Hi everyone, welcome to the final session of the day one of the Academy and in this final session what we are planning to do is to demonstrate all analytic tools in a nutshell how we are going to use the different analytic tools, few of which is our best demonstrated in the last session how we are going to use it in a practical setting. So for this purpose, what we are going to do is we are going to access one DHS to instance, similar to what you will be accessing for doing the exercises. So, to give you a bit of context of this DHS to instance, this DHS to instance is the HMIS or health management information system of one country imaginary country called training, right. So, just assume that all of you are the health managers of the HIV program of this country called training. Okay, so what we are going to do is like you may have most of the countries like most of the health programs. From time to time, we want to assess how ours is how our health program is doing. So for example, we want to know how this HIV program is performing to do this, some simple thing that we can do by sitting at your office at national level is to do something called a desk review. So what I'm going to do now, what I'm going to demonstrate now is how to do a basic test review by using DHS to. Okay, so for this purpose, let me now share my screen and log into the DHS to instance. Okay, I hope you can see the DHS to instance now. So what you are seeing here, I have logged into this instance from my personal account, right. And in this instance, I'm seeing right at the top here I'm seeing lots of dashboards. So for a brief, briefly mentioned what dashboard is we'll be talking in depth about what these dashboards are in time to come. So what I want you to do you want to do is don't just follow the same steps that I'm doing just observe how we actually in a practical setting using different analytic tools available in DHS to perform a basic desk review. Okay. Right, so I logged into training land as a country, or national level user, and because I'm a national level user, the usual scenario is that I'm going I'm going to see lots of dashboards as you can see here I'm seeing around 20 dashboards. But mostly for this desk review I'll be focusing on this particular dashboard here which is HIV district. It's a new to right. So in this situation like because I'll be most of the time using this dashboard. I would like this to come right at the beginning of the list, right so that I don't have to go browser some I mean, sometimes it may go to the bottom of the list and it's very difficult to find to find it. So what I will do in this instance to make it come right at the top is to make is do something called star right so when I click on this star button, you can see it has been starred, and that particular dashboard comes right at the top of the list. Right. So let's now focus on what we have in this particular dash. So it is for the HIV district sub national level two, and I'm seeing some charts, there are some tables, maps, things like that. Okay. So, like, I mean, I just want to know I just want to ask a question, like what is this data representing. I mean, in, when you are learning DHS to I guess you must be aware that the DHS to we can have different old organization unit level. Right. So for example, we can have national orders. The second could be regional district health facility right from training land which is the national level. Right. Okay. So, right. Now, something I'm going to do is like most of the time I can see data from national level and just by looking at national level we will not be able to understand the discrepancies of data, which is taking place at lower levels. So to do that, without going into, I mean, like, you must be aware that we can drill down and notice we can open this each of this widget on separate modules, without doing that, from the dashboard itself, I can do something called application of filter. So when I do that, the data will be filtered data and the visualizations that you see in this dashboard will be filtered based on the filter that you set here. So let me add organization unit and a period filter. So right now it is showing data for the training land for last 12 months. Is that clear? Okay. Let me apply a filter. So first of all, I will filter data from here to show at animal and food region and click on confirm. Right. And you will see that now the data is showing animal and food region. So let me apply another filter. So that I'll be seeing data from this month. Confirm. Right. Now that you can see there are two filters which have been applied. One is organization unit filtered for the animal and food region, and this month. So what we have done is, right, just by sitting at national level, I have just, you know, like not permanently changing the dashboard transiently I have set up a filter so that all the dashboard items in this dashboard are filtered based on the organization criteria and a period criteria. Okay, you can see this. Right. Let us now focus on one of these dashboard items. Right. So let's focus on the first one, which is HIV cascade this month. Okay. So in here, when we just compare, we are seeing three data items which is HIV test positive, HIV, new one ART and last 12 months for animal and food region. Just by a comparison that I'm seeing that there is a issue like there is high reporting of HIV positive tests in this animal region, and I'm a bit concerned about this thing. Right. So what I can do is just like what you are doing on Facebook and other social media platforms, I can do something called I can open up this option here by clicking here called interpretation and detail. Right. And what I can do is, I can just make a comment here so that the person who is in charge of this region, he will have, I can communicate to him here that you have to look here you have to look at this data there is something wrong with this data. Just have a look at it. And let me know. Right. So I know that particular users name is admin. Right. So let me start. I just want his attention also so what I will do is I will start typing admin. Right. So there are a couple of admin users. So this is the one I'm interested of admin district. Right. And I'm going to basically what I do what I'm going to do is, I feel that test results are usually high for this month. And I want to know whether he has performed data quality reviews for this information right. So I'm going to type here, without taking too much time I'm going to copy paste right I'm saying admin district. So this positive seems unusually high this month have you performed data quality reviews for this information. Right. So I just type it there, and I click on save interpretation. Okay, so you can see now, I have this chart, and there is this start chart description, and I have type of comment here, which needs to be addressed by this admin district user. Okay, great. So let me now try to log in from admin district user and see what happens. Okay, let me open that account in a new dashboard. Right. And let me share the screen again. So right now, I'm now logged in from a user called admin district. Right. So from this admin district account I logged in, and let me refresh. Right. And now, when I refresh, you will see that as soon as I log in, there are two buttons here. Right. One is called interpretation. One is a message. So, so let me click and open this message and see what happens. Here is one system message. Right. I just clicked here and we have a system message. Right. And it says that you were mentioned in following interpretation. And it says, like now for example, I logged in from other users account and I typed something, and that message appears as a system message. And also in this interpretation, when I click there, it will also also show that there is a comment down to see, there you go. Right. So here it says admin district dispositive seems unusually high this month. Have you performed data quality reviews for this information. So what happens is this created interactivity between the users of the same system. Right. So you can communicate with the system, not only this, let me log in from the email account of the admin district user. So I logged in from the email account of the admin district user. And you can see this email here. Let me open that email. Right. So you see that when I typed interpretation in the particular dashboard and mentioned that particular user that user is getting an email in his email account and also is getting notifications in system messages as well as interruptions. So this is a fantastic way of communicating while you're performing a desk review. Right. Let me go back to my previous account. I hope everything is clear up to this point. Okay, so let me now remove these filters I just click on remove and remove and back at this previous original dashboard right. Right. Okay. So let me go down and I'm actually see I'm now going to focus on a few other items. So let me go look at this particular pivot table which is ART performance. Okay. So what I can do is I can basically, I mean, this is a bit of a crowded table as you can see here. So to have a better look at it, what I will do is I will just click here and try to open it in the data visualizer app. Right. So from the dashboard I'm going into this data visualizer app and I'm going to open the same pivot table in the data issuers app so that I can, you know, do some tweaking and have a better look at the information which is there. Right. So the first thing I want to know is like I'm a bit concerned about this HIV ratio of newborn ART to newly diagnosed. Right. So here I'm seeing a lot of figures based based on the district level. Right. So what I can do is I can quickly have a look at which organization unit or which district district was performing birds.  Right. So just by looking at it, I can see that this is the bird district here is the verse performing district. Okay. And then


My plans for the future. Everyone wants to reach something in life. Each age has its own purposes and achievements. I think about it a lot. When I'm 30, for example, I'd like to build my career. In this age, it's very important to have a good job and career. I'd like to meet my life companion and start our new life together. Surely people in this age are ready to have a family and children. A lot of people become more responsible because in the future it will help to reach success. At 30, it's absolutely essential to develop your personal skills and qualities to improve yourself. This period of life is a base for your success in older age. For example, at the age of 50, I want to have a calm and peaceful life. I want to travel, read books and take care of my grandchildren. I believe that if you don't do anything at 30, then at 50-60 you will not have any spare time for rest as you'll still have to work to support yourself.


