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Somali traditional religion was characterized by a deep connection to the natural world, with beliefs centered around the worship of spirits and deities associated with natural phenomena, such as the sun, moon, stars, and certain animals. The pre-Islamic Somali religious worldview was shaped by a spiritual reverence for the natural environment, reflecting the pastoral and nomadic way of life prevalent in the region. Rituals and ceremonies were conducted to honor and appease the spirits believed to govern various aspects of life, including fertility, harvests, and protection from harm. Moreover, the Somali people had a rich oral tradition that included myths, legends, and folktales that conveyed their understanding of the supernatural and their relationship with the spiritual realm. These narratives provided a cultural foundation for the transmission of knowledge, societal norms, and moral values within the Somali community. 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These empires thrived between the 13th and 17th centuries, leaving behind a legacy of remarkable achievements in various fields, including mathematics, science, trade, warfare, and architecture. Somali scholars in these empires made notable contributions to the fields of mathematics and astronomy, developing sophisticated systems of calculation and timekeeping. Their advancements in mathematics were instrumental in areas such as commerce, navigation, and agricultural practices, reflecting the sophisticated knowledge and intellectual pursuits of the Somali people during this period. In terms of science, ancient Somali scholars made significant strides in the fields of medicine, herbalism, and natural sciences, contributing to the understanding of local flora and fauna and their medicinal properties. 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Simultaneously, Somali men are recognized for their industrious spirit and unwavering commitment to their families and communities. Historically known for their expertise in various fields including trade, livestock rearing and maritime activities, Somali men have played a pivotal role in the economic and social development of the region, showcasing their entrepreneurial acumen and resourcefulness in navigating diverse industries and sectors. Known for its aromatic spices, hearty stews and unique combination of flavors, Somali food is a reflection of the country's geographical location and its historical interactions with various cultures along the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Peninsula. Central to Somali cuisine is the prominent use of staple ingredients such as rice, pasta and various types of grains, which form the foundation of many traditional dishes. One of the most popular Somali delicacies is Hilib Ari, a flavorful dish of roasted goat meat that showcases the Somali's expertise in preparing succulent and tender meat dishes. Additionally, Somali cuisine features a variety of aromatic stews such as Marak and Sukar, which are often prepared using a blend of spices like cumin, cardamom and turmeric, infusing the dishes with a rich and distinctive flavor profile. These stews are typically accompanied by a side of injera or congero, traditional Somali flatbreads that serve as a versatile complement to many meals. Somali cuisine also includes a range of savory snacks and street foods such as sambus, a type of triangular pastry filled with meat or vegetables, and basto, a popular pasta dish often served with a spicy meat sauce. These flavorful snacks exemplify the diversity and creativity embedded within Somali culinary culture, showcasing the fusion of local ingredients with global culinary influences. Furthermore, Somali desserts and sweets such as halwa and buskud offer a delightful conclusion to a traditional Somali meal. These sweet treats, often made with ingredients like honey, dates and sesame seeds, demonstrate the Somali's skill in crafting indulgent and delectable desserts that capture the essence of their cultural heritage. Overall, Somali cuisine embodies a rich blend of flavors, textures, and culinary techniques that reflect the country's diverse cultural heritage and historical influences. Rooted in a deep appreciation for oral tradition and rhythmic expression, Somali music and dance encompass a diverse array of styles and genres that have evolved over the centuries, showcasing the country's dynamic cultural tapestry and historical influences. Somali music is characterized by its distinct blend of melodic tunes, rhythmic beats, and poetic lyrics that often narrate tales of love, heroism, and cultural pride. Traditional Somali music is primarily centered around the use of various traditional instruments, including the ud, kaban, and tar, which produce soulful melodies and enchanting rhythms that captivate audiences and evoke a sense of cultural nostalgia and unity. The traditional Somali dance forms such as the Danto and the Buranbure are characterized by energetic movements, rhythmic footwork, and intricate hand gestures that convey a range of emotions and storytelling elements. These traditional dances serve as a means of cultural expression, often performed during festive occasions, weddings, and community gatherings, symbolizing the unity and shared identity of the Somali people. In addition to traditional music and dance, contemporary Somali music has witnessed a fusion of traditional Somali sounds with modern musical influences, contributing to the emergence of diverse music genres that cater to the evolving tastes and preferences of Somali audiences worldwide. Contemporary Somali musicians and artists have successfully blended traditional melodies with contemporary beats and global musical trends, creating a dynamic and eclectic musical landscape that resonates with both local and international audiences. Across disciplines such as literature, politics, activism, and sports, prominent Somalis have emerged as influential figures, earning recognition for their contributions and shaping the narrative of Somali excellence and representation on the world stage. In the realm of literature, Nuruddin Farah stands as a prominent Somali novelist, acclaimed for his literary works that explore themes of exile, identity, and the complexities of Somali society. His thought-provoking narratives have garnered international acclaim, contributing to a deeper understanding of Somali culture and experiences. In politics and diplomacy, figures like Ahmed Isayawad have played vital roles in representing Somalia's interests on the global diplomatic stage, serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Awad has been instrumental in fostering diplomatic relations and promoting Somalia's engagement in international affairs. In the realm of activism and social justice, individuals such as Ilwad Elman have demonstrated exceptional leadership and commitment to humanitarian causes, advocating for peace building, and the rights of marginalized communities in Somalia. Elman's work with local communities has made a significant impact on the ground, promoting sustainable development and social change. In the world of sports, athletes such as Mo Farah, a Somali-born British long-distance runner, have achieved unparalleled success, earning multiple Olympic and World Championship titles in long-distance running. Farah's athletic prowess has solidified his place as one of the most celebrated athletes in modern sports history, inspiring a generation of aspiring athletes worldwide. These prominent Somalis have not only excelled in their respective fields, but have also served as influential representatives of Somali culture and resilience on the global stage. Their achievements underscore the importance of diverse representation and the enduring impact of Somali excellence and contributions to the broader narrative of human achievement and cultural advancement.


