What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here So this will be a spoiler free review for the passenger. This is directed by Carter Smith It is being pinned by Jack Stanley and it stars Cal Gowner Johnny Birch told and Liza well or will in our most important roles that I'll mention here This is we're all around the character of Randy Bradley who is perfectly content fading into the background But when his co-worker Benson snaps and goes on a violent killing spree He's forced to face his fears and confront his troubled past in order to find a way to survive Now the passenger is the most intense experience I've had all year with the horror genre Kyle Gowner has been allowing us to experience his talent for over 20 years now well for me Anyway, he's been doing this for about 20 years because I've looked at a lot of his earlier works And he was on my screen for the very first time when I was about 4 or 3 from my memory And this latest effort is just him showcasing why he deserves to be in the screen King conversation The entire film demands your attention whether it be due to the tremendous camera work or its ability to keep you guessing With the handling of its narrative or it's highly captivating performances that are at the center Or the overall uneasy atmosphere that's established early on as well The passenger is a very relentless piece of filmmaking I can't deny that the screenplay is pretty straightforward But the character work is fantastic and actually reminded me a lot of training day Training day meets the hitcher I would say that makes you excited that you might be in for a treat here You aren't going to get any of the twists that I've seen people speculating in the comic section of the Trailer related to Fight Club. You're not getting that But what you will get is a very engaging comment of age story with Gowner absolutely crushing it every time He is on your screen Randy who is played by his co-star is a Quiet timid decent young 20-something-year-old who is holding on to a childhood accident That seems to have impacted his ability to stand up for himself and be his own person His co-worker Benson who is played by Gowner is also a deeply disturbed individual But his screws are completely loose in a lot of ways this man reminded me of Alonzo from training day And I'm being so serious now cow. He's no Denzel But both of those characters they have a chip on their shoulder because they think they are in control But in reality, they're not they're not in control There's a lot of emotion that they're holding on to a lot of fear a lot of trauma Jack Stanley's screenplay succeeds mostly due to our strong central characters carrying the story Benson is holding on to a lot of baggage that has corrupted his worldview. The character is also Somehow remaining very mysterious even after the film concludes a lot of details are safe to imply about him without the film relying on Exposition dumping however since these things are not explicitly stated This is what kept Benson so intriguing as a character layers aren't fully explored Benson is our antagonist if you want to view him like that However, the passenger gives you an opportunity to maybe second guess if this really is our antagonist And maybe it's some of the people we met along the way during this journey with Benson and Of course Randy the passenger knows what to disclose and what to leave for us to interpret as a viewer about this character Randy our titular passenger is who we explicitly learned the most about through exposition dumping Randy is a very likable Protagonist and his progression throughout this insane journey is great to witness Randy lets everyone walk all over him and believes he has a good reason for this Benson has noticed this about Randy and believes this little experiment as he calls it is designed to help Randy now Carter Smith's direction really enhances the entire experience There's a lot of tracking shots early on that I just absolutely adored shots like that gets you deeper into the story Unfolding on your screen and the passenger does a brilliant job at pulling the viewer into the experience with its characters Cinematographer Lynn Moncrive I believe is actually attached to the five nights at Freddy movie that's coming out later this year So I'll be curious to see how that director's vision is brought to life for that project because I think they did an amazing job here with the passenger some of the best visual moments do happen in that third act you see some of this in the trailer as Mention Galner is a force to be reckoned with in this role But before I commend his efforts even further I do want to talk about Johnny's performance as Randy because that is something to praise as well He and Galner have great chemistry together and Johnny captures the reserved closed-off nature of Randy so profoundly and his very much so like just fear Fearful outlook on the world because of his because of this Incident he's holding on to that. It's hard not to feel for the character and want to see him overcome this highly deranged situation Now Galner again just very profound in this film. He's very untouchable. I would say It's called the passenger because that's who's growth were expected to invest in primarily But the driver of this movie is stealing every scene His delivery is top-notch the zero to a hundred shift in Benson is nothing less than breathtaking to witness I would have to argue that this is a career best for Kyle Gallner. I've never seen him act in this manner I've seen him deliver great performances But nothing has ever stuck with me so much the way that the passenger has from this man Benson can be quiet or he can be rowdy and Galner is excelling at all of it He's such an intimidating presence and the way Galner is just devouring this role lifelong fans of Galner Well, you'll have a hoot with this movie. I'm telling you. He is he's on another level There's some great tension built throughout and so much that I had like this gagged feeling the whole time while watching One of the best instances and showcased in the trailer when Randy and Ben to go visit an old friend from Randy's childhood My favorite that you'll get to experience is the moment Benson walks out of the restaurant And we're just following him waiting for him to pick up that gun and return inside to do his damage like we see in the Trailer the way that that sequence is paced in the way It's one whole take that really just helps set the move get you on get you on the edge Get you feeling uncomfortable about what awaits the rest of these people inside when Benson returns into this restaurant the soundtrack or the score adds a lot of great tension adds an eerie the eerie vibe to the whole situation and Also helps add a lot of emotion to the later aspects of the film that can be rather sad at times and All in all, I think the pacing was handled very well Nothing went on longer than I thought it should for the most part maybe a few things but not like in the great scheme of it All I would argue.  Some people might find this movie to be boring I don't find it boring the movie knows how to keep you invested the dialogue is also Worth worth wanting to hear so it's not like bad dialogue So that's a good thing too for anyone who might find it to be slow The movie has these moments where the intensity is picking up and then it kind of flat lines again I will say that but it's not in a negative way It's in a way that you know the movie is building to this grand ending And that's ultimately what you end up getting when it comes to these two characters in the situation That they have found themselves in now. I'm gonna give this movie a 8 out of 10. I am gonna give it


Okay, I think it's probably about time, so we can get started. A quick poll of the room. Who saw me give a talk with Steph at Flock last year? Okay, who's built the kernel, the Fedora kernel? Okay, that's helpful for helping me know where to talk about, because today I'm talking about the Fedora source get tree. For a quick poll of the room, I asked about who saw me talk last year with Steph Walter. We talked about the elephant of the room, which was talking about the fact that the rel and the Fedora kernels are supposed to be the same, but they aren't. They differ drastically, and we went through a lot of reasons why they were that way for some good and some bad reasons, and why we wanted to potentially make them the same, and had a whole bunch of grand plans and everything like that. And as a short update on that, what we wanted to do over the past year was hopefully have Fedora and rel be the same, just because if you've heard any of the number of talks, the grand story is supposed to be, okay, here's Fedora. Fedora is where we do all our testing. Everyone does all their work there. We find all the bugs. Then we go after rel, we make it even more stable. We sell it. We make a lot of money. Sounds great. I know. But it turns out that's not quite the story, and we wanted to make everything the same, so we could be more stable. But what ended up happening over the past year is, I think from the Fedora side, there weren't a lot of changes that people would probably notice. Maybe a few spec file cleanups here and there. There was a lot more work internally on the rel side of things, mostly a lot of discussion about what Fedora actually means, what rel actually means. One thing I always want to talk about whenever we bring up Fedora, people always appreciate the Fedora community. Even if things aren't always in line, people love the Fedora community and all the work people put into it, which is always great to hear. There were some minor changes for Fedora, spec file cleanups, and one of the other big things we've gotten over the past year is a lot more CI for the kernel in terms of the upstream CKI project, which Red Hat has started an attempt to try and do continuous integration for the kernel testing. There's been a lot of good news. One of the things that's finally come out of this entire project is the fact that we now have a public git tree available. This is a git tree that matches something that's approximately what we want to see in the future versions of rel. What this contains is patches we want to bring in, various packaging scripts, and just designed to show exactly how we're building the rel kernel currently and being able to get that out there. It's out there. It's available. It's certainly not public and there's a lot more things we need to do, but getting it out there was a good milestone. The focus of this talk is talking about that tree as a source git tree and why eventually what we'd like to do is use the source git tree directly instead of going for the disk git tree. The pull of hands is that if I say source git versus disk git, who needs clarification on what exactly the difference between source and disk git is? Okay. Yeah. So just for the 30-second summary for those who raised their hands just in case, is that the disk git is where we end up with the Fedora packaging. The source git tree is where the actual development happens. There are lots of reasons why these are two different things, but the point is that we have two separate repositories, so we end up needing to do two things slightly different. Part of this different reason why we want to possibly make these