The protection and promotion of human rights has the central place in Ireland's domestic and foreign policy. We are deeply committed to the International Human Rights Framework. We welcome this opportunity to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights through pledging commitments to advance human rights. I will now share some of Ireland's commitments with you. Ireland pledges to continue to champion civil society engagement domestically and internationally. At the Human Rights Council to continue to lead on the resolution of civil society space and strengthen work against reprisals and globally to continue to integrate human rights into the work of all our embassies and missions. To increase our funding to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2024 to implement our recently published updated guidelines for Irish embassies and missions on human rights defenders to equip our embassies to provide support to human rights defenders. To bring forward a second national action plan on business and human rights this will take account of and reflect the important advances in our shared understanding of the sphere of business and human rights. To ratify the optional protocol to the Convention Against Archer with the shortest possible delay. And finally to continue the promotion and protection of human rights in all our foreign policy engagements. Thank you.


Polise s If the police officers from different countries plan and coordinate together the police activities in their home country using interpol and national tools and databases, the result have to be achieved. But very important for success of the operation is well preparation phase. But result isn't only number of checks, number of arrested persons, number of seized items and so on. In this way, using synchronized police actions in the same time in different countries, we send a clear message to the criminals. The police officers from different countries around the world work together against the crime. It's necessary to improve the technical measures of security, established video surveillance, established the license plate reader system at the border crossing points and so on. Effective measures to fight against the cross border crime and corruption. At last, but not least, improve the trust and cooperation with citizens. Community-based policing is necessary to effective combatting today's threats.


Ukraine, running out of air defense missiles, cities become vulnerable. Ukraine has told its Western backers that munitions for some of its air defense systems could be almost used up by the end of March. The Washington Post has reported, citing U.S. officials. According to the sources, representatives of Kiev made the warning during a secret conference last month. The paper wrote in an article, Ukrainian forces which previously managed to shoot down four out of every five missiles fired by Russia may soon be able to target only one in five, one of the officials claimed. The lack of air defense missiles is going to have a significant effect on life in Ukraine's urban centers, the source said. Russia has been carrying out a large-scale missile and drone campaign against Ukrainian military targets, defense industrial complex facilities and critical infrastructure since the fall of 2022. Russia defense minister Sergei Shoigu said previously that the aim of the attacks was to crush Ukraine's military potential. The defense ministry in Moscow said that a U.S. supplied Patriot air defense system had been destroyed by Russian forces in Ukraine's Kharkov region. Last week, it published a video of a successful strike on a Soviet-era S-300 air defense system deployed by Ukraine in Russia's People's Republic of Donetsk. The U.S. officials who talked to the Washington Post warned of catastrophic breakdown of Ukrainian lines in the grimace contingency and the likelihood of massive casualties in the best if Kiev does not get more military assistance from Washington. The administration of U.S. President Joe Biden has been trying to push through another $60 billion U.S. in assistance for Ukraine since October last year, but has so far been unable to break the resistance of hardline Republicans who are demanding increased funding to secure the border with Mexico. NATO flexes its naval muscles in warning to Putin. Britain's HMS Prince of Wales has been pictured leading a NATO fleet as the military alliance carries out its largest joint drills in decades. According to the Daily Mail, it is noted that the Royal Navy aircraft carrier led 14 vessels in formation through an exercise in the North Sea as part of the Nordic Response 24 drill set on training the alliance's ability to reinforce Europe's northern frontiers. The 65,000-ton ship was seen flanked by the American destroyer USS Paul Ignatius and Spain's ESPS. Almiranti 1 de Borbon frigate as Swedish and Finnish fighters flew overhead, operating around the icy fjords of Norway, the carrier strike group will practice defensive maneuvers and amphibious landings to recapture Allied territory. Exercise Nordic Response 24 is part of the broader exercise Steadfast Defender 24, the largest NATO exercise since the Cold War, bringing together more than 90,000 troops from all 32 countries to train in unison as war edges ever closer to Europe amid Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is no longer in hiding. After three decades of military retrenchment, following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the breakup of the Soviet Union two years later, NATO has decided to boost its capabilities in response to Russia's special military operation in Ukraine and the threats made by its President Vladimir Putin to countries on Europe's Eastern flank. On January 24, the Alliance launched Steadfast Defender 24, its largest series of military exercises in Europe since the end of the Cold War. Scheduled to last until May 31, these large-scale maneuvers bring together some 90,000 troops from 32 countries and no fewer than 1,100 armoured vehicles, including 166 battle tanks. The exercises are taking place mainly on the plains of Poland and Norway, but also in Germany, the Baltic States, Romania, Finland, Slovakia, Greece and Sweden. This time Medvedev started cursing EU. Romanian gold creates new conflict between West and Russia. Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has vehemently rejected the EU's demand that Moscow return gold, that it claims belong to Romania, describing it as impudence. Recently, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling on Moscow to send back 91.5 metric tons of gold and cultural artefacts that were exported to the Russian Empire in 1916 to 1917 by Romania. Writing on his social media page, Medvedev, who currently serves as the Deputy Chairman of Russia's National Security Council, stated that I don't even know how to respond to such impudence. The EU has stolen $300 billion worth of Russian assets and is now demanding that Russia return gold to Romania?  Previously, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova had pointed out that in 1935, the USSR had already returned a portion of the valuables to Romania as a sign of goodwill. She also recalled that the Soviet Union had forgiven Romania all of its debts for the troubles and destruction that it caused in Russia during World War II when Bucharest was an ally of Nazi Germany. That was despite all the atrocities that Hitler's Romanian allies committed on our land and this is no less than $300 million in reparations, i.e. if converted to today's money, it would be something in the region of $4 billion. Zakharova wrote on her official Telegram channel. The spokeswoman went on to state that if these Romanian debts to Russia and the Soviet Union were expressed in terms of bullion, they would be equivalent to 1,365 to 1,665 tons of gold, which is 20 to 25 times more than Romania's entire gold reserve that was sent to Russia in 1916 to 1917. Zakharova claimed that Romania was now using Rusophobic platforms such as the European Parliament which is ready for any excuse to force onto us its century-old phantom debts. She suggested that Bucharest's demand may be part of a desperate attempt to fix the deplorable situation in Romania's national economy against the backdrop of farm strikes throughout the country.


