Hello everyone, I'm Saqiz Aitinyan, the Program Chair of the Industrial Engineering and Systems Management Program. And on behalf of the VALENACAN and other MENSONAL accounts for the College of Science and Engineering, let me with great pleasure introduce Amalaya Postanyan, who is a doctorate candidate, specializing in Non-Engineering at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. She is a scholar of the Louis Foundation and award winner of many international competitions and an influential speaker promoting educational excellence and leadership among young Armenians. She is a passionate scientist working on development of next generation flexible and transparent wearable devices using recent advances in nanotechnology. And I think this is the second public event that Amalaya take part. The first one was in February 2017 where she was a speaker, one of the speakers in open discussion universities and enterprise culture challenges and opportunities. And we hope that our ties, the ties between Amalaya and College of Science and Engineering will be given closer in the near future. Thank you very much. To start with, it's a great honor to have a public talk at AOA because during the year I've been following all the events happening here and I'm very happy that we recently have these bachelor programs that we have young generation of Armenians starting excellent program in Armenia. But before actually going into nanotechnology, I would like to briefly tell about my story because recently I have been a lot of interest towards how I reached where I reached. So I want to tell you briefly, it was around five years ago that I was exploring all the possibilities of finding myself and finding actually the subject that will influence me, the subject which kind of motivates me every day to wake up and really do my best. And I had a period of reading every subject starting from financial mathematics to quantum mechanics, chemistry and I was constantly looking for ways of exploring my potential, my talent. And actually I was lucky during that period that I was reading the book of Stephen Hawking, Brief History of Time. And it's an amazing book and I would recommend everyone to read because it's not only presenting science in a very adaptable way, telling a lot of different concepts but also presenting how you approach science, how you can actually discipline yourself to go into something very complicated in a more creative way. And during that period I was reading another book about how you can actually engineer materials from scratch by using the properties that you want and by actually kind of filling yourself as an architect and designing new generation electronics, designing new generation materials. And that for me was very powerful and very encouraging so that I kind of started looking for the best programs all around the globe. I was looking for the program from Singapore, from MIT, from Caltech and I kind of decided to go towards the program offering from Cambridge University and the rest of the thing is just the history. So that's how I started going into nanotechnology world and so far after five years I can say that this is a subject that kind of encouraging me and by small little successes, by looking for every scientist all around the world working in this multidisciplinary area is very motivating and very encouraging. So today I will be talking about three different sub-topics. First we will be talking about what nanotechnology is and what is actually, why it is so interesting for me and the rest of the people who are currently working in this area. Then I will talk a little bit about nanotechnology all around us, in nature, in humans and then the remaining part I will present a little bit about my research but only a little bit because this endless topic I can just talk the whole evening about that. So let's start. So what nanotechnology is? So imagine yourself as a person who can engineer pretty much everything. So the first, what we need to do, we need to understand how atoms are working, all the chemical and physical properties, all these defining characteristics which are keeping these electrons and neutrons, protons together and by understanding these we can actually engineer new types of molecules and by engineering new types of molecules we actually can create new types of matter which can be 2D, 0D, 1D and 2D materials and those are materials which have completely different electronic properties by changing just slightly, changing the properties of the matter you can create different properties of physics and create completely different generation of electronics and based on this you can actually prepare new types of materials and based on these materials you can create new generation of electronics so these electronics can get pretty much any discipline it can go to pharmaceutical, it can go to medical drug delivery it can go to new generation sensors, solar energy it can do pretty much any discipline you can think of basically every time I'm giving the topic in nanotechnology the first thing I am saying is just like your only limitation is your imagination basically you can create pretty much anything based on all these new properties of the material that you are getting so not going toward physics and chemistry I want to just briefly tell about why it is so enthusiastic and why it is so interesting technologically right now we are in the break of science that in terms of semiconductor industry in terms of the whole industry which is developing electronics we are in the age that we can't actually decrease the sizes of the resistor gate and because of that we can't further go in terms of changing properties making it more powerful, making it using less energy consumption because of this we are in the limitation of producing new generation of electronics based on silicon industry and the silicon industry is the main industry that has been developed during last 50 years so we have a lot of expertise producing this kind of amazing piece of electronics and right now we are in the break of limitations so why it is important to understand the advances in nanotechnology because in one way it can give us new horizon of producing and engineering new type of electronics by using all the expertise that we understood during the last 50 years on the other hand we can use new technology and new properties coming from the materials that we are engineering so why it is important scientifically right? as we are already presented by actually creating these 2D materials we are actually creating magnetic materials and we are creating 2D materials and quantum dots pretty much anything that you can think of just by thinking of what kind of materials do you want to get what properties do you want and what type of an industry it can come up to so this is another important technique that scientifically is so important and another part is actually understanding fundamentally how the measure is working because in one of the books Stephen Hawking also mentioned that right now we are in the break of understanding all theoretical and observational part of physics and create the unified theory of physics and in order to create this unified theory of physics it is important to understand how material is working it is at atomic level and how we can actually understand all the levels up until galaxies so this is like one of the aspect that it is important in order if we want to at some point understand how the universe is working all the energies and a lot of things that we are right now uncertain this is like one of the way of understanding because everything all around us all the human organism everything is based on nanotechnology and by testing all chemistry and physics all around the nanotechnology we can pretty much understand everything in terms of atomic level obviously so ok I think I almost covered this by understanding all these physical chemical properties we can engineer new type of materials and this is what this light will be so by this very nice flowery image artificially created by one of our engineers is completely artificially created but this is very beautiful this is just the demonstrational thing it's not really for something useful in terms of properties so I want to talk a little bit about right now nature and nanotechnology but do you have questions before that? ok you don't have questions ok so one of the like obvious examples I want to think about is just butterflies right so we have butterflies all around us and we know that they have these amazing vivid colors and even after butterfly dies the colors take for like 100 years so like this is another phenomenon that the scientists were thinking about like how you can actually have this kind of phenomenon by having an animal which died you can still have these vivid images so it appears that especially this morpho butterfly has this kind of artificially created structures these structures are somehow light filters what light filter is like when light enters toward these structures it transmits only the wavelength of light specifically designed for this butterfly for these butterflies it's blue for other butterflies depending it can be different so basically it's very interesting and by having this vivid picture and by this vivid color this butterfly helps to kind of get protection because it's vivid it kind of gives the security and by actually by understanding how these structures work we can actually engineer and mimic the nature and I think one of the groups in I think it was around 2007 in Cambridge they mimic the structure of the butterfly and what they did they created these sensors these kind of interesting structures they can like stay for centuries like so far you know that all the material all around us excuse me sorry so all the materials around us they have some sort of ink like mixed with the material and that kind of gives the color in this sort of property it will never lose the intensity of the color it will never lose the structural properties so it will stay for a long long time and another interesting property is that which has been developed by only changing the mechanical property of the material you can actually get different colors and this is very interesting piece of research which can be used in different disciplines and this is again I think 2011 the research group in Cambridge has developed and right now is actually used in a fashion industry which is very interesting application for such interesting phenomena so the second one that I want to talk about is lotus and everyone is familiar about this interesting hydrophobic material so I want to talk about what is hydrophobic hydrophilic so hydrophobic material is that it doesn't actually like when the molecules of water penetrate through the material and by using this hydrophobic property you can create a fabric and the clothes of like piece of clothes which doesn't actually never get wet and you can actually based on these properties you can create the whole industry of the material which can never become dry because you can actually create yeah so you can create the network of tiny fibers tiny nano fibers and you can actually design in a way that for example oxygen particles can go penetrate so it can actually breathe but the molecule of the droplets of the of water will never go inside in a size where you can design that the droplets of dirt will never go inside so your clothes will never get dirty so you can actually play with the structure of this network and create pretty much the properties that you want to create and this piece of like piece again I think it's almost going towards the industry