Item █ SCP-799 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures Each specimen of SCP-799s be kept in a separate biocontainment cell at Biosite-66. 100 grams of dry brine shrimp is to be sprinkled over each object monthly. If this is not available, 500 grams of household dust will suffice. It has been determined that Biosite-66 maintenance staff removes significantly more than the necessary quantity of dust from the D-class dorms monthly. This dust is to be collected in the usual dust-pan bags and delivered if necessary. No more than 500 grams per specimen is necessary or advised. Should any throw pillows or similar objects appear, they are to be placed in separate containment immediately and to presiding researcher notified. The objects are not to be removed from the containment except as authorized for testing. Members of SCP-799 vary in size, shape, and superficial appearance, but always retain the appearance of a knit or woven item of bedding made from an unfamiliar but very soft natural fiber, resembling high-quality merino wool blend but identified as █████. An individual's mass ranges from approximately 0.5 to 6 kilograms and does not change except through ingestion and excretion, so any immediate increase in area comes at the expense of thickness and fabric weight. The blanket retains heat unusually well. Its coloration and markings are highly variable. It tends strongly towards pastel hues and patterns resembling stylized, neotinous animals, particularly when its mass is less than about 2 kilograms. The items are living organisms, most similar in physiology and structure to █████████. Although alternate hypotheses suggest fungal origins, full notes may be found in document 799-1a. Although well-insulated, they are apparently cold-blooded, hence their adaptations for use by intelligent hemiotherms. Instances of SCP-799 are usually torpid and incapable of movement, requiring little nutrition. What they do need, they draw from the organic detritus present in household dust. One specimen is believed to have survived for years on end, stored in a damp, ill-maintained attic, living on heat from the house below and detritus from the wooden raptors above. Excretion is minimal. Excretia resemble tiny, very dry ███████. It is forced to survive for long periods without sufficient nutrition, though. SCP-799 is capable of metamorphosing into a predatory form. The resultant structural changes are invisible to the casual observer. They consist of modifications to the digestive tract and feeding orifices. The latter shift from minute, dispersed filter-feeding mouths into a single large mouth, lined with ███████. The organism also develops contractile tissues similar to animal muscle. Once its metamorphosis is complete, the SCP-799 individual waits for a large animal to wrap up in it and become quiescent. Sleep is common before opening its mouths, tearing off a few kilograms of biomass and consuming it. The biomass is apparently reduced to thin slurry almost immediately, as even seconds after feeding there is no visible bulge in the blanket. The mount is completely resorbed 10 minutes after feeding. At this point, no evidence of the blanket's nature is available except by x-ray or by observing the sudden increase in mass. By 40 minutes after feeding, the entire carnivorous digestive system is resorbed and the organism returned to filter-feeding phase. In carnivorous phase, the organism will not feed on inanimate objects or cold-blooded animals. Dr. ████████ hypothesizes that its senses are entirely limited to touch and heat, and that it does not recognize cooler objects as organic. SCP-799 reproduces by budding. When an individual's mass reaches a certain minimum, very slowly except in case of carnivory, it takes on a more quilt-like appearance. Gradually over the course of several weeks, the quilt squares along one margin puff up and slot thought to become several small doilies or throw pillows. The offspring are cloned with the individual, identical to it in every way, and will grow to a similar size and reproduce and turn given suitable conditions. The first of the Foundation's captive SCP-799 population ██████ individuals at the time of writing was retrieved on ██████ from ██████, where it had been residing in the home of notorious germaphobe ██████ after it metamorphised and apparently fed on its infant granddaughter. A standard biological sweep revealed the blanket nature, and it was taken into containment without resistance. It is not known how many instances of SCP-799 exist outside Foundation containment, as they are very difficult to detect except by genetic testing. Extrapolation of growth rates and reproductive weight from the specimens in containment suggests that a filter-feeding SCP-799 organism reproduces once every 50 to 60 years. Note, any wild blanket should be destroyed upon detection. This species is fascinating, but we have a large population in containment and the wild ones pose too much risk of public exposure.


So guys, I am back with another Diablo 4 video. Earlier on, we got a patch during 12th 2023 patch or Hotfix 1.0.2 where they said further adjustments to Elite Monster density within dungeons and develop a note. We are standardising the density of Elite Monsters that spawn in dungeons to ensure that no particular dungeon is clearly more efficient to run than others. Obviously guys want to take away our fun in those XP and Legendary farms. Well guys, today I bring you an amazing place, an amazing dungeon you can still farm after this patch, after this Hotfix, that will reward you tons of XP, plenty of legendaries and you won't want to miss this, stay tuned. How's it going guys? My name's DP, do you any of you enjoy the video? Living a life cool helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more, be sure to subscribe. Okay, so this dungeon is located right here on your map. The dungeon itself is called Alderwood and it's right here guys. Now I actually ran this dungeon earlier on today before this Hotfix was applied and I thought you know what, that's pretty good. I'm going to take a screenshot of where this is, I'll run it later just to double check. Now I've come back guys with that Hotfix applied to my game and well, I cannot tell the difference. Even my recordings I had from earlier on to what I experienced just I still could not tell the difference.  Now this can be done solo and it can be done in a team. I'd say obviously in a team it's more efficient because of the way this dungeon is set up but you can still do it solo. I'm running this thing in literally about eight minutes solo and then in tons of XP. Okay, so you can see the map of the dungeon right here. Now this will obviously change with the RNG but it's normally this kind of weird shape. Now I'm not going to say what kind of shape this is guys but yeah it's this kind of weird shape. Now when you're actually coming to this, the first section that you need to kill and slay three are Durkins, those enemies within those bubbles. Now normally guys there is two on either one of these sides and one on the other but the great thing is that every time I've run this there's always been a Ker Shrine event. So if I run this to one time and there's two of those enemies on this side there's going to be one of those enemies on this side with that Ker Shrine event. So if you're doing this in a team, if you're doing this co-op or in a team of four whatever, split off at the middle, two go left, two go right or well yeah two go left, two go right, don't know my left or right but if you're doing it in just a co-op, one goes left, one goes right, obviously with no dungeons, a shared XP so you can do this no matter what. Everyone is in the dungeon, you're all going to earn that XP from it but yes and I would recommend as well run past all the enemies, don't worry about any other enemies apart from the ones you have to take Dan because 90% of them will follow you to that said boss that you need to take out so you ain't got to worry about any of them there's little stragglers but you'll take them out and then tons of XP. Then guys obviously get the Shrine done as well get that event done as well then progress on and always come to this room right here because again there's another event here tons and tons of enemies and I mean tons of them again run past any add here normally we'll just follow you up anyway but yeah take them out then guys progress past the event to this area here and you'll see now the gameplay of this are just another ton of enemies here a new great great XP. Now the wild thing about this guys is as well I mean you can take out the bus if you want to to make it more efficient though I wouldn't do this I mean the bus is easy but you don't get much XP from him in regards to what you can if you just reset the farm so yeah get this done guys run it and tell me what you think down below it's a great great XP farm and you'll earn tons of Legendaries too I earn quite a few between five and ten a lot of the times I run this by myself while doing it solo that's what I've been getting anyway yeah it's a great great farm now if you don't know how to farm and reset dungeons it's pretty simple if you're doing this in a team or if you're doing it like a party the party host needs to bring up his map go across the social and leave the party that host then will then spawn outside of the dungeon door right here he can invite you back into his team you run the dungeon again simple as that all enemies will have you spawned if you're playing this solo like I'm doing guys what you need to do is exit the dungeon be via bringing up your map and going to leave or pushing up on your d-pad and going to leave dungeon once you're outside of the dungeon door guys you want to quit at your game once you've quit at your game you then want to load back in your load back in outside of the dungeon door I run back in all the enemies will have respawned it really is that simple but yes guys this is a great great XP farm after the recent nerfs and it works an absolute treat try it out and let me know guys if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out if you like what you're seeing want to see more be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys I will see you on that next one


