This is civil issues in medical liability. My name is Lara Courier, I'm an associate professor at Winkiel University in Montreal. This presentation deals with general principles governing physicians' liability under the civil law of the province of Quebec. In many respects, these principles are different from those governing medical practice in the rest of the country, given that medical liability in Quebec is dealt with under French law principles embedded into Quebec civil code in the 19th century. Studies have shown that 7.5% of patients treated in Canadian hospitals suffer in adverse events, which can be defined as an unintended injury or complication caused by out-care management that leads to death, disability, or prolonged hospital stay. In 2000, it was estimated that 40% of these adverse events are preventable, resulting in a large number of preventable deaths. These adverse events have led throughout the second half of the 20th century to an increase of legal claims made against Canadian physicians. But we observed in recent years an actual decline of the number of claims, as we will see in a moment. There has also been an increase in the awards of damages granted in cases that find physicians liable. Several factors explain these trends, including changes in medical technology, the development of consumer law, greater expectations than the part of patients, the population's greater knowledge of medical issues and of their legal rights, changes in the doctor-patient relationships, and some changes in legal rules, especially the development of the medical duty to inform in the 1980s. So there are more medical map practice lawsuits across Canada than there used to be, but a small proportion of those claims make it to trial, most are settled out of court or abandoned, and a small proportion of those making it to trial are successful. The statistics of the last report of the CMPA, the Canadian Medical Protective Association, are revealing. These are all the new cases filed against doctors in Canada between 2003 and 2012. The blue line shows legal cases, which appear very stable since 2004. On the other end, sorry, college matters, which appear in yellow and which are disciplinary actions, are on the rise. Looking at new legal actions per 1000 members, we easily see that they are in constant decline since 2003. This slide compares Ontario, Quebec, and the rest of Canada. We see that the number of new actions against physicians in Quebec is much lower than in Ontario and even the rest of Canada. Although it's hard to tell for sure, this can be probably explained by the fact that there are in Quebec only a handful of law firms that specialize in medical malpractice. The lawyers in those firms are extremely specialized and knowledgeable, and some actually explain that they operate a pre-selection of cases and that will not start a lawsuit against a physician if they know it is doomed to fail. Looking here briefly at the numbers for 2012, we see that most malpractice claims against Canadian physicians have not made it to trial. Most have been settled out of court with the CMPA making an offer to the patient without admission of liability. Many have been dismissed at a preliminary stage or discontinued or they have been abandoned by the patient. Now moving on to physicians liability under the civil law of the province of Quebec. The first particularity of Quebec law is that disclaimers of liability are not legal in this province. Article 1474 of the Civil Code of Quebec already forbids anyone, physicians included, to exclude or limit liability for physical injuries. The Quebec Code of Attics of Physicians, which is a piece of legislation in Quebec, reinforces this in two articles, 11 and 71, and I'll just read quickly Article 11. A physician must, in the practice of his profession, assume full civil liability at all times. He may not elude or attempt to elude liability nor request that a patient or person renounce any records taken in a case of professional negligence on his part. There are three conditions to prove in Quebec to find a physician liable to compensate the injury caused to a patient by a position to five in the rest of Canada. The first one is to prove that the physician has breached his contractual obligation of means, and this is in cases where there is a contract between the patient and the physician, which is most cases. But in cases where there is no contract between a physician and a patient, the patient must prove fault on the part of the physician. The second condition is to prove that there is a causal link between the breach or the fault and the injury, and finally the patient must prove that he or she has suffered injury. We will only discuss the first two conditions together. The test for proving that the obligation of means of the physician has been breached is to demonstrate that the physician has not used reasonable means to achieve the results sought. For example, the recovery of the patient. There's no need, it's not a breach to prove that the result has not been achieved. Okay, one has to only use reasonable means to achieve that result, and the test for fault where there is no contract is to prove that the physician has not acted as a reasonable doctor would have placed in the same circumstances. As you can see in both cases, the physician is only required to act reasonably. When assessing the reasonableness of the means used or of the behavior of the physician, several factors may come into play, including the degree of risk involved in the procedure or treatment, whether or not the physician is faced with an emergency situation. The medical knowledge existing at the time of the events, over average experience and skills will also be taken into account, including the fact that the physician is a specialist. The law however recognizes in Quebec as in the rest of Canada that there might be more than one reasonable way to test, diagnose, treat, follow up, et cetera. The Supreme Court of Canada recognized this reality for the first time in a Quebec decision which later influenced the law of the rest of the country. In 1992, in La Pointe versus La Gardard, the Supreme Court wrote, given the number of available methods of treatment from which medical professionals must at times choose and the distinction between error and fault, a doctor will not be found liable if the diagnosis and treatment given to a patient correspond to those recognized by medical science at the time, even in the face of competing theories. An exception that applies throughout Canada, including Quebec, exists where standard medical practice that is accepted by the profession is fraught with obvious risks such that anyone is capable of finding a negligent without the necessity of judging matters requiring diagnostic or clinical expertise. This exception is a very rare application. The second condition commented on briefly here is the necessity to prove causation. In other words, the necessity for the plaintiff to prove that there is a relationship of cause and effect between the physician's fault or breach and the injury suffered by the patient. This causal relationship must be direct and immediate according to the Civil Court of Quebec. And this condition actually would require a lengthy explanation. It's actually, in many cases, very difficult to prove. I will limit myself to say that regularly there are difficulties in medical and my practice cases in proving this condition. One example is revealing. It is the case of Saint-Jean versus Mercier, decided by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2002. In that case, it was highly debated by numerous medical experts whether the paraphernalia the patient suffered from had been caused by a serious traffic accident or by the fact that the orthopedist who treated him at the hospital had allowed his mobilization despite a fracture of the T7 vertebra. The issue had to go all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada before getting resolved. Quebec court senses that there is no need for mathematical or scientific exactitude and assessing causation. The existence of a causal link is illegal, not a medical determination in front of the court, and it must be made on what we call the preponderance of evidence or the balance of probabilities. As in the rest of Canada, this means that the existence of a causal link must be more probable than not, which is a much lower requirement than the probability required by scientists before concluding to the causal relationship between two events. Causation theories are usually defended at trial with the help of expert witnesses who are hired and paid by the parties and who often disagree with one another. Obviously, if they did agree with one another, we might not be a trial in front of a judge. In 2002, the Supreme Court of Canada in a Quebec civil case insisted that where experts disagree, the judge must decide for herself or himself which view is to be preferred, since it is the judge's responsibility to decide whether the standard of proof, the preponderance of evidence, is satisfied. As long as the choice is made based on acceptable evidence, it will be legally valid. Obviously, this can be a time of very difficult determination to make for judges as the causal evidence in medical and my practice cases is often scientifically complex. Find a few words on the issue of informing the patient and obtaining the patient's consent. The obligation to inform the patient and obtain is or consent is grounded on the principles of autonomy and self-determination which are protected by both the Canadian and the Quebec Charters of Rights. In Quebec, this protection is reinforced by specific provisions of the Civil Code of Quebec. Article three, which states that every person is the older of personality rights such as the right to inviolability and integrity. And article 10, which reiterates this right to inviolability and integrity of one's person and provides for a very important exception in medical cases by stating at paragraph two, except in cases provided for by law, no one may interfere with one's person without is free and enlightened consent. When informing the patient, the following items of information must be provided, the diagnosis, the nature and the goals of the treatment proposed, the risks and benefits of this treatment, whether there are any therapeutic alternatives including the option of carrying out no treatment, the risks and benefits of the alternatives and the physician must answer questions asked by the patient. As for the disclosure of risk, only material risks have to be disclosed in the therapeutic setting. In case of aesthetic intervention or research, all risks have to be disclosed. Materiality of a risk is measured by taking into account the probability of the risk arising and the seriousness of its consequences. There is no hard and fast rule or threshold percentage starting at which there must be disclosure. The