and this presentation I'm going to speak about the language and the original philosophies. I'm going to continue on the project in this area, the most famous example of the Spanish again, and I'll be speaking about the Spanish too, but there are a few other interesting programs in the office, especially in the office, in the 6th and the 6th, not 1. So, the subtitle of my presentation is News and Best Practices. I will focus on the news, but I will mention at the end of my presentation the best practices in Spanish and in the related areas in the office. So, first thing, I used to show the real interesting new improvements in the office, number text integration, this is a very small library to spell out numbers, combating numbers to number names, and we can use special functions using a very simple text file to describe the special features of our language. So, I'm going to show the results in the special format, but I'm going to speak about two. And the second one in 2012, this is a number format called Nobifier, and it's useful to define custom number code formats in the office to use the feature of that number text library to show the examples. So, here, and the number wise page is mostly important for languages with rich morphology, a lot of ethnicities, Latin, English, it's not this type of language, but half of the languages of the third are related to the category. And the last one, special news of unspoken about that. I will show some interesting improvements, especially for the non-real language in the office, my aim here to encourage everybody to use that feature of the office in the direction of the language in number text, the number text project. If you check the new homepage of the project under the number text.org, the demo page, and the demo page show the number name of the version. At the same time, because the small library uses network extensions, and the fundamental language of that page is the JavaScript extension support. So, the JavaScript support of the number text, or it's a simple, or it's a language, it's a source language, it's a language that is usable on back pages too. And the new development here is the C++ support of this language, and the database integration, using the number text features in the office. And it seems it works, especially on Windows, yet because the PDFs, all the C++ baseline doesn't like programming features of C++ later, but this is on the detail, and the time will solve everything in this area. So, if you check fresh, new, 6.1 version of the office, you will be able to check this feature too. Not the first three, not the six, not zero, not zero, but the newest, fresher, feature screen, if you will. This will help us to have more problems with the installation of the data files in the number text library. So, improvements, this library, new language supports. In the first place, I have a new language tool, we can convert or talk about numbers to Erwinian language and the Erwinian number names. If you want somebody who wants to do this, it's possible in the office. And next to the new language, and the features, I'll need some interesting Erwinian names, it is in numbers library, especially to use or give you an instant language support in the number text with extra functions and I'll give you a short guide too. So, number text in the library is focusing on chapter number comparison and the new chapter numbering formats. And you can see on the right side, in the screen short, is the quality here or the number in the office. So, there is an integration text import export to this instance here. So, if you load the text document with this kind of chapter numbering with number names, you will see the same, even on the right, too. So, we started to do this in the NK project, not going to the file, but it's a new feature of the library and it is as I said before, the file is for using the custom number format quotes, the number text of the features, some examples from the new app, nice way to help, on the web. First example, that USD0 is not a format code for formatting the numbers, kind of a number in the form you will get an English text. Plus, the USD0 with the, for example, 0, not the same 0, but with the formatted number 0, USD0 in plural, in this form, but in the number, the formatted number was 1, for example USD0 is the formatted code. So, English is not a simple language, but for example, it's not a language you will need to combat different formats, and the number and the name, 3, 4 or 5, or at different events, or the currency, the name of currency, you will get a different suffix. In some languages, it uses genders, genders, it's possible to define different formats much more easily, with the standard source language, so if your language uses genders, you can define these different number formats, and using one of the web, you can select the correct one for example, first chapter, second sections, etc, really different gender, so in your custom number format, you can use the right one, and the last example, for example here, in a scalloped format, it's different for example, in English and similar languages, it uses the 1999, so it's the format, if you have traditionally your number text language discussion, you can use it in this form, it's a very easy, very open format, so you can define the arbitrary function names in the files, but you have to choose the same function name for example, Vietnam, and the capitalized result is 2 in this line, but the documentation contains the details or possible the attribute of the national web, this is an example to use this new possibility, some languages, especially the any alternative languages, uses a lot of suffixes, for example, Nellagut, was to thank you, was to handle this very complex morphology, and in this example, you can see that in these formats, uses for example, the most frequent suffixes forms the simple one, first of July, for example, but Hangar language uses these five or more formats for a simple date, and before this extension there is no other possibility to handle this in using date fields and get the correct form, because some of the word thanks to the Wobel ceremony in Hangar we can really continue with languages uses a bar two, three or four different suffix variants have the same language category, but for example, not only Hangar and Finnish, but for example Turkish language so Turkish in 1999, for example, I don't speak Turkish there, but it's a similar case, so if you want to use a simple date for example, an extended date, we have to handle this kind of variation, but now it's really massive in different ways, so it's a very common feature and the end of the bottom you can check the extended custom format of the dates so here is a datum that can specify the fields the fields of the datum in the office demo by Spatch in fact custom dictionaries are all the features of the students but the first possible to handle the complex languages complex language features in this area, affixation, suffixes, morphology of the language and creating common words, English a few common words but for example, German languages use these especially and this kind of dictionaries uses a model to set the morphology of a new word, for example car you can specify a model word to create to create extended Spatch in the style checker, the variant car form, for example plural form of fonts, it will accept it because with the model word suffixes, suffixes, combinations of the model word form will be accepted with the car form standard word too why? this is an important feature for extent Hebrew official before the word and with new dictionaries in the field of sport based is simple text files in this format for example for any language in the world list but with these model words for suffix station and for common words generation and there was a small extension in this area it's possible to define a title for this dictionary so this title in Hebrew