Good morning, everyone. My name is Dr. Manisha Uchandani. I'm second year post-graduate resident at Maharshi Mukundeshwar Institute of Medical Science, Mulana. So the topic of my paper that I will be presenting today is Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography in Detection of Pancreatic Tumors. So the solid lesion of pancreas represent a heterogeneous group of entities that can be broadly classified as either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Neoplastic lesion include pancreatic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, solid pseudo papillary tumor, pancreatoblastoma, pancreatic lymphoma or the metastasis to the pancreas and rare miscellaneous neoplasm. Non-neoplastic lesion include focal pancreatitis, fatty infiltration replacement, intra-pancreatic esicere spleen, congenital anomalies such as prominent pancreatic lobulation and bifid pancreatic tail. So the variety of imaging modalities are available for assisting these solid lesion including ultrasonography, computed tomography, MRI and hybrid nuclear imaging such as single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission computed tomography. So the aim of my study is to assess the accuracy of ultrasound and CT in evaluation of pancreatic tumor and in determining the receptability and prognosis of various pancreatic tumors. So the methods we have gone through is this is a prospective study of 50 patients with a pancreatic lesion to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound and CT in detecting and diagnosing the pancreatic neoplasm. So the all the CT examination were performed on 28 slides MD city out of total 50 cases. The cases with a high suspicious of pancreatic neoplasm based on clinical and laboratory finding positive on CT were 40 and the patient which were positive on ultrasound were 35. So the CT is the most versatile technique for imaging pancreas. It is high diagnostic accuracy for determining the nature of neoplasm. CT has an advantage over ultrasound in evaluation of pancreas as pancreas being a retroperitoneal may be obscured by a bowel gases which make it difficult to visualize on ultrasound. But CT has no such limitation. The entire anatomy of pancreas and pathologies can be well delineated by CT. So here is the coronal post contrast portal phase CT scan shows an iso adiabatic tumor in the pancreatic head causing proximal dilatation of CVD and abrupt cutoff. Then we have an another Excel post contrast portal phase CT scan shows a double duct sign the dilatation of CVD and MPD is seen and we can also see that IHBRD is our prison intrahepatic ductal dilatation is also present. So here is another Excel post contrast portal phase CT scan shows a unresectable adenocarcinoma with vascular invasion and liver metastasis in 72 year old man present with abdominal pain, weight loss and jaundice. So here is an Excel contrast enhanced CT image demonstrate a small cyst conjured in a honeycomb pattern in the pancreatic head and neck so we can think of cirrhosis adenoma. Then we have Excel contrast enhanced CT shows a large complicated cystic lesion in a 54 old woman so we can think of malignant mucinous system. So here is the post contrast portal phase CT scan shows a large tumor in the ancinate process with extrinsic cystic necrotic degeneration and thick enhancing ball. So we can think of malignant neuro endocrine tumor with cystic necrotic degeneration. Then we have another case of 53 year old man present with a general malaise. We can see that the post contrast arterial phase CT scan shows a heterogeneously hypo attenuated tumor in the pancreatic head containing punctate foci of calcification and we can also see that a large hypervascular ring enhancing metastasis is seen in segment 6 of the level. Then a 54 year old man present with abdominal pain this is a coronal oblique post contrast arterial phase shows the local invasion of pancreatic tail from the lymphomaid's infiltration of the spleen and we can also see that retroperitoneal lymphodylopathy. So this is the second case of secondary lymphoma. Then this is a pathologically proved metastasis to the pancreas from renal cell carcinoma in asymptomatic 68 year old woman who had undergone the left nephrectomy. So the post contrast portal phase CT scan shows a large hypervascular tumor with cystic necrotic degeneration in the pancreatic tail and these are the vessels indicate the intratumoral vessels. So in the prison study out of 40 cases 31 cases were diagnosed as ductile adenocarcinoma, 6 were diagnosed as cystic neoplasm, 1 with neuroendocrine tumor, 1 with lymphoma and 1 with metastasis and rest of the 10 patients were normal on city and ultra. So out of 40 cases 31 cases were non-receptible due to the local or distance spread of the tumor and 9 cases were recyclable. So the sensitivity and specificity of contrast enhanced computed tomography in diagnostic of pancreatic tumor is 88.3% and 71.43% respectively. But in case of ultrasound it's a bit low. The sensitivity is 76% and specificity is 62.5%. So the image finding on ultrasound and city have a favorable result also. The use of ultrasound is non-invasive, non-ionizing, taking only few minutes easy to perform and integrity, cost effective with good repeatability and reliability. But in USG was less sensitivity and specific in detection of pancreatic neoplasm when compared to city. It was not able to diagnose the small iso-equic solid masses which were diagnosed on contrast enhanced city. There was also difficulty in accurate assessment of the local extension and small sized liver mitts. In case of contrast enhanced city it emerged as a better and superior modality in detecting various pancreatic neoplasm and it is more specific and sensitive when compared to ultrasound. Thank you.


When you fill those vital informational gaps, people will watch it, I promise. Homemade is fine, it is a welcome relief. Authentic wins. Search engines and devices are prioritizing video, we have no choice. And you are likely the first one to show up and serve that particular need. You will not go viral, you will not suddenly become famous. But if you do this frequently over time, you will establish yourself as a voice and show up in the searches.


Hi, I'm Russ, and I'm Meg, and this is Coco, and we're from County Wexford, Ireland, and you're watching Trucker Josh on YouTube. Is it from over here? It must be from here. I hope so. I might as well stop. Palm tree right here. Palm tree. Oh, that's exciting. That's the first hole I got close to that one. Do you guys see that? I knew I was going to see a palm tree this trip. Where's the driveway? For real here. Here we go. Park on the street here, and I'll check into them. They got me unloaded in less than an hour. That's pretty good. Really nice guys here. It's all going to be a love's travel plaza. It's amazing the amount of work and effort that goes into building these places for us truckers. You know, those tanks I had on my trailer, the fuel, no, the water oil separators. Same thing that I delivered to that new loves in Illinois. Or was it Wisconsin? Illinois and Wisconsin there? What these tanks are for is they go under the ground, underneath the fuel pumps, and all the water that drains at those drains at the fuel pump. Sometimes oil gets in there, right? And, well, loves doesn't want that oil to go back into the ground. You know, that might be a law you probably should be. You don't want that oil to go back in the ground, so they have to separate the oil from the water. And that's what those tanks are that I delivered here. It separates the oil from the water. And just for that, just to keep the ground clean and not pollute the earth, it costs loves tens of thousands of dollars for us to bring down these tanks and this whole system for them. Just to keep the place clean, right? That's how much they care about the environment. I thought that was pretty cool. Tens of thousands of dollars just so that the oil doesn't go into the ground. I'm not going to tell you all the exact numbers, but, you know, it definitely wasn't cheap for me to bring this down for them. And that's just my wage. Oh, sorry, buddy. Didn't see you around the corner there. Not bad. 100 meters. Turn right on. US 280. And you know every travel plaza and every gas station has these same things in the ground. So it's not cheap to be environmentally friendly, but I'm glad they do it. Otherwise, you know, you'd have all those trucks that are leaking oil at the pumps. All of that would just go right into the ground, right into the ground water. That wouldn't be good. All right, so we're empty. Head up to Tennessee. In Georgia. In bacon and making. Making bacon. Bacon making. I can't stop thinking about bacon driving through making. I need to find myself some kind of like portable grill or something for the truck that can cook bacon. So that I can have bacon and making next time I'm here. I bet you everybody watching from making Georgia right now just rolling their eyes. Oh, we haven't heard those ones before. Like, come on, you must hear that every day. Everybody who comes through here has got to say making bacon. How can you drive through making and not say making bacon? I don't think it's possible. How can you even drive through making without thinking about bacon? There's something wrong with you. If you don't think about bacon going through making, I'll stop. So if you haven't put two and two together yet, we're driving through making... I almost said making bacon. Driving through making Georgia right now. On our way up, we are empty. We have an empty flat bed behind us. They got me unloaded so quick there. I didn't even have time to grab the camera and show you them taking it off. They used a big excavator to unload the tanks with some tow straps or some chains. I got all my straps off pretty quickly and they just had to get their equipment ready. That's why it took a little longer. But by the time... Once they got to my trailer, it was done in like 10 minutes. I was there on time. And now we've got to go pick up some steel in Jackson, Tennessee. And that steel is going to Saskatchewan, Canada. I've got to deliver it there on Monday. And today when I'm filming this, it's Thursday. And I want to swing by home on the way so that I can go to my aunt's wedding on Saturday. I'm hoping I can at least make it for the reception. No, it's on Sunday. I keep thinking it's on Saturday. So if I get home Saturday night, I can wake up. We have a family gathering in the morning. We want to take some family pictures. Then in the afternoon, we go to the reception. Right after the reception, I'll have to jump in the truck and head out to Saskatchewan to unload in the morning. We'll see if it'll work out. I don't know if it will. I don't know. But I really want to be there for it. And we'll see what happens. I'm doing my best. All right, we want to go on Interstate 75 North here. We're on the north side of Atlanta. We just went around the city. It was pretty uneventful, which is good. Oh, you want to come in here, don't you? No? Okay. If you want to get in my lane, put your signal on. 200 meters. Keep to the left on by 75 northern end. Keep to the left in 1.4 kilometers. All right, here we go. 75 north. What a spider web of highways here. I can sort of remember from, what, two years ago when we went this way through here? Head up this way, and I think... Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa, okay. Okay, everyone's getting a little scared. Okay. All right, find your safe space. Find your safe, okay, all right. We're merging with more traffic. Keep to the left on by 75. I've actually been pretty impressed with this ride through Atlanta today. Everyone has been, like, pretty respectful. Everyone's been, like, patient. The traffic was moving pretty smoothly, so I guess that wasn't really any chance for impatience. But no one was really... I was cut off once by one guy. He was super cool driving his grandma's Nissan. With, uh, super black tinted windows, so... You know he's extra cool. He cut me off and then... Brake checked me once, I think. It felt like it, maybe he wasn't. I don't know, I couldn't tell, because he had no windows. They were just black pieces of glass. I don't know what he was doing, but... Making life a little difficult for me for about three minutes, and then he was gone. Speeders, keep to the left on by 75. A lot of empty flatbeds around here. Look at this. No loads for us in Atlanta, apparently. 