No, I'll I'll start I'll start even if you're noisy. I don't I don't care. All right. Here you are Joseph that's so well a thank thank everybody for coming this is this is one of the most packed meetups that I've seen in long long while and thanks so much to the organizers of the Berlin Ethereum meetup as far as I know this is actually no my my journey my journey into Ethereum started in Berlin the first meetup I ever ever attended was in Berlin in the old yes office and this is how I got involved in this ecosystem and the same people are still around the same people are still organizing these these meetups which is which is just awesome. So I'm going to talk about Ethereum as a self sufficient ecosystem and well sorry this is going to be boring because if I sell say self-sufficient what I mean by that is like you know taken like an economic lens and looking at the ecosystem kind of from a high level perspective I'll mention a lot of projects I won't get deep into those I'm happy to then give you some context hopefully it will make sense if not just like feel free to ask me later on even if you have like anything during the during the presentation just raise your hand I'm happy to quickly expand but we don't have a lot of time so let's jump into it okay sorry for being a boomer content so so first I will start like looking at the ecosystem kind of from a from a high level perspective I will talk about like my breakdown of the Ethereum tech stack then I'll talk about like what's a what's a safe baseline in terms of and again the boring part the financing of the ecosystem because this is this is kind of the lens that I'm taking and I'm going to show you some like data about like the Treasury's in the space and kind of the on-chain fees and again that's kind of the my viewpoint of self-sufficiency is from is like economic perspective of like hey is this is this like crypto economy the Ethereum economy big enough so we can actually like sustain itself by just the the value that it brings to the current users I probably should have also mentioned who am I and what did I do before I was part of the F for the past several years I was working with a lot of R&D projects part of the work was related to to overall funding within the ecosystem rather on a high level I work with some of these teams like closely but some of the numbers mentioned here or most of the numbers are just a napkin mat so don't take those don't take those like as you know like a universal truth some of those change as well so obviously it's not always up to date but all of the numbers that I'm going to disclose are also not secret I mean like you can guess those just based based on like basic math like looking into these projects and kind of the number of people around those what's that okay I didn't have I didn't know I didn't know this was part I didn't notice this was part of the presentation and now you have to think I'm a complete boomer so it's actually quite fun so some numbers so we have roughly like 2.5,000 kind of people that we could consider core slash like shell developers people who have like deep knowledge about the Ethereum ecosystem people who either develop clients tooling around the around it that understand on a very deep technical level what's what's going on then we have roughly 200k kind of capable developers you can see those as like the web tree cohort like people that are coming into the ecosystem that came in the last like two years that know what's going on they are technical they don't follow like client development they're mostly on kind of the application layer but you know no doubt they could switch into like being core developers and kind of on a user level defies an example obviously like defies like currently the the biggest use case for Ethereum the estimates are that there's roughly like three million users this doesn't you know go into detail like how active they are just like three million souls that like ever touched the stuff that the 2.5k people actually created what's come on that's that's an evil plot I don't think I did that in the presentation so some other numbers so we have we have roughly like five teams working on execution layer clients five plus teams working on consensus layer clients like in the you know kind of the eth2 the pre eth2 narrative and we also have like more than five teams working on kind of the L2 scaling which you know that's like that's really kind of the bottom like these these are the pillars of like what everybody is building on top of cool I clicked and there was no there was no animation so who is building on Ethereum like obviously there's like a bunch of individuals but again taking the lens of like what actually like makes money on Ethereum you see startups you see a lot of DeFi projects you see like services for the ecosystem you know things like alchemy like infrastructure providers like those are all associated projects that make money off Ethereum in some way you know it can be DeFi it can also be like B2B solutions and so on then you have DAOS like you have a lot of DAOS these days you know building building protocols being somewhat like self-organized like those are not real companies from perspective of like entities but they they make money there's a lot of projects in in the space that that are DAOS and they actually have the biggest treasuries and then you have large companies like you know like it or not you have like projects like AWS Microsoft these like huge giants that actually have business associated with Ethereum as such so from my perspective and like some of those are obviously supporting the ecosystem by sponsoring and like bringing in developers and so on but in kind of from my perspective those could be also considered as like potential funders of the ecosystem so just for comparison this is data from OpenOrcs on the left and you probably can't read this this is a snapshot I took on July 2021 on on the right hand side there is this snapshot I took 30 minutes ago so what you're looking at here are the treasuries of of the kind of Ethereum projects in the space obviously you have like Uniswap on top with roughly like 2.5 billion dollars in their treasury you have like Compound, Ava and some other projects you can also see the differences between like last year now the good news is well obviously some projects are gone crypto crashed but not so much the treasuries so roughly there's still whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa it's driving me nuts so roughly just from this data and this doesn't consider EF and like a lot of other kind of like other companies in this space this is literally just Dallas right this is literally just the money that's sitting on chain you have something over six billion dollars sitting in those treasuries like waiting to fund something in the ecosystem which is good cool so now all right so we have the ecosystem has deep pockets that's a that's a good information now let's look at the stack and kind of like what the ecosystem could fund so just you know for simplicity I kind of like went with these four little little happy boxes so you have like the main and protocol layer you have some research and governance languages contracts and tooling so in the protocol layer you have again like execution clients consensus clients on the research and governance like you have bunch of like core research around like hash functions and signing libraries what not you have bunch of L2s you have like the answer like ZKP track stateless and you know also the EIP process and kind of stuff connected to it then you have things like solidity and form of verification or like fee and you know like other languages in the languages and contracts you also have IDEs remix some plugins or some like smaller projects in the space then on the tooling side you have like obviously a lot of like tooling on like the JavaScript side the entire like Ethereum.js you have all of the stuff that the Python community creates and a lot and a lot of other tooling so apologies if I didn't mention a protocol project again this is just a you know super super quick run through so all right we have these nice little boxes and that was the baseline of like how much money do we need yearly to like fund things that fit into those boxes again this is think this is a napkin mat but the execution because like obviously a bunch of this data isn't isn't available you know it's private I'm sure like the expenses like for instance on the protocol level side I'm sure those are much bigger but as well arguably you can just take you know like five clients and divide like seven million dollars into five clients and it should like give you I guess like good enough like number of people that can can actually work on that for a year so you have roughly 17 million dollars on the protocol side you have like roughly 17 million dollars on the on the research and governance side where a good portion of that goes into zkps and l2 so scaling in general you have roughly five million dollars on kind of language and contract side you have roughly like four four million dollars on on the tooling side and obviously again like this is this is a baseline there is like there is much more money that could be like utilized in all of those boxes or any of these projects but we just need an anchor so so again like things things that are not considered so that's the entire like wallet ecosystem that's the application layer education events operations and kind of like compliance stuff none of that is considered within that number so this is just like pure devs and like you know people building stuff what is happening so all right that's 42 surprise surprise 0.8 million dollars let's say well we need roughly like 50 million dollars currently to sustain that kind of like basic stack around ethereum that's a lot of money but we as well have this like six billion dollars like sitting in in treasuries and I'm not saying you know like it should just like go entirely into this there's like a lot of stuff that can be funded but it still kind of feels safe so but you know just like having having deep pockets wouldn't really get you get you anywhere I mean like it could get you far but you couldn't consider that to be like anything self-sufficient self-sustainable and you know it's kind of like also also the case of like EF which you know is an organization that has been a huge resource resource allocator in this space for a long time but it doesn't have any income it's just like the like EF is magic like it's it's it's like huge you know like surprise for everybody