My name is Aditya Bahadur and I'm a Principal Researcher in the Human Settlements Group at the International Institute for Environment and Development. And I'm the co-author of a new book called Resilience Reset, Creating Resilient Cities in the Global South, that is being published by Rutledge next month. For the first time in the history of the world, more people live in towns and cities than rural areas. At the same time, most cities are located along rivers or along the coast, and therefore are highly exposed to the impacts of a changing climate. At the same time, cities concentrate vast numbers of poor people, at least cities in the global south, and are increasingly facing multiple interacting shocks and stresses, and therefore they're really on the front lines of risk. Additionally, the nature of risk that cities are facing is changing. Multiple different kinds of hazards and disasters are happening at the same time. For instance, a recent report from the International Red Cross found that over 55 million people have faced the onslaught of COVID-19 and floods, storms, drought, and heat waves. Also, extreme events that used to be very rare are occurring more and more frequently. Now the book argues that we need to acknowledge that the nature of risk is changing, and therefore the ways in which we build the resilience of cities need to shift too. And therefore in this book, we trace five shifts in five key areas of resilience action to ensure that cities are able to withstand the impacts of climate change and other related shocks over the next few decades. In this book, we argue that the ways in which the global community of practice working to reduce risk from climate change and disasters and cities has been operating needs to shift to account for the changing nature of risk in cities. More specifically, we argue for shifts in five areas. We argue that existing ways of acquiring and analyzing the data on how climate change is impacting cities need to be complemented with a new generation of approaches that use artificial intelligence and big data to understand climate impacts in cities. There are lots of examples of how data from drones, cell phones, ATM machines is now plugging gaps in the data environment and can be really useful in understanding the impacts of climate change. Number two, we argue that working with poor and vulnerable urban communities lies at the core of any meaningful enterprise of urban resilience, but the book makes a case for ensuring that we pivot or shift from the current incremental and piecemeal approach of dealing with low income urban communities to more transformative approaches that deliver sustainable long term gains and that go to the root causes of risk as opposed to merely dealing with approximate causes. Finally, we acknowledge that urban planning has been a very valuable entry point for building the resilience of cities, however, we argue that urban planners have traditionally concerned themselves with the formal city. However, we find across the world, over a third of every city on average across the world is informal. In urban areas like sub-Saharan Africa, this number goes up to 51%, and therefore it is crucial for urban planning to include informality much more meaningfully. More specifically, we argue that urban plans must engage with informal actors, informal knowledge and informal practices. Number four, urban sectors and services, health, energy, transport, water are all critical for the health, well-being and resilience of a city. However, in these sectors, most of the action that has taken place to enhance the resilience has focused on infrastructural or hard solutions. And in the book, we argue that we need to pivot towards a focus on enhancing the capacities and capabilities of those managing and running these critical urban systems to deal with uncertainty and climate impacts. And finally, we acknowledge that none of this is possible without the right kind of finance. We demonstrate how cities have traditionally relied on internal sources of revenue for enhancing resilience such as municipal revenues or intergovernmental transfers that are under strain, or external revenues from bilateral or multilateral organizations and philanthropies that have not provided the financing at scale that is needed to enhance resilience. And therefore, in the book, we argue for a shift towards new and innovative financing mechanisms such as resilience bonds, land value capture schemes, and broadened engagement with the private sector. So in all these five areas of action, we're arguing for a pivot or shift towards new ways of doing things, essentially arguing that the current paradigm of urban resilience needs to be reset. The book is targeted towards two or three key audiences. One, we feel that practitioners working to enhance the resilience of cities to climate change and disasters will benefit from a range of operational examples that chapters of the book contain on processes and methods for building resilience. So the book is quite practical and tangible, as opposed to endlessly naval gazing about concepts and frameworks. Second, we think policymakers will benefit from reading the book, because it draws on a range of policies from across the developing world that has demonstrated impact on enhancing the resilience of cities. Number three, I feel students who are doing master's courses in sustainable development of PhDs in urban development will benefit because the book is a comprehensive treaties on the field of knowledge on urban resilience, and also presents cutting edge developments in this field. So from one volume, the students will be able to acquire this latest understanding. Most of the arguments of the book were developed before COVID-19 had its full impact. So of course, we were very worried that our insights would probably not be valuable now that the world and the world cities have shifted so dramatically, the risk landscape has altered. However, on careful analysis, we find that most of the arguments that we make in the book are even more important in the time of COVID-19. For instance, we make a big call to action to embrace big data approaches, and we're seeing that in the time of COVID-19. We argue for bridging the gap between the formal and informal city. Again, in the time of COVID-19, we've seen innovative partnerships between governments and slum dwellers to battle the impacts of this pandemic. We argue for an uptake of innovative financing methods. And again, we've seen around the world, innovative financing methods have been embraced to battle the impacts of COVID-19. And therefore, we think that the book is particularly timely because not only does it provide a pathway to ameliorate the risks from climate impacts, but also other shocks and stresses such as COVID-19.