characters problem here was there was no files to generate readable title so a similar file using a simple text editor but if you use an interface in Hebrew office you can create a new dictionary, you can add your words with these model words in your language morphology and presented acquisition and add to the Hebrew store base in this example the file is contains the old Hungarian photography where it has a few and show the next slide in the middle of the slide see the English text title dictionary but it is shared with Hebrew office with the Hungarian localization so you can find this dictionary you can switch on and after that immediately the old Hungarian words will be accepted by the French good news, much more trusted the suggestion for some languages languages with complex morphology for example German Hungarian or it's a very interesting pronunciation it's normal the third word forms created from 2 or 3 more the third part is in the as well in file it will be handled it was very hard to the dictionary for your language you can speak about the as well dictionary especially the pronunciation you can define the number b h form and the suggestion for the for example the words with the specific form and the correct form using the especially the words in the pronunciation this definition text with the new p a h definition you will get the correct form you can check the test files distribution you will see a lot of interesting standards for this in correct handling standard level why is it important because especially in a way if you have 100 documents you can you can create you can create this quality so best practices 5 minutes over 5 minutes thanks so I will create a new page best practices but the slide some advice the smallest thing a lot of sometimes improvements creates the biggest improvements or based on the smallest changes in the code so if you use the new auto-correct features for example for example Microsoft uses a default auto-correction and it does with the normal symbol better the final symbol and in fact this is a single line in the print auto-correction file to create the same feature in the office and we did this extension single line in the text file but the result and the user will be happy this extension and for some 100 examples you can create a few lines changes in the code and we can now accept this special form the single line in this word in the office gets three different downloads two blue ones and one red one because anyway but all in the office it's accepting and the security is important so it's interesting and not so complex extension but I will work for half a year for Hungarian a piece of the foundation and built several extensions and as I said before my aim is to extend LibreOffice more language too for example if you use a Hungarian if you use a Hungarian LibreOffice Hungarian language you using the post references you will get new items in the reference list with the Hungarian article R or the definitive article of the Hungarian language and sometimes a single A sometimes with an A and a Z and in this kind you will see that automatically you will get the correct form of the extension okay thanks for suffering and thanks for especially for for the developers of that one and the contributors of the number text will give you a true foundation thanks for your attention again


তygen নানছি পাক঵ানচিযাফি কাযাদাযাভান�ার ধান্যাযান্যజনকি ুিকিব মান্যజনান্ নিযাগা নানিন্যజন সাযাদাা, আজসানিযান্ কতান্যা Entonces the painter ignored us in malan phalbe We had no way to fix the situation The real problem is the war So we faced such problems that we wanted to tipe this point So people have been losing the quality of their paintings And that didn't work So Rice may even have reported that they saw these的话 or are concerned that illness in a human's life In fact, they have gone to deep刺 But gone and saw problems And really thought


Jesus my to name who are you right now speak out. What have you done in her life? How have you destroyed her life? You don't want her to be happy. How did you enter her life?  How did you enter her life? Speak out in Jesus my to name.  What means that you want to destroy her life? Happiness come It goes every time happiness comes it goes so you do you took her happiness away? How long have you been in her life? Speak out right now. How long have you been in her life?  How do you what just happened this video? Are you are you the one that's pain? Did you cause yourself pain? Did you are you the one to take your happiness away? Just that evil spirit that was tormenting your life right now has been cast out and you are free in Jesus my to name So raise your hands and say thank you Jesus Welcome here to the prayer line in United States with an origin water can you tell us your name and where you're from? Yes, my name is crystal Pope I'm originally from North Carolina, but I live in Renton, Washington right now Can you tell us what are the problems that brought you here today to the prayer line with that 19 water? Yes, I'm going through a divorce with my husband and it's just been a whirlwind from the for the past two years It was since I moved to relocate it from North Carolina to here Just not having any happenings my marriage mom was ended We have a daughter together, and it's still like I'm going through a lot of hard stuff Can you tell us what happened as you came to the prayer with an origin water and the van just was praying for you What happened at that point? I was praying in tongues when I came up because I always like to pray in tongues for God's covering and All of a sudden I just felt like I was being choked and and in the choking I just thought maybe it's just me You know something was caught in my throat and then I felt like it just kept on and then I Felt like an out-of-body experience like I don't know exactly I just know the guy that's sitting beside me in church said something about me acting some way So was it you that was saying now that I took her happiness I took her joy was that you was at the demon speaking out of you I Wouldn't take my happiness. I wouldn't take my joy. It had to be a demon. It had to be a demon if that's what I said and can you And can you confirm that that that's what's been happening your life that The happiness was been going away, and there's no joy. There's no peace Yes, I can definitely confirm that there's been no joy no peace and no happiness even when I think things is at peace It something comes up, and it's just destroys all happiness. I get anxious I get fearful I get stressed for and it just come into my mind and it's so heavy like it's uncontrollable, and I'm like Why am I not happy? Why can't I ever be happy and there's People let my life that has told me you don't ever seem to be happy since I've been here So can you tell us that the Now that we see that the demon is the cause of this problem How did you feel after the prayer with the with the 19 water? How did you feel after you stood up? How do you feel after that when I stood up? I felt a little weak and shaken and Like disoriented like work, you know, what's you know, what's going on? I was a really really warm I felt a sharp pain in my arm just a little but for the most part I I feel lighter. I feel like a weight has been lifted I feel like my face is clear and I actually just feel like just even talking I feel Chills, which I haven't felt in a while of God on me So you believe that God Almighty has set you free has delivered you from every darkness in your life Yes, I know God has set me free and Delivered me from every darkness whatever it is that was attached to me.  Hallelujah. Thank you Jesus