where all of a sudden there's this non-profit which doesn't have to worry about about like income for the organization itself because it like happened to be part of this like magic event of emergence of like this new new dimension of programmable money and it happened to had that money so but it's there's definitely something that you cannot expect to happen on a daily basis so let's look into on chain fees and into actually this like economic demand on the network and like what people are actually willing to pay to use Ethereum so again two snapshots last year July 30 minutes ago well we are in the bear market so the numbers are slightly lower and you can also see like bunch of projects again like disappearing and appearing but it's not too bad this is still this is still like again like napkin mat it's like seven million dollars every day in fees for the different protocols or using Ethereum as such that's that's a huge that's actually like decent economic demand and like you just need a couple of days for the interest system to work to be able to fund the 50 million dollar ticket that allows it to run and that allows it to you know kind of like progress so things that are not considered in this number again like mining rewards yield farming and all of the like DeFi kind of above the basic fees so these are literally just the fees and like any coming to the enterprise sector like there are no like consultancy fees like anything that actually the you know the kind of associated businesses that are utilizing Ethereum in a different way so again that was just on chain fees and obviously exchanges that's also like a lot a lot of like you know money flow and fees that the exchanges get and obviously exchanges are also beneficiaries of the of the Ethereum ecosystem so I mean this number is already outdated but you can do the math you have roughly like 1.5 like 2 million dollars obviously this fluctuates generated or paid rather paid in on chain fees on Ethereum so yeah that's my conclusion we are we are fine it's I mean like it it's a bear market I was surprised myself I mean we are in the bear market but we are fine I mean like we can I mean if you know like my point of reason why I started digging into the data is like we can we can rely on deep pockets and I like what I would like to see and that was the reason why I got involved in like multiple initiatives what I would like to see is like the ecosystem not just relying on the treasuries but the ecosystem rather like relying on the social standard of like people actually giving back to the core developers and giving back to you know the people who actually make this possible and that like help this ecosystem to progress so I think that if we can like establish social standards that the projects that like benefit off Ethereum give just a very like tiny fraction of the fees into into the development of the core protocol or the associated like tool stack you know I think like Ethereum can actually run for like decades or like if not you know hundreds of years as the technology obviously that's a that's a bet steak always like never make these these types of stakes but in terms of the economic demand the future is bright like I'm you know but I'm not worried at all and with that it's it's actually nine so there was no spit let's let's see this the last the last animation here no it wasn't there uh yeah so that was it thank you was actually there's one more thing there's like obligatory shill of it proc which is a hackathon slash conference happening in Prague in June so in couple weeks please sign up the the speaker slots are already filled there's still hacker slots that are open there is a there is a waitlist but you know it's like tradition that like people who get free tickets kind of don't show up so we are overbooking slightly so please sign up for each proc and just like show up to proc in two weeks and I think we have questions over there is as I understand it like the foundation score like what I also said is kind of like to like give basically like of course the ethos going down in the foundation every year like and and of course it might not go down in might not have gone down in dollar terms or last five years because it went up but and I think what do you think about like kind of like if one thing's really long term you want to kind of have still money in 100 years in the foundation and to make it more like an endowment where for example like the foundation stakes odds in theory and only uses the stake in rewards for protocol which could like fund it in perpetuity probably so like my my question is more like as I understand the delegate and I and like the foundation is that it actually philosophically wants to go down to zero but I think it might be a risk to the ecosystem if it doesn't have money in 50 or 100 years to support the ecosystem yeah so so first of all like I'm I left the foundation so I no longer speak on behalf and though the fact that it's still there is just a reminiscence of representation so I can only give you like my opinion my subjective view on this but yeah I mean it's it's more complicated because like you know like the in my opinion like the the neutrality kind of like also comes from fact that like you just don't pick like projects in the ecosystem and you say like hey this is the way to do things like you don't want to like EF at least to me was like very credible in the sense that it it wasn't aping into stuff it was always this like kind of like a actually quite conservative you know like unit and I think there's some value in that like you know like you don't you don't want to you don't want to put all of your acts into this into one basket uh so I actually think like strategically it's a it's a good decision um to the question of um like could we sustain ourselves from just like running like or getting like staker staking rewards and like funding the ecosystem from that um I would I mean I would actually love to there was a lot of a lot of conversations about like kind of like taxing block rewards you know that's like two three years back I'm glad that didn't happen uh I don't and I don't want I don't want there to be like a programmed way uh for for this to happen uh and in my opinion like you know if if like EF did that that would kind of get into that direction you would just like expect this is here to stay and like um you wouldn't you wouldn't need these like new champions to step up like you know like folks at get coin like they do amazing work in like showing their alternative ways like the ecosystem can be funded um so I think like the way to to actually like sustain sustain ecosystem isn't true like one organization such as EF like throwing like a huge pile of money into something that could generate returns and like funding everything from that but I would actually say it has to come from the projects in the in the in the ecosystem you know even even if like some of those are programmed like if there is a doubt that says well all right we just like have a vote and we give like five percent of the fees like to this uh you know um to this contract that will distribute the money towards like uh these five teams that build the build the clients like I I think that's actually that's actually a better approach because like you will you'll gain like more resilience in the system if it's if it's just not you know if it's not expected but it actually happens okay oh yeah thank you um I would have a question and um I will put my question into an analogy so the the housing market 2009 2007 um there was also a system and you know the the first um people who couldn't pay of their debt you just need 15 percent of these people to uh break down the system and here I was wondering is it possible that the bigger projects belong to the smaller projects and in these you know like crypto winters if the small smaller programs breaks down the bigger projects might not get enough fees etc etc so is it possible how what's what's your take um so I'm not sure I understood your question correctly but is it like if if um I don't know there is a there's all of a sudden like something wrong with I don't know like Avid or something or like someone who builds on top of Avid and like this would disappear for example if Avid depends on on 20 other smaller projects because they are running on on Avid and they don't have enough funding and breaks down then Avid wouldn't get the fees from these projects and would go down as well um yeah I mean it's it's kind of it's kind of like a black swan it sounds to me as a kind of like a black swan scenario where um and we probably saw this like multiple times for like certain projects um I mean the the good news and kind of like the the stuff that I was trying to showcase is that um I basically showed you showed you only the data which is kind of like easy to get you can you can like look at look into these like multi-six that hold these treasuries um and um in my opinion there's actually like much more money in the ecosystem than like what what you what you see here um so I mean I'm not saying it's impossible uh I think it's like unlikely to some extent because there is a lot of a lot of like deep pocketed themes and there's like but you know even the stuff that you see around yourself like technosis for instance like like this this place was started by Gnosis right I mean I'm sure I'm I'm kind of like missing some context some historical context but like Gnosis is one of a great examples of a project that like started early in the ecosystem and now they kind of like deliver more and more value across the board not not just you know in prediction markets uh I'm not actually sure anyone associates like Gnosis with prediction markets these days um so um I think there there already are multiple like champions in the ecosystem so I'm not as worried obviously like something can happen and like people can all of a sudden like change the direction completely and they say like all right that this was this was all like bullshit like you know magic internal money like forget about it it could happen I'm not I'm not you know like we we've seen what happened like during COVID we see what's happening now like um uh in Ukraine and other places like I couldn't imagine those scenarios before I'm not saying it's it's impossible I feel like it's unlikely all right maybe we have time for one last question if it's a if it's a short one so the thing that occurred to me is if you go back to the list of all the treasuries that you had right like a lot of those treasuries aren't aren't that's