How do you Shopify a step-by-step guide on how to create a profitable online store part 2 of 2? Okay, if you haven't been to number one, you got to go back to number one but this is part 2 of 2 on Shopify and You could actually go through this video and then go back and watch number one You don't have to watch one first, but you got to watch it because it's part of this series There's only two videos in here, but it will certainly walk you through Shopify You'll understand everything about it You won't be wondering and you'll know exactly what to do if you haven't subscribed yet Please do so hit that subscribe button down there turn it from red to gray. Don't forget Ring the bell turn on all bell notifications So you're notified each and every time I go live that bell will pop up next to that subscribe button And you want to turn on all notifications that way you'll know when I go live or if I upload a video now Let's jump right into this in the next part. I want to talk about Contact pages guys. This is so very important Imagine you go to a web page and you can't find any contact information. Are you going to do business with that company? Probably not let's dive into Shopify's contact page fill in and I'll show you how to do it Okay, let's go over there right now. Okay, here's an example of what you're going to see on your pages, okay? In this particular one you can use a template if you want, okay? Which is really simple, but you know what they're saying here's if you have a question you get in touch with us Just want to say hello you can reach us at and then they've got a Email address right there make sure you have an email address make sure you've got a phone number in there guys a lot of you You're gonna say well I don't have a phone number for my business go to Google and you can get I think it's Google voice You can get a free phone number and put it in there and you'll have voicemail and everything in there So make sure you've got a phone number in there You can get 800 numbers which make it look a little bit better But you know nowadays a 800 number doesn't mean a whole lot because most of us are using cell phones And since we're using cell phones, we're not paying long distance So yeah 800 numbers are nice, but they don't matter as much as they used to so it's something that if you don't want to Spend the money on it just get a Google voice number and use that instead the next thing I want to talk about is policy pages What is policy? Policy is basically how you treat different circumstances now what I'm going to do is I'm going to put a screenshot up here So you can kind of see what I'm talking about first one is a return policy. What is your return policy? Are they going to be able to exchange it? Can they get their money back? How long do customers have to initiate a return? What condition does the product have to be in a generous return policy can help customers buy from you with confidence? Okay, I know I buy a lot from Amazon. I buy a lot from Costco because I know the return policy is so good I never have to worry about stuff. So something I'm on the fence about buying I'll go ahead and buy it anyhow, and if I get it home, and I don't like it I can always take it back or I can ship it back Privacy policy a privacy policy describes how you collect your information about your customers Now if you want samples of this, there are millions of samples out there You can just Google that and find a sample privacy policy one Terms of service your terms of service policy is an agreement between you and the customer outlining how you will operate In what rights you reserve that's super important to do that next thing is your shipping policy Shipping policy helps the customer Expectations around shipping cost manufacturing times and delivery speeds for the regions that you ship to now I certainly think you should 100% customize your store to your brand But it doesn't mean you can't use a template to do that So let's jump in here and we're gonna take a look at a template and how that comes out Okay, you want to go to online stores and then go to themes in Shopify Okay, and start thinking about where you want your website to be what you wanted to look like The first step is to choose the theme the template you install in your store You can use at a starting point for design and you can build your own online store The Shopify theme store is home to both free and paid themes each with its own set of styles and features Some themes are made for larger product catalogs while others are single product businesses Others are made for certain industries or types of businesses such as I don't know express theme for restaurants Something like that now each theme comes with their own style So you do want to shop around a little bit look and see what's out there and pick something That's gonna be comfortable for not only your customers, but you and your brand You also want to when you look at the themes Does it have the customizable things you're gonna need for selling your products? Variants of a product different sizes different colors that type of thing make sure your theme can do that Don't ever worry about picking your theme based on colors or fonts or any of that stuff because all of these themes You can customize and you can always change the colors and fonts so you don't need to worry about that Now some of the paid themes you can actually pay a fee just to try it out to see if you like it So you could pick a free one or you can pick a paid one whatever you do and don't worry about what theme you're picking right now If you don't like it later on you can always switch to another theme and you don't have to reupload all your products and prices And meta tags and all that so if you don't have to do that again It just changes the look of the website You really want to think about your homepage your homepage is so very important That's the first impression they're going to get of your site So you want to make sure you direct them into the right places You don't make it too confusing. You don't have too much information on there Make sure it's clean and easy to navigate Now some of the things you can do is a slide show So you can actually have a slide show on your homepage where your products keep going through there and they can see it Another thing you can do is put featured products on there I like putting featured products right below a slide show so that you can see what the featured products are And it gets people's interest in them And you want to make sure you have a good image with text and we talked about images in the first video But images are so important that you have really high quality images and don't worry Once again, you don't need a fancy schmancy camera. You can use your iphone. You can use your android phone A lot of these phones now have incredible cameras on them. They're better than a dslr was five years ago when I bought a dslr So you can use your phone for a lot of these things. Don't worry about that You may also want to add a newsletter to it a lot of these themes have newsletters built into it So you can have a newsletter in there. You may also want to add a blog I like having a blog in there. So you have some good content for your customers Of course, we want to put all the tags on the products so that somebody can use the search bar on the top right or top left Or center wherever you put your search bar But you want to make sure they can look on your site and find things without having to scroll through all your products Make sure you pick some colors And some fonts that fit your brand This is something like I said that can be changed no matter what theme you have And that's where you're going to set all those things is actually in the theme But pick things that are really going to express who you are who your brand is and what you're all about Now don't ignore the fact that colors have meaning to them red makes people hungry if you think about it Taco Bell's got red in it. So there's burger king. So there's mcdonald's So there's kentucky fried chicken. I could go on and on and on but they figured out that red makes people hungry Next thing you could think about is yellow. Um yellow makes people feel safe and secure So that's another color that you may want to pick purple makes people feel like it's royal that it's, you know, magical That it's vip type stuff. So there is a psychology to colors and on Shopify There is a link where you can search psychology of colors and you can read through there It has all the hex codes and everything that you're going to need Don't overthink this. Okay, sometimes this is where people get stuck They start overthinking things and then they never move past that point if you can't decide Just pick something basic and move on get it done. Okay, just getting it done Is better than getting it perfect because you'll never get it perfect. That's not going to happen Just get it done. Okay, do the best you can get it done and move on to the next thing Okay, let's get into customizing the checkout now I'll show you what that looks like inside Shopify and show you where you can click All right, so you're going to want to go to settings and then check out Uh, and then you're going to come