So, welcome. I hope you can hear me okay. Sometimes I struggle with microphones and volume and stuff, so if you can't hear me just shout out. So, welcome to this session on line packs. So, a little bit of background. I mean, I think we've had quite good internationalization support in Fedora for quite a long time now. For a long time, Fedora, we installed quite good front coverage and input methods by default, so it's very friendly operating system for international users overall. And Red Hat has an internationalization engineering team, so we've been kind of focusing on that for a long time also. And at the same time now, things are changing quite a lot. The world of containers and modularity and different additions and different spins, different requirements. In the past, we also had different localized spins of Fedora. One example is some of our fonts, especially some of our East Asian fonts, are quite large, so sometimes this is coming up. It's something we can do to make our installation more flexible so that if someone wants a very small footprint, then they can still do that. So, this talk or presentation or session or discussion, I'm hoping it'll be a bit interactive and people will interject questions and also... Actually, I don't have a lot of slides and we have a few small demos and stuff, but overall, we're ready to try and get ideas and feedback and discussion about the future direction. So, basically the talk is in three parts. Well, the slide is a bit about the past, present and future. We actually made some progress on this over the last few years, like the change from young to DNF and weak dependencies and so on. So, already now we have various things in place that allow installation of blank packs and so on and even fonts now and also even input methods. I think we're going to maybe take this further. For the wider Fedora, probably the locale sub-packaging, which we were also involved in, it's maybe the biggest, in some sense, the most impact in terms of containers and so on, but it also affects many other things like the toolbox and things like that. So, maybe the first thing is what is a blank pack? Traditionally, I at least thought of blank packs only as being like translation bundles, but maybe that's still true in some sense, but we've sort of taken this a bit extended this now also to include things like locales and fonts, even input methods and so on. So, at least we're all kind of handling these now within this blank packs framework. So, how did things evolve? It's the first bit about the past. So, a long ago in the comps, I hope most of you are familiar with Fedora comps. So, basically, package groups. And for a long time we had different support groups for each language. So, each language had its own. So, there was French support, German support, Hungarian support, Japanese support. And then we'd list relevant packages, some of them conditional on some in those groups. It's an XML file anyway. But, and that was okay. I think finally now we've got rid of all those language groups because actually they weren't being... Well, they could only be installed manually by hand, the installer and other tools were not really using those anymore. So, to avoid kind of duplication or confusion, we've got a bit of those. And then at a later stage there was this special section in comps called langpacks, which was basically for installation of translation, like things like LibreOffice translations, man pages, dictionaries and so on. So, that was handled by some globbing and so on in that section. And there was, yeah, yum langpacks was a kind of extension to yum which allowed to inject these langpacks into RPM transactions and so on. But that didn't work with DNF. So, I don't know whether you want to talk about this point or anything. So, previously the langpacks were used by the comps. So, in comps, let me show you, suppose comps f29. Let's take an example of Fedora 29 release comps file. So, comps file is having this section langpacks. So, where the definitions of this langpack packages, yeah. So, this section basically defines what langpacks are in comps file. So, how this section is defined, like there is one base package and the base package name is written on the right side. So, let's take an example of LibreOffice. So, if you want to install a LibreOffice langpack, your system should be having this LibreOffice happen core package installed on your system. So, that's a prior requirement. So, likewise, these mappings are defined in this langpack section in comps file. So, if your system is already having the LibreOffice core package installed on your system, then whenever a new transaction will happen on your system through yum. It will automatically check if the respective LibreOffice langpack package for the default locale that you are using is available in the repository or not. So, if it finds that that package is available, then it will just pull that package into the running transaction and it will install it. So, this transaction can be you are just regularly updating your system yum update or you can explicitly just updating a LibreOffice packages. So, it will automatically find the respective langpack package and pull it. So, this was what happening when yum was there and this how yum was using this langpack concept. So, this was the very first concept of this langpacks in Fedora. Then, there was also groups section was there. So, groups. So, in comps also we have these groups are defined by language names. So, you can even install directly this language by saying that yum group install Japanese support. So, by that also you used to get the related packages to your language. And here the definition was like type the conditional. So, conditional means if this package xorg x11 server xorg was already installed, then and then only it's going to pull the ibuskkc on your system. So, likewise is the definition written in this comms file. So, you can directly even use to install the language supports using the group concept of yum. So, this was the after that. It was a need arise that we should have plugins that can be that can automate this langpack installations. So, a yum plugin written in python language that used to pass this comms file read the langpack section. And yeah, so and then the same thing that what I have explained you just before that it just reads if that base package is already in the transaction, then it pulls the respective langpack package. So, this was the second thing in this langpack's develop evolution. Okay. Then at the time of Fedora 21, DNA become the default installer package manager. Okay. So, then what happens that this yum langpack plugin become incompatible with the DNF. So, we tried to migrate the yum langpack plugin to the DNF langpack plugin. So, we introduce a DNF langpack's python package to the users and it worked the similar way the yum langpack used to work through the comms file section. Okay. But then again, we found that there is no way to auto install the packages. Okay. So, then this concept was developed like we should have a meta packages. Okay. So, we directly tell the DNF that just install langpack's hyphen jav package and then langpack's hyphen jav whenever it comes into the DNF transaction, it will pull the necessary dependencies of that particular language. So, this was the thing that got developed. I have this wiki page, small wiki page like C. So, during the Fedora 13, we introduced the yum langpack plugin. Then in Fedora 22, we introduced the DNF plugin. Then these are the some of the extra links that I am keeping on this page. Then in Fedora 24, we introduced the installation with RPM week dependency. So, what was this change that we utilize the RPM tags. So, RPM by that time got these tags like week dependencies. So, week dependencies are kind of a dependencies whereby if suppose some base packages already installed on your system, you can pull the respective language packages using that base package name. Okay. So, we are not using the comms here. We are totally going away from the comms file. Okay. So, this thing got introduced and we added a new package called langpack's package. And this langpack package then started providing a different different sub packages per language like langpack's AS, langpack's JA for different different package. And then we set these different different langpack packages to pull the respective language packages. Okay. This was the concept that we introduced in this change and this change was introduced in Fedora 24. Now, what advantage we got that we got a particular meta package that should get pulled into the initial Anaconda installation. So, we just requested the Anaconda team to add the code so that whenever a user selects that I want to install in Japanese, that langpack's hype and jam meta package will automatically get selected into the initial transaction. And then based on whatever the base packages are already included in that transaction, it tried to pull the respective language packages. Like suppose if the initial transaction of the Fedora 25 installation contains man pages as a base package and you have selected to install in Japanese language, then it automatically picks the man pages hype and jam package into the initial transaction. So, this was the thing that was introduced there. But I think there was some incompatibility keep coming with the Anaconda that prevented to install these packages. And then I think we totally removed the ISO concept DVD ISO concept from the workstation. The workstation introduced the live ISO concept. So that also created a problem for us because this meta packages only work if the actual package present in your media or not. It was not there so we again got stuck. I mean what next to introduce for the langpack's. So we keep thinking on that and we then thought that GNOME software is one of the way where we can try to pull these packages automatically. So I think that's a different discussion that Sandeep Anand will continue. Let me continue with the langpack's changes how it got evolved. So this change we introduce in Fedora 24. So in Fedora 30 then we decided that we will totally remove the language support concept from the comms file and let the users totally move to using these meta packages. So this was just small change we introduce into the Fedora 30 and we just remove the comms entries for the individual languages. And just let the users directly use the langpack's icon that particular langcode packages. In this current Fedora 31 release we added another change to the langpack's. Whereby we split the langpack's meta packages into the two packages like if there is a langpack's hypenja package it got split into the langpack's hypencore hypenja and langpack's hypenja. Now what will happen if you just install a langpack's hypencore hypenja it will ensure that your system will receive at least one default font and one IME input method. So that we have ensured while splitting this langpack's meta packages. Input method like iBus KKSE for jumpness. So can demo something like suppose so see so when you try to install a langpack's hypenja it is trying to install the base. Installing the requested package langpack's hypenja and then the dependencies these are the weak dependencies that are given at the end. So we have introduced this Google Noto Serif CJGTTC font as a default font and then this as I told you LibreOffice core is already installed on my system. So it tried to pull the helpja, langpackja and man pages was also there installed so it pulled the manpackja. So this is how I mean when you try to install a single package it will pull the dependencies related to that language on your system. I think it's already on my system actually I noticed this problem in toolbox so I need to check on the actual desktop system. Yeah I don't have right for iBus KKSE iBus is a base package let me check no it's not there so I mean if I was having a iBus it would have pulled iBus KKSE as well. So see like core so I'm trying for ODA language langpack's hypen core hypen over so it is trying to install the font package only and not the IME