This video will cover the following objective for the digestive system. Describe the gross structure and histological organization of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, dejunum, ilium, liver, pancreas, and colon. The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the upper esophageal sphincter which is a circular ring of muscle that guards the entrance into the esophagus from the laryngeal pharynx in the cervical region. The esophagus extends inferiorly down through the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity and then into the abdominal cavity through the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus and opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus enters into the abdominal cavity to attach to the stomach. Lower esophageal sphincter is another ring of muscle that's guarding the exit of the esophagus and preventing acid reflux which is when the contractions of the stomach force gastric juice to move through the lower esophageal sphincter back into the esophagus and burn the inner lining of the esophagus causing a painful sensation commonly known as heartburn. The esophagus has an outer layer of adventitia. The adventitia consists of mostly fibrous dense irregular connective tissue providing structural support in anchoring the esophagus to the surrounding tissues. Deep under the adventitia is the muscularis externa. The proximal third of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle in the muscularis externa but the distal two-thirds of the esophagus, the majority of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in the muscularis externa. This muscularis externa is responsible for the patterns of contraction that propel the bolus through the esophagus during the esophageal phase of deglutition. Deep to the muscularis externa is the submucosa. The submucosa contains dense irregular connective tissue and that stabilizes the structural framework where large blood vessels and large nerves and lymphatic vessels are traveling through the esophagus. Then deep to the submucosa is the mucosa. The mucosa consists of a layer of loose areolar connective tissue with lots of capillaries that are then supporting the deepest layer of epithelium, a stratified squamous epithelium lines the lumen forming the inner lining of the esophagus. Here at 40x magnification we can see the stratified squamous epithelium forming the inner lining of the mucosa which is then supported by a layer of areolar connective tissue that is then anchored to the dense irregular connective tissue in the submucosa and then surrounding the submucosa is the muscularis externa and then surrounding the muscularis externa is an outer layer and notice adventitia. Here with 100x magnification we can see a little bit better the stratified squamous epithelium that forms that inner layer of the mucosa and then with 400x magnification you can very clearly see the stratified squamous epithelium forming that inner layer of the mucosa and there's a thin border of loose connective tissue that contains capillary supporting the epithelium and then deep to the mucosa layer is some dense irregular connective tissue forming that submucosa. This illustration shows us the general structure of the alimentary canal that is found from the stomach through the small intestine and large intestine there's four major layers the most superficial outer layer is known as the cirrhosa so in contrast to the esophagus where the most superficial layer is the adventitia and the adventitia is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the stomach some intestine and large intestine there is a cirrhosa which is a cirrus membrane containing a simple squamous epithelium and a supporting layer of aerial or connective tissue the cirrhosa is also known as the visceral layer of the peritoneal membrane so the peritoneum is the cirrus membrane lining the abdominal cavity and the visceral layer is also known as the cirrhosa and is covering the abdominal organs the mesentery are folds of the peritoneal membrane that connect between the outer parietal layer of the peritoneum and the visceral layer or cirrhosa deep to the cirrhosa is a layer of smooth muscle known as the muscularis externa so sometimes just abbreviated muscularis we like to call it muscularis externa to distinguish it from an inner layer of smooth muscle known as muscularis interna muscularis interna will form the border between the submucosa and mucosal layer but the muscularis externa has two layers of smooth muscle through the small intestine and large intestine an outer longitudinal layer that contracts to decrease the length of the alimentary canal and an inner circular layer that contracts to decrease the diameter of the alimentary canal then there's the my enteric plexus a network of nervous tissue located in the muscularis externa found in between the outer longitudinal and inner circular layers then deep to the muscularis is the submucosal layer so the submucosa is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue it does contain large nerves and blood vessels and the nervous tissue forms the submucosal plexus or the plexus of meisner the network of nervous tissue that's involved in regulating the glands in the submucosa glands that will secrete mucus into the lumen through ducts that extend into the mucosa and so the mucosa is the deepest layer of the alimentary canal the border between the submucosa and the mucosa is the muscularis mucosa or muscularis interna this layer of smooth muscle then forms the boundary with the submucosa and the mucosa just deep to the smooth muscle is a layer of loose areolar connective tissue known as lamina propria where there's lots of capillaries and small lymphatic vessels and then the inner lining of the mucosa is an epithelium a simple columnar epithelium forms the epithelium forming the inner lining in the mucosa lining the lumen the peritoneal membrane is the cirrus membrane lining the abdominal cavity it has two layers the outer parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and the deeper layer the visceral layer of the peritoneal membrane lines the surface of the organs inside of the abdominal cavity and when the visceral peritoneum is lining the alimentary canal it's also known as the cirrosa then the extensions or folds of the peritoneum that connect between the parietal and visceral layers are known as the mesentery the stomach has four basic layers to its wall the innermost layer is the mucosa a mucous membrane with a simple columnar epithelium surrounded by a layer of loose areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria then there is a muscularis interna a layer of smooth muscle that forms the border between the mucosa layer and the submucosal layer the submucosal layer is a layer of dense connective tissue just superficial to the mucosa then surrounding the submucosa is the muscularis externa and in the stomach there are three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa the deepest layer is the oblique layer then surrounding the oblique layer is a circular layer and then the most superficial layer of smooth muscle is the longitudinal layer then superficial to the muscularis externa the outer layer of the stomach is the cirrosa also known as the visceral layer of the peritoneal membrane a cirrus membrane that forms the outer lining of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity so the regions of the stomach are the cardia of the stomach where the esophagus attaches to the stomach the fundus the bulge that is superior to the cardia the body is the majority of the stomach and then the pylorus as the funnel shaped distal end that attaches to the duodenum pylorus sphincter is a circular shaped ring of muscle that regulates the emptying of the stomach the right side of the stomach is a lesser curvature of the stomach and there is a fold of the peritoneal membrane attaching from the lesser curvature towards the liver which is known as the lesser omentum then the left side of the stomach is the greater curvature and the greater omentum is a mesentery a fold of peritoneal membrane that extends from the greater curvature and drapes anteriorly and inferiorly over the intestines so it drapes down over the anterior of the abdominal cavity and then attaches to the transverse colon the four layers of the wall of the stomach are the outer cirrhosa surrounding the muscularis externa then the submucosa and then the mucosa and while the mucosa of the stomach contains a simple columnar epithelium that epithelium forms inward folds and so these deep inward folds of the mucosa are gastric pits the gastric pits function as exocrine glands there are chief cells within the gastric pits that produce an enzyme called pepsin but it's secreted as an inactive precursor pepsinogen that becomes activated by the hydrochloric acid produced by the parietal cells of the gastric pits the enteroendocrine cells are cells that are producing a hormone known as gastrin that's regulating the gastric secretion of this enzyme-rich acidic gastric juice which is important for chemical digestion of protein inside of the stomach and so as the muscularis externa has three layers in the stomach and can produce forceful contractions known as churning that mix the gastric juice with a bolus to form a semi-liquid mixture known as chym then the stomach will empty the chym through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum the small intestine has three major segments the duodenum is the short c-shaped proximal region that receives chym from the stomach the duodenum is shown in a purple color here in the illustration then the the middle region the jejunum is around two to three meters long shown with a greenish blue color in the illustration here the jejunum is the primary location where nutrient absorption occurs so while the duodenum is the primary location where chemical digestion of nutrients occurs the duodenum receives the secretions from the pancreas and the liver and gallbladder that are helping with chemical digestion once those nutrients have been fully broken down the jejunum has an enormously high surface area with lots of folds of the mucosa large folds called plica circularis with smaller villi and even smaller micro villi on top of those this enormous surface area enables a high rate of membrane transport for nutrient absorption in the jejunum then the ilium is the longest most distal segment of the small intestine the ilium drains into the colon into the large intestine and the ilium while it's responsible for some nutrient absorption it also contains a large number of pyres patches which are clusters of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue that are responsible for regulating the bacterial environment of the intestines so the histology of the small intestine includes the four basic layers that we see in the elementary canal an outer layer of cirrhosa surrounding a muscularis externa surrounding some mucosal layer and an inner mucosal layer the mucosa forms large folds large circular folds known as the plica circularis and then there are smaller folds known as villi so in the illustration in the center here you can see each villus contains a lymphatic lacteal and blood capillaries that are responsible for nutrient absorption while the blood capillaries absorb water soluble nutrients that lacteals absorb the fat soluble nutrients so the simple columnar epithelium forms this inner line of the mucosa and the cells the columnar cells that form that epithelium have even smaller folds on their surface so there's micro villi which are folds of the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells so the small intestine has folds on top of folds on top of folds lots of folds in order to provide an enormous surface area for membrane transport enabling the absorption of nutrients the illustration on the left here is a low magnification image showing the large folds known as plica circularis then the image in the middle