to this window right here. Okay This is where you can upload your store's logo Change the fonts colors all that type of stuff And then it has some other choices in your customer accounts Accounts are disabled customers will only be able to check out as guest Which it would be silly. You don't want to do that accounts are optional This is the one I would go for with a customer account or as a guest or accounts are required They have to set up an account if you require people to set up an account You're going to have fewer people buy from you. I can guarantee that. Okay next up To check out customers can check out either using their phone number or email Next choice is customers can only check out using email So you may want to have a couple choices there and the cool thing is if you get the phone number You can use sms messaging and you keep in touch with them and then they can choose how they want to be contacted Form options right here. Do you want to require last name only first and last name? Company name address and you can make these optional or you can make them required That's entirely up to you. The next thing you want to do is set up your shipping Now there has been a big movement over the past few years to get free shipping We have done it over a certain amount at my survival cave food store survival cave food dot com If you want to check that out It's over a certain amount because we can't afford to get free shipping if somebody buys a $15 can of meat The shipping will eat off all the profit on that so we don't do that However On the higher prices we do give free shipping now and we've found that people really like that And I think they've been more educated to free shipping based on amazon Now some of you that they will say I can't afford to give up free shipping jr And my profit margins too small. It just won't work Increase your profit margin charge more for your product and just give free shipping It doesn't really matter as long as it's covered now Some of you may say well, what if I shipped to california? It's going to be more expensive than if I shipped to new york because i'm in new york state Or what if I shipped to hawaii and that's going to be really short you've got to kind of just get an average That's what we do is we get an average of the us and all the places we ship to and we say well, the average is you know 2950 and then we may just add You know $30 to the price of each of those items and that way it's covered. Will you lose on some of them? Yeah, will you gain on some of them? Yeah, overall, it's an average. Don't worry about that part Just get your shipping set up I do recommend if you can do free shipping great If not, then go ahead and set up your shipping the way you want You also need to consider taxes. You can go to settings and taxes and set that up for each state Remember you do have to have that set up or that something that has to be done And of course the last part is you want to get paid, right? You've got to set up all your payment gateways All you have to do is go to settings and payments You can set all that up if you use authorize.net or Stripe or whatever you're using for your store. That's where you're going to set everything up paypal You do want to give them as many options as possible I will say that because some people like google pay and some people like paypal and some people like Using their master card and some people like using their american express And the more options that you offer the better offer you're going to be because think of it this way If a person only uses paypal, they don't use anything else. Okay, and they go to your website They don't see paypal. They're going to be out. They're not going to buy the product So why not offer it to them? I understand that some credit cards charge you higher fees when we take an american express It's a lot higher than when we take a master card or visa But I don't want to lose that american express buyer. So I make sure I have that available for them Then of course you want to add all your social networks You want to put your pixels on there if you're using facebook Google analytics all these things so you can actually monitor and see what your store is doing now this video And the one prior to that helps you set up a store It's not all inclusive if you want all inclusive check out ecom road. There's a link below That's a membership that I have that shows you exactly step by step how to walk through and set up your Shopify store So check out ecom road. There is a link below. There's also a free course below too. You'll see that below there It's a 97 dollar course. I'm giving it away absolutely free. So check that out I hope you enjoyed this video. I hope you got a lot out of it. I want to hear your comments I want to hear your suggestions. I want you to talk to me. Okay, so let's get a conversation going Write something below if you just want to say hello, that's fine if you want to ask me a question That's fine. If you've got a subject matter that you want to see a video on put it in there I may just do a video on it. Thanks so much for watching this video I really appreciate it if you haven't subscribed do so and don't forget to Bring the bell turn on all bell notifications so you're notified each and every time I go live Thanks so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video Also, click on one of those videos there keep watching on my channel


Okay, so this panel is about blockchain gaming, Web 3 and blockchain gaming. So we have seen gaming coming off of an age and it has evolved over the years. So I want to touch upon, you know, what is driving the shift towards the blockchain gaming? Any of the panelists? Yeah. So I think Manish has covered a lot of aspects, right? The value was essentially with the publishers or the guys who were building the games. That shift of value to actual users or gamers who are playing, right? That is the key aspect which is driving to Web 3 and blockchain. Obviously, a lot of things are far-fetched. These are early days of Web 3, but I believe, again, the value going actually to the users, somebody has to solve for it and it has to be on a very holistic level. And more or less, people like gamers today spending huge amount of money and time in their life, right? Buying these assets and it's become life these days. Gaming is something which is coming organically to us. It's not just that we are spending time for gaming, it's just that now we need to learn games for socializing or any other reasons. So if it's taking enough time of ours, then it would be rather investing than spending, like Manish mentioned, right? And it has to shift from the point that only few stakeholders in the ecosystem are capturing the value. And it should be delivered to the actual audience which is consuming the gaming content, right? So that sort of element of blockchain is something which Web 3 is sort of promising to everybody and that is why everybody is so excited about blockchain in gaming and it has to play a significant role. Okay, comments from other panelists, your views? Yes, in my point of view, so that is not going to be separate blockchain gaming or anything like that. So I feel like every game will become a blockchain game. Why? Because already there are $200 billion worth of assets in-game assets people are buying, right? It's not a new industry, right? People are buying, but the challenge is like they can't resell that asset and then you can't take that asset out and sell it in somewhere. There is no such kind of technology or marketplace available before, right? This entire $200 billion that people used to buy which is something, you know, it depends on the game inside alone, right? You can't rent that NFTs, you can't market it or you can't take this NFTs to the different game. All this kind of technology is not available before so that's why there is no innovation is happening. So people only depend upon in-game assets, right? If they update a new game, that's it. So whatever you bought and everything is going to be no value after that. So the beauty of this blockchain gaming because of this entire $200 billion of in-game assets, every asset can be NFTs now so that people can buy if they don't like, they can re-trade or else, you know, they can rent it. So all this kind of functionalities are available. So this will create a new market cap. So imagine there's a $200 billion market cap. So if a lot of trades happens between the people, it will become a trillion dollar economy easily. So that is the space we are in. So we have a marketplace called Jump.rade. We launched a cricket game where we got a huge traction. Within eight minutes we sold out 55,000 NFTs. People are trading and selling the assets, playing the game, so renting the assets. All this kind of economy is newly created because of the blockchain game, I feel. Blockchain gaming is going to be everywhere, right? Every game will become a blockchain game after some point. So that is what I think. Even Play Store and App Store are open now to support NFTs. So which is going to create a new market and that is the way I see blockchain gaming. Your views, what has driven the shift in blockchain gaming? Towards the blockchain gaming. So I'm in agreement with my co-panelists and the way Manish summarized it right before this session was like bang on the point, right? What's driving the shift is the ask from the gamers to own their own time and get value for the time that they're inputting in the game. Classic example that I always take is like my favorite game is Battlefield. I've played it for hours and hours, but when I stopped playing or I shifted to another game, whatever I had earned in that game left behind, right? So I'm not going to double down on that point because my panelists have already highlighted it and having this session right after Manish explaining it so nicely, I think that suddenly does not seem like a good idea, but what is, at the same time, you know, completely factoring in the potential it has, like you mentioned about the billion dollar industry it has. At the same time, we need to understand the current drawbacks, right? The Web3 games are not fun to play. Web3 games are not cool, they don't look good.  