Good mental health. I'm your host, Matt Kelly. I'm joined here by Dr. Neil Maranello. He is a Solutions Focus Life Coach from Woodstock, Vermont and a behavior expert with near six decades exploring the human condition. I've been a client of his off and on over the past two and a half decades and can speak very highly of his willingness to be of service. The good daddy as he likes to refer to himself. Right, Neil? Yes, I found that if I put my mind in the thought of being a good daddy to whoever I'm talking to, it tends to be most helpful to my clients. Certainly works for me and has worked in the past and I know that when I don't see you, I don't do as well. Our podcast series has had 10 episodes and what I like to do now is kind of just recap those episodes. It's as I like to refer to it as the 10 rules for life from Dr. Neil Maranello. It's kind of a riff on the Jordan Peterson bestselling book, 12 rules for life. And as we go through and we began our podcast series, Neil, with the topic there, I am the most important person in the world to me. And of course, you know, that speaks a lot to ego, Maslow's hierarchy of needs as well.  That's correct. And self awareness is actually quite a developmental subject. Your average baby has very little self awareness. Your average three year old believes that when he or she walks out of a room, the furniture disappears. Your average two year old Peekaboo works with. And the concept of Peekaboo is, you can't see me. It's sometimes referred to by advanced Freudians as object relations, but object is just another word for relationships for people. And the average seven year old doesn't really understand other people's perspective, whereas it's possible for an eight year old to do that developmentally. Your average 12 year old cannot be paranoid. Your average 13 year old can be because it's possible to hypothesize to say, if this then that used to be thought of that the mental development stopped around age 18 and IQ test used to stop around that point. Recent developments in videoing the brain and brain development shows that in fact a number that is closer is 25, but in fact, as long as we live, there is a flexibility in the brain in a way in which the brain can change. So the bottom line on it is that we're looking at the fact that people's thinking can change continuously throughout their lives. And that means that they can change the way they behave continuously throughout their lives if they can change their thinking. And our second topic sort of deals with that as well in terms of perception in that there is no part of you that is not a part of me. And what I got gathered from that was that I have basically created you. And while that may have no basis in reality, what I see out in the world, I have created. And so therefore, if I dislike somebody, well, I have created that dislike and that is actually a reflection of me more than the other person. Yeah, another way of thinking of it is everything is projection. If you think about a movie projector, you have the projector over here and you have the screen over here. So what you see over here is actually coming from here. And when you think about that, you realize that the stronger you feel about something, the more likely it is to be you rather than what you see. Wow, that is just so intense and so deep. And what I love about our series again is that each topic literally almost is a continual thought pattern here is our third topic of our podcast series was that each of us lives in our own reality. Again, I have created the world that I see that I interact with and that is my own personal reality and may be very different from anyone else's and probably is. Yes, probably the best research on this has to do with eyewitness testimony. If you have several people who see an accident, you will get as many stories about what happened in that accident as you have people. And that's because they not only are seeing it from different angles, they're also projecting what's important to them onto their observations. It doesn't mean that there isn't an outside reality. In fact, I have spent most of my life trying to understand what is real and what is not the understanding what is true and what is not true is another goal of mine. I don't think I'll ever reach it, but I'm closer to it now than I was 10 years ago. And if aging doesn't affect me too much, I'm hopefully hopefully be closer to it in 10 years from now than I am now. But the thing that is most important is to recognize that whatever is happening is being observed and the observer has a major influence on the way they perceive it. So do we project onto what we see? Yes. Do we change what we see because we're looking at it? Yes. Does that mean that I can walk through the wall? Probably not. There are people who say, you know, in the right distribution of molecules, there's more nothing, there is anything that it might actually be possible to walk through the wall. I just watched the movie The Man Who Stare Goats over the weekend and what was coming up was sort of just what you're talking about in that, again, if you get down to a quantum level, again, what we see really isn't there. And that, in fact, is going to be one of our topics for our next series in our podcast series here. And again, if you live in your own reality, that very well may be possible. So it was an interesting thing because the movie opens with, you know, this military guy staring at a wall and believing that the wall really isn't there and he was going to go through the wall. And of course he didn't. Yeah, I think that we have to deal with the fact that our beliefs have a major impact on what we see and on what we do and what we say. And once you understand that in many respects beliefs are us, then it becomes possible to see and separate out reality and truth from other people's perceptions.  And then that can, you know, inform your reality or create your reality. And it's something that, you know, I continue to struggle with even today. Well, self-talk is a major force in our perceptions of reality. But everybody is different from everybody else. Everybody is special in the sense that we all developed areas of specialty. And the idea that the way of judging one person against another has to do with their intelligence or has to do with some other variable is actually a projection that comes from someone who thinks that this is important, more important than that. If we had a culture or a subculture that emphasized grace instead of abstract reasoning, we wouldn't have IQs. We'd have GQs for grace quotient. And how smoothly we moved would have me operating at a very deficient level. And again, this is the natural segue into what was our follow-up podcast that each of us is doing the best we can with what we have. And, you know, internalizing that, you know, given the negative self-talk that any one of us has, we're still trying to navigate in our own reality in the world outside that reality as best we can with what we have. That's correct. And the self-talk is the thing which is possibly modifiable. In other words, if I believe I'm doing the best I can and I see that there's a way I can do better by changing the way I believe or the way I think, then I have the opportunity to actually break the rule. And the rule is that the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior. The bottom line on that one is that the way you think determines the way you behave. You can change the way you think because you see a better way for you to behave that you can say, hey, I thought I was doing the best I could, but now there's a way I can do a little better. Then you wind up not just changing the way you think, but also changing the way you behave in the future and breaking the rule of insanity. And that was, in fact, the subject of our follow-up podcast, which was the only rules controlling me are my own. And that is regardless of what society may put forth as to rules of behavior regarding maybe violence or whatever. But it is ultimately our choice to follow those rules or not. And that is the only thing that I can control in essence, the rules that I make for myself. And in a sense, you know, I've even talked about that, that sometimes that's even difficult to do. So the only rules that are controlling me are my own, but sometimes even that's hard to manifest or to obey. Well, all rules are modifiable as a future thing that we'll talk about in future podcasts discussed, the idea that in fact, there are no systems that are absolute, that all systems have flaws. Any rules that you set also have flaws. There are no absolutes. What we can do is take a look at the rules that we set and compare them to the situation we're in at any given point in time and change those rules if they don't apply to the situation. Flexibility is from my perspective the single most important quality to have. The rule that I have that I apply most often is don't hurt other people unnecessarily. Good rule. Our next topic was something that you had written almost more as a self rule for you, but it did have expanding applications to the community and our viewership at large, which was deciding when I finished the job is up to me, which again felt to me a very natural progression about rules. Yeah, this comes down to a reality which I had to face when I was very young and that is that I have to live with myself and no one else does. So when I'm facing a situation and I feel the right thing to do is whatever is driving me, which I believe is what I call God, I consider God to be the force for good in the universe. When I feel like I am being driven by that force for good and I feel that there's something I can do that will accomplish a job and finish a job without hurting others unnecessarily, I do it even though it may break other rules. The rules for psychologists, for example, are very clear and I have broken those rules because in specific situations it didn't make sense to me because people were going to get hurt otherwise. And again, this follows right into our next topic. Our eighth podcast was quality of life is the only variable