This is CO2H2 this is called a reformer the petroleum industry is full of such reactors actually they have they keep rearranging the molecules they want carbon monoxide you cannot safer to store carbon dioxide mix it with hydrogen get some carbon monoxide here what you have here is carbon monoxide CO2 hydrogen H2O and carbon okay the reactions given CO2 plus H2 giving you CO plus H2O and then CO plus H2O giving you C plus H2O these cases the KP values are given at 1000 degrees so not much work for you in fact log KP values log to the base 10 KP is given for the first reaction this is minus 0.2 the second one is minus 0.5 and two more reactions are given this is given as 0.7 this ratio is given 1 is to 1 the problem in such reactions this is typical of reactions where a solid carbon is formed need not be carbon there are many complicated reactions in organic chemistry where you have something that is formed in the solid phase usually that ends up poisoning the catalyst so it is generally called coke when they say coke does not mean carbon necessarily it means any organic solid substance it is formed during a reaction that ruins a catalyst and the that ruins the catalytic activity so the idea is to prescribe how much of this can be formed I mean sometimes there is a tolerance so they will say you are permitted exactly 20 in this problem it says if exactly 25% of the carbon coming in as carbon dioxide made deposit on the catalyst at what pressure should the reactor operate that is the question temperature is usually fixed this is more like its considerations process considerations probably the particular process has carbon dioxide and hydrogen available at 1000 degrees so it is no point cooling it and then heating it for faster kinetics and so on so they operate at 1000 degrees but they want to know essentially if this should be 0.25 that is 25% of carbon entering as CO2 that is specified the question is what is the pressure range of pressures it says actually should be less than so four possible reactions are given in all these cases the reactions are listed without reference to how many independent reactions you have so the first step is to find out the number of independent reactions and for number of independent reactions you have to write down the stoichiometric matrix you can do that or you can do this by a simple rule for which in fact I think I told you the rule number of independent reactions be interesting to see if you can come up with an exception this rule is only a heuristic rule it is right 99.9% of the time if you can come up with a set of reactions for which it is wrong I would be very interested the rigorous proof is simply this you take this stoichiometric matrix in this case and take its rank that is the number of independent reactions that is simply the theory it is from linear algebra so you can work that out but the simpler thing is to take the number of species at equilibrium in this case 5 minus number of elements required to produce them in this case it is 5 species at equilibrium minus 3 elements which is carbon hydrogen and oxygen so with those 3 you can produce all of them therefore the number of independent reactions is 2 actually more rigorously it is the rank of the stoichiometric matrix the trouble about finding the rank of a matrix is you have to take all by 3 by 3 is and show that all the determinants are 0 by the time the quiz time will be over so it takes you all of 50 minutes to find out if to ensure that the rank is not 3 but in any case you have two reactions so you can choose any two reactions normally the way to choose this is like this you have to ask for pressure choose one reaction which is unaffected by pressure and one reaction in which the carbon you know there is a specification on carbon so make sure you choose one reaction in which carbon is produced that is a convenient way in this case it will be reactions 1 and 2 because here the number of moles does not change therefore it is unaffected by the total pressure in the total number of moles and this one produces carbon so you can just you can choose any two actually it does not matter which ones you choose the final result will be the same but for your computational purposes much easier to do it this way otherwise you will solve simultaneous equations for the pressure let us look at equations 1 and 2 the first reaction is that Kp we use Kp and then go to Kf if necessary we will assume Kf is approximately equal to Kp we can verify if the pressure is high you can go and correct it next time correct for Kp p is large that will be the second iteration so we will take Kp1 and it is equal to so total pressure by number of moles the power ?u1 we will label all these species call this component 1 hydrogen will be 2 this can be 3 this can be 4 and this is 5 so let me write out the this is simply n3 n4 by n1 n2 this is equal to exponential of whatever is given – 0.2 if you look at reaction 2 in the same rule should rate Kp prime reaction 2 involves a solid so you leave out the solid means specifying the so it will be n4 by n2 n3 this is equal to exponential of – 0.5 actually it is not even exponentials 10 to the power – 0.2 and given as log to the base 10 we will work out the moles at equilibrium it is always good to do a degree of freedom calculation to begin with number of degrees of freedom is simply the number of components minus the number of phases plus 2 minus the number of independent reactions so you get 3 degrees of freedom right this is components this is number phases so one solid phase carbon is present this plus 2 is by Gibbs and this is number of independent reactions 3 degrees of freedom the temperature has been fixed 2 degrees of freedom left what are the 2 degrees of freedom and I want you to find the pressure so you must tell me the independent ones that I am fixing that is a special constraint I have to put it in correct that is a constraint so it will determine so let us say you lost 1 degree of freedom by that specification if you say carbon deposition should be 0.25 for one more what else there is one more degree of freedom let us do the problem and come back to it because there is it is a bit tricky but it is nice to know the degrees of freedom before you do a problem but let us discuss it here first of all I have carbon monoxide in the output let us assume that X1 moles of let us say carbon dioxide or hydrogen let us take hydrogen X1 moles of hydrogen are converted in reaction 1 and X2 moles of reaction are moles of hydrogen are converted in reaction 2 right each reaction has one independent progress variable the progress variable is the same as the number change in the number of moles of one of the species normally it is taken for a product species maybe I will say H2O so we will say H2O conversion H2O formation is same as this but the minus same so if X1 moles of water is not in the input so this is X1 plus X2 at the outlet then if you look at carbon monoxide this is produced in reaction 1 X1 will be produced X2 will be consumed if you look at carbon dioxide it is consumed here it is not produced at all so it is 1 minus X1 1 enters and X1 is consumed look at hydrogen it is consumed in both reactions so it is 1 minus X1 minus X2 carbon is produced only in reaction 2 then for reaction 1 delta nu 1 is 0 delta nu 2 prime the prime comes in because the solid stoichiometric coefficient of the solid does not count so it is 1 minus 1 minus 1 so it is minus 1 so I should have written when I say prime here I mean prime here also so the first equation this is 0 so I do not have to worry about this I have to count the total moles total moles in gas phase so you should make sure that you do not count the carbon this is solid so total moles is 2 and X1 minus X1 minus X1 plus X1 so X1 does not appear minus X2 minus X2 plus X2 minus X2 only this part counts so I have n3 this is in the correct order now carbon monoxide is 3 CO2 is 1 H2 is 2 is 4 so I have n3 which is X1 minus X2 into n4 is X1 plus X2 my n1 is 1 minus X1 2 is 1 minus X1 minus X2 is 10 to the power minus 0.2 this one will be 1 by p 2 minus X2 the total number of moles because delta nu2 is minus 1 it will be nt by p into n4 which is X1 plus X2 divided by n2 n3 1 minus X1 minus X2 n3 is X1 minus so I have X1 X2 and p have two equations but three unknowns however so you need one constraint at least that constraint has been given to you first question is if the carbon deposited is 0.25 what is permitted you assume and then ask when will it be less so if X2 is given as 0.25 so given it is straight forward to solve you can solve the first equation for X1 and then solve the second equation for p can you do this so that we get some numbers for discussion X2 is 0.25 so you are talking about X1 minus 0.25 into X1 plus 0.25 so it is X1 squared minus 0.0625 divided by 1 minus X1 will remain it is only a quadratic this is 0.75 minus X1 is equal to 10 