similar is that developers on a day-to-day basis really like the source git disk tree. They don't really want to deal with the disk git side of things. This is the dream, really, at least, what we want to see is that a developer or a maintainer does all their work in the source git tree, and then once they decide, okay, it's time to actually send this out for release, they run a few commands, and then a bunch of scripts or automation or magic basically moves it all into the disk git. And so the point is that the developer or anyone else never really has to think about what exactly goes into the disk git, because it turns out the purpose of the disk git is to be able to build an RPM. And I mentioned maintainer commands, but part of this could also be done by automation. So the idea is that you'd have, perhaps when you have a new release, automation would automatically create a new release and commit it to disk git, so you wouldn't end up having to think about it at all. Yes, this talks about a lot of reasons why exactly we like the source git tree. It ends up being, when it comes time to actually build the kernel, you can use the same build commands as upstream. So I asked how many people had built the kernel. And usually when you want to build a kernel, you say, do make def config, make menu config to configure your options, then you type make to build the kernel, then do make modules install. These are fairly standard instructions that if you Google about how do I build a kernel, you're going to find. From experience as a maintainer and trying to help people on IRC and on various forms, getting people to understand how to build a kernel LaFedura way is not always the easiest task, just because the instructions are documented, but they're not always the first hit on Google. So having something that people are actually familiar with makes everything a lot easier for users. I'll talk about this in a bit about making an RPM with the existing tree. It's not quite the same as upstream, but it's something similar. As long as we're also talking about users building their own kernels, another sticking point is if people want to build custom kernels, they're usually doing it because they have one of two things they want to make changes to. Either they want a new module, a new configuration option, or they want to apply their own patches. Who here, for those who have been around a very long time, has tried to patch an RPM using the RPM build method, and manually, yeah. That's not a lot of fun. These days, Git is the preferred tool of choice for almost all development. And it turns out that being able to say, okay, I want to test this patch or even this branch, just do a Git merge into the same tree. And then being able to run the same tree, the same commands is so much easier for people than trying to explain how to get things into a diskit where you end up having to do more steps, copy it into the diskit, and bring things out. Really a big pain. And so it just makes things so much easier. And it really goes to, this is what people want to consume and what we actually want to deliver. And it also gets back to the point about talking about going from source Git to diskit, more opportunities for automation as well. It is, is that the existing build and testing infrastructure can work on source Git tree as opposed to diskit tree. It's out there. And so that's a lot of the benefits about why we should have one source Git versus diskit. And part of the point is when we talked about over the past year about, we had this idea about, well, okay, so Fedora and REL should be the same. It turns out that Fedora and REL will never actually be identical for a lot of reasons. A big thing is because of the things that make the Fedora community really great and unique is being able to do things fast and experimentally. Matthew Miller likes to say we are the leading edge. And the idea with being a leading edge is that there's a fairly low barrier to entry for trying new things. For the kernel is that if people come in and say, hey, this module is off, can we turn it on? If the kernel maintainers review it and see that, okay, looks like it's on, looks like it's not gonna break anything, we turn it on. That can happen in turnaround in less than a day. The other side of things for REL is that there's a lot more process involved simply because they have different requirements. This all comes back to Fedora and REL are never exactly going to be the same. But there's a lot of things that it turns out they can actually share. They should be able to share the same spec file. There shouldn't be too much different between them for no reason to have different build processes. The same packaging scripts in terms of being able to go from source git to disk it. If we think about what we're actually shipping, maybe REL ships a few more files in there, but ultimately it's still just going to be the same thing between Fedora and REL for shipping a kernel, some modules, and maybe a few other things out there, hand waving a lot there. And I mentioned the configuration files, and this has been one thing I've spent a lot of time trying to figure out how exactly to manage that. Ideally, what we eventually want to do is to have both Fedora and the REL configuration files in the same source git tree and make it very easy for people to be able to switch between them and test them. We're looking about different ideas about how to do this, but one of the ideas is possibly just to have one of the set for the REL versus Fedora be another kernel variant. How many of you have installed kernel debug before? Yeah, so that's, yeah, I mean you've installed that for building, and so the point is that if we can have kernel debug, it turns out it's pretty easy to expand that concept and say, if we have kernel debug, why not have kernel REL or another name people want to come up with talking about, it's another set of configs that's available, automation contested, people contested to try and see what's available. And then, with the point about having different variants is that it does get down to the point about we do also carry different sets of patches between REL and Fedora. Some of these are different for good reasons, some of these are different because people haven't put in the time to make them come in, but theoretically there's no reason why the two couldn't potentially carry the same sets of patches at least just for building and then we have a single kernel tree again to testing and make it easier. None of this is saying it'll actually be perfect or easy, but the point is that if we can get something that's approximately right to do the amount of testing we need, it makes it easier. Okay, so here's some gotchas about the existing model, the tree we push publicly. The tree that's currently public is that I did some work on top of that to be able to use REL files versus Fedora files based on the disk tag. So the idea is that it's hard-coded to say that a list of REL tag versus a Fedora tag uses the, selects the correct set of files. That makes it actually a little bit tricky to potentially have one tree that can work for both. This is certainly something still trying to figure out. Another thing that is potentially a little bit interesting is looking at how raw hide does snapshots is that the existing REL code didn't have support to do the daily raw hide snapshots that Fedora relies on. I had to bring some of that in and potentially look at how that's generated and maybe it's something for Fedora to look at as well to make sure that's gets synced up. And then there's the sticking point of the change log. Every RPM has a change log, which is supposed to be updated with a description and sometimes people have brought up with, well, if we have everything in get these days, why do we have the RPM change log? And the answer comes back is that if we think about who the target of the RPM change log is, it's not the developer, it's the sysadmin or someone else who is installing the package and wants to know exactly what's changed and they're used to running RPM change log to see what's in there. So for now at least we still need to be able to keep things in the RPM change log, but it also turns out that trying to generate the RPM change log from the existing scripts doesn't quite work with rebasing every kernel version because of the way things are structured. This should just be a to-do that's to clean things up, but it's just something more we need to work through. More of things that drifted between Fedora and Vrel are choices about how exactly we split things into different repositories. Who has installed the perf tool before? Okay. That comes from a package called kernel tools and kernel tools is a bunch of user space tools that get built that are part of the kernel tree but are not actually part of the kernel itself and it turns out because we're building a set of user space tools we end up into user space dependency problems and trying to build that all in the same kernel spec file as a separate package was kind of difficult at times so I split that off in Fedora to be able to build that specifically and then Justin did some other work to be able to split out kernel headers as well so we're now building that in separate repositories and for the most there are sometimes some hiccups with Fedora but I overall think that it's worked out fairly well to have just the core kernel being built in the kernel package, user space packages, user space tools, user space headers in separate repositories but trying to bring this back together for RHEL is a little bit trickier so we need to figure out how exactly to bring those back together and another sticking point here is sometimes it turns out we may need to go back from dist to source git a good example is that system wide package changes to clean up various parts of the spec file these sometimes happens because it turns because there are very dedicated people who take the time to garden all the packages and clean up craft we don't need if those are just going to the disk it we need to make sure we have a way to get those back and forth and we're not overwriting everything there there's also some details about secure boot but again so this is a long way of saying that we have a proof of concept out there but it's not quite ready and then I'm gonna give a short demo of a kernel tree, okay this is the working tree that what I tend to do a lot of on my day to day basis so start with a make RH clean there are these are a set of custom commands that have been added by Red Hat Kernel engineers to be able to do all the Red Hat stuff everything lives inside the Red Hat directory so let's say I make a change to a kernel configuration option and I want to make sure the configs work I'll do make RH I will spell it correctly and it's gonna go through build and process and do a bunch of the checks to make sure all the configs are actually okay and then if I want to do a little bit more checking maybe I made some changes to the how things are going into the RPM spec file I might do make RH prep we'll do some commands and it will run the prep stage of the RPM and this is pretty boring you can see exactly what I am doing with large portions of my day so if you ever wonder why kernel developers seem to get so bored this is why we