for c shows us the smaller folds the villi and then d shows us an electron microscope image very high magnification so we can see the micro villi the folds of the plasma membrane of the individual epithelial cells so here we can see the histology of the duodenum so the most distinctive feature of the duodenum is there are numerous exocrine glands found in the submucosal layer known as bruner's glands so the bruner's glands produce an alkaline rich mucous which helps to protect the epithelium of the mucosa from the acidity of the chym that's entering from the stomach so here's another view showing us the histology of the duodenum where there are numerous bruner's glands found in the submucosal layer we can also see here there are villi in the mucosal layer large folds of the mucosa and then superficial to the submucosal layer we can see the muscularis externa is smooth muscle organized into an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer and then the outermost layer is the cirrosa a simple squamous epithelium and loose arular connective tissue this picture shows us the histology of the duodenum at low magnification 40 times magnification we can see the large circular fold the pleica circularis with smaller long villi on top of the larger fold so these smaller folds the villi are very long in the duodenum to enable lots of nutrient absorption and so the inner most layer the mucosa has these distinctive large circular folds and long villi in the duodenum then the submucosal layer does not contain bruner's glands in the duodenum there's only a few scattered submucosal glands then we see the thick muscularis externa in the duodenum and then an outer layer of the cirrosa this is the histology of the ilium at 100 times magnification we can still see there are some villi in the ilium and then there are large deep infoldings in the mucosa known as crips that connect in the ilium down into large aggregates of lymphoid tissue these mucosa associated lymphoid tissues are known as the pyres patches that are numerous in the ilium and really give a distinctive histology to the ilium these large clusters of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosal layer the accessory organs or accessory structures of the digestive system include the liver gallbladder and pancreas the liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity just inferior to the diaphragm protected by the ribcage there's four lobes of the liver the right lobe is the largest lobe and then there's a large left lobe separated from the light the right lobe by a falsiform ligament the falsiform ligament will then be a fold of the peritoneal membrane and mesentery that attaches to the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity there's two smaller lobes of the liver on the inferior and posterior surface you can view the caudate lobe and quadrate lobe so the caudate lobe is just to the right side of the inferior vena cava whereas the quadrate lobe is a rectangular shaped lobe that's located just to the left of the gallbladder at the microscopic level the liver is organized into functional units known as lobules so the illustration here is showing us a liver lobule where blood flows in at portal triads a portal triad contains three structures one branch of a hepatic portal vein which is carrying blood in from the digestive system one branch of the hepatic artery proper which carries oxygen rich blood in and then there's a bile duct and the bile duct will carry bile out from the lobule so bile is the major excretory product excreted from the liver the cells that are found inside of the liver the epithelial cells are known as hepatocytes that produce the bile so hepatocytes are processing blood filtering the blood and then excreting bile the hepatocytes are found lining the sinusoids that connect from the portal triads where the blood in the portal venule and portal arterial flow into the sinusoids and then as that blood flows through the sinusoids it's processed by the hepatocytes and then drains into a central vein at the center of the lobule that central vein will then carry blood out of the lobule to the hepatic veins that will then drain the blood out of the liver into the inferior vena cava here we see the histology of the liver at 40 times magnification where you can see the structure known as a lobule with several portal triads surrounding a central vein here's another image of the liver with a slightly different stain there's still the structural functional unit of a lobule with portal triads surrounding a central vein so the blood will flow in at the portal triad through the hepatic portal vein branches and hepatic artery proper branch and then the blood flows through the sinusoids within the lobule and drains out through the central veins where the bile then is excreted by the hepatocytes in the lobule into the bile connectulae that then drain into the bile ducts at the portal triads bile drains from all of the small bile ducts at each of the liver lobules into larger and larger hepatic ducts the left hepatic duct and right hepatic duct joined together forming the common hepatic duct and then the common hepatic duct connects to the cystic duct which carries bile into the gallbladder the function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile and so while the liver produces bile that bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder and then when we eat a meal bile is secreted out from the gallbladder through the cystic duct and out from the liver through the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct and common hepatic duct joined together to form the common bile duct and the common bile duct carries the bile down to the duodenum where bile is released through the duodenal papula into the duodenum where it serves the function of emulsifying fat to help with the chemical digestion and the absorption of fat soluble nutrients this illustration shows us the connection of the common bile duct to the duodenum as well as the structure of the pancreas and the location of the pancreas relative to the duodenum and so both the pancreas as well as the liver and gallbladder are secreting exocrine products into the duodenum to assist with chemical digestion the pancreas has a narrow tail located in the left hypochondriac region and an expanded head region found in the epigastric region connected to the duodenum the major pancreatic duct carries the pancreatic secretions down into the major duodenal papula there's also an accessory pancreatic duct that connects to a lesser duodenal papula but the pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum there's a variety of enzymes that are found in the pancreatic juice to help with chemical digestion of nutrients but pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate which is a chemical that functions as a base to neutralize the acidity of the gastric juice that's coming with chym into the duodenum from the stomach the cells that produce the exocrine secretions of the pancreas are organized into functional units called asinine and so the individual excretory cells are called the asinine cells that form the asinine the functional units that produce the pancreatic juice that's secreted into the pancreatic ducts that then carry the secretions into the duodenum at the duodenal papula so this shows us a low magnification view of the histology of the pancreas where the majority of the cells in the pancreas are the asinine cells those asinine cells secrete pancreatic juice into the pancreatic ducts and the pancreatic ducts carry the secretions into the duodenum there are also endocrine cells inside of the pancreas so the lighter staining circular regions known as the islets of Langerhans are the endocrine regions within the pancreas responsible for producing the hormones insulin and glucagon here's a higher magnification view of the histology of the pancreas where you can see the majority of the cells the asinine cells that produce the pancreatic juice and the pancreatic ducts that carry the pancreatic juice out of the pancreas into the duodenum as well as the lighter staining islets of Langerhans that are the endocrine cells the alpha cells that produce glucagon and the beta cells that produce insulin and so here's another hundred x magnification view with a lighter staining pattern showing us the asinine cells that produce the pancreatic juice and the islets of Langerhans that contain the endocrine cells that produce insulin and glucagon the ilium of the small intestine drains into the large intestine or colon at the cecum the iliocecal valve is a ring of smooth muscle that regulates the emptying of the small intestine the vermiform appendix or commonly just referred to as the appendix is a small extension from the cecum that contains numerous mucosa associated lymphoid tissue important for the immune system to protect against infection and regulate the bacterial environment of the intestines the contents then move from the cecum superiorly through the ascending colon along the right side then the colon turns at the right colic flexure also known as the hepatic flexure to form the transverse colon where the contents are traveling from the right to the left side the transverse colon is anchored to the posterior abdominal wall through a mesentery known as the transverse mesocolon where the middle colic artery is traveling through and supplying blood to the transverse colon then the left colic flexure is where the transverse colon ends and the colon turns inferiorly to form the descending colon the contents then move down through the descending colon into the sigmoid colon where the colon forms a S shape that curves into the pelvic cavity at the midline connecting into the rectum and then the rectum then connects into the anal canal where the feces can exit the body during defecation the surface of the colon contains numerous epiploic appendages that are adipose tissue storage as well as a outer ribbon of smooth muscle that's visible on the surface so the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa forms a long ribbon along the surface of the large intestine known as the teniac coli the function of the teniac coli is to contract to decrease the length of the colon and it causes the colon to form pouch shaped segments known as the hostra so the large intestine contains the same basic four layers that we saw in the small intestine and outer cirrhosa surrounding a muscularis externa surrounding the submucosa which surrounds the mucosa and the border between the submucosa and the mucosa is a muscularis mucosa layer of smooth muscle the mucosa does still form folds in the colon however there are no outward projections there are no villi in the the colon instead the all the folds of the colon are inward folding intestinal glands also known as intestinal crypts where there are numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus to help lubricate and protect the epithelium that's lining the lumen of the colon so here we see the histology of the colon with numerous intestinal crypts or glands that are filled with lots of mucus being produced by the goblet cells that form the the majority of the cells there in the lining of the intestinal crypt and so the epithelium is a simple columnar epithelium similar to it as we saw in the small intestine and in the stomach but the there are no villi and the the inward folded crypts are full of numerous goblet cells giving this distinctive appearance to the colon so here's another image with low magnification where we can see the mucosa of the colon has numerous inward folding crypts with lots of goblet cells but there's no villi and then there's we can see the smooth muscle forming the muscularis interna as a layer of boundary between the submucosa layer of dense irregular connective tissue and the mucosal layer and so this is a little higher magnification 100 times magnified view focused in on the mucosa of the colon where we can see numerous goblet cells lining the intestinal glands the inward folding intestinal crypts that produce the mucous to help protect and lubricate the simple columnar epithelium that lines the lumen of the colon


