It's been a year since a very pivotal moment in Sri Lanka's history. It was in last July as July 2022 that as a result of a mass uprising, the then President Gautabhai Rajapaksa was forced to leave the country and then subsequently resign as well. But that was not one, just one uprising that's been building for months due to a very severe economic crisis. Just a few months before that in May, the Prime Minister Mahindra Rajapaksa had to resign as well. And after all these developments, there was a fresh hope in Sri Lanka that the Rajapaksa clan would finally be out of politics that there was a scope for a new kind of construction, so to speak. There were a lot of very interesting discussions, mobilizations taking place. But one year later, the situation is quite a bit different and there's probably no better sign than the fact that in various ways the Rajapaksas are back plus the economic crisis continued in a probably in a bit of a different form. The government, the new government has continued with a set of repressive policies. To talk about all this, we have with us Aailan Kadirgamar, a senior lecturer at the University of Jaffna who has talked to us in the past and given us a very incisive analysis of both Sri Lanka's economic condition as well as the protests from last year. Aailan, welcome back once again. Thank you so much for talking to us. Thank you for having me. Right Aailan, so first I think the most obvious question here is really one year down the line, where do you see the promises that seem to emerge from July 2022 when there was so much discussion, so much vibrancy in the political scene. How do you analyze the general situation? Sri Lanka continues to be mired in a very deep economic crisis. I think that's first of all topmost in everybody's mind. Last year, our economy contracted by 7.8 percent or the final quarter of 2022 by 12.4 percent. The latest data that we have is for the first quarter the GDP is here, again a contraction by 11.5 percent. This is similar to what was happening during the Great Depression. Sri Lanka has never been through this kind of an economic crisis. Poverty has doubled. The incomes of day wage laborers has dropped by half. Food prices have doubled, so people are hardly able to make ends meet and that's what's topmost in their mind. But at the same time over the last year, since people chased away President Bortobaya Rajapaksa and then there was a man who were in parliament for the Rajapaksas to elect Ronald B. Kramasinha as president, it has been relentless in terms of the repression. They went after the student movement, they went after activists and they've kept the trade union and social movements reactive by one measure after the other of repression. This authoritarianism, so they keep people on the defensive. They brought about a draft anti-terrorism act in many ways as bad or worse than the prevention of terrorism act that we have. Any protest is met with tear gas and a heavy hand of the police and military. So now there is a draft labor law. This is to sort of change our labor laws that have been there for a number of particular new unified labor law which might have a huge setback to the trade union movement in this country. And not only that, they are just following the IMF's recipe. So Sri Lanka's parliament just passed what is called domestic debt restructuring. In other words, Sri Lanka defaulted on its external debt in April last year. And now they are trying to come through some negotiations both with the bilateral donors, that is China, Japan, India, and others. But more importantly, a larger share of our debt is to private creditors, international sovereign bonds that they had floated. So it was always to be negotiated and to have some kind of a haircut or a reduction in the principle of the external debt. But that is what really is the problem because we don't have enough foreign exchange to repay that debt. But in a twisted move, the government has first decided to restructure domestic debt. And that too, they're not touching the banks or the finance companies or individual donors. They're only going after the retirement funds of working people. And what we see is possibly 30% in the next 10 years or for the length of the period that they are hoping to go forward over a 16-year period, the loss for working people would be as much as 50% of their retirement funds. And this is after the retirement funds have already taken a hit with the huge devaluation of the rupee and inflation last year, which has already brought down people's real incomes and the real value of the retirement funds by as much as 45%. So on all fronts, it's bad news for the people in Sri Lanka. The economy continues to contract and collapse. People's freedoms have been curtailed by the sort of repressive authoritarian measures of the government. And then there is a concerted attack on labor and working people. So what is going to come out of this, it really depends on the kind of political changes that we need. But President Rahul Bikram Singh has been adamant to not even hold local government elections and whether what he would do in terms of parliamentary elections and presidential elections, presidential elections due next year have also become of concern to people. So Ailin, in this context, we'll come to some of the economic aspects as well. But before that, I wanted to ask a question about the current ruling dispensation, so to speak. So we know that Rahul Bikram Singh, when he became the president, was an MP, was part of a one MP party, that is, he was the only MP. And there was a lot of talk about how the Rajapaksas had basically backed him to become the president and there was this alliance. So right now, considering the fact that there were a lot of questions about his, the legitimacy of his rule, what is the nature of the coalition that is continuing to remain in power as in however they sort of manage to stay on despite these challenges? Yeah, so they need each other. The Rajapaksas need Rahul Bikram Singh to protect them and they don't want elections in time soon either because there's likely to be a landslide against them. And Sri Lanka has shown that in the past, we've never allowed an entry coup. We've never really allowed a full blown dictatorship to take hold. And at every elections, people have voted decisively, even with the most consolidated of regimes. And I think the Rajapaksas know their fate if you go for elections. So they need Rahul Bikram Singh. And Rahul Bikram Singh is also is going to be hard for him to win any election. So they would like to continue with the current dispensation politically and to be able to keep their power intact. They would like to continue in this way where Rajapaksas are able to keep the majority in parliament. And Rahul Bikram Singh can remain the president and push through really a lot of the neoliberal reforms that he's always wanted to do. This has been his dream, so to speak, to be able to push through all these reforms and is going at them one by one using this delegitimized majority in parliament. And given the sort of economic pressures on people, I think it's going to take some time before another movement emerges of that breadth that was there last year. But does this all do with the fact that the economic crisis has maybe changed? Because a lot of reports do say that, for instance, goods are back on the supermarket, the scarcity is no longer as big an issue.  So is there also in that sense a greater difference in who is being affected by the crisis now? Definitely. So we are not seeing the petrol queues that were there last year. And you remember some of those queues went for a couple kilometers. And so shortages are not there. But the reality is that Sri Lanka is consuming much less. Sri Lanka today compared to before the crisis is consuming anywhere from 50% to 30% less fuel. The price of fuel has tripled. If you take kerosene oil which rural farmers and rural fisher folk use, it has quadrupled. So it has become unaffordable for people, but it's available to the middle classes and the upper middle classes. So there is a certain support in Colombo among the business community for Rajapaksa because labour costs have dropped. Or if you take, for example, cement used for construction, even the World Bank data shows that they consumed 53% less cement than the previous year. So that's what farmers, fisher folk, officers, they depend on construction labour. And that explains why unskilled labour's incomes have also halved because there's no livelihoods. So those people are in a very desperate situation. Malnutrition is on the rise. Poverty data, however questionable, has already doubled. So that is what people are facing. But the unfortunate thing is that the political opposition has not got its act together. They should be much more out on the streets mobilizing the people around the cost of living issues on various issues. But they are just sort of quaintly waiting for elections to come. And they hope that that change would be adequate. And they are not taking the risk and mobilizing the people to hasten that process towards elections and political changes that we need. So also, Ailin, going to the economic aspect, you talked about the IMF deal and now Sri Lanka has officially got that deal. And you mentioned some of the kind of reforms. But I also see that privatization is also very much high on the agenda in addition to labour. So could you also maybe take us to what are some of the key aspects in addition to labour reform that you mentioned, Vikram Singh, as a dream package. So what are the pillars of this approach, so to speak? Yeah. So Sri Lanka sort of took the decision early last year, early 2022, to go for an IMF agreement. And Sri Lanka also defaulted on its external debt around the same time. There was a staff level agreement with the IMF in September. 