300 meters, keep to the left on by 75. And we can't just take any load, either. Like, for me, I'm going a full day's drive to go pick up this steel in, uh... In Tennessee. Luckily both these loads are really good paying loads, so it doesn't hurt me that much. But it still hurts, yeah. A whole day driving empty isn't what I'd like to do, but, you know, we can't just take any load. The load has to be going directly back to Canada. I can't pick up a load in the United States and then drop it off inside the United States. That's illegal. They call it interstating. You have to be an American citizen to do that, otherwise, you know, obviously I'd be stealing one of these fine people's jobs. Like this guy here or that guy over there. That would be a load for them to take. They're Americans. You know? For me, being a Canadian citizen, I... Continue on this road for 14 kilometers. That has nothing to do with what I'm talking about, Karen, but thanks for trying. I have to go straight back to Canada. So I dropped off my freight that I picked up in Canada. I went straight to my destination, dropped it off. Now I gotta go to my reload and go straight back to Canada. I mean, I don't think they're too picky if I take a scenic route here and there or to avoid traffic or a detour.  They're gonna ask some serious questions for me if I were to, like, get pulled over in California or Utah. What are you doing here? Supposed to take the direct route back to Canada. So that's why we gotta go all the way to Tennessee. That's where our... Well, we have a contract there, I guess. And we need someone there to pick up the load because you gotta take care of your people, right? And that's one of our people. So we'll pick it up tomorrow. Hopefully I don't gotta tarp anything. They said if there's any cardboard boxes on the bed, I gotta tarp it. Now, if you're crying out loud, don't put cardboard on the bed then. Like, don't, don't... Put it in a wooden crate. Right? We've been over this. Put it in a crate. Not a box. It's very hard to tie boxes down onto the deck because they crumple. Right? It doesn't really protect whatever's inside there. And then they get all wet in the rain. That's why they want you to tarp it. Why don't you just put it in a wooden crate and, like, seal it or something, like a... I don't know. I'm needy. I'm a needy guy. But I have good ideas. I know a lot of these guys who load these trucks, you know, they don't drive the truck. So they don't care. Maybe if they heard it from someone who actually drives the truck, they'll do it differently, which makes it easier on all of us. Right? At least easier on me. I don't know. How many lanes we got here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven lanes in each direction. This guy on my right is having trouble staying in this lane. You know I'm here, right, bud? Oh, he's got subwoofers in there, too. Can you hear that? Just pounding the G-unit in there. Holy... Gangsta, gangsta. All right. Oh, now he wants to come in here. He put his signal on. Well, I'm right beside you, buddy. I want as fast as I can.  But I'm occupying this lane. Should have thought of that before you ended up at this exit. Damn. Well, don't take off my back bumper. I actually cut in so close behind me. I almost tucked my bumper off. I guess it would have taken his bumper off. My trailer probably would have been fine. I'm always coming past this on the left now. Here comes G-unit. Is G-unit still a thing? Probably not. That's dating me. It was the thing when I was in high school. I don't know what the biggest rappers are of today. I've moved past those days more into country myself. Country music is my favorite music. I've gotten more into classic rock now since I married Britt too. She loves classic rock. Like Motley Crue and Def Leppard. Never used to listen to them before, but now I should listen to them. Like Five Finger Death Punch and stuff like that. Never now. My favorite is country music.  You're rattling the windows when I pulled up. Oh, I was that kid. I know. I know. I'll never live it down.  Turn your signal on.  Turn your signal on, and I'll help you. You don't put your signal on. I'm not making way for you. You can't read your mind. Chat nougan. Look at that traffic backed up on that side of the road. It's already been like that for like five miles. This is the second backup, too. Once they get through this mess, they got another backup just like this down in Georgia. It never ceases to amaze me how whenever I start talking, you have to talk too, Karen. And then we'll sit here in silence for like five hours. And suddenly I start talking, and you have so much to say. Is it like my voice? Is it my voice that triggers you? Okay, there was an accident up on the other side of Chat nougan, on the other side. Now, look at this traffic. It's still lined up on that side. Still lined up. I feel so bad for little drivers because they have no idea. Half an hour down the road, they're going to have to go through another one just like this. No one cares what you have to say, Karen, just saying. Why don't you go find a manager to complain to? Still backed up. I know you guys haven't seen my face much. Karen! I'm starting to get frustrated. I just want to talk to my friends. What was I saying? I don't remember. I know you guys haven't seen much of my face today, or yesterday, but I figured you'd rather look at the road anyway. Look at the sights. No use torturing you with my face too much. You know what I mean? It's still backed up. Yikes at nouga. Yikes, your bridge connections are worse than Manitoba. Yikes. Still backed up. Wow. Let's see how far this goes. All the way around the corner here. This has gone through the entire city already. The accident was like outside the city, but just outside the city on the south side. Just going to be all the way around up the hill because I know we go here. Been around to the right. Yup. Backed all the way up here all the way up around the hill. That's got to be close to 10 miles already. Glad we're not going that way. I don't know if you'll be able to see it, but you can see that string of lights all the way to the right. You can see that string of lights all the way along the base of that hill there. Or I guess they would call that a mountain probably. I call it a hill. The camera's going to pick that up. Just have to trust me if you can't see it. Now it's one of the longest backups I've seen in a while. Then again, I've been spending most of my time out on the prairies and in western Canada and stuff. North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois. There's not quite as much traffic as down here on the interstates. There you can see it, right? I hope nobody has to go to the bathroom over there. That's always the worst part of getting stuck in traffic. And traffic, that's like creeping too.  Traffic, that's just creeping forward. So you have to keep moving, right? But you've got to go to the bathroom so bad.   I was not planning that. Karen just does that. I hadn't heard from you in like three hours, Karen. What I was saying is we're in Jackson, Tennessee. Excuse me. And we're going to the pilot here to see if there's room. The pilot is pretty much just down the road from where we got to pick up our steel tomorrow. And it's only nine o'clock but I'm kind of thinking it's going to be full. Let's hope we're lucky. I'm going to fuel up tonight if I find an open spot I'm just going to snag it. Fuel tomorrow. Eggs at 85 coming up here. On Christmasville Road. I like it. So I've realized that today and most of yesterday it was all just dash footage. What do you guys think of that? I don't know if you like to see my face more often. I didn't take you on our walk today either. I forgot my camera. I meant to do that. I'm sorry guys but I'll mess it up. But yeah, most days if you're new here most days you see a lot more of me not just the road. I do. I try to do a lot different things. I try to do different things every day. I mean making a video every day sometimes get into a rut into a routine but I always snap out of it and we always come back. Well I have my doubts. I really do have my doubts that there's going to be parking here. Well there's a speedway over here. Maybe they'll have parking. I'll check the pilot first but this part of the country at nine o'clock at night anywhere else maybe. How do I get in here? See there's already people parking along the driveway over here on the right. Practically blocking the driveway. This is the exit apparently. Well I remember this pilot now. I've been here many times before. Okay back in the day back in the days back in the days of the van trailers. Can you see it? Can you see it? I'm back into a spot perfect spot. It was all packed when I got here so I decided to go and fuel today instead. And now I got a parking spot. Someone pulled out just as I was fueling. Good thing I fueled today because remember I said I was going to fuel tomorrow? Oh by the way hi. Here's my face. I do exist behind the camera. So yeah someone pulled out as I was fueling. What luck and it's just perfect right right out the the aisle way there. Wasn't hard to back into because this parking lot is really tight. I did not want to stay here. I trust myself. I can get into any parking spot. That's not the problem. The problem is if people leave during the night and then someone knew backs in beside me. I don't trust them. I don't want my truck all dinged up because like sure yeah maybe we can I got my dash cam over here. I will record whoever hits me and we'll come for the money and get them to fix it but still then my truck is down like if they damage my truck bad then I'm without a truck and without a job until it gets fixed and until we chase them down for the money or where I have to put the bill first and then they pay me back and it's just it's a big mess. It's a lot of paperwork a lot of headaches I just rather avoid it so I don't even park in parking spots where I think someone might back into me. I wish that they would build truck stops a little differently more with like more diagonal pull through parking because I know that we can all get into these spots it's not a matter of can we back in like you and I can we get into the spot we know we can but can the Swift driver among us sorry sorry Swift drivers throwing you under the bus there a little bit I apologize but you get the joke right so hope you guys have a good night anyways sorry it was mostly just road footage today I was just giving her this guy's idling his truck beside me and it's a perfect night perfect night not to idle it why would you waste your fuel oh maybe he's got you guys have told me before maybe they have a sleep apnea machine in there or something that they need to keep the batteries charged that could be I shouldn't judge at least he doesn't have a super loud engine fan the engine fan just kicked on now and that's not too bad I can deal with that I can always go spin around and nose in I used to always nose into these spots right but ever since my batteries died after I nosed in I don't do that anymore because if I'm nosed in here and my batteries die and I call someone a tow truck or whatever to come boost me they can't even reach me because my batteries are all the way on my truck at the back of the spot and there's people beside me so they can't even reach me to give me a boost so I learnt my lesson always back in just in case and what if the truck doesn't start or something right you need them to be able to access the front of the truck I'm tired I'm gonna go to bed tomorrow we pick up our load just around the corner and we start heading home we have 2,000 kilometers or about 1,250 I'm gonna say 1,300 miles to go and we gotta do that in 2 days we're gonna have to hope for no traffic and it's gonna be tight but we can do it we can do it I'm glad I got you here with me because I'm gonna need some company it's gonna be some long hours in the next couple of days good night