balancing exercise must be undertaken by the physician in every case using as a reference the reasonable doctor's test. In other words, a physician has to disclose a risk if the reasonable physician placed in the same circumstances would qualify it as being material. This is a very important difference between Quebec and the rest of Canada where courts have rather opted for the reasonable patient test in order to give full consideration to the patient's perspective. But given that Quebec's reasonable doctor's test also obliges to take into account the patient's characteristics which could influence the seriousness of the consequences of the risk curing, it is possible that in practice there might not be such an important difference in the application of the two tests. As for the obligation to obtain consent after providing information, it is a crucial step in any interaction with a patient given that the right to bodily integrity is always infringed in the medical setting. That consent can be expressed, for example, where the patient accepts treatment verbally or signs a consent form before surgery, but it can also be implied, for example, where the patient holds his or her arm for blood drawing at the request of a nurse. The consent must also be specific to the procedure performed which means that blank, open-handed consent are usually not very weighty from a legal point of view. Such obligation to obtain consent does not exist in the case of an emergency where the patient is unable to consent, for example, the patient is unconscious and a substitute decision-maker cannot be reached in time. As for consent by minors, the line Quebec is quite different from that of the rest of Canada. There is no concept of mature minor in Quebec. The age of consent is 14 years of age, regardless of the actual degree of maturity of the child. While it is clear that a 14-year-old can consent on his or her own to medical treatment, the sign cannot be said about refusing treatment required by the minor state of health. In such a case, the minor's refusal can be overridden by obtaining a court order. However, in the case of an emergency, that refusal can be overridden by simply obtaining the parent's consent. Finally, in cases where parents refuse necessary medical care for their child below 14 or emergency care for their child over 14, this refusal can also be overridden by asking for a court order. And this court order will only be delivered if the court believes the refusal is unjustified. Consent in the case of incompetent adults is also dealt with in the Civil Code of Quebec, which lists who can act as a substitute decision maker and you have the list on the slide. The code also provides that a treatment authorization can be asked from the court if a substitute decision maker refuses treatment without justification. The Civil Code of Quebec also deals with the status of an incompetent adult's refusal of treatment by indicating that the wishes of that adult must only be taken into account. However, if an incompetent adult refuses categorically, and that may be difficult to interpret in practice, but that's the requirement, so if the adult refuses categorically care that is not urgent and does not relate to hygiene, a court authorization must be obtained before proceeding to treatment. The court will at that time obtain the patient's opinion and is asked by law to respect the refusal unless the medical care in question is required by the patient's state of health. Finally, contrary to several other Canadian provinces, the Civil Code of Quebec does not deal specifically with the status of end-of-life advance directives prepared by the patient before incapacity occurs. Quebec's Bill 52 on end-of-life care, which you might have heard of and which is currently being considered for adoption by Quebec's National Assembly, contains a detailed section on advanced end-of-life directives. Thank you very much for your attention. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to contact me.


I'm Amy Blossom from Jackson County Library Services, and I welcome you to Windows in Time. Windows in Time is a series of local history talks, a program that's been developed by the Jackson County Library Services and Southern Oregon Historical Society. It is also part of the Southern Oregon History Show, which airs on Thursday nights at 6 p.m. You can also see us live though at the Medford and Ashland Libraries the first and second Wednesday of each month at noon. So are you ready for some history? Let's go. Hello, my name is Pat Acklin. I'm a professor emerita of geography and environmental studies at Southern Oregon University. This project was originally developed for the geography department and their majors by SOU professor of geography Claude Curran. The project was featured in a field geography class, and when the university adopted its system of a culminating activities called the capstone, this course became the capstone for geography. It was devised as a way for students to actually show their professors and their student colleagues, as well as those that they invited to the presentation, all that they had learned in their degree. The knowledge and the skills, applying the geographic methodology and in our local landscape. So the students worked together in small groups, collaborating on studying one square mile or a section of land under the public land survey. And we'll talk a little bit more about that in a couple of minutes. They practiced traditional research methods. They learned how to conduct field interviews. They especially focused on cartography or map making because as we'll be seeing, the map is the principal tool of a geographer. They also had to develop presentation materials and each student in the small group was responsible for presenting one hour of material on location. So it was really quite exciting for the presenters and for the audience to be on location hearing about the geography. At the end of the project, student field notes are evaluated. They produce a written report complete with a bibliography of the many sources that they utilize to cover the geography of a square mile. So before we delve into the projects, I can't resist sharing with you a few things about geography. We talked a minute ago about the fact that the map is the principal tool of the geographer. Maps show what we call spatial distributions or the patterns of things on the landscape or in the atmosphere, all of the patterns on the earth. And again, then we utilize cartography to show those patterns. Each student in the project was required to produce a base map, something akin to a topographic map, such as the one here on the slide, or a roadmap where you might have lots of different features shown on the map. In the topographic map that you see in the slide, there's topography shown, but a very obvious spatial distribution or pattern is the green color which shows trees on the landscape. And each project contain many, many spatial distributions of all of the features of the geography. So to give you a sense of what that entailed, here is an exhibit that I have been using for many years that shows the scope of geography. And as you can see under the heading of physical geography are things like geomorphology, which corresponds to geology as a discipline. And we have climatology, which corresponds to meteorology. And we have biogeography, which corresponds to biology. And soils geography, which corresponds to what you'll probably recognize as soil science, but that is called pedology. And then there's human geography, the social science elements. We have history as a discipline. Well, we have historical geography. And a lot of what we'll be talking about today is historical geography, something that's exciting to many students. There's also political geography and economic geography and all of the other social science disciplines. So when the students are working on their presentations, they want to incorporate the various themes in geography. Things like location. And I have listed here relative location. That would be like saying something like, well, Ashland is about halfway between Sacramento and Portland. It's Ashland's location relative to another familiar location. But absolute location is something like a survey or latitude and longitude. And it's defined in a very precise way. There's also place, though. You might hear the expression sense of place. Well, that's the way a location becomes different from another location because of the attributes of place. Things like weather or architecture or vegetation. It certainly doesn't feel the same in Palm Beach, Florida as it does in Seattle, Washington. Both places, which have a sense of place, as do all places. Another theme, human environment interaction. And we'll see some of the presentations that focus on that aspect. And then movement. The idea behind movement is that, for instance, transportation makes patterns on the landscape that show the movement from one place to another, as does something like migration of people or animals. And then finally, region. So when we do work in geography, we work through some questions that we describe as geographic inquiry. And a couple of them are simple. When we go to map something, we'll say, well, what are we going to map? And so that's the what is it question. But then, because it's geography, we wanna know where it is. And both the what is it and the where is it describe things on the landscape. And they also take care of some thinking processes that humans use. The development of knowledge and understanding or comprehension and then the application of those things. But at a little higher level, at the explanation level, we ask why is it there? And more importantly, what is its significance? And that allows analysis and ultimately synthesis a very higher level thought process that brings together the different things that are on the landscape through explanation and gets at that significance. So as we talk about landscape, we look at a model that shows us our physical landscape. For instance, in Oregon, our timbered hills are a good example of a physical landscape element. And there are cultural landscape elements, the things that people put on the landscape or do on the landscape. And a key to understanding the relationship is to look at how society is perceiving those things. I started with the idea of timbered hillsides because our perception of our timber and how we should manage it has shifted dramatically over the last several decades as a result of the societal element and the society's shifting environmental perception. So students are looking for these big patterns and they use an inventory of the spatial distributions in their square mile to do this project. Essentially, the work of Ian McCarg in his seminal book Design with Nature from 1969 described a way of separating each geographic phenomena on the landscape into a separate layer as this slide shows. So for each