because again the iBus is not there otherwise it would have pulled the iBus hypen m17 in package. Being this a Indic language we have the m17 in key maps as IME so if iBus was there iBus m17 would have get installed in this transaction only but it is only installing the default font. And if I switch this command to install the complete langpack's package for the ODA language then these are the number of packages that get pulled into the transaction. It is there no yeah yeah that's something we are dealing with the Jellipsy people currently we have the bug open yeah yes yes that's why we requested I mean we need to discuss with the Jellipsy team and request them that let us allow to install it as a default Jellipsy local. So that's something is going on still in discussion. Yeah I think yeah that is what I'm done with this thing. So this F31 change is the one that we introduced that split the packages so we called it as a langpack score for ITN functionality so core packages will ensure one font and one IME for your language at least. Okay so that was the present so the DNF just recapping the DNF rich and weak dependencies that we are using for langpack installation and this new meta packages that we have. So I talked a little bit about I mentioned Jellipsy earlier and so for locales actually Mike is actually working upstream with Jellipsy on locales and things so probably I should say some words too but I was just more about the packaging side on the Jellipsy side. So firstly there's two well again I don't know do you want to talk about about the locales. The Fedora Jellipsy spec file a while ago we made some changes that sub packages are created for the different languages originally there was only one Jellipsy common file which contained user lib locale archive. And that was a huge file something like 105 megabytes which had the locale for all languages and you couldn't strip it down. I want only French and I don't care for the rest. And so we did some changes to the spec file that the spec file has auto generated parts with lower scripts which generate sub packages for each language. And now you can still install Jellipsy all langpack to get the big blob for everything but you can also install individual packages for individual languages if you want to save space. If you install all individual packages you have more data overall on your hard disk because the archive is more efficient but if you only need a few then it's better to install the individual package. So now you have a choice. The choice has become more important because the archive has about doubled in size. It's now about 210 megabytes because one year ago I updated the sorting algorithm to a newer version of Unicode and because lots of characters have been added to Unicode. And unfortunately the default Unicode collection order is duplicated in every locale. This cannot be shared not even if you use the archive. That's a Jellipsy limitation at the moment so that made it even more important to be able to install individual locales. And now as Parac has said this something like Jellipsy langpack FR needs to be pulled in when you install this meta package for langpacks. And because of the split into the langpacks and langpacks core something needs to be done with the dependencies in the Jellipsy spec file. So I think I need to do that soon after this conference. It should be pretty easy. I think that's about it. Yeah. So there's one more package. There's this dummy package. They have just like a minimal package which actually I don't think there's anyone from the Jellipsy team here but I don't know. I kind of proposed in a related boxilla ticket whether that package cannot be dropped because I don't really see that it serves much purpose. But anyway I think I could just do a very small demo. So this is actually for the sort of blue. That's in the toolbox. So this is yes. I'm currently using ENGB. In civil law we have the big old also workstation. We have the old langpacks archive. So basically contains all the all the Jellipsy locales by default. Obviously if you want you can replace it. What's a little girls eight hundred and sixty. And now in fedora base container we've dropped. Recently the EN US was dropped. English locales are no longer installed by default. Only C dot UTF eight. So that's good. I think that reduced the size by five six megabytes or something. I'm pretty tired. And this also reflected now in Fedora toolbox too. So the latest Fedora 30 Fedora 31 toolbox containers also we have C dot UTF eight. So that's a small change. I don't know it may affect some users but obviously you can easily install locales if you wish. So I heard Carlos talking about that too. I think it's not so serious. I think this image only went stable two days ago maybe or something. Occasionally you may get some local warnings. That's when you're running some application or something that's expected to run in a different locale or something. But anyway I think it's pretty easy to solve and it makes a very small basic image. Any questions or comments on this point? So Cindy is going to talk a little bit about GNOME software. So this is Fedora 30. So currently if you want to have line packs installed in GNOME software, are you going to talk about this on that status quo? No I don't know. Then I just wanted to show you how things look right now. So if you install, search for something like language or, I don't know, Hungarian or something. Then this thing appears. So it is possible to install these metal packages that Pac was talking about in GNOME software. I'm not going to do this now in silver blue because I'd have to reboot to get it to appear. But anyway, so that's the results earlier. 38 more matches. Anyway, maybe I'll come back to flat packs later if we have time. Ah, okay. I think I already talked about this so I can probably skip this. So yeah, maybe you want to... Actually we are working with GNOME software so that we can have auto installation of line pack data packages. So I can show small... Currently we are in simplified Chinese and we have three language packs installed. Brazilian, Portuguese, English and simplified Chinese. Now let's switch our language to some other local. So we are selecting Japanese. Here we need to log off and log in again to get into Japanese. So this is the small screen for naming some of the folders. Actually I'll be using my development environment to showcase this. So the code is coupled with auto updates from GNOME software. So it will take a minute to start the auto update thing. And then we can see how language packs are getting installed. Actually no notification or no permission, I mean no dialog box is there. If you are selecting your language in Anaconda itself and logging in. So the first time GNOME software will check for updates. It will install the language pack behind the scenes. Automatically. Right, exactly. And this will happen for language switch as well. So both ways. Currently no. Here we can see that language for Japanese has been installed. Can just run it again to show in the GNOME software. So here we have meta package installed. It will see then, it will, I mean it does a lot of operations. In the background it searches for the language pack. And then for that particular locale it installs the meta package. So that's it. Right. So just one thing, like if a user uninstalls the meta package by itself. Then this feature will not reinstall it. I mean the user will manually install it. Yeah, that may make sense. I think we missed, or we missed, I don't know. Well, I think Sunim just mentioned. But the idea of this feature is to kind of parallel how Anaconda does network installs currently. So currently if you do a network install, say a workstation or Fedora server, then you will get the language packs installed automatically. So the kind of user experience we wanted was that, so if you do a live install of say, I don't know, the workstation, then it will then post install that line pack, which would have been installed by the network installer automatically. And it will do it after. But I agree. It wouldn't hurt to have a little pop up or something. And originally I had kind of envisaged that it would be a semi manual process in a sense that it would be included in a GNOME software transaction. Like when you first boot up, say after a fresh install, usually there are updates and then GNOME software will say, oh, you have, there are 10 updates available or something. And then one of those would be the line packs. But anyway, the way it's been done now is that it's done in an automatic fashion. We may evolve this tomorrow in the future. Yeah. Yeah. And anyway, on something like, well, at the moment we, something like Fedora Silverblue, it would have to be a reboot anyway. So that's still, well, this is sort of the things I kind of wanted to cover in this exploratory part of the talk. How we want to improve this going forward. So, yeah, there are only a few more slides actually. There's not much time. So I can talk a bit more, but if people have questions, I'd love to hear any feedback or thoughts and people have a paragraph in the comment. Lossless. Well, I think the biggest change is that previously you do something like do a group install of the, I don't know, say French support. And now instead you just install the line packs FR. Conceptually, that's the biggest change. I could just say a few more words then. So for fonts, currently we're installing, so it's a bit like locale situation that currently we install lots of locales. Lots of, well, quite a good amount of fonts and also input methods by default. So one question is how, I don't know, another option would be to install less stuff and then install, post install more things later. And there's a bit of risk, I don't know, in the sense that, I mean, it does make it a bit more difficult for international users, but it also makes maybe the image smaller to download and so on. So they're kind of pros and cons to this and I think something we need to evaluate going forward. Do we want to only install a few locales? Do we only want to install less fonts? In fact, we've made some progress on the front side for Fedora 31 in a sense that it's now easy to get fonts installed afterwards if you're adding, or if you're in Toolbox for example, currently Toolbox doesn't use just the host fonts, so you have to install fonts into the Toolbox if you want them. And also one thing that we may want to do is to mount the system fonts into the Toolbox which would solve the problem in some sense, but however another way might be to leverage the line packs for that. I think for input methods it's less, I'm an issue in some sense. I mean, post-installing input methods maybe is not quite as big a deal. But I mean, not having fonts in locales is kind of a showstopper for basic kind of bootstrapping and so on. Actually the most controversial thing is about translations and this is really a very big and difficult show. Maybe it sounds quite simple, but actually we've thought a little bit about it in the past, but the idea is that currently most Fedora packages just bundle all their translations in it and so currently there are ugly hacks where you maybe just exclude, tell RPM, don't install translations for example, and in fact I think this affects, well, some of the things can also be done for documentation, but it gets quite messy then. If you want to enable translations then you probably need to reinstall the package and so on, so it's not very nice. And ideally it would be nice if you could only install the translations you actually need rather than 50 different translations. You probably only need one or two of those at maximum. Yeah, whether it should be done in some kind of enhancements to RPM or whether it should be done at the sort of build system level where we kind of do some automatic sub-packaging or other way of getting translations installed. But I think that's a long, it's going to be a long, well, I don't think we're going to do that anytime immediately but maybe something we can think about. Thank you very much. Thanks everyone.