can watch this run for a little bit but also uses an opportunity to take some questions right now about halfway through I'll talk a little bit more but if anyone has questions right now I'm happy to take them yes yeah the question was about was there any talk upstream about splitting the tools into separate projects perf, BPF tools hypoven into a separate project and the answer is that yes often on this has been discussed and that some a lot of this happened well before my time I got into kernel development but it sounded like this was kind of controversial about where they ended up and for now I think the plan is for everything to live in the single kernel repository but I've also heard some other people who are say on the tracing side of things who are interested in maybe splitting it out we'll have to wait and see exactly what happens there is some interest but I don't see it happening anytime super soon yeah you've just correctly described the kernel process about bringing stuff up every few years and then sometimes things change Kevin is there any thought to maybe building the build system as regular or? the question is about building the kernel as a sub package and the kernel at build system as regular I'm not quite sure if you're using the same terminology I was that when you think of sub package are you thinking of having it be in a separate repository and then you change like a chain build or just another package that gets generated another package yeah that available if it were used yeah that's exactly what I was what I was looking at and possibly suggest could suggest and that's one of the ideas we've been kicking around to try and do things we don't have anything concrete right now to be able to do that you you have yes you have exactly hit on one of the key issues and trying to figure out what to do is is that the kernel build process already takes a very very long time in building yet another variant ads more time to the build for things people may not actually want so these are trade-offs we're going to have to figure out okay this is actually pretty boring so I'm just going to get back to the actual stuff people want to see okay so one of the things that sometimes gets brought up is when we talk about making changes like this it says okay if the current team is potentially looking at moving to a source get tree model what does that mean for the fedora community left to do will the fedora community not be allowed to make any changes because it's all going to be restricted and I just kind of want to emphasize that what the fedora community does is really helpful a lot of what we put out here is I the that we push publicly is not actually what I consider core kernel development it's a lot of scripting and packaging and other work that isn't always the expertise of the kernel developers and this is one area where I think the overall the entire fedora community really shines in terms of helping packages get up to scale there was a talk I didn't get a chance to see to about packaging mistakes and we were joking that the kernel spec file was probably doing a lot of them just because we end up trying to do workarounds for various things and so this is an example about something where I think the fedora community can really help make make the kernel package better in terms of figuring out better ways to do things we certainly have our own scheme for generating current configuration options and how everything goes but I'm certain there's better ideas about how how that could go as well and really we just need help in terms of trying to maintain things so this is I want to talk about the kernel configuration scheme that we were looking at trying to do how many people have ever looked at the kernel configuration scheme okay yeah it's a a pretty small number how many of you have I asked about how many people built the kernel and one of the steps people tend to do when they build the kernel is to make menu config to get a nice menu of options to be able to scroll through and maybe find what you want to turn off and on to configure the kernel due to the way we produce kernels currently that doesn't quite work instead we have a series of directories that describe what what configuration options we turn off and on for various architectures it's kind of out of scope for this talk but I'm happy to describe it but one of the things we were looking to try and do is to actually have fedora and rel share configuration options in some way and the point is that there's some number that are going to be common in terms of core features think about your file systems think about your core IPC functionality core drivers those are the same between rel and fedora let's keep them the same there's always going to be some fedora things that are different there's going to be rel things that are different one thing is that we're potentially looking at doing is having the fedora and common be updated and then just try and tell people please don't touch the rel configurations part of this is not this it's not because we don't trust the fedora community but because the rel kern developers like to make sure they reviewed all the options very closely because some of them can have unintended side effects even turning on modules I thought would be safe that I've gotten informed no no don't turn this on you're going to be doing something interesting so it just makes a little bit easier getting into a little bit of the nitty gritty details is that you may have heard both brendan and other people talk about the idea about okay we want to eventually by the time rel 9 rolls around have everything moving faster and up there and so the end part of this is hopefully to make fedora rawhide more stable and close to rel so for everything to be able to do all the testing and this kind of gets back to the point then sure we can certainly have people put up there but how exactly are people doing code reviews because if you've ever monitored anything about the kernel before is that it still has a heavily email based workflow which as some people try justifies being around for good reasons I don't think is around for as good reasons but that's best discussed over beverages but the point is is is that is we're moving to a workflow that say maybe having a treat more public we need to figure out exactly how people can do reviews and do these reviews publicly and this is a lot of time I've been discussing with people internally it's exactly says everyone is used to doing all these reviews and everything internally getting ready for this how exactly we're going to do this publicly are we going to do everything on a mailing list or if there's something else to try and do we do eventually want to have everything out there publicly my dream of some sort is is that there is automation out there generates a branch when say a new kernel RC comes out it does everything automatically generates generates the commit generates a branch the bot also adds in all the appropriate kernel developers come and say hey this this change looks like it brought in some changes maybe in your area or added some new configuration options and this is happening somewhere publicly those current developers get added they can review and take care of everything pipe dream were maybe right now but we still want to try and work through because the point is is that we're doing everything out there in public you can see exactly what's going on this is about where I'm wrapping up and I know I gave people a lot of big dump of information and tried to show exactly what's out there and if I was trying I'm trying to make it sound like this is what we want to do and we're not actually committed to using this at the moment it's still certainly a work in progress there are things we need to figure out and I'd kind of like to use the rest of time to see if anyone out there has any objections or thoughts about what else we would need to make this work and what would make the fedora community confident about switching to this model for the developers to use obviously we don't want to risk regressing anything in fedora and yes peter yeah and I think the peter talked about how grub has its own set of scripts to be able to do this and I think that's actually a very good point is that part of the reason we want to do this publicly is to try and is because we're certain that the kernel is not the only package that is doing this or wants to do this and we'd like to be hopefully to be able to use common scripting because what we have is a whole bunch of shell scripts and some ox scripts thrown in together to be able to tie everything together and as someone repeated always repeatedly says I can't believe you're still using the ox script I wrote in 2012 for something so yeah I mean which kind of goes to a bigger point though is that is there something else out there that's maybe a better maintained package or anything else out there if you've seen the talk about packet or other work to try and do some of the disk get packaging automatically maybe that's an option I think packet has is still focused on other things right now but the point is is that that may be an option to try and do things other out there so okay that's that's a a good question on the question was about are there parts of the real tree that cannot be public and the answer is is is that what you we said was true in the past but we had actually went back to the rail council and for them and that we now have general approval to do most things publicly so the point is is is that configs cannot be public the packaging red hat directory can be public the general packaging uh... can be public as well the point is is that what we're proposing is things that are going ready for the next point time for fedora rawhide you're right that eventually at some point we will have to uh... branch off for real but the point is that until you branch off you can do all this work up there uh... yeah there's that that is a good point about figuring out how to do embargoes and potentially hardware and this brought up at meetings i went to a few weeks ago and i had a proper say for the embargo it turns out that fedora will probably just continue with own thing because it when i'm talking about trying to bring ground for closer together it's essentially just saying what we're calling the future rel is essentially just fedora but with maybe a different disk tag or other magic behind the scenes of the point is that anything that was in barcode for fedora before would still be embargoed and release before as far as how pre-release hardware works that is an open question we would need to figure out right and i i'd say that that's because the real base that we're looking at is much older and there's a reason to do that so jim within the sentos community right now they tend to either go toward l repo or something else where they can grab something like this would this be possible to build this newer kernel for yes what i would love to see is we provide just the source kit tree and then this the source kit tree can potentially be built in any number of build routes out there so the point is that it's covering all say for our cases potentially a sentos case potentially abstract rail case not an offer to you know do anything but the point is that it's out there and because