square mile studied, there will be the physical landscape elements that are here, the hydrology, other natural resources and hazards. An important focus is what we call the sequent occupants and these are the humans on the landscape and the changing human groups and their culture over time. And then we have the current land uses and things like zoning and housing and so on. So when the students start the project they had to pick a square mile and our public land survey system was a good way to get started. And I'm not going to give you the whole explanation of this but essentially, not long after settlement, the land is surveyed into townships that are 36 square mile units. And then each square mile is numbered and that gives students an easy way to pick a square mile from a topographic map. In our slide, we see section number 14 in the middle diagram featured. And a square mile is about 600, well it is, it's not just about 640 acres, it is 640 acres. Although we are surveying a linear grid pattern onto a very irregular surface of the earth. So that's how they arrived at the square mile. Now one of the other features on the topographic map besides the section numbers, there are survey lines that allow us to see the location of the first donation land claims or the lands claimed by the first Caucasian settlers. And those are shown on a topographic map by section numbers that are higher than 36. And so that's how students would look at the topographic map and decide, oh this particular square mile has a donation land claim and that would give me some insight into the pioneers who settled there. And so as they did that, then they would find, oh the pioneers were looking for some special landscape qualities because of their cultural bias and their economic need to be farmers. And so we find in this orange pattern of donation land claims on the topographic maps for Ashland and Medford, a pattern that shows the kinds of lands and their characteristics that the pioneers valued. And of course those were gonna be close to water for domestic water and stock water. And that's a whole other lecture. So we'll move on to something that you might find of interest, people look after they determine their legal description with the public land survey at the Bureau of Land Management website and are able to find through using a legal description this page of land status and cadastral survey records. Cadastral means ownership. So the very first public land survey maps are available in this website. And so if you are living on a property like this, this might be of interest to you. And you'll find that under land survey in the BLM website. Here's an example of one of the early settlement maps done by the early surveyors. And you can see about half of it was mountainous. So they didn't really bother with that initially and instead focused on the lower elevation landscape lands. And here's an example of how they would show the various plots that were claimed by individuals and we'll be looking a little more closely at this one in the exhibits in just a little while. And here's another example down to the individual property owner. So at this point, I think it's time for us to start examining some of the things that the students have done in the Square Mile project. I'm going to start, not totally organize this chronologically, but I'm gonna start using an idea from sequent occupants. And that's the idea of the Native American population that was here prior to Caucasian settlement. This is always of great interest to students. So up in the Cascade Siski National Monument, Rod Smith and Stephanie Painter found a Square Mile that appealed to them and they studied it as the monument was being studied and created. And their interests at first were the Native Americans who were there. And so to illustrate the way the Native American population used the landscape in the Square Mile, Stephanie and Rod made some cordage or twisted string made from cat tails. Now I made this presentation once before and a woman in the audience gasped when I said cat tail. She thought I meant tails of house cats, but what I actually meant was a cat tail were the common wetland plant that we might see in a roadside ditch. So I thought I'd bring that, lest you too think that there was a utilization of cat tails. They also used Oregon grape, this to make a yellow dye and the students dyed a piece of fabric so we could see how that would appear. They used a lichen, which they've called Old Man's Beard and the lichen did a number of things. It was used as an antibiotic, something to stop the bleeding. Also it had antifungal and antibiotic characteristics that were used. And they also used cedar cones and I have a couple of them here to do a variety of processes. So those are some examples of things that were on their square mile that they shared with us. Another student group was interested in the table rocks. Well, actually a number of student groups over time, but this group focused on, again, the Native American use and shared with our group that there was a village near the table rocks of Native Americans when the first donation land claims were settled and conflict occurred that began the rogue Indian wars and in their square mile at Township 36 South, range to west, section 12, was the location of what is called the Lupton Massacre, an unhappy day that kicked off the rogue wars. And instead of showing a benevolent relationship between people, these sequent occupants focused on the conflict of culture and land use. So moving on, let's talk a little bit about some donation land claims. Here we have the donation land claims of the pioneers, the Barron's family, and we also have the Russell's and the Gibbs in the same neighborhood up on what we would call Old Siskiyou Highway. So here's a map of the configuration of the donation land claims and here is the current parcel configuration. And the rest of the board interpreted the maps and featured photos such as the Barron stage stop. And so the Barons were an interesting family. Hugh Barron was a major and he was the patriarch of the family, but I wanna talk about his granddaughter. His granddaughter, Ostie, inherited the ranch. She was the daughter of Edgar and Stacy Barron and she was born on March 10th, 1888. According to her obituary, she attended a normal school here in Ashland, although she never worked as a teacher. When her father Edgar died at the age of 80, she took over the ranch at what was called the Mountain House and you see it referred to in the literature in that way. It was one of the largest ranches in Southern Oregon and Ostie was purportedly a no-nonsense cigar smoking woman. So boy, what a kick it would have been to have met her. Ostie, an onlooker recalls, Ostie who is now the sole manager of the wonderful property of which she has full charge and care and from all appearances thoroughly understands her task. So this is how the landscape then becomes alive for the students when we populate it with real people and real events. So another project featured the neighbors of the Barons and these were the Hill family and this was their donation land claim. You might recognize the name Neil on this land claim because that family has given its name to Neil Creek. So here is the donation land claim map and you can see now parts of Immigrant Lake impose on the Hill land claim. Well, what I wanted to show that this group of students did is they took and showed us through a series of maps beginning in 1950, 1960, 1970, 79, and 92. So we can see the process of land division over time and then they took that information and created a graph of the number of partitions in the square mile and the years in which they took place. So this very highest spike here in 1970 represents about the time that Jackson County lands were first zoned and some of the other spikes such as this one represent the time at which Jackson County adopted its first comprehensive plan. So they used the information to do an analysis that showed when land development occurred. But a cool thing that I wanted to talk about the Hills and their nearby neighbors, the Duns, while we look at this map that is a good example of a modern era GIS map, I wanted to tell you about the Hills and how they're connected to the Duns. So Isaac Hill settled on a donation land claim as I was saying out by Immigrant Lake and he had three daughters. And the daughters were some of the only single women in Jackson County and so they had a great deal of contact with their neighbors for the three marriageable daughters drew crowds. Not just of neighbors, but of men from as far away as Jacksonville and Wairika. And the girls were evidently overwhelmed with marriage proposals and they were brought gifts. My favorite, among the gifts, remember the Russell's donation land claim up by the Barons, well, Jim Russell brought some tiny potatoes from Portland and John Gibbs, the other neighbor near the Barons, brought from a cat and the cat was possibly the first domestic cat in Jackson County. So that's kind of fun. And eventually the girls marry. The first to marry was Mary and she married Patrick Dunn of the Dunn family on a nearby land claim. Anne, whose nickname was Hassa, became a marble carver. Her husband, she married James Russell and she left, as this newspaper article says, her legacy in marble and you can see her work at the Hill Pioneer Cemetery, which is out by Immigrant Lake. So I thought that those were some interesting tidbits about the Hill daughters and their relationship to the Dunn's and the Russell's. So we'd best press on, oops. And we're going to look just a little bit at some of the movement or the ideas around transportation. This student group was fascinated with a square mile at the Siskiyou Summit. And so they studied the transportation there and while they did start with the wagon roads, I wanted to show you this topographic map which features tunnel 13, the location of the infamous final train robbery by the diatomats at tunnel 13. And then they detailed with photos some of the interesting rail events. They went on to show us the first highway, Highway 99 through the Siskiyou's, the building, the improvements of Highway 99, the final construction of I-5. Another student group was interested in the pass and I don't have their project, but I remember it well. And one of those students, Josh Gibson, has gone on to become the assessor of Jackson County. So I just thought I'd share that with you. Here's a project that focused on another square mile near the Ashland interchange again, where over time all kinds of transportation was installed. And this shows the first donation land claim which belonged to a man named John Barrett. And WC and Nathaniel Meyer are the two Northern claims and they went on to have a big impact on the city of Ashland with their livestock breeding. And one of them was a surveyor. And some kind of fun things that they found out was that out on Eagle Mill