not their money right so like Ave or Uniswap or whatever right like that's someone else's money that's trading but then when you went to the fees thing it's also kind of not all their fees right because they're giving a lot of the fees back to the users so I was just kind of trying to think through but what is interesting that you mentioned is like if you look at Uniswap labs right so these projects that manage to generate a lot of fees for a long time they're not spending any of them and they just kind of pile up in these treasuries right and then yeah I think like Uniswap in the last years kind of really come out and said like we're going to just start you know funding stuff and so I I would encourage and I don't know the answer but to really kind of dig down and figure out like where is the free capital right and then what are what are DAOs and what are organizations doing with it right because I it seems like most of them are trying to somehow promote something that's not super like I'm going to get my money back right away um yeah anyway that was my thought they do I think they take don't they take some I mean as a as a DAO right like take some percent of the fees so that goes to the liquidity providers I mean like you you're right um obviously like there's like I'm not saying it's like five people or like five organizations that like make these decisions there's like there are masses of people behind those fees are masses of people behind those DAOs I mean like all of these are are DAOs if I'm not wrong um the the point is um that there definitely is this like collective interest in like making sure that this thing runs and it obviously makes a lot of money um not to like few companies but to like a lot of people across the board um but the the other the other kind of like underlying part is um it's like it's disproportionately more than what I feel is is kind of a safe baseline of what the ecosystem needs so I'm sure that even if you know with like a whole bunch of rounding errors and like just wrong math uh that I might have used like you know getting these numbers or like even I'm not sure if these are correct I didn't check like every single treasury I just trusted uh so even if there is there is there is a lot of place for uh for failure in in here so that's that's kind of my point all right yeah thank you very much Joseph


Let's move on to question number two of the English language paper one exam This question is important and you kind of need to spend a little bit of time considering what your responses are And then of course writing it out So I would suggest for question number two allocate around ten minutes for this question before you move on Let's answer question number two again Remember that we have already read this question and as I've mentioned this question The great thing about it is you actually have the evidence right there in front of you Don't have to worry about looking at the insert you can do that for the other questions However, we don't really need to go back over this insert unless you wish to all right So what I'm going to do and what I would do if I'm in exact conditions I probably just would focus in on highlighting just elements for this Rather from this extract to answer this question, okay So remember you told to look in this in detail at this extract just beneath here How to use language here to describe the Tyrannosaurus rags I've now read the insert and now know why it's so important for me to focus on language features That describe this to you rags, okay? It's like a really terrifying opponent against these men And you're asked to include the writers choice of words and phrases language features and techniques as well as sentence forms So remember for this question you want to spend a maximum of ten minutes. I'll suggest writing two So this is a minimum of two pill paragraph remember pill paragraphs are point Evidence explanation link all right. So the point is you're answering the question directly your evidence You're embedding your quotations from here your explanation This is where you talk about language technique also within the evidence You can include word level analysis after you talk about language technique and of course in your link back to the question You want to talk about the effect in the reader what image in this case of the Tyrannosaurus rags? How does this vividly impact us? Okay? How is it described how we made to fill remember the extracts? My interpretation of the t-rex as it's shown in the extract is that it's this really menacing creature Which will kill inevitably kill these men, all right? So when you're picking out the relevant information from here I would say so I would suggest picking out one quotation just from the top and then something from the end Okay, don't pick out both of your pieces of evidence just from the top, all right So I would probably just quickly reread this and skim read it and probably highlight as I'm going along Okay, so it came on great old resilient striding legs. This is interesting. All right So these are interesting adjectives towered above half of the trees. It was a great evil God, okay? So here it's also and I'd highlighted the same thing in the insert. Okay, so it's this evil God and Folding is delicate watchmakers claws closest oily reptilian chest It's each lower leg was a piston a thousand pounds of white bone Sunk and thick ropes of muscle sheathed over a gleam of pebble skin like armor of a terrible warrior So this is really really powerful vivid imagery now here I probably would stop reading the rest of this because I've picked out lots of stuff already And I can't even use all of this. Okay, so I'm probably going to skip to the final last two sentences Or even just the final sentence it closes mouth and the death grin So here we've got a smile, which is really menacing. It's rent its pelvic bones Crushing aside trees and bushes its talent feet clawing the damp earth leaving prints sinks inches deep Okay, so here it's so heavy as it steps It kind of leaves these deep footprints wherever it's settled its weight, okay? So here I probably would also highlight probably that a crushed Trees all right then crushed trees as if it was nothing, right? So as you can see I've highlighted lots of stuff, but really to be honest, I'm only writing two pill paragraphs I'm probably gonna just focus in on These adjectives great old resilient striding legs the evil God element Maybe if I'm inspired perhaps this idea of it skin like armor, okay? Again, I'm probably not going to use all of this But I'm really now focusing in and of course this death grin its smile, which is really really menacing and it's crushing these trees All right, so I've picked out the relevant evidence here As I mentioned you want to spend a maximum of ten minutes two pill paragraph at least of course if you can do more than Two pill paragraphs in that ten minutes even better However, if you can write two really really good detailed pill paragraph within the space of ten minutes Meaning you've got five minutes of pill paragraph number one five minutes of pill paragraph number two then move on Okay, and let's make sure you always really disciplined with your timekeeping, okay? So it's always good to make sure you have a watch, okay? So I'm gonna begin with the first pill paragraph using this information in terms of how the writer uses language to describe the T-rex and of course remember I'm talking about words but also at this bullet point talks about sentence forms So this could be for instance things like you know the use of this declarative sentence declarative sentences sentence that states A fact feeling a mood is there an imperative sentence like the way echoes was being told get out sit down blah blah blah There's nothing like that all of that stuff that can also be included in sentence forms, okay? So now I've selected this information I'm gonna write the first pill paragraph and then afterwards I will explain and walk you through how I put it together So let's go over The first pill paragraph point evidence explanation link, okay? So what I decided to do is of course as I mentioned I use this initial bit of evidence, okay for my first pill paragraph I'm gonna begin by reading it through and then I'll break it down How you know how you can put it together and what you should consider when writing this down, okay? Firstly the right effectively uses language to portray the tyrannosaurus rex brackets t-rex as powerful vast and imposing Its appearance is Petrifying as it stood on speech marks great old resilient striding legs close speech marks and it seemed to be Speech marks a great evil God close speech marks The author's use of the metaphor speech marks evil God close speech marks Convays how fearsome the t-rex is This metaphor is ironic as we usually think of gods as benevolent yet this creature is devilish and terrifying The adjective resilient Gives us the impression that it is unstoppable Casting doubts in our minds whether the men can kill it Therefore the author vividly shows just how powerful and unstoppable this creature is, okay? So that's my pill paragraph. So let's go through how I started off with my point now one thing you'll notice is I Usually don't encourage the use of brackets, okay within writing However, given that this creature and the name of this main creature is so long tyrannosaurus rex your examiners Won't expect you to keep on writing tyrannosaurus rex, okay? You're in a rush, right? So what you should do is for anything in your exams, which is a fairly long sentence or a long word Write out the long word initially. So I first write it out as you can see here tyrannosaurus rex However, what you can do you put in brackets a brief shortened version Again, I've used like a well-known shortened version. Okay, so for example, if you're given something about the European Union Let's say that as another example Everyone knows we refer to the European Union as a EU you can then put first out European Union brackets EU And then you can put EU, okay? So use obviously a well-known Substitute for the longer word, okay? However, that's the only one of the very few instances and the rare instances You can use brackets usually I will suggest stay away from them in your essay writing. That's a really long kind of caveat a kind of you know, by the way, however, let's go back to the the pill paragraph, okay? So I started off with my point Firstly the writer effectively uses language to portray the tyrannosaurus rex as powerful vast and imposing as you can see in my Opening point. I have used