that matters and I can see how that totally jives with what you just said, that you had to decide when to finish the job or break the rule because perhaps you could not have lived with yourself had you not and that would have been a quality of life issue that you would have had to carry around with yourself going forward. That's correct, yes. Quality is one of the ruling forces in my life. I look for quality in specific areas that I feel I can achieve it. Other areas doesn't especially matter. The other concept is good enough. In other words, if I can get a good enough job done in a particular situation that's not that important to me, I'm fine with that. But when it comes to the job that I have, which is helping people change for the better, I look for quality and I'm always working on improving myself. My definition of professional is somebody who is better at what they're doing now than they were a month ago and will be better a month from now than they are now and never get perfect. Our ninth topic was that all human systems are flawed. You just spoke about it and I love it. I love it in our 10 best rules for life, if you can. If you go out there with that understanding, it can bring about less conflict or less frustration, I think, on the individual who is acting within their own reality but has to deal with systems or rules that society has made in order to try to, again, not be evil and not do harm, but that all human systems are flawed and if you can accept that, grace probably is more readily available. Yes, yes, because when you accept that all systems are flawed and again human systems versus systems, as you pointed out in our podcast, nature is potentially a system that is not flawed. But when you accept that all human systems are flawed, you can escape the trap of absolutes, the idea that absolutes apply. It's one of the concerns that I have about the concept of ethics. Ethics is what other people tell me I should do in a situation they've never been in before. Truth is that everything is situation ethics and therefore I change the subject to morals. There's a right thing to do in any situation and it depends on that situation and if I do it, I feel good about myself. If I don't do it, I have to deal with the self-talk that can result in shame and in my deciding how I'm going to change my behavior in the future. But accepting that all systems are flawed allows me to look at any situation I'm in from the perspective of what are all the variables operating at this point on this fact and that's where the the BASC concept comes in. In any videotape, you can look at it over and over again and separate out who's doing what, what the behaviors are. The A is for affect, which is another word for emotion, what is each person feeling and mad, sad, glad, or scared. The S is the sensations, what are the the actual senses that are involved, whether it's seeing or hearing or touching or smelling or tasting. And the K is the knowledge. If you watch it over and over again, you will get a picture that has the entire factor with all the variables and all of the people involved in their feelings and thoughts. And that from my perspective is what I seek to achieve in any situation. The bottom line on that one though is of course you have to operate in the moment. And in the moment, your best bet is to take into account what's happening now and that all there is is now and to understand that if included in now is the way in which the past is affecting your perception of the present and that gives you the opportunity to change the future. Wow. Wow. And you know our final topic to me sort of encapsulated it all. If that all human systems are flawed and people are acting within their own reality where they are the most important person to them, that you really need to trust people to be themselves rather than having expectations that they are going to act maybe as you would act or have the intelligence that you would have. That to me seems like again a recipe for frustration or conflict. Unless again, you can trust people to be themselves. Well, people tell you who they are. People behave in certain ways. If you observe it, and if it surprises you in one way or another, at least from my perspective, that's a flaw that I have. I need to understand what's going on in that person's mind when he or she is acting in the way they are acting. And they are explaining it to themselves as the best they can do under those circumstances. And if I can't get inside their head well enough to understand how they're explaining it to themselves, I feel that I am failing. So I work very hard to understand who a person is and therefore I can trust them to be themselves. If I don't feel like I can understand what they're saying to themselves while they're doing or saying whatever it is they're saying, then from my perspective, I'm not getting them. And my job is to get them. You can't change somebody if you don't understand their self-talk. If you don't understand what the announcer inside their head is saying to them while they're doing whatever they're doing. We're discussing the 10 rules for life from Dr. Neil Miranello. It's important to note that these are tweets from Dr. Neil. You can follow the good doctor on Twitter at coach Dr. Neil. And as the curator and the host for the podcast, I have been the one who's been selecting the order and the topics. So while as much as I like to say that these are the 10 rules for life for Dr. from Dr. Neil Miranello, in a sense, you might say that these are my 10 rules for life based on the tweets of Dr. Neil because you certainly haven't put them in this order. So I do take full responsibility that this is a direct reflection of me as much as it is of you. And I appreciate that. The process that we seem to have developed during these podcasts is very much one of cooperation. And as with all my clients, the client leads what we talk about. However, I always react with what feels right to me at the moment. And that's what I think these podcasts are an example of. Nice. And so as we move away from these 10 rules for life, so to speak, I feel that the next 10 episodes are an opportunity for us to dive a little bit deeper into some of the basic tenants that we've discussed here in the first top 10 basic facts for life. And if you looked at the order that I sort of sent you, it's a lot about, again, perception, defining reality, which is creating your thoughts or even that's a little bit backwards that your perception is informing your thoughts, which creates your reality. Yeah, yeah, there is a interesting tenant that I have, which I'm not sure we've discussed and it might be worthy of a future podcast. It is there are no grownups. And I really believe that at any given point in time, whatever a person is doing, is being controlled by a child, a child who's pretending to be grown up in one way or another, and some children are much better at faking it than others. But for those of us who have at one time or another experienced trauma, often the child was at the age that that trauma occurred can be running the show. And that child is operating from the perspective of, as we talked about before, the developmental age. So if at age three somebody gets stuck in one way or another, then you have the person that is driving the bus that's got all the other things that have been learned over time, other children sitting on the bus. But if a three-year-old is driving the bus, the bus is being driven by somebody who believes the furniture disappears when he walks out of the room. And Freud referred to that as a narcissistic stage. But the reality is there are others on that bus who can drive it. On the other hand, if they come up and say, hey, I got a driver's license, the three-year-old may say, oh yeah, where the hell were you when I had to drive this bus? So the controlling child is often the person that needs to be understood and shown some other ways of thinking that will help them to mature and to allow maturity to take place. Taking a look at some of the upcoming episode topics, they include what I see is not what's there, reality exists, meaning is interactive, no two people think alike, and your thinking reveals your belief system. So again, we're really going to be going deep here on how perception informs thinking and it creates your reality. And hopefully in these next 10 episodes, we'll be able to convey to the viewer and the listener that you do have the opportunity and the ability to change your perception and your thinking and hence your reality. That's very exciting and I look forward to it. There's nothing I like more than getting in depth. And in shrink school, I was voted the most flexible and I'm always open to others' perceptions and the possibility that I might be wrong. At the same time, getting deeper and deeper into any specific situation enables me to actually be flexible enough to understand how you think and other people think. And of course how I think because it's a loop. Wonderful. We've been speaking with Dr. Neil Maranello examining our last 10 topics here in our podcast series.  Again, that's my designation for him. A reminder that you can follow the good doctor on Twitter and examine some of his tweets personally in depth. His handle is at Coach Dr. Neil. We invite you to give these podcasts a like and perhaps subscribe and share them with those who you think might benefit. We invite you to join us on our next podcast where again the series topic will be what I see is not what's there. It's definitely a great podcast that you're not going to want to miss because it deals with perception, thinking and reality. Neil, your final thoughts. I'm very much enjoying this process, Matt. And I hope that others will also. I'm available for anybody who would like to talk to me. All you have to do is call and I pick up the phone anytime between 3.30 in the morning and 8 o'clock at night when I go to bed. And I can attest to that having called him one morning just recently at 6 a.m. with a personal issue. On behalf of the good doctor, I'm Matt Kelly. We're both wishing you good mental health.