to the power minus 0.2 just a quadratic so you will get two roots tell me both roots in case one is negative we will of course drop it talking about X1 squared into 1 minus 10 to the power minus 0.2 then X1 comes from here this is minus 1 minus 0.75 minus 1.75 into 10 to the power minus 0.2 into X1 then the constant is 0.75 into 10 to the power minus 2 come to this side so it is minus 0.0625 plus 0.75 into 10 to the power minus 2 minus 0.2 what do you get for X1 are there two roots 0.425 that is only one calculator so you are the final boss hoping somebody else would have one we will come back to degrees of freedom so what do you get for p for X2 equal to 0.25 you have X1 is equal to 0.425 the p you can do p is simply 10 to the power 0.5 into 2 minus X2 which is 1.75 X1 plus X2 is 675 divided by 0.325 into X1 minus X2 is 0.155 and 75 sorry about 18 about 60 actually there is a competitor here I did not got some more much 60 about 65 okay notice p will come out in atmospheres because of the convention your mu 0 was by definition the chemical potential at the temperature T and 1 atmospheres now how will you decide what range of pressures to operate at what I want 0.25 or less of carbon this is the calculation for exactly 25% of the carbon being deposited if I wanted less this reaction should proceed less what happens to this reaction as you increase the pressure this reaction is unaffected by pressure you are looking at one reaction affected by pressure if the pressure increases what happens either you are comfortable let's certainly as principle simply says things will happen in such a way as to prevent what is already happening which is applicable to governments which is applicable to IIT something is happening well things will happen so as to prevent it so here if you what happens if you increase the pressure that what happens when the see number of moles decreases right therefore the pressure will decrease so a decrease in pressure will oppose it an increase in pressure will favor this reaction correct so if p is greater than 65 so first of all number of moles of carbon is x2 notice x2 increases as p increases therefore range of pressure is simply range of pressure is 0 to 65 say that again because we try that out you are saying this is one the other possibilities you are saying I want x1 greater than 0 right that's all all the carbon actually assumed okay x1 should be greater than x2 so you put x1 equal to x2 and calculate the pressure here so when x1 equal to x2 and this is this side is 0 what is the conclusion you started the this has to be 10 to the power minus 0.2 so x1 minus x2 can't be 0 only a fraction of the carbon monoxide that is produced here can anyway be consumed here maybe 99.9999% so this problem does not arise in this case as long as the pressure is less you will get what happened to the degrees of freedom number of degrees of freedom as we calculated it was 3 I fixed the temperature I should have I should have the freedom to fix I fixed the carbon deposition so two variables were fixed what I am to the third degree of freedom but no by degrees of freedom I mean three variables that I can fix independently right then the system becomes invariant I didn't fix it is this a constraint no tell me no is this is this a constraint on the degrees of freedom is this also an input constraint actually it is but it is not always this the point is this hydrogen and oxygen are in the ratio one is to one and they remain in the gas phase there is a constraint that in the gas phase hydrogen to oxygen ratio should be one whereas the minute I produce carbon for carbon there is no such constraint because part of it can be in the solid phase and part of it can be in the gas phase so all elements that remain in a single phase are constrained by input ratios the ratios of elements that remain in a single phase are constrained by the input ratio not elements like carbon in this case as soon as you have carbon deposition thermodynamics will not tell you the extent it will only tell you both phases exist it will tell you what fraction do not tell you what fraction should be in the solid phase what fraction should be in the gas phase you are right but you are right only to the extent that you are talking about the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen so in reaction systems there is another degree of freedom that is lost leave this here discuss degrees of freedom here I think I will write it out degrees of the number of components minus minus 2 minus actually number of independent reactions minus 1 this is for special constraints they are always there in this case x y x 2 equal to 0.25 minus again another special constraint I suppose I should write minus 2 for special constraints one of them is this the other is ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in gas phase the carbon in the gas phase is not so constrained although I sent only one atom of carbon for every mole of oxygen part of it can deposit in the solid phase so I have no constraint in the gas phase you see it does not matter how the compounds rearrange themselves they are all in the gas phase and in the gas gas phase oxygen and hydrogen ratio is restricted to one oxygen may be in CO in CO2 or H2O it can be in three different places but the same oxygen is redistributed same hydrogen is redistributed because the ratio is constrained to be one so I could use one is to a and ask if there is an optimal value of a if I want to readjust this in this particular problem 0 to 65 is a very convenient thing I mean thermodynamics permits you a whole range of pressures and including low pressures I will probably operate at one atmosphere 0 I will have to worry about what leaks in more than one I have to worry about what leaks out I will just operate at one atmosphere and be done with it but if I was using this incidentally as a process for producing carbon I mean this carbon may be activated carbon depending on its structure depending on the way I get it depending on the surface area I get may be very useful so I may actually use it then I may say rather than X2 constraint it as X2 equal to 0.25 or less say at least 25% must be carbon freely depends on your local interest if I do that then I will have to go to 65 atmospheres you think by changing this I can change that pressure suppose I use one a one is to a and keep one of them as always one because it is only the ratio that matters it is possible right if I send in more carbon I am likely to get more carbon in the input then I likely to get more so you can keep this is one is to a and what should a be you may turn out to be 0.2 or something may be an optimal value obviously you will have one degree of freedom so you can choose a and do this redo this calculation it is a lot of routine things but you have to do the analysis clearly and then submit it for calculations in fact the biggest problem as I told you once in the present chemical industries that they have online control for many of these things so online control the operator sitting there will have to control the input in such a way that he gets the desired output and the whole calculation in a chemical industry this online control problem is mainly troubled by delay that is you measure the product if it is not of the desirable quantity you send the difference as input for controlling and that measurement comes too late so if it comes after one day your batch is spoiled that days production is spoiled so what they do is act quickly so they have a model of the process so they run all the disturbances in the input through the model in the model predicts what is going to happen and on that basis of that prediction that is used in a feedback loop in that model prediction the hardest part of it is the thermodynamic package because you have to go and calculate thermodynamic properties and come back and that takes a long time the thermodynamic package itself see typically here two equations this is two if you have 14 simultaneous equations you can run into all kinds of trouble solving them because they are non-linear equations you often have to give guess values and start them off I mean because it is a quadratic you would solve it directly up to cubic under certain conditions you can solve directly otherwise you are going to guess iterate you will do a Newton's option on it and this can go here where depending on your guess and in thermodynamics it is very very sensitive because if your x goes negative then all those equations are meaningless and therefore you will get it will complain it will say you are trying to take the square root of a negative number and all kinds of complaints and so what you need is a whole package that will do this incidentally there is a thumb rule that you should know in all numerical calculations generally true in engineering but I may as well tell you it is particularly true in thermodynamic packages if