How's everyone doing? All right, I got 20 bucks on my hand show hands how many people want this $20? All right, cool cool if I take this $20 and I crumple it up. I throw it on the ground stomp it out. Who still wants it?  Nice You know this goes to show you even though I did all whatever I did to the $20 it actually never lost its value I'm like the $20. I'm a grateful recovering addict that goes by the name of John So I'm very grateful that you know Drupalcon allowed me to come and do this kind of offbeat topic It's not too often that a recovering addict actually comes to a tech conference and gives a you know a speech like this, but I think all right, so I'm John Willett. I'm the sales engineering manager at tandem We do elite Drupal where press level no JS development We also make Lando if anybody has used it if you're not make sure you're using it now Also decide tidbits. I'm a enamored with a celebrity gossip any Social media drama people who puts their whole family drama on Facebook. I'm like this is great You know I live for that stuff and any dank memes out there So, you know this is like I mentioned earlier kind of kind of different, you know What do you know?  And you know I'm going to talk a little bit about addiction I'm going to I'm going to tell you a little bit about myself and and we're going to talk a lot about you know people who are come from different backgrounds and and and don't fit into the general mold and and How you can accept them and and build up their confidence and fun stuff like that So, you know, there's a lot of controversy right now about addiction. I mean, it's very much in the news Especially with this administration. There's a humongous opioid You know epidemic happening across this country. I grew up in New Hampshire and it's facing like one of the worst heroin and opioid Epidemics that this country has ever seen worse than the crack epidemic really really bad so You know what people understand is I was an addict before I ever took my first drink before I ever took my first drug I was born an addict. I Exhibited a lot of addictive behaviors as a young child You know and nobody really wants to think their four-year-old is an addict. It just doesn't work that way, you know, so The solution for everybody is just stop using drugs. Well, no shit, you know, I'd never thought of that before Thanks, you know, I'm cured The problem is is the drugs are just a catalyst of of addiction Addiction is a mindset and a behavior set that causes you to do things such as drugs or whatever and addiction is all-encompassing I'm addicted to everything from sex to women to gambling to work to money Power I want it all. I want all the things. I'm addicted to more and and and many addicts fall under that Drugs just happen to be the worst-case scenario for four people that suffer from addiction So what's up with me? All right, so you know When I when I when I talk about this I try to get the bad stuff out of the way first, you know, I've been to prison, you know I've I've been shot by my father.    I grew up in a nice small town in New Hampshire My father did very much what we do He owned a consulting firm computer called consulting firm AS 400 and system 32s and so I grew up around this industry before I had a computer before anybody else did and You know, I He was we were upper middle class I mean he came from nothing and and built his life up and he grew his agency the size of like a media current or or a Very large agency in Massachusetts.  I had you know good jobs and stuff, but I was always a hot mess of epic proportions I I had really high highs and really really low lows And and until my parents murder suicide like I kind of use that as a catalyst that that final thing to Decimate my life what would left of it and and you know, I didn't get cleat all I was 36 and so You know Like I mentioned before by the time I was in my 30s It was you know, I had some money and If I would come to a convention like this, you would never see me. I would be out at the bar I'd be parting with the cool kids, you know getting really messed up I'd be you know at the late-night things and and and and whatnot and You know that what happened over time was like all I did was just drink all day take pills all day and And that's all I cared about it just encompassed my entire being for the longest time and and pretty much till it got to the point where I ran out of money and I I hurt Every single person that cared about me that loved about me, you know, they I just I just destroyed all of that and and I ended up homeless you know, I was um, you know a master's educated homeless person and And it's I remember I remember when I was an intake in jail and they asked you like on on on the thing I was like what what's your highest level education? I was like master's and like, you know, wow, we don't hear that well And I'm just like just because I'm well educated doesn't mean I don't do stupid things, you know, so You know, it was it was very humbling and weird because when I was Homeless and I've been homeless twice in my life I had kind of a period prior to that to where I was kind of couch surfer living out of my car There was a few relatives who kind of gave me a second chance and and life kind of happened And I was able to pick up the pieces, but I was never really whole again But the last time I was homeless. I was truly homeless. I had nothing nobody nobody wanted anything to do with me They're like keep Johnny away from us.  I Just I was very abrasive and not fun to be around so, you know, when I was homeless the last time I um, I My whole world Centered around trying to get $20 a day $20 would get me high keep put a you know a dollar burger in my belly and put a couple bucks gas and a pack of cigarettes That's pretty much like my whole world. That's all I cared about So if I had to take it from you, I was gonna take it, you know And I did some horrible horrible things during that time and that I for the longest time Was afraid that you know, the feds were gonna knock on my door or other things like that even after I got clean So I'm grateful that never happened, but But that's just the wreckage of my past and that's part of who I am, you know You know along the way of a lot of other things happened and you know, I have two children I was married before And when I was homeless, I pretty much chewed up everything I could with my son's my my son's mother and she was the one that suggested I go to a homeless shelter and You know, I was I was like, I'm not going to a homeless shelter, you know, I'm just not gonna do it that stigma kind of was It's like I just don't want to do this and and finally I spoiled my pride and and and that was and again You know, I have a lot of gratitude around that because it was it was the springboard that kind of got me clean and And catapulting me to where I am now You know in that homeless shelter they brought any meetings in there and It gave me something to do, you know There wasn't like a magical moment when I walked into a narcotics anonymous meeting be like, all right. I'm clean. Yay It was kind of like I don't have to go back to the barracks, you know The homeless shelter and listen because part of time I was detoxing off of what I was using and and if Detoxing is also another thing I never ever want to go through again. It was horrible It took about six six or seven weeks till I was fully detoxed and that time was very painful Auditory you're all your senses are messed up. You're your physical pain. You can't eat.  This is my manual as an addict You know, you've heard a rtfm as a coder. This is my manual and Unfortunately though About a month after Steve gave me that he relapsed and died And it's a constant reality that I live with I've known at least 10 people that have gotten clean and died and I've been clean for almost six years now And it's scary because it is very real. I mean, he went and had surgery and got Prescribed a script and he was dead two days later with a needle in his arm And that's very you know I recently had all my teeth removed because I'm in the middle of getting all implants in and I hate wearing dentures And I have a lot of fear right now. Everybody's judging me because I don't have any teeth in but I don't care And I had to take a narcotic. I took one pill You know, it was you know, I talked about with my sponsor and all these people and it was it was it was a big deal And and I made it through it though. Okay, you know But yeah, so, you know flash forward I was living in a clean house and You know, I I knew somebody who was in the Drupal community and they they were starting a new company and they and They posted something on Facebook and I kind of reached out and and they hired me, you know so I was very fortunate and I Kind of lied my way into the door to be honest and and and was able to kind of faked it until I made it I mean, I didn't I had a computer science degree, but I hadn't coded in 10 years I had no PHP knowledge, I barely knew Drupal and And they kind of you know, they taught me and kind of showed me, you know how to do things and and there was no Drupal learning curve for me. Fortunately just kind of made sense and it kind of took off So I don't know that's kind of cool, but You know long story short is I know they had to jump through some hoops and took some chances and hired me Because at the time I was out on probation or I was out on bail actually and I was about to be put on probation I'd only been clean for a few months. I was a convicted felon at the time, you know Everything screams like don't hire this guy and they did So, you know, here I am, you know six years later So, you know, that's a little bit about me and how I kind of got to where I was before So, you know, it kind of gets into nitty-gritty like someone took a chance on me and and so Kind of brings us to the point like, you know, what's going on in the world, you know 10 years ago someone probably would have never hired me 10 20 30 years ago and You know This world is changing very very fast We live in a very politically charged universe right now more so probably like when my parents were younger in the 60s And and things are happening and and there's so much hatred on either side that like I kind of stay off social media now Because I'm just like I can't take it like it's just so much anger and you know It affects me too because as a recovering addict, I see what people think of people who are still lost in active addiction I see that on social media like that effing loser. Why can't you take care of your kids? You know, why can't you hold the job? Just stop using drugs, you know and and I made a choice early on in my I wasn't gonna I wasn't gonna be anonymous I was gonna I was gonna go out there and make noise because the only way you can change your social stigma is if you show that the stigma isn't real And so I started to do that and and I know I've changed people's minds. I still see some of the comments I can't change other people's you know behaviors, but at least I can show them that by example that you know Not every addict is is you know completely lost and and they can change they just need to be shown a certain way So, you know what's socially acceptable is has changed so much when I was a kid I mean I grew up in an all-white town and and you know, there wasn't you know things were just much different and you were gay and sexual orientation and all this other stuff just was never talked about and And that's completely different like the world is a very different different place than when I grew up and so I mean You know, if you're not accepting that then then you're part of the problem You're holding the progression of the human race back by by being Inept and unable to accept that people come from different backgrounds different cultures different realities than that You know the then the cookie cutter life you may grew up in And and you know, it's it's it's the melting pot that kind of made You know this country what it was and in other places as well So, you know on the on the plane right here I actually watched this thing and I kind of forgot about the guy's name because I'm a little nervous But it's a billionaire they work for he owns like this giant hedge fund and he started this thing in China to kind of put all these like kids through so that it would like Remove like the the social and cultural bound boundaries that cause war when another, you know Type of culture tries to take over another one like China is doing right now They're they're growing in their middle class is growing and it was very interesting And and and I wish I could remember it but whatever so But that kind of proves to the point that you know people need to do things to change things because if you know if you Don't do that then And you're gonna be left behind and it's only gonna get you know progressively Faster and things are gonna happen quicker and and you know if someone didn't take a chance on me I