An early warning system supports public health and security by providing a rapid response to the adverse changes in the drug phenomenon, thereby minimizing the risk associated with it. A national early warning system will allow for maintaining a surveillance system that includes information from multiple sources, such as epidemiology, public health, forensic experts, national security and border agencies, and community-based agencies. A few months ago, some of us shared some space together for a week where we did some initial discussions and reviews on current threats and trends within the drug market, and we looked at psychoactive substances specifically. And some of you have returned today and I'm happy to have you here. For all of us, we are all key stakeholders and partners in our national effort to minimize the impact of drugs on our health, on our people, on our economic development. And so, each of you bring to the table some very valuable experiences and expertise that we know together would allow for very successful commencement development and continuity of an early warning system. Establishing an early warning system also means the building of capacities that would allow for, among other things, more rapid and accurate information on new and emerging drug phenomena in the drug market and the systematic monitoring of the availability and consumption patterns and other emerging drugs. Workshops participants include medical and public health practitioners, emergency response personnel, law enforcement, border control, forensic science practitioners, community and social support officials, and financial intelligence agents. During the workshop, the participants will receive training on the detection of emerging drug-related threats, risk assessment, issuing of alerts, follow-up actions, monitoring, and surveillance. The drug problem in our region continues to evolve and the emergence of new psychoactive substances, known as NPS, and opioids such as fentanyl, as all of you are aware, have resulted in dire consequences for countries in the Americas. In particular, those in North America, the USA, and Canada. You know as well as I do about the overdose incidences and deaths that have been rising over the last few years in the USA and Canada. In our region, in the Americas, we have Argentina. Where last year we had about 20 persons dying because of opioid list substances that they ingested without knowing what they were taking. And indeed, even more closer to home, about a month ago we received the news from Trinidad and Tobago from the early warning system there of the discovery of their first synthetic drugs lab, which was manufacturing methamphetamine in the south of Trinidad. And then about three weeks ago in a similar event to this one in Barbados, incidentally where I'm from, there was the discovery of synthetic cannabinoids in the drug market there. So these things are getting closer and closer to home. Chief medical officer Dr Sharon Belma George said the early warning system workshop provides the opportunity for shared knowledge and allows for solution to learn from its counterparts who have already implemented an early warning system. Looking at the methodology from the agenda that is prepared, I see a lot of success for us and I'm really looking forward to the launch of our national program. I'm hoping it's very soon because a lot is happening that we are not aware of. And from where I stand, we manage a lot of the end products. We'll see the increases in our health facilities. We'll see the increases in hospital admissions. We see what's happening with our young persons within the mental wellness center, but detecting the root issues from very early and managing it from that point, preventative ways, always the most cost effective way of dealing with this. I also want to take the opportunity to recognize the substance abuse secretary led by Mrs Lloyd Felix for organizing and putting this very well organized conference together. I really see success at the end of this. So I take the opportunity to welcome you again and to thank you for being here with us and wishing you a fruitful conference and also to officially declare the conference open. The early warning systems workshop was made possible through financial support from the Government of Canada. From the communications unit of the Ministry of Health, Wellness and Elderly Affairs, Julia Peter reporting.


Hey guys Shiver 1,000 here Beautiful day. I'll check this out. Not a cloud in the sky Okay, one cloud, but it's not a rain cloud So I was gonna, you know, maybe build a fire sit back have a cold beer this afternoon Beautiful not too hot fate Being the wonderful friend that fate is Had other plans for me Stay tuned. I'll show you what they are first of all check this out. This is working good This is working like it's supposed to what could that be you might ask where you might not give a shit, but I Do I'll show you what that might be now I thought that was the culprit which it had a lot to do with right?  I just reached down and grabbed this. This is my hand soap All right It is a by the way, it's It's all my hands so now so I got to looking up under here Then we got something going on there. You may think it's leaking right here But it's not and I can tell because see this It's leaking from up from up there. Okay, so we got to find out What's going on here?   Why why why would you ever want to you know? I don't know use that stuff on a sink anyway. All right, so I'm gonna get the Hey, I forgot about this. We just found a treasure a Video treasure. We're going to use the tea maker. We'll do a review on that for mr. Coffee I've got all about that. We got this thing. This is a blender There's another blender back there. I'm not sure what this is I'm guessing maybe a piece of this blender So I don't know anyway, let me get this crock pot out of here and I'll get you set up in here Somehow I'll figure this out.   No, nothing. I'll drill hole in that So I get my jigsaw in there Because I cannot find a circular saw I ain't been able to find it for like your noise alert. All right, and we're just gonna cut straight back We're gonna cut this we're just gonna cut what we can out of this for now and So I can see what I'm looking at behind there. Let's just make it thick stuff I'm not gonna put a piece of wood in there number one. I don't have one number two What's the damn point right replace this that back wall before we put the new sink in Meantime I got spray a lot of bleach down there at it real close. I don't think it's black mold I'm still gonna spray some bleach down there I got to get all this stuff cleaned up guys, and I'll be back with you in just a second. Okay, so I've got We've got some what cleaned out down in here. Now. This is what we're looking at But what I want to do I want to find out why that's leaking someone turn this on and I can see it Running down here, and it's running down fast. See it It's running. I know that's where it's coming from because If I put my hand around here, it almost see it's coming I don't know if you can see that's coming around my hand right there So it's coming From right up in there, so I'm gonna have to try to take that off. Let's shut this off I'm gonna have to take this line off Find out what the issue is go from there something might be split now they make a Ranch for this it's called a basin ranch I don't have we need to find out. I'm just gonna go and take this off down here at the bottom, too Okay, I'll show you that ranch. I do have pipe wrenches in there, but This is small enough to get up in there because I don't have Oops, sorry the basin ranch because I sprayed a bunch of Bleach this is what this is what it looks like here. That's the end that hooks up there Into the top you guys see that Looks like rust, but it's not right there. It's leaking down back. Sometimes these nuts will crack that'll cause it, but I'm gonna get some real fine sandpaper or See if I can find an SOS pad brittle pad or something and I'm gonna clean this off real good And let's see what we got from there. Oh first let me show you this. I've got this cleaned off nice and clean so I Don't think this pipe is the issue. I think the issues up in here. I think that's the issue I think the issues right up in there No, I don't know If I can what I've done a few times here, I'll show you What I've done before when they've leaked like this I can make it seat sometimes sometimes you can make it seat You can put it up in here Like you're gonna put it on I'm gonna type my hand and you can turn this Just like that and I'm gonna hook it up down here at the bottom make sure you can start these by hand You can't they're probably crooked. You don't want to strip them out. I mentioned the wall inside there I know it's been wet. It's gonna be That's gonna pose another issue not just because of the that's not a problem hanging up the pieces of drywall The issue is this is an outside wall. So I'm 99.9% sure it's insulated Judging from the attic. It's that blown-in stuff Which is a pain in the ass to clean out and once you do clean it out you can't you can't just Roll insulation up in there and be done with it I'm gonna have to leave that wall open for at least a week With some fans on it to keep it from or to get it to dry out before even putting insulation back up in there Okay, where up is it and then I got to find out how far up it is To I want to go six or eight inches higher than that just to be sure and I want because you know, I want the Want the studs to dry out too. Okay, let's turn this on Shit see what I was doing. I'm sorry. Let's turn this on and I got Monkey messaging me Save the leak. Alright, so I'm gonna need a new faucet or at least take this one out and find out What's going on which I think that would have just stopped I think it just stopped, but I don't know if I want to trust that Okay, let me let me check my messages That I'm sure that was monkey and She'll get worried if I don't get a hold of her right away. So hang on. I'll be right back Okay, guys, they stuck his back off again because I Didn't hit record someone show you What I did it's got these washers in here. Okay, and see it's got a Like a wedge shape to it and what that does is it goes on to this pipe up here, of course after your after your gym nut and That goes that'll go like that and that goes around that nut now as this puts pressure on this this squeezes Okay, and when it squeezes squeezes around that pipe there and that's what holds it tight Okay, so I'm gonna put this on here I'm gonna put that on Now I'm gonna push It's all the way up on here as far as I can get it and I'm gonna tighten it Okay, I do same thing this other side here taking this side over here first. You're not supposed to need tools on these Now I'm gonna tighten this up Let's check the drain and make sure it's not leaky make sure it's not gonna slide off of there again Okay, it looks pretty good the other pipe I gave it another little tight and just to be sure and It seems to be holding up pretty good That one there's a Kohler, which is a good one they just get worn out and I'll show you another Thing like right here in the hot water side look down Right there it's loose and look right here That's leaking It's leaking around there So I'm gonna take this all apart and I'm gonna clean it and see if I can get that any better And then I'll be back with you again Okay, so I pulled this off and I found the leak for that You see that crack right there. That's like a little gasket that way you can turn this okay There's another one down here on the bottom looks pretty good, but this one here is cracked so we just need a new faucet and One of them things Get this back on here. I mean, I don't know how old this is. I'm guessing it's probably probably the original Faucet for this house See the water there. So let's take let's take this off. Let's see if there's anything we can do with this Yeah, I thought I bought a faucet one time at a thrift store or something like that, but