Hello, ESU 8 friends. This is Molly Ashoff and I want to visit with you a little bit about some of the conversations that we've been having at the ESU about the support we can give you when you transition from the spring right now of 2020 and learning as it's happening to fall 2020. And through our conversations and through conversations with teachers and parents and watching what's happening, we believe it's really important to have a consistent remote learning online delivering tool. And so knowing that we have looked at the tools out there and we would recommend these three tools in some form or fashion. Now it's important to have consistency. We're hearing from parents that they're having to learn several different tools helping multiple children. And so sometimes even within high school students, teachers are using different delivery tools. So I'm going to show you the three tools that we believe are probably the most useful and the grades that they're best for. The first is CSAW. CSAW is more for your lower elementary, your pre-K to second, third grade. You can use it farther up. We've seen it use clear up to seventh and eighth grade, but definitely for the younger kiddos. Then there is Google Classroom and Google Classroom is free with your Google domain. And it could be used, we say about third through twelfth grade, you do have to have an email to use Google Classroom. And the other is Canvas. Canvas, you can use a free version or a paid version and you get more options with the paid version, obviously. So I'm going to talk a little bit about each of these to give you an idea, just an overview. First of all, CSAW. CSAW is free. You can get a paid version, CSAW for school, which allows you to track students' progress a little bit in different activities. So there's just some more functions, but most teachers that I know are using the free version of CSAW and it's working really well for them. What CSAW is, is it is a student portfolio originally designed as that. You can capture the learning of the students. You can give reflection and feedback. And it's a great communications tool also because parents can see that work too and offer feedback as well to their children. It's very student driven. It's a great way to share learning. So in this time of remote learning, teachers can share things out to students and then the students can share back to the teacher what they've done. They can take a picture. They can talk over it. It's easy to record their voice or a video and it's really easy for the teacher then to give immediate feedback. Students don't have to have an email. A teacher creates the account and then the student can either join by using a QR code or there's some form of a code that the student puts in. So you don't have to have an email. That's why it works so great for the younger students. It can be used on any device. There's an app for an iPad or an iOS phone. You can use it on a computer, on a Chromebook, on an Android device. So it's very device agnostic. So that's also very, very good. It's an easy way to message parents and students. And so not only is it a way to watch your students work and track their progress and a gathering place for that, but it's also a great communication tool to parents and students. During the regular school year they can, parents can see what's happening and what their kids doing in the classroom and especially now during this time of remote learning. Here's just an example of a student has uploaded their work. You can see that they've recorded over it so they then talked about what they did and this student is here sharing it with everyone. The next option is Google Classroom. Now Google Classroom is completely free with your school Google domain and students and teachers log in using their Google email. So some schools do not give emails to students lower than say third grade. And so it is pretty easy to use even for younger students. And once again it's a great way to distribute work and collect work within a time of remote learning or in a regular, regular classroom. So students log in with their Google email. There's a dashboard. This happens to be a teacher's dashboard view, but the students see their classes in a dashboard view very similar to this. Teachers can post assignments, announcements. You can do quizzes on it. There's different kinds of questions so you can do discussion questions. You can upload documents and materials and video. So it does have a lot of ways to organize and keep a class well organized and well designed. Canvas, the third option, there is a free Canvas app with limited design features in it. Canvas does cost. We do have an NNNC purchase and we provide schools with up to 100 Canvas accounts. But you're under the ESU Canvas domain. So because of that you cannot sync with your SIS system. Your grading that happens in Canvas cannot be transferred to your grade book or anything like that. You don't have that inner linking and syncing of your other programs. And so that's kind of a downfall of doing it that way. To get the best use of Canvas and its integration capabilities would be to have your own domain. So Canvas does require a separate login. However, that login can be a Google email. Once again, teachers have a dashboard that looks something like this and students have this very similar look with the dashboard that they can get to their classes. There's a little bit more features in organizing and designing the class. A little bit more robust opportunities to do announcements, discussions, how you organize your students in groups and do group works. You can also upload syllabus and files and you have the opportunity to grade assignments right in Canvas. Once again, those grades won't flow into your grade book or your SIS system unless you have purchased your own domain for your own school and then you integrate those two softwares. Once again, this is just an overview of a delivery, online delivery tools. And the nice thing about it is they work great in remote learning, but they also use great in daily face-to-face learning if you're doing a blended learning model or any type of a model of teaching where you want to give students work and then receive work back from them. If you have any questions, please reach out to me, Molly Ashoff at ESU 8 and I'm happy to answer any of those questions or help you find pricing on those.


Hey guys chef Shea Bear here Today well tonight, we're going to be making these steaks out on the grill Stay tuned We'll get on that just a second Okay guys, we've got our steaks here Excuse me. We're gonna make them out on the charcoal. I got charcoal outside getting ready I didn't show the seasoning process of this is because everyone does it different and you can do it your own way season However you want, but I'll tell you how I did this one. I did my rub I use season salt lemon pepper salt pepper some garlic powder and Then I rubbed it down real good. Well first first I tenderized it Then I rubbed it down real good with that and then I've marinated it in Italian salad dressing. It's been marinating now for a couple hours. So It'll be ready to be put on the grill here in just a minute and I'll show you what else we're going to have With this Okay, this is what we're going to have with it. We're going to have baby bella mushrooms We're going to have red pepper orange pepper Yellow pepper the bell peppers. They're they're sweet. They're not hot and we're going to have an onion I'm going to get these chopped up and Then we'll we'll once once I get it chopped up We'll put it in a pan and we're going to start this to cook while and then once we start this to cook We'll go out and we'll put the steaks on Okay guys or grease is hot. I'm going to start off by putting in the onions Now you a lot of people will dice them you can slice them just cut them up Cut it up however you want. This is just one large onion And I know that looks like a lot of mushrooms there but Really, it's not because we all know how they shrink up So we're gonna put this in here Let it get started nice I'm just going to That can brown for a second I'll tell you what I've done what I usually do is Little bit of water in there really makes the flavor pop and the next that the next thing that'll go in is going to be The mushrooms and we'll let the mushrooms Cook in there and then we'll put the We'll put the peppers in last because They don't take as long to cook and I want them a little more flavorful and and not as Not as well done and plus it'll give it a more of a color. So let's Put these in here and then it'll be time to go check The coals on the fire to see if they're ready yet now Of course, you're going to want to season these Just season them however you want to season them. It doesn't matter. Let's do a little lemon pepper It doesn't take a lot of this stuff We'll get a little bit of season salt again, not a lot Just to taste how how are you guys like it? How about a little garlic?  So we're going to let them do their thing now. You can also put a stick Excuse me stick a butter in here as well But it's up to you again Have fun with it, you know do do it your way do however you like it. Okay. All right, so we're going to go check We're going to get ready and put the steaks out onto the grill Okay guys, we're back Now usually I like to cook stuff indirect heating but out here it's right over top of the coals now It's going to cook slow. We like our meat medium I kind of like mine medium rare sometimes, but she likes hers medium. So that's when we'll make them and This grill is just one of the greats Off of the barbecue grill. There we go now my barbecue grill. I Never clean it right after I cook I clean it before I cook So what I did was I let it get real warm and then I went ahead and clean it off with my brushing stuff So we're going to let this cook for a few minutes on each side. I'm not sure how long yet but We'll give a few minutes and we'll we'll go from there a lot of guys. They'll season though They'll charge like on a skillet or something like that Sometimes I do that sometimes I don't so let's just see let's see what happens here and We'll go from there. We'll leave on there for about four minutes. I'll be right back with you. Okay guys. We're back Now these are just about done enough Like I see it's like anything else. You you know do it the way you like it the way your tenderness is No, right or wrong way other than burnt and if you like it burnt, that's not even wrong See when I added that a little bit of water I'd say probably a tablespoon tablespoon and a half maybe You can see like it makes like a nice little gravy. So we're going to go ahead and put our peppers in right now And we'll get them mixed up in there. I did add salt and pepper. I Did add a half a stick of butter To it Look at the colors on that. I don't didn't have a green pepper, but that's okay That's okay. There's plenty of colors in there right now. I've got it on a medium low So because I do not want to overcook it and I'm cooking it with the With the lid off a lot of people will cook it with a lid on but I find that it gets like the peppers any onions They get a little little too soft, you know, they get You know just like they're more they're they get too done I like I like the Christmas it's not as The crispiness of it. It's not as crisp if you leave the lid on it. So we're gonna let that cook We've got a few more minutes and we're gonna go out and check the steak. So Okay guys, sorry for the smoke, but let's let's flip these now. It's been about four minutes. Yes cooking nicely now if you want your steaks medium you're going to want them about 160 degrees and center so Now we're going to let these cook for about another four minutes and I'll just keep doing that until I get the temperature that I need Okay guys, these look like they're just about right. I remember a hundred and sixty degrees in the middle of one of these It's going to be way too too done So what you want to do is kind of just cut into one and check for the penis if you check it with the thermometer You really can't get an accurate reading, but you can get an idea of what the meat looks like We're going to take these off and we're going to take them in the house and just like anything else I'm going to let these rest for five seven minutes and Then we'll cut in one see what it looks like okay now we're going to cut into one of these and Let's see what it looks like. Okay. I let them rest us probably been I Don't know about eight minutes Let's there we go See the you see the color of that. It's maybe a little bit more done Than what I wanted, but yeah, it's fine. It's got a little pink in the middle Let's check hers out Yes, see a little bit of paint That's medium right there. Like I said, I want mine. I like mine medium well, but That's fine either or and also Right here guys This as you can see See now if you want You can strain that out and make a gravy to pour over top of your steaks I'm not going to do that tonight, but as you can see it's very colorful very nice I got it on the warm so everything's ready. I'm gonna get monkey out here and we're gonna have her Give this steak a try.  