So we will review a few things from a video lecture we saw in IIT Bombay X which is on preparation of slides okay. How do you make slides for presentation but before I am going to review the topic I am going to show you a presentation okay I am not going to speak I am just going to show some slides okay each slide for about 10 seconds or so and I might just speak very little it is not a full presentation but I just want you to look at the content of the slides okay and then write down in your piece of paper what you think is good about that particular slide or the overall presentation and what you think is bad and what can be improved okay. So here we go so I will go through the entire slides very quickly once and then if you want we can do it once more. Assume that this is a set of slide your student has made and then the student is going to a conference national conference or international conference and comes and shows it to you sir or madam I have made the slides can you please take a look at it and give me some comments okay. So you do not bother about what is technical here in this at this point because we just looking at formatting of slides okay. So you please look at the slides and give your students comments and we are going to listen to your comments first and then we will go through a review of the video presentation okay so this is the first slide background information microscopes are common see bacteria how to measure so then there is a picture of bacteria then there is microscope this is the next slide it says how do you get a disease contamination infection microscopy helps the third slide two key points Albert Einstein says everything should be made simple and not simpler and there is an old saying tell them what you are going to tell them tell them and tell them what you have told them slide number three so do not worry too much about the contents it is not about the technical content in set which is just the quality of slides I want you to comment and look only at the quality of slides just write down point on what is good about different slides good about the presentation and what what is bad and what can be improved so this is another slide two quotations from Victor Hugo where the telescope ends the microscope begins which of the two has the grander view old saying affection like melancholy magnifies trifles but the magnifying of the one is looking through a telescope at heavenly objects that of the other like enlarging monsters with a microscope so and then one last slide conclusion a digital image processing provides revolutionary new tools for studying colloidal suspensions applying image processing ultra microscopy poses some problems whose resolution has not been discussed in a unified way a rapidly growing community of researchers will come up against these practical hurdles we describe a set of image processing algorithms extracting quantitative data from digitized video microscopy images of colloidal suspensions we have discussed in detail measurements of microspheres self diffusion coefficients measurement of charts fears pair interaction the image analysis methods we have developed to perform quantitative time-resolved imaging studies of colloidal suspensions which offer high accuracy while requiring only general purpose commercially available equipment utility of this method is in studying the microscopic dynamics of colloidal suspensions okay so that is the end of the talk I will go back and review the slide show you the slides once more so you can get a overall picture first slide background some introduction some two key points two quotations and conclusion okay so I am going to give you some time to think about it please discuss with your neighbors what you think was good about this slides not the presentation so presentation means you need to look at the content as well what we are seeing is just the quality of slides so discuss with them what was good what points were good about the slides and what points were bad and what can be improved all right so let's go to rvs college of engineering poor background color selection okay text text color also text color is also bad okay image quality and image description image quality and image description in conclusion paragraph not justify and also conclusion should be yes conclusion in power fine presentation there is a no paragraph conclusion they give an only paragraph okay thank you so we will take the conclusion is too lengthy and not justified okay it is not justified properly and it is too lengthy thank you very much let us hear from somebody else thank you sir this is frances institute borivali sir first of all there is absolutely lack of uniformity in the presentation each slide going on its own different way okay let me repeat it for others there is lack of uniformity each slide is its own style yeah coming to the first one there are two images used where no credit is given or any reference mentioned as to where the images have been taken from excellent so I will repeat it for the benefit of others that the images are not credited from where it has been taken yeah and in most of the slides one problem that is common is that the visual should be friendly to the audience in this case the background color and the font color they go so much against each other it's difficult to read it's jarring to the eyes in some of the slides it is jarring to the eyes which is something the previous center also pointed out its background color and font color selections are not good okay yeah but comparatively they have done well in the third slide where the credits have given the graphic selection also is good okay the third slide let us see what is the third slide in this one okay in this the credits are given yes okay all right and then and then in some of the slides we felt that the font size could be increased I think the fourth one fourth one font size okay very good and the last one the conclusion slide there's just too much of data when it comes to a PPT we expect raises and the speaker would give us rest of the content but here we have an entire paragraph being given so it will be difficult for the audience to follow anything for that matter and even the formatting has gone wrong some of the content is cut out okay thank you very much the same point the previous institute also said thank you very much Francis Institute let's go on to Mahalingam College of Engineering so we noticed that the background color can be a light color background can be light okay white background is better okay and then and in most of the slides there are pictures but the alignment is missing the pictures are not aligned that's a new point so I request you to give points which has not been covered before two centers have given very nice point so please try to add points to that so you are right the images are not aligned any other new point in conclusions like the informations can be a point information can be written as points thank you very much let's go to KIT college from Kolhapur do you have anything to add I think identification of the slide number should be present I think the slide numbers did not have any identification marks over there can you repeat what do you mean by identification of slide number later on when I want to review slide number three slide number four so the numbering some indication that oh the number slide am I referring when I asked yeah the number actually was there but actually it is very small thank you for pointing that out so in some slides there are numbers and some slides there are no numbers okay and when they are there it is very small thank you for that new point let's go on to the next college Sharad Institute of Technology the color selection is not good yeah then that is too flashy yes can you include any new points of each slide are not I mean related to one another okay another conclusion having more information also the font size is less there and slide numbering is also not for each slide okay so we have got two points here the font size is small and conclusion conclusion font size is small and the slide numbering thank you very much so I think most of you have covered a large number of points so let us go now and review the content so you have rightly a pointed out lot of faults of the slide that you saw so then what should be a good presentation so a good presentation is from the content point of view thus a few very simple things the idea of a presentation is that you need to convey one story most of the presentations are revolved around one story and very one message keep what is that one message you are trying to convey remember when we wrote this abstract yesterday the problem was one statement the result was one statement okay it is just one message that you want to convey around the result you can say I use this methodology then it I use this method then it implies this and so on but the core idea is just one the core story is one what is that one story you are going to say okay so these are two codes which we discussed little while before you make it simple okay so that people can listen but do not make it trivial that is what the meaning of what Einstein said and one more old saying is that one way you could structure a talk is you tell the audience what is going to come first okay tell them what you are going to tell them and then you tell them in a simple way and once you have completed you revise what you have told them so reiteration is a very important point in a talk unlike a written material where people can read any paragraph any number of times in a presentation you are the driver you control everything you control what they listen they cannot control what they want to listen so when you are presenting it is very important that you tell a couple of points or at least one point reiterate it in several ways according to this saying you have to tell at least three times once before once during and once after so how is a presentation different from a written material many of these facts are quite simple and trivial but most often we forget them and we forget them and use the same old principle which we use for writing so for example the conclusion that you saw was a very nicely written conclusion which is supposed to be only written not to be said okay so we will see some points of what distinguishes presentations from a written form of communication in written you have this audience has plenty of time to assimilate they have they schedule their time they can read anytime they want how many of our times they want but presentation is just once and the attention span is very limited now suppose something I say now and I keep on blabbering several things my main point is one point I keep on saying something else you will just lose your concentration on what I am saying and you will start thinking something else and that time span is about 20 to 30 seconds if I lose you for 20 seconds it means I have lost you you have also lost the topic so I need to keep you engaged you need to keep the audience engaged that is not the problem with written communication in written communication it is always the reader chooses how much time they want to spend similarly in in writing details are very important here it can be sketchy I can just do some hand waving things but I am conveying the story nicely like yesterday we saw when people were conveying the idea of how monkeys can distinguish numbers when they put it across through a story it was so engaging right so similarly your unless your talk is that is an illustration of how people attach to a presentation so you need to keep them with you some presentations were bad yesterday they went very technical that was for school students but when you keep them engaged the attention is there with