i sometimes undersell the point of the build route but i'd argue is that once you have the source kit tree this should be something that there's no reason why with a few tweaks it couldn't build in other build routes which isn't to say that we don't have to think about what tools we're using to do that but i think it should be a goal that this should be build in as many say forward-looking build routes as possible yes yeah i mean it ultimately comes down to i think we're trying to look at a core set of tests about things we can actually test out there i'd say working to try and get things like making sure containers doesn't regress networking wasn't regress some tests like that the examples you're giving them for things like say virtual box is that if you can come up with a good test case that we can say plug into either CKI or the kernel testing harness we will certainly take that to be able to make this more stable just yeah and then there's there's also the fact that if you've ever heard Steph Walter talk about this his stream is actually to continue to try and push this further up streams at the point is that upstream is running CA on these things that upstream doesn't actually merge any of these things so upstream is running the virtual box tests things like that there is a lot of work to certainly be done there but i mean it's certainly something to think about that in terms of what's actually should be considered gating or not so yeah um what i've certainly seen open QA work before that's that's kind of a certainly a separate question something we will work to continue to support as long as for support to open QA will certainly work to do that as well also for the curious to say what the output looks like when you finish running make RH prep so this means the kernel tree had passed the prep step and i could sit here and do make RPM but given the Wi-Fi network i don't want to sit here and try and upload potentially upload things or to do that but yes the answer to both of those is yes we have both thought of about using it and it is very contentious there are a lot of reasons why we do want to move to pull requests mostly because one of the things people are looking at internally is about how to try and make the kernel maintainers job much easier because there are a series of maintainers who do a fantastic job making sure everything gets in they read a lot of email they were they bring in patches they do builds they do so much valuable work to help make sure the rel kernel actually gets out but it's also a fairly tedious job and one of the things that we think pull request could help with is making it so that things get merged and possibly tested automatically so yes we are looking at trying to do that but like any workflow change it has some people who want to make sure things don't break things too much so if you have suggestions about helping to move people to pull request workflows who aren't familiar with it i'm certainly yes so internally we use a tool called patchwork to be able to help track the patches to see exactly the status of those and patchwork is an upstream project that all that internally we provided some enhancements to for our needs but it gives you the status of things and part of it is in fact that the maintainers are required to read every mail that comes in and that is a lot of their job is reviewing all the patches to help to make sure things come in and one of the other things we're currently trying to help figure out for maintainers is that who's actually responsible for making sure things don't get lost is that sometimes it comes down to the developer needs to make sure that the onus is on them to making sure things actually get in and again this is something that ends up trying to figure out how things work so anything else well thank you very much for listening to me talk about kernels for a while I'm happy to take more questions offline thank you


Hello fellow followers of Christ and welcome to the show that introduces you to the men and women behind history's greatest works of literature. Come along every week as we explore these renowned authors, the times and genre in which they wrote, why scholars praise their writing and how we as Catholics should read and understand their works. I'm Joseph Pierce and this is The Authority. Hello and welcome to this episode of The Authority where we actually come today to one of the greatest authorities in all of literature, arguably the greatest poet ever. I will talk about the great Dante from Italy and the author of course of The Divine Comedy. So Dante was born in 1265 in the latter half of the 13th century and died in 1321. So he coincides with the High Middle Ages and what some people might consider to be the golden age of the church and of Catholicism. Certainly he was a golden age of philosophy. He was basically around at the same time as shortly after Thomas Aquinas, this great angelic doctor as he's known. This golden age of Christian philosophy of scholasticism and Christian theology is the age of Gothic architecture. There were also problems. I'm sometimes reminded when people say that the 13th or the 14th century is the time of Dante was the golden age or sometimes it's called the best of centuries. There was an historian called Father Walsh who wrote a book and it's called The Best of Centuries. I'm sometimes tempted to respond with the opening sentence of Charles Dickens's novel, A Tale of Two Cities. It was the best of times. It was the worst of times because there were bad things going on as well as always in the whole of human history. Augustine tells us it's a struggle between the city of God and the city of man in every generation. There's not a golden age in that sense, but certainly it was a great age with great things happening. One of the greatest was this great poem. Dante was exiled from Florence. He was involved, embroiled in the internecine politics of Florence, his hometown, his home city was, if you like, on the losing side of what you might call a political civil war there.  Although he was already had a great reputation as a poet, especially for a series of poems called Vitan Nuova, The New Life, where he introduces us to his love, Beatrice, this great love of his life. And we'll obviously be saying more about her as we discuss the divine comedy. But it's really his masterpiece is the divine comedy. And he writes that in exile. He writes that as an exile. And indeed some of the politics of the poem, which we won't be concerning ourselves with primarily today, is connected, if you like, to the bitterness of the contemporary situation, the loneliness of the exile, the melancholy that goes with that, the anger that goes with that. So that's a backdrop, but it's the political backdrop and it's not the most important part of the poem. So we are going to look at the divine comedy now. And we have to understand that Dante is, in many respects, a disciple, obviously of Christ, he's a devout Catholic, but also a disciple of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the angelic doctor, this premier, the most important theologian and philosophy in the Church's history. And if Saint Thomas Aquinas is quite rightly called the angelic doctor, I think we can write quite rightly called Dante the angelic poet. So what do we see? We talked in our in our episode on the authority of the Holy Bible about the three faces of man shown to us by scripture and Fropos, homo viator and homo superbus. We see this in the divine comedy. So we see and Fropos, he who looks up in wonder. It's while Dante, the character in the story is in the dark wood of sin, he looks up and sees Mount purgatory and desires to escape from the darkness of sin in which he's trapped. So and of course, the look up. So if you look up from hell to purgatory, we look up from purgatory to heaven, we ascend to heaven, we continue to look up until we go through this hierarchy of saints. And then we and then we come and we see the mother of Christ, the Blessed Virgin, and then she in turn points to the beatific vision of the Trinitarian God, the triune God with the figure of the incarnate God within it, this mystical moment of the climax of the poem. So it's all about looking up ultimately to God himself and Fropos, he who looks up, one aspect of who we are from the Greek word and Fropos from man as in anthropology, homo viator, man on a journey, because this is very much man on a quest. Dante, we have Dante the poet. We also have Dante, the character who the poet puts into his poem.  Dante is looking at himself when he puts himself into the story. But there's also another sense in which Dante the character in the poem is an every man figure. He represents all of us. So homo viator man on a journey. And of course, the journey, the Odyssey, the quest that Dante is on is from the dark would have sinned descending through hell, ascending Mount Purgatory and then ascending into paradise into heaven. That's the journey. So this is man as man on a journey, man on a quest, the quest for heaven, man on a pilgrimage, following Christ, aiming for heaven.  And of course, we see these the mirror to that held up to us. First of all, with Dante at the beginning of the dark would have sin, but also with souls in hell, who have chosen pride and selfishness over the quest. They've chosen themselves and they have nothing now but themselves for eternity, exiled by themselves from the presence of God.  The Divine Comedy shows us who we are. We also have to be aware. And again, this goes back to our episode on the authority of the Bible, that Dante insisted that his own work should be read allegorically in the same way that Thomas Aquinas teaches that the Bible should be read allegorically with four levels of meaning, the literal meaning, the allegorical meaning, how the Old Testament relates to the new, the moral meaning, how what's in Scripture relates to us as individuals and what we should do. And then the anagogical meaning how all of it relates to eternity. Dante states specifically in a letter that his poem should be read in the same way that Thomas Aquinas says the Scripture should be read. So this should be a spiritual experience, which is going to teach us a great deal morally about ourselves and about our neighbor, and keep us in mind of the four last things death, judgment, heaven and hell, eternity. Now, one of the things I want to say about the way that Dante is often misread and mistort so often in an academic environment, whether it's high school or college, when Dante is taught or read, it's only the inferno that's read, it's only hell that's read. And this is scandalous. And there's some sort of myth, some sort of misunderstanding that it's because it's superior to the other two books of the divine comedy. That is absolute nonsense. It emphatically is not superior. It's part of the whole. The analogy I sometimes use is to only read the inferno to the exclusion of the purgatorio and the Paradiso is to only read the fellowship of the ring, and not the two towers or the return of the king as regards to Lord of the Rings. It's not a trilogy. The Lord of the Rings is called a trilogy. It's not a trilogy. It's one work with different parts. The divine comedy is exactly the same thing. The whole purpose of the divine comedy is to get Dante to the