Apparently I didn't yeah see that there's I'm not even gonna mess with that because I know what that is There's a washer down in there and I'm pretty sure I don't have one so I'm not even I'm not even gonna mess with that As long as this ring drain it down into the sink and not back behind there what you did is Say you can see that say it running down there. I may put a new faucet in there. I don't know I Just have to see what we got going on. All right guys. So there's that everything's fixed There's all my junk. I got a clean up That's somewhat clean down under there now so I'm gonna give it a final check and All by the way guys this these this is just how they come off Yeah, they just slide on there, and then you got your it's a just a Phillips head Screw Take your wrench your screw up, and you put your cap back on just like that. See it's a collar Just it's just an old collar, and it's it's just no good no more I mean, you know things wear out people don't understand that why just put that in there back in 1927 You know Whatever I knew an old guy like that, you know Something that happened to his lawnmower He's like why just bought that new back in 56 I'm like dude. It's 96. You know, I mean and he was service. They just don't make things like they used to Okay, so everything looks good there But again, I'm going to give it a once over and make sure and Everything's good here and there so Everything looks there's no leaks So I'm going to keep an eye on it though Uh, and just make sure like I said that wall though that you know like look at this press board stuff I mean, why would you why would anybody cabinet makers really come on make stuff out of this No, and damn well there's eventually there's going to be a water leak somebody's going to spill something whatever the case may be You put pots and pans down there that ain't clear dry and we all know what that stuff does it just bubbles up I mean, why would you you know and this shit is expensive man? This was expensive when this house was new back in 1994 or 96 or whenever it was so You know, it's just just one of them things at least it's still Working good.  I'm turning it on now because it's hot okay, so guys I want to say thanks for watching. I appreciate it and uh Hopefully you learned something dammit delay. Hopefully you learned something and hopefully I taught you something and uh Forget what I was going to say. All right guys. Thanks for watching. I appreciate it Shaper the myth the man a legend. I'm going to clean up and uh Call it a day. Thanks for watching guys. Bye. Bye. Have a great weekend


Basically, the main agenda of this presentation is that that various types of technologies that we have available at IIT Bombay for the distance education. I know you people are been aware about from last two days our basically focusing on the AGU SAT and the satellite based V-SAT connectivity and interactive transmission. But CD at IIT Bombay basically works for various technologies which are apart from satellite technology. As Photexer has mentioned in earlier session we have got a web based technologies also. So here in this small presentation I will try to make you people aware about the different type of technologies that we are using at the CD IIT Bombay keeping focal point on the web based technology. Now this is a small umbrella of various technologies those are available at CD. You can see we have started with the live webcast then video on demand then learning management system we provide then the CD DVDs are available what we get archived and recorded then we stream our courses through the explore TV channel also. And the content from the IIT Bombay are also available from the YouTube whereas AGU SAT is our one of the oldest possible technology for the distance participant. We will take few technologies one by one and try to cover the different umbrella available at IIT Bombay. Now live webcast what exactly live webcast is IIT Bombay has started webcasting free live webcast courses from 2nd January 2008. Now live webcast courses enable student to participate in the IIT Bombay courses as individuals. Now what exactly the live webcast is that we have found there is a some limitation with the satellite based technology as satellite has got only one channel this is the satellite enable studio we have studio come classroom where from we have started transmitting but the limit was that at max we can transmit as good as 10 number of courses per semester. So if you want to scale the model we want more and more channel. Now the cost of the transponder on the satellite the maintenance cost the uplink the bandwidth and other thing it is very difficult to cope up with the number of courses available at the IIT Bombay we have got around 500 courses per semester in IIT Bombay. Now to match up with the demand and the supply the people who want the services and the type of different courses we have available we were in search of some technology which can cater to the requirement available at this point of time. So we found web to be a good tool which can be used wherein we are streaming the actual live classrooms to the world and using the world world because there are certain limitation with the satellite that we will see later on. But with the webcast it is possible to reach out to everybody who is interested to listen to the IIT Bombay lecture. Any individual can access the live courses from anywhere across the globe through the browser. Now what you required for accessing the webcast or the web based courses is listed here. The internet connected PC what you required with 100 kbps of bandwidth we have tried to find out such a common minimum requirement of an individual that can be catered to the internet. Because streaming the video on the internet is a very difficult part because the amount of bandwidth that is required for the recipient naturally is very high if you are streaming the video. So we have come up with the solution which can provide a reasonably good quality of video at 100 kbps. Now why 100 kbps? The reason 100 kbps is that whatever connection available at the recipient just take for example a broadband connection or a dial up connection with 128 kbps bandwidth can cater to the 100 kbps of video. So if you have got a simple dial up connection or if you have got a broadband connection of 128 kbps you can easily access our courses. Next thing which is required is the windows operating system with the standard browser may be Firefox, Mozilla or internet explorer. It is also possible that you can access our courses through the Macintosh operating system using VLC player or on the Linux machine using the M player. So by this way we have tried to achieve the global reach not only the regional or local but the global reach to cater our courses across the globe. Now if we consider this streaming what we are doing on the live basis is the time bound whenever the class is happening that is being streamed and you can see it. Now there was a question that suppose some working professional want to see the course suppose somebody is sitting in the their own institute but having some different schedule at that point cannot take to the course because it is not possible that our timings and their timings always being sink. So we have a need to find out some solution that can cater to the offline streaming also. It may happen that we should give the flexibility of the recipient to see the courses whenever he has got a time. So we come up with the solution what we called as the video on demand view the solution. If a student is not able to view the live webcast but he can access it offline also using the video on demand service. The archived video is stream on demand to the viewer and there can be n number of simultaneous concurrent viewers. This video on demand service is different than the video on demand service that has been catered by this direct to home operator like Dish TV or Tata. These people say that you have to join the film at this and this time and then the film will end at this and this time and same film keep on rotating it is not like that. Whenever you are clicking our side the independent session will start for you only and it will be streamed independently. So this video on demand service we have started but being it is independent session based on the viewership and demand it is available for only registered participant. Now what exactly registered participant we are going to see but this service is not free. What we call this kind of services is the value added services. Now with this we have found that only giving the live transmissions and giving the video on demand is not enough because this is the one way transmission either our live transmission or video on demand it is only a one way transmission there is no feedback loop from the participant to the transmitting end. So now we were interested in finding out some solution wherein we can achieve some amount of interactivity between the transmitting station and the recipient. Now in this case we have tried to use the Moodle that is the learning management system which is used in IIT Bombay. So the student who are again this service is available only to the registered participant because we cannot allow anybody to enter into the IIT B Moodle. So whosoever is a serious participant they can pay a small amount of fee and then they can become a part of the learning management system. Here they can put their queries questions have a interaction there is a provision of a live chatting also and by this way we have tried to achieve a feedback channel interactive channel from the remote student to the IITB student and TAs and the faculty also. So the Moodle gives a complete open platform for interaction for all student teaching assistant and faculty also. Now coming with all these three four solutions we have come up with a Moodle of interaction a model what we call this as a solo mode. Now solo mode the free live webcast is available for everybody you can take a course on live whereas by paying 1000 rupees per course you can register as a value added solo mode participant into the CDP IIT Bombay. On registration as a participant in the CDP IIT Bombay you will receive a login them and password through which you can access the learning management system of that subject plus you will access all the courses recorded till that date on the video on demand service. So you will have the facility available video on demand you will have the facility of learning management system and you can see the live webcast also. By this way we have come to a model in which you can have access to the IITB courses in the limited interactivity way using the internet. Now the entity in this is the student. We have seen that while using such kind of technique the individual want to participate and there are no more solutions available for individual to participate. The name solo has been given to this mode because any individual having a internet connectivity of 100 kbps by paying just 1000 rupees can access to any course in IIT Bombay which is available through CDP. So CDP makes all their courses available on the webcast. Last semester we have made around 37 courses available whereas this semester we have made 27 courses available and number is being varying based on the even or odd semester. To simplify the payment terms also we have come up with the solution online payment system. You can visit to the CDP site, you can have a choice of the courses available, you can just shop the courses and the bill will be presented to you. You can pay by either master card, visa card or SB and net banking and immediately within few seconds you will get a login them password and you can start your learning. Now we just try to compare the satellite courses versus the webcast courses. Now the satellite courses basically require the satellite receiving terminal whereas webcast courses no extra hardware is required what is your PC can be used as a your receiving terminal. Second thing is that the cost of hardware that