So at the end of the day, it's a job, it's not fun, it's not engaging, and that is why currently the engagement or the user base is so less. Because AAA games are not going to enter this ecosystem unless the user base increases and the user base won't increase unless the games become fun to play. And hence the whole shift that we are talking about from Web2 to Web3 has to be gradual and has to be in a way that games are built not with the mindset of making money or not with the mindset of integrating it with blockchain. Integration with blockchain and NFTs has to be a subset. Games are supposed to be built with the game designing mindset in mind.  So you have to continue the whole process of building a traditional Web2 game with an added functionality of integrating it with blockchain and NFTs. Currently what we are seeing is most of the games are built with blockchain functionalities and NFTs in mind. And that is where I see there's a big gap which is coming in. Okay, your views? Yeah, so what I believe is in terms of basically taking advantage of the technology and creating the games, another side of something that everyone should focus on, also how to build these communities strong enough, right? And how to spread awareness about the game so that there is an active user base and also there are active small communities who are very passionate about playing these games and making sure that their time is valued enough and they're making money out of it as well. So in terms of building the game, everyone is doing it quite well, but there should be a specific focus towards community building as well because in the end that's what is going to build a long-term relation with the whole gaming ecosystem, right? So that aspect I think companies should also focus on because that is where the scalability factor will come in. Okay, Juliet, I'll come to you in a bit. We also have Piyush with us virtually. Good evening, Piyush. It's been very long you have been waiting. So we were just discussing what is driving the shift towards blockchain gaming, your thoughts? Thank you so much and my apologies, I couldn't be there. I have a personal commitment, so I couldn't travel, but good to meet all of you. And I think after having a crash course from Manish, I think everybody there would probably know what web-tree gaming is or at least would go out and explore because I keep telling Manish that if there's somebody who can build that new stream of gaming in India, it has to be him. So I'm so glad he's shifted and he's doing it. See from our perspective, I think from a definition perspective, everybody has explained it so well that what is the key difference between a web-tree and a web-tree game? How a lot of ownership will shift to players? How you can make money while playing games and eventually even from a development perspective through DAOs, players or fans can actually play a role in games getting better. So I think all of that will evolve over a period of time. The way I see it and something that was very well highlighted in the last point, that the key aspect of a game becoming successful has to be the community building. And a lot of community building happens on the game and most importantly on streaming platforms, which is where Rooter comes in. So for us, it is extremely important that web-tree gaming in India grows much faster than what we have seen. And I think it's a lot to do with how web-tree market in general has performed over the last few months. But overall, the future of gaming is in web-tree. And for us, it is extremely important that we see close to 10 to 20 web-tree games pick up over the next 12 to 18 months. We already partnered in BGG in our earlier days and there earlier days and we saw good traction. And we therefore believe that it's gonna open up a new scheme or a new world of gaming. And for that, a lot of work needs to happen from the developers and as rightly pointed out, the overall experience, all of that needs to improve for sure. But I think we are in the right direction and it's really gonna change a lot as far as gaming is concerned. Okay, all right. Juliette, I want to come to you to ask, yeah. Take the mic. So as you, as an investor, how do you see blockchain gaming space? Okay, actually, I would love to identify like a few major pillars for successful web-tree game in the space and how we usually look at that. So what is the most important? First of all, it all starts from storytelling. Unfortunately, lots of people, they forget that, you know, storytelling is the most important thing within the game. There are so many multiple games. What could make me as an investor or as a player to play this game? This should be something cool, something nobody else is creating, like, you know, cyberpunk or whatever. So it's number one. Number two is the proper strategy. First of all, it's like, what blockchain are you using? How are you using this? Are you gonna use, put on chain, the whole data within the game or are you using blockchain only for external transaction? Because it's all about in-game economy. Then it comes to the tokenomics. Are you gonna have two tokens, governance tokens? Or utility tokens? Or you're okay with one token only? So there are multiple factors everyone need to consider as a strategy within the game. Another, which is, I mean, like, as a mistake, lots of people did, and we actually, we did some kind of mistakes by investing in a few Gameify projects like that. It's a proper budgeting. So we all understand that to build the triple A game, you need to do the proper planning. You need, like, hundreds of developers. You need, like, millions of dollars if you really want to build the proper triple A game. But some people, they thought, okay, we will do, like, a few million dollars race, and we will hire, like, five developers, write some pictures. People will look at the picture like the game, and maybe afterwards we will create this game. Of course, they ended up raising, like, let's say, one million, and did some, I can't say it's MVP, maybe something like that, and that's it. Because they don't have budget, they don't have people, and, of course, they don't have the real game. And then the final one, which is also very important, is the targeted audience. Because, like, I briefly listened to the keynote before, and people will usually mention Roblox.  Some people who are, like, in the blockchain space, or the kids. If the kids are your targeted audience, we can expect the revenue is invested maybe in five, 10 years, because then it will be the real mass adoption of gaming, because games became the new reality for our kids, but there is still a chance to create the game who we as a business people could play, because we love the narratives, we love the storytelling, we have, we love the way we could make money. And to summarize up what I've said right now, it was mentioned, actually. We are in the kind of transition period. We can't make web pre-game out of nothing. So right now, it's better to start from the web-to-game, then maybe add on some NFTs, because usually people are trading collectibles within the game, and for that specific purpose, we need NFTs. Then add on the tokens, great, because people can trade and monetize what they've been doing before. And then finally, we are in the web-free space. So I believe that might be the best recipe for that. All right, thanks, Juliet. So I wanna discuss, you just said, a shift is coming towards blockchain gaming, but are there any challenges that we are encountering along the way? Any challenges that you think we are encountering along the way? In my opinion, I'm facing a lot of challenges and acquiring more users to the web-to-game. It's not that easy, right? If you're launching web-to-game, so acquiring millions of users, like it is not an easy process in terms of marketing. We have to build a DAO or a community activity, so incentivizing the whole community, so the community will promote the game so that we can reach the masses. That is a way to get acquired users. That is a big challenge right now. So whatever NFTs we've been told more than 100,000 NFTs in India, but still, it's not easy process that normal games are used to acquire millions of downloads every day. But