2022. And in this March, the IMF executive board released the loan from IMF, which is really not that much, three billion US dollars over four years. And along with that, there is additional funding coming from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank of another close to four billion US dollars over four years. So you need to include all of it together, seven billion US dollars over four years, which amounts to about approximately 1.7 billion US dollars per year. But Sri Lanka's foreign earnings every year is almost 10 times that much, 18 billion US dollars. So it's not the funds. Sri Lanka is now caught in the trap because it defaulted, it needs the IMF as an arbiter to be able to normalize its external finances to be able to negotiate with its external creditors. So the IMF has really two big conditions that it's pushing on Sri Lanka. One, that by next year, Sri Lanka should have a primary surplus. What is a primary surplus? Our revenues should be higher than expenditure. Not our interest payments. Revenue should be higher than our expenditure. But that's almost an impossible target because just last year, the year before, our primary budget deficit was on the order of 5% of the European. And from there to go to a surplus. And then in two years time, they want a 2.3% surplus. None of Sri Lanka's peer countries even have that kind of a surplus. So they are pushing through the most severe austerity measures. And run of the economy and his government are happy to follow it to the dot. So that is one condition. The second condition that the IMF has put is that Sri Lanka should make progress on debt restructuring, which is to be able to start repaying its creditors. And this is based on a debt sustainability analysis that's there in the IMF report that was released in March. And if you look at the debt sustainability analysis of the IMF, or for that matter, even this primary budget surplus, it's almost as if Sri Lanka's economy its only priority is to repay the creditors. The economy is collapsing. People's incomes are collapsing. But why do we need a primary budget surplus so that we can repay and give confidence to the creditors that they will repay their debt? The actual principal reduction which the president recently announced is a mere 30% haircut. Now, how will we be able to repay this? Domestic debt is not the problem because that we can roll over as rupees. That is debt that we can create. But external debt, they want us to allocate almost 4.5% of GDP worth of debt payments every year for the next many years. Economic growth according to the IMF is only going to be 3% of GDP every year, but 4.5% to repay our donors. So where is the investment going to come? Where is the stimulus for this economy to be able to get us out of this crisis? I think we are looking if we continue to go with this IMF path, we are looking at very severe situation going forward. The one thing that the government has not announced is implied in the IMF agreement is that they are looking at restructuring state-owned enterprises. They don't use the word privatization, but the implication when you restructure these state-owned enterprises. For example, if you take the Ceylon Electricity Board, which is a great boom to our people because almost 99% of Sri Lankans have access to electricity. But over the last year and a half, we've seen electricity prices go up by 200% to the point that I'm concerned that a lot of rural folk who do have electricity now are going to be disconnected from the grid. Not only that, they want to break up CEV into three major entities and then into multiple entities for generation, transmission, and distribution. And then they're saying that they want to make it cost-effective and sustainable, market pricing of energy, whether it is fuel, but also electricity. What does this mean? That when there is a shock and when the public utility cannot handle it, the move will be to go for privatization. And so I think that the amount that they plan to repay the creditors, they're not going to be able to do it as it is. So what they're probably depending on is to be able to repay the creditors with income derived from privatization. And that is how they might also show the primary surplus because they need additional income. And when an economy is collapsing, as I mentioned, 8% negative growth, you're not going to generate much tax revenue. Some of us have been saying that what Sri Lankan really needs is a robust wealth tax, a wealth tax where there's redistribution. Because during a crisis, income, which is a flow, isn't declining. But wealth, and there's a huge wealth inequality in Sri Lanka, which has been accumulated over the years and over the decades, can be redistributed. So let's take the example of what they plan to do with domestic debt restructuring. Now, all of us have had to learn about their restructuring because it's the first time in our history that Sri Lanka has defaulted on its debt. And so it's not clear to the people. But what they have done is that the IMF has a target that Sri Lanka's debt repayment in a few years should be on the order of 13% of GDP. So that's the amount of money that should be repaying. Of that 13%, 4.5% is external debt, but they've also put a straight jacket on how much Sri Lanka should be rolling over in terms of domestic debt. So the domestic debt comes to about 8.5% for a total of 13%. Now to bring that figure down to 13%, the central bank is going to absorb a lot of debt and take ahead, which will be recapitalized later. But the very problematic concern is that 0.5% of GDP of retirement funds are going to be cut. In other words, the interest that the government should be paying because all the retirement funds are invested in government bonds, they're going to reduce it by 0.5%, which is what over 16 years would lead to almost like a 47% reduction in the retirement funds. So 0.5% of GDP every year is about 3.3% of our budget. Now what I have argued in my columns is that 0.5% or 3.3% of our budget could come through a wealth tax for example. Instead of making the working people who have worked so hard for decades to be able to save for their retirement, they have no other retirement. Instead of them having to take the hit, why not have the wealthier classes in this country pay for that? But there's no thinking like that on the part of the government or the IMF. So they're trying to push through these. But I don't think these are sustainable. I think we know from Sri Lanka's history that labor will and the working people will react at some point. But the pace at which these changes are being brought about is very hard for people to understand what the government is actually doing. And I have a question also regarding the emergence or not the emergence, the situation of the right wing in Sri Lanka so to speak. Because again last year a lot of people had talked about this being a moment of unity, etc., etc., of course even at that time there were very powerful critiques made of that narrative of unity. Talking about the past in Sri Lanka especially the civil war and issues around that. But right now how do we, how has this cry, how is the far right which is quite powerful in Sri Lanka? How is it, how is it being affected by this crisis? Is it gaining ground? Is it able to appeal in a different way to people? Yeah, that is a real concern because in the absence of a much stronger progressive force taking on these sort of economic issues that people are facing, it is also in the interest of various actors to slowly start mobilizing on a chauvinist platform. And we are seeing some of those assertions. And in fact, the opposition to the IMF agreement is also coming from the Singhala Buddhist nationalists, right? And this can be then diverted in an anti-minoritarian direction as well. Sri Lanka, the way in which international actors, whether it is the international financial institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and the sort of austerity they are pushing on Sri Lanka, the kind of support that Western actors are providing the IMF program and Ranandikramasinha, I think Ranandikramasinha is due to visit India in a few days. All of this is a dangerous trend where there can also be a xenophobic reaction from certain forces in Sri Lanka, blaming the West, blaming India, blaming the IMF for the problems in Sri Lanka. But often that xenophobic reaction then turns inward in an anti-minoritarian direction as well. And I'm really concerned that that kind of situation could arise in Sri Lanka. So, unless the progressive forces take on the class question, take on this IMF program and start to move forward an alternate path in the next few years, we stand the danger of either actual gain another struggle and a movement and a progressive path forward or a very authoritarian chauvinist and even fascist direction that Sri Lanka could take. And the lot is going to depend on what the masses of working people do as the crisis moves forward. Thank you so much, Ahilan, as always for giving, I think, a very comprehensive analysis, bringing together, I think, both the political, economic and social aspects, which are very interconnected, of course, of this current crisis in Sri Lanka, very important, I think, for people across the world to keep watching because Sri Lanka is, of course, I think one instance of a number of countries in the global South which are facing very similar crisis and for very similar reasons like you pointed out. Thank you so much for talking to us. And so, you've seen Ahilan Katharagama talk about the extent of the crisis in Sri Lanka one year after the mass uprising, very important, like I said, to keep note because often moments of upsurge, moments of people gathering in large numbers provoke a lot of attention. But very few people go back a year later or six months later and look at what the situation is in the country after that. Meanwhile, the IMF and agencies like that continuing to keep, you know, keep their grasp, continuing their clutches on countries like Sri Lanka across the world. These are crises we continuously track at People's Dispatch, we write about them, we make, we do interviews with experts on such topics and we'll keep doing so. So, do visit our website, peoplesdispatch.org, follow us on all the social media platforms of your choice and keep watching.