you and for that purpose you can be little bit sketchy you can do some hand wave you can tell something else which is not related but just keep them engaged so this point many of you had raised in the conclusions if it is written material you need to have a fully grammatically current system but sentence but not in a presentation it has to be point in fact if you make sure that it is grammatically incorrect you will be forced to write a small phrase that is to be point wise and small phrase okay so we have seen different types of talks as well so there are talks can be broadly classified based on their special specialization and the duration so for very special audience you have on the right hand side and broad audience you have on the left hand side similarly a short duration and a long duration now if you look at this most of the talks lie here what does it mean as you speak to more and more special people specialized audience the length of the talk also increases that is what this means but other than that you have some exceptions here a long talk for a specialized audience is called as a colloquium a short talk for a very broad audience like you met your vice chancellor is an elevator pitch but you could also have a short talk for a specialized audience which is like a sound bite a sound bite is something like I give you a quick summary of my talk or I am having a poster outside this room I want you to come and see the poster there are hundreds of posters I get one minute as an advertisement one minute I am going to convey very quickly why you should come and attend my poster or see my poster so that is a sound bite similarly a TED talk like the one you might have seen yesterday a TED talk is can be large large time but is usually for a very broad audience so these are some types of talks and you need to be aware who is the audience you are going to talk to and what is the duration that is given to you so you need to plan accordingly so the whole slides presentation is around this objective so the layout of slides is there are few thumb rules if you have 20 minutes to present a good thumb rule is have no more than 20 slides if you force yourself that the entire design of the talk will be just appropriate you cannot put more material per slide it will not look ugly but you need to have this thumb rule you cannot say oh I have so much work to do how can I just do it in 20 slides I need 40 slides our students do this very often they come to me saying sir I cannot miss all these things at least I will have 50 slides for this 20 minutes talk what we say just cut down I just say I am just ruthless with them just show me 15 slides and then you can add the rest 15 slides 15 minutes done any other slide put it as a backup slide so there is a very good thumb rule you can try with your students so that essentially means you have to use very short sentences and that also means that you need to use images and when you use images you need to be careful you need to choose images that create an impact that it is there in their mind it should not be something just because you are allowed to put some funny cartoon you cannot just come and put a funny cartoon there which is actually a distraction okay so it should create an impact not a distraction these are some points which we already saw and I will quickly see this so look at these two slides a very packed like the ones you saw in the sample slide I showed you it is very packed it is too dense I do not know if you have gone to some international conferences people from non-English-speaking countries like China and Japan I am not blaming them but since they do not speak English they do not even learn English as we learn English as a second language so for them science art history everything is in their native tongue not like us so for them speaking in English is very difficult what they do is they have this slide they can read English they can read English very well so they have this slide they put the whole talk in the slide and let us say the slide is here they look at it and just read it density of slides density of slide should not be high it should have telegraphic and terse length sentences we should avoid lengthy equations we should recall all the symbols of equations in each slide it is a good rule to have one slide per one minute all the additional slide should be kept as backup so all these things will be written and they will just read it now why do a presentation I am not commenting on their quality of work some of them are very good except that if you ask them to present in their native tongue of course they will do it wonderfully but we do not have that problem our students most of them do not have that problem we all study science in English at least after our in our higher studies all science is done in English but still we have students writing full sentences they just write full sentences and just read it out if if you are anyway going to read it out why don't you just put the slides and just stand why should you read it out these two audience are not dumb they can read it so these are some points that we try to drive in our students mind that you should not have long sentences should be very short and terse this is another point somebody had made I think from Francis Institute that each slide is different it doesn't look like one presentation each slide is showing a different thing so unity is very important within the presentation so if you have unity everything looks similar then you know that okay you are in one presentation you look at a website a well-designed website all the pages will look similar look at a magazine all the pages will have some commonality in the design of course if you take India today and if you take outlook they both are different suppose you take one page from outlook and one page from India today and make a book out of it it look very odd similarly a unity in presentation is very important so and unity can be achieved by getting common layout the layout should be similar that I have the heading here heading font is the same heading background is same I put a logo in one place and that same place should be everywhere in all the slides this is the broad area in which I present my contents not that in one place I put title here one page title here and so on font size is uniform background is uniform and so on so this unity actually ties up the entire presentation file format it is a very good idea to avoid PPT avoid PPT if you are not carrying your own laptop because PPT is still not standard each version if you are not using your laptop if you ask to use PPT in another laptop with another version of PowerPoint it is going to most likely change the layout don't risk that always carry PDF if you are having animations and if you are carrying your laptop you are free to use any format that you want but that is a little bit risk. Suppose your laptop fails you are carrying that risk of a poor presentation so it is always better to carry slides on PDF and on different media as well not just in one place you keep it in your mailbox keep it in your drive or drop box somewhere you can download any time and take it to the presentation computer always it is a good idea to check the display in the final setup now it might look very nice the color might look very nice on your screen but when you project it it is going to be totally different that particular projector has three colors right red green and blue the red color will have a loose contact okay so green and blue perfect now it just so happens that many of your graphs or tables we have put red color gone that is just not visible at all or it just flickers and comes all these things will happen so it is very important that you check before the day of presentation if possible or at least one hour before the presentation start if you can go to the place load up the slides and then check if it works so on Saturday when you come at 9 30 for the presentation it should be ready my advice is you prepare the slides today bring it tomorrow and whenever you get free time please check it on the computer you will know the kind of variation that can happen particularly if you do not belong to this college you are from some other college and if you come here you bring your format and check it out there it is probably going to have a problem something would be different something may not work like today the first presentation that I saw the first slide was black in color I did not check it today it is a PDF file which works in all the things but a view cannot display my title slide it just shows it as black so tomorrow you will be surprised I was surprised today the first slide did not come out well so I did not prepare well for my bad presentation but in a sense it was good that at least I could show you that it is mistake that can happen whatever how careful you are somewhere something can go wrong so always check before you present you put it in that computer in that room you identify the room do not get surprised in the last moment identify the room go there load it up and check if it works particularly you should come to the back of the room and see if everybody can read what you have written some people like to put very large table and put some numbers there what is the point of putting tables and numbers in a presentation does not carry any use unless it is large and you want to highlight one particular thing try to use graphs but if you want to put tables try to highlight in a very big font what is it that you want to highlight big tables are very difficult to read and finally it needs to be well rehearsed it is almost like a performing art presentation is not like writing of course writing also requires some amount of creativity and the skills of an author presentation is little more you are actually performing in front of an audience and like all performing arts like many of you would have done dramas or skates or some small dance performance unless you practice it is not going to come out well on the stage so we always recommend our students to write the talk and kind of mug up at least first few slides so by that at least they are confident of the first few slides and the talk goes on well if you lose the audience in the first five ten minutes then you have lost them for the whole talk so at least for the first five slides what we ask them to do is to make a presentation record it on their phone and then write the transcript because you remember there were two people from yesterday's presentation they were reading from the laptop on computer like this right so they read it like this that is because they wrote it first they wrote it in a language that is good for a written communication not the spoken communication so it is always good to speak whatever is coming record it and then transcribe it as a writing and when you transcribe it as writing you may call grammatical corrections and better sentences and then mug it up so this is what we advise the students that this is one thing that you could advise your students as well to do to record transcribe and then mug it up at least first fly slides most good presenters always do this maybe after five ten years of practice they do not need to write but it takes a long time for most of us to do a talk spontaneously we cannot speak spontaneously a very good points so that is one point about rehearsing the talk well written script and it has to be a very nice story like you see when a teacher tells a story like we had two teachers time two beautiful stories yesterday and all of us sat and we were gripped to the teacher she was actually conveying a technical point but when it came out as a story I mean I do not mean story as in a story of Ramayana like the way they said