As the Premier League enters its fifth week since a ball was last kicked due to the coronavirus outbreak, like many of us, the players have been showing just how they're keeping themselves fit at home via social media. There may not be much football being played at the moment, but that doesn't mean all club operations have stopped. Our very own Paul Belverston sat down digitally with Bournemouth's head of sports science Dan Hodges to reveal just how his role has changed during the hiatus. Cheers for doing this on a what I'm sure is a busy day. Tell us about your role and responsibilities on any normal day in a standard season. So yeah, overall responsibility for the fitness of the players. Obviously planning training with the manager, overseeing the training prescription, looking after the gym side of things and the nutrition for the day to day of the players and monitoring everything and really feeding that back and making sure that everyone's where they need to be. And so how different are things in this current situation? Yeah, very different. Obviously very new, very new to everyone. So you know, a different challenge. Obviously, you know, it's not the be one end all the most important thing is the health side of things and football definitely comes second, but it's certainly a challenging position at the minute. What are the biggest challenges? The biggest challenge is staying in touch with the players and making sure that they're on board with what we're trying to give them, you know, to do and making sure they know how important it is to tick over and make sure that they're good for when we are eventually training again that they're ready to go. It seems to me it's like a sort of a mid-season pre-season for them. Is that the sort of thing that they're, you know, because it is just fitness, no bold work, that sort of thing? Yeah, it is. It won't be as tough as our pre-season, that's for sure. We're just trying to make sure that they maintain a level of fitness and when they come back, you know, we're not having to do too much to get them to where they need to be. Being in touch with all the players as you are, are you doing that as they're doing some of their fitness work? Are you watching them train? How much involvement are you having on that sort of things? Yeah, quite well. It's difficult. We've given each an individualized program, obviously based around what they would normally do in a training week, either in their position or as an individual. They're then asked to kind of, everything they do, they're asked to fill out on an app for us. And we use Kidman Labs, that's an app that we obviously get hold of straight away. Other than that, I'm in touch with all of them every week. I think I'm annoying them. Setting them out different challenges, you know, bike challenges or running or gym stuff and then sending that out to all the staff and having leaderboards go in. So, it's been pretty good to be fair. The guys have been very good. They're a good group. They're buying very well. How difficult is it finding variety to give them to help that sort of motivation and engagement and things? Yeah, it is difficult and trying to make sure they're all engaged. They're all motivated to do it. Had a few moans and groans from a couple of the guys that are, you know, now getting to the point where they're a little bit bored with having to exercise every day or doing what we ask them to do, but, you know, just change their schedules around a little bit and they were satisfied. You know, you have plenty on your plate. As I said, rather than start on a normal day in a standard season, are you working harder now than you would be normally? It's certainly working differently. You know, the challenge at the minute is trying to plan for all of eventualities, you know, there's so much uncertainty as to when we're going to start training or when the game is going to start. You're reading different stories every day. I mean, close contact with the manager and trying to come up with new ideas, different things that we can do to the people that we can do with the players and make ourselves better. So it's really a good period for reflection and trying to make sure that we're better when we do return. Fantastic. So as far as the health of the squad and the first team, I presume you're looking after all ages as well. How pleased are you? Give us a score out of 10. How are they all doing now at this stage after what's it been a month, something like that? Yeah, score out of 10. On the whole, I probably go eight out of 10. There's certainly room for improvement, but the guys are in a good place at the minute for what I know of. Oh, fantastic. Well, Dan, thanks so much for talking to us today. I'm going to get back to your two young daughters and all of the emails and the face times and everything else you've got to do with the players. But yeah, cheers for talking to us today. No problem. Thank you for having me.


Okay. Well, thank you everybody for sticking around this long. I really appreciate it. And I have to say that I've found a lot of the talks and a lot of the comments that I've heard so far today to be really fascinating. And I'm going to try to address some of the some of the things that I've heard people say, see if I can say something about them in my talks too. This is a sort of a combination of my data and Staff and Lindeberg's data as well as just some kind of thoughts as to what it might be or what of the many factors might be actually helping help show the paleo diet, you know, is good for people with diabetes. I don't have the answers though, so bottom line. So we're going to talk a little bit about what are the goals of diet treatment in diabetes and some of the paleo diet research results that we have in some of the comparison diets.  So there's good data that suggests that if you have low fat, low carb, high fiber diet, exercise in people who have impaired glucose tolerance and you also have weight loss, that you may help lower blood sugar levels and presumably lower insulin levels, especially if you believe the last speaker where low insulin levels is our goal. And so other things that have been shown to be helpful is for those people who tend to be round around the middle, optimizing waistline, not only decreasing what your blood sugars are but how much sugar you take in and how much insulin affecting other cardiovascular risk factors like high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.  So if you say how well do therapies work, I like to use the premier study because it was in sort of overweight middle-aged women who had mild hypertension, who were treated for six months. And the intervention group got a dash type low salt diet. They lost weight. They increased the amount of exercise.  I mean, this is what we tell people to do. So then if you say to yourself, so how well did that work? Okay, in the premier diet, yeah, their BMIs went down a little bit and their glucose improved a little bit and their insulin levels went down a little tiny bit and their insulin sensitivity index improved compared to the control diet where in the control diet, actually their insulin levels went up. So, you know, yeah, if you say to yourself, what am I trying to do? So lower BMI, yeah, lower insulin, yeah, lower glucose, yeah, does this treatment work? Yeah. But are the results very impressive? No, not even a little bit. And so then you wonder why it is that people don't seem to get very much out of diet and we end up giving them pills all the time. It's because really, diet isn't working all that great. So then you say to yourself, if you really want to give somebody a diet for their diabetes, you know, what other options are there? And that's where we came to these studies with the paleo diet, where, you know, like you can show, and actually why don't I just show the results. So this was our study. Now, I work in a research center. So what that means is that we make all the food that we give to people. So they're not being told what to do. We have them come in. We figure out how many calories we need. We feed them exactly the diet we want them to eat. We make them bring back all the food that they didn't eat. We weigh them every day. You