Give this a try and see what you think of it Okay, it's not made with real wood. I know but That's just charcoal Turn out good Okay, there you have it. Thank you monkey Okay, okay guys there you have it we just made some mushrooms and some peppers and onions and Some steak out on the charcoal on the ground so There you go. It's another segment of chef's shave bear and hope you enjoyed it And if you have any tips or tricks or hacks Feel free to put them down below in the comments and we'll share recipes or whatnot through these This is a new playlist. I've got chef's shave bear. So Hopefully I'll see you guys soon in the next one. Thanks for watching. Have a great weekend guys And we'll see you soon shave bear. I'm gone. Bye. Bye now


What do I love about science? For me, I think it's that ability to be able to answer questions that no one else is answering. It's amazing to hear people talk about these eureka moments where you can go ahead and you find something for the first time and you think, wow, I've been working on this for so long. And then eventually that could actually help someone, could lead to someone or lead to a cure in cancer or lead to improvements in burn injuries. And that's what we try and do in the nanotechnology lab here at UWA. So my name is Tristan Clemens and I'm a research scientist here at the University of Western Australia and I work in nanotechnology. Nanoscience is a really interesting field to be working in because in reality we've only just had the instruments in the last sort of 60 to 80 years to be able to see down to the nanoscale. And the nanoscale is so small, it's one billion times smaller than a metre. So if you think about a metre being about here, one billion nanometers are between my hands at the moment. And that's an amazingly small scale to be working on and things have different properties when they're on that scale. The way materials react with each other is different. The way they react with light is really different as well. And it's cool to be able to work on that scale and start discovering things that people haven't looked at before and that's what attracted me to nanotechnology. The nanobiolab that I work in here at UWA, we're looking all the time at applications of nanotechnology in ways we can improve drug delivery, for example, for diseases and injuries that might be occurring in our world. And it's a really neat place to be working because I get a good balance between some of the chemistry and some of the biology of different injuries and diseases. And so for us, it's quite different. From what we work on here in the bench, to then maybe getting into a hospital, it's sort of a 10 to 12 year pipeline for some of that. And it takes a long time and obviously a lot of money to go through the clinical trials to get there. But it's quite exciting to be at the cutting edge, the very start of that. And now we've got some of our work which is progressing now into animal models and hopefully can start to work towards clinical trials. For me, that would be the ultimate to be able to sit back and know that something is now on the shelf helping patients and I had a hand in starting that. That would be fantastic. Some of the things I'm most proud about is probably some of the publications and some of the real success stories from our research. We've had some real successes in our cancer treatment work. We've had some real successes in our wound healing work with the Fiona Wood Foundation and being recognized for that in publications. But also seeing an outcome for that, seeing that this could actually translate into the clinic and then be helping people. That's what drives me every day and it's really nice to see that some of my work has started to make that progression.


Hello. Good afternoon. Yeah, it will be saved. Yeah, it will be saved. You can watch it whenever you want Whenever you have time you can watch it later or also It will be saved in this channel Okay, good afternoon everyone. Please type in your name In the comment box, please fast Hello, apple. How was your exam? How was your exam Lalitha shares? How was it? Hello, Lakshya Ishika. Hi Okay, chemistry was the best. Okay, can we start now guys last class we have discussed optical isomerism and we have seen few examples also That uh, how do we uh, see the optical activity of a compound? How do we analyze the optical activity of a compound? Correct and uh, this is essential condition for a compound to show optical activity is the karelity, right the karel Lady has nothing to do with karel centered. Okay, you must keep this in mind Right, so there are actually few uh terms that we use in optical isomerism. Okay Few terms we use in optical isomerism Uh, that we are going to uh study today and the first term we have here that is Enantiomerism write down Enantiomerism this term will use in Uh hydrocarbon also that's why we are uh discussing these things Okay, write down compounds which are not the definition of enantiomerism The compounds which are not Which are not superimposable mirror image Mirror image of each other the compounds which are not superimposable And mirror image of each other called called enantiomers and this phenomenon This phenomenon Enantiomerism This is the definition of enantiomerism. We have okay now the term that we have used here is superimposable Okay, superimposable. We haven't discussed yet So what is superimposability? Or what is the superimposable? How do we understand that the two compounds are superimposable to each other, right? Those compounds when you put one over the other Right, they does not look like the different compounds. They look like the same compound Those compounds are said to be superimposable to each other like hands, right the left and right hand Left and right hand are superimposable or not. Can you tell me? Superimposability if I talk about our left and right hand, is it superimposable? Hands are not superimposable Okay, what about others? No, see superimposability. I'll discuss now See first of all hands are not superimposable to each other. Okay. For example, suppose if I take this example That is The molecule we have is this We have C double bond C Hydrogen, chlorine Hydrogen and chlorine, right? So this is cis or trans Correct. This is trans Now the two example I have taken Both are trans actually and one is the mirror image of other one. This is supposed the mirror we have So when you take the mirror image of this compound, you will get this Okay When I ask you whether these two compounds are superimposable or not the answer is What would be the answer for this one? These are superimposable Yes or no Superimposability means what you'll take this molecule Correct Just you hold this molecule and try to fit under this molecule If over this hydrogen atom if you have hydrogen only Over the chlorine atom if you have chlorine only over this carbon. We have carbon only then only it is superimposable Correct. So what happens? We'll hold these two carbon atom and we'll try to put this carbon over here and this carbon over here So what happens you see here?  We have hydrogen. So this carbon is here. So right hand side We have hydrogen. So here we have hydrogen and chlorine here We have chlorine and hydrogen similarly this side. We have chlorine hydrogen chlorine hydrogen So hence these two compounds are non superimposable non superimposable Right So when it is non superimposable and mirror image of each other then this pair of compounds We call it as these are enantiomers of each other Okay enantiomer we always define for a pair of compounds enantiomer of each other Correct means superimposability means what it is the ability of a compound to overlap the overlap its own mirror image Right or overlap onto the other compounds if that is exactly if all the atoms overlap with the identical atoms then only it is superimposable No, that's what I'm coming to that point ishika I'm coming to that point ishika Now you may have this doubt first of all we'll pick this carbon and we'll Put these two carbon atom over here and then we'll check right now the question is what Whether we can flip this one of this molecule or not because one doubt you may have that we can flip this molecule The whole molecule we can flip like this Okay Like this we can flip 180 degree and then we can put this molecule over here then it will be superimposable Right. Yes mega right when you flip this compound and then put it over here then the compounds become superimposable Correct, but this kind of flipping means out of the plane this when you flip this molecule like this try to analyze this structure Okay, when you flip this molecule, right? So when you flip this molecule this kind of flipping we call it as uh This flipping is the flipping is out of the plane actually or we call it as the rotation is out of the plane So out of the plane Rotation is there So in this kind of molecule on in this thing out of the plane rotation is not allowed We cannot rotate the molecule out of the plane in the molecule you can rotate. What is the meaning? You see in the plane you can rotate the meaning is what see this carbon You cannot flip like this like this you cannot flip Okay, because then this flip will be out of the plane this flip is out of the plane like I'll write down here Try to understand this very carefully. Okay. This flip is out of the plane rotation But within the plane you can rotate the molecule means what you can rotate the molecule like this Like this you can rotate so in the plane rotation is allowed Right, but out of the plane you cannot flip the molecule like this And then you can try to superimpose if you rotate this molecule also like this Correct Then again the relative position of the atom will be same the molecule remains the same And again, it will not be superimposable Is it clear superimposability? Let me know So you must remember one thing any molecule if you have to identify pair of molecule They are you know In ensures or not then what we'll see we'll see the mirror image of that molecule If that particular molecule is superimposable to its mirror image Then it is they are not in ensures because the condition is what? Not superimposable and mirror image of each other So in other way what we can write also in ensures are In ensures are a pair of compounds pair of compounds which are non superimposable non superimposable mirror image of each other Correct in ensures are non superimposable mirror image of each other. Okay. That is what you have to keep in mind So whatever the molecule you have we'll try to get the mirror structure Sorry mirror image of that and we'll try to see whether it is superimposable or not and in this Course we will not molecule will not rotate the molecule out of the plane Right this kind of flipping is not allowed, but we can rotate the molecule within the