blockchain games are very difficult to acquire. User acquisition is a very big challenge. It's what we're facing every day. So I think I'd like to add to that. So there are two ways to it, right? So if you're building a web-to-game thinking day one, or like Juliet mentioned, that if it's a web-to-game, or let's say a community, and then you're letting those users flow into the web-to-game, right? So the second is easier, plus let's say that would be a little more right path to do it. So for example, I mean, we don't want to know about www dot, right? We just want to know about x.com or y.com. What do I mean by that? It's like the protocol, which is running behind the website, right? We don't worry about that. We just worry about the product. So at the end of the day, blockchain tech has to be in behind of whatever game you're running, whatever economy you want to run, right? So it's like you can get any web-to-gamer enter the web-three just like that. If your blockchain tech is running behind and if the user experience is pretty easy, right? So that is what, in fact, with us, right, with Stan. Stan is like a community of gamers in eSports. So we already have like a million gamers on Stan. So what day one we thought that, you know, all the web-three products today were web-based. There was no app solution, these wallets, these crypto wallets. In fact, I would say almost everybody in this room would find difficulty to create a Metamask wallet or add money to that wallet, right? And then go ahead and buy an NFT. So I think cracking that day one was something which we felt is important. So just give a user an experience that he or she can just buy a on-chain asset as simple as buying a Netflix subscription or let's say buying an in-app purchase which you do in any of the other games, right? So that user experience has to be very smooth to buy on-chain items and NFTs or tokens that the user is just consuming blockchain like he's consuming any web-to-product. So that challenge is something which is, I think, the top of the table, right? And obviously, if you see that economy is like she was mentioning, right? Everybody's starting that, hey, it's a web-three game and let's build launch token and stuff like that, but that doesn't work like that. I mean, economies have to be created on top of something, let's say, which is proven or there is a hook in the game which is actually letting user to come back. Now you're adding the blockchain economy to sort of amplify it or let's say give user an additional way to make money. It shouldn't be the way of consuming the product, right? So user experience and I think the right way to do economy is something which is challenging in the blockchain space. So simplification you mean, right? Do you guys also agree or you want to add something to it? No, I think doubling down on the point that we spoke about earlier, right? The whole, the biggest challenge that we see is so a bit of a context at Meta Studios where a game developer and company and our group company Meta Engine, we are building a platform which has integrated web-three functionalities so that any game developer don't have to start by thinking that I have to build a web-three game on blockchain, worry about all these tokenomics, et cetera. You build a cool game, the integration will take care of. And so when we interact with a lot of game developers, a lot of brands who want to build in this space, sometimes we experience they come with the whole craze of the industry is booming a lot. Web-three gaming is gonna be the next big hit. We want to build a game on blockchain. Why? Do we even need to build the entire game on blockchain? Right? All we just need to like store some assets or some features over blockchain. That's one, the whole approach towards building a game, just because we are seeing a lot of boom happening, we are seeing a lot of talks happening, the gradual transition which is required, right, from web-two to web-three without compromising on the fun element of a game, without compromising on the engagement element of a game, without compromising on the whole scalability aspect of a game, that is something that we are seeing that there is a bit of a maturity that still needs to come there. But other than that, the whole aspect of the ownership, you know, the credibility, you getting rights of your own game assets, that's brilliant, that's bang-on point that web-three provides, right? But again, like repeating on the point that I said earlier, that should not be the core of building a game. The core of building a game should be that you build a fun and an engaging game, like she said, like a storyline, right? You play a game, like you play a God of War because the story is amazing, the gameplay is amazing, and triple A games are gonna be here, like it's a long, long road when triple A games enter into web-three and that's why it's gonna be led by indie gamers and this is where tools and projects where indie gamers gets the flexibility to build engaging games without worrying about the whole blockchain integration, that's where the core starts. I think that's gonna be very important. Okay, you wanna add something? Yeah, go on. Yeah, I just wanna add. Like actually there is another challenge for web-three games and it's AI technology. So for example, we've got one project and now a pipeline, the guys are creators of the gaming engine. So now what they do, they put a mid-journey experience that you're able to create the picture into the game. So basically you will be able to create the game by putting some parameters and keywords just in a few minutes because AI will generate you the game itself based on what you want. So of course, lots of developers, in web-three developers, like gaming developers, they won't be needed. So in this case, you need to be super innovative and you need to be psychologist at the same time. So for example, a good friend of mine, he's doing the game, it's called Dijun Zoo. I believe like lots of people heard about it.  So it's something like to keep people involved longer and longer and longer. So of course, the psychological aspect within the game is also very important. All right, Piyush, would like to know the challenges you think you are facing for blockchain gaming, your thoughts on that, any challenges you think you have been facing? No, I think, yeah, I think it's a very early day. There are lots of challenges. As rightly pointed out, the quality of games needs to improve. We need more active gamers to play. The retention of games needs to improve. All these are very strong fundamentals for the community to build on top of it. And at our end, we started working with few web, three games around the same time last year, around April, May, 2022. And we have seen that building this community is going to take some time, which basically means getting streamers to create content around it. And streaming plays a very important role for any game to take off. You have the initial players who come and start playing, but once the streaming happens, people start to watch others play. That is where the community gets paid. And therefore, what we are seeing is that that's going to take some time. So we'll need to create a lot of content creators around web, three games streaming. We'll need to also work on short form video and video on demand. But from our perspective, we are like a next step to the game getting successful. So we are waiting and we are hoping that few Indian games and few global games start to pick up within the Indian gaming community. And from there, the real journey will start. So yeah, it is a very early days, particularly from the perspective of the fact that as community gets built, the game quality and the kind of retention games have is going to play a very important role. Okay, all right. We are running short of time and we have to cut short this session, but anybody wants to add something, you know, the final thoughts? Anybody? Before 10 years, so there is no such a term called a YouTuber, right? There is no term called like social media marketer, right? I think in the next three, four years, there'll be a profession called, you know, gamer. So people show the skill online and then a lot of esports celebrities may be able to see. Gaming will be profession is what I'm guessing is going to happen within the next two to three years. Isn't it already happening already? I think part of it will agree, we all are gamers and we are into a group. I think we already have such celebrities now in the country, like these guys have mad following on YouTube, 15, 30 million subscribers and these guys are the next people who are going to promote Chavanprash or anything, you know, it's not going to be Amitabh Bachchan or anything, these would be the gamers who would be, like the guys will be relating more to, because they're watching these guys continuously on live streams, right? So we already have YouTubers who are celebrities, like you mentioned. All right, we wrap up the session. Piyush, you want to add something? No, no, no, I was just saying that, I think Stan and Kruta both will agree that we are already paying a lot to gamers for them to become and be the celebrity they already are, so. Oh. But all good.