wouldn't be here right now because they knew that there was something about me that was different You know, like I mentioned before I have a pretty shady past, you know You know with all all the drugs I did all my all my all my convictions were violent Violence that was a fighter. I get messed up and I'd like to fight, you know And and that doesn't really look good on paper And and even though it had been like 10 plus years prior it's still it is what it is But you know, I did bring stuff to the table I had worked many different jobs including sales and other things like that so I could you know Bring something to the to the team that that nobody else could do at the time And and that's what they played on at first until I started to pick up Drupal and started to write code again And things like that and it worked You know and and they did and and I've done this with other people I've hired They you know, you have to set, you know, some some like minimum bar like that they have to hit Otherwise, it's like what's the point of doing this and that's that's the same for any job but you know When you take a chance on somebody you just can't let them take the ball and run with it because you'll end up hurting yourself And and the thing that you know anybody that I've ever trained is like we would meet weekly and one of things They always used to hear me say it's how does that make you feel, you know How did this make you feel what's going on? You know, it's okay to cry and Drupal It's things like that and and You know, especially for me I'm always self-conscious and I'm always obsessive like part of addiction is an obsessive behavior And I'm always like did I do this right or did I put that person off or am I am I okay? You know, I'm always thinking I'm always comparing myself to somebody else So in return when I when I am I'm training someone or if I'm managing someone I make sure that regular feedback is a must because If you don't give that they'll never know I mean it's pretty simple You know because someone took a chance on me we are a community they don't call it the Drupal community for nothing You know, I've written I've written many contrib modules I mean, I'm doing like really crazy stuff with Drupal 8 now like all this breast API integration and Mixing stuff with one hub and BlackBot and Slack and everybody this past like a couple months I think I've written three modules alone And and that would have never happened, you know, someone didn't take a chance on me the community wouldn't have those things I mean they could have eventually but you know The reality is that they're there because someone you know Someone took a chance on me and I wrote the codes and there it is and I've written some really complex cool stuff And I've given non like touchy-feely sessions at other you know camps and content I've spoken at Drupal con once before about growing support team and I've you know Done a lot of things and one of the things that I'm most grateful for is you know I started a mentorship program and my predecessor and Now here's the three people that I train, you know Katie Amy June and Daniel and None of them had computer backgrounds none of them were you know a CS major like I was You know Katie was a recent college grad Amy June was a nurse and Daniel will kind of was like a IT guy ex cop type of deal, you know, so and You know, they were just looking to get their foot in the door and so I Had I'd gone. I remember a few years ago. We I had gone to one of the sessions at Drupal con I think it was an LA or something and Zivtech they were given a presentation on their mentorship program I was like, that's a good idea, you know, I want to do that So I reached out to Jody and I was like, hey, what's up tell me everything, you know You know, that's another part of the community is we're an open-source community We we it's okay to share knowledge and we don't have to like give every bit of information But you know, she was more than grateful to sit down and talk with me and and kind of like tell me You know how Zivtech did their mentorship program and I modeled our mentorship program after that and it was successful You know the one thing though, you know like mentorship isn't for everybody you know, especially when you're training rookies is that They don't know anything and especially with those three they had no computer background really So teaching them from the fundamentals from scratch all the way to like complex like Drupal 8 stuff It takes time and patience and and things like that. So If you're not okay with answering 42 billion questions a day, then don't do it Don't be a mentor, you know, because it's not gonna happen You know as a senior developer It's my it's my one of my jobs is to make sure that you know people that don't have the experience that I have Can learn from me because I asked a 42 billion questions when I first got into Drupal and I was able to you know pick it up and learn so You know, one of the things that killed me was They're not gonna be profitable. They're not gonna be billable. They're not gonna make your company money It's a reality. Yeah, they're you're investing in their future. All right, so if you if you treat people like numbers on a spreadsheet, you know, then I Have choice words and I'm not gonna go into them for people who do that, but you know, it's just that's that's not the name of the game here We're creating future people of Drupal We're creating people that will give back to this community and eventually they'll be able to make your company a lot of money and You know the community It's it's not It seems okay now like a year or two ago I had questions if the Drupal community was gonna survive especially after the release of Drupal 8 and the huge learning curve And and I saw our people like you know, I'm on sales and I we we do, you know Cold cold source blasting to where I talked to people who use Drupal There's a lot of people leaving Drupal for WordPress and other things Out there that had like Drupal 6 7 sites that don't want to pay the hundred thousand dollars to upgrade to Drupal 8 And and it's like crap, you know, it's my job security You know in question now, but it seems to be you know coming around but still You know even myself like there was a lull in my contributions that towards like right around when Drupal 8 came out Cuz like Drupal 7 kind of hit that maturity state and I wasn't really active in the cues anymore I wasn't doing anything I wasn't making new modules and then like I said recently all of a sudden it's like boom boom boom Because it almost feels like we're starting over again with Drupal 8 the way that pretty much everything works And there's a lot of things that aren't ported yet, and there's a lot of functionality missing You know, I just finished a really complex Drupal 8 migration And it took like 12 really custom modules to replace like a bunch of contrib modules that used to exist in Drupal 7 So it's different, you know, and we need people to to you know Come in and help write the codes and get things along and it takes everybody, you know We need as many people as we can to move this project forward So, you know kind of like how You know, how can you take a chance on someone like me, you know, how does your company? You know hire an ex-con or hire someone that doesn't have a CS degree or hire someone that just you know doesn't fit your typical mold of whatever you may be looking for and Everybody everybody, you know, like I mentioned before everybody has their own skill set their own You know talents that they can bring to a team because it is a team You know, nobody's just a solo practitioner even though sometimes, you know You'll be heads down writing code and you forget you exist, you know, but that's just you know the way it is but I mean You know when we look to hire, you know bring those other people into the other mentorship program I just talked to them and had conversations and I could tell you know by asking them something like aim type questions Like that they had a logical mind that they could figure this out and that you know They could they could take criticism and other things like that And that was kind of like the deciding factors to like bring them into the mentorship program So, you know, if you're looking to do that then I suggest doing something like that But if you know, you're looking to hire someone to grow them. It's the same thing You know when I when I was like learning Drupal, there was a lot of you know monthly check-ins and quarterly one-on-ones and all this HR stuff and things and You know to make sure that I was doing the right thing so that like their investment their chance and me Paid off and it did And it went for the other people I trained we we had weekly meetings and monthly one-on-ones And you know in our one-on-ones is just like I didn't talk I was like tell me what's up. What's going on? What's wrong? How do you feel you know? And you know, sometimes they're a quick con was sometimes like I don't understand this It's okay to say you don't know things because the only way you're going to learn is if you say that so You know, don't be afraid to fail. I had to fail 42 billion times before I got to the way I am now And and and failure is an acceptable thing and it's a very hard concept to grasp especially in our American society to where Success is such like a big, you know key factor to everything but it's okay, you know, so Another thing too is like I mentioned earlier don't let like people give the ball at them run with it You mean you have to set expectations and and check-ins and and and make sure that like that those people are doing okay because I mean I never had to experience it, but if someone didn't work out then they don't work out I mean, that's just the reality of life as well Not everybody can do this And that's okay, you know, maybe you could find something else they could do So, you know Kind of touched on like how you can kind of accept people in different backgrounds and and kind of give them, you know The strength and you know hope to to you know go forward and do great things and you know You know when I got into NA you know and again kind of gave me the the you know the framework to Address my addiction and you gave me by working the steps. I was able to develop a tool set to Kind of handle all my issues that I may have Drupal gave me the financial security I needed to kind of alleviate Any concerns around that because I mean finances and other things like that were always a big deal to me So when I would like lose a job because I was too messed up to do something, you know Yeah, I would go down this really deep rabbit hole So kind of Drupal gave me the confidence and that final security, you know financial security back and because of that, you know, I've I've I've used my coding skills outside of Drupal. I've I've I've developed two Narcotics Anonymous area websites that I've been on like I'm very big in service and services like narcotics anonymous It's structured almost like a government body You have like different levels of service and it's the group level the area region world It kind of goes up and I've been involved in service like since I almost got clean and I built a couple websites I've been the regional conferences. I built their website I've talked to the world board We put out a distribution for WordPress Drupal six seven and eight so other fellowships can go ahead and spin out websites easily I've done a lot. I I'm always a busy guy, you know You know My shirt, you know my the shirt with my face on it This actually has to do with my son. I have nothing to do with me It's actually I'm very socially awkward.   So And I don't know if he wears it all the time But I've seen him wear it and it was kind of but now it's just kind of it kind of manifested itself from there Everybody wants a John's shirt and I've made a whole bunch of women, whatever But, you know, because any kind of gave me the foundation and Drupal kind of gave me that the confidence I am a better father. I there was a there was a good time. I didn't My children's mothers wanted to want to mean nothing to do with my kids like they kept me away And and now I'm very much a part of their lives and This past year, I had like this really great moment With my son's grandparents on his mother's side And these are people that I did horrible things to an act of addiction.  I I did I did really really bad things And I brought them through so much drama and I was actually at North getting my record expunged and And They sat me down.   