Today, I'm sitting down with a guest here. I'm going to interview a NeoVim team member, TJ DeVries. Not only is he a NeoVim contributor, he also writes NeoVim plugins. He also is a YouTube content creator. He's got an excellent YouTube channel, so I thought I'd throw that out there. But of course, I don't want to introduce TJ. I want TJ to introduce himself. So TJ, tell us a little bit more about yourself. Hey, everybody. As mentioned, my name is TJ DeVries. I'm on NeoVim Core. I've been on NeoVim Core for a few years now, and I started contributing to NeoVim. Actually, my first contribution, which maybe we'll talk about today, was all the way back in probably 2016, 2015, when I was still in college, and it really changed the way I thought a lot about software, which kept me sort of intrigued with the project for a long time. I've also made a couple pretty popular plugins like Telescope, which is a fuzzy finder for NeoVim. And as mentioned, I like to make YouTube videos and stream on Twitch, which has been kind of wild and a different experience. If you had asked me a few years ago if I thought I would be coding on Twitch live and people would want to watch, I would have laughed very loudly. So yeah, that's it about me. Yeah, it does. It's that way, especially as you get older, you'll be surprised how many twists and turns life takes. You'll end up in places you never thought you'd end up with. How did you get into programming and development? Yeah, so that's kind of a funny story. I think when I was in high school, I was always interested in sort of computers, and I had done a lot of stuff just with the computer. I was definitely like the computer guy of the family and whatnot, but I didn't have anyone in my life that knew anything about programming, right? And so when I heard that there were programming languages, I always thought that to learn like a new language, it was like learning a foreign language, and I really didn't like my Spanish class. It was like memorizing stuff and all these things.  I like math and like learning the rules and then using the rules to solve the things, right? And so for a long time, I was pretty certain like, oh, computer programming, that's for like other people. And then in college, I took a software course. And as part of like my liberal arts education, I was like, oh my goodness, you know, I was like, this is just problem solving. This is amazing. So I was a mechanical engineer. Before that I was on track for mechanical engineer by switched to doing computer engineering with a minor in computer science. And so ever since then, I've been I've been hooked definitely. And I've fallen in love with programming for sure. And people that are people that are mathematical people, typically can handle programming, like it just makes sense. I was kind of that way early on to all of my training as far as my college degrees and all were in music, which music, there's a mathematical element to it. There's some physics behind it. Yeah. And you know, programming just always kind of made sense to me at a young age too, back in the early 90s, mid 90s, especially once the web got started learning, you know, HTML and then you know, PHP and all of that stuff, all the web languages. It made total sense to me and I was the same way in high school, I took Spanish and I hated it. I didn't hate it. I mean, I passed the class. Right. But if you ask me any Spanish now, yeah, I couldn't tell you anything about it. Where I still remember, you know, some ancient code from 30 years ago. So you're now working on NeoVim, you said you're one of the core team members. Yep. When did you get started with that? So I first heard about NeoVim actually pretty early in the project's history. I wasn't really involved in sort of like the genesis of NeoVim or anything. I wouldn't have even known how to like build a project or do anything with Git at the time, you know, but a co-worker of mine was a VIM user at an internship that I went to and I was like, oh, that's interesting. Like, why does he do that? And we talked about it and he was really, I just respected him a lot like as a programmer. He taught me a lot of stuff and it was really exciting. And so I was like, okay, I'm kind of playing with this. And then another one of the interns was like, dude, there's this new thing called NeoVim and you can like write plugins in Python and do all this stuff because NeoVim has this remote plugin API. And I was like, what? Like this concept of writing code for my editor, right? Like writing code to write code. I always thought that that was cool. And lots of projects that I've worked on since have been related to that. That concept. So I was like, oh, man, that's awesome. Let's like, let's check it out. You know, so we're, we're hacking away downstairs in the, in the interns room, you know, like writing code to like make stuff easier for us to do our jobs. And then since then I was, I was hooked.  And I, and I wanted to center something on the set status line. Like that seems like something you should be able to do without like writing a lot of code. There's already all these other things. But it wasn't possible at the time in NeoVim. So I, it's, it's funny because it was just, I didn't like think about it at all. You know, I just like started writing some code and like, I didn't know what I was doing. I like had to Google how to do a GitHub pull request and all this stuff. And like I submitted something and it was very, it was just so like, you don't know what you don't know. And I was just shocked with all the stuff that I learned about, oh, like, here's how you can write tests. And here's how you can do a rebase for your PR. And here's all these get things, you know, and so the, the NeoVim community in that PR was just like so helpful and kind and nice to me.  And I was like, wow, that was awesome. I learned so much from this one tiny little experience. I want to keep being involved with this editor, you know.  So you mentioned, yeah, the extensibility NeoVim, it is a different world once you realize, because most people have never encountered a piece of software that you can extend and make it whatever you want. Basically, you build your editor, you program your own X editor to be whatever it is, and that level of customization when you're first exposed to it is mind blowing. It really is. And it's, it's something that I've sort of, I've somewhat coined this term that I've been working on called a personalized development environment, a PDE. And, you know, as sort of this unaccess of text editor to IDE, right, which is where people always wonder like, where do Vim or Emacs fit on those? And I've always found it kind of weird to put them in text editor. Because like, well, they do a lot more than edit text, you know what I mean? They like, I've always, especially being mostly an Emacs user these days, I hate it when people call Emacs a text editor, because that's like, it's like 10% of what it does. It's like, yeah, like no pad is a text editor. You know what I mean? And you're like, it just doesn't, and the same thing for NeoVim and Emacs. And I put a lot of those into the same category where it's like, well, the point of it isn't, it's so that I can make it the way that I like, and I can eliminate the little distractions in my day and the little annoyances and I can make it a joy for me to program, you know? And so I, so I totally, I'm totally with you, like this customization, the extensibility, you know, I've been calling it a PDE for people, which is always sort of fun. It's funny you mentioned notepad. Notepad was actually my text editor for everything for about 20 years. The only thing I ever used for anything, programming, scripting, I used notepad just because it was plain. There was nothing to it. And I just thought that was the way to go. I didn't like, like graphical programming tools.  You know, I was like, just give me notepad. And that's all I needed. And I thought that way forever until I switched to Linux back in 2008. And then I started getting into some of the editors on Linux. And then I realized, oh, this is why nobody is using notepad anymore. These are so much better. Yes. Yeah, you can make Vim or Emacs or Neo Vim feel like as notepad-y as you want and still be thousands of times better for sure. That's like, yeah, syntax highlighting. That's really neat. Yeah. And now, and now you, you know, now you're in love with color schemes, right? So it's like, you know, that's really funny. Oh, man, the notepad too. Yeah, I was using just black text on a white background. That probably is the reason my eyesight is 20 years of doing that, right? Yeah. So that's funny. So one of the things for those that haven't used Vim or Neo Vim, because a lot of people that are going to watch this video are not that familiar with it. Many users actually, because I get this question all the time, they can't see a difference in Vim, Neo Vim. How do they differ? I mean, what is, how does Neo Vim differentiate itself from Standard Vim? Yeah, I think there's, there's obviously sort of a wide array of things. But for the most important ones where Neo Vim is more interesting to me as like a project to contribute to than Vim, because like of course Vim is awesome and lots of people contribute to it besides Bram, you know, it's not like, you know, a lot of people think it's a one man show, but it's not, right? Right. And it's not. And so it's, you know, so it's not nothing against Vim. But like for me, the things for Neo Vim that are exciting was like the addition of an LSP client. I was one of the people that worked a lot on that client.  And that's built in? Yeah, it is built in. Out of the box, right? Yep. And, you know, at the time, I thought how you communicated with people online was the same way that you like submitted something to your professor, you know, so I'm writing these like long essays about why we should include LSP and stuff. And then the response would be like, seems good. Can you send a PR? You know, but it was, but so an LSP client, I think really is important, especially now I use LSP for basically every language that I develop. And it lets me be really productive inside of Neo Vim in ways that I wasn't able to be before, I think. So that's one, I think the inclusion of tree sitter for Neo Vim for those who don't know tree sitter is a library that allows people to really easily write grammars for particular languages. And it parses those into a tree. That's tree sitter, right? Okay. And, and what's cool about it is then basically like people write these for not just Neo Vim, tree sitter is a widely used platform. So improvements that tree sitter gets, we sort of get to have for free inside of syntax highlighting and all this other stuff, but it enables things beyond just, just syntax highlighting. So one thing you could do is like incremental selection, you know, where you sort of expand the selection of something. Well, you could do that with tree sitter where you expand, and you're sort of doing that semantically like I'm going to expand to this statement and then this expression and then this function and then this file, right? Instead of like, it just grows one line at a time. Right. And so there's a whole host of features that are really exciting there that I think especially work well inside of a modal editor, right? Where you could do something like move this function down. And it could understand like DAF would be delete around function. That's like a nice thing for a modal editor to be able to understand and you can configure that by yourself and write additional queries and all this other stuff, but that like technology and that it's included inside of Neo Vim as well built in is really exciting and those kinds of ideas of sort of combining and using these other technologies