know, we make sure that if they're losing weight, we feed them more calories. So in as much as you can control the things that you can control for diet research, we try to do that. So in our healthy volunteers, and these were healthy volunteers who were a little bit overweight. And in order to qualify for this study, they had to fail the exercise test. So we put them on a treadmill. And if they were at or below the average for their age and sex, then they were qualified for the study. And in our, in these healthy people, otherwise healthy, after two weeks, okay, with no weight loss, because remember, we didn't let them lose weight. What you can see is, you guys see the, oh, here it is. No. Is there a laser pointer? Okay. So I'll just explain. So in the graph on the left, okay, what you can see is that the more the subjects followed the diet, which is the higher their urine potassium excretion was, okay, the greater the change in the amount of insulin. So the amount of insulin went down the more they followed the diet. And when you said to yourself, who are the people who got the most better? Like everybody got a little better. But the people who were insulin resistant were the ones who got the most better. And so that's actually what prompted us to do studies in people who had type 2 diabetes, because the ones who were the most insulin resistant seemed to be the people who were doing the best. And this is Dr. Lindeberg's data. And in this study, they looked at people who had heart disease. So ischemic heart disease, which means their blood vessels are all clogged up with atherosclerotic plaques. And usually these people have high blood pressure, and oftentimes they're overweight. And when he put these people on the paleo diet, what he found, and this is the graph on the left, is that when they give people these glucose tests where you drink this glass of glucose and then you check to see what their blood sugar levels are, you could see that on the left, the ones here on the paleo diet, their blood sugar levels didn't go up as high as the ones on the right. And the ones on the right are on a Mediterranean type diet. And when you looked at the total change in the amount of blood sugar over time when you have them drink this glass of sugar, then you could see that the paleolithic group had much lower levels of glucose over time than the ones on the Mediterranean diet. And at the same time, and Dr. Lindeberg was looking at waist to hips or conference, so he's looking to see whether or not their waistline improved. And yes, they did. And then he did another study where he took people with type 2 diabetes, and he switched them from one diet to another. And having tried to do a study like this, I am totally impressed that he got this many people to do this study for this period of time. This is amazingly difficult research to do. And what you can see is that the people on the paleolithic diet, which are the round, clear O's on the paleo diet, their hemoglobin A1 C's were lower, their HDL was higher, HDL is the good cholesterol was higher, their triglycerides were lower, their diastolic blood pressures went down, their weights went down. So when they switched these people from one diet to another, they were able to find that these same people did better on the paleo diet than they did on this Mediterranean diet. And this is pretty amazing results, because these people were not in a metabolic order like the studies that I do. These people actually were just told what to do. Here, here's some instructions to follow. So the fact that they were able to show this at all with people who are out in the community, who are just eating their food that they were making themselves over such a long period of time, really thought was very impressive. So we then went back and again, we do studies where we make all the food for people and then we follow them every day. So this is from our study in our diabetic patients and what you could see is that in the purple is the paleo diet and in the brown is the American Diabetes Association diet. And our American Diabetes Association diet was really a Mediterranean diet. And so these measures of glucose control like fructosamine and fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1C, the little stars mean that, that was significant. And we did something called euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps, which is considered to be the gold standard by endocrinology doctors for looking at what's happening to the body's insulin and sugar requirements. And so the lower the M values, the worse you are. So none of our patients were very good. So they all got better. Both groups got better. The ADA diet got better and the paleo diet got better. But when we said to ourselves, so who, who, how did these people improve? And this is the graph on the right hand side. So what you see on the bottom graph is that the people with the low M values, which is the pretreatment M, though the ones with the low M values were actually the ones who had their M values go up the most. And as a clinical, and as a clinician and as a doctor, who, you know, my patients never do what I tell them to do. So if I have to spend energy trying to get people to do something, I want to ask myself, what's the group that I think is going to get the most results for, you know, for all the energy that I'm putting in, who should I concentrate on? And I think it's totally fascinating that, you know, the people who are the worst are the ones that got the most better. And those are the people that you really want to help. Okay? Not the ones who are sort of okay anyway, but the ones who are in terrible shape, those are the people that you would really like to be able to help. And this is apparently what the paleo diet does in these people is those are the people that improve the most. And I find, and as a kidney doctor, I find that incredibly helpful because, you know, diabetes is the number one cause of kidney disease in the United States. So this is an amazing result. So so far, I've shown that, you know, the paleo diets lower glucose and lower insulin and really appear to do it better than their so-called regular diets that we use the American Diabetes Association diets. And now I am going to go way out on a limb. And I'm going to talk about some of the reasons why these might possibly work. So that's the panda out there on the limb. And so there, you know, I've heard a lot of people say, Oh, it's the insulin levels, it's the leptin levels, it's the energy expenditure, it's the carbohydrates, it's where you get the carbohydrates from. You know, I don't know the answer to that, but I would be amazed if it was just one thing. I mean, there's not very many things in the body where there's only one pathway that takes care of stuff. Most of the stuff that's in the body is redundant. There are many pathways. And so I'd be totally amazed if it was just one thing. More question of perhaps like what's more important than, you know, another and, you know, that I don't think we have an answer to. So what I'm presenting here is really just some of the things, some of the possibilities that influence why one person might be more insulin sensitive or insulin resistant than another. And there's a long list here. And so I'll talk about some of them. So genetics. Okay, some people are just predisposed to developing diabetes. We know that because diabetes runs in families. And at least some of it may have to do with where do you put the fact? So do you put the fat around the middle? Are you apple shaped?  Are you pear shaped? Is it a question of what's happening to the to the signals inside the cell? After they get past the insulin receptors that are in the cells, a lot of people talk about post receptor insulin signaling changes and how that affects how the body how the cell is able to use the sugar that gets in. Whether or not your blood pressure goes up when you eat a lot of salt. Okay. Some people doesn't matter how much salt you eat, your blood pressure is not going to change at all.   