I mean this past year was a big year for me. I switched jobs. I I'm no longer a convicted felon The judge called me the model real Rehabilitation when he signed all the paperwork to have my record expunged and I was like, man, I really fooled him You know, but it it was a good feeling, you know I've come so far, you know In this journey and Drupal and in my recovery life It feels pretty good to be where I am. I I was I tried to the other night I was watching I saw there was the Jersey Shore Reunion show whatever it was. I tried to watch it. I made it about 15 minutes in I was like, man I'm so glad there's no drama in my life anymore and I kind of turned it off I was like, I don't live that way anymore and I couldn't even watch it, you know I don't even know why I thought it was okay to watch, you know, but whatever so You know, and I've had some other big moments, too. I I'm not anonymous in my professional life I don't go to like every sales company like hi, I'm dramatic. I used to rob people for drugs, you know like, you know, it's Anybody that does this, you know, you become friends with some of your clients I mean, I've worked with some clients for years and and There was a moment many years ago that a client he sent me really expensive bottle of whiskey for Christmas It's a thank you and I had not told anybody besides the people I worked with that, you know That I was in recovery and so it was it was it was like one of those moments where I was like I need to say something so, you know, I told them, you know, I've been clean at the time I think like a year and a half and I was like, I can't take this, you know I'm sorry and and I gave it to somebody else, but I thanked them, you know and and Look a lot of the clients, you know I started to talk about this and and there's a good number of the clients that I handle that know that I'm giving the speech Right now know that I am in recovery and and that same client that gave me that whiskey bottle came to me I'm a little over two years ago and he, you know, he texted me and he was like, hey I got a friend and of course I thought it was him because I've hung out with him and he parties like a rock star And and and I was like, okay, what's up, and we're talking and he's like I have a friend I grew up with can you talk to him and I was like, well this you want to change, you know Because so long so many people try to get me clean by pushing me into rehabs and other things and I didn't I was like Yeah, whatever I could I could be a good, you know soldier for a little while But soon it's like, you know, when nobody was looking it was game on but and so I talked to him and and we talked He did all the talking and he was out in Lafayette, California, and I live in Florida So and we you know, we're talking on the phone and I could hear myself in him, you know For many years before he was he was in the tech industry. He was lost He was on the way of being homeless. He what would this pimp all this money? He was all strung out on drugs. It was like it was me all over again And and we talked and we talked and we talked every day For a few months until he got kind of clipped up with NA out there and and and and he just sent me a text the other day He picked up two years, you know, he's been clean for two years so, you know, that's a great feeling when stuff like that happens because Because I'm not ashamed of who I am, you know, I'm not going to like make any excuses for anything I did in the past I did all that stuff, you know, but I I I'm making my men's as I go through life and and You know, some of my family listening and I haven't made any men's to you. Don't worry.  You don't even have to tell me your name and I will talk to you and help you Because nobody did that for me So, you know, that's all I got. Thank you Questions Yes, Amy June I feel relieved a little bit now I'm kind of the calm and this this whole thing is always just kind of wing it So I just you know in your head, you're gonna say all these things that you never do But I feel kind of good now and I'm glad it's happy hour.  I mean, we have this one life and and and I mean People know what it's like to be judged by your past and other things you do and it doesn't feel good You know, I mean people do grow up and they move on and and and you know I was a man child for the first 36 years of my life, you know I should feel like a grown-up for the first time and and and you know I caused a lot of wreckage and I heard there's people all never speak to you because what I did My or even I make amends to them and I'm okay with that now I've made peace with stuff like that and and You know, but I'm never gonna there's a lot of people There's a lot of I have a lot of good friends in the program like good solid dudes and and they're they're very successful, you know and they're in their locations and things like that but you know They couldn't see me for who I really am and they love me and it's okay I can say I love you back and it's not weird or or or strange for another guy to tell another guy that he loves him You know because I do because there's been times on my recovery that like I struggled I had a really bad breakup with my accent during recovery and it was the first time after many years that I like I felt like using again, but I use you know the skills of NA to reach out and be like I'm struggling bad, you know and they were there right there they surrounded and I made it through you know And so I've kind of emulated that even with the people I help train I call my padawans You know, we have a select channel and I make sure that we have a question They're not they'll ask me questions, you know, none of them work at the predecessor We all worked out one of two of them work for hook 42 and another one would work for go overseas and and you know, they are They ask me questions and and I'm there for them So I'll always kind of you know help them and because you know, I saw something and I'm and I still see something in them That's kind of a long-winded response, but I Feel Clayton was there and Elijah coming to us like you know, he's I Filled like the sort of like the mini site that that Webcast was living on all these people are watching. I was sitting upstairs Monitoring the webcast And it was just like really surreal Street It's just amazing and the point really is like Anybody can make it through, you know, and I've always been really open It's like you like about my background and stuff because like I've always found Just to sort of reinforce what you're saying I've done opportunities to help other people, you know, like throughout my journey I didn't get Thanks Any other questions? All right. Thanks everybody


Ryan, how good did it feel to see that two-point promotion pass fall in a complete hand zone? Well, it was huge, obviously. Yeah, it was awesome. You know, they backed it up there, and knew it was going to make it tough for on them. And awesome to see the defense step up and make a huge play. Ryan, obviously, this game wasn't a pretty win.  What does it show about this group? Yeah, obviously, we've got to clean some stuff up, but I'm never going to apologize for a win. Proud of our guys, we battled through. We were able to make some plays when it counted and come away with a win. So proud of our guys really stepping up and finding a way to come away with a win. You sense that Marcus might have a big one like this coming? I have a ton of faith in Marcus every time he steps out there. Going back to training camp, and then he's had a couple of opportunities to step up and make plays for us this year. Awesome to really see him get going a little bit, cut that early one, come underneath, and then gotten to the open space. And I know we have some juice, so excited to see that happen. Do you feel like you guys had a better rhythm than the passing game this week? There's still a lot of stuff we had to clean up. I think we did some good things, had some opportunities there. But we just got to keep our foot on the gas, keep cleaning things up, and be better prepared for next week. Coach Raven was saying that they needed to see that for Marcus today, and that maybe Marcus needed to see that for himself, too. Is that going to be a boost for him having a big day like today? It should be. It should be. The guy goes out and makes plays for us, creates huge explosive plays, and it was played consistent for us the whole day. So it should give him confidence moving forward. I know I have a ton of confidence in him. This offense has a ton of confidence in him, so hopefully we can use it as a springboard for him to keep progressing. I'm just going to follow in and say how important is it to have that complement to AJ when AJ is going to be so well covered regularly? Oh, it's huge. You see Julio not make it to the game, and we need somebody to step up and fill that role for us. So when you have a guy like Marcus that's able to do that, it creates more balance for us offensively, and we can run our offense. I wonder how many times that you guys were able to get a special team's turnover there.  Oh, it's huge. I'm not even sure who made that hit, but that was awesome, man. And you see a big hit on special teams without a turnover, and it can change the momentum of a game and really give the defense, get a lot of confidence going on to the field to get a turnover, put the offense in a great field position there. I really springboarded us to get into the end zone, and it really changed the game. If you were at an injury court with an illness, I guess Friday, did you feel better by yesterday? What was the end of your week like, and kind of getting ready for the day? Yeah, I don't feel so good. Still dealing with a lot, but I was thankful I'm able to make it to the game and be out there. Poll labor-related? That's good. Do I? Poll labor-related? I don't think so. No. Were you ever worried that you weren't going to be able to play at any point for the last couple of days? No, I wasn't worried. You just had to pump yourself with IVs, so it was a lot kind of getting yourself right. A lot of things went into it, but just thankful I was able to make the game. When you guys offered a short field two times in this game, and both times came out with seven points, is that where this thing was won? I think it was won in a lot of different areas, but I definitely contributed. Obviously, taking advantage of the short fields. We got another one there, I believe, at the beginning of the end of the third quarter, we didn't take advantage of it. We got the ball around the 40-yard line or so. Got to be able to move the ball there and get points out of that, and we got to be better in the red zone overall. We moved the ball during the middle of the game consistently and just didn't finish consistently enough in the red zone. So we've been better there. We just got to get back on track and learn from this one. You guys have taken the next man up thing to the extreme this year. I think you've had the most players playing games in the NFL. Is this a point of pride in the locker room?  Did you guys talk about this a lot? It's something that we believe in. Obviously, we talk about it. You don't want to consistently have to have other guys step in, but that's the case. Then you want guys to step in and play with confidence and something our program believes in. Our coaches are preaching it. We believe in it as players. If you get an opportunity, you got to step in and take advantage of it. So if that mentality persists throughout the organization, then we're going to be in good shape. You've had that confidence with Marcus Johnson since training camp. What was it that allowed him to really come in a position today and step statistically? He went out there and made plays. He got some opportunities. And every time the ball went his way, he made the play. So hats off to Marcus. Excited to see him get going a little bit. Hopefully, we can build on it.  Bad? Yeah, it's been a tough couple of days. But hopefully, keep progressing and feel better. Is it like a stomach fight? Is it like a stomach thing? Yes. But those who play the game, you're not going to have Julio. You're not going to have Derek. And AJ is going to catch one pass. I'm going to guess you think your chances aren't real great today. I mean, I knew it wasn't going to have Julio or Derek. Yeah, I didn't know AJ was only going to have one catch. But I really didn't even realize he only had one catch. But Marcus stepped up.  Former made some big plays for us. Adrian had some good runs. Titans made plays for us. So I kind of take the mentality of we're not ever dependent on one person. There's going to be opportunities that present themselves throughout the game to different people, to different position groups. And it's just a matter of being able to step up and take advantage of it. And some guys did that today and it really helped us out. If one of those players was, I guess, the forced fumble on the kickoff to start up a second half, I'm going to play like that, kind of helped spark momentum. I think it was Dylan Cole in the head. And then Corey was the recovery. Yeah, that was huge. Coming out of the second half, huge hit. Ball comes out and puts the offense in great position there to go score. Offense was able to capitalize on that, go punch it in the end zone. So I really got the second half started off right for us.