is the satellite receiving terminal is huge. So individual or the small organization cannot afford it whereas in the webcast course you have got just your PC which is of negligible cost or by default many people will have. Then the maintenance of SRT is another issue the geographic limitation. Satellite has got its own footprint. So the edge you said what we are using has a footprint of the India and the Sark countries around. So you can only cater the audience which is situated into the Sark nations whereas when we go to the webcast we can cater to the global audience. Then the satellite solution is basically more suitable for the community learning group of people will come together having a satellite receiving antenna and screen and everything and then they can and whereas the webcast solution is best or ideal for the individual learning. Then the best part of the satellite technology is that satellite transmission or satellite based education is interactive whereas in webcast kind of or web based course kind of solution the interactivity is through LMS. So the major issue between the satellite based and the web based education is that in web based education you have got limited interactivity through LMS whereas on satellite transmission you will have a complete interactive kind of transmission. This is the major difference between two technology. Let us talk about the interactivity. Now the problems with the online interaction and benefit with the LMS is a simple slide I have put I just want to show you a different angle apart from the satellite because satellite we are using from last 10 years more or less. So satellite we have done lot of work now we are finding out some another option which is cost effective scalable global and easily accessible for individualized learning. So here are few parameters that we will like to discuss the problems with the online interaction. What happened with the online interaction the time is limited you cannot have unlimited discussion. So if there are 4, 5, 6, 7 centers simultaneously connected then the time slot or the opportunity given is selective. So basically the online interaction although it gives us a satisfaction of interactivity but there is a time limit there is a selectiveness and limited interaction because we cannot continue the argument for a longer period somewhere we have to stop whereas in LMS if you see because 2 days you people are going through the Moodal LMS and everything. So I am just not marketing the LMS but I am seeing the benefit with the LMS is there no time limit. You can access your question at any time you can generate your query at any time you can get the answer whenever the person want to give the answer right. Now multiple queries can be possible you can ask one question he will answer and you can again ask the sub question and again he will answer and the discussion may go on. So the multiple queries can be generated multiple solutions can be given suppose I put one query and there are 3 people responding me like a blog wherein you can give the 3 different solutions also. Then the interaction with the teacher with the fellow student is possible. Now the fellow student's interaction was not possible in the satellite communication only the teacher is answering the queries but here in LMS what happened suppose I am generating one query a teacher is also answering a TA is also answering maybe a fellow student can also answer if he has got answer he can put post is a probable solution. So everybody will have equal chance now there is no selectivity whosoever have a doubt or query they can post their question and get the result. So by this way we can justify the LMS based interaction is also another type of interaction wherein one can cater to the problem. So apart from these LIU webcast courses or solo courses we have got another range of solutions available the other solutions are the screencast. Now what exactly screencast is there are so subject available wherein we do not want the person to be presented.  But if I ask you to sit on the machine see the screen select this drag this drop this click this and you will get the solution. So basically screens are very important. So we have come up with one solution in which we are only transmitting screens with the audio. So wherein especially this is a targeting to the application software based training programs like for example MATLAB. If you want to learn how to plot a 3D graphs in MATLAB or SILAB. So best way is that you have to transmit the screens only and wherein you can explain on the background. So we have come up with the solution what we call it as a screencast which is again very much bandwidth effective it does not required much bandwidth. So on 36 kbps also we can transmit this screencast on the flash mode. Next is spoken tutorial we have come up looking to the India as a poor country we are bank did not have a sufficient bandwidth. So we have to find out certain solution which can cater to the general audience. Being our problem is the bandwidth we should find out certain such type of solutions which can sustain with the lower bandwidth non reliable bandwidth that is why the other solution which is available is the spoken tutorial in which we may have found that many time I am not needed my slide and my voice is enough. So why I should project my video once you have seen me that is all ok. So what we have done in spoken tutorial the slides and the audio has been modulated together and transmitted. So it requires reasonably less bandwidth than the video and that can cater to the certain type of subjects very well. We are also streaming a CLAVE TV channel so what most of the courses those are being recorded into the NPTEL courses are being available through the NPTEL TV channel. Now looking into the cable TV operator politics they did not stream the CLAVE TV channel through the cable network. Now how to make the cable network available or how to make the cable TV channel available what we have done in IIT Bombay we have put our own discantina we received the channel and we stream it into the campus. You people can also make such kind of efforts in your institute to cater to your student to make the channel available. Then we have started recently as we are streaming video video video we have started why we do in the stream audio only and we have come up with the audio streaming solution and we have given the solutions to the student of IIT Bombay they have started at campus radio. So, in which on the internet based web radio they are transmitting their own programs and making the people aware about the campus activities and the different type of functions and programs those are being conducted into the campus. We have also started reach out is our newsletter in which whatever development we do in the period we publish it every 2 months. I think this later newsletter you are receiving at your institute also because we sent around 5000 copies free of cost to almost all the engineering colleges and polytechnic colleges in India. Then the live webcast event be in touch with the IIT Bombay website whosoever good eminent person those comes to the IIT Bombay for delivering the lectures. Most of the lectures are available on the live webcast. So, by sitting to your place only you can also attend the lectures in the IIT Bombay through the live webcast. Now, looking ahead all these things are available now the few things those are going to hit very soon. Now, the direct to home DTH facility we have already going through a discussion through the Tata sky for the making IIT Bombay courses available through the their direct to home service whereas, now in the mission of education corridors of learning Prasar Bharti is giving a dedicated direct to home channel to IIT Bombay to transmit our courses. So, it may be now possible that you can have a 2500 rupees discount in IIT your home and you can see IIT Bombay courses to the direct to home facility. Maybe we can couple that channel to the DD discount in now which is available 1800 rupees also. Then the IPTV, now IPTV we are already started this project with the BSNL Delhi for streaming our courses through the IPTV network. So, see we are trying to cater almost all the types of network which are available for the communication to reach out to the every possible segment of the society. So, IPTV being this is the new technology basically they are going to launch in 78 metros only in the first plan by the end of this year BSNL is a service provider. So, we have tied with the tied up with the BSNL and maybe by next month IPTV based facility from IIT Bombay will be operational. Then we have already said NKN that is the National Knowledge Network Terminal in IIT Bombay where in all the IITs and all premium institutes are connected to the network through which on HD quality based interactive learning experiment we are going to perform. Already we have got a bilateral pilot project on teaching one course from IIT Bombay to IIT Gandhinagar last semester we have tried Professor Sonumand has delivered that course and it was very successful. In future coming days we are trying to set up a Wikipedia wherein you can have a courseware of different subject whereas the virtual laboratories experiments are also under process. So, we are trying to find out the solution wherein we will set a laboratory in IIT Bombay that can be actually accessible operate the student can do the experiment from the remote station also. So, this is all about the different type of services technologies and that we are trying to incorporate and we have already executed at IIT Bombay. Virtual lab is now premature level we cannot claim anything but the basically the idea is that virtual lab will be something different than the simulation it will not be a simulation wherein you can simulate something get the result it will be a real kind of thing. For example, let us take there is a one equipment which is very costly it is not affordable for every institute to purchase that costly equipment. So, the equipment will be available at IIT Bombay and the control will be given to the some distance participant and they can perform they can give the input they can see the reading from there. If you may have seen the some equipment which has been controlled through the web-based control system kind of thing but those will be basically educational experimental based not a research and second thing the this will be applicable to the specific experiment it is not possible that the entire IIT Bombay laboratories will be become virtual. So, if you go through the IIT triple E website also you will find that there are so many papers on virtual laboratories but every virtual laboratory paper will consist of only one experiment. So, it is not a generalized solution but this is that that is why I told that it is at the premature level. Once we come up with the solution we will deliver what exactly we are going to give but here right now it is a concept concept and we have started working also. In one of the slides you said that some students can pay some amount to IIT and register for a course and access the LMS and other systems right. So, do you have some kind of data on how many students are actually registered? Yes, yes there are two things two separate things one is the free registration another is the pay registration. So, being we have got a bandwidth crunch we open pay registration for only four days last semester. So, within that four days whosoever the register or the register participant when we launch in 2008 the first year we got the register participant 600. So, we have reduced our intake capacity because being India we have got a Unicast network available the bandwidth at the server end is huge. So, to regulate that thing we open it for a very small period at that beginning of the semester and later on we close the service. If even if today you visit to our side it will say that it will open at certain date and on that date only you have to come and register yourself. Okay thanks.