So firstly, thanks for coming for this session and it would be really great if we can make it more interactive rather than a monologue. So what we want to see today is how to select the right NoSQL technology for any given enterprise in their big data stack, big data technology stack. So obviously, there is not a very straightforward answer but in the process of this presentation we would like to see that which are the things still more or less known to us in terms of our experience in terms of the maturity of the certain problems in the enterprise space. So now little bit of my introduction, I am Saurabh Mazumdar, I work for Infosys Limited and I head their technology group for the big data practice and right now I am personally involved with around five or different clients, enterprise clients to as an advisory capacity to help them in selecting their different type of big data technology choices. So what I plan to cover today are the NoSQL fitment in enterprise big data use cases. So that essentially creates a foundation based on which the organization should select NoSQL. Challenges in selecting the NoSQL databases and a sort of framework which can be used for selecting the right NoSQL technologies. Techniques for the scalability analysis of the NoSQL databases just like I mean just in the previous session I was hearing from FoundationDB that how they do the scalability analysis for their solution and also we will talk, I will talk little bit about the Infosys big data practice and our Infosys solution around the big data which incorporates NoSQL and other big data technologies. So coming to the first section the NoSQL fitment in enterprise big data use case. So there are multiple applications of big data as all of us know but in our experience what we are seeing mostly working today around the big data are these four particular things. The first starting with the customer relationship management then sales and marketing related use cases, third mode around the supply chain management, every organization has lots to do those things and the fourth is plain and simple cost optimization, IT cost optimization. So these are the four different quadrants where we are seeing the maximum use of big data technologies. When it comes about the customer relationship management it starts from knowing your customer knowing the entire data around the customer and it also goes to the level of how you can give a very very fast and immersive experience to your customer by giving some sort of you know capability to the customer so that they can figure out all their information very soon by giving them the experience of fast search all those different things. Coming to the sales and marketing pricing strategy figuring out the effectiveness of different type of sales and marketing strategy that is also pretty much important and pretty much candidate for the big data use case. In the supply chain management starting from the product quality management, supply chain effectiveness, contract management these are again the cases for big data and fourth comes the cost optimization which many of us are talking today as augmented data warehouse where you complement your existing data warehouse technology with the big data technology and then the low cost near real time analytics which is very very important and very very catching the momentum right now and next generation EAI through which the different applications can interact much more seamlessly in a very very low low latency with very low latency. Given these the use cases for the big data in enterprises the key use cases if you see the refer what should be the reference architecture for big data at one side the right side of I am sorry the left side of it we are see all the different type of data which is accumulating every day in any organization. It starts with the transactional data the regular relational data there are the social data which are generated based on the interaction then there are the observational data which are getting created through logs and different type of other systems the application logs. So these are the three main data which essentially comes to this big hollow drawn what we say the big data platform and then bunch of stuff happens and eventually at some point of time these are the use cases which are on the top the big data applications those are the use cases that try to actually use those data most of those use cases are read there are some use cases also which are writing to the big data platform and that finally flows back to the system through the data integration layer. So which are these use cases I am not saying that this is the end of it these are the all six type of use cases but these are the predominant use cases which are derived from the previous slides. So the first one is the dashboard reporting drill down those type of very traditional use case where you create a report but after creating the report at the aggregate level people want to drill down to see to go to the granular level of details nth level of details to figure out what exactly the reason for a certain behavior. So this can be any type of report starting from where you are a particular say marketing analyst he is trying to figure out I have done some market campaign where exactly the campaign was really effective and how many people actually related really responded to that marketing campaign and bought some product bought some services. Next comes the application context or insight what we can say it is it is as simple as where you keep on throwing some sort of advertisement to the to the interface of the customer it may be the gaming console it may be some sort of web application where based on the customer's context the advertisement is thrown there there are other use case like ask me what if analysis type of use case where you you have a particular report say you have a report around value at risk which is a very very interesting use case in the financial domain where there is a portfolio you see the entire particular portfolio at certain level and then you apply a particular criteria that ok if my particular equity it gets the price of the index of that equity changes by 10% how may enter portfolio gets impacted. So it is not essentially anything to do with the predictive analytics but based on the existing data itself the data which can give you a very definitive result based on that data doing some sort of what if analysis it can be as good as that ok some customer representative got a call and let us assume that is a manufacturing company and they got a call that there is a problem in a particular device. So he is trying to figure out that what are the problems what could be the reason for the problems then comes a search and discovery this is typically the use cases of the big data scientist type of people who try to create or try to see the emerging pattern from the different variety of data then comes a predictive modeling where actually based on the situation you are trying to you are trying to predict some sort of implication now the prediction can be in terms of predicting some fraud is going to happen or fraud is happening in a particular account takeover type of scenario or fraud is happening in such credit card transaction this predictive modeling even can be applicable to any type of things like say in a point of sale a recommendation is going on when a particular customer is purchasing a product a recommendation is happening the last one is the enterprise application integration this is one where I am trying to put most of the things like caching and all other online type of things together under one bucket. So if you see many of the cases the NoSQL technologies today they are being used as a intermediate caching store where you try to capture the data as much as possible from the front end application and then either using strong consistency or eventual consistency you process the data. So that is where we bucket it more as an enterprise application integration situation. Now this six being the key use cases for the big data within the enterprise stack let us see what could be the typical solution. So coming back to this the technical solution what the first step is surely to get the data into this big box and process the data to apply a bunch of transformation bunch of say machine learning algorithm may be different type of business logic business rules to get the overall data which is then consumable and sometimes even you may need to consume the code data the raw data itself which is more a use case for the data scientist and in this entire thing if you see when it comes to the layer of the applications there are three type of interactions which are typically happening. One type of interactions which are more like batch interactions which I put at the left side of it where the latency requirement is typically