Road, there used to be a covered bridge over Bear Creek. And so anyway, an exciting historic site out there very near Eagle Mill Farm. Another thing they shared with us is that when Highway 99 was built, Bear Creek was channelized and straightened out. And actually that was responsible for quite a little bit of flooding in this neighborhood in 1997. So the history of local transportation routes and that idea of movement. More movement. This project was done by Roland Mancuso and Charles Bennett, both of whom work for Jackson County, one for the roads and one for the planning department or excuse me, development services. And they were assisted by Hillary Powell. And they focused on Phoenix and they chopped their square mile up a little bit differently. What I wanted to show you here was the fine work they did mapping and describing the Hispanic community that's been growing in Phoenix. And they interviewed a number of local businesses and this map shows the pathways of migration to Southern Oregon from various locations in Mexico and Central America. So again, that idea of the theme of movement. So that was a little on Phoenix. Here's a little bit on Medford. This area is out what Barnett Road and East Main from Central Medford. And it's an area where you see the big houses up on the hill. And occasionally you'll hear someone refer to that hill as Pill Hill because of the number of doctors that live there. Okay, it's a little geography, maybe not flattering all the time, but still part of the spatial attributes that we look at when we talk about place names. So up there is Roxanne. That's the former hillside of volcanic origin that has hosted, among other things, a coal mine over time. But up on Roxanne was the location where the Bowens and the McKees claimed their donation land claims. And John Bowen settled on 320 acres he was from Delaware. One of the people that came with him, Roxanne, gave her name to the hillside above Medford. So that's how we get Roxanne. And what I really enjoy about them is that when they brought with them, Merriam Bowen brought with her a yellow rose bush from Missouri. And she planted it on the slopes of Roxanne. Well, later on, she married John McKee and he sold the donation land claim in Medford and they moved out to the Applegate and they took the rose with them. And now you can see Merriam's yellow rose blooming at the Logtown Cemetery in the Applegate every spring. So not only did they bring their cultural values about farming and architecture and so forth, they brought things like roses so they can plant them in their new home. So that's a kind of a fun story. So finally, we're going to go to Jacksonville. And this is kind of a different approach to mapping. This pair took an aerial photo akin to a street view that you might get on Google or if you use the tilt button to change your view of the landscape. And over it, they superimposed a map of Jacksonville in 1884 so that we could see the patterns of the various buildings in the past compared to where they're located now. And these blue dots are the locations of three cisterns or water storage that were part of Jacksonville's fire protection system. And the students, and this is the kind of thing we like them to do, speculated that perhaps the reason the places that used to be there in 1884 are still there is that those were the ones that could have a hose that reached from the cistern to their properties very frequently because most buildings were made of wood until the bricks were created. There would be destructive fires. So they used that idea to talk about fire prevention. And they also were interested in the economy and how the depression had affected Jacksonville. Well, while I started, our first city was Phoenix, actually Jacksonville is the oldest community. And as you know, it was a gold mining community. It lost out as the county seat to Medford after the railroad came in. And now, as you know, it is a quaint town that is entirely on the National Register of Historic Places. Well, the students found out that the gold mining from the streams might have been over, but there were still interest in gold mining. And all of these stars on this map of Jacksonville that shows a picture of some backyard miners here were places where people went out on their property or behind their house and had little prospects trying to find a few flakes or a gold nugget, the nature of the depression being that anything that you could find would have gone a long ways to making a better lifestyle. So that's kind of a fun way to disguise a soils map because what we really have in the colors of the background of the street map with gold mines of Medford is a soils map that describes the various types of soils that were on this landscape. Another feature that students often study that lays the foundation for what we're seeing on the ground now are maps that are used to create zoning and make land use decisions. So this is a map that the students didn't make. They sometimes brought to their presentations maps that they would get, for instance, from the city of Jacksonville as this one is. But, and it was to show us the way in which spatial distributions of things were used to make zoning decisions. So you see the historic core and various other districts in Jacksonville that were used to make decisions. So the techniques that we've looked at today in the Square Mile project are all still things that are being taught to one degree or another through remaining geography courses and through the environmental studies, now the environmental science and policy department. Students are still taking courses in cartography. They're still looking into the cultural values of people and talking about how those translate into things on the landscape. And they use that information to better understand people and their attitudes towards the environment. And they use that information then to share perceptions with those people so that when they graduate and become land use planners or the county assessor, they still have those same tools and skills to bring to bear on their new found professional lives. So that is the end. So thank you for coming and joining us this evening. And open your eyes, remember, history is everywhere.


What do you got for me? Okay. Well, first of all, I love your channel. I think you do great work I more want to know what you would advise or like a Early 20s. Yes, I know it's sometimes, you know, like all the early 20s women But what you would advise for someone who has seen the struggle and doesn't want to replicate that I didn't go to school for my degree. I work in social media marketing, but you know There's nothing like super stability about that and I more want to be taken care of So I do the necessary things, you know compatible and sweet and all those things. I want to know more like I Mean in COVID you can't really do much, but like what do you recommend? Okay, I'm not sure on the question because first she said something about being early 20s and then I don't like it or what? Well, I mean typically the younger the younger the girl the more you kind of like are like, all right girl, you know Depends on what she's saying Well, I'm saying what Well, I need to respond to that because I can't just leave that out there when a when a young woman's coming in giving her opinion That's fine. But when she starts giving advice, I have to balance that out against her lived experience and her knowledge So you can have an opinion, but when you give advice, it needs to be against something that's credible That's when I turn the bush. All right.  I? Want your advice on what you think I should do to get the lifestyle. I want I don't know what lifestyle you want So it starts there.  Yes, you want children Yes, how many to do? You know what comes next do you want to have to work to pay significant bills after you're pregnant with the first child? I would not like to pay significant bills All right, and do you live in the northeast south or west of the country right now? I live in the west, but I'm from the south That's probably where I'd go back to okay So How much would a man need to take how much would a man need to make to fund the kind of lifestyle? That you and your two children how much would you need to make annually to provide the kind of lifestyle you want? I Would like minimum 300,000 a year and and that's like Atlanta dollars. Okay, so what kind of men make that kind of money? What do they do? There's some professions athletes CEOs Doctors lawyers, okay athletes Let me go ahead and turn this athletes CEO CEOs of what? I Don't know actually Well see that's part of the problem right? Because you can identify what you want, but when I'm starting to ask you to fill it out It starts to get vague What are some of what are some of this but give me some go to some jobs that you think? Well, how about this at what age do you think a man starts making around 300,000 dollars and more? 30 All right It's the oldest man you've ever dated Early thirties what early thirties meaning 31 or what? Like 35. All right, so number one And what percentage of men earn thirty three hundred thousand dollars or more in this country? I'm not sure the number less than five percent Okay, so it sounds to me That you really don't have a firm grasp on reality of men and earning in this country Because the first thing that came out of your mouth is athletes. That's concerning to me Well, I didn't mean it. They were you know Husband material well because but when I asked you what that's still concerning And then CEOs see you have to understand what it is you want in the reality of getting it You want a an exceedingly small group of men and And men don't start earning that kind of money until their late thirties Between 45 and 55s when men earn that kind of money not early thirties Okay So would you marry would you want to be married to a man who's 45? Preferably no, we probably would clash why We have different interests. What do you mean? I feel like you probably would be a little bit further progressed than me and we wouldn't be able to see eye to eye I don't think well, did he need to see eye to eye what you want? Say that one more time. What does he need to see eye to eye with you on I mean, um Well, let me rephrase that I feel like we probably wouldn't have that much chemistry because I have talked to guys around that age And I feel like We just don't have as much chemistry. I don't care about camera certain parts of myself away to be more Ma'am, I don't know what you're talking about chemistry. What does that mean? like I don't know just the younger I Have to be more mature and more like less youth less youthful Does that make sense? Nope? Well, then I I don't know how to word it I could do it, but I would feel like I would be less of myself Less youthful less less. I got it. I got it. I gotta go. I gotta be really direct with you Go ahead then deal and then date men then you don't want them. Look sweetheart Tell me you're not the asset he is You see you guys want at all you want chemistry and love and connection when you want a man Who's bigger 300,000 dollars a year so you don't have to work. I got news for you You are gonna have to get on his program So if you got to put up the hot whatever the youthful stuff is that's what you that's the cost of Entry to get a man who's earning that kind of money If not go deal with a guy who's 26 years old or 27 years old making $50,000 a year and you got to work Okay, because what I'm hearing from you is a You don't seem to understand Number one one of the problems in our community is we value prize youth black people value and prize youth when I say dating older it is it In our community, it's like a taboo in another community. This it makes perfect sense Especially if you want a higher standard of living you have to marry a man who is earning that look at your president How much how many years is how many years older is he than his wife? Are you asking me? Huh? Are you asking me?  