Hello, what's up? We are on twitch. We are not slide Internet wasn't strong enough to be live man. We'll be back live very soon, man, but anyway You could still leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification But let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK Right above me if we do go live you miss it. That's where you could catch it Patreon of course man Monday through Friday. We post stuff. We can't watch on YouTube. We just watch Derek on there Don't forget. We also got merch got mine on You can see all of this in the link Tree that is in the description. You just click the link tree and then that will just come up man This my window was good with your window. How are you my boy? Let me hit the like button first Leave a comment before we even start man. That's how I'm coming Pause, you know what I'm saying? There's a lot of options here. Where the fire emoji yet? Fire Couple times like that man, you know show my support a homeless neighbors of the seaside rich and famous Okay Homeless neighbors, okay Got it Where is this? Welcome to Sandbanks a playground of the rich and famous and one of the most expensive Places to live in the UK and what a beautiful sight it is here on the beach on this sunny October afternoon It is beautiful wherever this is nice I've been told by people that watch the channel and people that live in the area But just a few miles from the ultra wealth of Sandbank just down the road in Bournemouth There are pockets of deprivation and Homelessness which really do contrasts from the world guys very well spoken. He's really passionate about this man I get like I go watch this like he'll be out of 100k views.  He'll be out of 100k Easily well and the lifestyle here on Sandbanks like Miami.  Let's go Great editing. I think a good solid rule You can tell by how salubrious the place is by how hey Siri What is what is salubrious? favorable to promoting health health healthful Expensive the parking is how much they think they can get away with for one hour's parking here at Sandbanks Pay and display two pounds 80 What a ripoff probably the most expensive parking I've seen on my travels around the uk yet. Do you think harry rednep? That's expensive You know how much we pay for an hour In Miami one of the famous residents of sandbanks. Do you think he Can afford 280 for his parking just to pop down and get his coffee by the beach Why is it skipping like that? I am bobby suarez with south of bobby.com and sorry sir now Bobby I do not care It's looking like Miami for real Oh Admiral's court Brutalism Right next to natural beauty the beauty and the beast What is this? This look like north miami. So I'm just on the beach here Bournemouth the main beach here right next to the pier Filming some b-roll and then I've noticed these tents that are just under the pier And there's a chap here. So I'm gonna go and see if he's sleeping rough under the pier or if it's just um Where he hangs out for the day Obviously, that's definitely it's about the airshows. It's definitely how I be in miami, man Like underneath the like viaducts and uh underneath the highways like six weeks bobbin hunger since The week before covered. Okay. I was a system manager at peace express and bansted in sorry uh, just moved into a new flat and Um, my mom bought a fridge freezer I haven't got house insurance yet. Let me see because I don't know if that's his video or my video Mine's only a 480p And welcome four o'clock in the morning the whole place is on fire. Geez. What like grandfather's exactly the same story like grandfather. Yeah and um So did the arson investigation report find out it was a short circuit in the fridge freezer And ever since then I've been getting put in weird places like temporary accommodation and support accommodation But most of these people that are homeless at the moment most of them have like mental health issues or drug or drug issues And I keep getting housed with people who are like hearing voices and All this other stuff not to say that this you know, I have an issue with that But I'm quite sane and I don't do a lot of I don't do a lot of drugs I smoke my weed and shit like that but that's about it And so yeah, I came down here because I was I was basically under like a lot of intimidation from gangs and like stuff in london in like croydon area So I was like, you know, I'm not dealing with this kind of stuff anymore So I just come down here. I've been down in about six weeks But I've been working with halftime and a couple other places And they're going to put me in a normal like a normal house with like normal people So I should be housed within the next three weeks. But you've been sleeping here on the beach for six weeks And why did you choose this spot because it's it's away from the town center. Um, I like the beach My son lives in california. I spent 10 years in california. You've got a bit of an accent now as soon as you said california I lived there. Well, I lived in america 16 years when I was 17 and came back 33 I'm 43 now Oh, that's crazy. I'm just not noticing how he don't really got like The accent is not there, but it's not the uk And yeah, the the plan is to you know, get get housed get grounded Get a base here and then go back to see my son establish like communication with my ex-wife and stuff like that Yeah, so I was having this problem before too when I was doing vlogs I think your friends per second is off a little or your shutter speed one of the two You got to match it to your editing software If you're shooting in 60 you have to edit and You know what I'm saying like something's off something's something's going on I don't blame anybody else for my situation. You know, I probably If I'd have managed myself a little different or the resolution just might be too High for your editing software to be handled something's something's up I can't pinpoint it exactly, but some one of the close relationship with my family But that's all you know, we're under the bridge. I'm 43 years old And I don't want to like be a burden. I don't I don't want to in a lot of these places that he you get these supported and sheltered and temporary accommodation You the housing benefit go straight to them. Then they also pay a service charge So it's like they're double dipping on on people who are in a less anymore vulnerable position So it's all about not take the government's money and live out here. I'm not have to answer to This is an honest guy. This is an honest guy right here. It's in a terrible situation right now You know certain rules and regs. So how are you surviving if you're not taking the government's money? Like I'm giving you donations and stuff and uh, no, I got uh A hit and run case. Oh jeez, man. Yeah, I get I get money. Yeah, basically I got My car. I've got shifted there. I got a titanium rod down my tibia my fibia. I've got two Plates in each ankle. Yeah So I get a bit of money to be authorities move you on obviously like you're right here in the middle of Yeah, I have well I have noticed they have moved a few other people along and they haven't moved me alone because From what they from what I understand It has to be like from the king to get you off the beach Really? This is actually considered anything past the concrete is the king's land. Is that a little loophole? It's a little loophole. So the king's got to come down here himself. We'll kick you off Basically, he has to he has to stamp and authorize it write a letter that day And it has to be delivered delivered that day And I heard I learned that from one of the olji big issue guys Carl in town and he was he used to be on the street like 20 years ago Is that true? Because they did move me along from there, but then You know because I'm not really a threat or or anything like that. Plus I love the beach. So I think quite clean like Yeah, you see it is clean.  Yeah, and then I just I take it up there Little thing up there, but you know, I do I do use a lot of the services. There are like Landsdown church in touch. They do they do like lunches and food Today, you got we are humans from boscombe. They come up and do food out of boots So it's like you can always get food. I've got I've even got It's a bit of a mess, but I sure yeah sure. I appreciate it man It's a bit of a mess, but like it was pretty cold last night. I won't lie Yeah, you're just getting to that time of year now where I mean we've had a bit of an Indian summer, haven't we as well? So you've been all right, but we had the heat wave.  Yeah, and then here's my medical paperwork. I see we the bigs Broke and I'm getting my passport back again. Yeah, but you know, I've got my little suitcase back there I did have a camping stove, but then someone nicked it.  So that's that's the one like drawback Is that like the middle of the night like somebody'll come and just like take it while you're asleep?  We have a bit of a drug habit. Let's say like a heavy drug habit, you know If it's not nailed down and it's worth some money, then they'll go they'll take it. I've got my yoga mat You know, I got little hanging crows and stuff like that. Yeah, it's nothing major And shelter I've just noticed if it pisses it down. Yeah, you've got shelter in there This this this here is probably he's probably the best part. Yeah, because he's a bit further away like It does come it does the weather does come like rushing in this way. Yeah, so I mean, let's see. I hung this up last night. Yeah Look, that's dry already. Yeah, you know, yeah, like I said, it's not ideal for a lot of people I mean, I know a lot of people who wouldn't be able to live like this. Yeah I am one of them I mean, but you're back against the wall you got to do what you got to do as a man as a human being That then I got one the waterproof cover there This is a top that was a top from another tent that someone left. I wouldn't recommend it, you know, but I wouldn't I wouldn't I don't know how to live any other life, but my life. So it's like I wouldn't tell I mean, I can always recommend and give advice, but at the end of the day, it's your life and how you want to live I don't want to live on the beach.  I wake up.  There's a cold shower and wake you that definitely wakes you up Yeah, but like I said, you know, even in the wintertime. I'm I'm not I'm not scared of being outside in the winter. I've been out. I've been out and see three years now That's been my fourth.  You know, life is great.  Yeah, I'm fine. Yeah, I appreciate that though. Cheers Yeah, watch out. That's cool. You know Yeah, Wendell nice to meet you man. Nice to meet you man breathing the air and join the sea Look at all these people having fun, man. Yeah. Yeah, I'm not fucking about these people are enjoying themselves They are yeah, look at the families look at the good weather natural beauty Like we're all far more similar than we're made to understand Like and people these days like there are only a couple of bad paychecks away Oh from this situation Can't be difficult I can tell you're trying to put a positive slant on your situation talking to me. Trust me. I'm not putting a brave face on anything I just said it is really I know I know it's hard But like I said, you know, I'm not hurting anyone. No, you know, I'm not For the most part hurting myself at all, you know, it's just a bit He's a good guy, man.  I'm not here to make born with a bad place. I think the place is lovely Man just chopped a hot dog Like we wasting food Oh They actually have barbecue Grills right there. Okay. What public municipal barbecue grill? I haven't seen them since I was in Australia Yeah, and you could use them so he's the when I first got down here because we were short of money Me and a friend of mine We got sausages and peppers and onions and we made fully cheese sticks. Oh, okay. We did like a subway thing I love the philly cheese stand and I love to cook so they're a better ones than subway Yeah, but I saw like six inches for a five or like a really? Yeah The whole thing with a tiger tiger baguettes. See you're a good cook. Yeah This is just another day, mate. Yeah, that goes on, don't it? Yeah, we've all got to survive I saw a brother said he was like your buddy pot. Yeah, everyone's an individual, but they should all gather together to realize There's a big quick and picture out there. What were you saying? I've got to introduce you to the the og of all the og homeless king right here. Okay. This is Carl The og homeless king Don't introduce like don't I would not want to be introduced as that but come on. Let's talk about it That mobili screw he's on. Yeah A couple bought it for him. There's me and Prince William. Yeah, he just told me. Yeah And that's Gaza and it's Steven Barclay and that's Princess Charlotte. Wow. And that's me Well, I was sat here. Yeah selling a big issue when someone told me that Prince William's about to turn up over there in prep manager So I decided to go and walk on over and as I got to the door Paul Gasgine was standing there with me. Yeah, and the prince walked up. Yeah, so I said I've got an appointment to see you I've got a royal appointment. I'll do the big issue if you're bringing in bringing in that's mr. Gasgine Yeah, and then there's mr. Bartlett on On the back.  