again the fashion industry and particularly in clothes and the third one I want to talk about is gecko so gecko has very interesting property I will go inside to scanning a lecture microscope image to show actually so basically we are taking the piece of the gecko leg and by putting under the microscope and by characterizing we can see that it has very tiny tiny fibers connected with each other and because of these tiny fibers it's kind of when it touches any type of material it has so many points of connection it kind of creates some sort of adhesion properties and because of that gecko can actually go in any type of material it can go towards the sand, towards the glass any type of material and by mimicking these properties the scientists at MIT created structure by a photolithographic properties they created something similar here and what they did right now these sorts of properties are emerged to the technology of the robot which will soon go to Mars and by using this technology you can have this robot which can actually go to any type of material be it sand, be it water, anything and the last thing I want to talk is about sensors we obviously know that human eye is not the perfect optical element but we also know that it's a very interesting example of an optical element so by using the nanostructures in optical eye and by understanding how we can alter it we can create not the junky kind of structure material but we can create new generation lasers and new generation sensors completely based on nanostructures which can improve the human eye which can bring new horizons not only for vision but also sensing and all this technology again are coming from understanding how the nature is working and by mimicking the properties of the nature and by alteration we can actually create a very interesting piece of technology and this is the end of the nature part so this is the part that I will be presenting my dissertation if you don't I think you don't have any questions so this part might be slightly complicated but I will be happy to answer any questions if you have afterwards so what I did during my dissertation in Cambridge University I was growing different type of nanomaterials I started with quantum dots and then I went to carbon based materials excuse me yes excuse me so I started growing graphene carbon nanotubes, diamond like carbon, diamond and by slightly changing the atomic structure of the material you can completely change the properties and the industry it might go so my actually my love was towards graphene because right now it's still considered to be the strongest material ever found it has amazing optical and electronic properties and by understanding how we can use it in a commercial scale we can actually design lots of devices which can go in different disciplines again starting from sensors from next generation electronics going to displays which will be later discussed so my interest was towards understanding the properties of graphene and fundamental physics and then applications and then how it can be used towards any particular discipline so I actually took an example of how actually graphene can work with currently used industrially used liquid crystal materials all chemical and physical properties with these materials and how we can use and utilize these materials and alter and enhance some sort of properties to produce new generation electronics so what we did we created we created like tiny pixel which is this this image in the right so it's completely carbon-based material carbon-based to this structure based on graphene polymers and we used here also thank you we used a quantum dot that also for touch screen part which will be again later discussed so the whole ideology was to design a piece of technology which is completely organic carbon-based low power consumption and biocompatible which can be used as a device which can be worn during the day and the device which can be used in a large scale like for example a large piece of electronics large piece of display so that was the whole ideology behind my research so the first part that what we did was actually understanding the methodology of growing these nanostructures so the technology that we developed is chemical vapor deposition process during which carbon decomposes and nucleates and it creates the predominantly monolayer structure of graphene and then this graphene is later transferred to any arbitrary substrate base material again depending what type of material do you want to get what type of property it can be transferred into polymer into quartz glass into any shape depending on the industry I will be happy to talk about this if someone is interested on learning more about the graphene growth the second part as I already mentioned is wet etching transfer process again we used many different transfer methods and this was one that we found was the most suitable towards display technology electronics and this is what we get so from the beginning we were discussing the interaction of this liquid crystal material and graphene so one of the interesting property that we discovered during my period at Cambridge that the graphene having hexagonal structure somehow aligns this material and by enhancing this alignment material we have another opportunity of completely fundamentally changing the structure of the LCD so that was the one part of the research that we worked over the year in order to understanding how we can improve these properties and the second part is obviously building the device out of it by using the commercially available indium tin oxide alloy material and graphene from the other side guys please take a seat yes so so in this slide we are characterizing how the graphene aligns liquid crystal how we can enhance and by using different mixtures of liquid crystal and different structure of the graphene mixed with the polymer we can enhance this alignment properties hence having better performance from the devices and then in this slide what I'm trying to do is basically switch the pixel on and off again because we are in an early stage it's not white and black it's blue and black but again by optimization and by understanding how we can play with the material and how we can create better structures we can have whites to black but this is very promising result at this stage considering that it's only around three years of research yes so and here is just another example so this is just a micro-micrograph switching on and off on and off and this is just a log of a university here is slightly blurry here is quite completely clear which we are doing like completely trying to switch the pixel on and off and here we have the image under the polarizing optical microscope cross polarizers means is like you have only light penetrating the material which is only linearly polarized, linearly polarized means this only has one direction and by having linearly polarized light it helps us understanding the property of the material better rather than randomly polarized light which is coming from every source of light so this is the possibilities of this industry one is obviously flexible displays and everything which needs representation of data which can be presented in flexible material it can be to solar energy hybrid next generation nanostructured based solar panels and the third is obviously flexible electronics another very big topic and the beauty of this kind of technology is that you can actually print it pretty much in any material having the property of the material that you want you can print it and create it in a room temperature again in this stage we have a lot of work to do but so far it's very promising in terms of the result that we got and in terms of the discipline plus in terms of the industrial support helping these technologies to grow I think we are in a better place to pushing us toward developing this technology and I and this is everything I prepared today thank you very much and I will take any question if you have one yes please there are these new concepts of string theory I wonder if they have some applications in nanotechnologies or not so string theory is actually yes it has some sort of obviously by understanding string theory we can understand when an electron is confined in a potential when we can understand the properties better but in the stage of developing technology imagine you are working in a couple of levels above rather than actually understanding subatomic particles but obviously it has some sort of interaction because it is part of understanding fundamental quantum mechanics you had questions did I hear you correctly at the end you said you could print it with any material you mean the substrate no any type so right now around I think six months ago there have been couple of nature publications telling about the possibility of printing electronics on fabric any type of piece of cloth and this is another tendency that electronics is going towards which is actually very interesting but your material would be printed on yes so the base material is anything you want anything you want as long as it is dielectric yes so you can right now but obviously by printing I mean to prepare a mixture of adhesive materials graphene ink and by using specific methodology of printing but in theory right now we can do that even in Armenia any other questions yes please first one is verification I am going to work you are working if I understand correctly on issues related to the production of graphene layers if that is true then the second question what is the current status what is the advancement right now and the related cost of the graphene let's say I don't know one gram or one square centimeter or one square meter whatever it is what is the content of your working relation sure okay so to start with the first question so far I have been more focused towards growing the best possible graphene with the properties having predominantly monolayer biochemical vapor deposition process which is obviously not scalable in a commercial scale it's quite expensive in terms of technology rather than in terms of material itself but right now I am starting with your second question around two years there have been a couple of commercial companies offering graphene which is not as good as the material that I was growing but it can be used in a commercial scale and they are I think they started from selling around a 1000 a tiny bottle and right now they are growing because what they are doing they are using graphene ink 60-70% conductive compared with 97% conductivity that we are getting from this material so it is available commercially but we are not right now interested on commercializing graphene we want to understand more towards how we can build the piece of technology using the graphene that we are growing in our lab yes, electronics not necessarily LCDs but flexible transparent electronics and towards any representation of visual data it can be big area electronics it can be display it can be solar cells again hybrid solar cells based on quantum dots and graphene as a conductive material so those are the areas that we are currently working on what is the duration of quantum dots graphene and solar cells so that is another topic that one of my colleagues is currently working on if you want I can recommend couple of papers so he is actively publishing yes of course, sure any other questions yes what do we need to have a little that is pretty much research what do we need I think one of the first thing is understanding what do we want from the lab to have because the way I understand it should be self-sustainable lab the lab that can create