the key words language describe Tyrannosaurus rex in my opening point. I am indicating to my examiner. Hey, I know what I'm being asked to do So I mean, you know, I'm using the same words that you've asked me to focus in on. Okay, and this is not obvious You need to try and do this in your answer. Okay, so that's my point. Let's look at my evidence Its appearance is petrifying which means scary. Okay use ambitious language Its appearance is petrifying as it stood on great oil resilience riding legs and it seems to be a great evil God Here I've embedded my creations. The first quotation which I used great oiled Resilience riding legs here and I've also used the evil God I decided not to use it like the armor. Okay, as I mentioned, I highlighted all of this stuff But I have to use it. You can use even just great oil strident resilient legs Okay Now as I mentioned, I've embedded my phrases Meaning if I were to remove the speech marks in front of great old resilience striding legs and also the speech Marks around great evil God The sentence will still make sense. Okay, try to use your evidence in this way try to embed your evidence Of course, if you can't you can just say the passage states colon and then that okay But try to get used to embedding your phrases. All right, so you've got your point. You've got your evidence here. Okay Now let's look at my explanation as I mentioned my explanation I'm going to mention technique and also within the explanation. This is where you can mention word-level analysis. Okay The author's use of the metaphor evil God so again of Highlighted what metaphor this is I'm talking about Convays how fierce and the T-rex is this metaphor is ironic as we usually think of gods and again here I've put in speech marks a god. Okay as benevolent, which means loving yet This creature is devilish right because of course if it's an evil God, that's what we think of as devils, right? So the author is using this in an ironic way So the the creature is devilish and terrifying the adjective resilience now here I've done some word-level analysis, okay So the adjective resilient and I've put that in speech marks again Gives us the impression that it is unstoppable Casting doubts in our minds whether the men can kill it. All right, so that is my explanation This is now the analytical depth that I'm going into Okay, this is where the bulk of your marks are the explanation when you're talking about technique and you're talking about the Writers use of words and phrases. All right, so I've talked about metaphor and I've also mentioned and pointed out You know the adjective and why this is important now Let's look back at my link back to the question therefore the author vividly shows just how powerful and unstoppable the creature is Okay, so I've linked it back to the idea of this tyrannosaurus rakes being powerful and how language is being used to describe the T-rex All right, so that's my first pill point and as I mentioned because this is worth eight marks This is I would suggest this is probably worth four marks You still need to write your second pill paragraph to guarantee yourself the four eight marks. Okay, so what I'm going to do is I'm not going to use the second bit of evidence that I've highlighted here and use that for my second pill paragraph So I'm going to write out my second pill paragraph and then explain it and walk it through walk you through it afterwards. All right So let's look at my second pill paragraph. I'm going to read it and then break down for you how I put it together Secondly the writer describes just how menacing and threatening the T-rex is through their language As it approached the men it had a death grin and as it walked It was easily crushing trees and bushes as if there were mere toys in its way The writer's use of hyperbole to describe the T-Rex's speech marks death green close speech marks in this declarative sentence conveys How fighting the T-Rex looks the verb crushing speech marks reveals its awesome force We as readers feel terrified as we wonder whether this creature will kill the men Hence the writer vividly uses language to convey how odd and truly terrifying the T-Rex's appearance is okay So let's first begin with my second point and as you can see here What I did if we look back at the brief extract that was presented are used death grin towards the end here as well crushing, okay And also really are related it to the trees and bushes. Okay, so let's go over how I put together my point Secondly the writer describes just how menacing and threatening the T-Rex is through their language Okay, so this is my point. I've talked about how the T-Rex is menacing and threatening That's the point and again I've used keywords from the question to begin my point to make it clear to the examiner. Hey, I'm answering the question Okay, let's look at the evidence As it approached the men it had a speech marks death grin close speech marks as the first embedded piece of evidence And as it walked it was easily Open speech marks crushing trees and bushes close speech marks as if there were mere toys in its way So that's my evidence and again as you can see here. I have related it directly back to Death grin and crushing aside trees and bushes. Okay now So actually I would probably now going back and this is probably why it's really good to read over your answer I'd skipped crushing aside. So I'm going to put ellipsis here, right? So that's the evidence now Let's look at the explanation The writers of hyperbole, which means over exaggeration To describe the T-Rex's death grin in this declarative sentence conveys how frightening the T-Rex looks the verb crushing reveals its awesome force, okay so this is the Explanation and actually this even extends to you is readers feel terrified as we wonder whether this creature will kill the men Okay, so to be honest readers effect can either go into your link or your explanation However, I would say that this is part of my explanation. Okay now really quickly as you can see I've not only mentioned language Okay hyperbole and also done a word level analysis, which is focusing on a verb Remember one of the bullet points in this question, which is why question number two Sometimes can be a little bit surprising and you know a little bit tricky is because one of the bullet points says look at sentence form So I'd say to be on the safe side mentioned for example a declarative sentence Okay, declarative sentences a sentence that states a fact feeling or mood We speak a majority of stories are written with declarative sentences just telling you what's happening Okay, so that's a good safe bet and hence why I've mentioned it here. Okay as part of my explanation So talked about hyperbole. I've talked about verb, but I've also just to be Covered for that final bullet point. I've talked about declarative sentence. Okay, and of course I've explained how this is making You know this T-rex look really scared and we realize this awesome force It's overwhelming force. Okay, and thus we feel really terrified because of course it's menacing as I've mentioned in my point Okay, now let's look at my link back to the question Hence the writer vividly uses language to convey how odd and truly terrifying the T-rex's appearances It's odd because it's smiling. Okay, that's that's really scary. Usually we think of monsters It's not grinning. They're just like they look really serious and scary. Okay, however, that's what even makes it more petrifying It's really odd. It's bizarre and thus truly terrifying So that's the link back to the question again I've linked it back to the question emphasising some of the keywords the use of language and of course referring back to the T-rex show my examiner them answering the question I'm staying focused. So when it comes to question number two I would suggest if of course you have time to write a third pill paragraph. That's great Go for it. Okay. However, if you only have enough time in the 10 minutes allocated for this question Write a minimum of two pill paragraphs paragraph number one Which talks about words and phrases taken from the opening and then pill paragraph number two Which is taken from towards the closing bit of the extract that's put before you So that's really it when it comes to answering question number two for this paper


will be on our way. All right. Everybody see that? Yes. Take it away, Harriet. OK. Good afternoon, everyone. Let's go to the next slide. Welcome to Dividend Reinvesting 101. My name is Harriet Chan, and I am a director at the San Francisco Bay Area Chapter of Better Investing. I've been a member of BI since 1999, became a director in 2000. I've been investing in option trading, 40 years in investing, and about 11 years in option trading. My email is skcotstatyahoo.com. Please feel free to contact me if you want to talk. We can make arrangements. I am a graduate from Mills College, and I am a plea major, and that acronym stands for political, legal, and economic analysis. And I have an emphasis in economics. OK. Next slide. I developed this course because of feedback, and people will say to me, I don't have time. I don't have money. So I was trying to figure out, what can I share with you that doesn't take that much time and doesn't take that much money? And so basically, I kind of designed this course for millennials, somebody who is in the under 20s or early 30s. And the reason why is that dividend investing is a passive way of investing. And unlike growth investing, growth investing, you see a company growing really fast and the stock price is appreciating very quickly. Dividend investing usually means that they're large companies, and you don't see the results until the end. So it takes years for you see the results. So I'm kind of curious if you use your Zoom, how many of you, how many of the audience are millennials? Can you show your hands? And maybe the staff will tell me how many hands are raised. So far, I don't see any, though, someone in the chat said not a millennial. Not a millennial. No. OK. One hand up. One hand up. Oh, OK. We got some Gen X. Hi, Gen X. Well, I guess we have a mixed audience, which is great. I remember when I was told that I needed to learn to invest, I was already working a full-time job, two-part time job, and going, taking a course in college. And I was thinking, oh, I have to learn how to invest. And I really was opposed to it until I had to ask myself, was the status quo something I could accept? And my answer was no. So that meant I had to change. So I had to do something a little differently. So that's how I got