but there has to be a nice connectivity of thoughts a nice flow of thoughts that is what I mean by story in a technical presentation keep them engaged during the talk and when you leave it has to be some thought provoking thing that they should think about it so how do we keep things in memory because we keep thinking about the same thing again and again and that reiterates our memory so if you leave the audience with some interesting question then they come back and oh he said this so that means that oh before that he said that so they are recollecting the memory so before they leave 10 steps from the hall auditorium they would have already recollected so many facts and that reiterates in their memory and that stays longer that is the ultimate objective of a talk and at the end there has to be just one take home message okay so if I were to ask you what is the take home message of this presentation that I gave what would you say I spoke several things I said that you need to tell things before during and after so did I convey any one message through this entire talk can we have some hand races did I convey any one message what is that one message did I try to convey Kavikul Guru from Nagpur so what is that one message what is that one message I would have conveyed through if you were to finally I want to say goodbye to the audience and before saying goodbye I want to reiterate that message so did that I want to ask you what was that one message you would like to convey from this whole talk Sir it should be thought provoking and informative no no I have noted okay that is no my point is whole of talk I have tried to convey one message about how to make prepare your slides for presentation how to format your slides for presentation was my title of the talk and if I have conveyed one message and before leaving I am going to reiterate that message so I am going to ask you you have seen this presentation what is that one message that I tried to convey in this talk so you conveyed the message that the slide should be symmetrical and you should we should no there is one message you choose one message of the things that you are listing what is the one important message rehearse the presentation before coming okay thank you let's hear from others we should prepare well prepare well okay the information should be crisp and clear information has to be crisp and clear okay thank you so that will be the last from this college then we will go to the next college and nice information being shared with all nice information shared with all okay so let me go to another college Dronacharya College of Engineering this is in Gautam Booth Nagar Uttar Pradesh Dronacharya so what is that one message that you think can be conveyed through this talk for me take home messages that I should rehearse and prepare well rehearse and prepare well okay thank you work hard to have a mastery work hard to have a mastery thank you very much we'll go to the next college Ashwantra Chauhan from Nagpur again sir I feel the PPT should be very highly planned for the slide should be very highly planned that is the message Pillai Institute Pundwell uh presenters should stick to the uh rules given for the presentation okay thank you very much cook at Perli keep the presentation simple clear interesting thought provoking okay thank you very much so anybody else in that college be an efficient presenter clear and efficient presentation okay thank you very much see that the Institute of Engineering sir actually presentation that is the power point the word indicate each point should have some power it should communicate with the audience that is the message you convert to your presentation okay thank you all right so now again from my point of view the take home message of the presentation was keep it simple so that was actually one of you had said that so that is what I also thought of course each of us can have our own view the whole point was keep it simple so once you make it simple many other things automatically follows if your aim is to keep it simple you cannot have dense slides if you aim is to keep it simple you cannot have a very long sentences if the aim is to keep it simple you will have nicely uh selected colors or nicely selected fonts and so on so the idea was is to keep it simple because as you saw yesterday when you are able to convey a difficult concept in a simple way it goes across much more easily okay now again I am going to go through another presentation so this presentation was submitted by one among you in the elevator pitch presentation and I am going to take you through this slides and I would like you to look at it and again comment on this this was actually made by one among the participants after they have gone through this presentation and what they have learned from that they have used in this so let us see what they have got the first slide nano size transition metal oxides as negative electrode materials for lithium ion batteries introduction rechargeable solid state batteries have attractive power force example lithium ion batteries are emerging as technology of choice for portable electronics main challenges it is designed electrodes made of nanoparticles blah blah blah some technical thing there properties of metal oxide lithium cells there is a figure and there is a caption and there are images and there is a image caption there is a conclusion of two points okay so I will go back again so quickly comment on the slides quality of the slides what is good what can be improved going back again title slide introduction property slide images conclusion okay we will go to margaret tell us your comments about the quality of slides there is no slide number in the slide excellent comment on the slide number very good after that what is how many figures are there okay there is no correlation between the figures there is no correlation between the they are not aligned properly okay what else okay let me go to another college thank you very much alwar okay rajaram bapu you have a question or a comment assume I found an image on a website it is also referred at the bottom and it is referring to the another website okay so I have moved to the another website but the resource is not available now which should I refer when I use that image in my presentation what should I refer now what is your name rajesh dhantam okay so rajesh has found an image in a website and in that website they have said that they have taken from a another website second website but he goes and checks in that website the second website it is not available the question is which website should he refer the original one or the one where he found it now the answer to that is you should give only original one because the idea is to give credit the idea is not essentially to for others to download it is not that you go and download from this place it is you are not conveying that you are conveying who the original person who created that okay now there are ways to find out that usually what would have happened is in that original website maybe the site is up that the page URL has changed so what you can do is you can do image search like Google allows you to do image search so you download the image from the first website upload it into Google and search for it then you might find where it originally came from if the URL has changed and then you can give it usually when you refer to images it is sufficient if you give only the domain name you do not need to give the complete URL if you give compute URL you can put it as a link but you do not need to give that you just need to give the domain name so that way if you can easily find the domain name if you do not find please use the original website thank you very much for that question Yubi Patel from Nessana Gujarat what are the standards to consider like as per my knowledge that is 6 by 6 that is 6 words and 6 sentence should be incorporated in a particular slide so what is your opinion to include that how many words and how many sentence that would be ideal yes though one you suggest is one way to look at it but there could be other variations of it also some people like to just use one sentence have a image and then explain using that now it depends on the nature of the technical talk as well so some technical talk you cannot strictly put it in one line you cannot strictly put it in six sentences and so on okay so you need to exercise your judgment there you need not strictly follow essential point is that it needs to be simple and it should not be detailed you have to convey the main point so what you say 6 words and 6 sentences is one of the thumb rules there is other thumb rule which says that it should be just one minute per slide so you could just use one sentence and an image and then use it you describe appropriately thank you very much is there any other comment one comment is there like suppose we have one PDF file which is like of a half page so is it like good for like putting a link for that particular PDF file or we need to copy and paste this content in a slide what is the ideal method so you mean you have a PDF file which is a written material like a paper yeah but it contains half page only half page and from the half page what does it contain a picture or a table or what table pictures everything no you should definitely not use it as such because it will look too dense if you use a written material if you cut it and paste it on a slide it will look too dense it is not for a visual communication of a slide it is only a visual communication of a written document which can be printed out for that it is okay all first of all cutting and pasting is wrong as far as possible you have to advise your students to rewrite a table or redraw a figure slightly differently if that is possible that is the best way to go definitely not cut and paste and definitely not cut and paste a half page PDF file because that will be too dense for a normal slide of course it is just one image if it is a microscopic image or some other photograph it is a different but in general it is not advisable to cut and paste a PDF file thank you very much next college is LDRP from Gandhinagar so my question is that is it necessary to put a question on the last slide let's say six slide for Saturday's exercise yes it's not for a normal presentation the reason for Saturday's presentation is as the instructor pointed out if you start with a question and formulate your presentation around that question then your presentation better it is something like a learning objective at the end of the talk what do you want the audience to know so that you set us a question and if you want the audience to know this and therefore I have to convey this and then to check for yourself have the audience got it you ask a question it's it's just for your own practice and part of a training session that we give our students it's not to be used in actual seminars otherwise for every presentation it's not advisable isn't it no no it's not at all advisable so the scientific methodology which has been prescribed isn't it over generalized like if you take many of the papers even shown today do they really have all the components as highlighted like the hypotheses or prediction test etc no normal papers will not have all of the components it is either only one of the components that is possible it is as I said if you look at the another slide that I showed you each paper will be one component of the the whole cycle of scientific methodology it could be simply an observation it need not be in hypothesis most of the papers 80 to 90 percent of the papers are merely observations towards the end they might give a possible explanation is this so they have a hypothesis which is not proved so they