that we don't even play anymore and a Heavily protected first-round pick and that was all that was going to take to get cameras and if the price was that low I kind of question like Okay, see I mean, I know they already got a million young players that are trying to develop But okay see has a million first-round picture trying to tell me they do want to take a stab at camera It's if it was only if it was only I heavily protect the first-round pick Oh, what about the Sacramento Kings the Sacramento Kings are a team that that they're a general measure Hey, we're not going to her for rebuild if we don't make trades We make a trades around the edges to get better right now Cam Reddus could be a guy that could help you get better right now But still develop along side the young dudes, but no it was the Knicks Which is so very interesting because well if you know Tom Thibodeau, he doesn't absolutely love playing young dudes But obviously you don't trade a first-round pick to get a guy that might be riding the bench Cam Reddus is going to play minutes I don't know if he gonna be big time about minutes for the New York Knicks Now there is two different sides of the Cam Reddus camp There's some people that that see that cam can be a good player and see that the potential is through the roof He was one of the top recruited guys at a high school. He got to Duke and perform very well He still ended up being a lottery pick and he is a guy that shows flashes every once in a while that he could be an elite level talent in the NBA someday But more likely than not to his first two years of his career It's been more negative than positive and what I didn't know because I always question Why did I got Cam Reddus and all of these trade talks all of these trade rumors? He requested out several months ago according to the athletic So they were doing right by him by getting a guy that didn't want to be in a locker room away Okay, that makes sense so maybe the reason why Cam Reddus went from a positive defender his rookie season to being one of those doors called with the Two things that you see in ranches that open the door that people just walking right past him He just didn't really want to who and do you see a stats when he's playing without Trey young versus when he's playing with Trey young or in that game against Chicago Bulls early the season where he had almost 40 There are a lot of flashes that Cam Reddus could be a good NBA player this season He's shooting like 37% from three. So a lot of people see that Cam Reddus with the Knicks is worth the risk I mean you traded away a dude and and Kevin Knox who still might be building a fortnight and Then a pick that was top 18 protector That is nothing to you Especially if you believe that you can help Cam Reddus develop to the talent that he thinks he can be which is the high school version of himself I read a lot of articles about Cam Reddus today because I'm trying to get into him He said that this one he won this year to be the year that he got back to himself And that would be the high school version of him the high school version of him was also like a point forward I don't know if that's what the New York Knicks have planned for him But again, it's a high risk or not even a high risk It's a low risk high reward type situation and those are always my favorite kind of deals in the NBA The Knicks are starting to get better and better right now RJ Barrett is on the terror and they went on a what seven and three in their last ten They're looking similar to last season. They were about this last season at this point So who really knows Cam Reddus could come in and maybe help them But I'm not gonna grade this for the Atlanta Hawks immediately Just because from everything I read today Travis Slink might have more things up his sleeve Because they are trying it looks like they're trying to stockpile assets for maybe a bigger deal It's kind of kind of crazy me in the homies were talking about this in a party today That the Atlanta Hawks are just in the conference finals last year and this year They look significantly different with the same roster and they've been a lot worse And now that we might be looking at the team is looking to make a second and a third trade at the trade that line We're just a couple months ago They were competing to try to get into the finals We're there's rumors that they are saying that everybody not named Trey young and not named click appellate is available right now They're linked to Ben Simmons They're linked to Jeremy Grant and it's again kind of crazy that they've they've gone from a team that we saw a super young and Super promising today We shipping off one of our dudes and all of the other young pieces that we have on our team are not untouchable or There if the right if the deal is right, we'd be willing to trade him. It's kind of wild That's that's how the NBA works man. That's how the NBA works I mean, there was a log jam at the wing position they had by diamonds Kevin Herter the Andre Hunter the list goes on and on of Playable wings so you free up one spot and throwing cameras to another team So we'll see what Travis like ends up doing with that pick or whatever players he got and they're we gonna package this trade with Whatever trades it will grade them as a whole but right now I will say the New York Knicks one is straight, but we will come back