Well, lots of guests on the show. Shoms is here. I wanna talk about Julius Randall. I wanna talk more about Devon Booker. Do not put that Devon Booker thing on the internet. Ow, Jordan Bell!  We've got him, the Bama Star. Next. We're almost to a single digits, baby. The countdown continues. The NFL draft 10 days away in Kansas City. Our first guest today, a college football national champion. He's got the hardware, baby, playing four years at the University of Alabama, one of the best safeties. I'm sorry. The best safety in the draft, please welcome Jordan Battle. Hey, Jordan. Hey, how you doing? I'm great. Maybe we should have some intro music for you, because listen, you got moves in that locker room. I'm watching. There's dance battles going on. Talk me through. And by the way, I particularly liked this one from last season. What's going on here? I was calling it to the spot. I didn't wanna dance. Just like, sometimes I just don't wanna do it. Looks like you do it, but. Yeah, I don't, but I can dance. So whenever they call me to the spot, I gotta accept the challenge and go and show them what I can do. All right, y'all just doing this. I just started doing it like I'm floater. Jordan, what do you look like when you want to dance? If that's you not wanting to dance? I guess I have to find out. You have signature celebrations. Is the NFL ready for you? Do you have something in the works? I don't think they're ready for my dance moves. My dance moves is different. They're amazing. Now imagine this scenario. Wherever you go, you pick off Bryce Young. You take it to the house. What's the touchdown move gonna be? We talked about this, but hmm. What do you mean you talked about it? I think.  Oh yeah. Yeah. How did that conversation go? You know, it was mellow. It was nothing. You know, we didn't take it personally, but obviously when we do play, it's probably gonna be personal to the end of the game. But you know, it's all love for Bryce. But in practice, it was the same.  So it's nothing gonna be like, nothing gonna be different but from practice at Alabama. What's the key to picking off Bryce Young? You have to trick him because he knows how to trick the opponent or the DB. So you have to be able to read his eyes, but kinda not always read his first read because you're not always going to where he's looking first.  So just knowing that. It's well said. And he might go number one in the draft in 10 days, but we're wanting to know where Jordan Battle's going to go. Lots of teams are interested. And I wanna know a little bit about your story because there's NFL fans that are sort of meeting you in this interview. You could have left after your junior year, right? I remember, I don't watch College Ball, but I remember your name being brought up. There were experts that I really hold in high regard, predicting and projecting you as a high-run pick in last year's draft. And then all of a sudden it was like, nope, he's going back for a senior year. What made you do that? Yeah, I would say the main reasons was to graduate. My mom wanted me to graduate college and that was something that I took and ran with and I actually ended up graduating last year in December last semester. And that made her proud. And then the other reason was something that we didn't accomplish, but we set out a great season, but I wanted to win another national championship. We didn't accomplish that, but we did end the season well, went and played Kansas State before the last game of the season and went out there and dominated. And the decision for all the seniors and all the guys who were deciding to lead to play in that game was another thing that went into the season and going in the leadership that we just built it. And the togetherness for all of us to go in and play and not sit out like other players would do and go in there and dominate was a beautiful thing to see. I think it's beautiful that you wanted to finish college. I think it's a risk. I think it might have not paid off. Anything could have happened, but nothing happened. You crushed it. And the experts this year are syncing your praises again, if not more. Mike Renner over at PFF and he does all the analytics. These teams are looking at these numbers. He marked you as a high floor safety, plug and play starter from day one. There's a lot of comparisons being made. Jordan Battle, you tell me, what is the strongest part of your game? Yeah, I would just say my smarts on the field. How I play off instinct, how I can be a versatile guy. I can be moved in the box. I could be a deep field safety. I could play in a slot. So just being versatile and trying to be smart and studying film and kind of knowing what the office is giving me before I've been playing the game. Just going into the game with confidence and being comfortable out there. You played your whole college career at Bama. You almost played three, but you almost didn't play any over there. You finished with a four year career under the stewardship of Nick Saban. You originally were committed to the Ohio State. What did Saban say to you? What was his pitch that made you pick Bama? Well, it was like, in 2019, that was the year Urban Meyer had resigned. So I had kind of opened up my recruitment again because I wasn't sure if the whole demons of staff would stay, which they ended up all leaving. Smart. Yeah, Coach Shiano, who was the DC, Coach Grinch, who was the Safety Coach, and Taylor Johnson was the Cornish Coach. They all had one hand went to NFL, one went to Oklahoma, and one hand went to Rutgers. So I had to open up my recruitment again, and it was almost like, dang, who am I going to go to now? But then after that, you seen Coach Kirby. It was Coach Smart and Coach Saban, who came in on the same date. And it was like, that who am I going to choose because these are two tough schools. But when Coach Saban came, it kind of reminded me of my high school. I had to work for my position in high school. I had to earn my spot in high school. And just Coach Saban coming in and saying it just felt different. It's the greatest college coach to ever coach. And just going into a place like Alabama, being able to earn a spot and get on the field early, it was like unreal. He seems like a real intense guy, like I would not pick him to be on his team. There's coaching because I want an easy ride. Does he have tender moments? Like does he have moments where he lets it loose or lets his guard down, or is it just nonstop foot on the gas? No, he definitely has his soft sides. And I feel like Miss Terry plays a key role in his soft side as well. She loves the players. And he loves them just as much as Miss Terry does. And usually he'll invite us over his house, cook us dinner. Sometimes guys may not have dinners, but if God needs a dinner or anything, you can go to Miss Terry, you can go to Miss Coach Saban, and they'll always offer. Jordan, who's cooking? What do you mean he's cooking dinner or Miss Terry's cooking dinner? Most likely it'll be, if it's planned, it'll be catered. Yeah, I was going to say. I'd love to see Nick Saban in an apron making a little souffle for dinner for everybody, but I didn't think it was going to happen. Okay, I love that. Now, in Alabama, such a powerhouse program, so we love asking about it, because we've seen a lot of success making that jump to the NFL. I read that you said that Heisman Trophy winner, Davante Smith, who's now at the Eagles, took you in when you got there. What did you learn from him and how are you expecting Bama to help you make the transition to the NFL? Yeah, Davante Smith was a hardworking guy.  So the main thing coming to Alabama was to put your head down and work. You got in the first day, you're going to have to work. Wake up early. As a freshman, you're going to wake up, go to 6.30 workouts every morning. Just prepare your mind for that. Knowing that you have to be responsible for yourself. Now you don't have your parents to tell you wake up or do your work. So just growing to a man early in early stages of Alabama was a thing that would help you and help others be successful. And that was one thing I did. I was very hardworking. Got in ex-work when I needed to. Winning got extra film after practice before practice. Just so I know what I can do to what I can do to get on the field. So being able to practice comfortable was a big name for me. And when you practice comfortable and not thinking too much, it allows you to play faster. Now, Devante Smith is one of the guys. Jerry Judy, Jalen Waddle.  Yeah, a little bit. But it was like, your time has come in. So just be patient. Your time has come. Just be patient. You'll be out there before you know it. And look, it's about what, 10 days away from the drive? Yes. Yeah, now it's here. So now I'm ready. I'm scared of you in the NFL. Listen, I like fantasy football. Don't do me like that. I like points. I like a game to have a big score so I can enjoy touchdown dances and all that. But you're another thing. And I don't know, if you play half as well as you dance in this NFL, we got a monster on our hands. All right, we're going to have a little fun with you before we go. We're going to just do a quick, would you rather, we're just going to get to know you a little bit. Would you rather have the superpower of invisibility or flying? Definitely flying. I don't want to be invisible. I want people to see me. And they will. And they will. How about get an interception or get a sack? Interception. Who are you intersepting? Let's manifest this. Which NFL wide receiver, you could pick one right now. Break up the play. Pick one. Let's go. Step on digs. Step on digs. Oh boy. Now he might have Deandra Hopkins up there in Buffalo before all is said and done. So we'll see. It'll be hard to cover them. I know that would be really hard with Josh Allen to cover all of them. Would you rather for a month eat only burgers or only pizza? Only burgers. Okay. Would you rather ride on the, what is this? Would you rather ride on the back of a stampeding buffalo or on the back of a dolphin? I'd rather ride on the back of a dolphin. Is that like a trick? Yeah. I don't know. I think it's a dumb question. Absolutely. We want to be on a dolphin. Okay. That's it.  