minutes to hour so people can people can wait for couple of minutes and two couple of maybe one or two hours. Then next comes the interaction which is around couple of seconds. So it is typically of say a web application where the end user is waiting for the response and he or she wants to see the data within couple of seconds. And finally what it comes at the subsequent level where the end user wants to see the data the entire information within one or two digit of milliseconds. So in the current scenario of the big data technologies most of these most of the most of these two cases the minutes to hour and couple of seconds can be taken care of by regular not not no SQL big data solution like which is part of the Hadoop ecosystems. Now when I am saying Hadoop ecosystem I am just taking out HBase because that is also another no SQL cluster no SQL system as such. And beyond that anything which has to happen through at subsequent level there we see the need for the no SQL database. Now obviously there are different type of thought processes like when I say the couple of seconds couple of seconds level response can happen from the Hadoop ecosystem. The caveat is I am actually assuming the technologies like Stinger, the Impala, the Drill those type of technologies which would be running on the ecosystem of say yarn when you can have multiple workload working on the same Hadoop ecosystem or same Hadoop cluster. Whereas as of today those that type of interaction also which is at the couple of seconds level actually being done through the no SQL databases. So in overall what happens is the data will come from the regular systems regular data stores whether it is transactional data, interaction data or application log. It will come to the Hadoop type of cluster where the data processing will happen. Then the part of the data in different formats maybe some aggregation maybe some machine learning model that will get transferred to the no SQL data store and from the no SQL data store the final queries would be served which all these applications will like to access at real time. So given that these are the six different type of use cases and this is the overall reference architecture which makes sense at the enterprise space. Let us move to the next section that so what are the challenges in selecting no SQL databases. This is a very common representation or common characteristics of the no SQL database. You take any of the things of interest whether MongoDB or Cassandra or Couchbase or Hbase, Voldemort whatever you want. These are the different layers around which they give the implementation. At the top most layer you have the interfaces where predominantly most of the things are available like whether it is REST based interface, Thrift based interface, language specific API and also this is even people are also thinking of how to put the SQL. Next level what it comes is logical data model. In the logical data model there are different choices starting from key value map, column family, graph database, document database. At the third layer we have the data distribution model and which are mainly characterized by cap support, the support for cap theorem whether it is more consistency availability based or availability partitionability based or partitionability consistency based. Then very important thing is to figure out the sharding and replication that how those things are managed and also very important to figure out what are the ways you can do the dynamic provisioning because when it is about no SQL, when it is about having a lot of use cases being served for huge data the dynamic provisioning dynamically adding removing the servers is very important. And finally you have the persistence layer where many cases it is just memory based like if you see the grid game it is essentially a no SQL database but entire thing happens in the memory. Same probably we can talk about the memcache. Then there are disk based then combination of memory and disk where the data moves transparently across this to layer there are many a places it is more custom pluggable. Now given all these different varieties of characteristics obviously it is very, very much challenging to select the right no SQL because different no SQL technologies they support different type of this characteristics. And as a result of that obviously the challenge is what all of us see to picking up the right no SQL database are both around the use cases as well as from the technology perspective. From the use case perspective you need to support multiple type of documents multiple type of data sources which also typically will change over a period of very short time span because many times you get the data from your third party from the other vendors and the data interface itself changes over a period of say three months six months. There is a large volume of data to be handled they have to be related. You need the flexibility in changing say machine learning modeling. Today you are using probably support vector machine to do the machine learning tomorrow you want to change it to say random forest. Then predictable response time and also scalability with general and seasonal load. At the other side that the technology obviously there are too many no SQL solution then you also need to figure out what is the right type of solution to give you best total cost of ownership because many times when you select a no SQL technology it is not just about selecting the technology and forgetting it you also need to figure out how you scale how do you operate how do you figure out the right type of skills. Integration with existing technology stack which is also very important and absence of any standard which is very predominant today in the no SQL world and finally obviously the security and audit. Any other particular challenge you people are saying in selecting the no SQL. I will move on maybe we can discuss these things at the end of the presentation. So now we know the what are the use case we know what are the characteristics now let us come to the framework what could be the right framework to select a good no SQL technology. So these are the six use cases which we discussed which are on the which is represented here as the column and the features needed by each of these use case sort of evaluated here that what is the level of level of maturity needed for these features so to start with the things like read scalability most of these applications they need a huge volume of read in a given second so when I said it's scalability terms of throughput in terms of latency same it comes with the right scalability then load balancing which is which is very important because when you are trying to serve data at the at the scale of maybe even couple of gigabytes which is across a 10 different cluster 10 different nodes in a cluster and say you are trying to support 100 request per second there is a very good chance that all the request will go and flock around across one or two nodes so that means those nodes will get overly overly used whereas the other nodes will not get used at all. So load balancing is very important the next important thing is a secondary indexing because many of these use cases will need the capability to search certain data which is not the primary key of a particular table or particular collection. Once it access this is also very important especially when you try to build some transaction capability on top of this that once you do a particular search on a primary key you'd like to get the entire data from the same store or same place support for multi-dimensional schema this is where you try to figure out that for your particular use case whether you need just a simple key value or you need maybe four-dimensional column or you need a complex flexibility across a complex data structure which may which may be going to the nth level of depth and finally though we are talking here no SQL but it is a very very common ask now today at every organization that how do I support SQL access to my no SQL data store. Now these are the key attributes or key features which are needed but at the same time I am I'm taking out from this framework certain things like say security because all of us know the security is probably needed in each of these particular use cases and at the technology level none of these technologies actually give right now a very good support for the security it is still evolving. Now this this being the overall overall guidance factor for the use cases the next letters SQL stable MongoDB, Cassandra and HBase. Obviously there are many others and it won't be possible to do the entire evaluation but since these are the most popular I picked up these three of them and we also in the infosys we have a maximum experience with these technologies. Now if you see here the MongoDB they are probably good in most