presence of God in the beatific vision in heaven, to cut him off when he gets down to the bottom of hell in the presence of Satan is obviously to miss the whole point in a very deep way. So if we're going to read the divine comedy, read all of it. If we're going to teach the divine comedy, teach all of it. If the objection might be, well, we don't have time to teach all of it. If that's the case, don't just read the inferno either read one of the others instead, the purgatorio or the Paradiso, not the inferno or do what I do, you know, each, the inferno has 34 sections to get Dante to it. The purgatorio and Paradiso have 33. So there's 100 in total. If you've only got time to teach one, what I do is I teach about 10 of the cantos from each part. So 10 from the inferno, 10 from the purgatorio, 10 from the Paradiso. So obviously you're missing bits out, but at least you've got the structure of the whole poem in mind. And you got it in balance and you've got the direction of the poems going, which is basically you only go descending the head in order to ascend out of hell towards heaven. So that's a very, very important lesson we need, we need to know. Another very, very interesting thing is about Dante's Italian. You know, we often think that, at least I often thought until I learned better, that Dante's Italian is going to be very difficult and very different from modern Italian. The parallel would be Chaucer's Middle English from modern English. And if you think Shakespeare is a little bit difficult, Chaucer's more difficult. So you think, well, Dante's Italian is even earlier than Chaucer's English, therefore it's going to be very difficult to understand. In actual fact, the Italian language has changed much less during that period of, what is it, that 800 years now, from the 700 years now, my math isn't very good, that's why I do literature, that the language has changed so much in that time, the English language compared with the Italian. And an Italian scholar told me that the better analogy is that Dante's Italian is a bit like Shakespeare's English. So it hasn't changed anywhere near as much as the English language at the same time. So one of the motives for us to learn Italian, I would suggest, is not merely so we can be good tourists or good pilgrims when we go to Italy or Rome, but that we can read Dante's Divine Comedy in the original language. Of course, if we can't do that, then we have no choice but to read it in translation. And then we have difficulties because T.S. Eliot said in his poem The Hollow Men, between the potency and the existence falls the shadow. In other words, between the potential and the power and the existence, a shadow falls. And that's certainly true of translation between the potency and the power of the original language and the translation of it, a shadow falls. It's never going to be as good as the original. But obviously, you want it to be as good as possible. One of the difficulties that translators have is that Dante invented a rhyme scheme for the Divine Comedy called Tetsa Rima, means third rhyme, which requires that not just having, you know, rhyming two words, two lines, you have to rely on three all the time and interconnecting. So it makes like a chain link fence in the form because it's very robust, very strong, almost say very masculine feel to the form of it. Most translators of the primary English don't even try to translate the Tetsa Rima because it's easier to rhyme in Italian than it is in English. So they don't try because the rhymes would be forced. This is however one of the reasons my favorite translation of the Divine Comedy is that what Dorothea Sayers and she does keep to the Tetsa Rima and it does mean occasionally the rhymes are forced or bad. But it does also give us gives us the feel for the form of the poem, what they actual structure, the feel, the architecture of it, we're seeing it formally in that way and I think that's important because Tetsa Rima is a very robust poetic form. So the other thing about it is because Dante doesn't write about fictional characters but about real historical people, many of whom would have been well known in his own day but not very well known at all today. To understand the poem in its depth, at its deepest, we need to have an addition which has very good notes, a very good annotation. So we got the context as to who these people were, why Dante put this particular person in the hell and this particular person in purgatory and this particular person in heaven. Of course, those in heaven are almost universally those that are canonized, that's an easy choice, there are a few exceptions. We could question and perhaps should question up to a point the extent to which Dante is being judgmental in placing fitness students people in hell, it's not for us to make that judgment. I think we do need to give him poetic license even when he gets it wrong and we know he's got it wrong at least one example because he puts a pope in hell for what he calls the great refusal and that was almost universally believed that he's referring to his contemporary Celestine the Fifth who resigned from the papacy, very holy, very holy man but was very unsuited for the responsibility of being pope and was being manipulated and used by cynical secular rulers with disastrous consequences so he resigns from the papacy and in consequence the person who's elected in his place is someone who Dante considers an enemy so in his anger or disgust at this resignation he places Celestine the Fifth in hell. The problem with that is that the Catholic Church has subsequently canonized Celestine the Fifth so Celestine the Fifth is actually a saint so we know that that Dante placed at least one saint in hell. This is all, this is really mentioned mostly apart from the fact that hope is interesting because it's funny what it shouldn't do is deter us from wanting to read the poem or to detract us from its merits. It's brilliant and the fact that Dante uses real people rather than imaginary characters gives realism to it particularly a pertinency especially to his own time that would not be there otherwise but I'm going to go through some of the characters in the poem who are also of course historical figures but they're characters in the poem the most important is Dante himself who puts himself in the poem and as I've said already he is both himself in other words this is self reflection it's quasi autobiographical but it's also he's our representative right he represents all of us he's an everyman figure so his journey is our journey we are all homo viato together we're all homo superbus together right the battle between good and evil fought out each individual human heart between the homo viato we call to be the homo superbus we're tempted to be and we're all meant to be keeping our eyes on heaven looking up and phopos so Dante it's doing what he's doing is doing what all of us should be doing okay and are doing all right so Virgil who's Dante's guide through hell and purgatory is really a symbol first of all he's Dante's mentor we discussed Virgil in the earlier episode clearly the ineared by Virgil is a major inspiration it's particularly the vision of the afterlife and the judgment of the dead that we see in in in the ineared by Virgil is a source of inspiration for Dante in his divine poem in divine comedy and clearly Dante reveres Virgil as the greatest poet so Virgil is a symbol not just of poetry not just of brilliance in that sense but he's also a symbol of human reason the furthest that human reason that can can can can get us without the additional help help of divine revelation how far can the human mind go towards God without God himself revealing himself to us so obviously when Christ reveals himself to us we we that we overnight with the gospel understand who God is the sort of God who God is and our relationship with that God much much better than would be possible if Christ did not reveal himself to us in the gospel but without that we can still come to a pretty good understanding that there must be a God there must be some sort of order the the pagan philosophers Plato and Aristotle came up with the triune splendor of the good the true and the beautiful it was a manifestation of the trinity in some sense so we can go so far so Virgil does that he understands sin so he can descend into hell and show us the levels of our own sin our own pride he can then ascend mount purgatory because it's still dealing with sin but now the repentance of sin and the forgiveness of sin but Dante cannot take uh sorry Virgil cannot take Dante up into heaven because human reason does not have access to the glory and mystery of heaven without it being revealed to us by Christ and we have Beatrice as the in some sense the god bearer symbolically she she she's one who who brings God her true Dante so she's been compared with the Eucharist with the church with grace and perhaps with a blessed virgin um uh but as there's an aspect I think of the poem which is part of Dante's ascent to and and and the divine comedy is an ascent in both senses of the word an ascent as in A S S E N T saying yes to grace and goodness and truth and beauty but also an ascent A S C E N T uh climbing towards God uh through his grace and with our cooperation with that grace um part of Dante's ascent to the will of God uh and his ascent towards God is the purification of his love for Beatrice so at the beginning of the story his love for Beatrice is perhaps as much as she's been a good influence on him uh as nonetheless it's solid shall we say by an element of eroticism by impurity and perhaps he has to have his love for her purified purged and and this and this journey is is how that happens but she's something you know an image of the divine feminine of the eternal feminine she's one of the most powerful female figures in all of literature in all of culture and then we have that there are characters we now have the places so the the story begins in the dark wood the dark wood of sin uh in in the middle of Dante's life Dante to use modern parlance modern terminology he's having a mid-life crisis he's lost the plot he's not um focused on on the things that matter um he's lost his bearings he's lost his orientation he's lost so he's in the dark wood of sin in this mid-life crisis and he can't escape and the reason he can't escape is every time he tries to to to get out to find his way out of the dark wood of sin he's prevented from leaving by three ravenous beasts uh the leopard the lion and the wolf each of which symbolize different types of sin so he can't escape the dark wood of sin because the beasts of sin that he's now in trapped by he's trapped by his own sinfulness and that prevents him escaping from the dark wood in which he's lost he needs help and we might remind ourselves of a bear wolf the last episode how how bear wolf shows us of the need uh that uh for for god's grace in the fight against evil well that's exactly what's needed here and we have this wonderful hierarchy of grace the hierarchy of the saints the communion of the saints the saints in communion with each other the communion of love with each other so Dante's lost the the uh the process of of uh of rescuing him the rescue mission if you like because that's what it is is set in place by the blessed virgin and