Yeah, that's a picture of me stood over there It's got my story of why I do the big issue if you read it It said I can hardly walk properly I am waiting to get my pit because I'm gonna then get a disability scooter. Yeah, right Somebody read this this come out last Monday at 10 10 o'clock in the morning I started 25 to 10 an old man and old woman come and book this magazine of me Half an hour later. Can I take you for coffee? Oh, yeah took me to the mobility shop up the road there bridges. Yeah 2199 pound they paid for it. Why and this is like a blessing man That's why man if you ever put you want me you put yourself out there and them situations where you feel like Like dang like I don't really want to put myself out here But like let me try to put myself out there man people will help The world is not 100 loss man. There are good people out there Like kind of like where a lot of the crackers hang out Because there's a lot of crack dealing buildings like right around here. Yeah So I didn't the problem with like that is from what I realized is A lot of people that get on crack they ended up needed some of the come down so people say But then that's why they do the heroin to bring them down. Yeah, but then they get physically biologically addicted to the heroin So you're living out of a tent down on west cliff. Yeah, I must have been the only Working homeless person in Bournemouth probably yeah three months in a tent Working in sandbanks the fourth richest area in the world Decorating you said yeah decorating the houses of sandbanks. Yeah living out of a tent. Yeah, just down the road Yeah, I just shows the juxtapot. That's a slap in the face. I gotta work every day mad if I got like I wouldn't be I get it. You got a job. You're making the best out of it. But like I would feel some type of way Position in this country, don't you? I did try but then a few wild nights here and there. I missed a few mornings Lost my job. Yeah I've been recommended or maybe worn to gains going to Boscombe which is apparently the roughest part Kind of look like California. So I'm going to go there Keep my Camera a little bit more subtle on myself and see what boscombe's like Yeah, do I is it safe for me to go into boscombe with his camera? Your laugh says it all? You should be all right for for a while. Just don't outstay my welcome. Yeah. Yeah, it's a bit What's boscombe like a few words? Nice words or real whatever real Oh Is it safe for me to walk in with my camera? He's not so sure. I feel like listening to this one. I wouldn't go anywhere past eight with that So I've just walked for two miles or so but it is from Bournemouth pier in the distance to Boscombe pier and it's certainly a very different spectacle It's concrete Utilitarian structure. It's quite foreboding. It's not very welcoming And I hope it's not a sinister welcome to the town of boscombe Which is basically a part of Bournemouth now, but also kind of seen as it's on place So I'm going to walk up into boscombe now and see if it really is as rough an area People in Bournemouth told me flash restaurants Beautiful beach people having fun on the beach but apparently an infamous rough neighborhood Just up ahead look at this architecture It's um, it's almost like a big architectural guy like I love architecture I don't know what happened like why but I do spanish colonial architecture But I've got a feeling that maybe at this crossroads here it all starts to go a bit ory The man them inconsiderate five tail horse that there they go So welcome to boscombe folks. This is the infamous rough neighborhood of Bournemouth But I've been warned about Let's see what it's like wandering around the town centre. The first thing I'll say is that The meat market is a sign of a good old traditional place in the uk The butcher here selling his meat on the high street Chill Pause I haven't seen that since I was in the middle Yeah, I'm just cruising around boscombe showing it to the people on youtube And I haven't seen a meat market since I was back in the midlands.  Yeah. Are you here every day every saturday? Yeah I would just feel some type of way if I went to go buy some meat And he just announced my meat packet my meat my meat order Over the intercom like that. I'm trying to buy meat for myself And you just putting it out there in the world what type of meat that I'm purchasing, you know what I'm saying My meat order is my meat order Just been in boscombe for a couple of minutes. Obviously it's quite rough around the edges But it reminds me a lot of some of the towns in the midlands So I quite like it a lot of character street markets I'll be honest with you folks boscombe might be a bit rough But there are far less boarded up shops than there are in many seaside. Yeah, that's nice.  They both moving the exact same arms just swinging everywhere like chill out both of y'all I mean well not the kid Be a child Yeah, you see. Yeah, why do we need to be brought up in our livelihood like this at the end of the day?  Do you not mean you get it? Oh, I love boscombe. I absolutely love it I think it's cracking. There's good people. There's bad people.  You get some good nice people coming along with people that I think you know, so I'll stay away from you Yeah, you know your own crowd I I think from being here just about an hour. There's a good sense of community There's a lot of small businesses, which is always a great sign. Exactly. Yeah I don't think it's as bad as people have told me in Bournemouth. They do need to bring the patrols out I think window, man. I've been doing this a long time. I think window has the best grasp on what he's doing And exactly how to do it and show what we want to see He almost swung his arm into that lady. I told him he'd be swinging his arms. Don't he? He'd lose with it What were you saying, mate? Bournemouth? No, Bournemouth's worse. You've been around Bournemouth? Yeah, I've been all around Bournemouth Yeah, now that even just looks a state, doesn't it? Are you struggling to get more and more hood? I see some tendons and some hood Bournemouth is quite clearly different to some of the smaller seaside towns that I visited recently It's a much larger conurbation So along with the infrastructure, which is a lot larger It also has a lot of big town big city problems that come with it The homeless problem is larger. It also seems a little bit more aggressive on the streets Wandering around with Leighton, I can feel that there's a little bit of Like an edge on the streets or if I've met some really kind and welcoming people But it's also a really beautiful place and it's it's so sad to see the division in society again In this much larger seaside town Andy, nice to meet you. How you doing? Nice to meet you too Guys, can we sort stuff out? It's not been through yet We've been Serving the people since the first week of the scum dynamic I can't call it a pandemic because you're welcome to say whatever you want. Yep. Um, so at that time they put people homeless into B&Bs hotels stuff like that with no facilities for washing the clothes, getting clothes No way of cooking for themselves All the shops were shut. They couldn't even go out shoplifting the sandwich, you know, are they? And then they put them into these hotels And actually we we treat prisoners and animals better than we treat our human beings. I was homeless myself when I landed here But they took them all the streets and put them in hotels and things of that nature I used my first bed set I got I used to go to the asda's. I buy the reduced bread to reduce bread I take her home to my bed set. I get my big pan out. I'd make a soup And I'd come out and feed the homeless on a night I've got a bit more complex than what I do. We do hot meals. We do clothing, toiletries And the pandemic really made me see things in a different light though. It wasn't just so homeless that needed our support It was the whole community and in january this year. We acquired a shop up in boscombe Nice cafe based split across two floors instantly We got that to keep the homeless Um, but having that place made me spread that network It's about the humanity with us. We do not allow religion to be practiced. We're very different from a lot of soup kitchens We're not we're not in cahoots with any religion. It is literally about Humanity. Yeah, basic as it says in the name. Yeah Basic you kind of get that I kind of get that when you just want to just feed people and have nothing else Come in between people and getting the food And you don't want nobody to feel uncomfortable because somebody's doing this and that like I get I kind of understand it It's quite simple. I'm treating people with dignity and respect. One thing we do pride ourselves on is we do this without prejudice or question I'm getting mixed reports as I go around Bournemouth about where the homelessness is on the rise over decrease Apparently there were more people visibly on the streets a few years ago But is is that the full story of the problem? Uh, I would say that the problem is rising exponentially at this moment in time and we're dealing with people that shouldn't generally Be using our services for having to we're dealing with people that Not, you know We've got pensioners coming using our street kitchens because the services aren't there for the pensions more people And they paid for this services all their lives Pension isn't a benefit. It's something that they've paid for and they're entitled to you know It's just the poor people they suffer every time and the services have got removed.  Yeah, I don't think that there's enough support or services for the homeless And there's certainly not a clear understanding of what homelessness is what you get is prejudged You're a junkie you're an addict And what I found because I've been doing this for a long time now Is that the biggest cause of homelessness is relationship breakdowns family breakdowns The males usually throw out the family home and lecture they've been for themselves when that happens I got a friend that he was in a 10 year 11 year relationship got a home with a girl Daughter and she just decided one day that she didn't want to be in that relationship And he had to leave the home, but he took her to court. He had money He took her to court and the judge had a the house is valued at 300k. You got to give him half period Yeah, that's that he's right Generally they'll start to lose their job.  I knew that already, but like it's like I see it more for sure All right, like it's a human his message is definitely getting across what he's trying to do narrative these days Especially with the cost of living crisis People are closer to that much and I realize when you're paying half of your salary for your rented accommodation It's it's just fundamentally wrong not just as a system broken, but the safety nets. Yeah They're just smashed to bits They've been chopped up So is there any way that the people that watch the video can donate food or help? We are humans in any way. Yes. Um, we're registered charity now We became a registered charity early on in the year We're trying to purchase the building that we're in because the landlord's going up was there Um, so that's our biggest challenge at the minute trying to raise a hundred and 25 000 pounds To secure the future of what we do Way past my lifetime, you know, because I won't be here forever and I want to make sure that That's the legacy on even when I'm gone. This this carries on. Yeah Yeah, so is there a website? facebook.com Slash we are humans. We are humans. We are humans one or outlook.com. Yeah I'll get you some power for now. Yeah, I can put all the link in the description below the video So we have a charity bank account as well where you can donate money. Yeah, so if you pass me the details on If you can folks if you've that way inclined then um, yeah, I think we've got to the point man To window man. He's been across. He's sold us some stuff. Oh wait Yeah That organization in any way that you can Yeah, I sleep here.  I'm still wet from last night. Yeah. My bed is soaking wet and yeah, I just don't realize mate I just don't want to realize. Yeah, is there anything that you say to people but watch the videos about how Give us a chance. Yeah, I mean don't touch all the same brush. Don't don't judge us before you get to know us You know, I mean we're not all bad people. You know, I mean Thank you window. I appreciate it man till I leave a like comment subscribe turn your post. I'm gone