Just that, I'm a high character guy. I have a great personality. Every building I walk in, my goal is to make someone smile because I'm always smiling. You'll never know I'm having a bad day because the way I carry myself and even if I'm having a bad day, I don't really have too many bad days. I'm just a positive guy who's going to inspire others around me who's just going to motivate others around me. I want all of us to win. I want all of us to have that same goal of winning a Super Bowl and being a winning team. Anything I can do to make a program, be a winning program, that's what I'm going to do. Yeah. I love that. I'm just telling you right now, I'm rooting for you to go in the division where Bryce Young lives. That's all I want. I want twice a year. So whatever Bryce Young will say, he goes number one. Great. Then I'm going to be rooting for you to be in that division where he decides to go. It's so nice to meet you. Enjoy. You have a perfect NFL name. The jersey writes itself. Like, who doesn't want a Jordan Battle NFL jersey? Enjoy these moments. I know they're weird and they're tough and they can be uncomfortable and you can ask all these crazy dumb questions but it's nice to get to meet you. Don't forget about us when you're an all pro. I want it all. Nice to meet you. Teach me a dance move before you go. Can you give me a little... I was not ready for that. Give me a little something. Give an old lady something to work with. I'll say, like, just get ready for, like, just walk right here when I do this. Okay. That right there. That's a dance move? Mm-hmm. Okay, so come on. All right, you can't see my legs. You can't see my legs. What are you doing with your legs? It's like, I'm going in and out with them. Yeah, there you go. That's it? I can see it. I don't get the whole... I can't see the whole view. Yeah. But I can see you got it down. It's not pretty, Jordan. You don't want to see the whole view. We love you. I will talk to you soon. Enjoy Draft Week in Jordan Battle from Bama to NFL and then to NBA. Listen, if Devon Booker doesn't turn around, that play doesn't happen, Sean. Sean's up next.


Zelo, bojte. Zelo, mi je na bordelje, nekako izvajte. Zelo, bojte. Še začala, nekaj? Na našem kaj biti. Zelo, bojte, ki so svoju 30 minuči, nekaj svoje 25 minuči, nekaj svoje 5 minuči, nekaj biti. Mezaj, nekaj, nekaj, začala bojte. In... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... magnetic excitations and ground states in quantum magnets and frustrated magnets. And so, this lecture is going into depth, into neutron scattering, and then, that's the first half, and then the second half, there will be some examples. So, I think, go back, I told you about the energy of the neutron, in the kinetic energy related to the velocity, the velocity is, of course, related to the wave vector and the wavelength. That the neutron has two ways to interact with a sample. It can interact via the nuclear force and see the nuclei within a particular material, and it can also interact via its magnetic moment to see the electrons in the material. That the neutron can be produced in a nuclear reactor and also in an accelerator. Okay. So, now, I want to talk about the advantages of neutron scattering. Why one might choose that? The most obvious advantage for frustrated magnetism is the sensitivity of the neutron to magnetic order and fluctuations, to magnetic moments in a material. Besides that, it turns out that the neutron energy and wavelength are very well matched to condensed matter excitations and distances. So, neutrons, we can call them cold, thermal or hot, and we can create them with these types of energies. In temperature, we can convert that to milli-electron volts, and we have typical energies from 0.1 to 500 milli-electron volts, and that just about covers the range of magnetic excitations that you might find in a material. And also, for those energy ranges, for each energy, there is, of course, a particular wavelength, and these wavelengths are also well matched to the distances between magnetic ions in materials. So, if we take thermal neutrons with a wavelength of 2 angstrom, 2 angstrom is similar to interatomic distances in materials, and a 2 angstrom neutron will have kinetic energy of 20 MeV, and 20 MeV is typical of the type of magnetic excitations you might see in a material, that's energy scale. So, this is very well matched. It means you can measure the full B1 zone, the excitations over the full B1 zone as a function of wave vector and energy in a material. Now, for 2 angstrom electrons, the energy is actually of the order of electron volts, not milli-electron volts, and when you get to x-rays, it's kilo-electron volts. So, instrumentation is much more complicated with x-rays. Okay, another point is that neutrons are a weekly interacting probe. That means that most of the neutrons will pass straight through the sample, depending on how thick it is. And only a few neutrons or a small percentage of the neutrons are scattered. And this makes, so there are very few occasions where we have double scattering or multiple scattering of the neutrons. And this makes the equation simple, makes it simple to compare a scattering pattern that's been measured to a theoretical calculation. We don't have to deal with multiple scattering. So, in this graph, it's the nuclear scattering now of the neutron as a function of atomic number of the element. That's the red point. You can see it's of the order of centimeters. With x-rays, as the element gets heavier, the penetration depth, that the x-rays can go into the sample, gets smaller and is of the order of microns. And with electrons, it's even smaller. So, in those techniques, you have multiple scattering. OK. So, what happens when the neutron arrives at a sample? Well, it can do three things. Here we have a sample, and the neutrons arriving there, all, it's a collimated beam. The beam is all parallel. They're arriving in the same direction. So, the neutrons can either pass straight through the sample, and many of them will do that. And at the other side, we have the transmitted neutrons. Or they can be absorbed by the sample, they come to a stop. Or they can be scattered by the sample, in which case their direction changes. They're scattered, transmitted and absorbed. So, we can place our detector here or here. If we place our detector behind the sample, we measure the transmitted neutrons. And this is a real-space imaging technique. It's a form of microscopy, which you can do with neutrons. I won't talk about that. I'll talk about the scattered neutron beam. This is where the neutron changes direction after interacting with the sample. And this is an interference process that causes a change of direction. And it gives information about the density distribution of the positions of the atoms and their scattering power, and also the excitations. So, this is a typical way to draw the scattering experiment. We have a sample. We have instant neutrons with an instant wave vector Ki and an incident energy EI. Those two quantities are, of course, related. After scattering the sample, some of the neutrons are scattered at an angle 2 theta. And the scattered neutrons have a wave vector Kf and an energy Nef. And this angle is the scattering angle 2 theta. So, during the scattering process, the neutron can energy of the neutron may remain the same, or it may be changed. Elastic scattering is where the neutron energy is the same before and after the scattering event. It's like there, it recoils from the atom during the collision, but doesn't lose energy. But the neutron can also give energy to the sample or absorb energy from the sample. So, it can create a phonon or a magnon, in which case it will lose that amount of energy. Or it can absorb a firmly excited phonon or magnon, and then afterwards it will have more energy. So, elastic scattering is where the neutron is unchanged, and no excitation has been created in the sample. In elastic scattering is where the neutron gains or loses energy. So, Ei does not equal Ef. Also, we have to have conservation of energy in momentum, so whatever energy change happens to the neutron must be given to the sample. So, the difference in the neutron energy is the difference between the initial and final neutron velocity squared, or wave vector squared. And that equals h cross omega, which represents the energy of the excitation or the energy given to the sample. We also have to have conservation of momentum, which is, of course, a vector. The difference, the vector difference between the initial and final wave vector of the neutron equals the scattering vector q, which is the momentum given to the sample. Okay, so now we can think about elastic scattering. If we have elastic scattering Ei equals Ef, there is no change in the neutron energy. H cross omega equals zero, the modulus of Ki equals the modulus of Kf. So, elastic scattering can be represented by the scattering triangle, where we have Ki. Initial neutrons arriving at the sample, which is the green dot. They are scattered at the angle to theta. Because it's an elastic scattering event, the length of Ki and Kf are the same, but the directions are different. We can make a vector triangle by rearranging the arrows. The difference is the wave vector q. You can do small angle neutron scattering and go down to 0.1, but you have to be very columnated, yes. You can do much better with x-rays, actually. If you do small angle neutron scattering, then you're looking at large objects. You can see that from Bragg's law. So, you've got a small theta, you can have a large d. Oh, I'll show you in a minute. So, back to the scattering triangle. The wave vector difference is q, or half of q is given here. Go back to theta q, or half of q is... So, from trigonometry, we can say that sine theta equals 2 by q over the wave vector k, where k is the modulus of Ki, which equals the modulus of Kf. And actually, this is now Bragg's law. So, just to go back to the scattering triangle, we could also rearrange it like this. It was Ki, Kf, scattering from the sample at angle 2 theta, and this is the wave vector difference q. So, what we have to do in the experiment is we have to arrange whatever is interesting, an interesting direction in our experiment along the wave vector q, which can be varied by changing the angle 2 theta. So, let's say we have a reciprocal lattice. We want, for example, a reciprocal lattice point to land along this wave vector q. That means you have to rotate the sample until this orientation is achieved, and at that point, you'll see a Bragg peak, or the feature we're looking for in your detector, which is placed at an angle 2 theta from the original incident beam. So, inelastic scattering can also be represented by these triangles. This triangle is for the neutron loses energy, and an excitation is created. So, here we have Ki and Kf. Ki is longer than