in a really interesting way makes it exciting to be inside of Neo Vim. And that's like been Neo Vim's focus for a while, this composition of other tools that we don't have to do everything. So like Lua, like in your last video where you talked about Neo Vim, like the inclusion of Lua is another example of like composition of existing tools that work really great. Like Lua is fast and it's simple and it's super easy to embed. So we're like, well, that makes it a great choice as a scripting language. So let's use that. So those those kinds of principles and ideas are the things that make it really exciting for me inside of Neo Vim. Yeah, and I think there's nothing wrong with VIM script. But the fact that everyone would have to learn VIM script, it's not something outside of VIM, right, would never use VIM script. So you have to learn a new language where when you pick an existing scripting language, then so many more people are going to already know the language anyway, you're going to get a lot more contributors, a lot more plugins. And additionally, like improvements to Lua in terms of like tooling or linters or like others, people write those because they're using Lua in their project, right? So that means you get to get those tools for free, right? Like just reuse the code, right? Yeah. And so there's a lot of like four matters that exist for Lua. Well, we didn't have to write them. That's nice that I didn't have to write an auto four matter, we can just install the one and then run that on our projects. That's great. So there's a lot of sort of things like that that are really exciting about composing tools, I think. And naturally, some of the questions, I'm sure you've heard it a million times, why Lua or those scripting language? Yeah. How did they arrive at that particular language? Yeah, it's a good question, I think, because there are a variety of scripting languages that have been embedded in different applications. I think for Lua, one thing that's really nice is like Lua 5.1, which is the Lua version that we have inside of NeoVim is done, as in there's no like new things that can happen to the language, the language is fixed. So if you had something that could run in Lua 10 years ago, it can still run today. And you don't have to like learn any new language features or like the evolution of what's happening or anything like that, right? So there's no no issue with breaking backwards compatibility or anything like that. So when Lua releases a new version, they're basically always major versions. So like even though they say 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, each one is effectively a new major version and they can break any compact that they want. So in the Lua ecosystem, when you write something in 5.1, there's no expectation or thought, oh, you'll move that to 5.2. It's just like, that's the code and it exists. Additionally, by committing to 5.1, at least today, I'm not saying like, this isn't an official promise, you know, whatever. But like by using 5.1 today, we get the Lua JIT project. And Lua JIT is one of the most incredible pieces of software I've ever encountered. It just makes Lua incredibly, incredibly fast. And so so we get those things. So we get a really fast scripting language that's stable, which is great. You have an existing set of libraries. And beyond that, Lua is very simple, which is good for what you want, so that there's not a huge barrier for entry, right? When someone's just like, oh, I just want to write like one function. You know what I mean?   And I put like return in there and it works. Great. So there's that. We assume everybody's a nerd, but most people when they configure things like NeoVim, they do really minor edits. They're not, you know, again, they just want to write one simple function to do one simple task. And maybe that's all they ever add to that config file. And I think the like on ramp then is a lot easier, which allows people to sort of just learn incrementally. I mean, the amount of people that have contributed to projects like of mine or in NeoVim core has exploded with the ability to script in Lua because people just like could learn the basics, play around with some stuff. And then eventually they're like, well, oh, well, I could just write some code and get and help make this thing better, right? So there's this like incremental learning when you have a really simple, stable language to build on top of is great. And then the last thing is just like Lua is incredibly easy to embed inside of a C based application. Like it just really does not take a lot of code. And there's very, very simple ways to move between Lua and C and to, you know, expose some C based functions to Lua super easily, right? NeoVim is written in C. So an example of that is NeoVim has a remote API. That's like when I was talking about you could connect to Python or things like that. Well, we expose all of those remote API endpoints in Lua with basically zero, as close to zero cost overhead as you can get by just basically exposing those C functions to Lua inside of a vim.api sort of like object. So you get all of these like super high performance really fast, you can pass Lua closures into them and get them back out this really beautiful integration that would be really, really hard to do in some other languages that aren't so easy to embed inside of C. Nice. Well, certainly, I've never experienced any kind of performance issues with NeoVim. I know some people, I'm not one of those people that have like a massive, massive config file with a lot of plugins. I'm assuming if I had like a hundred different plugins, things would change a little bit as far as a speed difference. But I've never noticed it. But typically, I mean, I have, I have a lot of plugins because like I use NeoVim for every language and I've like written a lot of plugins. So like you say a lot. How many plugins do you have installed? Probably like, I mean, I haven't counted in a long time, but it wouldn't surprise me if it's like more than 50. Oh, okay. And, and I, there's, there's a lot of ways you can like make your startup faster. But for me, my startup is like 300 milliseconds or less usually. So like, I don't, I don't find a lot of quick, you know, you'll find people in the community though that complain about software that I've seen people complain that something started in like 1.2 seconds. Yeah, that's like, dude, it's a second. Yeah. One second.  And that's fun for them. And that's great. And they get theirs down to even when they've got a lot of plugins to like 50 milliseconds or whatever. So like the startup time is good. And I personally feel that NeoVim is like very snappy for me when I like watch some other editors just like how they respond to things. I'm like, Oh, it kind of like hurts because it takes like a lot longer. So I think a lot of like Lua is just really, really, really fast. Just as like an example, we've made some improvements to telescope. But when we were first making telescope, it was just all, which is a fuzzy finder for NeoVim, right? It's just all Lua all single thread all in the main process. And we could filter and sort and like fuzzy find over thousands of items without ever blocking the editor basically, which always like blew my mind because I'm like, how is this happening? We're running basically like a little algorithm over thousands and thousands of strings to match against this text. And it's happening like as I'm typing and it never feels like it blocks for some reasonable amount. So it just, I think Lua is just incredibly fast at a lot of these things, which unlocks the ability to use some more plugins than maybe you would have wanted to back in like VIM script days. Yeah. You keep mentioning your telescope program, which I also brought up early in the interview, but we didn't really explore that. Can you tell us a little bit more about what exactly telescope is? Yeah, it started off as a project that we were sort of just exploring on my Twitch stream, where I'd used FZF for a long time and I really like FZF and it's just like also an incredible piece of software that's just like beautiful and always works and you never have any problems with it. And it's like, wow, this thing is just really solid. But the problem that I had with it was it was a little bit difficult to do stuff with it inside of Neo Vim. I was looking for more customizability, more like a really easy API that I could use to compose different things together. So we just started exploring like what would it look like if we made a fuzzy finder that was specifically for Neo Vim and using a lot of the new tools and APIs that we have in new Neo Vim versions, floating windows or using different highlighting things that are more powerful that you can do over different ranges. And so we started exploring that idea with a focus on being able to customize basically every aspect of it in a very Vim way, you know, like, oh, you get to reuse your color scheme. That's great. That means the preview window that you get is exactly the same color scheme as when you open the file, you know, which was exciting and it was cool because before you might preview, like if you're searching over some files, right, and it shows a preview on the right side and FZF, it just picks some color scheme that you tell FZF to preview it with, right? Maybe it's like colored by like bat or cat or something like that. Does the preview window, does it do syntax highlighting when it does the preview or is it just a plain? In FZF, it's possible to use like some external program to syntax highlight it, but it wasn't the same color. Not that you necessarily needed, I was wondering, that'd be kind of neat for the preview too. Right. But so then for telescope, it literally is just a Neo Vim buffer in the floating window for the preview. And so it highlights it exactly the same syntax highlighting everything as if you were to open the file in Neo Vim. So we just sort of explored that idea and tried to explore like, okay, how easy could we make it to like filter over just a list of items? Like, can we make that, you know, just like three lines of code so that you can write your own little filter scripts for things that are interesting to you, right? And like compose all these things together. So that's kind of how it started and sort of like the ethos of telescope. Very cool. Very cool. You've got any other plug-in projects, you know, personal projects other than telescope, or is that the main one you're focused on? Yeah, that's the main one outside of like improvements to Neo Vim core that I've done. I have sort of a smattering of other smaller plug-ins that are mostly like, I just happened to make them plug-ins because I wrote them for myself like, oh, I made a status line plug-in, but it's just because I was making a status line for myself and it was fun, you know, or things like that. They're not necessarily for public consumption. Yeah, right. Sometimes I say, you know, I'm making this, you guys can see this and it's okay, but I'm not going to make any guarantees about what we're going to do. It doesn't matter if you put it on your GitHub or your GitLab and you put a warning on it saying, I know this is broken, don't use it, they'll still clone that repository, they'll try to use it. Yep, which is okay, you know, that happens and it's fun. But it's nice for them to know that I can say like, look, I told you that it might not work and I was right. I told you so. Yeah. Thanks for verifying what I already told you. One of the things with me getting back to when I first discovered Vim, because Vim was the first, I would say, truly extensible text editor I ever tried and I first switched to Vim probably about five years ago or so. And I remember when I started learning the Vim key bindings, because that's always, you assume that's hard, right? Well, within a couple of weeks, it just everything seemed natural. I was like, people make it out to be so much more difficult to learn the