have an observation they have a hypothesis but it's not proved some papers might simply be only explanation they have derived a set of equations to prove something so that will be only hypothesis and they might have some way to predict it they may not have a prediction at all so the entire cycle if you see that somebody publishes observation somebody else has got hypothesis somebody else may come and do the prediction so this is the cycle can be split and most of this things that I have told you is by and large restricted to science and engineering in mathematics it might be possible it may not be possible this is a little bit different although many authors claim that in mathematics also you can follow a scientific methodology there are people who do it that way by implication some areas of computer science where it is theoretical computer science is more like mathematics but something else like algorithms proving they are all only a part of a scientific method it is not necessarily that you need to have an entire sequence of steps to publish an article does that answer your question yes if you have a specific example where you are not finding it encourage you to try and discuss it among your peers or you can write to us if we understand the subject we might be able to tell you how to identify what it is thank you very much Geetham University Good evening sir my question is related to give a technical course you told that presentation or lecture should be made as simple as possible but when it comes to giving a technical course for engineering students let us say I am teaching physics for an engineering B Tech students so when it comes to a technical course we are supposed to cover at least five to six modules per course with this in that hardcore subject so in such case how to make a course as simple as possible and but but we have to put it in a technical way so can you please share your experience to or give your experience in this regard okay so when I how to make a course as simple as possible at the same time cover all the technical details correct so as I said so what I said now is not so much applicable to a classroom situation because the classroom situation is usually at the other end of the talk you are talking to specialized audience and it is a long talk so there there would be one simple message or two simple messages what I typically try to do is per class or per lecture I try to keep two simple messages to convey I either write it down on the board or I towards end of the class I try to recollect that two simple messages but that does not mean that those are other than that I do not convey anything you actually build rigor around that so for students to understand and recollect it is better that you convey that okay this is what I am going to say today we are going to discuss say the mechanics of say one particular aspect of say quantum mechanics a particle in the box so today the topic is particle in a box but you can give a small example of what you are going to tell in that and then you actually go and derive the equations all that rigor has to be there because that is a different you are doing a training now you are not conveying one message but the technical talks that we are talking is not a training session that is a session of making people aware that some things are there and then they come but classroom lectures are training sessions but even there if you prepare such a way that you have just one or two important messages to convey if you can write it in the sentence form and either write it before the class or once the class gets over you just write it that this is what was conveyed then that will help them read reinforce the things that you have taught does it answer your question yeah thank you sir my colleague is having another question yes please go ahead so this is regarding yesterday's topic the authorship so you were talking about the order of the authorship the first author will be a person who is like who has done all the work okay then the second becomes a senior in the lab who has helped in the work and third becomes your professor who is the professor of the group or who is leading the group so as I said you have to decide a principle on which you want to decide the authorship you decide the usually the lead author which is the professor in the group has to have a principle if possible written down and since I have given you certain principles you could use many of these because these are standard things that are followed in western universities if you accept these principles you say your students that this is what I am going to follow okay before the student comes to your lab or starts the work you agree upon that and then you say okay the first author is somebody who has done at least 50 percent of the work the second author does not just need to be a student in the senior student in the lab only if the second author at least contributes 10 percent or 20 percent whatever you decide that percentage is only then she qualifies to be a author so that way if you have some principles with you stated or written down and agreed upon then it leaves out it gives you trains the students also in being professional that you do not decide that okay I like this student that is why I will have his name I do not like her so I will not have her name and so on so that becomes a personal bias and it becomes subjective the idea is to have as objective principle as possible of course there could be variations you cannot measure it exactly but try to have as subjective as possible my question is regarding the API scores that you normally see so when a student is there who has done the maximum work and your postdoc is the one who has given the idea to the work help the student also to do it but the postdoc who has joined as assistant professor and is looking forward become associate will the API scores become a problem for them they always say API score the first author gets 60 percent of the count see I think I mean this code that you are talking about the one way to avoid that is actually if you agree upon yourself within your group to state it part of the paper just before the acknowledgement section if in a particular paper you think that the postdoc also has contributed significantly say 30 percent postdoc and 30 percent the first author then you please state it it may not be in terms of percentage but it could be in terms of what specific work was contributed by the postdoc but if you feel that it was just an idea and it did not help much in planning so there is different criteria I told you there is planning execution analysis at least one of that and should have done some portion of the paper either written the draft reviewed the draft or suggested significant changes to the draft and the final point is they should have the ownership if something goes wrong will that person take ownership okay so if the postdoc has done all that then they should be given a second author and if you think that no I would not recommend to be a corresponding author because a corresponding author is I am assuming the faculty is the main source of the idea is just not a namesake person there so in that case the faculty would be the corresponding author but on the other hand if the postdoc is the main drive behind this then it is also legitimate to give the postdoc a corresponding authorship okay I request you to please write down this and send it to me by email or you can post in IIT Bombay X sure sir okay thank you very much yes sir Kavith Kulguru actually one is the first one is is it necessary that we have to have some textual information on the presentation is it like we can just finish the presentation with visuals and graphics okay you can certainly do that there is no harm but the reason of having a little bit text is because of keywords so there could be some technical keywords which you might be pronouncing in one way they might be understanding in another way to avoid all those ambiguities okay and to stress important point suppose you conveyed an idea okay and the person has missed out on the idea okay suppose they just slept off for 10 seconds they missed it out and then they will be lost so that is the reason some text is recommended but if you can nicely articulate using images that is more welcome okay thank you sir the second question is you said that revision at the end so can we do the revision orally instead of adding another slide to the presentation the reason to have a slide for oral thing is that being the last slide you will usually leave the slide on the presentation and you will ask audience for responses so during that time it will reiterate more to the audience so that is why we usually leave it with a line and image which will stay in their minds as they as they leave the auditorium Seethatta we will go to Seethatta from Hyderabad Sir my question is when we have to write the review article we have to refer so many other articles okay sir yes then at the time of abstract writing and all review article how to avoid the plagiarism how to avoid the plagiarism while writing the review article see if you think that review articles you are going to just because you are writing from other article the plagiarism comes only when you use the same text so long as you use the idea and write it in your own words it is not called plagiarism so but sir there are some concepts so we have to take from another referring article no you should not use the whole sentence you should always rewrite so you could do this for example you could take a sentence read it understand it write it in your own language say you are from Andhra or Telangana whatever so you write it in Telugu and then retranslate it in English back okay so you will make sure that you do not use the same set of words of course the technical words technical phrases technical definitions terms that is okay but the order in which they come the way you are conveying the idea that is plain English and that should not be the same so you do not think that so some people have this habit of just because it is review article like cut and paste from several places and rewrite it that is not a good idea another question sir while preparing the presentations we have to give referring or not references while in a presentation the references are important but the way they are written are slightly different in presentations yeah in presentation you should not use numbered references first of all and you should not use only author here you should not use Lakshmi and Sita 1995 that does not carry any meaning what you could do is below in the slide the last line somewhere at the bottom of the slide you could give just the first author or the corresponding author then the journal name then the year of publication these three information are minimum and essential why why is author name journal name and year of publication essential we can get direct that article sir from that one volume magazine this is a presentation no in presentation how can somebody just go and go to some article they have to listen to you how can they go to another article because it will indicate which point we have collected from which paper yeah but how does it matter in the presentation they cannot go and click something and go and get something they are listening to you the reason you give a corresponding author journal and year is for the audience they will know at least with journal it is published so they will know okay it is published in this journal oh it is should be very good it was published in this year oh it is that old and I did not know it okay that kind of information will be helpful apart from that you could give a short page number if you want volume number and page number all very short do