Hey, this is Brett and this 2022 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Bighorn Level 2 Night Edition is stock number 14435Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2022 Ram 2500 has the 6.7-liter Cummins diesel engine. It's paired up with the 6-speed 68 RFE automatic transmission. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. It has four brand new tires and this truck is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video, inside, underneath. Start it up and take a look under the hood. Show you all the options and just give you the most accurate representation that I can of the vehicle. Granite Crystal Metallic is the color. I show all my videos in 4K. If you like the video, subscribe to the YouTube channel. Click the bell notifications, get updates on the videos I do each and every day. As well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle walk-arounds on YouTube. And stay current on our ever-changing and vast heavy-duty truck inventory here at Summit Automotive by clicking those bell notifications. It comes with some nice 17-inch painted alloy wheels. It has open-country Toyo tires. These are all-terrain tires. These are 37x12.5 R17LTs. They are brand new. If you put these on in our safety inspection, you can still see the knobs on there from being new. Four brand new tires. It has a nice suspension lift kit on it with rough country shocks and springs. And that is nicely done. It has a very nice stance. And there's front stabilizers and such. This is a one-owner Clean Title History, Clean Car Facts. It's been owned by that one owner in Idaho and Florida. Front fender is in excellent condition. LED headlamps, LED running lights, and LED fog lamps.  Front bumper is in really nice shape. You get the painted bumpers with the night edition. You also get the blacked-out Ram logo on the grill there. The hood is in excellent shape. Didn't see any dents or dings on there. And it does come with the cab lights up top. You also get the blacked-out headlight bezels with the night edition. And the blacked-out 2500 Cummins and Ram logo. That passenger side front fender is absolutely perfect. And the passenger side front wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Granite Crystal Metallic has a lot of metal flake. One of my favorite colors on the Rams. And you can see there's actually some blues and purples if you get really up close on that paint. See just how nice and reflective that clear coat is. And as you go down this side of this 2022 Ram 2500, just take note of how clean the body is. And once again how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you're far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down. But you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle. You can see the truck here, the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at. So that when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises. And you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. Now if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video that it was helpful. And that Brett sent you. And then I can keep doing these videos each and every day for our great customers all over the United States. Back wheel is in nice shape as well. And the back tires are brand new too. Still see those knobs on there as well. Frame and underbody looks really good. You get rough country shocks back here as well. And it has all the remaining factory exhaust so it hasn't been altered in any way. Lower rockers and cab corners look really good. Definitely Florida and Idaho. They don't use salt there. And you get the amp research running boards. I always like showing that both sides so that you know that both sides running boards are working. Coming around to the back, you get the LED tail amps. The rear bumpers absolutely perfect. No dents or dings in there. You do get the backup parking sensors full towing package which includes the receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring. And that tailgate is in really nice shape. Didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Do note once again you get the blacked up big horn ram and four by four logos there. Has the shock down assist so it's never going to slam on you. You get a nice rough country bed mat back here. 115 volt, 400 watt plug in LED bed lighting. You can turn those off and on right there. And you get some nice side box tie downs. I don't think this one has the gooseneck prep or anything. No it doesn't. But nice and clean under there. The inside of the tailgates in nice shape as well. And that shuts nice and solidly. Coming around to the driver side just as clean as that passenger side. No major dents or dings on this box side. And for full disclosure this back wheel just as nice as the rest. And these back tires brand new too. Down the rest of this side of the truck cab and doors all look really good. This one does have the heated fold up tow mirrors built in directional signals. They fold up like so. And in like that. Take a quick look at the back seats. And you can see those driver side running boards work nicely. Back seats are in great shape. No major rips or tears back here. You do get the power sliding rear window with the built in rear defrost. You get the speakers in the ceiling. The headliner is in great shape. Once again no rips or tears. These seats fold up for extra storage. You get a load floor which is nice. You got muddy boots or tools. Put them on there. You're not going to get your nice seats dirty. Or if you got pets put both sides down and they got a nice flat place delay.  Got some extra wiring back here. All weather floor mats. Two USB's. Two USB's. 115 volt 400 watt plug-in. And then in-floor storage on each side with removable bins for easy cleaning. You can put ice and drinks in there.  Or if you're not in Wisconsin just extra storage space. You also have side curtain airbags there for the front seats. These seats go back down like so. And child safety locks on the back doors. Inside and bottoms of the doors are all in really nice condition as well. And there are lights for those running boards. That's pretty cool. Here's the VIN sticker. No previously owned in Canada trucks here. Good for you. Nicer condition. Less corrosion. Tire and loading information sticker right there.  No rips, no tears. On those seats they are in fantastic condition. This truck's never been smoked in. Smells very clean inside. Power driver seat with lumbar. Factory all-weather floor mats. Auto headlamps and power pedals right there. Power windows, locks and mirrors. You get the cloth bolster and the wood grain trim. Part of that Bighorn package. Hop inside, check out the miles, radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You get these 7-inch LCD with the Bighorn animation at the beginning there. Digital speedometer, compass display, battery voltage and oil temperature. You can change all those corners to read pretty much whatever you want. And you can see this truck has 23,475 miles. Comes with the leather-wrapped steering wheel, cruise controls and gear selector on the right. Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. Audio controls on the back of the steering wheel and the steering wheel is heated. You get the 6-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift right there. Push button 4-wheel drive, push button start. This one has the 8.4. You connect 5 radio. I'm sorry, this is the 12-inch, you connect 5 radio. My bad. But it does have the factory navigation system. There's highway 41, so that is working nicely. You do get AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities as well as USB and Augs and Alexa and Bluetooth hookups. You get your climate controls right here. And we'll turn the ignition on so you can see that.  And then you get all your different apps on here. I'm not going to go through everything. A lot of this stuff is just basically links to different parts of the radio. It does have Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities where you can project your cell phone to the screen. You can check out your backup camera, which they've made those crystal clear HDs. So you can get hooked up to your boat camper trailer the first time every time. And you can zoom in on that receiver hitch for even better results. It does have the off-road pages. I'll come back to that in just a second and then all those right there. So the off-road page is pretty cool. You got your pitch and roll on there, latitude, longitude, altitude, accessory gauges and your vehicle dynamics. If I turn the steering wheel, you can see that angle changes and the wheels actually change on there. So that's a pretty neat system transfer case if you're in too high, for high or for low. Down here are your more, well on the sides are your tactile volume and tune and climate controls. Your stability control right there. This one does have the Alpine premium sound system. So it does have the subwoofer, factory brake controller, six auxiliary up-fit switches, tow-haul mode for factory exhaust brake, front and rear parking sensors. You can turn those off and on. You get two USBs, two USB C's and an Augsjack cell phone holder. And down here is a 115 volt 400 watt plug-in. You get your sliding coin holder and cup holders right there, keyless entry with remote start. And that slides like so. Dual glove boxes like that. And then pasting aside, all weather format and seat are in excellent condition. No rips or tears on there. There's those speakers in the ceiling part of that Alpine sound system in the headliners. Absolutely perfect in this one. Map lights, power sign, rear window controls, assistant SOS buttons, auto dimming mirror and your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. Let's start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality condition options and, of course, cleanliness of this truck all the way around inside. Now, very nice condition. All the headlights, running lights and fog lights are very bright and working nicely as well as the cab lights up top. Under the hood, we have the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine. Engine-based, very clean runs, very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. Shocks are doing a great job holding that hood up. There is the emissions sticker. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. I'd ship this one anywhere. I'd ship it back to Florida, back to Idaho. Whoever is going to get this truck is going to be very happy with it. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons, you name it, we've got to go to the website right there, summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at summitauto.com. If you want to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Click the bell notifications, get updates on the videos I do each and every day. As well as having access to one of the largest catalogues of vehicle and heavy-duty truck walk-rounds on YouTube. And stay current by clicking those bell notifications. Stay current on our ever-changing and vast heavy-duty truck inventory. So you do not miss out on gems like this truck. In fact, in a second, you will see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel, the upper left. A link to all the Ram 2500 truck videos I've ever done in the upper right. Link to this vehicle on our website, the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those. Check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2022 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Big Horn Level 2 Night Edition in Granite Crystal Metallic. Thank you so much for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thank you and have a great day.