And this study showed that in the graphs on the left, as the amount of salt went up, okay, in the little yellow things are insulin secretion. So the yellow people are the insulin sensitive people, the people whose blood whose blood pressures went up when they ate a lot of salt. Insulin also went up when they ate a lot of salt. So just eating a lot of salt.  And if secreting insulin is bad for you because it makes your beta cells wear out faster, it's really low insulins that we're shooting for, then you would this would be the kind of person that you would want to say, maybe it's the amount of salt that they're eating. And in our study, when we broke down, whose blood pressures went up with salt and whose didn't, you could see that there was a significantly lower significant, more significant decrease in blood sugar levels and fructosamine levels in the salt sensitive people on the paleo diet compared to the salt resistant people on the paleo diet. So at least in our subjects, those people who had the most whose blood pressure went up the most were the ones that got the most better when we put them on this low salt paleo diet. Tissue hypoxia. So tissue oxygen levels are one of those new things that people are talking about a lot today.  And so fat people tend to have lower tissue oxygen levels compared to people who are not obese. And you can show that just having low tissue oxygen levels will both decrease your insulin sensitivity and lower how much glucose your cells take up even in non obese people. And oxygen is really important because oxygen is the final pathway for the main elect for the main energy system inside the cell, which is called the mitochondrial electron transport chain. And so normally what happens is the oxygen finally accepts the electron and then the system gets regenerated. But if you don't have enough oxygen in your tissues, then what happens is you have these backup pathways and one backup pathway is the one that goes from pyruvate to lactate. So now you're making lactic acid. So you have extra acid in your system. And then the second one is one that uses the coenzyme Q and uses the so-called NADPH oxido reductase pathway. And that causes these reactive oxygen species to accumulate. So what you see is when your tissues don't get enough oxygen, you're increasing both the amount of acids in the body as well as the amount of the reactive oxygen species and both of those are bad. And we know that in people who have like people with kidney failure who have metabolic acidosis, we can and rats, for example, we can show that all that acid directly affects how the insulin receptors and the IGF one receptors work. So actually just having too much acid in your system makes your insulin receptors not work well. And similarly, we can show that oxidative stress affects those cellular pathways that happen after the insulin receptor is turned on affects these intracellular pathways. And these do a lot of things depending on where the tissues are. And they're different depending on the different tissues. So they can affect glucose uptake in the muscles. And they can affect the amount of how much the blood vessel dilates, which is a really big deal in the heart and in the blood vessels in the body. Okay, and now let's talk a little bit about free fatty acids. I've heard a couple people talk about this today. So free fatty acids come from breaking down fat tissue. And in the liver, they increase the amount of glucose that's formed. And in the muscles, they prevent the insulin from being taken up.  And turns out that people who are overweight or obese have higher free fatty acid levels, which then as we said leads to hyperglycemia. And just having high blood sugar levels in and of itself can cause toxicity. So for example, it can cause the lenses in the eyes to become dense. So you can't see very well. It can actually alter how well the cells respond to insulin signaling. And it can cause more inflammation and higher levels of these so called advanced glycosylation and products, which is where the glucose is attached to various other molecules in the body. And they accumulate, then they don't break down the way they should. And then secondarily, a lot of these people who are obese have this second problem, which is that the beta cells of the pancreas stop making enough insulin. So now not only is your blood sugar level high, but your pancreas isn't making enough insulin. So there was this totally fascinating article in one of the kidney journals this past month. And I really thought I have no idea if this is true or not, but this is truly really fascinating. So Cervellomer is something that we give to bind phosphate in the gut. People with kidney failure have high phosphates, and that's bad for you. And so we give this Cervellomer stuff. But this group, these investigators gave it to people that they weren't trying to control their phosphate, they decided to look to see whether or not it would lower oxidative stress levels. And what they found was that not only one, it lowered cholesterol and triglyceride levels, like nobody has ever shown this before, like giving this medication, which we use, it's not absorbed in the body, it stays in the gut, it's an ion exchange resin. And yet it lowered cholesterol and triglyceride levels in these diabetic patients with mild moderate kidney disease. It also decreased the amount of these advanced glycosylation in products, it lowered oxidant levels, it increased antioxidant levels. So whatever it's doing, it's not doing it inside the body, it's doing it in the gut. And it made me wonder whether or not all the fiber that you eat in the Paleolithic diet might have some similar effect. Like somebody was talking about fructose and how fructose is bad for you. So we did a study in some of our patients because our paleo diets were much higher in fructose than our ADA diets. And so we did a balance study to see what was happening inside the liver with the fructose that we were giving. And it turned out that there was no difference in what the liver was doing with the fructose between the paleo group and the ADA group. And so the diabetes guys that I worked with began to think it was maybe because of the fiber in the gut, something, but maybe the fructose wasn't actually getting into the body, even though the diets themselves actually had more fructose in them. And so maybe this vellum or stuff is doing the same thing at fibrous. This is a really amazing study. I have to say I expect to see more from these investigators about this. So we decided to look at inflammation in our subjects. And for those of you who don't know very much about adiponectin, and I'm going to tell you I'm one of them. So one thing that happens when you have a lot of inflammation is that something called IL6, which is a cytokine, causes the liver to make something that's called CRP, which is C reactive protein. And both of those are indicative of inflammation. When you have high adiponectin levels, okay, then supposedly that's going to cause the inflammation to decrease. And adiponectin is responsive to blood sugars. So as your blood sugars go down, your adiponectin levels are supposed to go up, and that's supposed to lower the amount of inflammation in the body. So that's what we expected to find. Instead, what we found was that both adiponectin and the supposedly active form high molecular weight adiponectin, both of those went down significantly. At the same time, IL6 levels went up in both groups and CRP went up in the ADA group and went down in the paleo group. But, okay, we had much lower blood sugars, okay, 20, 30 milligrams per deciliter lower on average than when they started.  