How tall are you? Five nine dress size 464 to 6 Mm-hmm. How much did you weigh the last time you waited so? 157 All right. I don't think you'd be really cut out for the kind of man you're talking about Because one You are gonna have to get on his program. He's not gonna get on yours Chemistry are the other kind of things that's that's love talk. That's for young people That's not for women who want to be, huh?   How would have you ever served a man? Yeah, yes, sir. Where I Mean I'm from the South so we don't know ma'am. I don't know. I'm just as a 23. What's your longest relationship? You're not how was he? You're not gonna like he was young. He was my age. It was it was years ago. Okay, and how long goes years ago, ma'am? You're 23 It was when I was 20, but I haven't dated anyone my age since I was 20. Wow Okay, why not? Because I want to be taken care of yeah, I was more asking if like I could have something that I enjoy spending time with I don't okay, but what I'm doing, but what I'm trying to explain to you is Is Your mindset seems to be set up incorrectly Okay, it's not about what you want It's what value can you deliver to a man who's in the top 5% of earners? You're competing with the women around him. That's what you're competing with you're competing with women who are already You're competing with all the women who don't want to be who don't want to work What are you bringing to the table at 20 at that's different than those women? And so when I hear you know talk about chemistry and Things you'd have to sacrifice you're already in a you know dating a guy at that age is one thing Yeah guys will date you the possibility of sex. I've been marrying you now Because it doesn't sound like you have a doesn't sound like you really in it for anything other than what you want You want to be taken care of okay? What is he gonna get for taking care of you?  I mean the agreeableness, right? That's what you always say The agreeableness and this is standard though fitness. Okay agreeableness is standard the So sex is Standard children standard agreeableness is standard. What special what is he going to? Get special about you that he cannot get from the dozens and hundreds of women who want a man on his level. I Don't know we probably all are competing in the same way exactly which is why Your mind isn't set up in the right way. I gotta settle for some things What's not settled with you don't want to see I need you guys to take this word settle out This settle word is bothering you you don't qualify for anything better It's like saying I settled to go to you know you know University of Georgia When you wanted to go to Ivy League, but you didn't have Ivy League grades or Ivy League SATs You didn't settle you got no where you could get and At 23 the kind of women the kind of women who get a man and do you care what race he is? No, I'm sorry. All right, so You said you dated a man who was older and you didn't you guys clashed No, we didn't clash. I just knew I had to be less of myself What and what does that mean? like He was a white guy, so Like there are certain things I wouldn't talk about certain ways. I wouldn't talk like certain jokes I wouldn't make like I don't know what I mean I don't know. I'm more like Funny charismatic type, so I feel like I had okay. Well, you had to be you had to be a grown-up Yes, welcome to the world But I feel like I would have a more enjoyable time in the company of someone more like me Is that wrong to like want someone of high status like I can enjoy no more. Okay. Okay, you wanted all Listen to me very carefully. You cannot have it all That's like No, it's okay in But you wanted to make $300,000 a year Pay attention the man who's making that kind of money is working 12 10 12 14 hours a day He's a serious man He's ambitious. He's driven and a wife is going to be I Don't think you ladies understand what it takes for a man to be at that level and what you're saying is you couldn't be youth Exactly why man? You are not ready. You're not you're not really cut out for a man of that level He's a serious man. He doesn't need a 23 year old Girl he needs a woman. That's not an offense. But what where your woman skills? Okay, I understand do you Yes, sir. What are your woman skills? How can you help a man who's 40? Well, I guess being a Helpmate biblical terms supporting Yeah, I don't know yeah, and that's why and this and the reason I asked these hard questions is because When young ladies like yourself It's to overlook the men that really would be a good fit for you emotionally Because you're looking for a money outcome Ma'am, who do you think would be a fit for me emotionally? Look, yeah, I'm not done with this part of it because Here's the reason I'm about done with it because I 72% of women in this country mothers have to work full-apart time. I Don't know why so many black women Don't want to work and then you deliver nothing of value that's special Tell me what I need to deliver and it'll be done All right That's me Hello, Kevin. Hello.   You want you don't qualify for it If you didn't look the way you thought where you looking you wouldn't be asking for what you're asking for you'd be asking for a regular guy Can I ask you a question? It's still going Go ahead destiny You can ask a question so I can be done with it Go ahead and ask your question after getting young lady. Ask your question and I'll get on the desk and go ahead I don't want to be a little girl who needs a little boy What do you recommend I do to qualify for the men that I want? This is where the school is gonna come into play you guys gonna have to go learn how to do all this stuff because unfortunately you didn't learn When you were at home and the community you didn't learn it So I don't I don't begrudge you but where'd you go to college? Didn't go you didn't go no, sir. All right. Well, so you went you graduated high school Yes, sir. Yeah Yeah Where do you live? I live in Los Angeles With who do you live by yourself? Yes, sir. We live with By myself All right, you gotta have to go to school for it because I don't know you didn't learn it And I can't and I won't get too much further into it We didn't go to college. That's a whole whole range of people around your age and dating that you missed out on So going straight from high school It's gonna be really hard for a high school And I mean, you know, so it's gonna be real hard for a high school graduate to be talking about a man at top 5% of earners There's just some there's a lot of stuff. And if you want that, I don't know why you wanted other than the fact There's you don't want to work, but you don't get it just because you want it You have to earn it and deserve it before you get it I'm going to college. It's crazy. We'll figure something out. I am First things first, let me just let you know what I'm leaving Priority the priority is I'll let you know when I'm heading out to them or what I'm deciding to do for the holiday And we'll go from there. Okay Yeah We'll figure it out. I know But thank you for everything. I'm gonna talk to you tomorrow The godfather is never wrong just sugar in that dude up Wow Beta male provider providing stuff left the right and she on here talking about how can I find a high value man?  That's what you heard hustle How can I get myself ready for a hybrid now? He didn't sound too young. I did he He sounded every bit in his 40s Courtney He sounded every bit in his 40s every bit in his 40s.  Can you give me some tips? So if you are okay with sugar baby in 40 and 50 year-old, why won't you date him? That's you're not serious Thank you, my sis. She heard the same thing you Wow, Jesus So to all you women out here, this is how a man should talk to a real mere man to talk to a woman I know what I'm doing That's why I keep blocking y'all because you gonna learn something in this show destiny.  She probably done fake the whole I mean she this is what they call finesse Ma finesse finesse and this is why put their energy in finessing somebody instead of finding somebody that You can really have that life with you have to be genuine though, and that's you can't fake it That's why she was trying to finesse me. That's why when I walk away. I'm like you can't finesse me, baby And I'm like I know what I even I know what I'm reading when I read it.  I The Lord mysterious ways The only thing I can really say Kevin is Continue to do what you do the ones that really see that it's a problem and the ones that really actually want to change it We are going to find ways to do it. We're not going to Sit here and say, okay. It's us people should should I should Find somebody to understand us. No, you have to do the work and understand what that person wants from you And really be honest with yourself and really tell yourself Are you willing to give that person what they want in order for you to have what you want?  I'm like Wow, thanks ma. I appreciate it. I got wow Kevin. Bye. Bye Man