the blessed virgin calls upon st lucy another female saint um and st lucy as her name signifies looks being the latin for light lucy is the patron saint of the blind for those who can't see Dante is blinded by sin he can't see clearly he's lost so the patron saint of the blind st lucy is sent by the blessed virgin to Beatrice to the woman whom Dante loves and the woman who loves Dante although her love for him is much more as much holier uh and and more pure than his for her and it's in it's she that takes the trip from heaven uh into uh uh the the highest reaches of hell the ante chamber uh to to to see Virgil and and she that uh asked Virgil to go on the mission to the darkwood and uh rescue uh Dante so we have this hierarchy the blessed virgin st lucy Beatrice Virgil and in order to escape from the darkwood of sin Dante and we have to look ourselves in the eye well how do we do that we have to look sin in the eye we have to understand the what sin is the destructiveness is destructiveness of it both to us and to others so the only way out of the darkwood of sin is to descend into hell uh abandon all hope all year the enter here unless of course you're being rescued to the darkwood of sin on a divine mission uh that was instigated by the blessed virgin in which case you will go through hell and see it without being damned by it so the damned as Dante says uh following some Thomas Aquinas following the great philosophers following reason are uh the damned are those who have lost the good of intellect all right to sin is to abandon reason and that's because the good the true and the beautiful are united as one as a triune splendor the goodness of love is can never be divorced from uh the uh from the uh the truth of reason the two are indissolubly married faith and reason love and reason so uh sinners have basically sin is madness uh the only true sanity is sanctity so the the damned are those who have lost the good of intellect they've abandoned their reason for appetite um or formalis so uh when we descend through hell we get to the very bottom of hell which is at the center of the earth we find satan devouring for eternity um uh the worst of the sinners and satan is the center of gravity this is actually this great humor here GK Chesterton said the angels can fly because they take themselves lightly whereas the devil fell by the force of his own gravity right to be homo superbus to be proud is to take ourselves far too seriously to think that we are god and we can decide what's right and wrong and we can do our own thing so take ourselves much too seriously with very self-destructive consequences so right at the bottom of hell is the is the is the person who takes himself far too seriously the devil who falls by the the weight of his own gravity and then we emerge from hell and one thing we need to say here where does where is where is dante find himself or sorry when is dante find dante find himself in the dark would have seen on the evening of maundy thursday holy thursday he descends into hell on good friday right what what we do when we sin we nail christ to the cross and we nail ourselves to the cross to our own cross and we nail others to the cross so he descends on good friday and then holy holy saturday and then he emerges from climbs out of hell to the foot of mount purgatory he can see the stars again see the the the goodness of god's creation the stars above his head and flowpost looking up and that this happens on easter sunday morning he looks once more at the stars of god's creation he rises from the dead um and then we arrive halfway up mount purgatory at st peter's gate and we normally think of st peter's gate as the gate to heaven and again this is dante being a good theologian because purgatory is heaven right it's the one-way street it's where we get where we take a shower before we before we enter the presence of god and where we where we where we are purged and cleansed of our sins so the the three steps to st peter's gate the first is of white marble that's so shiny it's like a mirror this is the examination of conscience this follows exactly the catholic sacrament of penance confession so we look at ourselves the first step in the mirror this white marble polished an examination of conscience the next step step of the three steps to st peter's gate is black and it's cracked in both directions so the crack forms a cross and this is contrition to see the consequences of our sins in the crucifixion of our lord and then the third one is redder than spurting blood it's the satisfaction the blood of christ the blood of the lamb is enough to purge us of our sins if we have contrition for those sins having examined our conscience so having gone through this process of confession according to the sacraments we enter upper purgatory and then from that moment onwards dante pleas for mercy and beats his breast thrice three times remind us of the mass we do it in the mass three times maya corpa maya corpa maya maxima corpa through my fault through my fault through my most grievous fault or dominate nonsumdinius in the in the traditional mass three times dominate nonsumdinius dominate nonsumdinius dominate nonsumdinius lord i am not worthy lord i am not worthy lord i am not worthy maya corpa and dominate nonsumdinius is what's on the lips of dante as he then ascends mount purgatory he seven peas are put on his forward pee for Picarta, for sin in Latin, and as they reach new levels, each of those seven sins, those seven deadly sins is erased. And at the top of Mount Purgatory is the earthly paradise, that place of primal innocence, where we get back to our unsullied, unstained Edenic, you know, the Adam and Eve, unfallen Adam and Eve state. And it's only when we reach that state of purity, we can then ascend into heaven into the presence of Christ and His saints. It's interesting, in the earthly paradise, Dante is presented over the pageant of the church, salvation history, and the blessed sacrament, which is based upon the Corpus Christi procession. So it's very sacramental, very Eucharistic. Then when Dante sends into heaven, the spokesman for the wise, spokesman of wisdom of the wise is not surprisingly and appropriately enough, St. Thomas Aquinas, Dante's own mentor philosophically and theologically. Aquinas waxes lyrical about St. Francis and his wedding, his marriage to Lady Poverty. And then Bonaventure waxes lyrical about St. Dominic. And this is reconciliation. There were tensions in Dante's time between the two newly founded orders that had only been founded earlier in the century, in the previous century, the Dominican order and the Franciscan order. And the Dominicans and the Franciscans were often, there's a tension between them. So what does Dante do? He has St. Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican praising St. Francis, the founder of the Franciscans. And he has St. Bonaventure, a Franciscan praising St. Dominic, the founder of the Dominicans. There are no civil wars in heaven. There is true peace and reconciliation. And then as Dante gets higher and higher in the various circles of heaven, he's examined in faith by St. Peter. He's examined in hope by St. James. And he's examined in love by St. John. And then we see right at the end, Dante's love for Beatrice is purified and perfected. And then Dante beholds the Blessed Virgin and the Blessed Virgin herself turns as they all turn towards the Beatific Vision to the vision of Christ within the Trinity. And Dante's greater poet as he is has to confess at this point that words fail him. Even the greatest poet cannot show the Beatific Vision. It can just suggest it. The great Catholic novelist Convert Morris Behring said that if great art is defined by how it is finished, how it is ended, then the Divine Comedy is the greatest work of art ever because of the way that it ends with the Beatific Vision. The whole of the poem is an ascent to this climactic moment. And then T. S. Eliot, the greatest poet of the 20th century, said of Dante that he's just been reading. He used to carry a copy of Dante in the original Italian round in his pocket. And he said, whenever I've returned to Dante and read Dante, I feel so inferior in his presence that all I feel I can do is to point to him and be silent. And that's what I'm going to do now at this point at the end of this episode of The Authority. I am going to point to the next episode, which is on the Segwayne and the Green Knight Poet. And until then, thank you for joining me in The Authority. Until next time, goodbye and God bless. This has been an episode of The Authority with Joseph Pierce, brought to you by Tan. For updates on new episodes and to support The Authority and other great free content, visit theauthoritypodcast.com to subscribe and use coupon code authority25 to get 25% off your next order, including books, audio books, and video courses by Joseph Pierce, on literary giants such as Tolkien, Chesterton, Lewis, Shakespeare, and Belloc, as well as Tan's extensive catalog of content from the saints and great spiritual masters to strengthen your faith and interior life. To follow Joseph and support his work, check out his blog and sign up for email updates and exclusive content at jpearse.co. And thanks for listening.


A life of constantly moving is filled with many challenges. When I was a young boy, my father told me stories. Stories of how resilient our people are during difficult times. Extreme droughts, dust storms, disease. A war which seemed like it would never end. He said as leader of the tribe, it was his responsibility to provide for our people. He relied on the knowledge of those that came before him, our ancestors, but also adapted to new challenges. I would look at him and wonder if I would one day be able to lead the tribe the way he did in times of crisis. It was a question I hoped I would not need to answer. It is now many years later. And my people are in fight for survival. We first heard about the pandemic from other travelers. Some did not believe it. Others were not sure how and when it would affect us. But soon after, we were stopped at a border crossing. We have been using these routes for generations. Why were we not allowed to carry on now? We were only allowed to move around in certain areas. This meant we were fighting with other tribes over the use of land. Tribes we have been friendly with for many decades. With all these restrictions, we did not have access to local markets. This meant no income for my people. How would we survive? When we thought things could not get worse, the people in the tribe started getting sick. We were far from clinics and we lost loved ones. I had so many doubts and questions in my head. But I thought back to the stories and advice from my elders. We could not give up. We turned to the customs and knowledge that had been passed on to us by our ancestors. Like closing off the tribe to others and making sure everyone in the community was safe. We were grateful for the information we heard on the radio. In language we understand. Later, outsiders approached us with information. They told us to wear masks when we travel with our herds. And provided support to help us wherever storm. My people and I still face many challenges. But we are resilient. And have hope for the future. We will keep moving forward.