Instead, they went way down. And then I got this slide from our next presenter actually, where he was showing what are adiponectin levels in islanders who live off of Papua New Guinea compared to people in Sweden. And you can see that that's the Kitava, okay, had much lower adiponectin levels than Swedes of the same age did. So maybe it's not that the adiponectin levels went down. That's important. Maybe it's that the adiponectin levels are low. That's important. And that means that everybody else is adiponectin resistant, just like Dr. Rosdale was saying, yes, we're all insulin resistant. And I personally suspect we're all leptin resistant, too. But it makes you ask, you know, what biomarkers should we measure? Should we measure leptin? Should we measure the relationship of leptin to the leptin receptor? Should we measure is high molecular weight adiponectin the one to measure or not? Should we be, you know, I don't know the answer to this, but it makes me wonder if we're measuring the right things. And then finally, how am I doing for time there? Okay. So finally, I read this other article about sleep and mice. And if those of you who went to see Gary Taub's lecture, so he was talking about is the fact that low carb that you lose weight with calorie restriction, is it really the calorie restriction? Is it just that you have less energy in or more energy out? Or is it because you're eating a low carb diet and your insulin levels are low? So what they did here was they gave this, the mice, this new molecule that they've discovered, and it's called SR9011. And what it does is it makes the mice's cells use more oxygen. So in Dr. Taub's equation, okay, that was the increased energy expenditure without the increased energy in. So the mice ate the same diet all the time. And then they got this SR9011 stuff. And when they did that, the mice lost weight, they lost fat. You can see over there when it says VO2, that's the one that shows that they're actually using more oxygen. So they're just expending more energy. And their glucose levels went down, and their insulin levels went down. And their leptin levels went down, and their IL6 levels went down. So less inflammation, less leptin resistance, less insulin resistance, whatever. And all because you gave the mice these things which affected the supposedly the activation system of the clock in our brain that controls like sleep this one go to sleep and when we wake up. And so then I started looking at other studies where you know where you look at what happens to leptin levels. So it turns out leptin is one of those things that it's highest in the middle of the night when you're asleep and it's lowest in the middle of the afternoon and leptin for those of you who don't know. So leptin is one of those things that blocks the hunger chemicals in your brain.  So if you have really high leptin levels, then you're not going to want to eat as much. And if you have low leptin levels, then you're going to be hungrier.  And at the same time, it turns out that you're also become more insulin resistant. So lack of sleep is bad for you. But Dr. Linderberg's group actually started looking at leptin levels and satiety because if you're saying to yourself with a paleo diet, really, it's just that I'm not as hungry. And so I don't need as many calories than you should. You would perhaps expect that what should happen is that leptin levels should go up high leptin levels, not as hungry. Instead, what they found is that the people who are on the paleo diet, and that's in the open circles, so they actually felt fuller on a lower carbohydrate intake, but their leptin levels went down. So again, it makes me ask like our adiponectin levels went down, their leptin levels went down. Maybe the whole thing about having lower levels is correct and that it does when you're resistant to these hormones, then having lower levels is better, but if you're normal, having higher levels is better. I don't actually know the answer to this. But if leptin is one of those molecules that then promotes satiety and lower carbon takes and helps improve blood sugar and perhaps is related to how we're sleeping, then perhaps just sleeping more might be something that might actually help you. So to review, I think tried to show that the paleo diet does improve insulin sensitivity. And my personal belief is that this is especially true in people who are more insulin resistant and perhaps salt sensitive, that if you had to concentrate on somebody to like, like you should do this diet, that would be the group I would choose. And so I think you can show that the paleo diet improves glucose control compared to other diets that we've used for diabetes. Are there a variety of reasons why this might be true? Genetics related to obesity related to diabetes related to satiety related to sleep. I don't really know the answer to that. Anyway, thank you very much for your attention. These are my collaborators. Hello, thank you for the talk. That was very nice. I wanted to I wanted to ask a little bit more about your paleo diet intervention, because you mentioned that it was higher in fructose. And if I recall correct me if I'm wrong, but a lot of the fructose was coming from juiced fruits and vegetables. Is that correct? We served three servings of either like juice or vegetable. Yeah, one per meal. So I mean, it seems to me that they must have been absorbing the fructose. You know, I'm not going to say no to that. I'm going to say that we couldn't show that there was any difference in hepatic uptake or utilization of fructose between the two groups. And yet, even though the group that was the paleo group was eating more fructose, they had lower fructose levels, lower levels in the blood, blood fructose levels and fructose mean levels. Yeah. Yeah. So I don't know. I can only infer. Yeah. Thanks. First of all, I want to thank you and congratulate you because it's been 35 years since Eaton and Connor published their papers. And there have been only five control studies that have actually tested Paleolithic diet and control conditions. So I really thank you for that. Secondly, I want to put emphasis on on certain suggestions given in this study. People are usually advised are advised to follow a Paleolithic diet. They're not given any advice on macronutrient composition. There is all this talk about, you know, low carb, high carb. The Paleolithic diet research doesn't need to get meta love in this debate. The most important thing, now correct me if I'm wrong, I might be wrong here. The most important thing here in Paleolithic diet research is changing the sources of macronutrient composition, instead of giving advice on high protein, low carb, low fat. When this diet regime started 35 years ago, based on that research, if you if you have read about this research, there was this paper published, plant and animal subsystems ratios. And that paper, and Dr. Eaton was a co-author of that paper. Lauren Corden was a primary author. And he, they, they came up with a range of numbers, 19 to 35% protein, 20 to 40% carbohydrates, and 28 to 58% fat. There is no suggestions in from this research on how much carb, how much protein or fat we should consume. The most important thing is changing the sources of these macronutrients. So instead of deriving your energy from grains and dairy, you derive your energy from fruits, veggies, and lean meat, seafood, some nuts and root vegetables. It's all that I wanted to say. And I wanted to say that now, because we have already had two talks on carbohydrates and starch. And we now we have one of the two talks lined up on the actual studies that have been done on pedilithic diet research. So I thought of bringing up this point. Okay, thank you.  It really depended where on the planet you were from. So I'm sure that some people are eating lower carbs than others. Some people were not eating every day. And so they weren't intermittently ketotic.  And I actually agree with the person who got up here and said that it's more a question of where does it come from? Thank you.