So good morning everyone. Thank you very much for coming here today in the morning after the game night I hope everybody enjoyed the game night last night So it took us while to set this up thing now it is all done. We can kick this thing off Today we are here for the Fedora mentorship summit track This is our first ever in-person Fedora mentorship summit And we have been planning it for like last six months Initially, we thought we will have it separately But then because of the logic sticks reason and because we thought we will have a lovely audience like you here at Fedora So we clubbed it together Last year we did it virtually. I would like to say thank you to all the organizers of Of Fedora mentorship summit who have been I have been working with them for last six months and Because of them it is possible that we are doing it here today So it's Yona Aziz. You will see her you can wave your hand stand up and You you will hear from her a lot more stories about mentorship later today. We have Akash Deep Our second organizer, then we have Sumantro Mukherjee here Of course this name Everybody knows by now Justin Justin Florey we have Two people two other people also contributed and helped us in organizing this who are not here because of the visa reasons or some other reasons I but I'll still code their name because they truly helped us Vipul Siddharth and Samira With that I'll move forward So here we would like to dedicate this track to Marina She is not among us here, but we are here to celebrate her life and legacy I can go on and on through the list of contributions and the difference. She has made so far She was a community engagement lead at Red Hat She was the board member at Ganon Foundation God. It is making me so emotional right now She also was one of the founder of Eda initiative She core organized the force outreach program We used her experience without reach to contribute from to get the contribution and support Many underrepresented group. I I will not hesitate to say that if I'm standing here today Even after being at Red Hat for the last 12 years There is a huge hand and support from Marina There are many stories. I can tell about her but we are here to celebrate her life and To take her legacy forward. I would like to invite Justin here to quote a Story about Marina and then we will kick start this track with help of Yona. Thank you everyone I just wanted to share some, you know Context about Marina and the impact that she's had both in the open-source space and also here in the fedora community Just last month I came wearing my my outreach t-shirt from the 1,000 Intern celebration that took place in multiple locations all over the world last month in Nigeria in in India in Portland in Fosse and a handful of other locations as well and That was a huge milestone because Marina was also a she was one of the original founders of what was originally the GNOME GNOME outreach outreach project for women which then later became Outreachy and she was a huge driving force for making that that program grow and scale to Reaching that 1,000 intern milestone last year in the fedora community as well eight years ago are the fedora council added a diversity advisor seat to the fedora council and Marina was also an advisory part of voice to the fedora leadership at that time to help us Make more space for these kind of conversations in the community and in 2016 we had our first We do hack fests or pre-covid We did a lot of hack fests in the community where we get small teams together for a week and get people to do team building and work on a specific project or task and Seven years ago Marina was also one of the big Driving forces for us building the what was then the diversity team and has now evolved to the the DEI team in fedora so I just wanted to acknowledge both her presence and her her The legacy that she leaves behind both for Outreachy and her impact on that program and all the interns that have come through that through Outreachy but also in fedora project in our own community where she helped be a driving force for Making these spaces in our community and supporting the team to empower them to Build a team around that diversity advisor role that was added in 2018 That was just a seat on the council, but we didn't know at the time that it's like Oh, this is actually really hard work and we need a group of people to help support that person there So we just wanted to make that space for Marina because she she passed away last year from breast cancer this is a very still very fresh loss in the community and we just wanted to Make that acknowledgement in space for Marina and her life and the impact that she's had both in fedora and the wider open-source space, so Really sad that we're Still sad that we're missing her I would have loved that I think this is the kind of event that she would have loved to be at But I think the best thing we can do is you know honor her memory and her impact in the community and keep doing all The things that we're doing because I think that's what in the in the DEI space for fedora Because I think that's what she would have wanted us to continue doing so I'll pass it back over to our mcs, but Just wanted to Share that impact that she's had both broadly and in the fedora community as well So let's share a bit how we started with the idea with the idea of having fedora mentor summit Why it was important for us Um, so a mentor is someone with experience and knowledge in some area that can help someone else learn and grow So how this works in fedora until now? Uh, we have the fedora ambassadors project where they have their mentors So fedora mentors help new people to be ambassadors in the project to be the face of fedora in different events or their local communities Another way we have the fedora mentor project which Consists in helping with Let's say official internships or project like g-sol google summer of code Outreachy google summer of dogs and so on Um, and another one is the fedora adjoin sick Which the mentors there are helping new people to with the onboarding to start their first steps in the project But we also have what can I do for fedora, which is more like Something that you can do yourself that you can check on the website based on the skill set Which team you would like to join? You know to check more about the team page and so on but This way it's a bit more difficult because usually when uh, you are just joining a community You need a bit more guidance how to move forward. Um, what are the teams how you can join them? Are they doing meetings what tools they're using and so on? Um, so you need a bit more Let's say persistence to move forward and to do that first step to become a contributor in the project and then to become Later long-term contributor and so on But of course the mentorship itself is important because you know, we need the continuation We need uh to have more new people joining the project So we can pass the knowledge the expertise So in this way we can also avoid having bottleneck or Having burnout in the teams which We have seen like in different teams for example happening. So in this way we could avoid these small problems And since is you know, um quite important For the project itself, uh, we wanted to focus more on this mentorship part. So in this way we could Share the experience that we have with each other to make it as a let's say a better experience So we are we are already doing stuff As we can see, you know, it's not that this project started now. It's been quite a while in the community itself But we just wanted, you know, to um improve this experience more and to build on that Since is very fundamental part of the federalist culture Uh, so here I put it, um I was checking some Let's say stories that I could find from the community How mentorship was important for them in 2018. We had the fedora appreciation week and One of the ways how people could say thank you to the contributors in the community Was to write a contributor story Um, and there you can find like a lot of stories how having someone in in the community really impacted their experience in the project how helpful it was for them having someone that could guide them around could tell them Um, how the teams are working. Um, how they can get more involved It really made like a difference for for them in their, um journey in fedora Which also makes me realize that maybe we should repeat that again, actually So four years ago after the council hackfest that we had, um, I was chatting with begs and metho about it So we were like, okay, let's organize the federal mentor summit It took us a while to do it actually So one year ago we did the first edition of the federal mentor summit Which was online and virtually and Some of the numbers that I can share from last year So we had 93 attendees that joined us and the attendee score was 8.7 So that's the rate that we got from the participants how much they liked and enjoyed the event itself The top countries that joined us were uh, india us brazil germany and others and so Because in the beginning, you know, we were not very sure what should be Um, the event type the style how we should do it. So we did it more like kind of unconference style We did have Some sessions with presentations about mentoring how much it helps and so on but we also have Different panel discussions So we had like different fedora Mentors that were sharing their experience. We had also panel discussion with fedora mentis And another one that I really liked we invited different open source projects Like open susse, libre office And gnome to share how Mentorship was working in their communities. What were some difficulties that they were facing? Um, and some things that working were working well for them So we could you know share the experience with them and see how we could help each other Which I hope that because this year it was a bit tough to do something similar But maybe the next addition to invite, you know, more also other projects That could join the fedora mentor summit So when we were thinking about putting the goal For us for this year fedora mentor summit We decided that the best would be To foster the culture of mentorship and support the fedora project council strategy Around establishing a community Where everyone has a mentor in fedora and everyone in fedora is a mentor So basically let's make mentorship a fundamental part of fedora's culture So what we will have in the agenda today After this session we will have a panel discussion About mentoring and mentorship best practices in fedora Then after the break we will have some DEI workshops and different activities It will be Not livestream because it will be more like hands-on. We will be in different groups So it could help us to know each other better And then after the lunch break we will have The talk from Emmy why you should join a community And the last one will be the story stage game So when we were organizing this event we organized it with the idea of improving conversation and To heavily depend on participation So please join in conversation ask questions discuss your ideas and basically let's take something out of it And please don't forget to abide by our code of conduct And that's all from my side in the end We will also ask for some feedback and suggestion how we can improve it and make it better. Thank you


U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken meets with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kiev in an effort to reduce border tensions with Russia. Australia and New Zealand send Navy ships with aid for Tonga, after last week's volcanic burst. In Japan, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announces three-week restrictions for 13 areas to slow the spread of the Omicron version of COVID-19. And in Indonesia, Aris Sumersono receives a jail term of 15 years. Sumersono has been linked to the 2002 Bali bombings that killed 202 people.