So in the last class we have discussed about the high-resolution electron microscopy principles and I said that we will discuss about the image simulation today. As we know that high-resolution electron microscopy gives you images of the atoms or the columns of atoms to the resolution level of amstrung or sub-amstrung even it is possible to obtain resolution level of 0.8, 0.7 amstrung in the microscopes available today. The problem is that interpretation of such high-resolution images are really a difficult or daunting task because image contrast can vary drastically depending on the focus as we know. As I have shown you that defocus is the most important factor in obtaining the high-resolution images in the times electron microscope. So therefore during the subsequent process after we receive the images from the microscope we need to simulate it using the prescribed models available for the crystal structure of the material. If it is a crystalline, if it is a non-crystalline material then we must have a prescribed model available for the structure of the non-crystalline material like amorphous or any other structure. So during as you know during imaging process the electrons undergoes three distinct interactions if we have to list down in a very short form and each of these interactions can be simulated in a computer. So first thing or first interaction electron undergoes is called the basically because of this dynamical scattering of the electrons in this sample or the specimen and this basically this can be simulated the dynamical scattering is basically because electrons falls on a sample and then can get scattered in different directions and this is basically it is a dynamical process. So one needs to apply the dynamical diffraction theory to obtain the exit wave functions of the electrons. Now this can be done using a technique called multi-slice method in this method actually the specimen is sliced into many slices actually specimen is basically taken into many many different you know small slices and then this slices are basically taken at a normal to the electron beam or instant beam and then this after we obtain the slices we can simulate the electron interaction dynamical interaction electron with the material by using different methods there are methods like reciprocatory reciprocal space formalism or fast Fourier transformations or real space approach or block web approach depending on how precisely you want to determine the interactions. Now I do not have time to deal into talking to each of these techniques very precisely because of the time constraint but nowadays any conventional textbook on the transmission electron microscopy will provide you all the knowledge base available for these techniques. The most important technique which you day to day apply in the high-resolution microscopy is called fast Fourier transformations in this technique we basically use the actual high-resolution image which showing the columns of the atoms as a real space image and then Fourier transform the the this real space information and obtain the diffraction pattern then compare the diffraction patterns with the the ones which is can be derived from the structural model available provided we know this structure of the material very precisely and then by comparing it we can get many distinct information regarding the the interaction of the electrons with the material and input to such a multi-slice method obviously has to contain different parameters of the specimen or the object like unit cell the position of the atoms and inside the unit cell the what is called thermal factor because of the derivation the atoms as the temperature increases and the orientation of the specimen or when some of the crystals are the the object as well as the thickness so this itself is a basically not a easy simulation as you understand there are so many parameters which goes into the simulations and if you do not have distinct information or distinct values of these parameters like thickness of the specimen the object orientations values of the of the develop factors very precisely for the material which is staring we do not get very you know good simulated picture. Now results of this calculation actually gives us the wave function as we know wave function is these important result of this wave function are the exit plane of the sample is obtained by using the multi-slice method and in the second step once you obtain this wave functions the formation of the images in the electron microscopic the time electron microscope can be simulated using different equations which I have discussed this equation is actually based on the transfer functions. So transfer functions actually are doing known apary for a particular set of microscopes once you know the transfer functions and related equation how this the the points in the specimen is getting transferred to the image plane then we can basically obtain the instrumental factors in the image. So therefore in this simulation second step simulation one is to provide all the information regarding the instrument or the microscope which you are using for obtaining highly spectromyte cook images and this includes obviously the spherical abrasion constant the defocus as well as even if it is possible to give the information regarding the currents of the different lenses subsequent to the objective lens. Finally in the third step electrons intensity of the electron beams which are coming at the image plane because of this interaction can be calculated by squaring the wave function and this can be displayed like a monotone or halftone image basically halftone image on a high-reson screen on a computer. So these three steps are normally done nowadays in all kinds of computers available where the commercial software actually allows you to run this different steps and provide you actually the image which is can be compared with the actual image. Now in practice this is actually routinely done in the even while doing the microscopy one can run these things one can use these functions which are available in the software in the computer and compare and get information otherwise if the structure looks to be very complicated then one needs to go back to the structure modify it and then obtain images which can be then compared but you know these simulations obviously are dependent on many input parameters as we have seen the most important input parameters are the specimen and the microscope itself. Now as per the microscope is concerned one can actually give this input parameters very precisely the values of the CS or the specular version constant or even the de-focus values can be provided but as per the specimen is concerned it is very difficult to provide the actual values of the input parameters like you know orientation of the sample the thickness of the sample where the image is taken and many what is called other parameters. So that is why many people actually what they do they initially obtained this information or measure the thickness of the sample very precisely using converging electron diffraction technique or some other technique available and also determine the orientation of the sample very precisely and use this as input precise values of these are used as input to the simulation so that one can obtain as called good images for reasons you know these are sometimes available for reasons these are sometimes not available to do the simulations. If you are lucky enough you are having a good microscopic team then you can guess this information very easily from your experiment only experiment or from your curly experiments during the whole set of time electron microscopy and then you can run this simulations at the same time for the machine as I said it is possible to provide the precise information of specular button constant or de-focus values but many times we do not rely on that the de-focus values which are provided but rather what we do is that we take a series of de-focus images from the highly sector microscope and then compare it with the simulated images this is so therefore in a nutshell I could basically show you a simple you know simulated picture in the slide where this is the specimen you see there electron from the gun falls on the specimen after going through different no lenses and then interacts interaction basically dynamical in nature and then is basically passes through the other lenses in the microscope like intermediate political lenses and finally we obtain image in a CCD camera nowadays and to make life simpler we always get a de-focus series of images where de-focus is very of the digital is very very was called systematically and images are obtained as black and white dots as you have seen in some of the pictures and this images that are fed into the computer one this is my friend the computer computer has the software in build and these softwares are basically runs based on these three principles which I have just now told you and then reconstruct the original image by comparing with the model have a level and finally it gives you a potential map so that is actually the cycle in which we simulate the images and obtained finally a most comparable image but you understand from this whole process because there are a lot of input variables which can be changed into few variables and also the complexity of the whole technique tells you that it is not an easy one to basically get information out of high listening images that is why nowadays people provide this high listening images in the different papers or the books just for the sake of increasing the quality of the images many times we find that exact information from this images are lacking in the both in the papers and sometimes in the books also because of this problem of simulating these images and getting the quantitative information so obviously qualitatively one can explain the images using such software but obtaining quantitative information requires another kind of simulations which are much more complex and probably outs of the scope of this particular course so I will not go into a lot of this but just to give you an idea that how complex is this you know simulations I am just telling you this aspect that be careful while comparing the actual images with the simulated ones sometime this may be misleading so therefore you need to first learn how to obtain good image in the electron microscope like good ones in such as Titan and then compare this images with the best possible software available in this world to extract quantity information about the microgaps so with this I close the highly sector microscopy portion of this course and I move on to the next portion of this course that is called stem scanning transmission electron microscopy as you know scanning times electron microscopy has become an integral part of the microscope nowadays all the modern-day microscopes has a scanning electron microscopy facility scanning term is like the microscope facility this is has originated from work by Crowley crew and many others and those who have tried very hard to use scanning term sector microscopy the reasons scanning electron microscopy is important because of these aspects we can get information for by field angle dark field images high angle dark field high-ended angle dark field images which can give us jet contrast we can also let us call we integrate this stem with ills energy filter energy electron energy loss spectroscopy which can be used to obtain energy filter images one can also integrate this with commercial electron beam or nano electron beam diffractions and in one can actually use the stem to