into investing. OK. Rule number one, for all the newbies, you need rule number one is you pay yourself first. If you're going to say that you're going to save on your best at the end of the month, if you have any money left over, most of the time, you won't have anything. So rule number one is that you need to take care of yourself first. So you pay yourself first. When you thrive, your family, your environment will be a happier one. And it's not enough just to survive. You deserve a life of happiness in a thriving environment. With this pandemic, it's really important that you have to realize that you have to have multiple streams of income. And dividend reinvesting can be very helpful. But it is important to start as soon as you can and establish a process that would be helpful to you in a thriving life. Now, brokerage firm now even let you buy a fractional shares. So when I first started, it cost $155 for a transaction. So that's no longer true. So dividend reinvesting is a way of building a supplemental income stream. And it will become a big stream in the long run. Next screen, the disclaimer. Now, everything that I'm going to talk to you about is for education purposes. If you need to do your own research, and that's the only way that you can reduce your stress level. The more knowledge you have, the more improvement you have in your financial literacy, the less stress that you're going to have over financial matters. Next screen, the agenda. What we're going to cover today, I'm going to explain who we are and better investing. We're going to go through dividend reinvesting, the elements of it. And then we're going to have a summary and question. Now, the goals of this class is to show you the results of regular investing and reinvesting for a company like Johnson & Johnson. And the reason why I want to do is to encourage all of you to start taking control of your financial future. Next screen, who we are. We are a better back one. There we go. Better investing is a nonprofit organization. We are voluntary based. So everybody in the San Francisco Bay Area chapter, we're all volunteers. And we basically have a goal of trying to share information with people and trying to get more people to learn how to be a better investor. We are member driven and we don't make any commissions and we don't make any stock recommendation. So the website is www.betterinvesting.org. OK, so that's it for next screen. Johnson & Johnson, OK, blue chip. Now, for the newbies here, blue chips. Why is it called blue chip? I believe it comes from playing poker. I think the most expensive chip is the blue chip. And so that's how they got the reference. Blue chip companies are large companies with brand names and that you would recognize like Johnson & Johnson. So we will be looking at Johnson & Johnson stock data from 1980 to 2021. So that's 41 years. The next slide I'm going to go to is Johnson & Johnson website. So there's a lot of information. So any company that you're interested in, you should also go to their website and take a look at the information. So this is from 2019. So but the information there is very interesting. Let's see if I can blow that up a little bit. They are basically in medical devices and it's non-invasive medical devices. They have a pharmaceutical arm and they have a consumer health care. So they're kind of diversified within their own company. Next screen. So this is some financial data that was very interesting too. So you can see here that it says over on the left-hand side they have 36 years of adjusted operation earning growth. And next to it in the blue arrow, they have 58 consecutive years of increasing their dividends. And as of 2019, that was a 11.8% return to shareholders. So just some basic data and the numbers are good. So next slide is some of the brand names of Johnson & Johnson. So Listerine, Band-Aid, Johnson & Johnson Baby Shampoo, next screen, Tylenol, Motrin. And so you can see their names that you would recognize, Benadryl, OK, next screen. And this is now this screen is for the pharmaceutical or the other parts of it. They are very big on oncology now. So they're making big, big progress in that field. So they're quite diversified, which is nice. I also like to say that in regards to Johnson & Johnson, there are only two AAA rated companies in the United States. Johnson & Johnson is one of them. And I will answer the other question. Who's the other one? And the other one is Microsoft. So those are the only two companies that are still AAA rated. 20 years ago, there were a dozen or two. And so it's really come down to just two companies for AAA rated bond ratings. OK, so from this point on, what I'm going to be doing is show you on screens from my Excel spreadsheet about what would happen if you invest $50 a month, every month. And then when you get a dividend, you would reinvest that dividend. OK, next screen. So what you will see on here over on the left side is the dividend. It's in lavender. So I like on line nine, that $0.57 dividend, $0.50 dividend. OK, the purple, the deep purple. The reason why it is darker is that Johnson & Johnson will increase their dividends every year in May. So I want to highlight that. And then in yellow, like on line 21, you will see that in May they had a three for one stock split. And then over to the right hand side in the background, if it's a beige background, it's a recession or downturn. And if it's a light green background, it's a bull market happening. So you'll probably need to refer to this slide to take a look at it. The other thing that I want to point out was that if you see on the screen, it's on column D starting in March of 1980. And then you have to purchase one share a stock. So I did that. And then in April 1, 1980, you could see in column D the monthly purchase of $50. What the stock price was, how many shares did you purchase or a fractional share? So you can see that $50 on line three, that we were $50. And the stock price at $71, we purchased 0.704 shares. So the total share was equal to the one share that we first purchased. And then we added that 0.7 share. So we have a total of 1.7 shares. So on line five, you can see in May, it increased their dividends to $0.57. So out of 2.3 shares that now you own because you purchased a fractional share again on line four in May. And then on May 19 on line five, the dividend was issued. And so you got 2.36 shares. And you got $0.57 per share. So the dividend you got was total $1.35. And you're going to reinvest that, put it back in, plow it back in. And you could see that on that line five, the total shares in column G is 2.38 shares. So you're buying a fractional share. You went from 2.36 to 2.38. It may not seem significant, but what you see at the end would be very impressive, I think. So and then on the line 15 has a coral or beige background. That's January. I have a typo there. That's January 2, 1981. And so at the end of the year, at $50 a month, the market value on column H is $719.62. OK. All right. Next screen. So do you remember what I said about the beige? OK. In 1981, 82, and partly of 83, we were in every session. OK. But OK. So on line 38, the dividend went from $0.22 that you see on line 34. And then on line 38, this is May. They raised the dividend to $0.25. And the reason why I put this dividend increase line and gave you the percentage, because the feedback I got was that people says they weren't impressed with the $0.22 to the $0.25. And they said, well, it's $0.03. And it's a little bit of an increase, and that's good. I says, but if you do the math from $0.22 to $0.25, that is a 13.64% raise. And I says, to me, that makes me smile from ear to ear, because I don't think people are getting 13% raises on a yearly basis. So I think the dividend here, even though the amount was $11.32, if looking on line 38, the dollar amount may not be impressive. But the percentage is, because if you got $50, you put in $50, and it is returning, and they're increasing the dividend at 13.64%, you've got your money working pretty hard. So that's a really good thing. Certainly, it pays better than CDs. OK, next screen. So we're going to go kind of quickly through the dividend increases. And you guys will be getting a PDF file of all these screens. So it takes a time when you get it to review it. And look at the column G and the column H to see how the dividend is growing. OK? And I think you should be impressed. OK, so we're on this screen. And on line 54, right at the top, the dividend increase, right, 12%. And then on line 70, the dividend increase was 7.14%. So you can see in the background, it's white now. So we came out of the recession. And then on January 2nd, on line 64, you can see now that the total of the market value is at $2,842. OK, so the next screen, we're into 1985 now. So it's been about five years. And the next increase is on line 86, is 6.67%. And again, on line 102, the increase is 9.38%. Here again, if you look at line 102 and you look at line 98, the dividend went from 32 cents to 35 cents. So that's a 3-cent difference. And so it's really important when you start investing that you do the numbers, you do the numbers. And what I mean by doing the numbers is that you do the dollars and you do the percentage. Because as the feedback was saying, 32 cents to 35 cents, it's only 3 cents. But if you figure it out, the percentage, that's a 9.38% increase in your dividends. That is significant. OK, next screen. So on line 118, we have a 20% increase in the dividend. OK, next screen. OK, on line 134, the dividend increase, it's a 7.14% dividend increase. And then on dividend increase on line 151, OK, it's a 28.89%. That's a hefty one. But look at line 150. They had a 2-for-1 stock split. So if you look at column, the stock price column E, OK, on line 149, the stock price was at $95.50. So when you have a 2-for-1 stock split, you can see over on column G, we went from 142 shares. Now you have 284 shares, OK? And if you look right after the dividend, the stock is now at $51.50 because it had a stock split, OK? So again, if you go back up to line 144 over in column H, over on the right-hand side, you can see that the market value is at $11,824.94. This is after you've been investing for about nine years now, OK? And so, but again, dividend reinvesting, the results are not that impressive the first 25 years. But the reward comes at the end. OK, next screen, 20. OK. So on line 167, we have an increase of the dividends from $0.29 to $0.34. So again, quote unquote, justifies since increase in the dividend. But the percentage is 17.24%, if you calculate that. And then on line 183, the dividend went from $0.34 to $0.40. So that is a 17.65% dividend. So if you go from when I said nine years, right, at the top of the screen, it was nine years that you've been investing. But now in the year 1991, look at the value of the market, value of the stock. It is now at $22,000, OK? So the money is, and with these dividend increases in double digit, your money is working hard for you. And you have to think about if you had just savings in the savings account or a CD or buying treasury bills, these numbers are much more impressive. Next screen. So on line 199, we have, again, an increase of the dividend from $0.40 to $0.46. And in June, in line 201, we again have another stock split in 1992. And if you look over at column G in the highlight, so you've been investing for 12 years now, and now you have 658 shares. To me, those numbers are starting to grow very, starting to be much more impressive. OK, next screen, 22. So on line 216, on row 206, the dividend increase that went from $0.23 to $0.26, three cents difference, but it is a 13.4% increase. And then on line 232, it went from $0.26 to $0.29, and it's that 11.54% increase. So if you look at column, I mean, in row 226, this is 1994, beginning of the year. Now the total is now $31,000. OK, so let's keep that in mind here. Let's go to the next screen. OK, on line 248, a dividend increase again is in May. It went from $0.29 to $0.33. So that's a 13.79% increase. Now, I haven't talked too much about it, but if you look across that line at $0.33, and based on how many shares that you have now, that's $244.35 dividend check. And that is every quarter. And each quarter will increase because you're putting in extra $50 every month. So if you look right below that at line 252, you can see that dividend check is $246.29 because you're plowing that back in and buying more shares. And if you look across there, now you have about 750 shares. Of stock. So if you look at this on line 258 for the beginning of 1996, so you've been investing for 16 years now. And so if you're 25 and you add 16, you're 41. With just investing $50 a month, you would be sitting on a little supplemental portfolio here that's worth $64,000. And I remember when I was 40. And that was very comforting to have a little bit on the side that you saved up and it builds up. OK, next screen. On line 264, OK, we have again in dark purple is May. You have another increase of $0.38. And so that is a 15.15% increase. And right after that, you see the bright yellow line. On June 12, it has a two for one stock split. So that meant that you now have 1,529 shares. So that's impressive. Who would ever thought you would have thousands of shares of Johnson and Johnson? OK, and then on line 281, on row 281, we have again in May the following year, increase from 19 cents to 22 cents. And that is a 15.79% increase. And it's nice to know that on a quarterly basis, your dividend checks are now totally into the over $300. 25, next screen. On line 297, OK. And there's another increase, and that's a 13.64. Let me go back. Let's go back to line 291, OK. So January 2, 1998. So $50 a month, you're only investing $600 a year. But look at the market value of your portfolio. It is at 102. You got into the sixth figure. Now, it did take you 18 years to get here. But one of the examples that I was telling people when I first was teaching these class at Mills was that if your mother knew to buy and invest in Johnson and Johnson at $50 a month, in 18 years, you would have $102,000 for your college education fund. OK, so because one of the things I asked at Mills was how many of you guys had student loans and everybody raised their hand. So if we knew something about dividend reinvesting, surely we would have done so, OK? OK, so let's go to at the bottom of the screen in the coral color background, January 2, 1999. And you've reacross it over right hand side that portfolio is now worth $133,410, OK. Next following year, OK. Dividend increase, online $3.29. Again, from $0.28 to $0.32, that's $0.04. But that dividend increases the 14.29% increase. And look across that, at $0.32, your dividend check is $525. And so you have 1,648 shares, OK. I want to talk a little bit about 2.11 on Road 3.25, 2.11, 2.000. The supermarket, they call this the super bull market. It lasted 9.3 years, OK. And then you could see on 3.27, online 3.27, I have a beige background again. So we're in a recession in the year 2000. So the next screen we get. So we're in a recession. But guess what, online 3.45, we have another increase, because Johnson and Johnson do this every year, OK. And they raise the dividend from $0.32 to $0.36, which is just four pennies. But percentage-wise, it's 12.5% increase, OK. I also want to take this time to take a look at those stock prices. If we're in a recession, you could see online 3.42, the stock price, which is column E. The price is at $87.47. Two lines up, it was $97 a share, OK. So if you guys are earning in press, one of the things, now, I stayed with the $50 a month because just for the consistency. But if you were in an investor here and you see your money earning double-digit, so whenever the stock prices dip, you should send in some extra money and extra $5 or whatever. Or say, when I get a pay raise, I'm going to allocate an extra 5% or 10%, whatever you want. And it will make this number look so much even better, OK. So on line 347, we have a stock split in the bright yellow stripe on June, OK. And so the amount of shares you have now, it went from 1,600 shares to over 3,300 shares. And if you look down at 2002 on line 357 and over on the right-hand side, so you've been investing now for a little over 20 years and the value of the stock is now at $194,000, OK. I'm going to answer the questions about what is the stock split in just three more slides, OK. So you can see here a dividend increase on line 363, the increase from 18 cents to 20 and a half cents. That is a 13.89% increase, OK. So next slide. Again, on line 379, the percentage of increase in the dividend is 17.7%. So it went from 20 and a half cents to 24 cents a share, OK. And now look at that dividend check. The dividend reinvesting is $829. And know that that comes quarterly, you know. So that began to be impressive, OK. Dividend increase on line 395, OK. That from the, let's see. That went from 24 cents to 28 and a half cents. And that is a 23.33% increase. And look at that dividend check on column C. It has hit over $1,000, OK. Then we go down to dividend increase on line 411. And that is a 15.79 increase. So now you've been investing, if we go back to line 4405, on January 3rd, 2005, you've been investing for 25 years. You have your portfolio is worth $225,000. Not bad, OK. Next screen, OK. The dividend increase on line 427 represents 33 cents to 37 and a half cents. That is a 13.64% increase. And line 443 at the bottom of that screen, that is a 10.67% increase. OK, I'm on screen 30, and there was a question about what is a stock split? Yes. OK, so a stock split, why they do it? Usually the stock market prices in the market used to be that surveys show that people like to buy stocks when it's under $100. So when the prices starts to climb up, what they do is they do a stock split. And basically, how I can explain it is that it's like exchanging a $10 bill for two fives. So in reality, they say it's an event that doesn't affect anything. Because if you've got a $10 bill and you've got two fives, it's still worth $10. But what people don't realize is that when they do stock split, it also, management is also telling you that they believe that the stock price will go back up. Eventually, it will go back up. So it's the positive signal. And you could see it now in the stock market. It's much harder to buy Google at $2,700 a share than it is to buy Apple, which is at $172 a share today. Or you could buy a stock like Minecron, which is about $70 a share. So it makes people feel like, oh, this is easier to buy because it's at a lower price. So Johnson and Johnson does that from time to time. When the stock prices goes up, they usually will do a stock split. And you can go to their website, and they will give you that information of when they have, in the past, split their stock. So does that answer your question? I think that works, Harry. Do you want some more questions? There's a bunch in the chat. OK. OK, so someone asks, how does a company earn a AAA rating? It has to do with the finances. It's just kind of like your credit score, OK? How much debt do you have? And they're also looking at your ratios and things like that. In the 2008 financial crisis, I think there was four companies that lost their AAA rating. Now, I don't know the details. I just know that they got knocked off. And right now, there's only two. But basically, it's your financial health of the company. And so Microsoft is one of them. And Johnson and Johnson is one of them. I took a look at Johnson and Johnson's recent balance sheet. And they're sitting on $25 billion in cash. So I said, oh, that's a good thing. They definitely can keep up with their dividend paying, OK? And a couple of people are asking, how do you research companies that are stable and pay good dividends? Do you have any websites you can suggest? Yes, I have that at the end, OK? OK. I have that at the end. Gotcha. How about a couple more? You want a couple more? You want to keep going? Yes, keep going. OK. So towards the beginning, someone was asking, is this sort of investing beneficial for someone nearing retirement or post-retirement? Or should they pursue other strategies? Well, it really depends on the person. I am an active investor, and I invest for Gulf companies. My husband is not an investor. So I'm also making a transition to, quote unquote, buy more dividend stocks because he will need the dividend income when I'm gone, and it will simplify things for him. So it depends on your needs. I think it's not either or, because as far as an investor, you're supposed to diversify. So you should have some growth stock. You should have some dividend stocks. But I think that whatever you have, you should be able to sleep at night. I think that's more important. And I know you're going to address how to find good stocks to pay good dividends at the end, but here's a couple more questions. Are there other companies today similar to J&J and Microsoft without the high price per share? Well, it depends on what you decide. If you're saying below $100 per share, currently, a lot of the average price for the stocks on the stock market is very close to $100. There are stocks that are lower, but there's not as many as before. And there was another question that came up that asked about the yield, whether I should be looking at the yield versus the dividend increases. Again, this has to do with the individual investor. So like I said, when I first designed this class, I kind of was thinking about the millennials because if you plow back your dividend, it's like you don't need, you have a job, you don't need to live on the dividend. So you can plow back the money into it, reinvest the dividends and then make it grow. But if you are elder and you say you need income, then the yield is more important, right? Because you need the income, then you would be looking at different things because the yield on Johnson & Johnson is about 2.5%. But there are companies like IBM or AT&T. I think AT&T is paying 7%. IBM is paying 5%. Verizon is paying 5%. So if you need income, then you would be looking for yield.  