Europe in pre-war era due to Russia's threat, Poland's Prime Minister warns. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk has warned that Europe is in a pre-war era, but still has a long way to go before it's ready to confront the threat posed by Russia. War is no longer a concept from the past, it is real, and it started over two years ago. The most worrying thing at the moment is that literally any scenario is possible. We haven't seen a situation like this since 1945. Tusk said in an interview with German newspaper, Develt published on Friday. I know it sounds devastating, especially for the younger generation, but we have to get used to the fact that a new era has begun. The pre-war era, I'm not exaggerating, it's becoming clearer every day. Last weekend Poland said a Russian cruise missile aimed at Ukraine had entered its airspace, a repeat occurrence during more than two years of war, and demanded an explanation from Moscow. Despite Europe's efforts to bolster its defence, Tusk said the continent still has a long way to go. He said it must be independent and self-sufficient in defence, while maintaining a strong alliance in the US. Polish President Andrei Duda also stated that Russia could soon restore its military potential and attack NATO countries as early as 2026. Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs Annalena Baerbock also says that Vladimir Putin is trying to drag NATO into a war, but Germany will not allow him. Putin's goal was and is to destroy the existence of Ukraine as an independent, free country and drag NATO into a war. Baerbock said, noting that the German government will not allow this to happen. The German Foreign Minister adds that the Kremlin leader is not open to arguments, calls for humanity and does not want to engage in negotiations. Russia knew about preparation for terrorist attack at least a month in advance. Ukraine. Russia knew about the preparation of a terrorist attack at the Kroger City Hall shopping centre near Moscow for at least a month. But despite this, the Kremlin decided to allow the shooting of its citizens, according to the statement of the head of the Defence Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, Kirill Budanov. At least, as of February 15th, 2024, Russia knew about the preparation. I'll tell you more. This information passed through the Intelligence Group in Syria. That's where it went to Moscow. It's strange how everything materialised, said Budanov. He clarified that the Russians knew where the combat groups would come from and through which countries they would move to Russia. According to Budanov, there are several versions of why the Kremlin allowed the terrorist attack. The first is, as they usually do, towers fighting in Kremlin to now remove several officials. Another option is that they actually underestimated the scale of what would happen. They thought it would be more localised and wanted to blame Ukraine for everything the head of the Defence Intelligence believes. He reminded that the Russian authorities have already changed the version of what happened near Moscow three times, in attempts to blame Ukraine for everything. In particular, there was a version from the head of the Russian Federal Security Service, Alexander Botnikov, who blamed Budanov himself. It's nonsense. By the way, if we touch on this painful issue, even though he's an enemy, I don't approve of terrorist acts against civilians in principle, he added. As Budanov emphasised, Russia sowed chaos itself, hoping to control it. There is such a persistent expression, even truth. It always works among special services. Everyone tries to create controlled chaos. Quite all, more or less, serious organisations tried to do this at different times. And the axiom is that none of them could make it controlled. The same thing happened here, he noted.


So hi, everyone. There are some seats at the front. I won't be spitting or throwing any water at anybody, so don't worry about that. So I'm here to talk about U-boot, and I'll get straight into it. I've got a slightly messy setup here because I've got these two screens, but we'll see how we go. So I'll briefly cover what is U-boot. I'm assuming most of you know that because otherwise you wouldn't have come. I'm going to talk about complexity in firmware, which I think is increasing and how U-boot can help with some of that, and obviously talk about some of the new things in U-boot the last several years. And I'll do a demo at the end, and we'll see how that goes as well. So U-boot is a universal bootloader. So kind of boot anything on anything is kind of the idea. It's been going for about 20 years. There's about 6,000 commits a year. There's quite a lot of active development, different architecture and so on. And there are four releases each year. It's got a lot of code, mostly in C. It's got some Python tools as well. And it's got a lot of similarity to Linux if you're familiar with that. It's the same code style. It uses Kconfig. It also has some compatibility layers. So you can port drivers over from Linux and subsystems over from Linux without too much pain. And it has a CI that covers a large subset of the features. And in general, U-boot's on the forefront of embedded technology, firmware technology, largely because people are trying to get things done. They are using U-boot. They're trying to figure out how to do it in U-boot. So why is U-boot so popular? It's largely the feature set, what it has in the features. But it's also easy to hack. It's pretty easy to get in there and add a new command for something or add some new feature for something. There are subsystems and layers and so on, but it's not out of control. And quite importantly, it's single threaded. There's no locking. It's not trying to be an operating system. So it's pretty easy to work with. It should be fairly open to new ideas and features, and it has a consistent release schedule. So let's talk about complexity. Everything's getting more complex in this world. Even coming to Prague seems to be harder than it used to be. Everything in our lives is becoming more electronic, more online, and the devices that we use to deal with that are all online and so on. The SOCs we use have a lot more features in them than they used to have, and they all need firmware. That firmware needs to be packaged somehow into an image, and again, that's getting more complicated. We've got security requirements and the difficulty of making sure that the code that we're running is the code we're supposed to be running. Ten years ago, that was the less common. We also have the boot flow, which is now jumping through multiple projects, different binaries and so on in order to get to an operating system. Finally, we have a proliferation of devices. So you buy a model, there are five other models that are similar, but don't have quite the same features. So they have different firmware and so on. How do you deal with that? I'm just going to go through a couple of examples on this. First of all, SOC complexity. Now, how many of you have heard of U-boots driver model? Yeah, okay. All right. So I'm not going to cover that other than just to say that it exists and it allows you to deal with this complexity fairly well. You know, you have a tree of devices, they can be in certain classes, they can have relationships, they can have private data and a lot of that sort of stuff is dealt with for you and device tree is used to pull it all together. So in the same way as done in Linux on ARM. So here you've got a device tree and here you've got some devices in a Rockchip platform just showing you the list that you get when you're running U-boot. So that's a very important part of this. So one of the most complicated things is clocks. And if you look at the datasheet, they've even given up these days, I think, putting a clock tree diagram in them, but they used to have an attempt. But the nice thing is with this driver model you can just say, please give me the MMC device. It will go and set up the clocks that are needed to do that. It'll do the pin mark sign that's needed to set that up. It'll turn on any power domains that need to be turned on and you'll get the device. Now that's really, really complicated to do manually and hacking around on the datasheet and so on. You need the pin control drivers and power supply drivers and so on to be in there, but once they are, it works well. Another example is configuration. So I mentioned multiple models, different models of different types. So with a device tree, you essentially can say, well, the only difference in these... the code is the same. The u-boot is identical. The only difference is the device tree because the device tree can set the configuration. It can set what devices are present and not present and that sort of thing. So it's really powerful to be able to do that because you can build your firmware once and sort of inject the device tree that you need. Maybe even the factory. And that's fairly well evolved at this point in u-boot. You can also pass configuration between firmware components and I'll mention that a little bit later. So just about packaging. I mean, I'm pretty sure if I went around each of you and if you're doing firmware packaging, you've got your own way of doing it. There's a lot of different ways of doing it. And it doesn't seem that difficult at the beginning so you start sort of putting some scripts together and so on and then you end up with this entire build system just related to packaging your firmware. So BinMan is an attempt. It's a part of u-boot, but it is applicable to other projects. We're using it with Zephyr, for example. It essentially lets you to describe the image in a data format. You can say, well, this thing has a... It's called u-boot.rom. We run make-image for this bit. We put SPL in it. We have the u-boot image and then, you know, this is just made up. But it gives you the idea, you know, it's basically a list of things that you want in the image. And the BinMan basically just goes and pulls all the files in and produces this image the way you want it. It also supports things like fit and fit and CBFS and things like that. So it can kind of generate these pieces and you end up with either a binary you can put on an MMC or a spy flash or something like that. The nice thing about having this data description is when you want to change it. It's very easy.  