get holographic images so I will not be will discuss all of them in this in this course but I will try to give an idea how stem works and how stem can be used to obtain different sets of information as I said the concept of stamina scanning transmission electron microscopy is not a new one it has been employed by crew a long back who introduced this whole concept into the electron microscopy community and he actually used first time showed that first time scanning term is electron microscopy you need to use most notably the field emission guns so in a scanning terms electron microscopy images what we basically do is like this we have a basically a fake source or effigy source what we can say which is a very high brightness and a very small spread this effigy source can be focused by using the objective lens on the specimen obviously the effigy source when it is focused on the specimen by using these this kind of objective lenses the beam will be de magnified electron beam and basically with this beam is called convergent beam and once the convergent beam falls on the sample or the specimen it diffracts and gives you diffraction disc and this diffraction disc can be either transmission transmitted electron beam or diffracted beams now one can actually use different detectors below the specimen to obtain the images using this that is called either transmitted beam or the diffracted beam so that is the basically idea so it is shown very nicely here in the second picture where you can see this is source or electron beam which is then it is it is can be scanned over the sample by using a deflector which is there in normal scanning electron microscope and this image is falling this beam is falling on the objective lens which focuses or being de magnified the electron beam to a very small size beam called convergent electron beam on the specimen and then specimen diffracts and we can get different kinds of information which are listed there. So this is basically the idea now as you understand that you know as the convergent beam falls on the specimen some part of this convergent beam will be diffracted and some part will be transmitted so if one collect this diffracted beam intensity using a detector one can form dark field images or if one collect this transmitted beam using a detector one can actually displays as a bright field images. So and then once this beam scans over the sample and this whole imaging can goes on as a speed of the raster let us just like a scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope the raster scans the electron beam and signals like backscatter electron or the secondary electrons or whatever are the signals generated these signals are then used to display the image on the computer scale. Same thing can be done here also as the beam scan on the sample the diffracted of the transmitted beam can be either of them can be taken by the detector and we can can be then plotted on the computer to obtain an image. So the first thing you understand the intensities of the diffracted beams or the transmitted beam which is passing to the sample is a totally dependent on the initial intensity of the convergent beam which is falling on the specimen. So that is why in this kind of same configuration one uses something known as FIG or what is called as field emission guns reason is very simple the field emission guns intensities of the electron beams are very high almost 3 to 4 order magnitude higher than the normal lab 6 with the filaments or the tungsten herping filaments. So these beams the which are high energy or high intensity beams rather can be demagnified to about nowadays 1 nanometer or even less in many cases one can go down to 0.5 nanometers also demagnified and to get a very very fine probe of very good intensity of falling on a sample. So that the diffracted beam which is coming or the beam which are coming out on the exit surface of the specimen can have sufficient intensity to get you know informations regarding the sample. So that is why FIG sources are normally used as I have to give an idea the if I take a FIG field emission gun source 1 nanometer beam has a current of 0.5 nano amps. So that is why with a FIG bright and dark field stammages can be easily recorded within few seconds or even at a TV scan rate that is what you want we want the beam to scan on the sample and then image to be displayed at the same scan rate. So to do that you need the TV scan rate and to get a TV scan rate you need to have a sufficient intensity of the beam. So as I have discussed with you this slide this looks like a very simple but there are lot of attachments involved which I have removed for the sake of simplicity of the images. So essentially the components in a scanning transmit electron microscopy is more or less same as a conventional transmission electron microscopic instrument and not much difference is there. So except that there is a scanning coil which can make the beam scan on the sample like in raster mode just like a scanning electron microscope but you know there are practically there are lot of advantages using this scanning transmit electron microscopy. The real advantage is that the dark field images can be obtained with a very high collection efficiency in stem as compared to the normal dark field images in transmission and transmission electron microscope. This is mainly because that the all these scattered electrons outside the incident beam spot can be collected in a stem mode and once we collect all the scattered electrons or diffracted beams the intensity of the diffracted beams is sufficiently high so that it can be it can give us a very good collection efficiency. That is one of the biggest advantage and that is why almost half of the imaging detectors in the stem mode are dark field like annular dark field high angle annular dark field these are actually routinely used to obtain all kinds of different information which we are going to discuss one by one. Not only that that is the biggest improvement advantage not only that another important advantage is that in the stem in a conventional electron microscopes the conventional TM normally two dimensional detector such as photographic plates or a CCD camera is used to record the intensities at all image points which are in parallel like as the beams goes parallel and falls on the screen the images are recorded but in stem image information is produced in a serial form like a time dependent voltage or current variation. For many years in fact this gives stem this unique possibility of online image processing to manipulate the image contrast for special uses or purposes and now we have the CCD cameras available of high quality high solutions and so therefore this gives us the serial lead out or online image processing processes and sit in conventional TM also however stem for the stem there are many other possibilities exist thus in stem detectors can be or the stem actually several detector can be used simultaneously to produce images from the different signals coming out from the sample. So there are a variety of these stem detectors available and which I can show you here or I have listed down there variety of stem detectors available to obtain different signals other than this wide field and dark field. So as this beam falls on a specimen it is one part of the beam is getting diffracted that is what is the big this diffracted disk is shown here other part is called zero beam which is not undergoing supposed to be undergoing not undergoing diffraction as far as scatter beam. So we can put a wide field detector there and we can put a dark field detector there and obtain conventional wide field dark field images just like that as the collection efficiency high product fields image quality is better even many cases resolution is also better because the beam which is basically coming out after diffractions they contain the information which are having very high resolution not only that one can actually use a integrate as I said the stem with the electron energy loss spectrometer which can allow not only allow you micro analysis of the specimen a very small area to detect elemental presence or the state of different elements present in the sample of specimen in the small area but also it allows you to from the images with electron that have lost particular amount of energy we have to understand that yields basically operates on the energy loss of the electrons. So as the electrons comes out of this the sample exit phase they carry loss information because they have under their electrons have undergone different kinds of amount of energy loss and this is nothing but because of the analysis scattering of the electrons in the specimen and so therefore we can strap this information by trapping those electrons which have undergone loss of energy because some analysis scattering and this loss can be characterized depending on the type of element present in the sample. So one can actually use a certain kind of technique in which a specific energy levels can be used to obtain image and this is all called energy filter imaging and so therefore at the what is called as the images which corresponding to electrons that have lost a particular amount of energy can be obtained and to give you an idea this is the illustration which I have shown the very first lecture for the nano crystalline copper pulse electric deposit using thiorea. So it is deemed a thought that thiorea act as a gain refiner by pinning the gain boundaries of the copper but there was no work or no experimental evidence available showing that thiorea molecule is exactly sitting at the periphery of the copper grains during electro deposition of the copper. So to show that one can actually use what is known as energy filter imaging using ills as I said that ills can be used to filter out the two image or to obtain images for the electrons which have lost a particular amount of energy. This is the left side of the picture is basically showing you the normal biofilm image and the rights of the picture is taken using sulfur energy edge which is that means the electrons which have lost energy corresponding to sulfur energy edge in ills and that can be used to obtain the byte field or image and there you can see this bright lines at the gain boundaries many places this bright line signifies the presence of sulfur and as I told you even the very first lecture the thiorea is basically a molecule which contains sulfur are the nitrogen hydrogen and carbon and sulfur is the distinct part of the molecule. So the presence of sulfur means presence of the thiorea. So by doing this kind of exercise one can actually obtain images to the resolution of the electron the term is electron microscope where we can show that where a particular element is present. So therefore this are now this does routinely in fine catalyst which is a very important field of research nowadays one can actually use this energy filter images to clearly signify where a particular element is present or not. So other than that the in the stem mode this is one of the ills is one of the most important attachment to the scanning electron microscope which many microscope has the microscope which I showed you in our campus do not have this ills but I have shown you where the ills can be attached at the bottom of the microscope just below the camera ills can be attached and the signal can be processed using a computer. So images can be formed in the stem mode by using low energy secondary electrons or algae electrons or characteristic x-rays rather. So serial nature of this image signals provides basically possibility of the