you are solving for some variable x as a root of an equation if you are doing a Newton's option search what is Newton what is the option is it forgotten RAPH is it the flow is not famous somehow you got tagged Newton so you start off with a guess value what it does Newton Raphson does this then it converges hopefully so after this is iterations on the in the x axis so you guess this is the beginning value x10 then this is x11 this is x12 and so on the thumb rule about Newton Raphson is that it predicts the correct direction of change but it often over predicts the change so what you do is take x10 you find a delta x and add it you will get x1 prime so this value is often negative this is 0 you often go oscillating on either side but thermodynamics will not permit you to get negative mole fractions first of all there will be a log x1 sub air so it will say log of a negative number and throw you out so the thumb rule in these things is to say x1 n is x1 n-1 the previous value plus delta x predicted from Newton Raphson right delta x1 Newton Raphson or any other technique that you have if you are using Picard's iteration you will still get a delta x so the thumb rule here is multiplied by a moderating factor beta is a factor usually beta has chosen if you do not want to do a detailed analysis beta has chosen as 0.1 in chemical engineering this is just experience on a large numbers what it says is the new x1 prime will not go here it will take the direction of change proposed by Newton Raphson but take only one-tenth value so the second value will be here so it will hopefully go like this you will not oscillate violently it is very important for practical computations anyway this is another problem that I want to discuss I do not know if I discuss this problem of limestone decomposition I do not know if you see it these days as long since I travel by train when you travel by train do you see these skills that have you seen these or have you maybe you would not recognize them have you seen devices like this from the train and with some smoke coming out of it these are actually what you have is a grating here and there is an opening here and what they do is add CaCO3 calcium carbonate in actually they add calcium carbonate from the top they add some coal it should write it in this way you actually watched it there is a place for cleaning things up but what they do is add CaCO3 and coal carbon then what comes out here either they add carbon here or sometimes they just burn it burn fuel usually could be charcoal or it could be actually they would not do this carbon is too expensive so in this could be even firewood and firewood is a bit tricky because you cannot get the temperatures required very often so you what you have here is CO2 coming out the reaction is simply CaCO3 giving you CaO plus CO2 this is solid this is solid this is gas so very conveniently for you Kp prime is equal to it is simply partial pressure of CO2 right this is total pressure into why CO2 in the atmosphere partial mole fraction of carbon dioxide is typically 10 to the power minus 2 10 to the power minus 3 so if this is equal to of course exponential of minus delta G0 by RT this part is the mole and delta G0 is a function this is a function of temperature alone so what you do is calculate the temperature at which this total partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 1 atmosphere then you are absolutely safe there is no way if the whole atmosphere may if the whole atmosphere was CO2 you will be dead anyway so you cannot have any interest in the proceedings so you sort of calculate this to be 1 atmosphere and ask when is what is the temperature at which this typically delta G0 is given you can calculate this is known to be 500 degrees in fact most of the people in the at least the older people in the villages will tell you they would not tell you 500 degrees they will show you a stow which is burning with firewood and say and the Naram Arana means color that the from the color of the flame they can tell you what the temperature is so they will tell you this color comes there then the temperatures 500 degrees and the temperature 500 degrees they know that they are getting calcium oxide here they would not even bother to test they will just pull it out and use it give you the time stone CaCO3 give you for this is standard formation data in calories per gram or not here delta G0 and delta H0 are given is delta H0 298 this is also 298 this is minus 269.78 this is calories per gram more sorry this is not 260 269 780 this is minus 144 400 no got the numbers all around this is for CaCO3 it is 269 288 450 yeah that correct for CaO it is minus 144 400 and minus 151 900 then for CaO2 this is minus 94 260 and minus 94 052 but let us ignore delta CP for now so you have to go through this of course D delta H0 by DT is delta CP0 if I have taken this as 0 then delta H0 is constant and then you have B of delta G0 by T by DT is minus delta H0 by T square so your delta G0 by RT is equal to delta G0 298 by 298 plus delta H0 by R it is better to keep the RN simply if you integrate you get just 1 by T so it is 1 by T minus 1 by 298 so if you want one atmosphere for this partial pressure of carbon dioxide you simply set this equal to 0 right this is equal to 0 for PCO2 equal to one atmosphere actually these are not delta G0 values I apologize this is a GF and HF for the pure compounds you have to calculate delta G0 for this reaction so in do this calculation you can show it is about 500 degrees centigrade so in each of these reactions you do not have to play it so safe you can even have partial pressure equal to 0.5 and do the calculations are 0.1 you are not really worried about carbon dioxide except that you do not want carbon dioxide to sit here and ruin your game if all the carbon dioxide sits here you will have partial pressure one atmosphere locally so it will spoil your reaction you must have flow as long as there is flow there is no problem this is hot so this will rise you must have enough vents here for the air to go through and overcome the pressure drop this what happens is this becomes a packed bed this is solids packed up to here lots of pellets and so you have to overcome this pressure drop and the gas will have to go out so the buoyancy will have to be sufficient to take care of the pressure drop for flow and very often they will do something very clever they will throw in a few stones and you wonder why the fellow is doing that it is actually to produce as the limestone decomposes it forms CAO and if you have some stones the CAO is smaller so it will pack very tight after a while to prevent that you put this diluent which is simply stones sensible thing is to put these stones that are available right there and just throw them in actually the guy is doing a very clever job of keeping the porosity of the bed at a proper value that is if you have all same size particles your porosity will decrease if you have if you all same size particles you will have a reasonable porosity if you have particles of different size they will pack in tighter over a period of time so the idea is to have a base of stones that are of a reasonable size that provide the porosity and then the others will


From VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture Report in Special English. People have been growing chrysanthemums for more than 2,000 years. Mums make bright and colorful gardens. People in China and other Asian cultures make tea with the flowers. Giacomo Puccini, the great Italian composer, even named one of his works after chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum.  The other basic kind is the florist mom. The garden mom is better able to handle different growing conditions. The decorative mom is often seen in gardens. Another popular type, the quill mom, has long straight petals like a tube or needle. Chrysanthemum looms can be white, yellow, gold, red, or other colors. Many of the plants grow to 1 meter high. The soil for chrysanthemums should be kept moist but well drained. Mums grow best in full sunlight. They produce colorful blooms when days get shorter and nights get longer. The life cycle of the plant depends on the amount of daylight. This is why experts advise against placing moms near nightlights or streetlights. The light may interfere with their normal growth cycle. As a result, the plants may develop buds too soon. In climates where temperatures fall below freezing, plant moms at least six weeks before the first frost is expected. That way the plants will be well established for cold weather. To get more blooms, pinch back the branches when new growth has reached 15 centimeters. Squeeze about 5 to 7 centimeters off each branch. Pinch it again when a branch grows another 12 to 15 centimeters. Stop the pinching about 100 days before you want the plants to bloom. For VOA Learning English, I'm Carolyn Presuti.