of the cases apart from right scalability and load balancing and they're good one of the reason also probably they're they're quite quite popular today in the industry many people are using it and they are also quite old they're they almost they're being used starting 2008 2009 time frame. Then we have Cassandra, Cassandra actually it it excels MongoDB pretty much in the right scalability and the load balancing because of Cassandra's the the entire thing what Cassandra goes by the the availability and partitionability rather than strict consistency so that gives it the scope to really increase the right throughput because all the data gets first written without any particular consistency check whereas during the read time Cassandra tries to resolve the conflict and figure out what is the right data to serve. It is also very good in the load balancing because of its consistent hashing and in the latest version they also have the concept of virtual node where even a particular range of the key can be distributed across multiple nodes so that way it is it is very good when it comes to the H base H base predominantly good in the high scalability and the strict consistency level since Hadoop is all consistency oriented the HDFS so that is the biggest biggest characteristics positive characteristics of H base and it is it is also very good in terms of its scalability the SQL access wise probably at the H base there is the majority of the word going on compared to the other databases like Cassandra MongoDB and there where it is it is slightly better than the other two solutions. Any any other viewpoint around these things based on you guys experience so now comes this complex framework and it is it is I mean purposefully I tried to put this complex picture just to show that probably right now in any enterprise context there cannot be a single silver bullet which will take care of all these things all the six use case and their requirement of different type of architectural or technical quality whether it is read scalability write scalability and all of them so you will always find that couple of use cases are good for MongoDB couple of use cases they are probably good for Cassandra couple of use cases they are good for each base now the the main question here would be that how do you then go about it and to answer that question that how to go about selecting the right type of no SQL technology the the main the main point what we need to remember is the more we go forward there would be the need for polyglot persistence you cannot have one type of database technology one type of persistence store which will take care of all different type of use cases that is that is almost impossible there are there are some work going on where where people are trying to march together like I was I was listening to the talk of foundation DB they're saying that okay if you go by the foundation DB on top of that you can define different type of layers whether it is document object based or key value based and it can get asset transaction but I still doubt that it may take probably another five to ten years to really make all the use cases converging to the single solution if it is at all possible now having said that having said that what are the what are the techniques still you can use to select the no SQL technology at least from the perspective of scalability the the basic technology what we use very regularly is using the queuing model to really figure out the bottleneck and scalability of the technology of your choice now there it is very important to select the right type of load right type of data mix right type of creation or depiction of the software and hardware model here is a very simplified hardware execution model for say H base where the main thing what I would like to show here is it is not just about modeling the data nodes or name node of the HDFS when you are trying to model a workload in H base you also need to model the H base region server you may need to model the H base master and for each of those processes understanding of how it works is important so that you know that whether it is more CPU bound or memory bound or both of them like for H base you know that H base master is typically CPU bound it really is not have much to do with the memory whereas H base region servers have quite a bit contribution from the memory because of the way the right H log works there the key points what needs to be benchmarked for the optimization for no SQL technology choice like ensuring that the workload and service center specific service demand is linearly constant over large volume of request so if you are seeing that in the region server CPU there are lot of requests are coming we need to figure out that whether the region server CPU is constantly performing over a period of or over a range of large volume of workload may be starting from 100 requests to 10,000 requests right scalability of representative complex entities what is the insert update rate that is very important to figure out similarly the read scalability when we are going for read scalability is important to figure out how it works when entire thing in memory and when most of the things in this and that also gives us the next important parameter that what is the percentage of working data set is good for a particular no SQL technology optimal replication how many node you'd like to replicate to ensure that your availability is maintained optimal strategy for the sharding key the salting of the same so that you don't get into the lopsidedness and also the latency of the SQL layer if you are at all using the SQL on top of no SQL so with this mostly I'm through with the basic presentation so here are couple of slides on our Infosys big data practice where we essentially have working with multiple type of no SQL databases I do we have partnership with most of this different product vendor and most importantly we we have created this IP which we call big data age and this big data age is the big data age is more about how do you integrate the no SQL solution with the Hadoop type of ecosystem so that you can very easily move the data from the basic Hadoop based processing to the no SQL for ease of access of the data so as you can see here that you can create an entire workflow for your data processing and the Mongo like Mongo here you can up Cassandra or H base any type of particular technology and this entire workflow can finally represent the use case which we saw in the reference architecture so that's it that is the overall paradigm what we selected based on the reference architecture to ensure that depending on the no SQL choice you can have different type of use cases implemented with with less cost and less time to achieve the final implementation so here ends my overall talk if you guys have any question please go ahead. So that is a wrong notion that we are using H base and you can still use the same Hadoop cluster H base typically cannot perform within the same Hadoop cluster where you are running high or map reduce because the need for block size for a regular map reduce type of cluster is much higher and the block size need for each basis much lower one is at the megabytes level another is a kilobytes level so this entire thing essentially will not work in same cluster so anyway you have to have two different clusters. I again still I will say that you know you probably need to say it a little bit more deeply whatever your use cases because one thing the no SQL is more about random access and random access needs data block size to be much much small whereas when you when you go for the regular data processing you need it is that the data access is more around the sequential scan and the bigger your data block size the more performant it would be and more than whether it is a it is a H base or Hadoop if you see the framework whatever is trying to present here here are these other different type of parameters you need to consider and H base probably will not excel in your requirement across all these parameters it may or may not so that's the reason you need to go through the scalability and performance benchmark to see that whether you can really achieve the same having said that it it may be as well very much you know suitable for your thing so only way I can see that H base cluster can get map to the same Hadoop cluster only when they do some sort of integration through yarn using the optimized RC file those are the only times probably it would be possible otherwise I don't say so any other question H base right obviously you can you can replicate this thing for those things also as the the parameters these are these are pretty much common across any of these use cases right just for the you know sake of the gravity yeah okay I mean if there is no question then probably we'll close the session now thank you