quantifications basically and then the information can be correlated with the specimen compositions crystallography and as well as the morphology. And another important detector is basically added into the microscope or into the stem is known as HARDIF high angle annular detector. This was basically done or the developed by Crewe et al and they have seen that if we use annular detector, annular detector means is just like this, like this suppose this is the specimen, this is the specimen here as you can see and this is my convergent beam coming from this objective lens stem and then obviously electrons are undergoing diffractions. So if you use a detector which is annular type so what actually happens is that we can we can collect the diffraction information in a disk surrounding by this central circle and this is what is called annular detector. In fact the reasons for it which I will tell you within few minutes time. So if we can put these detectors at a very high angle, very high angle means not very high angle. In electron diffraction you have to remember the scattering happens at a small angle maybe one red micro radian or few actually micro radians or few one or two micro radians like that. The high angle means of that nature not that several couple of 20, 30, 40 radians or so no. So therefore these detectors can be placed just like this one source here at a little distance from the transmitted electron beams or the zero beam and they contain information regarding the atomic number contrast. It has been shown by QA at all the basically that intensity of the image which forms by the detectors is proportional to z to the power 3 by 2 where z is basically the atomic number of the element present in the specimen. So therefore these detectors if we collect the information detector and display will tell us chemical compositions of the phases present in the microscope. This is very clear and this is routinely done nowadays. In fact the microscope which I showed you has a hardy detector and hardy detector takes this signal which are coming out or coming from the specimen at a little larger angle than the diffracted commonly diffracted beam and then a annular detector and displays on the computer scheme. So to show you one such image here this one I have shown you in the very first lecture of this course. This is basically a picture the one and the taken in a hardy detector in a microscope where there is a fake gun. So as you see this is the lot of large number of nanoparticles present in this specimen and this nanoparticles embedded in a matrix it can be it is basically here is the aluminum matrix and this nanoparticles are late in eutectic alloys and as you can clearly see that in a high angle annular dark field TM image we can clearly see these particles having showing distinctly two phase contrast. One is late solution or distinct solution. Aluminum is a dark so as we know that aluminum having very low atomic number so therefore jet contrast because of the aluminum will be very low on the other hand lead and tin having very high atomic number so jet contrast will be very high but there will be distinctly different jet contrast variation in aluminum and it from the tin and the lead which is seen from the brightness of this different portion of the particles. As I said that the bulk of the particle as you see on the right hand side picture is tin or the cap is basically lead and lead having high atomic number than the tin will be looking brighter in the hard of images. So this is again taken from our own work so one can actually use this particular technique to decipher this kind of informations and other rather to decipher different kind of phases presence. This is exactly equivalent to the backscatter electron imaging in scanning electron microscope where the backscatter electrons carry the information regarding the jet contrast and we routinely do in the scanning electron microscope to obtain the jet contrast images so that we can see different phases very clearly exactly same thing can be done in the stem but at a resolution of highly seen electron microscope. Now one of the biggest fallout of this particular hard detector is this we can use this hard detector to obtain highly seen electron micrographs okay so how to do it I will explain you within few minutes time is like this suppose you have a very thin portion of the sample specimen and you are using the stem mode so that the convergent beam is focused on to the particular column of atoms and obviously as I said you using a fake good fake guns one can actually convert the electron beams to 1 nanometer or 1.5 nanometer level. So if the small beam of very high intensity falls on a column of atoms and then this column of atoms contains suppose different atoms of different atomic numbers some of them are like aluminium which is very low some of them let us suppose contains holomium or maybe some other very heavy lead maybe high atomic numbers. So obviously the atoms which are heavy they will diffract strongly then the atoms which are having low atomic numbers so if we take or if you collect this information in a hard detector in a high elution mode we can clearly depict that which atom is what actually whether it is aluminium atom or it is a holomium atom or it is basically a lead atom one can clearly show on the microscope at the resolution of the high elution micrograph. So this is one of the another important thing which normally people do and if we collect this high elution high elution image is in a hard if mode or in this in the from the hard of detectors serially then one can build the whole structure of the crystal slow by slowly one by one well nowadays using Titan we do not need to do it because in a Titan basically one can get the distinct contrast from different atoms like one can contrast from the I have shown you the example of staunchium titanate in the last lecture from staunchium titanium titanium and the oxygen differently. So you do not need actually hard detector that way so this is another advantage of the stem the stem actually has changed the whole color of the electron microscopy so much. Now as I said that the one of the what is called advantage of these high angle detector is to obtain jet contrast images but it has its own you know limitation also limitation in the sense that it has to be properly sample has to be properly oriented and in many cases we found that very signals depending on the sample thickness the sample thickness is high the hard if signals are very good the sample things are small highly signals are bad so that is why one needs to use very high intensity beam at the as incident beam on the sample that is to be focused by the objective means very properly on the sample and so that the intensities of the hard if detector or the hard in the hard detector for the thin regions of the sample can be comparable another important technique which is attached to the stem is the converging electron diffraction and the nanofim electron diffraction specifically the nanofim electron diffraction is nowadays widely used we know that many techniques allows us to form grains or the particles which is very small suppose less than 5 nanometers. So in those cases it is very difficult to obtain diffraction information using conventional diffraction like the the selectively diffraction pattern so one is to use the use the C-bait or the converging electron diffraction or specifically nanofim electron diffraction to give you an example suppose there is a particle here small which are marked there in the image size is approximately 10 nanometers. So to obtain diffraction information from such a small particle one needs to use a very fine probe and that kind of fine probe can be obtained in a stem mod so that the beam which is highly convergent size of the beam of the order of suppose few nanometers can be allowed to fall on this particle and then diffraction can be collected this is also now understood routinely in the fake guns one has to understand that the nanofim electron diffraction depends on the available intensities of the incident beam because a sample is particle is not so thin the diffracted beam intensity may not be sufficient enough to be recorded by the recording device. So that is why in many cases what is done is that the beams are whether we use the fake beam which is having very high intensity and allow to fall on the specimen and then diffracted beam is collected. The advantage of this is that one can actually obtained the information for large number of particles by this way and then get full scale diffraction information from the particles. So as you see I am not going to discuss about holography here itself is a big subject as you see that using all these kinds of detectors in the scanning transmission electron microscopy one can obtain information in compressing normal byte field, anode duct field, z contrast images, composition analysis by yields, energy filter images by yields as well as diffraction information by nanofim electron diffraction. So this actually seems to like that it gives all kinds of informations and advantages are many obviously advantages are many but there are disadvantages. The disadvantage is that the images in stem mode is obtained in a skierial manner. So therefore it has practical problems like recording the images sometime can be long and that is why in that time long recording time sometime images can shift that will be drift of the images. Not only that it is also possible that during this taking the images even the current of the beam electron beam which is falling from the stem detector stem sorry from the objective lens can degrade as a function of time. So this can actually give sticky images many times in stem those of you who have used the stem will find if your microscope is not functioning at the optimum level you will get sticky images in the computer skin and not only that if you use a very highly convergent high you know current electron beams this can damage the sample. Many times you will find if you do nanofim electron diffraction on a particular particle after taking the diffraction pattern particle is basically change. So the sample damage is very high that is why in stem mode. So one has to be very careful about the particle specimen sensitivity of the specimen towards the electron beam if the specimen is very sensitive to electron beam once you not used stem in a FEG gun rather once would use FEG in the lab 6 filament where the intensity of electron beam is normally low. So basically the uses of the stem depends on the that particular type of material the material is good and stable you can go ahead with the normal FEG microscope stem configuration and obtain all kind of information a material is beam sensitive you cannot do it. So you have to change to the normal microscope. So in a nutshell I have discussed with you the hyalosine electron microscope stem in the last 3-4 lectures in the next lecture I am going to show you two important things one is the in-situ electron microscopy briefly I will discuss and to some extent I will discuss about the EDS detector which is normally attached to the microscope nowadays in fact new concept have come where super EDS is used instead of using one EDS detector one can use several EDS detector in the electron microscope which is then in Titan. So I am going to discuss about that and then I will move on to the scanning electron microscope where different kinds of scanning electron microscopy techniques like the EBSD electron beam a back straight electron diffraction patterns or in-situ ACM can be used to obtain lots of information.