modes and the bindings than it really is. Within a couple of weeks, if you spend some time in it, not only do you know it, you can't live without it. And that was one of the things that once I learned the Vim bindings, it was difficult for me to use other software that didn't use the Vim bindings. I sent you an email a minute ago. And I wanted to do a colon queue to put out of my email. I hit I to get into insert mode. I'm like, no, that's not the way my email client works. When I'm gaming and I see people type GG for good game, I'm thinking they're trying to go to the first line of the document for some reason. My brain is wired in a different way now. Have you experienced that? Yeah, I've experienced really similar things too. I think people really obviously, so we'll take a step back. I don't know that you can say using Vim is intuitive without reading anything about it, right? Because what happens is you open up Vim and you're confused and that's like a reasonable thing to have. You know what I'm saying? You need the tutor. Right. You need to do Vim tutor. But then it's like after you do that and you sort of understand like why they were trying to do some of those things, then you're thinking, oh, like I get it. And then like the pieces really start coming into play. And I usually tell people, you know, if you used Vim or like a Vim mode in your editor for a week or two weeks, and you really committed yourself to not cheat during that time, you know, like, oh, you're not just going to start using arrow keys and the same shortcuts I was using before, you'll be able to move around as fast as you were like before that. And I think it'll be like a lot more comfortable. And I kind of think that it's like fun. And then after that, it's only upside because you start thinking about, oh, I want to delete inside these parentheses really like, okay, well, I know D is delete. And I said inside. So I use I and then I type a parentheses and then it deletes inside the parentheses.  I like that my brain can just sort of think about what it wants to do. And my hands will just like naturally follow. And I noticed myself a lot of times, like I have a hard time writing in, you know, Slack or something like that for work.  You know, I want to keep hitting I all the time. Yeah, exactly.  I'm on a GitHub issue or something. Yeah. I think for me, the moment I realized I would never go back to like playing text editors, like Pad, for example, was when I needed to edit a file, maybe hundreds of lines or even thousands of lines, and I needed to do something repetitive. Yeah. And I discovered macros. Yeah, I realized I could change thousands of lines within seconds where it would have taken me days, if not weeks to do that. Right. Yeah, totally. Yeah, I love macros. We always make a joke on stream though, when I like start recording a macro that now we're under like macro pressure, you know, and so you always feel like you're going to make a mistake when you're on stream doing it live.  Well, I mean, because all of my videos, I always end up in a text editor in my videos. And typically, I'm using either Neo Vim or if I'm in Emax, I'm using Evil Mode, which is the run bindings. I'll do a macro and they'll see me and I'll get comments. Well, you could have done this to make that macro. They're always going to improve on it. Right. Well, I didn't sit here and think about it. I just was doing it, but you're going to have people in the comments that are going to, man, you could have done that like twice as fast. Yeah. Which is, which is like fun to learn, but also part of the thing that like I tell people too, I'm going to think about learning is like, you know, it's okay, especially for like macros or like search and replace. You don't always have to find like the perfectly optimal one. You can just write the one that got the job done for you in five seconds instead of taking three minutes to figure out what the right search and replace is. You're like, I'm already done. You know, that's okay. Or I'll sometimes record videos where I decide I'm going to write a script to do something from scratch right here on camera. Yep. And I'll get people trying to refactor the code or what, which is cool. But I was like, Hey, I had a problem. I was going to show you how to solve it on camera. So, you know. Yeah. And so there's, there's definitely that balance.   Because a lot of people that don't spend a lot of time customizing and configuring their software, whether it be their text editors or window managers, whatever it happens to be, they look at those people that do spend all that time configuring their software. It's wasting time. I've actually been accused of that. You spend more time configuring your software than actually using it. Yeah. Yeah. And that's, that's part of the thing, you know, going back to that idea of like a personalized development environment sort of thing. One of the pitches that I have for that as a concept is some people find that aspect of customizing fun. And it's a way that you can learn a lot of new things, not just about like your editor, but working on things like me for plugins has allowed me to have one myself as a user, right? Cause like I consume my plugins. So I'm like, Oh, like that's not very good. That was annoying to solve that. And so I have to think about how can I fix that API? How can I make it better? But I also have a bunch of users then who tell me how things could be better or improvements or people who submit new ideas to that. And each time I do that, if I'm paying attention and if I'm being, you know, intentional about it is an opportunity for me to learn and practice how to be a better software developer overall. You know, and so it's true that maybe I'm not shipping a new product when I'm working on telescope, right? Like I'm not making any money off telescope. I was like, okay, sure. Yes, I understand. But I am getting practice that becoming a better software developer. Yeah. A matter of fact, I would say configuring your software is an educational experience for everyone, regardless of your developer or, you know, whatever. Right. If you spend real time configuring Neo Vim, for example, you're going to learn a lot more, not only about Neo Vim, but about Lua and right, maybe about the core operating system for if you're running Linux.  We didn't discuss that. Yeah, because obviously Neo Vim is cross platform. Yep. Okay. Do you ever run Windows or Mac or you're strictly a Linux user? All of my dev on Linux, I use PopOS. I have a cool System76 computer that I'm in line with. Nice. Which System76 machine did you get? I got one of the Thelio, I think, Amira, if I recall correctly. So it was a flawless box for me. Like I've never had to fix anything, which is why I wanted that. So I think they're doing great in that space of making it easy for people to just like buy a computer and it starts running. And I've actually done two whole Linux major version upgrades since I've gotten it. And they worked both types. I was shocked. I was absolutely shocked. Upgrading from one major version of a Linux distribution to the next. These days, they tend to go. They do tend to go well. Yeah. I've had some problems in the past with GPU drivers and stuff and whatnot. But that's a story for a different day, probably. But it was great. So I do all of my dev on that. I have some other stuff for my streaming equipment and things that's not on Linux. But that's just so that I can spend time streaming and not fixing my camera. Right. Now, what are some of the plugins that you use in NeoVim as far as just just a few that you can't live without? Because I think a lot of people are interested in that sort of thing as well. What do you think are some of the best plugins out there in the ecosystem? Yeah. I mean, the one that's not technically a plugin, but like learning to use the built-in LSP, I think is a really big game changer for using NeoVim. I mean, a lot of the LSPs are continually getting lots of new, you know, improvements and development spent on them. And you just get to reap those rewards for free once you understand how that works. And for me, it's great to have the same key binds and all the things for every language, you know, because I work in quite a few different languages at work. So I have to jump between a lot of different stuff.  Right. So that's the first one that I recommend if people are thinking about, I want to use NeoVim seriously, I would say you should think about learning how to use the LSP. And it's not super complicated. I think it's relatively straightforward to get going on that. Another one, I mean, of course, like I use Telescope. Well, surprise, you know, but so we don't have to talk a lot about that because we've talked quite a bit. And you've got videos about Telescope as well. I do have some videos about it. Yep. Yeah. Hashtag yet, you know, but I do have some videos about that. And I think, I think it's, you don't have to use Telescope, but I would recommend using a Fuzzy Finder. There are various FZF plugins or other things like that. And I think they work really well in the context of like a modal editor. I have a lot of different key binds for different things that I regularly do. So I have a key bind to really quickly search for symbols in my workspace, right? And that uses a combination of LSP and Telescope so that I can filter all of those symbols as I'm typing, which allows me to navigate between a project just super quickly and easily, right? Or like, I have a different key bind then to navigate just within one document, right? So what a file I'm looking at, I can quickly do that. So, you know, combining those things is really exciting. There are quite a few plugins that build off the tree sitter capabilities of NeoVim that I think are great. There's ones like tree sitter that use that create new text objects. So that's like a text object in Vim or NeoVim is basically like a way that the editor considers a group of texts. So like W is word, right? And so you move across a word. But NeoVim tree sitter has this way to then say like, what's a function or what's a parameter or what's a list or what's an element? And then you can add new key binds for each of those, which is really exciting. Because when you're doing, yeah, go ahead. With tree sitter, you're talking about like a function, would it be able to pick out like a parameter for a variable, things like that? Would it be able to slice it up however you want? Or are you just getting the whole function? Yeah, you can write additional queries to sort of provide your own text objects, which is really fun. One that I like a lot is that builds on top of the text objects is actually called swap. It's part of this large sort of tree sitter extension. And it lets you do things like if you're inside of a parameter list, you can basically say swap this one forward or backwards, right? So if you're refactoring something, it'll take the text, it'll take the, you know, the type hint if there is for your language, like all that stuff, and it'll just swap places. And it doesn't matter the thing that's cool about it, right? Just since it's operating on a basically a syntax tree, it doesn't matter if they're on different lines or they're in different spots or whatever, or if like you're passing an argument to a function, and that argument is like a another function, right? Like if it's some like lambda in line, it will move the whole lambda like to the previous spot or things like that. So this sort of idea, and of course, you know, I know I'm talking to an Emacs user. So like, of course, structural editing, like obviously doesn't everybody have structural editing? Well, not for other languages besides Lisp, okay, not, you know, but this is sort of a general purpose way that you could do that in a lot of ways. So, so for me, those are probably like the top three that I'm really like in love with. And like I said, I think it doesn't have to be telescope. I think any fuzzy finder is just sort