So I do want to go around some other trade rumors and stuff that we either bleach report or the athletic or the ringer I kind of compiled a bunch of different stuff in ESPN I mean I kind of want to talk about and you let me know in the comment section what you think about these things as I'm Talking about them a Kevin O'Connor of the ringer says that if the Charlotte Hornets were to make a trade for Miles Turner The Pacers one Gordon Hayward and I just absolutely hate that for the Pacers. I do I do I absolutely not that Gordon Hayward is bad because this is not here like 30 points and he missed like one shot Gordon Hayward is still a quality NBA player But I am a firm believer that the end out of Pacers should not be trying to move laterally It should be trying to level up or or either level up or reset No in between and this is a trade that's gonna be like Oh, we still okay enough to maybe make the playoffs But that's just where they've been sitting for the last X amount of years We thought that when they said they're willing to trace the bonus or they're willing to trade Miles Turner This means that they might be willing to hit a reset But obviously the ownership over there still thinking a we need to get butts in the seats and Gordon Hayward is from this area And he went to school here and we would love to have him in Indiana And I guess they were close to signing him when he was a free agent a little while ago. I hate this though I hate the idea that Gordon Hayward might be going to Indiana Indianapolis For Miles Turner because I would like for the Pacers to hit reset or think about young assets and not a 30-plus-year-old dude Already, but I don't know let's talk about the Portland Trail Blazers and Damian Lillard I'm happy that he had a successful surgery on this abdomen We knew that he was trying to play through these injuries since the Olympics and everything We made a whole video about the Damian Lillard slump and what I thought it was and I mentioned Hey, this man had an abdominal injury like a month ago. There's no way he was completely healed So I'm happy that he find the side to shut it down for at least a period of time and got surgery So here's the things that I saw earlier today He's going to be out for X amount of weeks people said six to eight and he'll be Revaluated and they'll decide if he'll be back this season depending on where they are in the standings Very interesting This seems like a backseat year where you allow some of your younger dudes and Nas little and Anthony Simon's to develop and then you figure Out everything else on the edges while you get Damian Lillard back Which this means that hey, we're gonna have a lottery pick and guess what our law our pick to this season is lottery protected to the Bulls so we want that pick to convey. So let's continue to be bad Let's go through our CJ OB and let's go through our Anthony Simon and lose a bunch of games But we're gonna allow Damian Lillard to get back healthy and the next season some of these guys are developed We might make some trades or getting rid of use of nerk trade use of use of nerkage or trade Robert Coveton Who can be a free agents this offseason and look at what we have next season? I do not believe that Damian Lillard will play again this season I could be wrong But it just makes the most sense for him to get completely healthy While the French side takes a backseat and maybe gets a top five pick and then they figure out what the heck they do after that The name that I don't want to talk about has been Simmons. I mentioned before I just Every update that we get for Ben Simmons is not update I guess him rich Paul and Daryl Maury and Elton brand they had a meeting or over over lunch and nothing happened Wolves reported that they went to lunch and nothing happened. That was a report. That was actually a report That they're trying to still get a Damian Lillard type talent James Harden type talent would have been Simmons trade And it was also reported that the price for Ben Simmons has gone up Well, how is he more expensive now and the boy ain't played in 41 games this season? I don't understand it. Daryl Maury and Elton brand I am a I do believe that they have to trade Ben Simmons this season because the way Joel and beat is playing right now I would hate to waste this season of Joel and B where he's playing with a bunch of players that are a solid roster for sure But not good enough that's gonna match Joel and B. It's output for them to be a quality enough NBA team for people to really think that they have a puncher's chance So you holding on to Ben Simmons for an entire season to have him not play like like Daryl Maury has said before the season started We're not trying to waste Joel and beats time here So we're willing to wait for seasons for Ben Simmons, which doesn't make sense to me It doesn't you're not gonna waste his time He's playing in the MVP caliber level right now And he might make it to the playoffs and just losing the first round because he doesn't have enough talent around him There's rumors. I think we talked about this yesterday. They're trying to pair to buy his Harris's contract with the Ben Simmons trade I don't really know the 76ers have Daryl Maury who's a mad scientist We'll see whatever the heck happens a lot of the reports that I am seeing Or rumors that I am seeing here have to do with the