If you look at art, it's not changed so much until that Christie's auction when there was a purely digital art that was going to auction and it shook the traditional world because they could not understand why someone will pay so much for something they cannot touch. Hey folks, I'm Adam B. Levine and this is Speaking of Bitcoin. Today we've got a special episode for you so we'll get right into it. As always, I'm joined by the other host of the show, Stephanie Murphy and Andreas M. Antonopoulos. Hello, Jonathan Mohan is out today. On this episode of Speaking of Bitcoin, we're joined by Vignesh Sundaresan, a past guest of the show and the real-life personality behind Metapurse, and the MetaCovin, let's call it, Avatar. For those of you who haven't been following closely, Metapurse is the earlier this month won the Christie's auction for the Beeple first 5,000 piece. So he's got the dual distinction of outbidding Tron's Justin Son and also of having spent the third largest amount of money ever on a piece of art from a living artist. MetaCovin, thank you very much for joining us today and welcome to the show. Thank you for having me. So as I mentioned during the intro, you're actually a repeat guest and you recently revealed your identity, but you were on, I can't remember the exact episode number, but I was listening to it the other day. About a year and a half ago, we were talking about the kind of perspective bands of crypto in India. We had done an episode and you reached out to us and said, you know, I can provide some kind of additional commentary kind of around that idea. And so you've actually already been on the show. So I kind of want to start this conversation from a pseudonymity perspective. Can you kind of talk about the decision to take on the persona of MetaCovin as opposed to just using your traditional identity? Like what was kind of the thinking there? So I've been in the NFT space for three years now. So I started in 2017. And when NFTs really came out, especially with the whole virtual worlds being created on top of Ethereum, what thesis just went into my head was that, you know, this might be a new form of medium. So even a distribution medium, right? Like content distribution has been quite centralized. So I thought, okay, let's think about this new medium of virtual worlds and see how we can try to even be the first mover, right? Like if it's possible to be the first mover in a completely new distribution medium, that will be awesome. So that was what was going on in my head. So I had just participated in some of these, you know, land sales, etc. But I didn't have an identity around it. But by 2018, when things were getting more serious in this world, where we were thinking about banning crypto in various parts of the world, what really was running in my head was now I could express myself just on crypto and even build visual things on crypto that cannot be censored, and that can just stay there without being confiscated by someone. And maybe I should do that through an avatar, right? Like and not just be myself because it takes away the judgment. It takes away the person behind what he wants to say, right? Like and just conveys the message even more easily. Because like whatever said and done, it's not been very easy for Vignesh to do much in this industry, even though, you know, we are quite an open industry, but it is still hard to be a founder where I'm from because I don't have the same kind of network. But being an avatar gave me a completely new life and like it had no judgments to it. And it gave me a clean slate to get started. And I could form my own community over the last couple of years. And most of the people have not even spoken to me, right? They just met me online. And we used to just build stuff together. And that was very interesting to me. And I think there is so much future for the same kind of avatar and avatar life and suranaminti on the crypto world. I was thinking were you inspired by Satoshi to sort of do the pseudonymity thing? Obviously Satoshi is an inspiration because Satoshi having done what he had done and just being able to disappear totally and successfully is still very interesting. And I think that is definitely not easy, right? Like being an avatar, a pseudonym, there are a lot of other issues, other political issues, other issues that creep up. And I didn't have this problem until Christie's happened. But as we got closer to Christie's and after Christie's especially, it was not just easy to remind pseudonymous. If I really have to remind pseudonymous, I should even more have expressed lesser and lesser, maybe no voice, etc, right? So it is not easy. And if people start knowing my background, it's easy to connect and stuff like that. So I'm still impressed by what Satoshi has done, right? Because it's not easy. Yeah. So tell us the story about how you became involved with the Christie's auction and what problems have you experienced as a result. I'm curious about that too. Sure. So this Christie's auction is not an isolated event where, you know, like I just saw something and I wanted to buy it or something. But I feel like we have a very interesting movement that's going on right here, a very cultural movement back in 2012-13. When I got started with Bitcoin, you know, that feeling of welcoming people and this whole community being one was really what inspired me to be part of the industry, right? And everyone was so passionate and everyone wanted everyone else also to do something, make sure that they also earn money, etc, etc. So that kind of emotion, I felt like after like the upside movement of Bitcoin and all these exponential growth of number of cryptocurrencies, I think we've become more skeptical about this whole movement in general. And it does not have the same kind of ethos today. There is a lot of infighting, you know, like there is a lot of politics, even within crypto. But when NFTs came out, I felt very young again, because it was a new medium, a visual medium. And for the first time, we had artists natively being able to participate in something without being too technical. And that means that for a while, we've had certain type of people being able to participate in this decentralized movement. But now we could bring an artist, an artist, like increasing the attention towards this movement. Also, they're going to be the voice of this movement, right? So like in 2013, the 2012 where, you know, a $5,000 investment could become a billion dollars. That's the exponential possibility here, the asymmetric upside here. That same kind of potential is what I see again, but to a different set of people who might not be technical, who might not understand like economics fully, but they're all talented, and they have the spirit to get philosophy and connect people, etc., right? So artists are very important for any movement historically. And I've also heard this from a lot of people say that tech really missed that. So instead of thinking about crypto as part of tech, now I feel more like it's tech versus crypto, because crypto also is a movement that's against big tech. And tech totally missed the art movement. And so we are now taking it over. So for the last 100 years, if you look at art, it's not changed so much until that Christie's auction, when there was a purely digital art that was going to auction, and it shook the traditional world because they could not understand why someone will pay so much for something they cannot touch. The same feeling people had when people started buying Bitcoin, which they could not, right? So that is repeating again, is what I feel like. And so during this auction, all I wanted, as I've been part of this NFT industry, I've also collected various other culturally important, culturally time significant artworks also. So in that way, I've been supporting all these new artists who've been in the industry for the last couple of years. And then when Christie's happened, I thought it'll be a nice way to tell the world of what's happening within this industry, and that a decentralized class was rising, right? And we are a totally new class of people, if you think about it from a political standpoint, because we didn't just decentralized money, we have effectively decentralized capital. And this Christie's auction is one small result of that, right? It's not from the traditional person, but from a person who started in crypto with no money, I started in crypto with $0 and being able to buy that piece, it's a story about crypto, more of a story about crypto than a story about me. Hey folks, are you interested in the lightning network, but not sure where to get started? For the last few weeks, I've been playing around with a really neat lightning application called Sphinx Chat. It's a podcast listening and private chat app built entirely with lightning that lets you stream Satoshis as you listen to the show. One of the really interesting things is that because it's lightning, you need an always on node to use it. For me, that'd be just a bit too much trouble, but the Sphinx Chat folks rent nodes for just a few dollars a month, and assuming they have nodes available is remarkably easy and undeniably cool. We have no deal with Sphinx Chat, they are not a sponsor, but I think the project is important enough that I'd like to encourage some of our more adventurous listeners to try it out and let us know what you think. Our group, which Sphinx Chat calls our tribe, is called Speaking of Bitcoin, and we'd love to see you there. You can find the direct link in the show notes for this episode, and let me know what you think, either via email, Adam at speakingofbitcoin.show, or better yet, attach a few Satoshis on Sphinx Chat. Thanks for listening, and now, back to the show. So, there's a lot to dig into there, and I want to talk about kind of a little bit more of your backstory, but let's stay on the Christie's auction for just a second. You kind of referred to it as a signal, right? A signal to the outside world. And on this show, as a long-time listener, you know that we don't think that the price is important in an absolute sense, but in a signaling sense, historically, it's been very important for people who have dismissed the asset class for Bitcoin just generally, and the price goes up, and then suddenly, they have to kind of reconsider. And we've seen this over and over and over again with the latest one that really jumped out at me was Kevin O'Leary, one of the hosts of Shark Tank, starting to now invest into mining and being concerned about his billionaire buddies bullying him, right? Because his Bitcoin aren't green enough. So, I mean, it's a story we've seen a lot, and you just kind of talked about it in the context of this Christie auction. So, how much about the Christie auction was the purpose to send that signal, right? How much was it about the peace and how much was it about the message? So, before the auction itself, the idea of I able to participate in the Christie's auction, I just felt lucky that I could be here at this moment in history, right? So, that's it. But while participating in the auction, I was not thinking about all that was going to happen after it, because I had no idea, right? Like, this I didn't know would go for this amount of money myself also. Like, I was ready. That's a different reason. But I did not really think it'll be this huge. But when I participated or when I wanted to participate in this auction, all I was thinking in my head was, you know, this is a very significant moment in history. In history as an art history also, right? Because when mediums change, it totally changes who can participate in it, like the invention of, say, the personal computers or the internet, which, you know, allowed participation of people from all over the world. A change in medium of how you can make money with art would mean participation from Vietnam, participation from Philippines, participation from India. And that was all in my head.  