has manufacturing area but also has an academic unit so what do we need I think we need a very very good team of scientists and we need a place and we need to work hard that is all that we need that is a very good question is the equipment very expensive indeed very expensive yes, very expensive equipment setting up a lab like the one that you are working on what would be the roughly roughly cost millions I would say yes is there any images when proper research might become after researching what we can have is there a chance it would be cheaper obviously like a lot of research groups are working towards making it cheaper and scalable because it does not make sense of working something which can become big and then not going towards understanding how we can make it in a larger scale so obviously printable electronics is one good example of actually going from this the whole industry of producing all the chips which are very expensive again big big manufacturing going towards actually doing in a room temperature having pretty much the same sort of transistor based devices so that is a very good example of how we can do that but I think we need to right now do more research in understanding and plus with the technology based on graphene we can say the material is pretty much available anywhere so we just need to understand and optimize the processing to make it cheaper and scalable any other question please yes so you manufacture your own graphene from your experimentation so what is the largest size that you see the process and what is the largest size so the largest can I get here now so the largest I got was something like this but given like I was 100% sure it's ideal we can do it like three times bigger than this again given the dimensions of your quartz and the process because it's growing a quartz tube so our quartz tube that we developed was not big enough to grow like very large pieces but in my case this was the size and I was actually making tiny pixels like one centimeter by one centimeter and this sort of graphene would last me like three months so it was like in like prototyping level it was but in terms of large scale I think three years ago Samsung got one meter by one meter with slightly less disadvantage properties but again good enough to go towards the display industry so it's really depending on your lab I would say what equipment do you have a lot of properties first the morphology of the foil itself that you are growing in my case I was growing in a copper iron cobalt depending on the morphology depending on the crystallography of the material the graphene which has been grown on the top can be completely different so you have to have substrate to grow of course you cannot have a layer no it's one thick material it's like almost it's very even difficult to differentiate with the naked eye because it's almost transparent it has three percent absorption so you have to grow on some sort of dielectric or if it is not dielectric it should be removed so in my case it was depending again on the properties of the material that you are growing cobalt iron in one case in nickel for example it is precipitation process in the other material it can be catalytic process and again depending on the how you know the ability of carbon of the material itself the graphene is grown completely differently so the first another important aspect to understand actually the properties of the substrate material itself and again the second part was the transfer process during which you can easily damage the graphene you can actually introduce dust particles introduce ions coming because it's growing on a material metal metal on air it can be oxidized especially during the reaction process that you are doing the chemical white processing so there are a lot of things that we have considered while developing the technology here and again I think we have a lot of things to optimize it's a very good question so right now graphene is used in different ways so one way it can be graphene flakes like big flakes not tiny flakes can be mixed with solution like toluene just flakes mixed with a toluene or any other material and you can basically depositing in any other because it's toluene it can be evaporated easily and by the end you can have this film of graphene but again you are sacrificing on optical properties because they are like depending what what processing are you making the largest can be micrometers around 300 400 micrometers completely depending on your processing conditions almost a millimeter yeah it can be almost a millimeter if it is that big and if you be full enough you can have material with good optical properties good enough like indium tin oxide currently available material for display around 70-80 percent transparency which is good enough to go again depending what do you want to reach but right now it's possible with flakes in other aspect if you want just a conductive material you can mix like random flakes with another solution but basically just simply printed by 3D printer for example what has been the best use of graphene so far in a device for some kind of application that is kind of changing something so right now the my favorite which is currently right now on market is virgin Atlantic will be using graphene as a protective layer on their airbus so that's like right now has been done and this is like something I'm really passionate about cause like you don't really need to have a very heavy aircraft you can just like have this tiny layer of graphene covered on the top of your metal yeah and make it thinner and lighter and more protected I'm not sure cause they just recently told that they gonna do that the information is not public but I really want to know how they gonna do that but right now it's my favorite so they are going towards sports industry so the making the rockets for tennis players they are going towards shoes I think around 5 years it has been in commercial use but not necessarily in electronics so it hasn't been used in a full scale of its properties yet I think you had a question you were talking about improvements of vision is it possible to make the side of electromagnetic waves outside of this visible to create an artificial eye with larger range of I am not entirely sure cause we haven't had we haven't thought about that so far maybe it's possible but I'm not sure I'm not sure sorry yes in ideal case yes yes very good question I will show you how we do that if we go to the transfer process yeah with raw material it's on the top of copper and graphene on top the first thing what we do we deposit polymer on top to make sure our graphene is completely secured the next stage what we do we edge the conductive material off with the ferrum chloride etching solution and obviously we choose exactly chemicals the way so it doesn't actually affect the polymer and graphene and what we do the rest of the process we have these all the diluting process we wash the graphene remove all the ions left all this oxide metal oxide left and after couple of washing process we are ending up having the material which is this very just like optical glass and then graphene and the polymer on top and what we do after this we basically remove the top polymer and what we are ending up is just having this base material which completely dielectric and the graphene on top and this is the kind of substrate that we go start like developing our substrate and it has to be open because we want the graphene to interact with liquid crystal no with this kind of method it's not vulnerable in terms of the processing but obviously if you scratch it and you touch it and that's part because everything will affect so everything is done in the clean rooms it encapsulated so graphene doesn't actually interact with air yes please you mentioned about the optical properties of graphene which outstanding properties are really interesting so the first one because it's one atomic layer it has only 3% absorption by adding up layers you are ending up and when it is actually one atomic layer the band structure is that it has points of like the violence band and conduction band are almost overlapping so it's kind of semi-metal so in one side it's kind of semi-metal because it has two types of carriers the conductivity is very high so in one side we have this very nice optical properties 3% absorption and on the other hand we have this interesting band structure and because of this band structure it's just conductive kind of metal material again by adding layers material becomes semi-conductor because the band structure is changing and optical properties is changing because every new layer adds up 3% of absorption yeah but even in 7 to 10 it's again the perfect material for electronics because 7 to 10 layers from 7 to 10 it's semi-conductor but again very good properties around like 90% absorption and with properties with conductivity it's still much better than any other currently available material it kind of behaves like semi-conductor but it's much better than silicon and the sodium tin oxide and what is the band gap? the band gap again it kind of becomes indirect band gap it kind of the structure becomes similar to indirect band gap kind of yes but it's much better than silicon it's near to gallium arsenide you are for a while in Armenia do you see the possibility for collaboration between centers that exist here that are very good question so I think around 2 years I've been collaborating with the nano-science center at Yerevan State University so obviously I brought graphene for them and we learned together how to transfer and based on them they made devices ahead of very good results so they have couple of publications based on the structure that we initially developed in Cambridge and then they kind of optimize it according to the properties because they are going towards optical devices rather than electronics that we are interested so they optimize the structure but yeah we have been collaborating with them and that's the only center so far that I have been working with yeah any other questions yes please so right now the hybrid solar cells they use so many different technologies so they use different mixtures of polymers they use different quantum dots they use graphene as a conductive layer they use again flexible polymer conductive polymers so depending what they want to reach and obviously every new research group is proposing something slightly different so in my research group we did we did made graphene based solar panels but again my colleague was developing so I can only answer questions related with the electronics rather than the quantum dots and the solar solar and solar cells tiny hybrid solar cells because commercially no the highest we got was 80% 8% which is like very very bad result for the materials so but we just started so by saying just like three years of research so it's a lot of room to grow yes please so how big of an because as a materials engineer myself how big of an input does industry have in pushing research within this field do you think similar inputs could be had in Armenia where industry could push materials engineering and science in Armenia something similar that happens in Europe very good question so in terms of graphene right now industry is very very impatient pushing scientists to go to in a commercial scale to producing something like or big organization like Samsung LG and even Apple they are pushing to commercialization of this kind of technology but right now I would say that we still have a lot of things to even if we kind of we prove the concept and it's possible to go towards the next stage of implementation we need to see how it can be it can be functioned in a larger like 5 to 10 years because we with the devices that I made we played with the devices around 3 years we don't know how it would behave in a long time right so I think we have a lot of things to consider and industry is very impatient obviously because they want innovative and new solutions to market yeah so thank you