And now it's time to have a look at our first grammar unit. Grammar in its widest sense is the structure of a language. We as speakers of the language can structure our language without a problem. However, as teachers of the language, we need to be able to better analyze the grammar and the grammar that exists within statements that we make. These basic parts of grammar are called parts of speech. Each part of speech has a certain function within a sentence. Our example sentence here is, my older brother lives in Tokyo. Each one of these words is a certain part of speech which we'll have a look at in just a minute. But let's just think about the words within this particular sentence. We have my indicating whose brother it is. We have older indicating which brother it is. The word brother indicates the person in the sentence that is doing the action. Lives is the action within the sentence. In introduces the place of the action. And Tokyo indicates the actual place of the action. Listed here are some of the more important parts of speech. Many of these categories have some categories that we'll get into in a moment. But for now, what we'd like for you to do is at the end of this segment, pause your DVD. Let's begin our examination of parts of speech with nouns. Nouns are our naming words. They name a person or people such as Jack, Jill, Brother, Prime Minister. We have a place or places such as kitchen, Tokyo. Things are the things around us, pen, light, camera. We have our concepts and ideas, beauty, democracy. These people, things, places and concepts fall into two basic subcategories. Those subcategories are countable and uncountable. As their name suggests, the differentiation here is whether or not we can count our nouns or if we cannot count them. We have our countable nouns. Dogs, pens are two examples. The very nature of the words means that we can count these nouns, one dog or five pens. Then we have our uncountable nouns, the nouns that cannot be separated. Music, bread. It's important to notice and be able to identify the difference between countable and uncountable nouns as often this dictates the rest of our sentence. We have to use certain words with countable nouns and certain words with uncountable nouns. I can say I have many dogs in my neighborhood or I have a few pens here. However, if I want to talk about music or bread, I need to use words such as I haven't much music at home or I have a little bread. Nouns are uncountable. We cannot normally pluralize them. For example, I cannot say I have many types of music at home. Further subcategories of nouns include common nouns, proper nouns, compound nouns and collective nouns. A few examples of common nouns would be brother, city, street. These nouns are not typically capitalized unless they come at the beginning of the sentence. We have our proper nouns. A brother has a name like Tom. Tom needs a capital letter. It is a proper name. You have Tokyo. Tokyo is the proper name of a city. And Downing Street. Downing needs the capital as it's the proper name of the street. We also have our compound nouns. Common nouns put two nouns together in their thought of as one. They can be listed as two words, a hyphenated word or one word such as lifeboat, bookcase, car park. We also have our collective nouns. Collective nouns are the nouns that group individual things or people together. Family is one example. Family groups together relatives. We also have herd, a herd of cattle. Another example would be a pride, a pride of lions. Moving down our list of parts of speech we have our verbs. The first big difference between verbs that we need to look at is whether it's an action verb or a state verb. Our action verbs as the name suggests means that we typically can see these things in action. We can see people working and we certainly see people going to various places. Now we have our state verbs. These are basically indicating a state of being. Two examples would be seem and have or own. We have a sentence such as he seems angry and I own my house. You can't actually see the action happening even though those words are used as verbs. A very big differentiation between the two here as well is state verbs typically don't take the progressive or continuous form. That form is the verb plus ing. As I said before, he seems angry. It would be very awkward to hear someone say he's seeming angry. Additionally, own. I said I own my house. It would seem very awkward to hear somebody say he is owning his house. However, these action verbs do often take the ing form. We can easily say they are working or they are going. These are the progressive or continuous forms of the verb. We'll get into that when we talk about our various tenses. Another important type of verb is the auxiliary verb. More commonly referred to as the helping verb. These verbs aren't the main verbs within a sentence, but they help us form various structures. For instance, they can help us make questions. If I ask the question do I live in Tokyo, do is the auxiliary verb. It's helped me form the question. It helps us form negatives. If I said I do not live in Tokyo, again it's helping me form the negative statement and the auxiliary verb there is do. It helps us form the short answers. If I were to be asked do you live in Tokyo, I can form the short answer yes I do. Here, the auxiliary verb in the short answer must reflect the auxiliary verb used in the question. It also helps us form our tenses. Many of the tenses will use these auxiliary verbs. Particularly we have our continuous tense and our perfect tense. There are additional tenses that use auxiliary verbs and we'll get into that when we talk about our individual tenses. Another important aspect of our verbs is that they generally tell us what tense the sentence has been formed in. Take for instance the verb to live. We could use it as live or lives, living or lived. I live or she lives in Bangkok, meaning the present. I am living in Bangkok, still the present, or I lived in Bangkok, meaning the past. Another difference with our verbs has to do with whether or not the verb is regular or irregular. With the regular verbs, in order to conjugate the verb into the past, we simply add ed. We need not do anything more. I worked yesterday. I played football last Saturday. It's always the ed form. With the irregular verbs, in order to conjugate or change the verb into the past, we have to change the word completely. Or certainly we cannot simply add ed. So go goes to went. I went to the store yesterday. And speak goes to spoke. I spoke at a conference last Saturday. When changing the form of our verbs, there are a few patterns that we have to keep in mind. First of all, we have our one-syllable verbs, which follow a pattern at the end, consonant, vowel, consonant. In this instance, we have to double our final consonant before adding ing or ed. In two-syllable verbs, such as occur and happen, we have to be focused on where the stress in the verb comes. Here we've got occur, the stress is on the end of the word. Here we've got happen, where the stress is at the beginning of the word. When making these changes for the stress at the end of the word in patterns consonant, vowel, consonant, we double our final consonant before adding ing and ed. However, here, where we have the same pattern, consonant, vowel, consonant, yet the stress is at the beginning of the word, there is no doubling of the final consonant. Now we go back to our one-syllable verbs that end in y. Here we have a consonant before our y, as in cry. In here, we have a vowel before the y, as in play. In this instance, with consonant y, we only add ing to crying, but we have to drop the y and add ed for cry. However, when there's a vowel before the final y, we need not do anything, we only need to add ing or ed. Moving further down our list of parts of speech, we have our adjectives. Adjectives modify or describe nouns. Basically they give more information about the noun. Here we've used a noun such as chair. It could be any old chair, it's only the noun. If we want to describe the noun, we need to use an adjective before it. So I could say I have an old black leather chair. Here we have to be concerned about the adjective order. In this instance, I started with age, as age typically goes before color. And then I used a color to go before the material. This is a certain pattern. Depending on the adjectives you want to use, you always have to use certain patterns to which you'll need to be aware of when teaching your class. Another way to describe a noun is by showing possession. We do so by using our possessive adjectives. Earlier we used the example of chair as the noun. We talked about it in terms of age, material, etc. Now we could add words such as my, your, his, her, its, our, and their also to describe the chair. It's my chair, or it's her chair, or it's our chair. These are not to be confused with possessive pronouns, which of course we'll get into in just a moment. When forming our comparatives and our superlatives, we always have to be concerned with spelling patterns. With one syllable adjectives such as fast and old, where we have two consonants at the end, we simply add our E-R or our E-S-T's. However, with one syllable adjectives, where the pattern is consonant