find something called as Knudsen number which is the ratio of the molecular mean free path and the characteristic length scale of the system. So this L we give it a symbolic note for a pipe it may be the diameter of the pipe for something else it may be some other dimension but we call it as a characteristic length scale of the system. So if this ratio is small what does it indicate? It indicates that the mean free path is much smaller than the characteristic length scale of the system which implicitly tells that it is a sufficiently densely packed system. On the other hand if that is not the case that is if the Knudsen number is large that means the mean free path is much it may be even larger than the characteristic length scale of the system it is if it is very very rarefied. In such cases what happens? In such cases you have very very few number of molecules and then there are lots of uncertainties with respect to presence of molecules in individual elemental volumes. So in those cases the macroscopic point of view is not expected to work so efficiently or the macroscopic way of defining the characteristics or properties of the fluid might not work so efficiently. So whenever the macroscopic way works we call it we call the fluid as a continuum and the hypothesis concerned is known as continuum hypothesis. So what is the continuum hypothesis? Continuum hypothesis tells that we treat the fluid medium as a continuous matter disregarding the discontinuities in the system. There are discontinuities if you look into the molecular level. There are molecules, there are gaps and so on but if those are sufficiently compact then you may treat it as a continuous matter. Once you can treat it as a continuous matter then you may use the well known rules of differential calculus to talk about the changes in properties from one point to the other. So you can talk about simple gradients, second order derivatives and so on. So continuum hypothesis works if there are sufficiently large number of molecules so that the Knudsen number that we are talking about is very very small. If the Knudsen number is greater than 0.1 so to say then it comes to a state where your mean free path threatens to be 10% of the characteristic system length scale and when it goes on larger and larger there is a stronger and stronger deviation from the continuum hypothesis. So if there are situations when we cannot use continuum hypothesis and one needs to have a different treatment altogether. Throughout this course we will be bothered mostly about situations when continuum hypothesis works. So that means there are sufficiently large number of molecules in the system so that uncertainties with regard to individual molecules do not influence the prediction regarding the fluid flow to a significant extent because we are not looking from a molecular viewpoint but treating the fluid as a continuous matter. Keeping that in view what we will do is we will next see that no matter whether we are treating it as in a macroscopic viewpoint or in a macroscopic viewpoint how should we describe the fluid as a system. So for that we will introduce two important concepts system and control volume. We have identified an approach now we have to identify that what should be that fluid over which we apply that concept or approach. So when we talk about a system by definition system is something of fixed mass and identity. So something which must have its mass fixed it must have its identity fixed that means those are identified. For fluids sometimes this is not such a simple concept to implement. Let us again take an example of flow through a pipe. So we have a pipe there are many molecules or even particles whatever are entering the pipe and leaving. So at a particular instance of time so these are the molecules which are present. Now at a different instant of time you may have different entities different molecules which are present. The reason is quite clear something is entering and something is leaving. So it is continuously being replenished. In such a situation if you want to track the motion of these particles or individual molecules as the something of fixed mass and identity it becomes difficult and tedious because then you have to put a tag on individual entities and follow it as it is moving. This kind of approach or the so called particle tracking approach in mechanics is known as Lagrangian approach. In fluid mechanics it is not many times convenient to follow that approach. So what we do instead is like we focus our attention on a fixed region in space. So let us say that we have focused attention on this identified region. So as if we are sitting with a camera focusing the camera on this zone what we are observing we are observing whatever is coming into this zone and leaving that we are only keeping track up to that much.  So rather than focusing attention on individual particles we are focusing attention on a specified region in space across which matter can flow. So that region we call as control volume. So control volume approach is more convenient for fluid flow because you do not have to track individual particles and fluid is a continuously deforming medium. So it is very difficult to track individual particles. It is much easier to focus your attention on a specified region and see what happens across that. And this particular approach where you use a control volume and analyze what happens across that is also known as Eulerian approach. Just as the Lagrangian approach is following the name of the famous mathematician Lagrang Eulerian is according to the name of Euler. So whatever we will be discussing in this context of fluid flow no matter whether it is a system approach no matter whether it is a microscopic approach or a macroscopic approach we will be mostly using the control volume concept for analyzing the flow behavior. With this basic understanding we will now go into the concept of a fluid. So till now we have loosely talked about fluid we have not seriously defined what is a fluid. Now common sense wise if we are asked that what is a fluid obviously we will say something what flows is a fluid. And loosely speaking this is not a bad definition but there are many things which flow but those are not so called classical fluids those may be in a borderline between fluids and solids so to say. A very formal definition of fluids is like this that fluids are substances which undergo continuous deformation even under the action of very small shear force. So if you are applying a shear force or there is some shear force acting on the fluid then even if it is very small it will continuously deform the fluid for a solid. Obviously if you are applying a shear force it will not spontaneously deform it till may be it comes to a threshold limit when it will it will it will appear to be seriously deformable. Obviously there are substances which are fluids but which require a threshold shear to be deformed and therefore the borderline between the fluid and the solid is sometimes not so strict. But for most of the practical cases this definition is something which we will be keeping in mind and will be classifying fluids or solids according to this behavior. So one of the important consequences is that if there is a fluid which is non-deforming so non-deforming fluid may be fluid at rest. So if you have a container within the container you have put some water and water is at rest. What is the implication of that? The implication is very straight forward there is no shear which is acting on it. So if there is some shear which is acting on a fluid the fluid is deforming. Converse is also true that means if the fluid is deforming there must be some shear which is acting on it. So when there is a fluid which is there at rest that means there is no shear component of force that is acting on it that means there is only normal component of force acting on it and that normal component of force per unit area which is acting inwards is called as pressure. So obviously whenever there is a fluid at rest the entire situation of the forcing which is there on a fluid element may be expressed in terms of pressure. When the fluid is moving it does not mean that there is no pressure. Obviously pressure is very much there which would have been there if the fluid is at rest but there are additional forcing components which come into the picture which are directly related to the deformation of the fluid and this situation all together may be tackled in continuum mechanics that is mechanics of a continuous medium through the concept of stress. So we will now introduce the concept of stress which we will be introducing in the context of continuum mechanics. So it is valid for both solids and fluids. Now let us say that we have an element when we say we have an element it may be an element of a solid fluid whatever we are not very particular about it and we are identifying a small chunk from that. On that small chunk we are taking a small area say dA. What we are interested is to see that whenever we are taking out this small chunk the other part of the body will exert some force on this just by Newton's third law. So we are interested to identify that force and let us say that that force is directed like this it is absolutely arbitrary. So it depends on many situations. Let us say that the force is dF. So if we want to define some force per unit area then we are just giving it a name. We are calling it T or traction. We will call it a vector because it is having the nature of a force. It will be implicitly determined by this one where F is a force. But we have to remember that it is not unique until and unless we specify the area. So what it means let us say that centered around the same point we take a different elemental area same dA but differently oriented. So if we take that differently oriented area now if we find out the resultant force on that it is likely to be different. That means given the point around which we take that differentially small area as fixed that is the location fixed given the magnitude of the so called elemental area as fixed still this ratio is going to be different. So this strongly depends on not just that dA but how that dA is oriented. So it is important to give a kind of superscript or subscript to this.  