Nigerian women farmers under the ages of small-scale women farmers of Nigeria so often are calling on the federal government to extend support to them as part of palliative measures from the President Bola Ahmed Tini Boagenda to mitigate against the effect of subsidy removal on their means of livelihood. The call was made in Abuja during the Group National Advocacy Forum organized by small-scale women farmers of Nigeria in collaboration with Action 8 Nigeria, where election was conducted to usher in new executives that will oversee the activities of the group for the coming years. The group lamented the negative effect the federal government's decision to remove fuel subsidy has had on Nigerian farmers, especially in the area of high cost of transportation and its effects, also on the prices of products or produce in the market. However, the Minister of State Agriculture represented at the event promised to provide palliatives for the women as well as insured that women farmers in the country are adequately empowered.  We want to see so-called developing, not growing, it has already grown, but we want to see it work, developing. We need to have prayers and I want to assure the Minister that we have been getting support. So far in general, we have been getting support and we are praying that this support that we have been given as is going to continue, I don't even have any doubt whatsoever. We are yet to receive our own palliative as small women farmers and the agreed centre. In the planning of the decision to push behind into farmers, it should be in front of the future so that we can quickly... Our external services to the ADP, that is agriculture and environmental projects, are tailored towards building the capacity of grassroots women in agriculture. I am also aware that FCT and the Association has a policy to promote gender inclusiveness, which ensures that at least 40% of women are accommodated in all its agricultural empowerment programmes. In my capacity as Minister of State and a woman, I will continue to advocate for greater support for women and agriculture, not just in agriculture but in the country at large. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


In this video, I'm going to talk about parts of a conditional statement. Basically, I'm just going to talk about what a conditional statement is. Conditional statement is your typical if-then statement. So a conditional statement is basically if, then. So if you have a sentence that either starts with if or has an if-then type of feeling to it, that's basically what we call a conditional statement. So what we're going to do here is we're going to identify the hypothesis and the conclusion of each conditional, for each one of these conditional statements. So if today is Thanksgiving, then today is Thursday. Now we're not looking at the validity of this statement. This is actually a true statement. Not really caring about that. But we're not looking at the validity. We don't care if it's right or wrong. We're just looking at what the hypothesis and what the conclusion is. So now one way to do this, there's a couple of different ways you can label it out or one of the easy ways I have found is that you just underline the hypothesis and then double underline the conclusion. That's a really quick way if you just write out the sentence and then underline the hypothesis and then underline the conclusion. Very quick, very effective, very efficient way of figuring out what the hypothesis and the conclusion is. So if today is Thanksgiving, if the if part of the statement is always going to be your hypothesis, the if part of the statement is always going to be your hypothesis the then part of the statement is going to be your conclusion. If something, then this is what happens. So your hypothesis and your conclusion. So in this case, if today is Thanksgiving Day, so right here, if today is Thanksgiving Day, there's your hypothesis. The if part of your sentence is always going to be your hypothesis, then today is Thursday. Today is Thursday. One thing I should note and one little mistake that I made is that the if is not actually part of the hypothesis. After that if, okay, today is Thanksgiving Day, there's your hypothesis, then after the then word is then your conclusion. Today is Thursday, today is Thursday, this is the conclusion. The then and the if parts are not part of the conclusion or the hypothesis. Okay, just kind of clear that up a little bit. All right, so that's one, that's one example, that's one example of finding the hypothesis conclusion. Next, a little different sentence here. A number is a rational number if it is an insager. Okay, again, we don't care about the validity of the statement, you don't have to really understand what's going on. It's helpful if you do understand what's going on, but we're not looking to see if it's a valid statement or not. We just want to know what the hypothesis and what the conclusion is, right? So a number is a rational number if it is an insager. Now notice, the only clues that I have here is this word right here, if. Now notice a conditional statement is an if, then statement, but as I read this, I don't see any thens. A number is rational number if it is an insager. There's no thens, there's nothing here. So what we do is we use the absence of the then to kind of figure out what the conclusion is. Let's figure out what the hypothesis is first, because I do see an if here. I do see an if. If it is an integer, if the number that we're talking about, if the number that we're talking about is an integer, then that number is a rational number. This part over here is going to be our conclusion. Then a number is the rational number. No, notice here a number, that's just a flavor, that's just a little added text, so I know what I'm talking about. I'm talking about a number here, so this is a little bit of added text here. It is a rational number. This is my conclusion. This is the part of the sentence that says this is what it is. If a number is an integer, then that number is a rational number. Hypothesis over here, conclusion here. So that's a little bit of a different example where actually the hypothesis and conclusion are switched. You actually state what you think is true first and then you state your hypothesis.  But anyway, those are two different examples, two very basic examples of what a conditional statement is. Again, a conditional statement is just an if, then statement, very basic, just an if, then statement. So what you want to do is look for your ifs and look for your thens. So in your examples, look for your ifs, look for your thens, or in this case, look for your ifs, which tells you where the hypothesis is, and then your conclusion is here. So again, the conclusion could be at the beginning, could be at the end, just kind of depends on how the sentence is worded. Anyway, those are the different parts of a conditional statement. I hope you enjoyed this video and I hope it was informative.


Hi, I am Alicia Williams-David, Information Officer at the Consumer Affairs Department of the Ministry of Commerce, and today I am very pleased to share with you some shopping tips, especially in these unprecedented times. As in Lucia, like the rest of the world grapples with the spread of COVID-19, the Consumer Affairs Department of the Ministry of Commerce urges consumers to adhere to the established protocols by the Ministry of Health and be extremely vigilant and responsible when shopping. Consumers are strongly encouraged to practice the following, before leaving your home, make a shopping list and as much as possible consumers stick to it. This will assist in limiting the amount of time that you spend at the supermarkets and the pharmacies or at the different stores that you go to. Read your labels. Ensure that you can read and understand the labels of the products that you intend to purchase. And I will tell you, avoid purchasing products which have no labels or products which have labels in a language that you do not understand. When you are shopping, pay particular attention to the expiry date of a product. The expiry date basically is the last date that a product should be used before it is considered spoiled or ineffective. After the expiry date, the product may not have the same nutrient content declared on the label. So I repeat, avoid consuming or purchasing expired goods. Similarly, you should exercise absolute care when purchasing food items that are on sale. In addition to checking the expiry date, you need to check for any dented cans. It may be tempting to buy dented cans that are on special or on sale, but the bargain is not worth it. Consumers I cannot overemphasize the need for you to examine all goods thoroughly in the store before paying. Taking this precaution will reduce the risk of purchasing an item that is defective. If you are buying appliances, ensure that it is tested before leaving the store. Do not be afraid to ask questions. In fact, it is your responsibility to do so. Ask about the guarantees or warranty of all appliances. Always ensure that you are given a bill or a receipt after your purchase. A receipt is extremely important. Should there be a legitimate reason to return an item to the place of purchase, a receipt serves as proof of purchase. Now if you are buying on higher purchase, do not sign the higher purchase agreement until you have read every word in the agreement. Online shopping is now a very popular option for many consumers and so if you intend to shop online, please ensure that the website you are purchasing from is secure. If a website is secured, you will see the image of a closed padlock next to the web address. Similarly, if a site is not secured, you may see an unlocked padlock. However, browsers such as Google Chrome will tell you if a website is not secured. This may sound a bit obvious but consumers should never give out bank account details, credit card numbers or other personal details if they are not certain that a business is a repeatable trader. Protect your card and PID numbers at all times. Never disclose your card verification number to anyone and your card verification number is a three digit number at the back of your debit or credit card. Always verify that the exact amount is charged against your card. Consumers should also avoid online shopping when using public Wi-Fi networks as you may never know if your information is being tracked. Equally important is ensuring that you read and understand the terms and conditions of sale, the refund policy, the delivery details, returns and repair policies and of course the reviews and comments from other customers. Always ensure that the goods that you are purchasing from overseas comply with the St. Lucia Bureau of Standards, safety standards in relation to electrical products. Now during the Christmas season, there is an increased demand for local meat products and so when purchasing local meat from butchers, always ensure you look for the inspected and past stamp which indicates that the meat has been inspected for wholesomeness by officers of the Department of Environmental Health. The Consumer Affairs Department urges all consumers to be responsible and shop wisely. Remember to practice social distancing and at all times remain safe.