not give the full title everything in so sometimes people will write that down and later they will go and refer it this one so in presentation you have to give a very brief this one but not numbered references so Sushila my question is regarding presentation skills and I would like to ask you how to attract and maintain the audience attention of the audience because usually what happens you see when you are presenting before your students and if it is for a long time there are chances that they may get bored and are there some strategies to avoid this so at least one common strategy is to keep the audience interactive so if you if it is a classroom 10 minutes is the attention span so after every 10 minutes you can give them ask them some questions so and during the talk also if you ask questions you do not mean you ask question does not mean you are waiting for an answer but just the point of asking a question and then pausing for some time just think about this what will happen if I do a following thing and then just pause and you do not ask wait for them to answer just that itself will keep the audience in your this one apart from that there are jokes people can tell some slightly jokes so that people do not go off to sleep so these are some small tricks that people use if your talk is interesting and gripping enough with nice visuals that will also keep it keep the audience concentrated thank you so much thank you so LDRP we are back to you now so tell us your example I discussed my case with two of the colleagues though the discussion was not very conclusive or I was not fully convinced with their arguments I'll explain you the case say I am testing air conditioner based on a new technology okay so I'm interested in say the performance parameter say the effectiveness of the air conditioner new air conditioner as compared to the conventional air conditioner okay so I'm evaluating the effectiveness as a function of say some input parameters one of the input parameters is say the fan speed or the air flow rate so I'm plotting a graph say the final output of the experiment is plotting a graph of the effectiveness of the system as a function of air flow rate now what is the measured parameter air flow rate is the input or is the output parameter input parameter and the output parameter is effectiveness so how do you measure effectiveness what is what is the thing you measure basically it's the actual performance versus the ideal performance you know how do you quantify effectiveness actually it is say in terms of enthalpy difference also the actual enthalpy difference produced for air that will be in the numerator and the denominator would be the ideal enthalpy difference okay so this is one of the yeah this is the y-axis and x-axis you have say air flow rate flow rate and this you want to do for two different air conditioners yes okay so what I feel is this is a test without any hypothesis and the end the results will be presented so I'm wondering whether there should be a hypothesis for this and whether there should be a prediction preceding this test okay so or not so let me just ask all three of you what you first of all think is the aspect of a scientific methodology that you are doing what is your in your opinion what aspect of the scientific methodology that you are doing I think it is a test and then observations and see a test comes in the terminology a test means a test of a hypothesis a test of a prediction okay suppose you are doing a test in the conventional sense test but not the test anything beforehand yeah that's what I'm trying to say in the conventional sense what you're doing is testing but in the sequence of steps of terminology of scientific hypothesis this is not test okay so let us hear from others what they have to say so good evening sir yeah this is Mayank Bharat from Parold University Varodra I'm here in Gati Nagar to attend this workshop and sir I mean since I'm from technical communication background I mean I don't know whether it's right one or not I want you to give your comments on that that what hardware replacement in conventional in conventional is leads to the overall improvement of the EC no what are you trying to answer my question was he has done some work the question is what aspect of scientific methodology that he has carried out is it an observation is it a hypothesis is it a prediction or is it a test there are four steps that we saw and which of these four steps is what he has done so what is your name no sorry I am Dushyant Patel yeah Dushyant now what is the other person Dushyant Mayank and other Dushyant Patel what is the original the AC person's name are the doctor Jignesh Jignesh so Jignesh Mayank and what Dushyant okay so see Jignesh has done some work so Jignesh wants to know how to map this to any of is it possible to map everything that we do into this scientific methodology steps that was his concern correct I am a correct Jignesh right so right so Mayank feels that it is a test and what does Dushyant feel I said I I feel to as a prediction you think it is a prediction addiction okay I would think it is just an observation you are trying to do all you are trying to do is that what is happening so the observation say if it is you could find let us say it is better than the current AC or poorer than the current AC and that is just an observation now out of this observation you can draw a research question what makes it better so that becomes your research question the answer to that research question will be hypothesis so when you say what makes it better you could say this particular liquid that I am using as coolant is having a better heat transfer capacity and therefore it is better so that is your hypothesis it is not yet proved okay so that becomes your hypothesis which is an answer to the question what is the reason that the second AC is better than the first AC and then the prediction is that if it is because of the liquid coolant that has changed if I use exactly same equipment but only I change only the liquid coolant then it should be worse so that becomes a prediction and you do that test it becomes a confirmation or rejection thing that you report could just be one part of this whole aspect thank you bye bye


Do you think it's gonna be long until he gets here anytime now? He probably got held up in Sweden Hey, who love what's behind you? Oh, they're building the new battery We've been through this three hundred and sixty five times. I know what they're building But will does not have to know feed the sign Okay, sorry You


Activity completion – track progress. Activity completion or completion tracking allows students to see their progress throughout a course, using check or tick boxes on the side of activities. The boxes with dotted lines are ticked automatically when students meet certain criteria. The boxes with solid lines students can click to manually complete them. Activity completion reports are also available for teachers, as we can see here, so they can check the progress of their students in a course. Let's go into Teacher Sam's course and see how to set this up. First of all, activity completion or completion tracking needs to be enabled site wide, so if you don't see it in your course as a teacher, ask your administrator. Our teacher Sam must first go to the gear menu top right and click edit settings. She then scrolls down to completion tracking and enables it by selecting yes. Then when she saves on displays, she can go into an activity or resource and set the completion tracking criteria. Our teacher Sam has a course welcome page, so if she clicks into it and then clicks edit settings, she can then scroll down to select the criteria for activity completion. The choices are not to indicate it, so no checkbox, to indicate it manually so students can click to say they've completed it themselves, or to show it automatically based on criteria. Here, our teacher is going to select manual completion, so students must click to confirm they've done the activity. And to display the activity on the dashboard, our teacher must click expect completed on with a date. In other activities, such as forums, there are other completion criteria, so if Sam goes into her introduce yourself forum and clicks edit settings again and scrolls down to activity completion, we can see that there are various requirements and for a forum, for example, our teacher can require that students post a certain number of discussions or replies and the activity will only be marked complete when they've done that. We can now see a box with a solid border which requires manual completion and a box with a dotted line border which requires automatic completion based on the conditions our teacher has set.


And welcome to another episode of likable science here on Think Tech Hawaii. I'm your host Ethan Allen. I think likable science is all about how science is a vital and interesting part of our lives, should be embraced by us all and enjoy by everyone and not thought of as some arcane discipline that takes place only in ivory towers. Before we get into our show today, I want to give a little plug for science being conducted around the world and by everyone, SACNAS, the Society for the Advancement of Chicano's Native Americans in Science. It's having their national conference here in Honolulu right around Halloween this year, the first couple days of November. And everyone should sign up for this great opportunity to meet a bunch of interesting people. So anyhow, today we have a guest we're bringing her in from quite a distance from Quito, Ecuador actually, Tracy Tokohama. Welcome, Tracy. Thank you for the invitation and the opportunity to be here. Well, great. We're happy to have you. And Tracy works with Harvard University, their Extension School, teaching the neuroscience of learning and introduction to mind, brain, health, and education. So a wide-ranging topic they are. It's very broad, yeah. But all deeply interlinked. You can't really be, you can't have any one of those in without having some of the others. They're all balanced out, right? Exactly. This is the learning science in general, right? Psychology, neuroscience, health, and pedagogy. There we go. Excellent. And you have connections to Hawaii. You know, I got your father who up here, right? And you visited a number of times. Excellent. Absolutely. Hawaii is my second home and every Tokohama in the phone book is my relative. Oh, right. Great. Got a lot of family here then. Yeah, I do. So we're going to talk, one of Tracy's many interests and areas that she has studied is that of sleep. And so we decided we would talk about sleep because sleep is very likable. Everyone likes to sleep. Most people like to sleep. And it's accessible. So I thought we should explore this. So everyone knows sort of what sleep is, right? But why do we sleep? That's a great question. And that's just really the whole balance of human beings, right? It's very much the same of if you think about a general physical hygiene, you know, why do we keep our bodies clean? We should think about sleep in the same way. Why do we need good sleep hygiene? So along with things as fundamental as eating, this is really one of the basics of life. So your body seeks to have this balance. And it's really achieved and facilitated by sleep and dreaming. Excellent. Yeah. That makes sense. We spend like a third of our lives sleeping. So we should do that well as we eat well, exercise well, as you say. Ourself is clean. So but sleep varies, right? Over the lifespan, infants seem to sleep a lot. Adults, kids may be a little less adults, still less and a lot of elderly folks seem to sleep even less. Is that a general trend or am I a misinterpreting thing? Oh, no, it's an absolute, yeah, absolutely. You're