of like a must have for your Vim or NeoVim experience. Yeah, it's interesting you mentioned languages too. I have noticed that certain language communities gravitate to certain editors. Yeah. Have you noticed that with NeoVim, what do you think as far as languages as development communities, which ones do you think are the biggest representation of the people that use NeoVim? Yeah, that's an interesting question because it's easy for me to tell you, like Emacs, obviously the Lisp guys, any of the Lisp very scheme, Haskell, which I do a lot with Haskell, the Haskell community loves Emacs. But NeoVim, obviously Lua would be a big target, Python would probably be another one. I see quite a few people. For me, it's a little difficult because like I see a lot of people that like I know, so I don't want to over index too much, people that I know, but I see quite a few people in the Rust community. They like NeoVim because Rust Analyzer, the Lisp, is really good. And so then that allows you to have this really nice, quick editor experience that's combined with a bunch of other tools. I think Go as well is a pretty popular one because Go also has a pretty good LSP. And I think it fits kind of with the ethos of Go, right, that like less is more, that kind of like Rob Pike sort of founding mentality for when they created Go. I think NeoVim fits well. Is it like a minimalist kind of mentality you think that makes it a good fit? I think like for Go, it's just like you want simple things to be able to accomplish the task, right? And so I think NeoVim fits with that. And Go please is pretty good. And like a lot of the stuff for Go works very well from running from the command line. So people tend to be closer to that. But I don't know if I have a really great overview of everybody who's out there. Yeah. Yeah, I mean, typically how I get that is sometimes you go to specific language, communities, certain subreddits for a particular language, and you'll see like all of them are using the same text editor ID. And it's like, why did they choose that one? We need a study done on that. We do need a study. That would be fun to find out broken down by a few languages and stuff would be fun to see. And I mentioned that you have a YouTube channel and I actually have checked out some of your videos. One of the things that I noticed on your channel is you get a nice amount of views. Like you have a nice community built around your channel. So tell my audience a little bit more about what you do on your YouTube channel, some of your goals, what you're trying to do. Yeah, I think for my goals, there's sort of two different things that I've been doing. One is definitely like I post stuff about NeoVim, cool new features or tutorials or sort of information how to use a plugin or like a deep dive into a plugin and stuff because I think some people really like to learn from videos. And so that's a really fun way to do that. And I also like getting to explore those things. And then the other, I was going to say, do you find that by doing the videos you learn as well? Oh yeah, definitely. We had a series that I'll hopefully pick up again soon called Take Tuesday. So it's kind of a joke about like take two, take a second look at something, you know, and we would stream the exploration of the plugin. And I would just learn like a ton of stuff. So one of them was this really great snippets plugin called Lua Snip. And it lets you create really cool and interesting snippets in Lua. So one of the ones that we explored making was one that like examines the AST of a Go function and will return all the default values for you. Like it'll generate a snippet that has the default values, which was really cool because you know, you end up doing that a lot in Go. So I learned a ton from doing that and it's a really fun series for me. Yeah. As a matter of fact, I would say if you want to learn anything, it doesn't matter the topic. You become a teacher, teach somebody else, you will learn more than the student. Yeah. And they'll ask you questions that you never thought of like, oh, I really didn't understand how that worked. I like need to go do the work to figure that out. So that's really fun. And then kind of like the second thing is I'm working more towards making some just videos generally about my thoughts on different aspects of software. Like I made a video talking about what is a personalized development environment. Why do I call that a thing? I want to make some about, you know, like just random stuff that I think of that I see a lot of people maybe confused that hopefully we can help them along their path of learning to become better software developers. You mentioned you're using Papa West right now. How long have you used Linux? I've used Linux since college, basically. I've basically only done development ever on Linux. So for probably about seven-ish years or so. Nice. Yeah. And you got to use Linux in college. That's also nice. We had a computer lab for our CS that was all all Linux boxes, which was great. Very cool experience. That was my first introduction to it. I'd never even heard of it before taking classes. That would be scary if all you got was a Windows environment. Yes. It's like you're not prepared for anything. Right. Yes, it was good. They tried to make sure we'd learned what real life in software dev was like, which was great. Right. Seven years is actually a long time for Linux. So you've seen Linux before Steam and back when Linux was really tough sometimes to deal with. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, it's been really exciting for me to just see how a lot of it's transformed. I mean, I'm not willing to say this is the year of the Linux desktop, of course, but not willing to say that on camera. But we're getting closer, I think at least. I think we're getting closer. I think we're exactly where we need to be, to be honest. Linux is never going away. Right. And I mean, it works for me. And there's a lot of other people that it works for. So that seems great. Doesn't have to be everybody's thing. That's part of the fun of the world that we're all different people and we can like different stuff. Getting back to Neo Vim for a second. Where do you see the future of Neo Vim? Yeah. I think there's a lot of really interesting possibilities for Neo Vim's future as it continues to go on. Things that I know other people on the core team and I would like to see happen as Neo Vim's ability to be embedded in other places to be improved. So there's some really awesome projects that do that already. There's a project called VS Code Neo Vim that literally has a Neo Vim instance running. So when you type a command, it can actually run that in the Neo Vim and then sync the results back. So it works for every Vim regex because it actually uses Neo Vim. It's actually Neo Vim running in VS Code. And so I think there's excitement there. But beyond that as well, one of the long-term goals for Neo Vim from its start and that's still like on the horizon of things that we think about when we make changes and when we work is creating basically like a Vim library. As in like Neo Vim is able to be compiled into this into a state that you could like embed it as a library like a link library inside of your thing. And so you could pass some editor state and then some like command or motion or whatever and it could return to you a new editor state, which would be really awesome because then we could stop having everyone have to write their own 75% baked Vim mode for their editor. That's where I was about to ask you that because Vim emulation is horrible and almost every editor I've ever tried it in. So I think so that would be like a really exciting thing for me to see happen as well. And I think that would in a lot of ways sort of like guarantee Neo Vim has a long life, right? Because if they're the go-to place for entity Vim, we'd say emulation is not really so much emulation anymore, but like still Vim mode for your editor that has a really long shelf life I think for Neo Vim. And there's also lots of other exciting things happening in terms of GUIs for Neo Vim and more extensibility and all these kinds of things. But those two goals are really exciting for me and they allow us also in general, I think when you write code that's made to do those kinds of things to be a library or to be embedded, you end up with a lot cleaner code base that allows you to unlock new things that you didn't see possible before. You're like, oh, we could just like make it so that you could have direct access to this that we never thought you could do before and then unlocks a whole new class of plugins that no one, no one had ever thought of, you know, like Tree Sitter is an example, right? Where we like were able to then put Tree Sitter inside of Neo Vim and now you have this way to query the structure of any file. Whoa, that unlocks new possibilities that no one was even, that was not anybody's radar five years ago. Yeah, that sounds very powerful. Yeah. Well, that was really, I think I've asked all the questions about Neo Vim I had. Yeah. Do you have any final thoughts, anything you want to throw out there, anything I didn't ask you about that you wanted to get in about Neo Vim? No, I think people should just give it a try. You know, I mean, obviously a little selfishly, but I think there's there's some cool projects. I can send you a link later, a project called kickstart.envim. That's like a starter config that people it's not a framework, it's just something you copy and paste as a way that you can basically get started. And you know, it tries to set up some simple LSP and auto completion and some stuff like that. Which that's great, which it just like lets you at least see, am I interested in this, right? Is this a thing that I would want to try? Because you never know, sometimes you might like it. So yeah. Because one of the things I get, I'm sure you get this too, is I'll get people asking me about Neo Vim and other software too. But hey, how do I get this plugin installed? And half the time, or I'd say 95% of the time, it's a plugin I've never used. I don't have a use case for so of course I did. But you know, they're asking me to try it out. It'd be great if we we had somewhere to direct these people. Yeah. Yeah. And so like kickstart is a project that I've helped with and helped maintain now that is just like a way that you could exactly what says kickstart your Neo Vim experience. And then it's got a place where you can put in new plugins, you know, you're going to have to go read the read me. Yeah, you're going to have to understand how this thing works. Yeah, of course. But like, for me, that's part of the fun, right? Learning new ideas, seeing different people's perspective, that's that's good. And it's not for everybody. And that's okay. You will have to read the manual. Yes. All right. That friendly manual, as I like to say, RT FM means read the friendly manual. So well, anything worth doing does have a cost. So agreed. Well, would you like to disclose any contact information working people follow you on the internet? You got any social media links obviously plug your YouTube channel as well, your Twitch channel. So on YouTube, I'm TJ DeVries, and basically everywhere else, you can find me at tgdv. So that's TEJ underscore DV. So that's my Twitter and Twitch, which are the other places that you can hang out. I like to post what I think are pretty funny programming memes on Twitter. So if you're into that, you know, you can always you can always follow me there. Very nice. And I'll try to link to all of your your accounts in the show description as well. Perfect. Well, thank you for hanging out with me, TJ and talking a little bit about NeoVim and some of your personal projects and just about software programming, Linux, computing in general. Very cool. It's been my pleasure. Yeah, thank you for having me. All right. And best of luck to you and all of your endeavors. Thank you. All right. Peace