This is the animation minute Welcome back to animation minute and as always I start with jobs here. Gladius studios is hiring He's opposed him for elite technical animator He was one for a senior animator near the hiring a full-time motion designer slash animators slash After-effects artist. He's opposed him for a cinematic animator And he was opposed looking for animators with rigging experience This looks very cool And it's also posting for hiring a senior animator and speaking of jobs He's a directory of over 6,800 job candidates 2,100 mentors mock interviews Here it is. That's what it looks like. Very interesting. Make sure to check that one out and switching with animation This is a really cool short. This is one minute and 18 seconds. I want to spell too much. It's very cool Go check it out a cool prop animation here Nice timing on the fingers and the props and going on into totally different objects I like this. There's some cool stuff there. Go check out the whole thing switch You go into 2d art for a little bit. That's cool. Cool mech as well. That's cool That's just want to be something like this. That's super neat. These are super cute Love that being super cute. It's a classic character classic movies. So cool. I love this. That is super cool as well I like that that one is need to It's very heavy though. It looks like the ultimate leaf blower. That's cool. I'm a big fan of fate of Atlantis It's a great game. Let's bring this up here a little bit. It's awesome I love it. And I just backed the how to think when you draw this is now volume 7. These are awesome Make sure to check them out. I have them all they're great You can see them on my channel lots of reviews and flip through so check that out. That is super cool Love it. Look at that One day in the future. It's gonna look like this and this is also credited below from the ID here Super cool. Check it out and gesture VR is Coming out March 21st In a couple days coming soon. This is now for the quest that's also cute, you know, I got to end it with pixel art Look you'll dance and last but not least Everything's about some ball What's cool stopping into all like this? I was like the reflection there as well. That's that for an amazing minute You can find it every week on Mondays on my channel


open source chip design. Who here in the audience uses Linux? Please, a short sign of hands. Feels like almost 100%, I would say. Okay, 100% of people use Linux. So who of you uses it on open hardware? Please, another show of hands. Yeah, that's not too many. Who of you would like to use it on open hardware? And I guess that's why you're here. So I'm glad that we have Drew Fustini here, our new speaker. He's an open source hardware designer and embedded Linux developer and also the vice president of the open source hardware association. And who better to tell you how to run your Linux on open source hardware? Please welcome Drew with a big warm round of applause and have fun with this talk. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. I'll skip past my introduction. I'm going to skip over the introduction. It's Congress, so most of you are probably familiar with open source graphics. And I just wanted to tell you a little bit about what open source hardware is. So open source, in general, there's Linux, for example, a good example. There's Android, there's also Linux in it, LibreOffice, with which I, for example, made this presentation. Firefox is an open source browser. So you know the term open source software, I think quite well. So, yeah, it's about the fact that you can modify the software and share it because the whole design, the design, basically the software is publicly available. When we talk about open source, yeah, so in the context of open source, people use different terms, they use free Libre open source software. They all have different backgrounds and in this presentation, I'm going to put them together a little bit and just say open source hardware. Other people should use the term free hardware or Libre hardware. So, yeah, open source hardware is a hardware that is publicly available in the public, so that everyone can look at it, modify it, distribute it, create the hardware, or even sell it. And yeah, that's what we've been thinking about for about 10 years on the open source hardware. We just wanted to have a definition. So, open source hardware is not just about electronics, it's also about the mechanical design, basically every physical object that you can free design data. In the context of electronics, what we're looking at here is, for example, the schematic on the left side or the layout of the plate on the right side. Or, for example, if we take a look at the outputs, then we usually talk about the data that is used from the Dicat software that you can still work with. So, for example, the data with which you save key-cut or EGLE project data. And what is also important is that you make sure that people, that they can actually build it, that the materials, the individual building blocks are available. And that is then summarized in the Beloff material. So, how many of you have already heard of Arduino? Okay, already a lot. So, Arduino was a microcontroller board that was developed in Italy by a small university in Italy, more than ten years ago. And that was good enough to make a whole series of interactive electronic projects. And they just made the hardware design and the code available on the Internet. And that has greatly increased. Many people have used different projects. And if you look at, for example, the preview pages, then I have also linked everything. So, one thing that is interesting is that when Arduino started, they explained what their motivation was. So, I can only recommend that. One of the most popular Arduino boards is the Arduino Uno. And where do we know that it is open source hardware? When we look at the website, then you can download the design data. In that case, it is the Eagle Design Software. And we can download the schematic, the layout of the board. We need to think about licenses, of course. And there are many different options. There are, for example, the Creative Commons licenses. What is very widespread is the CC by SA. By is for attribution and share like SA. There is also a blog post. So, there is also a blog post that explains why you shouldn't add the non-commercial clause if you want. That is still followed by the philosophy of open source licenses. There are also other licenses, for example, the permissive licenses, the Apache, the BSD, the MIT, or the copy left licenses. Then there are specific licenses for open source hardware that we want to take a closer look at. The CERN is a big physics lab in Europe that developed the open hardware repository. And they are basically building electronics for their physics experiments. And they want to share that with other labs all over the world. And because of that, the open hardware license was invented. One of the people who is working on it in this team is Ravius Serrano. And there is a good video here that explains what the motivation behind it was. There are not only licenses, there are also copyright and patents. Adi Douglas gave an interesting talk a few years ago that is linked here. He talks about what is good for your project, depending on what kind of goals you want to achieve. He talks about what kind of options you have. What is the whole point here? What is the reason why we talk about it? The reason why you want to make an open source hardware project is because you want to contribute to other people. You want to work with other people in design. And that is the main reason why I would say that people should publish it. If you are not interested in other people having a part, then that probably won't be the right thing. It would be important to think about it, whether you want to do it or not. At the beginning I mentioned the Open Source Hardware Association. It is a non-profit. There are board members from all over the world. One of the things we do is that we publish everything that you need to publish open source hardware projects. But the main thing we do is open hardware summit and that we will take place in New York in March. I hope that a few of you will be able to do that. It will be our tenth time that we will do that. This year we decided to do something a little bit different. We have the Open Hardware October. It is about the people from all over the world organizing meetups, talks and workshops. We start with an event in Vienna. We already had 40 events in 14 different countries and we will do that again in 2020. I hope that a few of you will also have part. If you are wondering what will happen, you can watch the talks. They are linked to the slides. There are different projects that people do. I do a lot of electronics, but there are other projects like science, art or design. Another thing we do with the Open Source Hardware Association is a certification program. It is about software identification. You go to this website, fill out the information, give us the links to design files and documentation and then you get this logo. The value of this, if you do a project, you can put this logo on your packaging and people can identify it as an Open Hardware project. You go to the website and enter the ID number and then there are the documents connected. If you want a certain device and you see this logo, you can go online and see it in the database. If you are interested and want to know more about Open Source Hardware Association, you can go to this website, you can become a member. We have mailing lists, we have photos. If you want to follow us on Twitter, then the handle is Ahohasummit and we have another handle for the event in March. Alicia Gibb is one of the people who started it. She wrote a book called Building Open Source Hardware. I recommend you to watch it. The main theme of this talk is Linux on Open Source Hardware. These are my two favorite things. One of my favorite projects was developed by Bunny. He gave a talk on the first day of the conference. And Sean Cross. He gave me a talk about the latest open source laptop. It was 4 or 5 years ago. I have it for many years. It is a laptop that you can use every day. It has a few extra features like an FPGA and a software defined radio. If you go to the CDC area in Congress, you can see the Form Laptop. It is a complete open source hardware laptop. I recommend you to watch it. In the CDC area. Another project I am involved in is the Beagleboard. It is an organization that helps open source hardware computers. We work with different manufacturers. We work with the community. The Beagleboard project started in 2008. It was an ARM computer. Many people wanted it back then. The board was pretty popular for that. This is the Beagleboard. It fits in a small box. If you have already used the Beagleboard, the Beagleboard Black is the most popular one. Because it is open source hardware, the Beagleboard from different manufacturers. From different price points. Different manufacturers do different things. They decide to add HDMI ports. Another one is a bit more expensive. It has industrial grade components. The important thing with open source hardware is to use the open source hardware. It is a very simple solution. It is a very simple board layout. It is a four layer PCB. It has Eagle files and KeyCat files. If you are familiar with it, you can order the board. You can order the parts yourself. It has a logic analysis tool. It has built the Beagleboard. It needs the things it needs. For example, the Gigabit network port. It has the pocket Beagleboard. Here is an example of a logo. It is one of the newest boards. We registered it in the summer. It has the US country code and the 169. It is easy to recognize for people that it is an open source hardware. You can go to the data bank and find the data. What I wanted to mention is Olimax. It is a company from Bulgaria. It is one of the best companies I know. They have an open source product line. They also have a great block behind the open source hardware. A few years ago they built the ARM 64 bit system. It was completely open source. It is a free software. In 4STEM it was introduced how the process was introduced and how the proprietary process was converted. If you have not heard of KiCat or PiCat, it is not about how it speaks. It is a software to develop chips. It runs on Windows, Mac or Linux. There are developers working on the ARM. There are people who work on it. It is nice to see that there are people who develop this tool as a full time job. If you want to try it out, there is a tutorial on YouTube, getting to Blinky. Olimax has taken the board they developed and built a laptop which is called TerraZone. The design files are also on GitHub. The idea is to build a modular laptop with different