And I cannot even talk about it in the same way. But now I like this metaphor. If you think about Bitcoin as math standing against a violent army, you can think about NFTs as math plus art standing against the same army. So it's like a shield and it has a rose in front of it, right? And that's the image that I had of NFTs, because now if countries want to ban something, are they going to ban art also, right? So that was what I was thinking. And the price came after the auction. I'd be frank, like I did not expect this kind of attention on me, but I've tried to, you know, not shy away from it and see if that attention can be used in a positive way. In your words, could you describe to our audience what it is exactly that you bought? What do you think you own with this? Yes. So to understand what I have bought, I also have to explain context, right? So with this change of everything becoming digital, even crypto, so I became a crypto native very long ago. So 2013, since then, I've really not had any physical assets. A lot of people ask me why, but one of the reasons is like it's hard for me. Like I'm an Indian citizen. It's not like I have a stable place which I can totally trust where I can have physical assets. So for me, it's not a choice. And everything that's physical, I know is at best very temporary, even if I own them, right? So that being the case, this is not just me. This is not one person going through this out of people in the world yet. That's because they also have the same kind of issue, right? And all these people put together, I think there will be this need for having everything that's digital or digital form of the same thing. Now NFTs are just the medium, right? Like it's just the blank slate of what it wants to represent. So literally the NFT is not the art or it's not something. It's actually a bill of sale and it says that I own something and that's it. So if NFT is just that more consistent, more reliable, unconfisticatable piece of sale, which I have now in my wallet, which I feel more confident about than a land I would be able to buy in another part of the world, right? So that is what I've bought in this auction too, where it's a piece of unconfisticatable piece of history and the art itself is 440 million pixels of digital art. I think it's a phenomenal piece of digital art because when it comes to physical art, there is this physical restriction on how huge it could be. But this piece itself is 440 million pixels and was very appropriate to have been the first digital art to be sold in Christie's. And it could be quite a unique piece for a while because of the work that went into it and because of the kind of relationship that piece would have with the current generation. And also, if you look at that piece, the art itself, from the top left to the bottom right, you will see in 5000 days how much a person can grow in any skill, right? And that's very inspiring to me. So like all the story is what I think I've purchased. There is no physicality to it, but all the story is what has gone into this NFT and that's what I feel like I hold. So to summarize, I feel like this NFT is this capsule of a story. So even if anyone else can enjoy this piece of digital art, no one else can say I was the first to appreciate the story and the moment and put my stamp on history. Yeah. And I think like if I have to compare this to say Bitcoin and try to come up with similarities, I would say Bitcoin itself is also a story, right? Like that unique story. And that story has been divided into 21 million pieces. And a lot of people can have part of the same story. And we are all buying into the story, the meme, which is what is digitally native because we can only buy the story, nothing else. And in that same way, everyone should enjoy this specific NFT. Yes, it's open to everyone. And everyone can enjoy it just like a copy of Mona Lisa. So anyone can see it. And as more people see it, it's only better because it increases the value of that story. But you know, that NFT kind of captures where the value is accrued when the story gets more important or in a way more relevant and more famous in this world. Yeah, after hearing you talk about this MetaCovin, which I really enjoyed, I can see why it would now make sense to come out as you are the person behind this avatar. Because that just solidifies that, yeah, this was me, no one can take that away from me. I'm proud of it. And now I have security that I never had before because of not having a safe place to put physical assets. Yeah, that's a succinct way of putting it, right? That's why I've been also telling it's very important to understand context, right? And in a way, a lot of people talk about physical items and compare it to Bitcoin and be like, yeah, physical items are just better because you can touch them. But yeah, like someone else also can touch them, right? Now, how do you take away this NFT from someone? It's not possible. And that idea came to me because I've been a crypto native because I've been in Bitcoin for a while. And I had this relationship between crypto and NFTs. And that's how I could also come up with this specific thesis. Do you see part of the value here, the possibility of future resale of the NFT? Or is that not even a consideration? Was it primarily the first moment of ownership that matters? And even if you are never able to sell it, or if its future price is not the same as what you bought it for, does that make any difference? I don't think the resale will look traditional, first of all. So that whole concept of the physical piece going back to Christie's, being valued by them and being offered to a specific set artist, that is all gone. So this piece, by buying it from Christie's, I wanted to bring it back into the crypto world and it's now part of the metaverse. So what I would do with it is not just want to resell it, that would be very short-sighted of me. I want to build a monument for it, a monument that a famous architect in the real world could build. And with the attention that piece has, that monument could also become quite important and could bring some more attention to the metaverse. And I could make money in a thousand ways here. The monument could be built somewhere and I could just sell the land around it. And so there are so many possibilities here. There's the piece that we've been talking about and I keep hearing you talk about this signaling thing, right? So first we're talking about kind of signaling about NFTs and about collectibles and kind of the real world. And now you're saying that one of the things that you want to do with it is you want to draw attention to the metaverse. Is there a specific metaverse in particular or is it the concept generally? And what about the metaverse? I guess location-independent presence, right? The story that you've told us so far, it does make sense to put emphasis on that.  I've spent a decent amount of time in Decentraland. Again, we've been following that project since it was pixels that you would mine in one of the very early projects. And you have to be looking pretty far ahead to be looking at what's there right now and thinking, this is going to be something that everybody is going to do and where the values that are perhaps what people are asking for today to own land there are actually justified by kind of what you get from it. So talk to us about how you think about kind of metaverses generally or any of them in a particular specific way. Again, I don't have a bet on which specific virtual world is going to win or something. So I'm just talking about the metaverse as a general idea. But again, I have my pick, right? Like I think Decentraland is a very interesting place to be crypto-oxels too because of its very easy to access nature and very low graphics, which makes it accessible from a phone also. So I'm not looking at this as a short term thing. So it's not a one year two year thing. And that's why even this piece does not really fit into a short term thesis, right? NFTs again are composable pretty much like anything on top of Ethereum. So the possibilities are infinite. On the metaverse itself, what's happening now is that we are basically decentralizing a distribution medium. We have talked about Twitter being decentralized or Facebook being decentralized. The decentralized form of social media might not look the same way we enjoy social media today. And also, if you look at something like Netflix today, which most of the people in the world are now beginning to be part of and watch every day or at least once a week or something, we are giving all our attention to Netflix and everyone is clicking on that banner that Netflix displays. That is the most valuable real estate in the whole internet, even though there are millions of websites. Now in the same way, again, this is my thesis, right? So what I feel like it's going to happen is that there is going to be this metaverse because very young people, they'll enjoy gaming, right? And there is this nativity for them. When they grow up playing a game on say Roblox or something is not weird to them. They just create something, play mini games, etc. Now when they discover decentralized and they discover a museum of say something that this talks to them, where traditionally, why do we go to a museum? The same reason why you would go to a museum in the virtual worlds too. For example, with Beeple, we built a monument in Jan and launched it in Jan with 20 pieces of his art. So today, if someone asks me, where should I go in the metaverse? Is there anything there? I can confidently tell you that there is a museum with these 20 pieces of art history. And so there is going to be more and more of this coming up. And why metaverse becomes important is because two things. One, the artist will be able to connect to their audience directly and their land, which is kind of their real estate, right? Like where they cannot be kicked off or pushed away or kind of what we are missing in social media to an extent. So that becomes the address for an artist, right? And in the same way for people who want to speak to people historically, you would speak in narratives and one of the best ways to do it would be building a gallery or building a museum. But this was all confined to a very small group of people because of the investment and the clout required that goes into building a museum or a gallery. So now I feel like that whole area has been exploded. So totally decentralized where anyone can now become a collector. Just that idea is huge to me and anyone can become a gallerist too. So you can create a gallery, you can display what you want to tell the world. And there is going to be a lot of people who are going to visit these museums because even in the simplest sense I will say because of the curiosity, right? Why do we want to travel the same reason? Why do I want to go to Rome? Why do I want to go to Thailand? There will be the same reason why I would want to go to Decentraland because it's not a boring medium of code, right? It's very visual. It's very artistic. And today it has also become the underground of art where very interesting artists are coming together and putting out a lot of stuff. So it's kind of the Berlin being built, right? So all these things over a couple of years or within this decade as the technology of these metaverse also gets better to support these people, it might not be as big as Twitter or Facebook also. And it might not be the only thing. But even if it becomes one of the things that say a 14-year-old or 16-year-old would want to check out, I think we have this huge potential to talk to them directly and tell them about this movement, right? And that's why I find metaverse very interesting. Well, folks, that's a wrap on another episode of Speaking of Bitcoin. This is the end of this episode, but not the end of our discussion with Metacobin. Join us again next week as we continue the conversation with one of the most important voices in token collectibles today. Today's episode featured Metacobin, Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Stephanie Murphy and myself found in Beetleveen. This episode featured music by Jared Rubens with editing by Jonas. If you enjoyed this episode, send us an email at adamatspeakingabitcoin.show. And to all of you listening, we really can't thank you enough. In an increasingly strange world, it's really important to find your tribe, but especially those of you who have been listening since the early days, thank you.