It's not right or wrong, it just depends on your situation. What's more important? Do you need the income? Then you would look for a yield. If you don't need the money and you want a quality company and you could plow back and reinvest, then you can take that lower yield and then the yield will, it may be stay low because the yield is based on the stock price and how much it pays out. But if you look at what your cost is, you'll find, if you do the math, if you own it long-term, your yield was quite high. But you got to do the math to figure that out, okay? One more Harriet and then we'll let you keep going because a lot of people are asking about how to find good stocks that pay good dividends. But someone's asking if they can get a copy of your calculation worksheet so they can see how the calculation or formulas work. Yeah, okay, no problem. Okay, let's move on to 31. Okay, 31. Okay, so we're gonna go back to looking at the dividends on line 459 and the dividend increases went from 41.5 cents to 46 cents and that's a 10.84% increase. Okay, so. And at the bottom of the screen, I want you to take a note that has a beige background and we are now entering a recession and on line 467, over on the right-hand side, this is 2008. This is when the market makes a correction. This is also the time of that mad-off scandal, okay? So there are bad things happening and there's a crash, okay? You could see that the stock at the top of the screen, it was at $63 and it comes all the way down to $58. But I wanted to, next screen, but I wanted to tell you that when we are in a recession, Johnson and Johnson or companies like Proctor and Gamble, they, there is this phenomenon called flight to quality. So everybody used to be buying this stock or that stock for the growth or whatever and Johnson and Johnson does not have much appeal until the market goes down. When the market goes down, everybody wants the blue chip companies. So they're going to be buying the Johnson and Johnson and running the Proctor and Gamble, okay? And you'll see, like just like today, the market was down 300 points on the NASDAQ and Johnson and Johnson jumped $4.62 today. So anytime the market goes down, people will go, tend to go to the blue chip companies and buy up Johnson and Johnson. It's a safe haven, okay? So if you study the market and you look at the history of it, you'll understand the phenomenon. And so it's kind of comforting when we are in a recession. You know, people will still have to shampoo their hair. Shampoo their hair.  So those are staples that people will go to and it gives them comfort that it's not going to go with. And that's why it's so important to know that Johnson and Johnson have been raising their dividends for over 60 years. Same thing with Proctor and Gamble. I think there, it was like 63 years for Proctor and Gamble. And if ever a company mention or rumors to cut the dividends, you need to pay attention to that. Because when a company talks about cutting the dividend, the stock will drop off the cliff. And it's not me saying you just study the history, okay? But you don't have that with the Johnson and Johnson, the Proctor and Gamble, okay? So their finances are in good shape. Okay, next screen, 33. Here on line 507, 2011, the increase dividend is that 5.56. So now you've been investing for 30 years, you know, right? And so if you look at lines 517 for January 3rd, 2012, you almost have a $300,000 portfolio. Next screen, again, the increases, 7%, on line 523 and on line 539, it's 8.2%. And look at the dividend column C. Your dividends are now 3,000 every quarter, okay? And next screen, next one, okay. So next screen, on 2014, we have an increase of 6%. Dividend increase on line 571 of 7.14%. Some people might say, well, you know, you've got double percent increases earlier and now a single digit, that's very true. But if you look at the dividend on column C, how much that dividend check is, I wouldn't complain too much, okay? Because every quarter I'm getting a $3,000 check. So you think about a $3,000 check every quarter, that's $12,000, over $12,000. That's an extra $1,000 a month. That should improve the standard of living significantly, okay? And this is based on $50 a month, okay? Granted that it's been a long time, many, many years, but it really does show you that that $50 is working hard for you. Okay, next one, on line 587, a 6.25% increase, okay? And if you look at line 581, you now have a half a million dollars, okay? Just a couple more slides. Next one, line 603, we have a 5% increase, okay? And if you look at line 615, over on the right-hand side, January 2nd, 2018, you have a portfolio that's worth $746,000. Next screen, on line 635, you have a 5.26% increase in your dividend, and on line 651 at the bottom, it's a 6.32% increase. And your dividend now is at over $5,700. So this is the end of it in 41 years, okay? It's very interesting. So $20, $50 a month times that by 41 years, okay, you basically put in $24,700, okay? But the amount of dividend that you invested, the amount of dividend you collected is $228,000, okay? So I figured it out that what you had was not only the dividend you plowed back in, the stock also appreciated. So the stock appreciation is at $702,000. Now this took 41 years. The cost per share, if you calculate the dividends that you got, you add it to your $50, you would get and you average out the cost. Your average cost would be $43.12. If you base it on just the $50 that you invested, and then with all the stock split, your cost base is $4.21. So to me, and as of today, if you do the calculation, the value, the market value here, when I ended it in April 1st, 2021, which was last year, it was 955,000. Today, with the market closing, you will have a portfolio that it's over a million dollars. Okay, so I'm gonna, next one. The question was, where can we find the resources? There's an ETF called NOBL. It's an ETF that contains all the aristocrat dividend members. Now, what is our aristocrat dividend members? Under the aristocrat dividend member, is any company that have increased their dividend for a minimum of 25 years. So hopefully that will help you find a lot of companies that you wanna do some research because they have proven that they have raised their dividends for 25 years in a row. Now, earlier, I had mentioned IBM. And IBM in the last three years has raised their dividend by one cent. But their yield is 5%. So, and the reason why they raised their dividend by one cent was they wanted to get into this group, the Aristocrat Dividend Membership. And so they did that. So going forward, I don't think that you should expect IBM to raise the dividend very much. But again, if you're looking for yield, it is a company right now that is paying about a 5% yield, okay? Now, the other resources is a mid cap, ETF is REGL. It is the pro-share mid cap, 400 dividend Aristocrat ETF. So if you look into them, these are companies that have raised, there are medium-sized businesses, but usually medium-sized company that are raising their dividend. So that's something that might be appealing to you too. So, okay. And then what was the question? I saw a question flashed through. Yeah, Harriet, there's quite a few questions and we have a few minutes left. So let's see if we can back up and get a few of these answers. Okay, is $50 a month still a realistic number? Yes, okay. Or less than that too. Because the brokerage firm no longer, you can buy fractional shares now. So you could do $10, you can do $50, you can do $100 even though the stock is, Johnson & Johnson is at 182 a share. Okay. And then we have a question. Sometimes the stock price drops, even there are dividend income, the dividend may not make up. For the dividend may not make up the income. Any advice on this situation? The dividend will not, what, be enough? Yeah, if the stock price drops. Oh, okay. The dividend, what is a dividend? A dividend is part of the profit that the company is making that is distributing to the shareholders, okay?   So that can help you do some planning, okay? As far as the stock market fluctuating, it always goes up and it goes down, but over in the long run, if the company continues to make a profit, the stock price will go up. Okay. And then what does ETF and NOBL and REGL stand for? ETF means an exchange fund, okay? So instead of saying it's a mutual fund, it's an ETF, it's an exchange traded fund, okay? The NOBL is the name of the ETF, like a symbol, like IBM or Apple, AAPL. So if you type in NOBL, it will give you some information or you can go look it up on the internet or you can go to the library and do some research, okay? Okay, and I think we need to wrap it up because it's a little bit after four o'clock and we've still got a lot of people hanging on to your every word and that's great, but we do have to end. So I wanna remind everyone that we are gonna send out this recording so you can watch it again and we will send out the slides and then Harriet, if you can send me the calculations people wanted, I'll include that in the email as well, but we have to say good afternoon to everybody so that everyone can get back to what they're doing. I wanna thank you Harriet for another interesting presentation. So thank you for contributing and donating your time to the library and I wanna thank everyone for joining us today and look for that email later this afternoon. Okay. Thanks everyone. All right, well, I just wish everybody gets the courage to start investing, okay? Great advice and thank you my co-host JP. Thank you everyone and we will see you next time. All right, thank you for attending. Have a good afternoon, bye-bye.