boards. Another interesting project was the chip. The idea was to build a $9 computer. There was a great Kickstarter. Unfortunately, the company went to the first plate. But it was all open source. The PCB layout was all open source. The chip was developed. Unfortunately, the company went to the first plate. Christopher developed his own chip. What is on the chip, if you click on the left, you see what is going on. Then there was the other board. It is a bigger factor for microcontrollers. It is a complete system. It is fully open source. There is a crowdfunding campaign. One of the things I wanted to talk about is the idea of Open Source and FPGAs. I will tell you about how that plays into Linux. What happened over the last few years, there were probably a lot of people here who participated in the congress, like Christopher Wolff, who built open software tools so that you don't have to use the proprietary programs. There was an overview in the Hexbox magazine where you can download the PDF if you want to take a look at it. There was a few years ago by Christopher Wolff about the congress where he was talking about the latest ICI. He wrote different software programs to program the FPGAs. The project is called ISTOM. David Shaw developed open source software and developed the ECP-5. In the last few years there was the X-Ray and Simbiflow project that developed open source software tools to program Xilinx FPGAs. Why is this important for Linux? If you have an FPGAs that is powerful enough, you can actually do a software on it. And then you can do a Linux design on it. Greg, who is also here in the congress, developed this cool board here, Orange Crab, and he actually managed to get Linux running on it yesterday. You can download it, and then let Linux run on a software on the Simbiflow FPGAs. Another board, this one came from a hackerspace in Croatia. It also uses the ECP-5 FPGA to run Linux on it. And for that there is a crowdfunding campaign that you can take a look at. There is also a developer that developed this trellis board that you can see here. It is relatively attractive for the user because you can run Linux on it. It actually has RAM. You can also, it's completely open source, you can download it and run Linux on it. And then there is a Game Boy, but they actually also have an ECP-5 FPGA on it, so you can run Linux on it. So that is a trend that you can see a bit in the last time. Then there is the Open FPGA assembly on the congress, and here you can see a bit how a software actually looks when gates of this software are placed on the FPGA. One way we do this is we come on a software. How do you synthesize your software? What is really important is a software called the Lightaxx. It is possible to build a system on chip within the FPGA. There is a Python-like language, which is called MyGen, and then there is a blog post by Bunny that explains the advantages of this language. What can you build with it?  And that is what the OrangeCrab software uses, which was installed in the Hackadab project. So Linux and Lightaxx is what a lot of people use there. So I started talking about RISC-5 and I already mentioned RISC-5 a few times. For those of you who don't know it, you might already know it from the X86 or Instruction Set. So these are the instructions that the processor does when you write a code and compile it. RISC-5 is an Instruction Set that was developed at the Berkeley University in California, and it's open source. That means that everyone can implement it in a chip or an FB card. One example of this is from the University of Columbia that developed their own microcontroller based on RISC-5. That's the OpenV microcontroller. And it can perform the RISC-5 Instruction Set. But it's not capable enough to run Linux but it's more for microcontroller use. The other design is called LowRisk and they had the idea that they developed a chip based on RISC-5 to build smartphones out of it. One of the people who started LowRisk is Alex Brebery. He had a very interesting talk a few months ago about the link to this talk that you see here. He talks about the tool chains and so on and so forth. Similar to that, there's another organization called FOSSI, the Free Open Source Silicon Foundation. They have a conference here in Europe to organize. There's also a conference called LedgeUp. They also host a website called LibreCourse. There are chip designs, IP blocks for different purpose applications like IP boards. You can share these designs with other people. There was also an event earlier this year called Week of Open Source Hardware. You can see that online. One of the other companies that use the RISC-5, they are connected to this company and they build one of these microcontrollers. One of the co-founders and the CTO has a very interesting talk about the RISC-5 ecosystem that is linked here. They decided to take all the course to RISC-5. This is another microcontroller board but unfortunately that can't lead to Linux because it's too weak. One of the surprises of the FOSSI conference was the Porma of CY-5. It's a 64-bit board. It has a disadvantage. It's an evaluation board and it's pretty expensive. It doesn't have a lot of numbers. There are high-end boards like this that are very expensive because it has a lot of quantities. There are billy microcontrollers that are basically a microcontroller with a lot of memory. It's possible to lead to Linux. On the Linux Plumbers conference this year, there was an interesting talk on this topic. There's a talk and slides from the conference. They added support to the Linux kernel for the RISC-5 processor. The support is there but it's not particularly great. We can work with it, but it's not the best support. If you're more interested in where Linux is running, you can watch this talk. It's a few months old and it's about how the Linux kernel runs on RISC-5. The other cool thing is that Red Hat and Fedora have released a definition for Fedora Linux. If you don't have it, you can test it on your computer. One of the things that's exciting that was presented on RISC-5 two weeks ago, was that NXP said that it's going to give a Linux chip next year. That's going to be great. It would allow us to develop a board that's not too expensive and has a lot of performance. One thing that I'm going to hopefully have is a board that's going to cost under $100. One way to use FPGAs, is to use the chip that's going to come out. I'm wondering if it's possible to develop it until the next CTC contest. If you're interested, please contact me. I don't know if we have any time left. I don't know if we have any time left. But now I'm ready for a few questions. Thank you very much. That was the translation of C36 C3. We're going to start right after the question. Please leave us feedback with the hashtag C3T or feedback at c3lingo.org. We're going to continue with the questions. Sure, take your time. Just start talking into the microphone. Yeah, why is the microphone of the signal angel not working? We'll just start with a question from microphone number two then, while the signal angel is working out his microphone. There you go. Does it work? It works. Thank you very much for the interview. I had a lot of fun with the Beagleboard and the Bell System. I actually brought it to the stage and one of the things that really inspired me in the project was the Xenomai Echzeitoper Betriebssystem. It's a wonderful bridge between the difference between the processors and the octopus that connects to everything. There's a simple introduction and do you have more examples? Yeah, so let's take a quick look at the people who are not very familiar with the concept. The Xenomai is a kind of co-cunnel that runs next to Linux and allows real-time use. For example, audio with less latency for instruments or motor control or something like that. In the Linux kernel there's a lot of work to be able to use the Linux kernel better for real-time tasks. But this Xenomai kernel is the moment that a lot of people use. There's also something called the machine kit. It's a system for hard real-time use. For example, running a motor controller. For real-time use it's always the question if there are deadlines. Here they use Xenomai because they can tell you a minimal latency. But there's a lot of work to be done on real-time support. And if you're interested in Bell, I think there's something that's much better. Okay, let's try it again. Do you have to get the open hardware and software design to get this certification? If we use the open source hardware definition, then you can use any data you want. This is also the case with mechanical design. It's actually proprietary software. Kikad is really good in the last 5 years. But 10 years ago, most people used proprietary software for mechanical design and electronic design. For collaboration, free software is much better because you have the maximum number of people to participate in it. But it's not a requirement at the moment, it's just a best practice. How far is the performance on a risk-five for daily things? You can go on the downside to the problem with the software on the FPGAs. At least with this ECP-5, which I mentioned, it only runs at 50 or 100 MHz. That's the reason why I mentioned the Simpliflow and Project X-ray. It's possible to use the bigger Silings FPGAs that promise higher performance. At the moment, it's not comparable with ARM or Intel. But the cool thing about the FPGAs is that you can see that the periphery device is very flexible. You can add accelerators even though the attack frequency isn't that high. That's why I'm hoping people will use the FPGAs directly. That's the problem at the moment in the ecosystem. We need chips from the internet to create a package manager. Do you think it's possible to build a package manager for open hardware? That's a very good question. Open hardware is almost 20 years of open software. It's difficult to upgrade the tools. A lot of people use it to make the designs. Collaboration is a lot more difficult. It's not the same as the source code. If I look at the GIFs in GIT, they're not very important. We need tools to create better tools that allow us to change and try to do something that can be done with a meaningful tool. I think that's a very important thing. I did talk to someone who talked to someone who has open source hardware observatory. In terms of being able to build a package manager, I think that would be the visibility of the project. You can look at LibreCourse. There are many IP parts like Ethernet, built-in or storage controller that you can use. Chipped design is a little better, because if you look at the hardware design code, it's like a normal source code. In your presentation, you said that there are different projects for commercial FPGAs. There are projects that often want to develop FPGAs. We talked about open source tools. We talked about open source tools that are designed for FPGAs, but then it's about open source chip design. I haven't heard from projects that want to build an open source FPGA. But if you heard something about it, tell me. In the hardware hacking area, Tim and somebody else talked about what happened there. In the first talk of Bunny, on the first day of the congress, it was about this topic. What about performance per watt? What about performance per watt? What about performance per watt? I don't think there are any best choices compared to ASIC or something like that. I don't know how to say the numbers around that. I haven't seen so many numbers, but a lot of it is still in the early days of ESC-5. Especially with the soft cores, they won't be good. There's another project from the ETH Zurich, which is the OLP pulp. It's for Parallel Ultra Low Power. That's a family of low power risk 5 cores. Good question though. Microphone number one. Thank you for the great lecture. As you said, there are a few NDRs and OHA reports. Do you have the risk 5 core? My question is, do we have all the components together to develop an open source processor? I think there's still a lot of work to be done there. I think there's still a lot of work to be done there. I think there's still a lot of work to be done there. I think there's still a lot of work to be done there. If we look at Sci-Fi, there's the core open source, but not all IP blocks are open source. We hope that when future people do chip and system under chip design, they will use open source. With Sci-Fi chips, for example, there's the problem in USB. There's, for example, an beta-V synopsis from which you can buy something like that. But we still have the problem that there are no high quality open source IP cores for some things. And that's it for today. Thank you again to all of you. Thank you again to Drew. Thank you very much for the awesome talk. Another big warm round of applause please. Thank you.