Now let us look at the periodic table how the periodic trends are and how can you explain very simply by what we understand so far is just z star by z star mainly we would like to look at the periodic trend. So, what we have learned so far from left to right z star increases why z star increases that is because the electrons are getting incorporated in the same outer sphere electron 1 by 1. So, it is 2 2 s 1 2 s 2 2 p 1 2 p 2 2 p 3 2 p 4 2 p 5 2 p 6 same 2 cell number principle cell 2 the electrons are getting incorporated 1 by 1 right. And therefore, those electrons are not capable of neutralizing the positive charge at the nucleus. So, the shielding is going to be very less shielding towards the outer sphere electron shielding of the nuclear charge towards the outer sphere electron is going to be very less and therefore, these effective nuclear charge will be very high. Since the effective nuclear charge is very high the outer sphere electron or the electrons will overall all the electrons will be zoom in or pulled in very effectively towards the nucleus. And therefore, size will be decreasing considerably if you see from here lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon size is decreasing considerably this is a representative data. On the other hand if you look from top to bottom you see the size is increasing why it is increasing because from working from 1 s to 2 s to 3 s to 4 s to 5 s every time you are increasing a new cell completely new cell. Of course, new cell means your size is going to increase by default more so, those electrons from going for let us say 3 s to 4 s more and more electrons are going to get accumulated those inner electrons are going to neutralize the nuclear charge effectively. And therefore, effective nuclear charge is not increasing dramatically. It is almost remain constant from top to bottom it is the change is very little. Effective nuclear charge remain almost constant and the principle cell is increasing and therefore, you have no control in size, size is going to increase since the principle cell is increasing. From left to right it is the same principle cell where electrons are getting in again and again the penetration of these electrons or the neutralization of these electron neutralization of positive charge by these electrons are not that much. And therefore, the effective nuclear charge increasing and pulling in the electrons or overall size will be decreasing from left to right from top to bottom size is going to dramatically increase. So, this is the atomic number versus your atomic radius plot which you can justify from top from left to right you see size increases and then size lithium to sodium if lithium sodium potassium rubidium cesium you see size increases dramatically left to right size decreases ok. Of course, these are something this is something you do understand that is metallic radii of 5D block elements are expected to be larger than that of 4D. So, 4D to 5D you should have if you look from you know go down from 4D to 5D. 5D should be having as we discussed should be having larger size right larger size compared to 4D of course, compared to 3D, but in reality what we find that these are not larger 5D elements are not larger compared to 4D which is kind of contradicting in the last slide whatever we were trying to discuss. Why is that? This is mainly due to the fact that 4F is coming into the picture right. So, since 4F is not almost very least penetrating or have the very little ability to neutralize the positive charge, but will happen then overall you see the penetration of 4F is little. So, the Z star is going to going to get more and more because the neutralization or the shielding is not effective and therefore, although 4D to 5D you see a principal cell increases Z star also increases and therefore, you will be able to construct or you know you will be able to mitigate that effect of the effect of increasing this atomic size by the Z star. So, overall you see the size of 4D and 5D will remain same or similar. So, once again although 4D to 5D one of the cell is increasing, but at this point you are bringing in the F orbitals. F orbitals being less or least penetrating the Z star or the effective nuclear charge is going to be much more felt at this point. Penetration of F electrons are less and therefore, shielding is going to be less. Z star is going to be much more effective and what we will see is although the cell principal cell is increasing due to the increased Z star the size will remain constant. 4D and 5D elements will have similar size overall. This is what is called lanthanide contraction. F orbitals have poor shielding properties low penetrating power that is what we tried to say. So, Z effective that means Z star increases more signal from left to right for 5D across the period leading to more compact atoms. What about ionization energy? What we have seen so far from left to right in the periodic table we see that size is decreasing and from top to bottom size is increasing. What is ionization energy? Ionization energy is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from a gas phase atom. If the size from left to right is decreasing and you have really strong attraction between nucleus and your outer sphere electron I think removing electron is going to be very difficult. So, effectively what we will see that ionization energy will increase from left to right. Ionization energy will increase dramatically from left to right from top to bottom it will be much easier to remove the electron that means ionization energy will be less because from top to bottom size is getting higher and higher and therefore, removing electron will be very easy. So, the ionization energy depends on size, nuclear charge and the shielding effect ok. Let us take an example first ionization energy for hydrogen is this much 1 3 1 2 lithium which is 1 is 1 is 2 2 s 1 this 1 s electron removal will cost you 1 3 1 2 kilo joule per mole lithium 2 s electron removal will same 2 s 1 electron removal will cost you 5 20 kilo joule per mole. So, 1 s electron removal is costing much more compared to 2 s electron why is that of course, 1 s is smaller in size 2 s is bigger.  Let us look at this one for example, you have helium, helium you have 1 s 2 electron. These 2 electrons will be repelling each other considerably right and therefore, removal of the first electron that is the first ionization energy will be much easier ok. It is a 2 plus charge 2 electron removal of first electron is easier. Once you remove the first electron you have something like this situation where 2 plus positive charge is attracting 1 electron. So, that you know it is 2 positive charge attracting 1 electron if you want to remove this electron from this system it is going to cost you much more ok and further there is no repulsive energy. If you look at lithium ok, lithium you have 1 s 2 2 s 1 these 3 electrons are repelling each other very strongly as you can see. Now, this electron being outer sphere it is easy to remove compared to let us say you if you have let us say lithium 3 plus with lithium 3 electron 3 proton with lithium 2 plus they are going to attract these 3 protons are going to attract this 1 remaining electron very effectively. This energy where this is 520 this is you can see for the third electron removal it is going to be 2954 kilo joule per mole right that is quite a lot. So, the first electron removal is easy second is difficult third is even further more difficult. In the first cases you see of course, there is repulsive energy and the electrons are outer sphere. So, you will have much easier situation to deal with. As I was trying to say on moving across a period ok from left to right if you are trying to go the atomic size is decreasing, nuclear charge is increasing and therefore, ionization energy increases along a period. Size is getting smaller, nuclear charge is getting increased and then therefore, ionization energy increases along a period ok and from top to bottom same ionization energy you will have lesser and lesser ionization energy as you go from top to bottom ok. Electron affinity what is electron affinity first of all? Electron affinity is means affinity means what love for it right. If you want to have you know another electron what is the gain in energy? The amount of energy associated with the gain of electron you want to take one electron one atom wants to take one more electron what is the energy gain that is what is electron affinity. As you can understand the greater the energy released in the process of taking up this extra electron