And the other thing is that you can actually look at it later. You can look at an image and you can see what's in the image rather than having to decode it with all sorts of random tools. It also deals with the other problem I find with firmware is trying to find a tool that you need to sign it or to build it or whatever for each chip. So that's done there too. So standard boot is an attempt to sort of make this, make booting more standard in new boot. So many of you be familiar with the boot M command which is kind of how things are traditionally being done. There is a very powerful format called flat image tree which basically lets you specify a kernel, RAM disk, whatever it might be or even firmware images and signature verification hashes and so on. But as to finding out what to actually boot and which media it's on and so on people have traditionally relied on scripts for that. And there's been a thing called distro boot which is basically a set of U-boot scripts that are built into U-boot to handle that which has been around for some years. So standard boot is aiming to add a higher level interface essentially a way for U-boot to really understand what is out there and what's available to boot. So there are three basic concepts. There's a boot dev which is essentially a media device that can provide an operating system or something like that. So that could be MMC or it could be USB. But this is a device on top of those media devices so it has special things like please let me scan you and things like that. It also has a boot flow. Now boot flow is just an operating system that you want to boot. And the purpose of a boot dev essentially is to provide a way, provide some boot flows and they get and the thing that finds them is a boot math. So these three things work together it's a little bit hard to get your head round but if you imagine that you have to go and hunt for these things in certain ways. Chrome OS is different from Android is different from Ubuntu for example and so you have boot maths for each of those and then you can find what you need to boot. So I think that's a pretty simple concept. It's super hard to get right and it's still sort of in the process of conversion. So Uboot has quite a lot of UEFI support. There's a UEFI layer in Uboot which is sort of distro friendly and it can boot these distros essentially which are UEFI applications essentially and there's support for UEFI secure boot, capsule update and so on. Because it uses the existing Uboot drivers you can just turn it on and it kind of works. You don't need to configure it anyway particularly and there is a boot manager support in there as well. What you can see at the bottom is there's something to boot, finding this thing and then booting it and this is using the UEFI layer to do that. And by the by, a Uboot can also run as an UEFI application meaning that you boot into you boot from something else. But there is also this other thing going on called verified boot for embedded VBE. So this is intending for those of you who don't wish to use UEFI and I will point out a lot of embedded devices typically just boot into the operating system they're not trying to be Ubuntu and that kind of thing in Debian. So this is, the attempt here is to say well if we're not going to use UEFI what would it look like? Now I did a talk about this last year there were a couple of talks last year so I'm not going to talk about it in any detail but essentially it tries to build on the existing technology that people are familiar with like the Uboot, like the fit and extend that so that the operating system can tell you what it needs before you jump to it. It's essentially at the moment the way UEFI works is you jump to the operating system's stub it then calls back to Uboot constantly saying tell me this, tell me this, give me this and then eventually jumps on to boot Linux. So the attempt here is to say well let's just describe in the data structure what we actually want what the operating system actually wants so we would just do it and then when it's done we pass all that information on. I think a potentially simpler approach. So we also have documentation so I guess many of you familiar with Sphinx which is what Uboot's moved to is I guess there used to be a Uboot manual many years ago and it just sort of died. The good thing about this is it's part of the source code so when you do a patch to add a new command in that patch you add the documentation for the command and hopefully the test for the command as well. So that is a departure perhaps from the way things used to be done but the documentation is kind of pretty kind of a text file so it's pretty easy to write and it seems to be working pretty well and quite a bit of the documentation has been converted. I would just mention that some of these slides have a little future bubble that just refers to something that is happening in the future in determinate future. So the other thing is that's been expanded considerably in the last few years is testing and CI. So I don't know if any of you are going to any of these effort talks but there was one on emulators earlier today. Uboot makes a lot of use of that so you can kind of run Uboot and you can on your Linux workstation essentially and use spy flash on it and you're just really using an emulator spy flash and there's a lot of that sort of thing and it's great for tests because you can write these tests that simply use these devices that are not really there, they just emulate it but they're really fast and so on and you can make the emulators do things that you want to test. So there's been a lot of use of that. This is showing a GitLab view of all these different things that are running. This has just started up and you can run these tests and so it's sort of environment where if someone sees a patch and there's no test you can say hey where's your test and in most cases it's not too difficult to write a test for it. Now I mentioned this earlier about device tree. One of the problems though is that Uboot adopted device tree roughly the same time as Linux and the bindings don't always match by which I mean that they use different properties and nodes and so on so that's something that's being resolved over time. The other problem is Uboot has not been able to upstream its schema requirements to essentially what was Linux but that's changed as well. So there is now a DT schema thing and some willingness to accept those patches. So it's definitely made a change to how we're thinking about device tree in Uboot. The idea though is essentially that you get the device tree from Linux and you can use it in Uboot and so long as you've got the drivers and so on you won't have all of them, you don't need all of them then you can use that same device tree. And there's also a live tree which is a hierarchical structure and we're seeing more usage of that as well. There's quite a number of minor things so kconfig although Uboot has had kconfig since I don't know as long as I've been involved perhaps 2014 or something there's still been a lot of these old config hash to find configs in the header files and so on. So those are now gone as I think earlier this year and essentially it's now possible to write a board implementation that doesn't have a kconfig file because the text environment the environment can now be in a text file with a fault environment. So these are somewhat minor things perhaps but it is much nicer than it used to be. Okay so link time optimisation I presume you know what that is, it just makes your board take about four times as long to build but it's 5% smaller like that but it is a win generally so it's something that's almost turned on by default for ARM I think but it's certainly working pretty well and then there's this thing called events. So I'm not a huge fan of weak functions some of you may think they're wonderful and great get out of jail card I don't like them very much because you can't really see where the call is ending up just assembling the code and putting a printf in or whatever so events basically you publish the event and then these other places will receive the event and do something with it and that can be done in a you can see the list of those spies they're called just by using a dumper tool so they're not very easy to find than weak functions So another thing that's been going on behind the scenes is this idea of communicating between projects because if you've got these different phases of Yubut and other projects they currently kind of get built individually they get configured individually and it's kind of a pain because you have to do all that and make sure it's consistent but they've got different configuration systems and so on so one step towards improving that is a thing called the firmware handoff and you can have a look at the link there this is a specification for a simple sort of tagged data structure you just have a tag and some data essentially that is can be specific to a project or can be shared between projects and that I hope will see us being able to say things like right well your SD RAM starts here pass that through here and this thing says well I want you to load here pass that through there and so on so you can the firmware can become more cohesive even though it's built from different projects it can sort of behave somewhat more intelligently than just blindly crashing when you do the wrong thing so on networking I guess there's been quite a few changes here there's TCPP support and therefore WGet which is kind of handy TFTP is a bit more limited so it's good to have that there's also IPv6 support in a new NetworkFi API the other thing that's going on is there's been some discussion about what to do in the future should the project move to lightweight IP and using that or should continue with its own network stack so there's discussions about that and that's fairly common in a lot of areas right I think the MTD stack is straight out of Linux on the risk 5 and x86 side there's boards arriving booting distros on x86 is supported we're pending some patches and there have been some enhancements to core boot support so essentially one of the ways you can be used as a core boot payload on an x86 device so you boot core boot it starts up it does everything including setting up ACPI tables and so on and then it jumps into you boot to actually boot the OS and so that that's become a little more polished now with the ability to boot find the UART without any trouble and that kind of thing tracing so this is essentially execution of your program and the thing about booting is you want it to be fast but you don't know why it's slow and so tracing can help you figure that out you essentially turn it on it records the starting entry of functions in a memory area you export that memory area over the network or whatever to your computer and then you can run these tools to see what was actually going on so this has been a new boot for a long time but was recently updated to support the new trace command interface which is in common with Linux and there's also a thing called boot stage which has been in there forever which is but that only really does timing it doesn't really allow you to debug it very easily another thing that seems really minor but I called it out specifically as a site click subsystem so I said that Uboot is single threaded and doesn't have interrupts and so on and that certainly makes it easy to work with but it can be annoying because when you type for example USB scan or USB start you you have to wait and it goes off and waits for the amount of time on each device at the specs as it has to and so on and it can take several seconds if you've got a lot of ports or if you just sort of said USB start and it would sort of do it in the background and maybe report them at the end or something like that and so that's something that's potentially possible with this because essentially what happens is whenever Uboot is idle it jumps into this site click schedule routine and that is used for the watchdog for resetting the watchdog and that's been there forever but now you can use it for other things as well and you've got some ideas there about what it could be used for but I think I'm looking forward to seeing where that actually goes and what can be done with it another sort of this is very sort of experimental and new but there is a thing called Expo so an Expo is essentially a set of screens that you can show to the user and the screens