جميعاً ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين الحمد لله الذي يجيبني حين أناديه ويستر علي كل عورة وأنا أعصيه ويعظم النعمة علي فلا أجازيه نحمده ونسبحه ونقدسه على آلائه ونعمائه ونشهد الله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له إله واحداً أحداً فرداً صمداً قيوماً نؤمن له بالربوبية ونقر له بالعبودية من يهد الله فهو المهتد ومن يضل الفلا تجد له ولياً مرشدة ونشهد أن سيدنا محمداً عبده ورسوله أرسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره كله اللهم صلي وسلم وبارك وترحم على محمد وآل محمد كهبضلي ما صليت وسلمت وباركت وترحمت على إبراهيم وآل إبراهيم في العالمين أنك حميد المجيد وصل اللهم وسلم على جميع الأنبياء والمرسلين والأوصياء والصديقين والشهداء والصالحين وعطرة نبيك والطيبين الطاهرين المأصومين والأخيار من صحابته المنتجبين ومن تبعهم بأحسان وإيمان إلى يوم الدين عباد الله أصيك المأصي نفسي بتقوى الله ولزوم أمره أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم حتى إذا حضر أحدهم الموت قال رب برجعون لعلي أعمل وصالحا فيما تركت كلا إنها كلمة هو قائلها ومن ورائهم برزخوا إلى يوم يبعثون صدق الله العلي العظيم صدق الله العلي العظيم the best gift and present that we can extend to our own selves on the new year the beginning of the new year is self evaluation and self examination of our past record during the past year what did we achieve how far did we go what did we do we have to have some reflection on these questions we have to look at ourselves where do we stand today are we heading into the right direction in our life حاسب وانفوسكم one of the best a hadith that have been narrated by our imams is this hadith حاسب وانفوسكم قبل أن تحاسب hold yourself accountable accountable accountability do the accountability to your own self before they hold you accountable you take the initiative حاسب speak to yourself examine yourself your achievements your deeds your direction in this life قبل أن تحاسب before it is too late and then they hold you accountable وزنوها and evaluate yourself قبل أن توزنو before someone else and that someone else is on the day of judgment before they tell us that it is now too late you cannot fix it so you have to do this process to yourself every day يسمننا من لم يحاسب نفسه كل يوم he is not of us he does not belong to our tradition the tradition of أهل البيت he or she who does not do accountability to his or her own self every day every day الله سبحانه وتعالى says احدهم الموت when death arrives to some of them قال رب ارجعون he starts begging please give me another chance I did not do good now I woke up this is a wake up call for me I was unaware of this I was busy with my life I was busy with my engagements I was busy with friends and family members and this dunya قال رب ارجعون لاعلي I can fix the damage I did لاعلي أعمل وصالحا فيما تركت things that I abandoned and I did not pay attention to them maybe I can fix them again لاعلي أعمل وصالحا فيما تركت the answer comes to him كل name إنها كلمة this is a wishing this is wishful thinking a wish that we cannot grant him كلمة هو قائلها and now you embarked on a journey that is endless there is no return have you seen no return policy I was told that these speakers just five minutes ago no return you buy them you are stuck with them no return there is no return when Israel comes there is no U-turn there is no U-turn at least here before you arrive in Mexico they tell you this is the last exit before the international border you can make a U-turn but Israel does not give you this warning كلا إنها كلمة هو قائلها ومن ورائهم behind them برزخون إلى يوم يبعثون so we have to think what we have achieved and what we did not achieve what should we do you all know about New Year's resolution even the kids I was listening to them asking each other what do you have for New Year's resolution people think of getting into shape losing weight upgrading their iPhone remodeling the kitchen talking to a divorce attorney this year and this and that it's all about حيات الدنيا it's all about حيات الدنيا how many of us we thought that am I prepared for my next life sometimes people complain they say don't mention death I don't want to hear about death it's not about death it's about life Allah سبحانه وتعالى when he speaks about death this is a transferal transferal from here into there تبارك الذي بيده الملك وهو على كل شيء انقدير الذي خلق الموت والحيات he created death and life so after death we have life it is not death it is not death there is another life waiting for us we have to think about it the kids teenagers they think about their marital life when they graduate when they get a job the new life for us too it's a new life after death there is another life a permanent life an eternal life الذي خلق الموت والحيات ليبلوكم ايكم احسن وعاملة we have to think about it this life is very fleeting did you feel 2014 how many of you really felt it at the end of the year this is the discussion among us this is the discussion among all people we realize in December we realize that life is too short too fast too fleeting because we did not feel it 2014 was fast 2015 is going to be faster believe me 2016 is going to be even faster and faster this is the reality of this life this is what Allah describes this life وامل حيات الدنيا في الاخرة إلا متاع this lower life is nothing is a fleeting and passing and too short compared to the after متاع one of the meanings of متاع is that it moves very fast because you are not meant to stay here you are meant to move to get it transferred into another life to be prepared for another life have we prepared for that one have we planned many people have planned for their retirement have we planned for the rear retirement where we are going to leave everything behind and move into that one this is what we have this is our New Year's resolution this is the rear resolution if we have missed then we have to make it up now before it is too late يا أطول الأنبياء عمرا جبريل asked who survived 1600 years the time of his preaching and his ministry was 950 years فلبت في قومه ألف سنة إلا 50 عام he worked 950 years but he lived 1600 years so جبريل asked him oh the longest serving prophet of God يا أطول الأنبياء عمرا no one lived the life that you the age that you lived كيف وجدت الدنيا tell me describe this for me he said وجدتها وجدتها كدار لها بابان دخلت من أحدهما وخرجت من الأخر I saw this life to be like a house that has two gates one entrance and one exit I passed through this life I did not stay in it he lived 1600 years and he said I passed through it I passed through this life we are aging now we are growing physically but are we also growing spiritually and mentally or we are stuck in an perpetual infancy are we growing are we thinking about the next chapter of our life this is a question that we all have to ask ourselves what did I do for my future for my next chapter what did I do have I prepared something وما تقدموا لأنفسكم من خير تجدوه Allah says if you leave behind you don't find it but when you send it ahead of you تقدموا when you advance and send it ahead of you you don't find it تجدوه let's work let's work hard I remember a story I read many years ago of Alfred Noble the guy who presented noble peace prize and other other prizes also but the main one is the noble one is the peace prize this guy so he had a brother with the same last name who died in Sweden and Alfred the following day read the obituary of his own brother in the newspaper but they thought mistakenly they thought that Alfred himself died the one who invented the dynamite so in the obituary in the newspaper in the eulogy it was very bad about him they said this man is bad he left a very bad and evil legacy he invented dynamite which is causing death destruction destroying people's life people's homes people's properties so the obituary was very bad when he read it it was about him it shook his foundation he said this is how people are going to remember me this is how people are going to remember me I made a fortune I made so much money I have a great brain this is how people are going to remember me with evil, with destruction so he decided he said this is a wake up call for me this is a wake up call for me it is good that they made this mistake in the newspaper he called them the following day he said listen, I am Alford I am still alive they said oh we apologize he said no don't apologize to me thank you so much thank you you sent me a very powerful wake up call I have to salvage the remaining of my life I don't want to die to leave this life with this terrible legacy to destroy people's life I decided to promote peace to promote compassion love, harmony and this is how he dedicated his wealth his entire wealth to promote peace and reconciliation among the people in the world by dedicating his wealth to give a prize every