Hi everyone, in this lecture let's continue with the study of equivalent weight, as you can see I have already mentioned a particular definition here, now let's understand this better, so equivalent weight of a substance is defined as the number of parts by weight, when I say parts by weight I mean gram okay, so grams of a given substance which combines, now see here if this X is the substance that we have and I want to find out the equivalent weight of this substance X, so it is that amount let's say X grams okay, now let's say X grams of this substance is displacing, is displacing 1 gram of H2 that is equivalent to 11.2 liters of H2, it is also that mass which displaces 8 grams of O2 equivalent to 5.6 liters of O2, now this is for you to find out that whether 8 grams of O2 is actually 5.6 liters or not this is 5.6 liters okay, now it is also that amount of grams that is displacing 35.5 grams of Cl2 which is equivalent to 11.2 liters of Cl2 again right, so now this is what actually equivalent weight is, now coming to that part which we studied already that equivalent weight is equal to molecular weight upon n factor, this is definitely true, this is true for acids, bases, salts, now when we are trying to find out the equivalent weight of a particular element or a substance then this particular concept is also required, why because the question will be as such right, now try to understand one relation, we will be finding out three different relations of equivalent weight and different substances, so first thing let's say X gram of O2 is getting displaced by Y grams of a metal okay, this is the statement that is given, so now X grams is displaced by Y grams of the metal, so 8 grams of O2 will get displaced by Y by X into 8, so if I say X grams is getting displaced by Y grams, 1 gram will get displaced by Y by X grams and then 8 grams of O2 will get displaced by how much gram of the metal Y upon X into 8, so from here we reach a definite formula that is formula number one that is our equivalent weight of metal divided by equivalent weight of oxygen is equal to mass of the metal displaced, mass of the metal which is displacing the oxygen upon mass of oxygen displaced okay, so this is a method which is known as oxide method, oxide method, method to do what to find equivalent weight of any metal okay, so this is the first formula that we are getting, so simply if I have written this formula then you would have thought a lot of things but it is mainly coming from unitary method, similarly you can see here this 8 gram of oxygen is displaced by this much amount of metal, so this is our equivalent weight of metal, so EWX is equal to Y upon X into 8, so EWX that is equivalent weight of metal upon equivalent weight of oxygen is equal to mass of the metal upon mass of O2 that is displaced, so this thing and the equation that I have written below you can tally it, it is same only okay, so basic unitary methods we are getting this formula, so this is our oxide method, this is our first method okay, second method is hydride method, now this we will again not use unitary because same method may the formulas are getting derived, so you can do it on your own, I am just giving you the formula this time that is equivalent weight of the metal upon equivalent weight of hydrogen that is equal to the mass of metal which is displacing the hydrogen upon the mass of hydrogen that is getting displaced, this is by hydride method. Next method is our chloride method, chloride method, what is chloride method again one formula we have to write down, equivalent weight of the metal upon equivalent weight of chlorine that chlorine means here equivalent weight of hydrogen means H2 gas okay, here also oxygen means we are talking about O2 here, so here also it should be Cl2 okay, just do the corrections, now that is equal to mass of the metal that is displacing the chlorine upon mass of Cl2 displaced by the metal, so these are the three methods with which we can calculate equivalent weight of any particular metal, okay, now suppose one small example equivalent weight of a metal is 9, 9 grams it is given, so what will be the equivalent weight of its oxide, the equivalent weight of its oxide will be the equivalent weight of the metal plus the equivalent weight of oxygen, why, why is it like that? Because in oxide we only have the metal and the oxygen, so whenever we are given any particular substance that is equivalent weight of AB, let us say that is equal to equivalent weight of A plus equivalent weight of B okay, according to this particular formula only I am finding this out, so if the equivalent weight of the metal is 9 then what will be the equivalent weight of its oxide 9 plus 8 that will be our 17 grams, similarly equivalent weight of its chloride and hydride, both we have to find out, so for chloride it will be equivalent weight of the metal plus 35.5 that will be 44.5 grams and for its hydride it will be 9 plus 1 that is equal to 10 grams, so I hope you have understood this equivalent weight concept, now one more thing that is let us take the ratio of two substances okay, now for example let us say equivalent weight of AB upon equivalent weight of CD that is equal to mass of AB divided by mass of CD, now what is this, this is the case when we need to find the equivalent weight of any substance in a double displacement reaction, double displacement reaction, so for example if the question says that there is an oxide which is getting converted into its chloride okay, so what will be the equivalent weight of our metal okay, metal oxide, let us say certain metal oxide is getting converted to let us say x grams of metal oxide is getting converted to y grams of metal chloride okay, when the question comes like this and they are asking the equivalent weight of metal, this is the one type of question that can, this is one type of question that can come up okay, so at that time we will be using this particular formula here, we will be doing questions based on this but before that one more thing we will learn that is, so I hope this is entirely clear you can see there are only four formulas, one is this oxide method then hydride method then chloride method and then this is our double displacement method when the question type will be somewhat like this okay, x gram of metal oxide getting transformed into x, y grams of metal chloride find out the equivalent weight of metal, relating to this we will practice numerical soup, now coming to an important law that is law of chemical equivalence, for example A plus B is giving me C plus D, let us say I have balanced it and in front of A N1 is there, B N2 is there, C N3 and D N4, so this N1, N2, N3, N4 can be any digit okay, it is not always that N1 has to be equal to N2, N2 has to be equal to N3 and N3 has to be equal to N4, it is nothing like that, N1, N2, N3, N4 may or may not be equal, may not be equal okay and what does this N represent, number of moles, number of moles but what about the number of gram equivalent, now previously we have been taught that gram equivalent is equal to N into N factor right, so if I say, now according to this law the number of gram equivalents of A is equal to the number of gram equivalents of B that is equal to the number of gram equivalents of C and that is equal to the gram equivalents of D, this is law of chemical equivalents that means moles can vary, may or may not be it can be same but the number of gram equivalents of all the reactants as well as products should be always same in any balanced chemical equation, so from here I can write down pertaining to this particular equation that N1 into N factor of A should be equal to N2 into N factor of B that should be equal to N3 into N factor of C that should be equal to N4 into N factor of D, so if we know the gram equivalent of even one reactant or one product we will be easily able to calculate all the N factor of the reactants and the products okay, so this is the significance of our law of chemical equivalents, now coming on to the next part that is now there are certain important pointers as well but before that we will be solving certain questions, coming on to the first question that is yes that type of question that I was telling you, 3 gram of a metal oxide is converted to 5 gram of a metal chloride okay, so this is let's say our x and this is our y okay, now which formula to follow? This is the formula to follow okay, so now this is let's say we are taking as x and this is as y, so here in the numerator first we will write down the formula equivalent weight of AB divided by equivalent weight of, instead of writing AB we can write it as metal oxide MO and equivalent weight of MCL okay, that is equal to mass of metal oxide that we have taken as x divided by mass of metal chloride that we have taken as y, now equivalent weight of the metal oxide will be equal to equivalent weight of metal plus equivalent weight of oxygen that is 8 divided by equivalent weight of metal plus equivalent weight of chlorine that is 35.5 okay that is equal to 3 upon 5, now we just have to solve for let's take the equivalent weight of M as M, so M plus 35.5 that is equal to 3 upon 5, 3 upon 5, so when you calculate it the equivalent weight of the metal will come around 33.25 grams, 33.25 grams right, coming on to the next question, 2 grams of a base whose equivalent weight is equal to 40 reacts with 3 gram of an acid find equivalent weight of the acid, now again I told you the law of chemical equivalence in which the number of gram equivalence will be same, so in this case also the gram equivalence for complete neutralization, one note point we will write that is for complete neutralization, for complete neutralization the number of gram equivalence of acid should be equal to the number of gram equivalence of base, number of gram equivalence of base, so what does this mean that N of acid into N factor of acid should be equal to moles of base into N factor of base, now what is our moles of acid that they have given, let's keep it as moles of acid only or we can change it into weight upon molecular weight of acid into, now N factor of acid we already know that equivalent weight is equal to molecular weight upon N factor, so from there N factor will be equal to molecular weight upon equivalent weight, so weight upon molecular weight of acid into