trailblazer because they're there a couple different ways They can go they can go full reset and we already talked about that But there's a poor here that says that some people around the league see season McCullum as a negative asset That's not great. And they're trying to figure out if Norman Powell is worth anything on the market The Lakers are calling around the league to see if anybody wants the white Howard What is the value of the white Howard in 2022? Who knows? It's not that it's not gonna be anything that you want. They even offered two second round picks for Cam Reddish Not enough my god not enough I'm curious to see what happens because I'm Horton Tucker is eligible to be traded on the 15th Which is in two days Will they will they trade them to his next team in the first round pick to try to you know Get stronger and get better because right now sitting at 500 with a team that with championship aspirations I don't know Orlando said to be asking for a first-round pick in return of Terrence Ross Gary Harris in MoBamba I would be super surprised if anybody's given a first-round pick for Gary Harris Or even Terrence Ross at this point just because they are in the last year of the deals Not saying that Terrence Ross isn't good enough to get a first-round pick But when him just being on a one-year deal I would be surprised if something was willing to give them a first-round pick that's not like top 20 protect There are one of those fake first-round picks that convey to us two seconds and three years or so just so the fans can say Oh, we got a first-round pick the MoBamba what I could probably I could see a first-round pick being dealt in that trade Just because he's young I mean whoever trades for him is gonna have his bird rights to resign them to X amount of money and You just have him locked up by the other dudes on the last year of the deals and Gary Harris has already made it 20 million dollars You have to have the salary to match it It will be wild and then lastly the Bulls Kobe White believed to be available ahead of the impending rookie extension conversations this offseason We'll see what happens there I mean those are all of the biggest trade rumors that I've seen so far today Other than Tommy Shepard saying on an interview on radio saying I don't show my cards So maybe the wizards are out there trying to make some moves left the right out of really know But let me know what your favorite rumors Maybe something I'd even touch on in today's video I would be so mad if a trade happens between now and when I drop this video Yeah, that would suck


We are discussing how to teach punctuation. So we will continue discussing some of the strategies we can incorporate as language teachers in our classrooms. For instance, as we discussed in the previous module that we can especially start teaching punctuation at elementary level. So remember that we cannot ignore the significance of punctuation because poorly written work can leave bad impression, negative impression upon the readers. So we can make our students read shorter texts or longer texts and work out how punctuation is used by skillful writers. And then we can make them study a collection of words and make them identify how capital letters are written, why they are written, and what are the reasons actually? They need to work out, figure out the reasons, the rationale behind using small letters and capital letters, right? And where comes brackets or full stops or colons or apostrophe, right? If you look at this activity, for instance, that can be very useful at elementary level. You can, if you look at carefully, look at this slide, you can see that some of the words are starting with capital letters and some are starting with small letters. So we can ask our students and similarly, we can show them passage containing the proper use of capital letters and bad use of capital letters. This is how we can bring in different strategies. And then teaching punctuation can be an interesting area and we can make it in the classroom like in the form of pairs or groups or through collaboration. So at best, what we can do as teachers is to explain some of the conventions. Once the conventions are explained, then we can ask them to write, to punctuate a text, which could be unknown, which could be unseen. As you can see, on this slide, there is a passage, a short passage derived in Cambridge at 1 a.m. It was cold and we ran to the water's edge. Angela hurried up to keep up with him. So we can make our students notice how letters are used, small and capital, why they are not used, why the full stop is not used, what if, what compromises actually the meaning if we don't have punctuation. So this is how these are the norms of writing, which we can incorporate in our teaching. Similarly, we can expose them to some of the dialogues and the reported speech or inverted commas and then make them work like how how do we show that someone is speaking and how with the help of inverted commas or commas or full stops, we can show that someone is speaking and how someone finishes and where does the comma go and where we put the exclamation mark. So teaching punctuation is a messy business, but we can make our students learn punctuation through constant reading, through making them aware of the significance of punctuation by noticing bad examples and by remembering good examples.