are called scenes there's always an attempt to avoid using words that are commonly in the codebase so if you're wondering why these names are so strong, are so strange that's why but the idea essentially you can set up this scene, the user can interact with it perhaps move on to the next one and so on and it's a little bit like the BIOS menu in your in your x86 PC for example it's in an attempt to provide something a bit like that and as I say it's still under development and so on but you can see some of the elements of that in the codebase today so what I'm going to do now is attempt to do a little bit of a demo of some of these things and to some extent this is going to depend on how lucky I am and how patient you are but we'll see how we go so what I'm going to do I've got my little thing over there that's not what I want I want this thing okay so I'm going to type things and see what happens so this is me running QMU on a on a uboot.rom that I already built to boot Ubuntu you can see the screen come up there sorry it's all sort of a bit over the top of each other but you get the idea and there you can see oops now I've stuffed up my cursor but there you can see it booting Ubuntu I'm not going to let it actually boot but that was the what you see on this display is it going off and hunting for these different devices doing a for boot flows essentially it found this one we're going to boot that boot flow and that's obviously using the ufi layer and then it goes off and does the boot so that's essentially what that's the the what do you call it the standard boot working and I can stop it and do this so you can kind of see it it got two boot flows and list them you can see them there and I can boot that boot 0 or boot 1 or whatever it was set up to boot just the first one so that's the standard boot feature you can see here the method that was used which is efi the state that was in and so on where it came from so that's a little bit of a look at standard boot now somehow or other I need to get out of that oh is it is it QMU sorry I get confused so that's that and back over here I just want to show you the image that we are running there so this is a bit small how am I going to make that bigger so here we have an image this is the uboot.rom that we were just running and it's showing you the insides of the image with bin man so this has been produced by bin man so I can actually go and look at it and see what it contains and while I'm here I'll just show you the tool situation so I can look at the tools that are available that bin man knows about for building these images I noticed that this flip tool is not present this one so I can do fetch missing and it can see that flip tool is missing so it goes off to trusted firmware downloads that are now I can type flip tool so that's the intent of being able to actually use the build the image firmware images really easily and so to get your image into bin man you have to be able to provide the tool that people can actually use for it let me push this tree up to up to the CI and then I'll see if I can get that open so this is just showing you the thing that's running now if it's a little bit small as you can see so I can make it smaller but here it is running and so on and you can go in here and have a look at the things that it's doing and get a feel for what's going on so if you're not familiar with GitLab this is GitLab it's a bit like GitHub but maybe more suitable for devices and so on so that's that and what else was I going to do I was going to show tracing but I'm going to show you something I collected here this is the flame graph that you can come in here and click on and you can kind of work your way around it and see different things and you can see the call structure so it works pretty well the mechanism for actually running the trace is essentially something like this you run you run your boot you you look at the stats and you can see that it's it's already overflowed its buffer but it's been recording it since we started you then run this command to dump the call data out to RAM this is all running in Sandbox of course and then you save that file out to your file system and so now I've got a file which I can run to convert to you know to with the prof tool essentially run to convert it to a flame graph or to whatever I want and I can use trace command and so on so that's the tracing side of it and then the final thing I wanted to quickly show you was this this thing and so I'm just going to run these little commands to convert the configuration over and just run this Sandbox and so this is essentially now it's over here this is just the configuration editor I was talking about so you can go in here and it's just like a little user interface thing feature in your boot under development so yeah that's all I've got to talk about so thank you for listening and I guess we have a few minutes for questions if people have questions how long would we have for the questions I should probably learn that myself finishes in 10 minutes alright so we have time does anyone have a question this mic here thank you for the talk you mentioned at the start the direction to use a single u-boot and different device trace per bot is that a future direction is that something I can do right now because of all the if-deaths and the weak which I would assume would clash with this yes you can do it now it's been actually been around for a long time in fact back when Chrome OS was using this we had truly desires for getting into to device tree if your drivers you know if you're using the same drivers it's super easy or if you can have a super set of them some of the drivers I see for an SOC will say if it's this architecture if it's this architecture then yeah you're going to have problems but in general it's pretty easy to do and it's been around for a while yeah I mentioned it is because it's becoming more relevant today than it was hello thank you for the presentation yes I wanted to know for the x86 way of booting so I saw in the demo it's already working like replacing a BIOS but I was wondering if it can also work like a UFI image like being loaded by the BIOS like sort of an IPX so do you mean UFI on the computer booting into Yubu? yeah exactly yes you can do that Yubu can run either as a payload where it sort of takes over the machine completely or as an app an EFI app the app is less developed the payload has been around for a long time so it depends what mode you want okay thank you down the back you're just trying to make a run aren't you that's what it's all about thank you I have a few questions about standard booting the first one is is it possible or maybe already implemented to set priorities based on the device type for example a removable SD card should be booted first before internal emmc before a non flash if all of those are present on the system yes it has a priority system at the moment it starts with what it assumes to be fast devices each boot dev has a priority and you can set that so yeah the last one is network it'll always try that last but when you say emmc removable versus non I don't think it makes a distinction at the moment so you would need to put that in there somehow you can also hard code it if you set the boot targets environment variable to the ones you want to try in order it will do that okay thanks and kind of related would it make sense to implement something similar for the SPL because basically for now the SPL boot order is hard coded into the device tree like first try to load your boot from the same device and so on and would it make sense to have some kind of boot flow or boot dev selection enumerating all the storage devices present on the system and try to load your boot the actual you would payload from one of those priority the nature of all boot loaders as they become operating systems the nature of SPL as it becomes you boot so sure there's actually a talk I think at this conference about putting the LCD display into SPL so boot Santa boot is implemented entirely with driver model and driver model can be turned on or it is turned on generally in SPL but you can simply enable drivers and they'll work it avoids using BSS and things like that that are a pain in SPL so yeah I think if you really wanted to do it with some K config fiddling yes you could probably do that yeah yeah I have a question at the front a comment I'm coming I'm coming I have I have a comment that SPL actually can iterate over a couple of boot methods already so it's just there yes I think we're talking here about the standard boot methods but yeah that's going to be confusing but yes that's right it does you have a set of what are they called boot targets or something I think boot targets it's in common SPL SPL.c there is a weak function there oh lovely you can probably measure the number of weak functions yes sorry I just have a thing about weak functions anything else this is really outrageous what you're doing with all this running around what do you suggest for runtime configuration for your boot to detect the hardware and for example choose between different device trees so having the same binary running on different variants of the hardware is there a standard way to do this well if you think about it the way Linux does it is you give it the correct device tree and your boot will choose that and pass it on to do it is in SPL you choose the device tree you want and when you boot U-boot you give it that device tree and you can put them in a fit and essentially boot that that's implemented today if you want to do something more clever than that then you'd have to implement it yourself I don't think there is actually a strange device tree selection thing right at the beginning of U-boot proper I think America is nodding his head pardon oh yeah DT reselect yes so you kind of jump into U-boot with a DT and then select a different one very early on so you can actually do that as well yeah I mean pretty much every case that anyone can imagine if someone has hit in real hardware and has tried to implement it in U-boot so tends to be the case that you end up being there can the same be applied to SPL because for example many boards has DRAM configuration in device tree and it's useful to switch between one of the others by detecting the hardware and choosing which device tree to use in SPL do you have the same thing or something like that or something working on on that so if you look at the Rockchip 2032 88 boards the Chromebooks have that they have a property in there which is the DDR config and there's four different ones I think for different DRAMs and at runtime it looks at the ID pins on the board to decide which one it is and uses it so yeah that's implemented and you can do it easily enough so we're just about out of time does anyone have a super quick question otherwise we're going to wrap it up here alright well thanks thanks for coming and really appreciate you looking to see you