molecular weight of acid upon equivalent weight of acid, so now this 2 gets cancelled, here also same thing will happen, so this is weight of acid, weight of acid upon molecular weight of, this will not be acid right, this will be base, this is moles of base right, so we will be writing base by molecular weight of base into molecular weight of base upon equivalent weight of base, again these 2 gets cancelled giving the final value as weight of acid upon equivalent weight of acid that is equal to weight of base upon equivalent weight of base, so now we will put the values, so weight of acid is given that is 3, equivalent weight of acid we need to find out that is equal to 2 upon 40, so from here equivalent weight of acid we are getting as 40 into 3 divided by 2 that is our 60 grams, I hope you have understood this, on to the next question, see here there is one equation that has been given and what is the question, calculate the N factor or valence, N factor is also known as valency factor, so calculate the N factor for HNO3, TIN and H2O, now SN 12 by itself, now here if you knew redox you would have done this in no time but as you do not know for now we can still do it with the help of mole concept, so you can see here there are 12 HCL and we know that HCL's N factor is how much, 1, so that means N into N factor, what is N for HCL? 12, so N into N factor that is nothing but gram equivalent will be equal to 12 into 1 that is 12 gram equivalent, 80% of the thing is done, so if HCL is 12 gram equivalent then all the substance here present here will be 12 gram equivalent only, now we need to calculate for HNO3, so N into N factor of HNO3 will be equal to 12, what is N for HNO3? 4, 4 into N factor is equal to 12, so N factor specifically for HNO3 is coming out as 3, now for TIN, TIN will be N into N factor that is equal to 12 again, so for TIN the N is equal to 3, so it will be 3 into N factor is equal to 12, so N factor will be equal to 12 upon 3 that is 4, coming to water again N into N factor will be equal to 12 and how many moles of water is present? 8 moles, so 8 into N factor is equal to 12, so N factor will be equal to 12 upon 8 that will be around 6 by 4 that is nothing but 3 by 2, so mole the N factor can also be in fraction at times, so please be careful while we are calculating the valency factor. Now coming on to the next question, read the question and write on your own first, right, so 3 litres of propane and butane mixture on complete combustion give 10 litres of CO2, find the ratio of propane and butane in the mixture, see here that first we will write down the equation combustion reaction of propane and butane, so these are the combustion reactions for propane and butane. Now we can clearly see in case of this propane mixture that 1 litre of propane gives how much amount of CO2, 3 litres of CO2 according to that Avogadro's law sorry Gelusax law it will be volume, in terms of volume, so 1 litre of C3H8 will give 3 litres of CO2. Now X litres of C3H8 will give how much amount of CO2, 3 X litres of CO2, ok so far done. Now coming to the butane reaction we can see 2 litres of C4H10 that is butane gives how many litres of CO2, 8 litres of CO2 according to Gelusax law. Now total mixture was 3 litres, right and X litres have been used as propane, so how much is left, 3 minus X litres of butane will give me how much amount of CO2, 8 into 3 minus X litres of CO2, right. Now ok we did some mistake it is 2 litres is giving 8 litres, so 3 minus X litres will give how much we have to divide it by 2 also now, so we were doing here 8 into 3 minus X divided by 2 litres, why because 2 litres is giving 8 litres mean 1 litre will give 4 litres, right so that means 3 minus X should give 4 into 3 minus X litres of CO2 and the amount of CO2 that is formed at the end is given 10 litres of CO2. So what should we do we should just add these 2 and solve for X, 3 X plus 4 3 Z12 minus 4 X is equal to 10 when we solve this X we will get it as 2. So that means the amount of propane that is present in the mixture is 2 litres, this is propane C3 H8, so how much will be butane, butane will be 3 minus 2 that is 1, so what will be the ratio of propane is to butane it will be 2 is to 1, very important question this is. Now coming on to the next one again a very important type of question. So this question says that we have to find out the ratio of Fe plus 3 and Fe plus 2 in Fe 0.9 S, okay, S, now this Fe 0.9 S is definitely a neutral compound. So I am considering out of 100 sulphide ion, okay, there are 90 iron ion, okay, so out of this 90 iron ion how many there are 2 oxidation states of Fe plus 2 and Fe plus 3. So out of this 90 let us say I am taking Fe plus 2 to be X and Fe plus 3 to be 90 minus X. Now we will just use this neutral oxidation and like the entire charge of the compound as neutral concept, let us say X into plus 2 plus 90 minus X into plus 3 that should be equal to 2 into 100, why 2 into 100 because sulphide is minus 2, okay, minus 2. So these some should be equal that means the total positive charge in the compound should be equal to the total negative charge in the compound. So from that we will solve it, so 2X plus 270 minus 3X is equal to 200, so from here we are getting X is equal to 70, X is equal to 70. So from here what we are getting X is our 70 molecules, 70 ions out of 90 and this which one is 70, Fe2 plus is 70 and Fe3 plus is our 20, 90 minus 70 that is 20 ions. So what will be the ratio of Fe3 plus upon Fe2 plus it will be 20 is to 70 that is 2 by 7 that will be 0.28. So I hope all these important questions are clear to you. Now moving forward there is one law, very important law, dilution law. What does dilution states, what is dilution? Basically when we dilute something on dilution what happens to concentration? The concentration of solute decreases whenever we dilute any particular substance, particular solution the concentration of the solution is decreasing. What will happen to the volume? The volume will increase, the volume will increase. What will happen to the number of moles of solute? It will remain same, number of moles of solute remains same, this point is very important based on this point all the numericals will be done. So I am saying molarity that is concentration is decreasing, volume is increasing. But what is staying constant? Number of moles that means m into V is equal to constant because m into V is ultimately equal to moles, right n was equal to m was equal to n upon V. So m into V will be equal to constant that is number of moles of solute remains constant. Now let us understand this properly, we have a beaker, we have certain solute particles let us say we have 10 moles of solute okay and then we have let us say the molarity of this is 1 and the volume is let us say how much volume should be there 100, 100 ml, okay. 100 ml means how many litres 10 to the power minus 1 litre, 10 to the power minus 1 litre. So that is how there are 10 moles, okay. Now let us say if I am diluting it, okay I have diluted it and now it has become 1000 ml. So now what will be the new molarity for this? What will be the new molarity for this? Definitely the molarity will be decreasing, if I am the volume has been increased the molarity should decrease, so the molarity should it should have decreased, so the molarity has now become initially it was 1 and in 1 let us say there was 100 ml, 100 ml solution definitely when I am increasing the volume the molarity will decrease. So what will happen to the number of moles? Did I change anything in the number of moles? I did not change anything in the number of moles, the moles are as it is let us take it as x only, okay it is not better to write not a digit, we are not calculating anything here let us take x moles, okay when there is 1 molar solution 100 ml solution mean that is x moles, so when I increase the volume and I am increasing the volume that means I am diluting it, that time concentration will decrease but what will happen to the number of solute particles it will remain as it is, okay so that particular concept we will be using, so here we can say that M1 V1 is equal to M2 V2 after dilution this is let us say before dilution this is after dilution. So after dilution and before dilution the number of moles this is moles, moles of the solute will remain same. Now let us quickly do one question based on this, how much water should be added, should be added in 250 ml of semi molar solution, what is semi molar solution now, semi molar solution to make it desimolar, now you know what is desimolar solution, last video I have told you what is desimolar solution, now a desimolar solution means the molarity is 0.1 molar and when I say semi molar, semi molar means the molarity is 0.5 molar, so now what they have told 250 ml of a semi molar solution, let us take this as V1, this as M1, this as M2, so apparently M1 V1 should be equal to M2 V2, so it should be 0.5 into 250 is equal to 0.1 into V2, so from here volume is coming as how much, 0.5 into 250 divided by 0.1, so it will be around 1, 2, 5, 0 ml, now this is the volume of the new solution, so for making initially I had 250 ml, I had 250 ml whose molarity was 0.5, now the solution has become 1, 2, 5, 0 ml, now the molarity is 0.1, so how much of extra water did I add, that should be 1, 2, 5, 0 minus 250 that will be how much, 1,000 ml, 1,000 ml of extra water I have added into the solution to make to dilute this particular solution, okay, now I hope you have understood this so far, now there are two categories of this particular dilution, two cases are there which we are going to continue in the next lecture, thank you so much.


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Hi there and welcome. I'm the Technician Project and today's tutorial is going to show you how to create a checklist in numbers. Once you have numbers loaded we're going to choose the second template called checklists. We're going to double-click on it and the checklist box appears. So it's going to type in a task and a date as well and then you can always check the button once it's done. And there you go. We want to go to File and Save and we're just going to save it checklists in our documents folder. If you enjoyed the video today, please leave a like rating and subscribe for more. Thank you for watching and see you next time.