Let's say that you have clients in different currencies, different countries. Should you charge them the same number? So let's say you charge $150 an hour in your currency. Let's say you're, well, just for ease, let's just say that you charge in US dollars. So if you charge $150 per session in US dollars, and then now you have someone in the United Kingdom, should you also charge them 150 pounds, British pounds? And let's say you have somebody in Singapore. So you charge them $150 Singapore dollars or whatever the Singapore currency is called. If you have someone in Australia, should you charge them $150 Australian dollars? I recommend that because pricing, essentially should be based on your business model. Your financial goals, needs and goals. Because you're planning on, let's say you have the time to see 10 sessions, you have time for 10 sessions, one-on-one sessions per week. Well, then you're counting on 10, one-on-one sessions per, and let's say that you need, if you had 10 sessions per week and you need to make, I don't know, let's say $1,500 per week. Let's say that that was your goal. 10 sessions, $150 per session is $1,500 per week. And let's say you've already planned on that in US dollars. Okay, you plan on how, that means if somebody is in a different country, they should be paying you whatever works for your business model. There's no magical number of 150 that works for every currency. So I mean, for example, I mean, let's use an extreme example. Japanese yen, okay. If it was 150 Japanese yen, I don't know what that's like very, or pesos, right? 150 pesos is nowhere near 150 US dollars, right? And I'm sure there's other currencies where 150 is much more than 150 US dollars. So that's why you should pick the currency that you're doing your business planning in, whatever your business goals. It makes sense, 10 sessions, or if you average five sessions per week and you're planning your business around that, then whatever money you expect out of five sessions per week to pay your rent and to save money or whatever your financial goals are, pick that number for your currency and then just every other client in any currency is paying you in their currency but matched to your currency. So at this time, and I'll just share my screen briefly to show everyone. So let's say that I'm charging 150 USD, okay. Okay, two British pounds, okay. So if I had a client in, if I charge 150 US dollars, then basically my British client is paying 110.40 pounds sterling at this time. Now, gratefully, if you use PayPal, it does the conversion automatically. They click on your PayPal button to pay you 150 US dollars. It converts for them to pay 110 pounds sterling plus whatever fee either they pay or you pay. I think it depends on how you set up the PayPal button. I think typically you pay the conversion fee. Another tool that's very popular is called wise.com. It has a slightly lower fees than PayPal or depending on the currency transfer, it might be enough for you to switch to wise.com instead of PayPal or Stripe also, if you do a Stripe payment link, they also do the transfers automatically. So using that same example we've talked about, let's say Singapore dollars, right? So let's say, so what is Singapore dollars then? Singapore dollar. So yes, if I charge 150 US dollars, then my Singapore client is paying 203.83. And so that's, so on your website, you simply list it as my rate is 150 US dollars. And you can basically give them, you say, well, how should you give them that what the price is in various, no. I mean, you can basically guide them to say, go to Google and search 150 USD to your currency and it'll automatically pop up with what your currency is. And I'm sure there's some widget out there that you can embed onto your site to show them the current currency. There's probably some widget, if any of you watching this, no comment below. But otherwise, just if you wanna keep it real simple, it's okay just to state it in US dollars. So hope that helps. And I wanna just bring forward Gregory who is live with me here, chat it below. 150 Mexican pesos is $7.30 US. So yes, that would be too good of a deal for people in Mexico. And actually a related question to this is, well, should I have compassion for my clients in Mexico? And since they made 150 US dollars 3,000 Mexican pesos, is that a lot of money for them? I understand that you are a compassionate person and I try to be a compassionate person too, but when it comes to your financial sustainability, you need to think about yourself first. When it comes to your business model, you must prioritize your financial sustainability first because you care about your business's sustainability first and then you can have compassion after that. So if a Mexican client wants to work with you and you are $100 US dollars, it is too complicated to start saying, well, for Mexicans, maybe I'll charge $100 US for Mexicans because their economy. And for people in Britain, they have their currencies transfers better or their currency rate is better than US. I'm gonna charge them equivalent $170 US dollars. Then you start to get into complication I'm assuming you're a self-employed solopreneur like I am, too complicated, in my opinion. And you're letting your compassion, in my opinion, you're misapplying compassion. You're misapplying compassion. The way to apply compassion in an authentic business is to say, oh, Mexican clients, you can't afford my 150 US dollars. By the way, my current hourly rate, I don't even see clients one-on-one anymore. I don't even have an hourly rate anymore. You can't afford me hourly. No matter if in the US or elsewhere. Anyway, I'm just saying, if somebody has 150 US dollars, the way to have compassion towards Mexican clients is to have multiple tiers to say, you know what, Mexican clients, you can't afford my one-on-one rate. Don't worry, I have a group program. And my group program is only $75 US per month. And you can definitely work with me at that rate because you can come to my group calls and we'll have time for Q&A and et cetera, et cetera. So that's how we have compassion in a way that's still personally sustainable to us. We can't just bend over backwards literally and break our backs, right?  And now you're not serving anybody. Now you're not serving anybody, right? Simplify, prioritize your business model and then just let PayPal figure out the translation and have multiple tiers of offerings. You should have one-on-one, you should have a group program for people who can't pay as much and you should have an online course for people who can pay even less than the group program. Hope this helps.