Kf, which means that the initial energy is greater than the final energy. So, the neutron lost energy and it gave that energy to the sample and created an excitation at the wave vector q. And this triangle represents the neutron gains energy by destroying an excitation in the sample. Here, now Ki, the initial wave vector of the neutron is shorter than the final wave vector, so the initial energy of the neutron is smaller than the final energy. So, the neutron gained energy in the process, and it gained energy by destroying something, an excitation, and it destroyed it at the wave vector q. Okay, so, the mathematics of this is, people normally talk about cross sections. This is the cross section, it's the double differential cross section, that's sigma. Double differential with respect to solid angle omega and energy E. Okay, so, the important part here is that there is a matrix element between the initial and final state of the neutron, the initial and the final state of the neutron in the sample. Initial state, final state. We respect to this potential V, which is the potential between the neutron and the sample. So, what goes into V? This interaction potential is, well, we're thinking magnetically now. The neutron has a magnetic moment, and that moment is going to have an energy depending on the magnetic field that it experiences in the side, the sample. And we have magnetic fields in the sample because we have net magnetic moments due to unpaired electrons and orbital moments as well due to the unpaired electrons. And the neutrons will see this because of their magnetic moment. So, the interaction looks like this. That is the product of the field with respect to the magnetic moment of the neutron. That's all it is, except that the field is a very complicated expression involving the spin and the orbital of the electrons. For comparison, you can look at the nuclear potential, which is given here, which is much, much simpler. It's simply a delta function. It's a very short range in the strong nuclear force is a very short range interaction. That's why it's represented by delta function and then a scattering power B. So, now we're going back to the magnetic cross section, which is shown here, now simplified in terms of the scattering function. So, this is now had some rearrangements done to it. The magnetic V has been put into the equation. Just I want to point out some things that might be interesting. So, here we have a magnetic form factor, which reduces the intensity as the, with increasing wave vectors. So, this is something to look out for when you're looking for magnetic signal. Divine boiler factor reduces the intensity with increasing temperature. There's a polarization factor, which is this part, which ensures that you only see spin components perpendicular to the wave vector transfer. And most important is this part, which is the spin-spin correlation function, which describes how two spins in the material, let's say at lattice site A and somewhere else in a different unit cell, how they are correlated as a function of distance and time. That's this. And basically, what neutron scattering observes is the Fourier transform of the spin-spin correlation function. And that's something that can be calculated, depending on your model. OK, so now actual measurements how to do actual measurements. Well, I'm going to focus on inelastic neutron scattering, because that way we can measure excitations. So, clearly you need to know your initial energy and the final energy of the neutron. So, you need to be able to select initial energy and measure a final energy. The two types of instruments, the triple axis spectrometer and the time of light spectrometer. So, I talked about the triple axis spectrometer, which is shown here. So, first of all, I should mention that all the sources of neutrons, the reactor, the accelerator, both of them produce a wide beam of neutrons. So, we have to select one wavelength or one energy, it's the same thing. We have to choose particular wavelength of the neutrons to do our experiment. And that's done using the monochromator. It's actually branch scattering at the monochromator. The monochromator will select one particular wavelength. So, that's a monochromator crystal doing branch scattering. You have to produce... And it's nuclear branch scattering at this point. It's just a material that's chosen to get scattered very strongly, so we have an intense beam of that, now one wavelength. So, it's a wide beam here, it's a single wavelength there. Okay, then we get to the sample, which is here. It's drawn in with a circle around it, because normally we have to cool the sample in a cryostat, because we want to measure at a particular temperature, or in a particular magnetic field, and that would be the equipment to do it. Then we have an analyzer. Analyzer is used to measure the energy of the scatterneutron. So, now I control the scattering triangle. We have Ki, it's just this direction, we have Kf, which, because we've chosen to put our analyzer at this 2-theta angle, which means our Q wave vector transfer is in this direction, because it's the vector difference between them. Okay, now the analyzer, so we know that the neutrons are going this direction because we've put our analyzer to collect them in that 2-theta direction. But what we don't know is the energy of these scattered neutrons, and that's the purpose of the analyzer, which is also a crystal of graphite, which will select one particular wavelength. So it'll only scatter one particular wavelength, depending on its brag angle to the instant beam, which can be altered, so you can scan that to measure to find out what is the energy of the scattered neutrons. Okay, so now a bit more about the monochromator. The monochromator I said was a crystal, the idea of the monochromator is to select one wavelength or one energy of neutrons. And it's just a crystal, which is used to do brag scattering. So the neutrons might have a white beam, which has some distribution as a function of wavelength or energy, that looks like this. And we're going to select the neutrons which have this wavelength only. For which we need to do brag scattering, nuclear brag scattering. So now I'm drawing the planes of our monochromator. It's a single crystal with a d-spacing, and we scatter the white beam of neutrons from that, and it will reflect only one wavelength, corresponding to its d-spacing and the angle theta. And if you want to select a different wavelength, we change the angle. That's what it looks like in reality. It's a series of blades of graphite, and these blades can actually be curved to focus the beam and gain more intensity. The other bit of equipment that's important is now we need to measure the final energy of the neutrons. After the scattering event, and again we use brag's law and the graphite crystal, and we select our angle two theta to choose just one wavelength that might be in the scattered beam, and then we can scan that, then to select a different wavelength. And again, this is what it looks like in reality. This one is a horizontally focused analyzer. OK, so triple axis spectromes. This is a picture of the one we have in Berlin. The monochromator rests inside this drum. Everything has to be shielded for safety reasons. The sample would sit on this table. The analyzer is inside this box, and the detector is at the end. A scatter and triangle would look like this. So now you can do measurements by, you can do different types of measurements. So one measurement that's useful is to measure, to scan the energy at a particular wave vector. Does my system have an energy gap and what is the energy of the gap, for example? So to do that, this is now a reciprocal space drawing. We have the initial wave vector and the final wave vector and q. This is the scattering triangle. And we want to keep q fixed because we're going to measure at a particular wave vector and change the energy, which means change of difference between Ki and Kf. So you can change it this way, keeping the wave vector fixed. And then this is used, for example, if you have flat modes, as in this material, you can scan in energy through the flat mode, so there's one mode here and one mode here, and then you see two peaks. Alternatively, you might want to scan as a function of wave vector, keeping the energy fixed, in which case the length of Ki and Kf must be fixed, although the angle between them can change to change q. And this is a way to scan through, for example, double sides of a dispersion. If I did a scan this way, I would see two peaks as it passes through here and here. Okay, the second type of instrument is the time of flight spectrometer. So now the point is to use time and distance as a way to find your neutron energies. You don't use a monochromator crystal anymore. You use time and distance. So, and this is done by cutting the beam into pulses. Normally the beam is a continuous beam coming out of the reactor, or it can be a pulse beam, in which case you don't need to cut it in pulses. You have that already. So here we would have the instant neutrons coming in this direction. We would have choppers. The sample would be here. And now we have a detector bank. These are little green dots inside a detector chamber. Each dot has a different 2-theta angle. So the method is to have choppers in the beam. We have a continuous beam of neutrons. We need to pulse the beam of neutrons by putting a chopper in. A chopper is a disk with a hole in it and the disk goes around. And once per revolution it lets the neutrons through. So that's the chopper, actually it's a double disk chopper with a hole here. They counter rotate and at one point the both holes are open and it lets the pulse of neutrons through and then it closes again until the next revolution. OK, so that's the first chopper but we still have a wide beam of neutrons. All we know is that pulse started at time t0. So you need a second chopper placed a distance away which opens at a certain time later and you can phase it to open at a selected time later and you have a distance between these two choppers. You know the time difference between this one opening and this one opening. So you know the velocity of the neutrons. So having two choppers allows you to only allow through the neutrons which have a particular velocity and you can select that velocity by arranging this t2 time with respect to t0. When you know velocity of course you know the kinetic energy then you know the wavelength the wave vector, etc. OK, so we've monochromated the neutrons we have one particular wavelength for energy of neutrons. Go back. So here we have two choppers so we know the wavelength of the neutrons when they arrive at the sample. The next step is to measure the scattered neutrons not just their scattering angle which depends on which detector they go into but also their energy. But again these detectors don't just measure the angle they also measure the time and we know all the distances. So we know how long it took to arrive at this detector we know the distance from this detector to the sample so we know the velocity of the neutrons that was scattered. So we also have the final energy all can measure it. So this diagram is time versus distance this is actually an instrument and it's distance along the instrument. Instrument has choppers chopper 1, chopper 2, chopper 3, chopper 4 then the sample then the detector bank. At the function of time we have chopper 1 opens it opens regularly and lets through neutrons but it's a white beam we have to use chopper 2 to select neutrons only arriving at a particular time later to get through therefore they have a particular velocity so now we have one particular wavelength by the time it gets to the sample now the sample is going to scatter in whatever way the sample chooses to scatter and it's going to be scatter elastically but also inelastically by taking some of the neutron energy therefore some of the neutrons will be slower some might also be faster but the detectors measure the time of arrival and therefore also the energy of the scattered neutrons. So this is a diagram of the Merlin time of flight spectrometer here we have a chopper so we have the initial wave vector Ki we have the sample here at this point so we have the choppers down here we have the sample and then we have the detector bank shown here and the choppers select a particular wave vector of neutrons and then the neutrons are scattered by the sample into the detector bank and depending on which detector they go into they will have different two theta angles you can draw the scattering triangle with Ki Kf Kf is the now we have to choose one particular detector so at this detector detector scattering angle is two theta this is an elastic scattering event but sometime later neutrons that created excitations will arrive these will be slower because they gave up some of their energy to create the excitation so they will arrive later in time they will have less energy therefore the modulus of their wave vector will be smaller so now we have some inelastic neutrons arriving they have the same two theta angle because I'm only looking at one detector here but it's a shorter wave vector so the wave vector transfer Q has a different direction and so on as time goes on can put this into a reciprocal space diagram as the wave vector as the neutrons slow down or the ones that created excitations arrive later they will be smaller wave vector modulus of their wave vectors and when you do the scattering triangle you'll find that the wave vector transfer has a different direction now depending on how you arrange your sample you'll produce some trajectory through your sample okay that was just I just want to say one more thing I was of course only looking at one detector as a function of time and there's a large detector bank in each detector we'll be doing this so that's the background to neutron scattering or inelastic neutron scattering I want to talk about some examples now so the first example real measurements on the two pages oh yes um yes okay so currently going back here if you imagine that every detector is measuring as a function of time so it's measuring a whole spectrum and that there are lots of detectors this many you can imagine then you get a lot of data and if you want to measure if you want to have an overview of your material this is the best technique as you see you don't have a great deal of control as to go back to here you don't have a great deal of control as to where you are measuring so you have to do the whole thing you have to measure everything and then you can look at the data and work out and redistribute in terms of that structure so if you want to measure at a very specific point and you want to measure as a function of energy or as a function of magnetic field of temperature it's better to use the triple axis because you can go to a very specific point and then change whatever parameter you want to the time of flight is gives a bigger data bigger data sets yes it gives the overview in general you have to count longer to get this and therefore it's not always an advantage but there are new sources being made now which hopefully will be stronger so the first example is going to be a zero-dimensional magnet so i'm talking about the simplest thing you can imagine it's just two spins coupled together by an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction and assuming this is Heisenberg 2 and then you can work through this and realize that your ground state is a singlet represented by this wave function that's down and up plus minus up and down and then that's in the ground state and the excitations all have the same energy in a gap at a gap j and they are a triplet there are three of them and they can be assigned to spin quantum number one this is a singlet spine spin quantum number zero if you measure s of this or s z of this you'll find at zero okay well that can actually be realized in materials but more likely is that you have a dimerized material where you have pairs of spins like this this pair and this pair but there is a bit of weak coupling between them and then the simple picture gets modified because this coupling between them let's say j dash produces some sort of dispersion but so long as this one is smaller than this one then the gap remains okay then you put this in a magnetic field and if you get your field right as you increase the field you'll split the triplet you can even drive one of the triplet states into the ground state and so we have a singlet ground state non-magnetic give nothing in neutron scattering now we've driven one of the states into the ground state so we expect now to see magnetic drag peaks at the field where this goes into the ground state these things have been measured this is maps onto Bose-Einstein condensation so at a particular field the gap closes we get a condensation of the magnons into the ground state we get this type of phase diagram at very high fields we force all the spins to point along the field direction so we get a ferromagnet so these systems can be quite interesting they're very simple they have a singlet ground state gapped one magnon excitations the gap it can be dispersive depending on the interdimer coupling we can also have extra excitation like two magnon states bound states and Bose-Einstein condensation so a real material this is strontium chromate chromium this is one of the other valences of chromium it's chromium 5 plus chromium 5 plus so we said that chromium had six extra electrons five went into the D-shell one went into the S, four S so now we're going to remove five of them and we're left with one only in the D-shell one electron only will have a spin half this is the actual structure of strontium chromate it consists of bilings of triangles and these are shifted with respect to each other and actually the strongest interaction was believed to be this interaction this bilayer interaction so here are pictures of actual crystals these are two crystals that's the black objects and these two were grown with different orientations and we have two of them in our neutron beam just to get more intensity but because they have different orientations that's why they have different angles so they have they point in different directions so that their C axis will be the same and their A axis will be the same this is a powder measurement of the data so now powder is this function of wave vector and energy and there is scattering intensity shown here so the colors bright colors are the scattering intensity so scattering intensity around 5 MeV and no scattering intensity at lower energies so this suggests yes it is dimerized these excitations do appear to be gapped we can take a cut over here so integrate over this wave vector region and plot as a function of energy you get this data take a lower energy data set and show really there is nothing at lower energies so from this you can say well my dimer interaction corresponds to the middle of this band so my J dimer this was one is going to be 5.5 MeV but my band is not sharp that means there must be dispersion so there must have interdimer interactions and the general strength of the interdimer interactions is the width of this band here so this material looks very exciting because we had these triangular layers and then we had this sort of dimerized coupling and this is an investigation of the single crystal now and for this the Merlin spectrometer was used so in this spectrometer the sample goes here the incident beam is coming in here and the detector bank is on the edges of this block and for one fixed position of the sample you can get a data set that looks like this projected onto two reciprocal lattice planes two directions you change the angle position bit you get a different picture and you can continue in this manner rotating the sample and lap out a large region of reciprocal space and then you can recombine all that data in terms of the reciprocal lattice of the material itself and get actually a four dimensional data set with the three wave vector directions and energy these are planes through the data set and then pull out certain planes like this slice as a function of wave vector and energy where we see a single dispersion and this other direction where we see three dispersions so that could be fitted now we know how dispersion energies and their trajectories and they can be fitted and then plotted on a wave vector and energy diagram this and then we need a model and unfortunately although the system appeared to have perfect triangular layers it's clear because we have three dispersions that we must have three domains the only reason why we would have three domains is if we have distorted triangular layers because there's three ways the triangle can distort so in fact our Hamiltonian is much more complicated and involves more interactions and our triangle as you see there's there are three possible values around the triangle they're not equal so it's not an equal lateral triangle and it's unfortunately not frustrated anyway that it can be modeled using a random phase approximation and then the intensities can be modeled using a single mode approximation this is the data two directions in the crystal and powdered data compared to the model so the point I was making about you can really do a quantitative comparison between neutral data and theory this is an example of it okay the next example so I have two dimensional systems they're one dimensional so one dimensional magnets the next example so actually I'm going to now just talk about the chain this is the one dimensional spin half Heisenberg antiferomagnet system is not frustrated of course it has simple Heisenberg interactions which are antiferomagnetic between the spins first tackled by Hans beta in 1931 so he realized that there was no long-range order in the ground state and actually you can write this nail state which is of course incorrect and 50 percent of the spins are actually flipped from that state and this was a long-standing problem in condensed matter since that time but some insight was made 50 years later by Fidevan Taktajan who realized that the fundamental excitations were spin-ons and not magnons so I go back to the chain of course it shouldn't show long-range order as I've drawn but this is over a short distance it might show some short-range order so I say this is the approximate ground state we can create an excitation so I want to talk about spin-ons now we can create an excitation by flipping a spin like this one and it's cost energy here and here because we have antiferomagnetic interactions but we have parallel aligned spins so it's cost two j, one here and one here but if I flip three spins it would have cost the same amount of energy one j here and j here because this is where we have the ferromagnetically aligned spins we do five spins gain energy here and here so each of these excited states or approximate excited states actually have the same energy and so some combination of these has to be considered to true excitations and it turns out that the excitations really can be sided as these end points of this flipped over region but now you see the issue because we had it was a spin half system the spin was pointing down and the neutron forced it to point up so the change in spin was one but that quickly disintegrates into two spin half objects at each end of this flipped over region so the true excitation of actually these spin half objects or spin-ons which are flipped or which are at these end points and you can see we have to create two of them from the initial spin flip so spin-ons are fractional spin half particles you cannot create them with the neutron scattering the neutron scattering rule is delta s is one so we can't create us one spin-on we have to create two or multiple pairs the individual spin-on might have a dispersion in wave vector and energy that looks like this but we never see that because we can't create one said we have to create two and that's what leads to what's known as the spin-on continuum if you create a spin-on here and a spin-on here these two or these two we have wave vector one wave vector two energy one, energy two so if you add to give the wave vectors and energies the actual energy wave vector the neutron has to give up is something over here I think some of the wave vectors and the sum of the energies if it's this and this or you can take a different pair of wave vector and energy and you'll get a and you'll observe that at a different place and for each pair of spin-ons you'll observe this at a different point and so if you look at all these combinations you find out that actually the scattering observed in an experiment lies between an upper boundary and a lower boundary and is known as the multispin-on continuum so this broad continuous scattering shown here is actually a consequence of creating two particles in the scattering event okay so back to the theories there were various other theories used to tackle the molar ansatz also it can be tackled by field theory this problem but then in 2006 John Sebastian Koh and his colleagues tackled the problem and were able to solve it to very high order and this was then 75 years after it was originally proposed and their prediction I mean this is their prediction for the spin-on continuum as a functional wave vector energy which can be directly compared to the neutron scattering data okay so now what will we compare it to we needed a sample and the sample could be potassium copper trifluoride which has copper ions 2 plus copper 2 plus yes I think it's a what is the kind of scale well I can show you some line plots later but the red is intense and blue is weak and dark blue is background but I'll also show some line plots later so compound is potassium copper trifluoride with spin half ions in copper has a strong interaction due to orbital ordering just in one direction of the crystal it's actually it's a traginal traginal crystal system and the chains lie along the C axis that's a unique axis and the A and B the interactions along the A and B plane are much weaker than they are along the C axis it has interchain coupling though just a few percent but this is enough to give rise to long range magnetic order so as usual the real material cannot reproduce the model ideally so Hamiltonian is coupling along the chain and then weak interchain coupling experiments were performed on the time of flight spectrometer called maps this is the actual raw data without any background subtraction this is the wave vector along the chain direction as and and this is the energy and the excitations are shown as now we have the color scale the excitations are shown by the colors with strong excitations at the pi point and weak at zero and then again pi and the scattering actually extends a little bit upwards into this region so I've drawn over the two spinon continuum where it would be expected just to show you that we have interchain coupling this is the dispersion perpendicular to the chain so we see a weak dispersion this is due to the interchain coupling but here the energy is about 12 MeV compared to 50 MeV so off the background subtraction this is the actual data from the sample to be compared with the theory from John Sebastian Koh obviously these are just color plots they don't really tell you any details so you can take actual cuts through the data at constant wave vectors going upwards in energy and these are red points shown here so this one would be this one and then this would be this and then this and then the line through the data the solid blue line is the theory of John Sebastian Koh and then there are other theories that's the pink line is the molar ansatz and the dotted line is also the theory of John Sebastian Koh but not taking account of all scattering events we can also do the cuts at constant energy see down here we see two peaks they disperse apart at the top we just see one broad feature and again is compared to the theories and the the accurate theory is the solid blue line okay so now five minutes left I will talk about some two-dimensional magnets first on frustrated and then frustrated so square lattice is on frustrated it's a two-dimensional magnet this is a spin half square lattice and spin five half square lattice rubidium manganese fluoride manganese has been five halves this is a theoretical prediction for the excitations using spin wave theory we don't expect spin wave theory to be accurate if we take a cut at constant energy through the theory you would expect to see rings of dispersion you see the dispersion cones coming out of the Bragg peaks and indeed that's what you see this is actually now the data this is the data at a low energy we see the dots if you increase the energy you see the rings and at the very top the rings merge these are sharp rings resolution limited what you would expect triangular lattice is a triangle lattice does actually develop long range order with 120 degree type ordering theoretical predictions are that you spin wave theory works to a degree but for spin half it becomes increasingly problematic at high energies where you see continuum scattering there's also a renormalization of the energy scale but spin wave theory works to a degree and you see sharp excitations and sharp rings now to the kagme I mentioned this a bit earlier the kagmes corner sharing triangles in the classical case spin wave theory tends to work adequately but if you go to spin half and this is now the example of Herbert Smithite that I was mentioning earlier this is what you see in the constant energy slices you see rings but the rings are broad and merged together you never see sharp rings and this is a sign of continuum scattering rather than sharp magnum excitations and continuum scattering says you've got multiple particles and it could be an indication of having spin on excitations and it comes at final example which is this material calcium chromate this is material that didn't start from a theory it was a material that looked interesting just because it didn't have any long range magnetic order the structure is very complicated and consists of corner sharing triangles but each triangle it is in fact a kagme system of kagme bilets but the triangles have different sizes and the two layers the triangles and two layers also have different sizes from each other so this system seems to behave like a spin liquid with broad excitations these are the actual crystals this is the data now it's going up in energy the data is always broad never see sharp rings and if you take a cut as a function of energy in wave vector look at this one first we see this broad features again this is the magnetic scattering this is a different direction we also see this broad magnetic scattering and then this sharp scattering is actually a phonon and that shows you the resolution compared to the magnetic signal so it turned out that this material oh sorry just this is more data so it turned out that this material has a low energy scale and so it's possible to put it in a magnetic field strong enough to force all the spins point along the fields direction so this is the magnetization the magnetization saturates at 12 tesla so although it appears to have diffuse scattering and behave like a spin liquid if you force it to be a ferromagnet by putting in a magnetic field you force our ferromagnetic ground state this simplifies the theory it gets rid of the quantum fluctuations and you should see spin wave excitations and then these spin wave excitations can be fitted to get the exchange interaction so that we can know our Hamiltonian so that's what was done it was put in a strong magnetic fields to force all the spins to point along the field direction excitations were measured compared to spin wave theory to extract the exchange interactions and this was the final model with the color coding for the exchange interactions matching the colors of the bonds shown on here green is ferromagnetic and blue is anti-ferromagnetic and there's two green triangles and two blue triangles and then there's an interlayer coupling five interactions in total and that's just the simple model so having got a Hamiltonian the question is why at least in zero magnetic fields why does this system appear not to have any long range order at a broad excitations what is special about this Hamiltonian well then it was compared to the method of pseudo-fermian functional renormalization group which was able to show that with this set of interactions no long range order would be expected and it was also this technique was also able to calculate the expected scattering and showed diffuse ring like features with sort of qualitative analogy to what we observe okay so this was an example of where in fact the material was found before the model was found so I will stop now and just summarize talked about conventional magnets with long range order and spin wave excitations unconventional magnets in particular frustrated magnets do not have long range order in the ground state and they have spin on excitations and they can arise from geometric frustration competing interactions or anizotropy and they can be measured using various techniques in particular neutron scattering which triple axis spectrometer or the time of light spectrometer and there are many examples of quantitative comparison theory and experiment shown here thank you


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