Hi guys! So today we're going to be going over the steps involved in downloading and installing Visual Studio Code and how to get everything set up correctly within the program for use within this course. So the first thing you're going to need to do if you don't already have this installed on your system is you're going to need to download the Java SE Java Development Kit. I'll put a link to this page in the description down below the video so that you can easily find it. But basically on this page it's going to have the most recent Java SE edition at the top so I'm just going to click download here. Scroll down you're just going to need to accept the license agreement and then you just need to choose the correct download option for your system. For me it's going to be the Windows EXE file here and this will just take a couple minutes to download so we'll come back in a couple minutes. Okay so once that file is all downloaded we'll just go through the installation process which is very simple. So next that's fine and then it's very quick to install and that's it. So once we've done that we can go ahead and download a VS Code and I would recommend making sure you have this installed before you do the download and installation of VS Code. So now we'll go over here. I'll put a link to this website as well down in the description below. And once again you just need to pick the correct installation for your system. I'm just going to click the download for Windows and that should start downloading. There we go. And once again this is just going to take a couple minutes so we'll come back in a couple minutes. Okay so now that that is all downloaded we can go ahead and go through the install process and this is very easy as well. So we're just going to accept the agreement. You can change the destination if you like but I'm going to leave it as is. That's fine and you can leave this as is as well. I'm just going to create a desktop icon and install and this should be pretty quick to install. Yep all good and we'll go ahead and launch VS Code. And when you launch VS Code the first thing you'll always see is the welcome page. If you don't want to see this every time you open it up you can always choose to or you can always uncheck that option. So the first thing we're going to want to do is install the following extensions. So if we go down to extensions here you'll probably find it pretty easily. It's in my recommended the Java extension pack or if you don't see it you can always just search Java extension pack and it's gonna come up and we'll click on that and you can see that the extension pack involves a number of different extensions that we're going to need within the course. So we'll just click install and this will install very quickly and that is all sorted. Now there are a couple more things that I would recommend doing in order to complete your setup of VS Code. So the first thing is you may need to update settings.json to point to the home directory of your JDK in order to get everything in VS Code working. So in order to do that if you're in Windows you're going to do control shift p it's going to bring up this right here and then we're going to type in settings.json and I believe it is the top one here. Yes so the syntax for this we're going to need to put a comma under here. So just below everything else that is already within this settings.json we're going to type in java.home and then what we're going to do is we're going to find the address within our system of the JDK that we downloaded earlier. So for me it's here it is in program files java JDK. So I'll just click copy address and then I'm just going to paste it in between quotation marks here and you're going to need to just double up on the back slashes here and then the red line should disappear and that's all good for that. And now the last thing that I would recommend doing. So later on in the course we're going to be needing to do j unit testing and in order to get that working in VS Code it does require a little bit of setup. So I'll just go back to Chrome here. Again I'll put a link directly to the download for this so that you can just download the file underneath the video. But basically what we're going to be downloading is a jar file and this is just going to allow us to be able to do j unit testing within VS Code. So once that's all downloaded we're going to go back to the settings .json that we were in before. Just put a comment next to what you did earlier and then just go directly underneath. Now I'm just going to paste this in for the sake of brevity and I will put the syntax for this underneath the video in the description as well so that you can just copy paste it. But the only thing you're going to need to change this is the address where I've got that jar file that I just downloaded so you're just going to need to put the address of wherever the jar file is stored in your computer. And once you've put this in just make sure that we have saved it and then it's just going to ask us to restart it. We can do that. And now you should be all set up to start using VS Code in this course. So I hope you found this video helpful and thank you for watching.