So this n denotes that we are talking about an area which is having its outward normal in the direction of the n vector. So whenever we denote the orientation of area it is constant to denote it by the unit vector in the outward normal direction. Let us say that n is such a vector even if it is not a unit vector there is no problem because we can always normalize it in the form of a unit vector that direction is what is important. If n is changed that means the orientation of the area is changed obviously this traction vector will change. Now this traction vector therefore is not denoting something which is ordinarily like any other vector. So if you are talking about say a force so whenever you are writing the component of a force say f is a force you are using an index i to denote the component of the force. So this index i equal to 1 will mean the x component, i equal to 2 will mean the y component and i equal to 3 will mean the z component. Therefore by using one index i and varying it from 1 to 3 we may denote the components of a vector but when we are trying to denote this traction vector yes it has a component because it is it is like a force per unit area. So based on the direction of the force it has its own direction it has its own components but its specification depends on also another sort of index n which denotes the choice of the area orientation that has been employed to calculate this t. So it is something more general than an ordinary vector. How general it is to understand that we will take some special examples. What are the special examples? Let us say that we take an element of a fluid which is of a rectangular shape like this. We may orient axis like x, y, z in terms of the index we call this as x 1, x 2, x 3. Index using the index is a very convenient way because just by varying the index you can vary the directions. Now let us try to see that what are the special cases of traction vectors on the faces of these q y. So this has 6 faces and these faces are special surfaces. Why these are special surfaces? These have their normal directions either along x or y or z. This is absolutely an arbitrary area and what we are interested to do is to figure out what happens for an arbitrary area by referring to special areas which are either oriented along x, y or z. So that is the motivation of taking such an element. So once we have taken this element what we are going to see is we are going to write such expressions for different faces. So when we come along this face we are interested to write the components of the traction vector. So let us write that. So components of the traction vector there is a component along x. In terms of this notation what should be the subscript 1? What should be the superscript? See what does this represent? It represents the unit vector outwards normal of the surface chosen. So here the surface chosen has unit vector along x 1. So this should be 1. Alternatively we use a notation equivalent to this is tau 1 1. So 2 indices are there. What are these indices representing? The first index is representing the direction normal of the surface and the second index is representing the direction of action of the force component. So in general it is like tau i j where i represents the direction normal of the surface which we have chosen and j represents the direction of action of the force component itself. So let us take a second example. Let us say we write the y component on this surface. So this one. So tau what should be the subscripts? First one is 1 and second one is 2. So this is very simple and you can do it for all the surfaces. So what I will advise you to do is that you repeat the same thing for all the 6 surfaces to get a feel that you understand the notation. This is like notation grammar. If you want to learn say classical music you require to know the notation. So we are starting with the notation. The notation is important because that will help us in developing the basic equations in a very elegant manner. Interestingly let us look into the opposite phase of this one. So for this phase the outward normal is along negative x. So we will develop a sign convention that if the outward normal of the surface is along negative i, we will have the sign convention such that positive tau i j is along negative j. That means here thus so this one we will call as positive tau 1 1 for this surface. Why? Because the first one is actually along negative x the first index therefore the positive sense of the j which is the second one is along negative x.  These are sign conventions. So if it actually is the other way it will come as minus of this number. Just like in free body diagram you draw a force. The force might have come in the negative. That means it is actually in the opposite sense than what you have drawn in the figure. So these are also like that. So as if you are drawing the free body diagram of a chunk or an element. So we are establishing sign conventions for that. So what we have learnt as the sign convention is if the direction i is along the negative of one of the coordinate axis then the tau i j positive sign will be oriented along the negative j direction and if it is positive it is the other way. So this tau i j so when you write tau i j this i may vary from 1 to 3 and j may vary from 1 to 3. So these are certain quantities. In general you may have 3 into 3. 9 tau i j components. We will later on see that actually out of these 9 you have 6 which are independent and utilizing those independent 6 components which are called as components of a stress tensor. We can actually find out the state of stress for any arbitrary plane which is neither oriented along x nor y nor z. So these particular quantities which are like called as components of a stress tensor we may understand that these are not like vectors. So what are the differences between these and the vectors? So very logically you can see a vector requires a single index for its specification i. This requires 2 indices for its specification. What are the special indices? One index is just like making it act like a vector but the other index is specifying the direction normal chosen to calculate that quantity. So it is something more general than a vector. This actually is called as a second order tensor. We will not be defining in general what is a tensor because it is an involved mathematical concept and there is not enough scope here that we discuss about that but at least from common sense you can appreciate that the order of tensor in this Cartesian notation is like the number of indices that you are requiring to specify it. So vector is also a tensor. It is a tensor of order 1. Scalar does not require any index for its specification. So it is like a tensor of order 0. So we have very easily come across 3 different orders of tensors. Tensor of order 0 which is a scalar, tensor of order 1 which is a vector and tensor of order 2 example is a stress. And we will see examples where we will be having tensor of order 4 as of course there may be nth order tensor in general but we will see that there are certain important tensors in the context of mechanics in a continuum or fluid. So fourth order tensor is one such example which we will come across later on in this course. So we will now go to our next objective that is given this components of the stress tensor. How we may utilize these concepts or these components to designate the state of stress on any arbitrary surface which is neither oriented along x, y or z. For that what we do is consider an elemental volume like a tetrahedron. We give the point certain names for convenience. So there are surfaces like this the surface A, O, B let us call it as S1, surface A, O, C we call it as S3 why such 1 and 3 because this index we are trying to preserve for the direction normal of those surfaces. So this one is for the fact that the direction normal of this A, O, B is along x. Similarly this one is S2 and A, B, C let us go to our next objective which is A, B, C let us give it a name S. Can you tell what is the motivation of this taking such a volume? See whenever we are deriving something in the class it is like it will appear to you that yes it has to be done like that. Remember this is not a ritual. Do not accept anything whatever we are learning in the class as a ritual. Always try to ask yourself a question why have we taken such a volume? What is the motivation behind taking such an element? So if you see this element has 4 faces out of these 4 faces 3 are the special ones which have their direction normals either along x, y or z. The fourth one is not a special one it is arbitrarily oriented. So now by considering the equilibrium of this element by considering the forces which are acting on it we will be able to express what is there on that odd surface in terms of what is there on the special surfaces. So that is what is the motivation behind taking this one. Now whenever we are coming to such an element our objective will be say to write the Newton's second law of motion for this. So just resultant force equal to mass into acceleration. Question is what forces are acting on this element? So when we say what forces are acting on the element we will be classifying the forces in continuum mechanics into categories. One is a surface force another is a body force. These names are almost self-explanatory. When you say surface force it means that these are forces which are acting on the surface or surfaces which are comprising the volume element chosen. And body force is a force which is acting over the volume of the body. Example is body force. One of the examples of body force is the gravity force which acts throughout the body volume of the body. Surface force pressure is an example. Force due to pressure is a surface force. So whenever we are having forces we will categorize in terms of surface force and body force. So whenever we have surface force the surface force may be expressed in terms of the traction vector because the traction vector we have defined in such a way that on a surface it represents the resultant force per unit area. So it represents a cumulative effect of all forces which are acting at that point on the surface. So this particular element has four surfaces. Let us write the forces which are acting on these four surfaces and write the Newton's second law of motion along say x direction. So what we are going to write is resultant force along x is equal to the mass of the fluid element times the acceleration along x. So when we write the resultant force we will write it in terms of the surface force and body force. So first let us come to the surface say aob. So on the surface which component of the stress tensor will give a force along x in terms of tau ij, tau 11 right. So what would be the positive sign convention direction of tau 11 along this. So tau 11 this is the force per unit area. So what is the area on which it is acting into s1. Similarly for s2 what is the force which is acting along 1 tau 21 right. What would be its direction just like this because its outward normal is along negative 2 direction. Therefore the positive sense of tau 21 on this surface is along negative 1. So and this multiplied by s2. Similarly this will be tau 31 s3. There is a force surface which is really the back surface here which has its normal neither along x, y or z. Let us say the normal to this is n cap the normal vector outward normal vector of s. So this n cap say it has its components like this n1 i cap plus n2 j cap plus n3 k cap where n1 n2 n3 are the components of this along x, y and z. We are now going to write the force on s. So the force on s let us say that it is t with superscript n. So now we cannot use the tau notation for that because it is not a special surface. Tau notation you can write for a special surface where the normals are along x, y or z. So we use the t notation this is for the a, b, c. This component wise it is along 1 and the area on which it is acting is s and obviously by default we are taking it as along positive x. These are the surface forces. What is the body force? Say we call that b is the body force per unit mass. If we find out what is the mass of the fluid element, so what is the mass of the fluid element? Let us say that we find out first what is the volume of the fluid element. So for this type of element we can say that it is 1 third into the area of this a, b, c times the perpendicular distance from o to a, b, c. Let us say that perpendicular distance is h. So we first find what is b, 1? So what is b, 1? First the volume 1 third into s into h where h is the perpendicular distance from o to a, b, c. This is the volume mass of this you multiply it by the density say rho is the density. So this is the mass and this multiplied by the body force per unit mass along x will give the total body force along the direction 1 or x. So this is the mass. This is the body force per unit mass along x. So the product is the total body force along x. So we write the Newton's second law of motion. This particular expression now we write the forces.  