absolutely right. The, in fact, babies or children in utero just before they're born sleep almost 24 hours, right? But newborns in general sleep up to 17 hours a day. And there's a real curiosity with this because it sort of, it begins to go down. It slows down a bit around infants and toddlers, preschool or sleep, you know, maybe 10 to 13 hours and teenagers will then need something between a nine and 11 hours would be what an average would probably need. But you're right. As we get into older adulthood, we start to slow down and say, okay, we only need maybe seven to nine hours of sleep or so. But the older we get, you'll find that very old people will sleep in maybe five or six hours, which is not too uncommon. And one of the theories is that there's a, there's this beautiful bath of combination of neurotransmitters that occurs during dreaming stage, during REM stage of sleep when most of the dreams occur. And basically, there's a hypothesis, we don't know for sure, but there's a need for those, that balance of chemicals in order to develop the brain. Okay. Yeah, it makes sense. I mean, we wouldn't sleep if there weren't some good biological reason for it, right? Almost every animal as far as I know, that's been looked at, does sleep. So I'm sleep a little differently than others. There are birds that actually stay aloft while they sleep, which And actually in mammals are the only animals that have REM sleep that have a rapid eye movement, which is associated with dreaming. So there's always this theory or this wonder, do dogs dream or, you know, do dolphins dream? And basically, yeah, based on brain scans, you can see that they do similar sleep stages. And they think that REM stages is related to thermal regulation. So basically, you know, keeping your body in balance, knowing how to, you know, when to up the temperature or the heartbeat or whatever, that seems to be given a rest during REM state. So that's one of the reasons that we think, or we know that mammals all dream. So you're right, most animals will sleep, but only a few will dream. Interesting. Very interesting. So why is it that you pointed out that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently has has declared basically that that we have a national emergency because people aren't sleeping well aren't sleeping enough for have sort of, as you put it, poor sleep hygiene. Yeah.  And you can pretty much put your finger on the pulse of this general problem that we have. Very few people say, yeah, I sleep well all the time. Most people say that they could use more sleep than they get. And so they feel not rested. And basically, if they had to put a number to it within, there's a comparative study in the United States and also in the UK, about a third of adults really don't get the amount of sleep they need. And so there's nobody dictating that you need eight hours of sleep because between four and a half and 12 is normal. Eight is an average.  But somebody else who might need 10 hours and then doesn't sleep, you know, they're only sleeping eight, they'll also have the same kinds of problems because they're not getting what they personally need. Right. And actually, not getting sleep when you need it, I get it has just really amazingly deep and profound, long lasting widespread effects. I was reading recently that the numbers of certain classes for your immune cells will crash. If you simply you have one night where you get one like half your normal sleep.  Yeah, you're stressing, you're generally stressing out your system.  And so because you don't do that, then your immune immune system is shot, but other consequences of poor sleep. If you get sick, then people not sleeping well also has consequences for the economy. Because if you don't sleep well, then you miss work, for example.  Yeah, right. Exactly. Yeah, these we actually got a slide that I think shows a little bit of this. Some of the some of the ways that sleep deprivation can hear and impact a lot of different systems in your body, your immune system that can cause, I guess, increase your risk of type two diabetes increases your reaction times, you're reacting more slowly. Therefore, you probably shouldn't be out for driving your car when you when you've missed the night sleep increases your heart rate variability. So again, if you heart problems, you may be worse, you know, in pairs, your judgment, health hurts memory. I mean, all kinds of sort of different different ways. So all signs of awful things. And there's some other terrible statistics that come out of the UK that show that there's like, around a 13% higher mortality rate for people who don't get at least six hours of sleep a night, basically, because your judgment is impaired, you take higher risks, you don't measure things, your attention span is limited. This is also another one of these spin off effects is that kids who don't sleep well enough can actually look like they have ADHD. So we have this in the United States, we diagnose about twice the number we have an average a national average about 11% of kids have ADHD. But this is kind of strange because the whole rest of the world has an average of about 5%. And so there was a very interesting article, I believe the New York Times about 2013 or so that says we're just basically diagnosing the wrong disease. We are miss where we're believing that kids have ADHD when what they really have is really bad sleep hygiene. They're just not sleeping well enough. Wow. Yeah, it's fascinating. I was actually reading an oddly parallel thing about there. There's a certain kids come down with psychoses very abruptly, and are then treated for all these psychiatric disorders are given drugs for psychiatric disorders. And it turns out a lot of it's caused by a streptococcus infection. And in some small percentage of kids, the streptococcus infection apparently hits the brain, throws brain systems, wacky things, kids start going delusional. And yeah, and you pop these kids on. This is the problem right in general with diagnosis diagnosis is half the cure, right? But we generally we find what we're looking for. So if you've got the wrong kind of professional, trying to diagnose things like ADHD or whatever, without beginning, we generally try to coach teachers, parents to look at maybe the most fundamental things. Is the kid does he have a problem with sleep or bad nutrition? And or, you know, is he stressed out unduly because the parents are getting a divorce or he fought with his friends or something. Can we start first with the physical maybe the psychological before you jump to saying, Oh, it's probably an HD that's something neuro physiological. I mean, that's kind of crazy. So we try to coach people that start at the ground floor of diagnosis, because there are so many things that get misdiagnosed, because we're looking for them, rather than considering, you know, the whole the person as a whole. Yeah, yeah, no, that's that's a whole whole huge other discussion we could obviously have about diagnosis and problem solving in general. It's very easy to solve the wrong problem, typically. You know, Einstein's famous dictum, right when you're presented with a problem, you have an hour to solve it, you spend 55 minutes really defining that problem closely in the last five minutes and solving it. Exactly. Understand the instructions before you begin. Absolutely. Absolutely. So okay, so what we've come up with today is sleeps important people. So why are we getting? Why are we in this country? Why are our kids, for instance, getting so they sleep so badly?  Are they up and about too much? Are they breaking asleep into segments when when they shouldn't? It seems well, the average American we have, we've we're sleeping about an hour less than we used to back in the 70s. So we've really decreased the general amount of sleep we get and for some adults are this hypothesis that that works schedules have changed. It's kind of interesting because the total number of work hours has decreased overall in society, but the greater number of, you know, 24 seven job possibilities has increased. So maybe the way we're structuring our work worlds, but also and you can't take out of the equation this the temptation of technology, you know, on demand TV, or having your computer right next to you, or being able to chat with your friends late at night. So one of the things we talk about with good sleep hygiene, especially with kids is that, you know, your your bed is meant to sleep in. And so there should not be any device in your room, you should create spaces that are that really permit you to have that high quality sleep experience. Yeah, and there's there's a lot a lot of interesting research going on about about what makes for good sleep right now that how it is something you sort of have to structure and set up how lighting some some people have these theories about the color of the lighting before you go to sleep, you don't want a lot of blue light before you go to sleep. That's apparently sort of signaling your body to wake up. You much more want the redder end of the spectrum. I mean, I don't know how much of this is has been well supported, but there's all kinds of interesting stuff now going on. There's a lot more. There's a lot of people who began to make sleep research very popular. Walker Pace shot and you know, Alan J. Hobson are some great people who have done some really exceptional research lately, and they've called attention now in more popular press books about, you know, why do we sleep? Because a lot of people just sort of write off sleep, don't pay very much attention to it because they're not conscious while they're doing it. So they don't really understand why they sleep. So what's the point? Is this a waste of time, right? Or, and now we're understanding the great, you know, impact that poor sleep habits have not only on the individual, the immune system on our economics, but also, you know, just being a danger to yourself, right? There's greater risk taking when you haven't slept. Well, you have poor judgment just because you don't have your attention systems working well. So we we also know that there's this kind of a terrible cycle here that because we're sleepy, then we drink caffeine, but because we're so wired by caffeine, then we need that drink at night to go to sleep. But then because you went to sleep because of alcohol, you'll probably wake up in about an hour and a half because you didn't go to sleep naturally.  And so there's this end unending cycle, unless we become more conscious of how we sleep well. And that's the big I think one big take home message is that sleeping is a behavior you can learn to do it better. We are we're going to explore that part more deeply when we come back. I trust in this one minute break we're going to take that not everyone will fall asleep. And they'll come back and join us in another minute. I'm Ethan Allen, your host on likable science Tracy Tokamura is here join us from Ecuador and we will be back in one minute. Aloha, I want to invite all of you to talk story with John Wahee every other Monday here at Think Tech, Hawaii. And we have special guests like Professor Colin Moore from the University of Hawaii who joins us from time to time to talk about the political happenings in this state. Please join us every other Monday. Aloha. You recycle, right? Yep, it's confusing. It's hard for all of us to recycle properly when it's this confusing. Yet recycling is the number one thing we can do for the environment and the economy. If we do it properly, we have a solution and it's working. The standardized labels help people recycle more and they help people recycle right. Let's recycle across America and let's recycle right to be part of the standardized label solution. Visit let's recycle right.org and thanks for joining us again here on likable science. Host Ethan Allen here on Think Tech Hawaii with me from Keto Ecuador, Tracy Tokamura. Welcome again, Tracy. Thank you, Tokuhama. Tokuhama, sorry. I apologize. I must have been asleep, you know. We've been talking about sleep and spent some time discussing the dangers and problems with poor sleep hygiene as you refer to bad sleep habits. But you hinted in the earlier part that sleep is not a unitary state. We go through these different stages and phases and you referred to rapid eye movement or REM sleep that I think some people probably have heard of, which is when we dream. I thought maybe we should dig a little bit more into dreaming because dreaming is pretty more important than some people believe, right? Oh, yeah. Dreaming is amazing, but REM stage of sleep is only about 25% of the total amount of sleep and and about 70 to 95% of your dreams actually occur in REM state. And so if you think about sleep in stages and most people describe it as four stages, this is measured by brainwaves, the different types of brain activity. We go through about four to five 90 minute cycles a night if you sleep this average of eight hours or so. And basically you go down into deep, deep, deep sleep and just before you wake up, you're in this rapid eye movement stage where you're actually having dreams. And if you're lucky enough to be able to wake up without an alarm, you're always waking up right out of that dream state. That's the most natural time to actually wake up. Right. And what's interesting is I mean, some people, of course, remember their dreams, remember dreams very well, remember them very vividly, you can recount them. Other people swear they don't dream at all or they own the very vaguest hazy memories of their dreams. Again, I suspect some of this is a learned behavior. Oh, yeah, absolutely. Yeah. Oh, yeah. People can learn to sleep better and people can learn to wake up without alarms. I always set an alarm, but I rarely ever need it.  You just learn, okay, this is the end of the dream stage and you do naturally wake up anyways.  But basically, you can train yourself to do this and it is one of the most beneficial things for balance in life, for general well-being and for learning. There's a huge role that dreaming plays in consolidating memory and there's a huge role for sleep for being able to pay attention and attention and memory are the two big pillars for being able to learn things in the world. Right. I understand there have been studies done where they interrupt people when they go into REM sleep, basically break them out of their REM sleep. I don't know how they knock them deeper or wake them up and when they do that, after a little while, these people will have very bad psychological effects on these people if they can't do that REM sleep phase. Absolutely. You can probably, a human being, the record is I think it's 11 days that you can keep somebody from sleeping, like in sleep stage, but you can only go about three days with keeping them out of dreaming. So this means you can allow them to go into deep sleep where their body is restoring and all this other stuff and it's very hard to wake them up. But as soon as they begin to enter REM stage, when they begin to enter a dream stage, if you wake them up, they can only handle about three days of that and then after that they go absolutely wacko. There's a new someone who did the sleep studies, which these days are actually not even ethical to do, but they woke them up and woke them up. On the third day he literally picked up the chair that was in the room that he was being confined in through it at the lab person who came in and curled up in a fetal position and went to sleep for about two days. So basically he went straight to REM and this is what's also really interesting with even general college students that you do these studies on. When they're very sleep deprived, it's not really sleep deprived, it's really dream deprived. Instead of going down into deep sleep, they go straight into REM and it seems to be because this bath of neurotransmitters, these chemicals, are very, very important for maintaining that kind of sanity that we need. Yeah, no, it's very important things that are happening, obviously, and you're consolidating memories, you're cementing everything in place, you're probably sort of developing, sort of, it's like rebooting your computer in a sense, right? You're going back to an even baseline to start up everything again. And so yeah, it's critically important and if you don't dream, if you're to prevent it, the effects are obviously bad. Why don't we go, we've got a second little image here of the stages of sleep, this, I think you call it hypnogram, right? And this shows somebody, the pattern of, they actually have the four stages plus REM sleep actually shown on this one, but actually there's different ways of doing it, but the person drops in, swings back up to a REM sleep phase, drops back down in a very deep sleep, swings back up to REM phase, may actually wake up a couple of times during the course of a night, briefly. Yeah, and so it's a quite a different situation. Right, and each of those stages is sort of, if that's what we label the differences in the brain waves, right? So the deeper you go down, the broader the waves, the slower the waves, those are delta waves, right?  Yeah, and I think it's been pretty well established, actually everyone probably does dream, and it's just really a matter of some people remember their dream is better than others. Absolutely, everybody does dream, everybody must dream, believe it or not, because that's basically this long-standing hypothesis of why do people dream, and people might remember good old Freud who had these ideas of suppressed feelings, right? But some of the more modern thinkers, for example, Hobson at Harvard thinks that dreaming is used to rehearse emotions, so basically it's the safe space where you can, you know, approach somebody or talk to somebody or react in a different way, and so he has this theory that that's the space that humans use to rehearse emotions, which I I kind of like as a theory, because in one of the classes he taught, he basically said, I don't care what you dream, just tell me how you felt in the morning, and let me know if that influenced your feelings throughout the day, and it's true these anxiety kind of feelings that you might have with some dreams, they do spill over into your day, like you can have a pretty rotten day if you've had pretty rotten dreams, and so that's another reason why you should try to learn to manipulate them, you know, how do you choose what you dream?  Right, and so okay that this actually is a great thing that I want to actually get to is how do we improve our sleep hygiene, how do you learn to sleep better, and one thing is you know learn sort of it's not necessarily lucid dreaming which is which is the phenomenon of knowing your dreaming while you're dreaming, but it is a taking control of your dreams, it's a learning how to how to dream well, right? That's certainly one part, there's certainly something about very regular sleep cycles that's also pretty important to sleeping and dreaming well, right? Absolutely, and since we saw there on that graphic where you see that the dream stage is really only about 25 percent of the total time in that you're asleep, so if you if you're good at math you know that well 25 percent of the time you're in in RAM, the likelihood of your alarm clock going off at the right time is pretty low, you got like a 75 percent chance that it's going to go off when you're in a in a deeper sleep stage which will you know make you feel groggy all day long, so part of the idea is helping people understand and learn how to wake up naturally out of the dream state, and there are believe it or not these days there's an app for everything isn't there, so there are things on your on your phone because your phone has a microphone it can detect your own sleep stage, so when you're dreaming you tend to be moving around, right, and and very you know active for when you're asleep, but when you go out of dreaming you go into deep sleep and that's the time where you barely you don't move at all and like somebody tries to wake you up and you you don't move, right, so your telephone, this app Sleepcycle basically figures out your sleep stage by measuring those sound waves and you just say you know the latest I can wake up tomorrow is 6 a.m. and so what does the app do it sets your alarm for as close to the natural moment you're finishing the dream stage before you go down into deep sleep again so basically you you wake up right out of a dream stage which would be the most natural way to wake up in any case yeah yeah it's great I mean I recently I haven't now for last year or two I haven't set an alarm at all I just wake up it I wake up pretty much at the same time every every morning I go to bed at the same time each night wake up at the same time each morning and you know works well and it's because of the regularity of you you feel that you've given yourself a pattern a good time a normal time to go to sleep and normal time to wake up yeah yeah exactly and I've plenty of time and I have about nine hour period in which I figure probably eight hours or probably sleeping but yeah it's it's works for me and anyhow um and yes of course people try to take sleeping pills and other things too which of course are going to disrupt these cycles and push you in the wrong place and not be helpful in the long run drugs and alcohol do that yeah for sure and we could go on forever and everyone this conversation and put our audiences to sleep I'm sure but I'm told our time is basically up Tracey it's been wonderful having you here I want to get you back on the show again and we can discuss more sleep or we could go into other areas of your expertise of which there are many so thank you very much for joining thank you very much for the invitation Ethan okay and thank you for joining us on likable science here on think tech Hawaii I'll I hope to see you again next week until then


Okay, thank you everyone. So let me introduce you to Remy who is going to tell us more about the new things in Django. Thank you. Hello, everyone. Today I'm going to talk about what's new in Django and especially about ASGI. But before that, let me introduce myself. My name is Remy Hupscher. I'm a native on Twitter. I've been coding with Python since 2005. I work for PeopleDoc, a company in France that is doing HR, sorry, document management. Then I worked for four years at Mozilla. And the last past year I worked with Chef Club and Monday I'm starting with Alma. And Alma is a company that is doing installment payments for online shopping applications. So what is Django? I'm sure you heard about Django. It's a framework that was created in 2003 for a newspaper in Chicago. And it got really famous because once you add your model, like your data model layer developed, you will have for free a free Django administration that is configurable. So maybe you remember this. So it's really convenient because with a few lines of code you can get started and show progress to your client. And a few years ago, Andrew Godwin started to think about I think Django. So maybe you know Andrew because he was really famous before this for adding migrations inside Django.  And then a bit later he said, oh, you know, it's very a pain to handle web sockets with Django. So how can we improve that? At the time, we were in a space where Python 2 needs to be maintained as well. So it was a bit more trickier than today. But since Python 2 has been deprecated, we can now benefit from AsyncIO features. So the specification evolved a little bit. And when I say it's really new, it's like this week they shipped, so January 28th, they are still working on this, on AsyncView inside Django and making it in a way that it doesn't break existing applications. And when I filed this talk, I saw Django 3 with Async feature and I was like, oh, it's happening, I will talk about this. But it's here, but not yet, everything is not yet in Django Core. And the layer that is missing is called Django Channels. It started in 2015. And Andrew said, OK, I'm going to, I'm going to tackle this subject because it's really important. And so all this led to ASGI, the ASGI protocol I'm going to talk about. The Daphne server, which is an implementation in Python and the RedisChannel Q implementation that I will talk about a bit later. So all this is really new. The DEP009 is from 2019. So Django 3 is the first version of Django that supports ASGI directly inside Django. And so we will see. But everything starts with CGI. So I'm sure some of you know about that. For the one who don't know, it's really good as well not to know about that. And CGI was the idea that you would have an HTTP server that will handle the request and then somehow pass the request to CLI2 to handle the process of the response. So the goal was to make application with C, like web application with C. It's something that was really big. Like the National Center for Supercomputing Application is like a U.S. government thing. So they did the first specification in 1973. And the RFC arrived in 2004. So it's like not that we are still doing CGI today, which could be crazy, but... And so in the Python community, we settled on WISGI. So you might ask, why do we need to settle on anything? Actually, the goal was to make all the frameworks, the HTTP framework, some more or less compatible with between them. So we could have tooling that we could use with multiple frameworks. For instance, maybe you know about Unicorn. It's really famous to start a WISGI Python application. And you can use it with Django or with Flask because it's standardization. So the goal of WISGI was to say, you have this request and I will pass you the information in the environ. And then you will have this start response thing that will be the beginning of the response and you can write your contents after. So here we see the headers and the HTTP status code. So this worked for a long time. Like the first step about that is from 2003 and it was updated in 2010 with Python 3. So what's really important is that there is just this function, application, and that's it. So after you do whatever you want inside and each framework will implement its own way. So what is important here is that also WISGI, each framework doesn't have to pass the HTTP request and all this is part of WISGI. And then the HTTP, like the web framework, only has to handle writing the response. And then a few years ago, we started talking about ASGI. So when I prepared these slides, I was like, oh, let's see what Wikipedia says about ASGI and actually nothing because there is no even ASGI page yet. It's a spiritual successor of WISGI. It means that if you have a WISGI application and you want to add ASGI support, you can because you can just use ASGI and say, oh, by the way, this is my WISGI app. But it will provide more information and to handle async Python code. So the main difference with WISGI is that the application is now a coroutine, an async Python function. So it comes from async.io. It takes a scope that we leave for the connection of the user. Before, we were talking about request and response and now we are talking about connection and events that happen within this connection. So this example is WebSocket. For instance, we can receive something and then send something else. But it also works with HTTP. We can receive the request and send the response. So a lot of people might say, why do we need another standard? We already have 15 competing standards. Let's create another one. So it's not totally true for this case because WISGI is really close to the request-response model. And we want something like... This is a request-response model that we know from HTTP.1. You get a request from the client. You get back a response. And if the response takes time, you might have a timeout. But before that, like if it takes 10 seconds, for instance, all the other clients have to wait a bit like when you are at a shop and there are a lot of people in front of you. So with Python, you can't handle multiple clients at the same time with the same process, at least with WISGI. And so what we ended up doing was spawning multiple workers with micro WISGI or Unicorn to handle multiple requests at the same time. Also, if you try to work with WebSocket and Python with WISGI, it's like, okay, so I have my WISGI server and then I need to start another server for the WebSocket. Or I don't use WISGI. So WebSocket is different because you've got one connection that stays for the duration of the session. And then you will have events. So it doesn't fit in the WISGI request response model. And we can't really afford to have a worker per client. Like we could say, let's spawn 20,000 processes. So it looks a bit like that. You can have multiple messages, response. You can have responses while reading new messages. And then you might have heard about HTTP2 or even HTTP3. And it's a bit the same thing. So we have one unique connection opened by the user. And then the client can ask multiple files and we can answer them like mixed. You can have chunks that are mixed. And the server can also push you files that you didn't ask for. For instance, it says, like, oh, you loaded this stylesheet, but I'm sure you will need these fonts. So it doesn't fit with the request response model either. So it's really similar to WebSockets, actually. HTTP3, so it was previously called Quick. The main difference with HTTP2 is that it uses UDP instead of TCP because now we are using the web behind TLS. So we already have some guarantees that TCP provides. And if you want to know more information about this, I encourage you to watch Daniel Steinberg talk in Johnson Theater at 4. The only issue with that is that there is an awesome talk happening here at the same time about HTTPX. So what to say about that? So with G-server, it works. Like, if you are in the request response model, it works. If you are not in the request response model, it doesn't work. So either you use Node.js or you find something else. By the way, we were really afraid about Node.js at the time because we didn't add a NIO loop for Python. Thanks to Python 3, this is fixed. And the ASGI promise is that you will have a connection from the server. It will create a ASGI application and call the connect method. Then you will have the request from the receive function. Then you can send the response. And eventually, when the connection closes, you will handle the disconnect method. And you can have multiple receive send in any order. Like, it's not limited to only one. So instead of describing requests and responses, we will describe events. Events that will have a type. The ASGI server will keep the connection and the scope for each connection. And then everything that arrives from the client will be sent through receive. And everything that goes from the ASGI application to the client will go through the send function. And the HTTP request is just another kind of event. And then Django channels add something more on top of this because sometimes if you are doing a chat application, for instance, you can't be limited in one client. You want to be able to exchange messages between your applications. So an ASGI application can also register to a group, send message to that group. So every people on the same page, for instance, can share messages through their web sockets. And the benefit of that is that you can also use Channel Q to handle other kinds of messages. I don't know if some of you are familiar with Celery, our background tasks. Sometimes you want to create a thumbnail of the picture or user send you, but you don't want to do that during the request response handling. So you can delegate this to a worker through the channel as well.  Yeah, so that's basically what I just said. The other benefit of this is that you don't need to write asynchronous code to handle your request response thing because it's an event that can happen in a worker. So this is really good because it means we don't have to change anything in the existing application to use ASGI. And that's what also the tweet about the PR was about that, like, how do we handle on the same code base as sync functions and synchronous functions? So this is all taking care of for you. ASGI is already popular, especially with Starlet and Fast API. I'm pretty sure if you had to do some APIs in Python last year, you would have noticed this framework. Django 3 shipped ASGI endpoints. So the next version will have more tooling. And yeah, if you want to have all that I presented to you today, you can have a look at Django Channel. There is a tutorial. You can do it in one hour. And you know everything you need to know. As a conclusion, I would really... Like, you should really have a look at ASGI. You should try Starlet, I guess, and learn about async.io if you didn't because it's really amazing. Thank you for your attention. I am open to questions and I also have a quick demo. So feel free to ask questions. Yeah, OK. What's that? It's sublime, right? Can you show me the code? Yeah, from... Yes, thanks. So... Oh, we can't see anything, actually. OK. Perfect. No, but we can have questions. The room is about to give a demo. So if you want to stay a bit longer, it's fine. If the people leaving the room could be pretty quiet, so the people who are still interested in the rest of the talk could follow, thank you very much. And please don't step behind on the stage. You do the all turn. Thank you. So, there is a question up there, maybe? OK, so how does it work concretely? With Django channels, you can define your application, your ASGI application, like that. Automatically, it will take your views, like your URLs, and handle them for you. And then you can add other kind of workers. So for instance, WebSocket, you can say, I want to validate it with the origin, like a load host I have. I want to handle authentication automatically. And then I'm going to use WebSocket URL patterns to handle them. And here's the channel thing. It's to be able to handle the background tasks. So here I have a thumbnail generate consumer that I can send message to. So I have the chat application with WebSocket. And I can give it a room name. So I can handle messages for different rooms. And then the consumer looks really similar. So we can see the connect. So when someone connects to the WebSocket, I register them to the channel group with a group name. When they leave, I remove them for the channel group. When there is a new message, I look if there is an image in this message and I forward it to the thumbnail generate worker. And then I publish the message to the group. And each time there is a chat message in my group, I send it to the WebSocket. And the type of the message here will be the name of the function that handles it. So for my thumbnail, for instance, I have just a consumer because I don't have URLs for it. And I ask to generate a thumbnail and that's it. So here it's just working the URL. So that's pretty simple. The URL here is just the normal chat HTML URLs. And that's it. In my settings, I just said that I want to use the channel application rather than the default Django one. So if you have questions, I will be glad to talk to you. You can also send me messages through Twitter. Have fun!