your ionization energy or electron affinity is going to be greater. More energy released means electron affinity is greater. Now, you see from left to right your size is decreasing your attraction between the nucleus and electron are quite high. If you want to put one more electron, electron affinity affinity is going to be very high right. You can since the attraction of nucleus towards outer sphere electron is very high you want to put one more electron in the outer sphere electron they are going to take it or the you know the system is going to allow it quite easily the energy will be released quite a lot right. So, the greater energy will be removed the electron affinity of an atom measures the tightness with which it binds an additional electrons to itself. So, it is a neutral condition from there you want to put one more electron to it and what the love what is what type of interaction you are going to have with the existing system that is what your electron affinity right. On moving across a period which I tried to discuss as the size decreases ok size is getting smaller and smaller the force of attraction by the nucleus increases ok. So, force of attraction increases from left to right consequently the atom has a greater tendency to attract the added electron that is electron affinity increases. From left to right your electron affinity going to increase you might will generalize in it in a different way. The electron affinity of metals are low while those of nonmetals are high same thing from left side electron affinity is low as you go to the left to right your electron affinity is going to be quite high. This is where you see halogens have highest electron affinity and therefore, they would like to take up the electronic configuration of NS 2 NP 6 right. So, on moving down a group well size is very much increasing right it is becoming more and more bigger and bigger from top to bottom sorry from if you are moving from top to the bottom in the periodic table then size is going to be bigger. They cannot hold on to their own electron they want to release the electron pretty easily how come they will take up more electron from outside. It is not possible for them to really pick up more electron from outside they will be more happy to release electron than taking up kind of right. So, therefore, energy release during the process of adding electron from top to bottom will be less. So, it is going to be a less favorable process. So, the electron affinity will be less from top to bottom. Now, electronegativity that is another very important phenomenon or there are another important topic in the periodic table discussion. So, what is electronegativity? Electronegativity is simply the measurement or measure of the tendency of an electron to attract electrons to itself. So, the atom is going to attract electron to itself when the atom is going to attract electron to itself when it can hold its own electron tightly right. So, you are going to attract electron towards yourself if you can attract if you can keep your own electron very strongly right. So, once again if you walk from left to right in the periodic table what happened your size decreases. So, your attraction is quite good. So, from the neighbor you can really take up the electron quite or you know you can attract the neighbors electron quite effectively. So, left to right in the periodic table your electron affinity is going to be high. From top to bottom you cannot even hold your own electron how can you attract from the neighbors. So, electron negativity will be will be less or becoming less from top to bottom right on moving down the group that is what I am trying to discuss z increases, but z star almost remain constant number of cells increases atomic radius increases force of attraction between electron and nucleus decreases and therefore, electron negativity decreases down the group on moving across a periodic table from left to right what is happening z and z star increases that is true number of cells remains constant atomic radius decreases atomic radius becoming smaller and smaller force of attraction between added electron and nucleus increases and therefore, electron negativity increases along a period. So, this is the trends in free atomic properties atomic size as you are saying from left to right it is decreases from top to bottom it is increases for ionization energy. Ionization energy is going to be increasing from left to right and going to be decreasing from top to bottom electron affinity it is going to be increasing from left to right electron affinity from top to bottom is again going to be decreasing. So, that is all for today.


What evidence do we have for the value of Avogadro's number? 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd. Here we're going to demonstrate one way to find Avogadro's number experimentally. And while we're at it, we're also going to look at water and realize that water is composed of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen. In order to calculate Avogadro's number, we're going to use an electrolysis device. And this electrolysis is taking energy and converting the water to hydrogen and oxygen. And we need two pieces of information in order to do our calculations. We need the current that's flowing and the time of that current flow to create 10 milliliters of hydrogen gas. While we're at it, we're also going to look at the mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. And we will be able to see by the gas produced, two milliliters of hydrogen will be produced for every one milliliter of oxygen. On the screen, you can see the calculations for Avogadro's number experimentally. You can see that our experimental value is very near the 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd as stated in our text. So you can see that this is one method of using an experiment to determine the actual value for Avogadro's number. You also saw that the volume of hydrogen to oxygen was a 2 to 1 ratio. And therefore we know it's H2O.


Pinks might be looking up for last season's fair final, they're going for a third winning four, they think they've had a victory at home. And they're not going to miss it. That's it, they could at least make it four undefeated here today against the London side. Looking to all into the box here, that's followed by Steadcourt out. Some of the rolling four on Mark Yates. Looking to look at what are recently the strongest of the clearance from him. The Sainer are on forward. Found his fellow Italian plasmati. Disappointing after some nice build up. The plasmati run is really particularly impressed. With the free kick from the corner just wide. Quick ball in for Billy Clark to get on the end of that sling forward in attack. And the corner, and he's wide by the cartel. And he's got three about eight yards out to towards Clark. The clock rolls the shot forward. Trying to things up with the particular adjustment a little more by a little bit. Get this move going. And Halliday again. There's time here for Mark Yates to shoot. And still going. And it feels like the only one if compared to the other. This has been a couple of times. Into the box. Stead squirt it. Lockpool from Bradford to look from the score. Unselfish play from Sainer. All not had to do with Tattidy. And Bradford lead just before halftime. Corner. Clark up for this one. Simone knows Yorkshire well. All my Huddersfield play. Hates here. Cross into the back post. Halliday rises well. He's just about judging his angles right there. Here and suddenly Mooney is through. And Mooney equalizes. He minutes left the substitute. So prolific last season. It's a little bit of luck. He's played through here, but he takes advantage in style. One-one. Dagnall. He's got him late there. The free is very quick over. Dagnall is off against his old club. Orient will have to survive the last minutes. With 10 men for that challenge or building up. It's brought the extra man. Wrapping stylishly into the box. Meredith. And Clark up for the goal. 11 minutes to go. And Bradford now lead 10 man Orient 2-1. Pass to the goalkeeper. Legstins make the mess of it. And John Stead charges in. That rounds it up. David with the 10 men. And the puns pretty bleakly. Ian just one of those great things. He's come through the middle. He's got some support here. Mooney would like the slate for him. Just fires it over. And Stokes scored. He's used the spectre. He's worked really hard. He gets a goal perhaps he deserves. So he just has to claw it round the post. That's the problem. Ian's trying to get a little bit faster than he is. 3-1.