So that is equal to what is its mass? One third s h rho that is the mass. Let us say a is the acceleration. So a 1 is the acceleration along x 1. The physical definition and the mathematical definition is identical here. Surface force is a force which is distributed over the surface which is the envelope of the volume that is being considered and body force is something which is acting within the volume of the body. Yes. Here force is the surface force as an example. Also normal force that is like pressure is a normal component. It is not a shear component. Yes. But it is a force which is acting on the surface. I mean whether normally to the body or not it is it is a matter of direction but the force may act on the surface or the force may be acting throughout the volume of the body that is how this is classified. So obviously when we are considering this this is something which is acting on the surface. Obviously it will have a direction right. I mean there is no contradiction with that with the surface force and body force. Surface force will have a direction. Body force will also have a direction. So when you have this expression next is you can write S1, S2 and S3 in terms of S. How can you write it? See S1 is like the projection of S on the YZ plane right. So how do you find out the projection? You find out basically the component of this so called vectorial representation of ABC on the YZ plane. So that means when you want to find out the component you basically find the dot product of the corresponding unit vectors. So this has a unit vector in the direction of ABC has unit vector in the direction of N. AOB has unit vector in the direction of minus i. So but obviously here the plus minus you are already taking care of through this sign convention. So you are not duplicating it once more. So the dot product of those 2 directions will be N1 is this vector and another is i. So the dot product will be N1. So in terms so these are all magnitudes. Their senses have already been taken care of with plus minus. So S1 is nothing but SN1 by taking the component of so called S in the direction of the so called S1. Similarly S2 is SN2 and S3 is SN3. So in that way if you substitute in this equation you will see that S gets cancelled out. So what you will get? Minus tau 11 N1 minus tau 21 N2 minus tau 31 N3 plus T1 plus one third row plus T1 plus T1 plus T1 plus T1 plus T1 into h into B1 is equal to one third row into h into A1. When you have these equations the next consideration that we have to make is something which is subtle but important to understand. We will shrink this volume to a point such that this entire volume as if converges to the point O because our end objective is to find out the state of stress at a point in terms of an area chosen around that point. So we will be considering a vanishing area or a vanishing volume so to say not a vanishing area so that everything converges to O that means we will taking the limit as h tends to 0. So when you take h tends to 0 the entire volume will converge to the point O then whatever we describe basically is the description of state of stress at a point O. So when you take that limit as h tends to 0 you will see very beautifully these terms will tend to 0. So in that case you are left with a very simple expression for T1 that is tau 11 N1 plus tau 21 N2 plus tau 31 N3. You can see that this is a very excellent expression because it relates the traction vector on an arbitrary surface with the components of stress tensor. What are the inputs? The inputs are that you must know the state of stress on those specified planes with specified orientations and the components of the unit vector direction of the arbitrary plane that you are considering everything at a particular location. The other thing is that there is a way of writing this symbolically in a more compact manner. You can see that here you are having two indices. So the first index is what is varying? The second index is something which corresponds to this one. So you can just generalize it and say so you have one index i which is fixed the other index j which is a variable which varies from 1 to 3. Now because this type of notation is very common the general rule is again the general notation is that this summation is omitted. So this becomes invisible. So this is also written as just tau ji nj. How you will know that there is a summation? Whenever there is a repeating index you have to keep in mind that there is an invisible summation in it. So from now onwards many times we will be using this notation without using the summation symbol but you have to keep in mind that whenever there is a repeating index there should be an invisible summation over that. This is known as Einstein index notation. This was first introduced by Einstein. So this type of notation gives a very compact way of writing these terms of writing this traction vector in terms of the components of the stress tensor. So this is known as Cauchy's theorem this expression. So what it does is it expresses the traction vector on any arbitrary plane in terms of the corresponding stress tensor components. It is also possible to write it in a matrix form. So what you can do? You are having components of the traction vector on a given plane say with orientation n 3 components you have. So this if you just follow these expressions you will see that so you can see that this is nothing but a matrix way of writing the 3 components of the traction vector. So whatever equations that we have written this is not something new. Just put i equal to 1 it will correspond to the first row of this i equal to 2 and i equal to 2 n 3. So what you can see is that here you get those so called 9 components of the stress tensor and these all these 9 are not independent we will see but this is something what it is mathematically doing you can see here look into these quantities. What is this? This is a vector it has its 3 components n 1 n 2 n 3 this is also a vector. So this is acting like a transformation which maps a vector onto a vector. So it is a very important characteristic of a second order tensor that a second order tensor maps a vector onto a vector. Similarly like a fourth order tensor maps a second order tensor onto a second order tensor like that as an example. So tensor is also like a transformation tool or a transformation which tries to transform one vector into another vector if it is a second order tensor. The next thing that follows from this is that are all these independent or all these tau ij is independent or we should be in a position to express this tau ij's some of these in terms of the other. So for that we will quickly do one exercise we will consider now a two dimensional element. Two dimensional element is something where everything is occurring in a plane just for simplicity. So we are assuming that the third direction is like unity or whatever. So it has its length like say this is delta x this is delta y just imagine that it has faces perpendicular to whatever has been drawn in the figure having all width as one. So let us write the components of the stress tensor on these surfaces. So very quickly we will write it because we have learnt by this time how to write it. So this is tau 11 this is what is this tau 21 here this is tau 11 this is tau 21 here this is what will be here tau 12 it is along the positive 1 because the outward normal is along positive 2 yes. So these two will be reversed. So I would expect that you always correct it. So the first index is what direction normal. So direction normal is what 1. Second index is the direction on which it is acting. So this is tau 12 and this is tau 21 here same. Now we are interested about the equilibrium of this element. So when we are interested about the equilibrium of this element we will consider the rotational equilibrium as an example. So rotational equilibrium let us consider that as if it is an element where we will be writing an equivalent form of Newton's second law for rotation. As if like we are writing rotation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed axis something like that but the axis is this center. So as if we are writing a rotational equilibrium equation with respect to an axis which passes through this center O and is perpendicular to this plane of the board. So that is why it is a two dimensional thing we are considering a rotation in this plane basically. So what we can write resultant moment of all forces which are acting on this is what say we are writing the moment with respect to which axis z axis here is equal to what tells that it is 0 it might be having an angular acceleration. So it is I with respect to the same axis which is passing through this one and perpendicular to the plane of the board say z times the angular acceleration say alpha. So the resultant moment of all these forces what will be that. So you will see that tau 11 and minus tau 11, tau 22 and minus tau 22 they cancel. So moment contributors will be tau 12 and tau 21. So tau 12 and this tau 12 they form like a couple. So it is tau 12 what is the area on which it is acting into delta y into 1 which is the width times the arm of the couple moment delta x for the other one it is clockwise. So minus tau 21 delta x delta y delta x delta y we are assuming there is no body couple which is acting on it just like body force there could be body couple fluids usually do not sustain body couple. So there is no body couple which is acting on it is equal to the moment of inertia is like it is having a dimension of m into length square. So m is like delta x delta y into 1 into rho that is the m if you write it properly it is delta x square plus delta y square by 12 with respect to this axis times the alpha. Keep in mind that delta x delta y are all small and tending to 0. So if you cancel by considering that these are tending to 0 but not equal to 0. So you are left with what in the right hand side you have terms because delta x and delta y are tending to 0 you have the right hand side tending to 0 and that will give you a very interesting result tau 12 is equal to tau 21. So in general tau i j is equal to tau ji that means tau 21 and tau 12 are same tau 31 and tau 13 are same and tau 32 and tau 23 are same. So you are left with 6 independent components in this stress tensor and you see that tau i j equal to tau ji what are the assumptions under which it is valid? There is no body couple that is the only assumption it does not depend on whether it is at rest or in motion. This is a very common misconception that people have that this is valid only for static systems. No I mean it might be accelerating but it does not matter because in the limit as delta x delta y tends to 0 the acceleration angular acceleration term becomes insignificant and that is how you get tau i j equal to tau ji. We stop our discussion today we will continue in the next lecture. Thank you.


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