year for those who are peacemakers of course not all those who receive this prize unfortunately are peacemakers some of them are if you look at the history of those who received it some of them are war mongers too but this is politics unfortunately and I know Alford is not happy with this decision I am sure he is not happy but some of them who received it they are peacemakers so he decided to change his life we have to change our life let's imagine if they write an obituary about us today in the newspaper or a letter about us or someone who is genuine a friend, a family member someone who knows me very well he would write a paragraph about me what did Mustafa al-Pazweeni do did he change people's life into better or he destroyed people's life let's ask this question let's ask this question when we do salat al-janaza this is what the dua we recite if he has done good if he has done good Allah increases his goodness so let's think about ourselves if we are doing good if we think we are doing good let's increase this goodness let's intensify it and if we do bad then there is room for recovery still we have room for recovery still still Allah can embrace us with His mercy we can change our relationship with people that we live with bring some hope some stability some peace into their life we can change it before it is too late بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم إن الإنسان لفي خسر إلا الذين آمنوا وعملوا الصالحات وتواصوا بالحق وصلى الله عليه وسلم على سيدنا محمد في حال بيته الطيبين الطاهرين بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين نحمده ونسبحه ونقدسه على آله ونعمائه وإلا الله وحده لا شريك له وأن سيدنا محمد عبده ورسوله أرسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهراه على الدين كله اللهم صلِّ وسلم وبارك وترحم على محمد وآل محمد كأفضل ما صليت وسلمت وباركت وترحمت على إبراهيم وآل إبراهيم في العالمين إنك حميد مجيد وصلِّ اللهم وسلم على خلفاء نبيك وأحبته وأهل بيته علياً أمير المؤمنين وقائد الغر المحجلين وعلى البضعة الطاهرة فاطمة الزهراء سيدة نساء العالمين وعلى سبطي نبي الرحمة وسيد الشباب أهل الجنة الحسن والحسين عليهم السلام وعلى علي بن الحسين ومحمد بن علي وجعفر بن محمد وموسى بن جعفر وعلى يبن موسى ومحمد بن علي وعلى يبن محمد والحسن بن علي والخلف الهادي المهدي عجل الله تعالى فرجه وسهل مخرجه وجعلنا من أنصاره وعوانه عباد الله أصيكم وأصي نفسي المذنبة المقصرة بتقوى الله ولزوم أمره رؤية في الحديث الشريف أن لُقمان الحكيم أوصى ابنه بأربع وصايا أخبرت هذه الحديث قليل من الأشخاص لكنني لم أفهمها بعض الناس يسألوني أن أفهم الحديث لُقمان الشريف أدمانه أخي وإذ قال لُقمانه لبنه وهو يعظوه قال له صحيح إذا كنت تحاولون فلاح سكسس وحب وصايا في هذا الدنيا لديت أشخاص لك أخبرتهم أخبرتهم في حياتك أنا أخبر أخبرت هذه الحياة في كثير من الأشخاص وأريد أن أعود ومعود حياتي لك أخبرتك لذا أخبرتني وإضافت إلى هذه الأشخاص أخبرتهم أخبرتهم أخبرتهم أخبرتهم أخبرتهم أخبرتهم بني ليكن سحمك للدنيا بقدري بقائك في الدنيا دعوك دعوك أن تقوم بشكل هذا الدنيا بحياتك في هذا الدنيا لن تقوم بشكل هذا لا تقوم بشكل هذا تقوم بشكل ما تحتاج ما تحتاجت سيكون تكون أجل سيكون تكون هناك أرابط أرابط إمام الحسن عليه الصلاة والسلام سيكون وما تقوم وما تقوم سيكون تقوم بسرعة وعلم ان في حلالها حساب even if you accumulate from a pure and 100% حلال they hold you accountable they hold you accountable وفي حرامها if you accumulate حرام إقاب the responishment وفي الشبوحات and money that you don't know whether it is really حلال or حرام شبها this is شبه uncertainty وفي الشبوحات إتاب there is a rebuke and reprimand they tell you this was شبه if there is a cup and you don't know whether in this cup there is poison or not would you drink it? if there is one in a million possibility that this cup has been poisoned would you touch it? you don't touch it you stay away from it the same thing with the dunya with the money of the dunya you have to stay away from it وعلم انك لا تجمع من المال شيئا فوق قوتك إلا كنت فيه خازنا لغيرك أي مoney that you accumulate above and beyond what you need you are accumulating that for others not for yourself you the imam says you get exhausted and tired and work hard to make the money others they enjoy it on the day of judgment you will be responsible you will be responsible even for the earth the inheritance that you leave behind if your inheritors they mis-handle it you will be responsible for that you will be responsible for that although you didn't use it someone else used it but you were the source of giving it passing it to them you are responsible so take what you need above that it's a burden believe me it's a burden I gave this example the other day that when we fly with united with American they allow you only one carry on if you have extra luggage you have to pay it's not free you have to pay so if you don't want to pay penalty then carry only one small bag with you the carry on don't take more than that with you the second he said to him وليكن زادك زادك your provision as Zad the traveler what the traveler carries with him it's called in Arabic Zad Zad the provision وليكن زادك للاخرتي بقدر بقائك في الاخر according to you stay in the after how long you want to stay in the after how long you going to stay 10 years and then we change and then they bring us back here خالدين فيها مادامة السماوات واتو ولأ as long as there is cosmic system we are staying there there is no expiration and by the way we don't age there here some people don't remind them of their birthday they get irritated especially when they women don't at all even if they are in their 20s men when they pass 50s don't tell them happy birthday painful reminder in the after there is no aging الحمد لله you are always fresh always ready الحمد لله energetic full of energy so take for the after according to your need in the after and we need a lot in the after we are going to stay forever so take as much as you can from this dunya for the after وَالتَكُنْ عِبَادَتُكَ this is number 3 to service to God and your worshipping of God عِبَادَتُكَ لله بقدر حاجتك لله الله أكبر lets your worshipping of God be according to your need to God how much do you need God how much do we need we only need Him and we need no one else يا أيها الناس وانتم الفقراء وإلى الله والله هو الغني الحمد نحن نحتاج الله سبحانه وتعالى نحن نحتاج Him every second لا يوجد حال that we feel that today we need Him less than yesterday day by day we need Him more and more and more وامير المؤمنين says those who are the most wealthy the most influential the most powerful in the society they need God more than those who are poor and needy they need Him more so lets worship Him and obey Him according to our need to Him and number four he said to his son والتكن وقاحتك في معصية الله lets your audacity and recklessness وقاحة in disobeying God بقدر تحملك لعذاب الله according to your capacity in receiving His punishment do you bear the punishment امير المؤمنين says وهذا ما لا تقوم له السماوات والأرض the heaven and the earth cannot stand for your anger and your wrath the Quran says اذا رأتهم من مكان بعيدا سمعوا لها تغييظا وزفيرة when the fire observes them from a far distance observes the guilty ones the criminals سمعوا لها تغييظا وزفيرة they hear the roaring and the vehement raging of this fire تغييظا وزفيرة وإذا ألقوا منها مكانا ضيقا when they are cast into the fire into a narrow place in the fire مقرنين handcuffed دعوا هنا لك ثبورة دعوا هنا لك ثبورة they call for destruction oh God take my soul take my life I can't bear this pain here دعوا هنا لك ثبورة Allah says to them لا تدعوا اليوم ثبورا واحدا ودعوا ثبورا كثيرة one call for destruction is not enough as much as you can call for destruction they can't stay we can't bear Allah's punishment so let's not disobey Him let's remember that there are consequences for what we say for what we do in this life for our acts and nothing can escape Allah's observance nothing Allah can see ما يلفظوا من قولن ما يلفظوا من قولن إلا لديه رقيب وحتيط a friend one time told me he said say it I made a mistake in my life I'm not going to repeat this mistake forever until I die I said what is it he said I cheated on IRS and they came after me very harsh and very hard and they taught me a lesson that for the rest of my life I'm not going to forget it I'm not going to forget this and I'm not going to cheat on them again IRS made of people like me and you but the fire is made by Allah سبحانه وتعالى and no one can cheat on Allah and Allah comes after us if we do not repent Allah's system is stricter than IRS than the government and he comes after us so let's observe him observe him in what we say as we age and grow when we speak we have to think about it we have to reflect about the consequences of my speech my comment with my family with my friends in the community let's think about these four points and let's make them our a new year resolution Insha'Allah for all of us