vowel, consonant, we have to double our final consonant before adding E-R or before adding E-S-T. Now with two syllable adjectives that end in Y, we drop our Y and add I-E-R or I-E-S-T. However, with all other two syllable or three syllable adjectives, we don't simply put E-R or E-S-T at the end. We'll typically keep the adjective as the same adjective here modern, but in order to make the comparative, we'll add more before modern. And when forming the superlative, we'll put the most before the adjective modern. And finally, when looking at our comparatives and superlatives, we must be aware that there are some irregular comparatives and superlatives. Two of the most common are the adjective good, changing to the comparative better and to the superlative the best. We also have the adjective bad, changing to the comparative worse and the superlative the worst. Now let's move on to our adverbs. Rather than describing nouns, our adverbs describe our verbs. There are four types of adverbs when describing verbs. They are manner. These describe how things are done. Two examples are quickly and cleverly. We have adverbs of place describing where the action happened. Two examples are here or there. We also have adverbs of time describing when the action happened. Two examples being now or recently. Finally, we have our adverbs of frequency telling us how often the action happens. Two examples being often or never. There's also another type of adverb, but here we're going to describe adjectives or other adverbs instead of verbs themselves. These are called adverbs of degree. If we were to take the adjective intelligent, we could easily say, he's very intelligent. She's really intelligent. They're quite intelligent or he's extremely intelligent. Now for other adverbs, we could use the adverb quickly. He ran very quickly. She ran really quickly. They ran quite quickly. Or he ran extremely quickly. Moving further down our list of the parts of speech, we have our prepositions. Prepositions show a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and the rest of the sentence. We have three main categories, time, place, and movement, as well as a miscellaneous category that doesn't fit the other three. Here we can have prepositions of time, before, during, in, at, or on. If I said, I work at eight o'clock, I'm showing a relationship between the time eight o'clock to the rest of the sentence. We have our prepositions of place, in, at, on, under, and between. If I said, the book is under the table, I'm showing a relationship between the table and the rest of the sentence. Then we have our prepositions of movement. These show movement towards, from, to, or through. I could say he walked through the park. I'm relating the park to the rest of the sentence. Finally we have our others, of, with, for, etc. I could say this is a gift for Gary. Again, I'm showing a relationship between Gary and the rest of the sentence. Of course the prepositions listed here are just a small example of all the prepositions. And now let's look at the pronouns. Simply put, pronouns take the place of a noun. We have various types of pronouns. They are personal pronouns, which can either be subject or object. We have reflexive pronouns, relative pronouns, and possessive pronouns. With our personal pronouns, we have to decide whether it's the subject or the object. The subject is the doer of an action, whereas the object is the one that receives the action.  In the sentence, Greg hit Pete. The subject of the sentence is Greg. Therefore, I would say he hit Pete. Or I could put a pronoun in for the object of the sentence, where Greg hit Pete, now I go into Greg hit him. With our reflexive pronouns, these are the actions that we do on to ourselves if we're speaking about ourselves or somebody else. So I could say I'm quite happy with myself, or I could say you seem quite happy with yourself. Our relative pronouns basically help us add more information about the subject of the sentence. So I could say Lake Michigan is a place where I go sailing every summer. Now let's take a look at the possessive pronouns, but we'll do so by looking at also the possessive adjectives. Now let's compare our possessive pronouns to our possessive adjectives. We can easily identify which is which by keeping in mind what our adjectives do. Our adjectives describe our nouns, therefore our possessive adjectives are describing the noun and followed by a noun. This is my pen. However, keeping in mind what the pronouns do, they take the place of a noun, our possessive pronouns do exactly that. It's mine. And one more example of this would be it's your pen and it's yours. And now we'll have a look at both the infinitive and the gerund. The infinitive is the word to followed by the base form of the verb. We'll typically use it after a verb, specifically verbs like want or hope. We can make statements like I want to go to the beach. We also have our gerund. Our gerund is a verb followed by ing, but specifically used as a noun within the sentence. We have a verb plus a gerund. I enjoy playing poker. The main verb is enjoy, and although playing looks as if it's a verb, it's actually used as the noun within the sentence. We also can use it with a preposition followed by a gerund. How about going to the beach? We could also put it in the front of a sentence. Smoking is bad for you. Again, the verb plus ing can act as two things within the sentence. We've got the gerund, otherwise the noun in the sentence. Smoking is bad for you. You've also got the verb plus ing in the present participle form, when it's the main verb of the sentence. An example thereof would be I'm not smoking. And now we'll have a look at our articles. We can divide articles into these groupings. Indefinite using a, or an an, definite using the. And oftentimes referred to as the zero article is actually the absence of an article altogether. With the indefinite article, we use it in a non-specific way. This is a pen. It's one of many pens. When using the definite article, we use it in a specific way. This is the pen I'm using. We also use the indefinite article when mentioning something for the first time. I have a boy and a girl. We use the definite article when mentioning that same thing an additional time, or any additional times we mention it. So I have a boy and a girl. The boy is eight, and the girl is six. With the zero article, we don't use an article at all. We use it to talk about things in general, or when we talk about all things together. So here, I would not use a or an, and I would simply say pens are used for writing, or children go to school. When looking at our articles, we have to remember that they always precede nouns. When looking at a versus an, many people consider this to be a differentiation between spellings. The noun will either start with a vowel or a consonant. More accurately, this should be described with how the noun sounds. Does it start with a vowel or a consonant sound? Let's look at the two words hour and university. While hour starts with an h, it actually sounds like it starts with a vowel sound. The resulting sentences are, I'll be there in an hour. Again, that's an hour. University starts with a u, a vowel. However, it sounds like it starts with a y, yuh, university. However, when we write it, or when we say it, we say it with an a, the a article. An example sentence could be, Cambridge is a university in England. And finally, let's take a look at our conjunctions. Conjunctions are linking or joining words. For example, and, but, and or. Take these two sentences, independent clauses, I like fish, I don't like shrimp. We would use but in here, and we could easily make one sentence. I like fish, but I don't like shrimp. If I wanted to say that I like fish, I like shrimp, I would simply say and I like fish and I like shrimp, or could be used in giving choices, such as in the question, do you like fish or shrimp? Here's some tips on completing your parts of speech worksheet. When providing examples for each part of speech, five one word answers will suffice for almost all of them. However, we'll need to clarify this for the gerunds. This is basically due to the fact that what you've written can either be used as the main verb in the sentence, that would be the present participle, or can be used as the gerund. For example, the word playing wouldn't be enough, as it can be used both as the verb or the gerund. So an example sentence such as, I like playing poker would suffice rather than simply the word playing.


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A huge plume of dark smoke was seen rising in the Crimean port of Sevastopol on April 29, after an alleged drone attack on the city. Sevastopol, which is on the Crimean peninsula that Russia annexed from Ukraine in 2014, has come under repeated air attacks since Russia sent troops into Ukraine last February. Russian officials have blamed the attacks on Ukraine. The Russian Defense Ministry on April 24 said it repelled an attack by naval drones on its Black Sea Fleet stationed in Sevastopol in the early hours of the day. Soon after, the Russian Defense Ministry said that three Ukrainian naval drones had unsuccessfully attempted overnight to attack Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol.