OK, I think we can start. So hello, everybody. My name is Roberto Lineros from the Instituto de Física Portugal in Valencia. And I will be the host of this webinar of the series of the Latin American Webinars of Physics. Today, we have a very interesting talk about the Smith Cloud and Dark Matter. So just to remind you that we are doing this transmission live thanks to Google Hangout. And don't forget to ask questions via the Q&A in Google Plus or via Twitter with the hashtag lowphysics. So if in case that you are not watching this transmission live in this moment, so you can follow us in, you can see, watch it again in our YouTube channel. And let me tell you that also we have a WordPress page in which we centralize all the information about the webinar. So you can go there and consult if you find other interesting webinars to watch. So the speaker today is Mark Polman. He's currently a postdoc in the Technician University of Munich in Germany. He received his PhD from the University of Hamburg. And much before, he followed the master and the bachelor of studies in the Universidad Simone Bolivar in Venezuela. So the title of his talk is Synchrotron Emission from Dark Matter in Galactic Subhalos, a look into the Smith Cloud. So Martin, if you can hear me and you can unmute yourself. I can start the call. How are you? Thank you very much for my invitation to this webinar. It's my first experience. Well, let's see how it goes. Yeah, I'm fine. How are you? I'm fine. So you are in Munich now, no? I'm in Munich in my office. Today was a sunny day, so it's a good day to be in a seminar. To be inside the office. Yeah, I'm inside the office. It's a bit of a anyway. So whenever you want, you can start your seminar and we're going to be listening to you. OK. Well, so now it's my turn to talk this series of Latin American seminars in physics. So my talk is going to be about the dark matter and searches for it using radio waves and a very interesting target, the Smith Cloud, which I'm going to explain to you about a few words of it. Before I start, I should also acknowledge my collaborators in Hamburg, Natasha Lacey, Robin Grumann, a student, Professor Günther Siegel, and Beggin, a collaborator, Michel T. Gatt. It's partly just a very small question. Can you go to full screen because we are watching today? Not full screen now. No, we can see all of your slides, let's say. OK, so probably then I should. Yeah, maybe if you can share the screen, share the full desktop, not only the window of the PDF. No, it's not a PDF. That's a point. Probably that's, yeah, maybe I export this. I make a PDF of it. And that will take a, OK, I did it on keynote. No, no, but when you share a screen, if you share the full desktop, not only the window, it should work the full screen. Yeah, yeah, yeah. OK. How do I do it? Yeah, let me try this one once more. Ah, OK, I see, I see. Now is it OK?  Now? No, we still watch the keynote window. You enter first screen. Still? Better, but we still see the stuff in the side. And now? No. No. Then, OK. So we have some technical problems. Yeah, but it's not a big problem. OK, yeah, because I probably, this is, ah, here, slight only, probably. Well, this is a bit better, right? Yeah, and now we can see much better. OK, well, and the cursor, I can use it. OK, so, yeah, I don't plan to speak two hours, so I summarized kind of my talking in these five parts, where I'm starting the introduction, but now I'm not co-ed somehow. I have to, OK, now it will work. OK, so the main motivation of this project and this paper is the motivation of many of my colleagues is we want to, at least, learn a lot about the nature of the dark matter. So there are several ways of doing this, and I'm going to focus on the indirect searches for dark matter, for the particular nature of dark matter. So as many of you know, so gamma rays are the golden channel that people have been interested in and indeed, so the Fermi-Lat collaboration, they put the strongest limits on the dark matter and the election cross-section. So I put some records with that, if you want to make a note. But, Martin, we can only see that your first slide, the introduction is in cloud and phenomenology. We are not watching if you, now you pass to the first. OK. I see. OK, now I know all the tricks to make this book. OK. OK, so the point is that there are other complementary channels where one can try to find a signal that you can interpret dark matter and, in particular, radio waves. And radio astronomy is a big field. And so my project or what I'm talking about today is going to be devoted to these signals. So this is, of course, the motivation of this talk. What I'm going to use a lot is that our galaxy or, in general, galaxies in the universe, have a rich substructure. And this manifests, this substructure manifests itself. When you look at the sky, you know that there are dwarf galaxies and some substructure. But these are usually the objects that people associate to the substructure, to the subhalos. But there are claims that there might be other kind of objects, the so-called high-velocity clouds, that can be also a manifestation of the substructure of the galactic halo. And as I will show in this talk, so there are simulations that support this idea called the references. In particular, I'm going to talk about one of these high-velocity clouds, or mainly the so-called Smith cloud. Now I go like this, and then I do this. And you see the slide number five, right? Yes. Very good. OK, so if you're not in the field, you might ask yourself, OK, what is the physical mechanism responsible for a radio signal associated to dark matter? Well, this mechanism has a name called synchrotron radiation, the same synchrotron radiation charge particles emitting in a collider, but a different frequency range. And well, in this talk, I'm going to talk to you about how we make predictions of this signal, in particular looking at the cloud, this Smith cloud. Yeah, and I flash you what we are going to show. We're going to explain, say, a few words about the spectrum of this signal, about the morphology, and taking these two predictions, we will set limits on the annihilation cross-section of the dark matter, and discuss a possible prospect for current and future radio experiments. So now I'm done with my introduction. I'm going to talk more about the cloud itself, what this cloud is. OK, now it goes like this, OK. So this is a comet-shaped high-velocity cloud, which you can see by the 21-centimeter signal, neutral hydrogen, and it's not going to go into details, but at the 21-centimeter, 1.4 gigahertz signals, you can actually, this is the way it was discovered, you can see this cloud. And nowadays, well, you know a bit about this cloud, you know that it's morphology and several constraints. You can already tell that in 30 millions of years, it will pass through the disk, through the galactic disk. It's actually not very far from it. In the next slide, you will see what I mean in a moment. So this is some artistic view of the orbit of the cloud. So as I said, in 30 millions of years, we'll pass through the galactic disk. But that means you can extrapolate backwards, and that means that 70 million years ago, it should have passed through it. And that raises several questions. And now, if that really happened, if the cloud survived a passage through the galactic disk, that means that this is very likely, because the cloud is much too big to have formed recently. That means that the cloud is supported in some dark matter halos, but there is a dark component in the cloud. And this is supported, as I will show in the slide you are seeing right now, that is supported by simulations, while the most recent publication on it was using MHT simulations displayed on the right-hand side of your screens. So there, you have a set of different conditions in your components of the cloud. In the first two rows, the cloud doesn't have any dark matter. Whereas in the following four, the cloud has a dark matter embedded in a dark matter halo. And as you see in the panel down, it is the clouds with dark matter. The ones that survive the passage. So if the cloud doesn't have any dark matter, they don't survive, instead the first two cases. So having this in mind, so that there are strong reasons to believe that this cloud is made of dark matter. So of course, you will want to look for annihilation signals of the particle dark matter using the Smith cloud as a target. Of course, it's not a new idea. People already, if Herman was in the collaboration, they looked at the Smith cloud using gamma rays. Because as I said at the beginning, gamma rays are the golden channel for indirect detection. And well, unfortunately, yeah, there were no positive signals of any discovery. And instead, they were able to put constraints on annihilation with cross sections. Of course, you might argue, the gamma rays are perfect channels for looking for dark matter. But they face limitations. So of course, the galactic plane is very active, and the physics is rather complicated. And there are four grants that are not understood, especially the galactic center. There's been long standing discussions of the four grants, millisecond pulsars, and so on. And you have the Ferby bubbles, and there are many problems that a gamma ray astronomer has to face in order to obtain or to discover dark matter when looking at a target that is so close to the galactic center. So our approach is complementary. So we also face limitations, which I will discuss right away. But we dare to obtain predictions of a signal of a dark matter annihilation. This is what I'm going to explain next. So the phenomenology involved in this project, I would like to say it's quite simple, but it's not. But I'm going to try to explain it in three major steps. So the first stage, so you have a dark matter that annihilates into several types of particles, among which you will have electrons or positrons, which are the ones that are going to be interesting for us. Because these electrons and positrons then will radiate, they will interact with the magnetic field, the cloud. And this interaction is responsible for the so-called synchrotron radiation. And if you plug the typical numbers for energy, electron or positron created by an annihilation and the typical magnetic fields in the galaxy, you get radio frequencies. Of course, phenomenology, as I said, is more complicated than just that. It's not like dark matter annihilated and then ballistically propagated to us. So the signal that emitted. But so the signal depends on the propagation of these particles and the diffusion models you take and several variables that are quite uncertain. So we just write the equations. The propagation is described by the diffusion loss process. And this is a question, we assume, spherical symmetry, that magnetic field is constant. And we will discuss the limitations of this approach. So think of this as a Bohr atom model for the cloud. And so we will get some resource that, in some cases, qualitatively describe how the signal will behave. But in some cases, you get actually quantitatively reliable results that you can compare to data. So once you take this assumption, you can solve this equation, actually, analytically. So you make a change of variables. It introduces so-called Synovsky variables that have a physical meaning. Probably not going to have the time to discuss them. But what they take home message is that you get an analytical approach to a very complicated problem, which is a prediction of a syndrome signal of a cloud. And as I advertised before, there are parts of our results. So several results that are actually quite reliable because they don't depend on some of our assumptions. So if you take a good look at our equation, and you realize that the electrons, they cannot escape the galaxy. So they are inside the diffusion zone of our galaxy. There is a maximum radius that they can reach. So that means that you integrate the diffusion equations over a sufficiently large volume. The first term will vanish because there are no escaping electrons or positrons. And what you're left with is something that doesn't depend on diffusion at all. So you get an equation that describes the number of electrons inside the volume or the number density of these electrons as a function of the source or the density of dark matter inside the cloud. And in the end, for the step that I'm not going to go into details in my slide, so you integrate that and you get a formula that resembles the flux formula that people use when they study the prompt emission of gamma rays from dark matter annihilation. Six, the formula, it looks exactly the same, which is not a surprise because we are dealing here with electromagnetic radiation as well. And the only difference is that instead of talking about the particle yield or the gamma ray yield of annihilation, we will talk about some radio yield or radio energy yield of this emission. In the paper, you can find a formula for this yield. And this is a formula you can apply to several cases, but you should always be careful when you apply it. So the central motivation is that the cloud is inside a larger volume where the electrons can propagate and at some point, the diffusion, the typical diffusion length, they reach that point where they cannot escape. I mean, the trapping volume is inside the observation volume. So that's what you should keep in mind when applying this formula. OK, I'm going to go through the ingredient that you cannot get rid of. So the energy losses, of course, when you compute the fluxes, you will have a result that depends on how the particles, how these electrons and positrons lose their energies while propagating. And so basically, when you use parameters, electron density, magnetic field, and also you need to use the CMB density, you realize that the interactions that yield to energy losses are you can, they are dominated by signature radiations or inverse components scattering depending on how strong the magnetic field is for high energies and for smaller energies, 1 GB as a reference value. So it's Coulomb interactions, the ones that will dominate. So we take that into account in our analysis. So now that we discussed the propagation, we are finally at the third stage in our analysis. I repeat, wind particles, dark matter particles, annihilate that create positrons and electrons, among many other things. This propagate in the turbulent magnetic field and the third stage, while they're propagating, they're emitting central turn radiation. The spectrum of a single electron or positron looks like the picture you have on the right-hand side, where this universal function that describes it and that is really flat at low frequencies, and then it has a cut-off. So once you have a spectrum for a single particle, you have the number density of electrons for every energy. You just integrate that, and then you get basically the flux. And well, from this slide, what you should keep in mind is the dependence of the frequency on both the energy and the magnetic field. That would be interesting in the next few slides, because now I can plot my results. So, well, this blue should have come as a surprise, but anyways. So these are our predictions. I emphasize these are very robust predictions, because they don't depend on the model you take on the propagation. So the spectra, if you integrate, so you take a signal to a big opening angle, you will get a spectrum that looks like the one we are showing here. And in our results, you see that there is a cut-off that we already predicted. And this cut-off is proportional to the square of the tag matter mass. And OK, I can go on. Now, we can use these predictions to get some constraints. But in order to do that, we need data, right? So what we did was, OK, we have an image of the Smith cloud. This image is in that frequency, 1.4 gigahertz. We have that image. And this image has a noise. And people who made that image, they report a noise level, a medium value of that. Well, we can compare our signal to that. So we assume that the tag matter is a conservative assumption. It's responsible for the noise. I mean, it was not observed, so it's below the noise. So it's kind of an argument here. However, you should be aware that it's not the optimal choice, because if you look at the blue lines, you see, for instance here, that the signal is several orders of magnitude suppressed respect to the maximum value you can get in a radio experiment. But still, so we use this data point to get some results. But before showing our limits, we got using that. Let me say a few words about the morphology. Because in this study, we could have stick to the formula, which is quite robust and everything. But we were also interested in knowing how the signal would look like if you find that tag matter by looking at the Smith cloud. So basically, the signal is featureless. And for the important aspect of our predictions is that it's universal or approximately universal. So it doesn't depend on the tag matter profile you use. Actually, the physical length scale will be the Sino-Basque variable, or the square root of this variable that I mentioned before. This will take over the meaning of a length scale. So you can actually even take a delta for the tag matter profile. And that won't change the results drastically. So this is, on the one hand, not very illuminating. Because it doesn't have any features. So you cannot constrain anything. You cannot constrain the mass function of the tag matter. But on the other hand, it's advantage. Because now you only need one length per meter instead of several. And of course, now this Sino-Basque variable, as I showed before, depends on the diffusion. So depending on your diffusion model, the shape of the signal will be different. So that's why we plot here the signal, the tag matter signal. So how it depends on the angle for several assumptions on the normalization of the diffusion coefficient. If you assume that the diffusion behaves like a power-loan energy, being the exponent of one-third. OK. And well, here they are. So if you take our results, and you trust on them, and you compare them to the noise level of the 21 centimeter image of the cloud, then you get this. So you get limits that are comparable to the ones of gamma rays and the electronic channels. So for instance, this green and dot dash and the blue dash lines, these are the limits that gamma ray people have manned. For instance, obtained a few years ago using the Fermilab data. And while these are our limits, so of course in the electronic channels, they don't compete with you guys. But in the electronic channels, so at some points in mass, we get improvements. And you wonder what is the physical meaning of this? Why there is a way for masses below 10 GB, our limits, stop being useful? And the reason is quite simple. Because of what I mentioned here, first, the cutoff frequency is proportional to the mass. So if you go to smaller masses, then the cutoff frequency is shifted to the left until the frequency we consider is goes beyond the cutoff. So what we are seeing in our limits here for masses that are smaller than 10 GB is that the frequency consider is above the cutoff frequency, and that makes the analysis basically useless. So alternatives, of course, you want to look at lower frequencies. And we have an ongoing experiment in the observatory called LOFA, the low frequency array. And while these guys, they might get the constraints I'm showing here. So these are the same channels as before. And the left hand side, so I'm showing LOFA, they have two types of antennas, the low band antennas and the high band antennas. So it took the sensitivities of LOFA for the frequencies I'm showing there, and basically took my predictions and compared them to the sensitivities of LOFA. And what you get is that for the frequency, 16 megahertz frequency, so the limits are better than the ones I showed before. But they are not, if you compare them to the ones of using the 21 centimeter line, they are not that better, but not that better. Here, I'm again showing the, I'm comparing actually to the limits I obtained before. However, the, sorry, I did something here. OK. In the intermediate frequency, one is still low, so compared to the, this is one order of magnitude smaller than the 21 centimeter frequency. So you get really limits that are way better in comparison to the ones. So this is the, this black line is the one that LOFA can achieve, in comparison to the one that you get with the 21 centimeter frequency. And this is for the BB channel, and so you see a great improvement. So the next step would be to try to convince people in LOFA to look at the Smith cloud in the high band antenna using, because, well, I've already had some feedback from you. Of course, from LOFA people, they say, like the lower you go to the frequency, it's more challenging. And so our prediction say that if you go too low, then the signal won't be that, the improvement won't be that great. So they would be happy to hear that they should go to their relatively high frequency range when looking at that target. So I think that's good news. And I'm basically done, because I cannot move to the next. OK. Basically done, because I'm going to go to the conclusions. And my conclusions, well, are reasons. We've seen that there are strong reasons to believe that this cloud is supported by dark matter. So the longer the time goes, the more arguments supporting this idea are available. That makes it a promising target for indirect panel detection. As I say, I would like to say that the dark matter phenomenology of Smith-Cloud using radio messengers is quite simple. Of course, that's a strong statement. But if you use our formalism and if you're convinced that it's reasonable to assume that the electrons and positrons won't escape the galaxy, then you might use it. And yeah, just by looking at the spectrum, how it looks like, you realize that low frequencies are the best range of low frequency. Then it's better suited for dark matter searches using radio waves. As an application, we use the 21 centimeter image of the cloud. And we were able to obtain decent constraints. But of course, low frequency experiments, observatories, rays, or whatever you want to call them, will be better suited for dark matter searches using radio waves. And of course, if you are able to collect, because low far, they can collect several frequencies. So the more frequencies, more images you can collect of Smith-Cloud at different frequencies, the more you can constrain it. And that's part of what I'm working on at the moment. And well, thank you very much for your attention. Thank you very much, Martin. So it was a very interesting talk. So I guess we can start with the questions. But before, I was just to remind the people that if you want to make a question, you can use the Q and A system. Well, I think Robert is gone. Yes, I think, well, Robert is gone. Now he's gone. He's really gone. Hi, Roberto Calle here. Well, in any case, well, we can go to the question, because Roberto made many questions here. I can read for you, Martin. OK. Well, the first question is if the Smith-Cloud is similar to the Bullet Cluster case. OK, sorry, guys. I have a problem with my computer. It's crashing. I already asked your first question, Roberto. OK, great. Great, great, great. OK, that there is similarities among the Smith-Cloud and the Bullet Cluster. I have this. The first question is because in the sense of, I mean, I did the question in the Q and A. So I wanted to ask you what is the similarity, because as you said, in order to the Smith-Cloud to survive requires that matter. And in some sense, the Bullet Cluster also the only way to explain it is to have dark matter in the case is following the. So in the sense, is there is kind of, for instance, for the Bullet Cluster, it's like a proof of dark. Maybe there is a kind of dark matter, but not modified gravity. In the case of the Smith-Cloud, is something similar? Right, that's a good question. No, so there is still offers of all this in this literature about the Smith-Cloud being supported by a dark matter halo. They still don't make strong statements. No, they say it's a claim that there are reasons to believe, but that is not strictly true that the cloud is. So it's an idea that has been evolving in the last 10 years or so. And well, there are every day more arguments, but I don't think you can compare it to the Bullet Cluster in the sense that you see the image, and then you see the lensing. And it's really obvious that there should be dark matter. And a modified gravity explanation of the cloud, you haven't seen. There are other explain explanations, of course, that the cloud is highly magnetized, and that explains why it came through or not actually an expert on the topic. But usually, alternative explanations are more based on other variables than the mass content of the cloud. OK, thank you. So I'm going to add another question. If my computer is not fully crashing again. I don't know if there are people in the audience, I mean like Hermano or Federico, if they have questions, you can do it now. Otherwise. I have a following question from the answer. It goes, well, there's a reason to think that the Smith cloud is a dark matter subhalo, is that it should be of an extragalactic origin. But I remember there was a paper measuring the metallicity of the Smith cloud. It was very high metallicity. And I think it plays against extragalactic origin of the cloud. Because if you have a high metallicity in the cloud, it should be galactic. But there were other problems. Like, well, it's very massive. It's difficult to explain. But I don't know if you take a look to those metallicity problems. Yeah, they mentioned it, especially in this, because the last reference, the MHT simulation I was talking about was already a few months ago. So it was really fresh. And they, of course, mentioned all these possible explanations. But to be honest, I don't remember the arguments against this cloud being of extragalactic origin. So it's usually believed that this cloud has been around for a while, and that it already went through the galactic disk and survived. That's the argument. So that it survived and now means that it should be of dark matter, which is this image, or drawing, let's say. Exactly that. Yeah, then I see your question, the Haslam map. Of course, there is this data. But you cannot resolve the cloud. So the cloud, if you want to see the cloud, you have to either go to the 21 centimeter, a bit shifted, because the cloud is moving at a certain speed, and the Lyman alpha. So from the 21 centimeter, you can learn something about the amount of neutral hydrogen and from the second Lyman alpha, you can quantify the amount of ionized hydrogen inside the cloud. And there were these studies of the nitrogen lines and the sulfur line. That's how people can learn about the metallicity of the cloud. And yeah, right. Does this answer your question? About the Haslam map, so second one. Yeah, yeah, yeah. OK. So I have more questions. I don't know if you're ready, because I have this probably with the computer now. But anyway, one that was about, have you are saying the prospect with low-far by why not with SQA? Yeah, SQA, for those who don't know, SQA is a project. So it's not existing yet. It's per kilometer array. It will be done probably in 10 years. I'm not sure, but a future experiment. And low-far is ongoing. So that's why we decided to show the limits that you get using low-far in order to motivate people in the collaboration to spend a few hours. And yeah, some main powers and these students starting this target. And the SQA, they will perform better, of course. But yeah, to be honest, I don't have any projections, any plots like the ones I show. Today, I don't have for SQA, maybe for next time, in 10 years. Yeah, when SQA is going to be almost ready. So because you were saying that one of the particularities of the Smith Cloud is gas, it's neutralizer and stuff. So in this case of the weather matter, it wouldn't be also interesting to watch, to observe the X-ray emission of the cloud if it is possible to observe. Maybe it's too small to resolve. Well, I think these nitrogen lines, and if they are already in the X-ray, I think some of them yeah, should well. I would expect that the weather matter would, if the electron had sufficiently high energy, it would radiate not synchrotron, but in brainstorming with the gas and also if there are protons or ions or whatever. Also, it would have some signature in the X-ray band. Yeah, that's an interesting possibility. But yeah, we haven't get the thought of that. Yeah, really, yes. So I guess, I mean, from my side, the last one is just curiosity. Do you know if there are other type of clouds, like the Smith Cloud, or is it just? Yeah, there are. This is a research field, so there are many other. But the Smith Cloud, what makes it special is that it's close, only 12 or so kilopasses away from the solar system. And that, well, you can actually make the drones like the ones that are in my image so that you can constrain the orbit. And well, there is strong arguments on the dark matter content of the cloud. So that's what makes this Smith Cloud more special than the others. OK, so I don't know. If the, I think, thank you for the answer. But I think I don't know if it's because I'm afraid to see the Q&A because I don't want to crash the system. But anyway, but I guess there are no more questions. No, no more. OK, so I guess we can close this webinar. So thank you, Martin, for your webinar. That was very interesting. And for all the people that are watching now the transmission, let's tell them that you can subscribe to this YouTube channel and continue following very hot topics in physics and astrophysical physics. And I hope to see you again in the next webinar that is in two weeks more. So see you to all. I hope you enjoy it. Bye.


We will all recall the flooding that took place this spring along the watersheds of the Bonnish Air, Matawask and Ottawa rivers. In fact, my riding was the first to be recognized for eligibility under the Disaster Recovery Assistance Program. While the program covers overland flooding, it does not cover erosion as a result of high water levels. The Indian and Musgrat rivers experience significant landslides as a result of the high water undermining their banks. The landslides resulted in some homes being condemned and many more being threatened. Because the provincial program does not cover erosion, Minister Morrow directed us to apply to the Federal National Disaster Mitigation Program. Working together with the landslide victims, the City of Pembroke and our federal member of parliament, an application has been submitted. Both the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry have been most helpful in preparing this application. We're hopeful it will be successful. But if not, what then? This problem requires more resources than either the homeowners or the City of Pembroke could possibly provide. It cannot be left unresolved. Further erosion would result in more people having to leave their homes or possibly even seeing them slide into the river. While I appreciate the efforts of both Ministers Morrow and McGarry, we cannot forget these people and the threat they are facing. If this application is not successful, I do hope that the provincial government will find some way to help these people deal with the terrible situation they are facing. Thank you, Speaker. Thank you. Further members, a statement of the member from Parkdale High Park. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. I rise today in support of the striking faculty, both part-time, sessional contract and full-time of our community colleges. This is a historic moment. It really is a watershed moment in post-secondary education. Because if they do not get their demands met, we can look at the erosion and the privatisation of our public school system at the post-secondary level. Let me tell you what is at stake here. 81% of the teachers in our community colleges now are part-time, sessional or contract. Only 19% are full-time faculty. Those part-time people at 81% most of them have no job security at all. Many of them have no benefits. A lot of them make approximately minimum wage because they are paid only for the time in the classroom.  The difference would only be $300 million for the college system, which, by the way, Mr. Speaker, is much less than they have in surplus, so they can afford pay for equal work. By the way, this government is complicit because the Ontario College Council will not even meet. They won't even come to the table with the strikers. And again, this government is complicit. If they support the principle of equal pay for equal work, they should support it for everyone, including their own employees. Thank you. Thank you. Further member's statement? The member from Brampton Springdale, I believe. Thank you. Mr. Speaker, over 200 community leaders gathered at the Courtyard by Marriott and Brampton for the announcement of the United Way Region Appeals 2016 Compact Community Impact. Sonia Boyle, Vice President of Human Resources at GE Canada, delivered the keynote address highlighting the importance of mental health in the workplace. During the event, United Way released a annual community impact report that highlights where donors' dollars were strategically invested last year in Brampton, Caledon and Mississauga to support those who are struggling. The United Way Appeal Region also recognized outstanding partners and dedicated frontline social service staff at this meeting. The United Way Appeal Region also presented Suncore Energy in UPS Canada with the Thanks a Million Award. The Thanks a Million Award recognizes organizations that have raised $1 million or more in support of the United Way in a one-year campaign. A friend and active volunteer, Edna Toth, was presented with the Community Partner Award, the award that is presented to somebody that has led our community to new levels of innovation and impact and appeal. Edna is a tireless anti-poverty advocate. The Biana Family Foundation Awards made possible by the generous donation to Muthin and Ruxha Biana and the Biana Family Foundation are peer-nominated awards that recognized extraordinary contributions made by staff at United Way-funded agencies. The awards have also been given out in Toronto, Calgary, Lower Mainland and York Region. Some of the award winners are Soma Banerjee, Malta Neighborhood Services, Godwin-Dark for Knights Table, Jesse Murray, Nexus Youth Services, Deborah Langbin, Hope 24-7, Alisha Denon, Knights Table, Nirleipa Gil, Punjabi Community Health Services, Sangeeta Rina, Malta Neighborhood Services, Amelie Torres, Vita Center, and Raj Chandra Grah, United Way Appeal Region. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Further member, statement to member from Thornhill. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker, and I'm rising today to speak about the Child Welfare Political Action Committee and today at Queen's Park we have a group including two accomplished young ladies, Jane Kovarikova and Megan Martin, and they're meeting with MPPs and their staff to advocate for better outcomes for youth in care. Included with the group are Paul Berenson, Karina Chan, Christy Dennett, Carleen Joseph, Amelia Mirhar, and Christine Bradley. And I just want to mention, Mr. Speaker, to everybody here that Jane and Megan overcame difficult childhoods, as did many of the others, and have joined forces as part of the Child Welfare Pack. They believe that an evidence-based and outcomes-driven child welfare system is the key to breaking the cycle and ensuring that kids succeed. Speaker, there was a recent study published that states nearly three out of every five homeless youth were part of the child welfare system at some point in their lives, a rate almost 200 times greater than that of the general population, and of those with the history in the child welfare system, almost two of every five respondents eventually aged out of provincial or territorial care, losing access to the sort of support that could have kept them from becoming homeless, the study found. There are unintended consequences and bad outcomes when young people leave care, and I just want to thank the girls for coming to my office earlier, and we had a very interesting discussion, and I really applaud all the work that they're doing. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Further member statements? The member from Tamiskimi, Cochrane. Speaker, as we are all aware, faculty at colleges across Ontario are on strike. The issues are fairly straightforward. The vast majority of the faculty on our part-time contract basis, 81%, precarious part-time work with no benefits. This situation is not conducive to long-term quality education results. Our constituency offices have been contacted by students and their parents. They are worried about losing their semesters and the funds that they have invested in this term, as well as the longer-term opportunity costs if the work stoppage drags on. We have also been contacted by faculty who want to do what they do best, teach. But they are under intense pressure because of their precarious work situation. Emotions are running high, and conditions could quickly deteriorate. I would like to make the legislature aware that on Thursday, a worker manning a picket line in Tamiskimi, Cochrane, was struck by a vehicle which did not stop. The worker was injured, and the OPP is continuing to investigate this incident. The right to strike is an important tool in our collective bargaining process. It is stressful on all sides, but it should never resort to violence. We urge the parties to get back to the bargaining table, and I implore the government to ensure that the funding is in place so that meaningful negotiations can be held. The ultimate goal being that students can continue to receive a quality education provided by faculty that are fairly paid for their work and skills. Thank you, Speaker. Thank you for the member, same as the member from Eglinton, Lawrence. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. I just want to pay tribute to a constituent of mine, Ross Skeen. Ross was a most talented actor, musician, and music teacher. Skeen and his wife, Glendiskeen, were responsible for saving a heritage apartment building in the young Lawrence area, one Chariton Avenue, with their own hard work and dedication. Ross was a protégé of one of Toronto's theatre greats, George Luscombe, of the Toronto Workshop Productions, and he did every job there at Toronto Workshop and was an incredibly dedicated theatre person and, as I said, music teacher. He taught the guitar and drums to countless young people in North Toronto for years, and he was an exceptional tenant advocate. He really was one of the champions of tenants' rights for many years in North Toronto. And he was also involved with Neighborhood Watch. He was helping seniors constantly get their food and everything. So Ross was a real local giant. We're going to miss him, and he really contributed above and beyond the call of duty to the City of Toronto and to all his friends and neighbors. Rest in peace, Ross. Thank you. We'll remember, same as the member from Kitchener, Conestoga. Yes, thank you, Speaker. Today I stand to offer heartfelt congratulations to all those across Ontario who are taking part in fall convocation ceremonies at universities and colleges right across our province. Just like the bright colours beginning to turn in celebration of another season, convocation ceremonies mark the successful finale to an intense and sometimes difficult journey as dedicated students look toward the next steps for a brighter future. Speaker, given the significant challenges for many who are blessed with the opportunity to build their skills and knowledge through a post-secondary education, it is truly a special and proud accomplishment to be able to step forward with a diploma or degree in hand on the convocation stage. Often those challenges can only be overcome through the ongoing sacrifice and backing of family, friends and colleagues providing an essential support network to help lift us to that next level, that next goal of graduation. And so, Speaker, I again, I want to congratulate all who realise that goal this convocation season and those who I was honoured to join at War Memorial Hall at the University of Guelph as we received our Masters in Leadership from the School of Business and Economics. I especially want to thank all of my MA classmates, congratulate them of course, who I had many late night Skype chats for group assignments and other activities over the course of the two years. I want to thank our university professors, of course my family, my staff, friends, colleagues and family. Speaker, learning is truly a lifelong journey, and I thank all of those who help us take those next steps. Thank you, Speaker, for your time. Thank you. Further member? Statements to the member from Ottawa Centre. Speaker, today's speaker, the Governor of Quebec, is releasing its guidelines for Bill 62. In releasing these guidelines, it's using security and communications as justification. Bill 62 violates the basic rights of Muslim women who wear the knee-cab or burqa in Quebec. It is unacceptable that these women will be forced to choose between accessing important public services like healthcare, education and public transit, and the freedom to express themselves. It is fundamentally wrong to violate their basic charter rights of freedom of expression and religion. A dangerous slippery slope has been embarked upon singling out women who are already vulnerable targets to bullying and xenophobia. It is a law that discriminates. It is a law that diminishes the right to freedom of expression and religion that we all cherish. Last week, all members of this legislature voted unanimously to condemn Bill 62. Our work is not done. We all must continue to speak out in this legislature and in our communities against this legislation and all forms of discrimination. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Further members? Statements to the member from Huron, Bruce. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Today, I'd like to share some messages that I received via postcards from people around the Walkerton community, including Mildmay, Formosa, Teaswater and Chepstow. They came to me to talk about a portable housing benefit. A portable housing benefit would index rental costs to income to ensure that rent does not exceed 30% of OW or ODSP or their working poor's income. These postcards were forwarded on to me by the Walkerton and District Food Bank, and I think the messages were quite powerful. Merida wrote, people shouldn't have to choose between rent and food. Dorothy wrote that such a benefit would allow those needing affordable housing more resources for food, hydro clothing, transportation and other necessities and, most importantly, more independence. Mayor Ann said, in my work with the local food bank, I see people who are living in unaffordable housing, which takes most of their income, hence the need to use our food bank. A portable housing benefit would be great. Terese wrote that she was a person many years ago that needed this program and it's a struggle. So, Speaker, I want to let the minister know that I will be sending the full package of postcards onto him, and I hope he will consider these people's messages when developing housing policy in Ontario. Thank you very much. Thank you. I'd like to call upon the Minister of Economic Development and Growth for a point of order. Just have a series of introductions, Mr. Speaker, and I'll go as quickly as I can, but I want to thank a number of guests that are here to hear a statement that we'll be making later on. Jennifer Canham from the Westin Foundation, Gloria Razler, Friends of the Rouge Water Shed, Greg Grafam, Director of UTSC, University of Toronto Scarborough Campus, The Hub, and a number of UTSC students, Caitlyn Chow, Derek Etherton, Alex Kavanaugh, Dane Reed, Brian Oh. We also have Heather Rigby from Land Over Landings, Anna Bay-Bazio from Wildlands League, Peter Kendall, Earth Rangers, Boris Asyev, Park Bus Initiative, Serena and David Lauri from Rouge Valley Foundation. I hope I got them all, Mr. Speaker, and I want to thank them for joining us today and for their very strong leadership. Glad you're with us. Reports by committees.


I'm a little nervous. I got the kick of destiny this Sunday third quarter the first Super Bowl live commercial ever. My heart is already beating fast. I need to make this kick for America. The best piece of advice I have gotten for the preparation of this kick was from Adam Vinatieri. Keep that toe pointed facing towards the ground and foul through. I've seen some significant gains throughout my training.  It's been ripping my pants. I have also seen gains on my make percentage. It was about 20% when I started and I'm about 70% now. I do have a little bit of a celebration plan. I am definitely going to find that ball and I'm going to grunt spike that ball all the way to the moon. My pre-kick meal is going to be a peanut butter and jelly. That was always my ritual. So it's going to be peanut butter and jelly once again. They all told me best of luck and that you're going to sink it grunt. You're going to make that kick for America. I have to make this kick or else I might not be able to go out in public. That's what's on the lines is if I'm allowed in the public ever again.


Thank you. Thank you. Really, really great to be here. And of course, fantastic to be following Andrew and his presentation. So I'm going to talk about 5G and why cloud native is essential for 5G. We saw in the video earlier that 5G is happening now. We're actually from Ericsson. We have 17 commercial contracts for 5G. We're rolling out 5G as we speak now, NSA. Q3 this year, we're also deploying 5G standalone. So definitely happening now. And we also heard this presentation a little bit earlier here. 5G, it's use case driven. It will start in the enhanced mobile broadband. So we will, 5G brings the possibility of lower the cost of delivering one bit to a 10th. So 10 times cheaper to deliver data over 5G compared to 4G. So that's why it's really, really important. We hear about the data volumes going up. So it needs to be cheaper to deliver the mobile broadband and the increased capacity in that. And 5G is there to support that. But on top of that, and I think that's why I'm also going to talk about cloud native and why that's important. On top of the enhanced mobile broadband, we see two types of use cases, use groups of use cases. Massive machine type of communication. So utilizing a lot of different sensors, supporting smart metering, smart agriculture, logistics, et cetera. But also critical MTC. And I think that's even more interesting maybe, where we see that 5G will support ultra-reliable, low latency communication, very complex abbreviation there. But still, it will see how these use cases come together around industry control applications, as well as autonomous driving, traffic control, remote training, even remote surgery. I think maybe we're not going to build 5G for remote surgery. But still, I think we did a very great demo at the Mobile World Congress together with China Mobile around remote surgery. And I think we will see use cases there as well. And this is, I think, also a great opportunity that we see in the industry now to really build on top of 5G. 5G is not just another G. It's actually enhancing and enabling new applications on top of the mobile broadband. If we've seen that the business development on top of 4G has been primarily over the top, I think we see that coming together in 5G with edge, with exposure, with the right speed, and the low latency, we will be able to build completely new use cases on top of 5G. And that's going to be a very interesting evolution over the coming years. But I'm not here really to talk about 5G. I'm here to talk about why 5G needs cloud native. And I think it's coming back to all of these use cases. Coming back to why we need the possibility to really, really quickly roll out, to shorten the time to market for our functionality. So to really be able to quickly deploy new functionality, to quickly upgrade functionality. It's also important that we can scale the software that we deploy. So cloud native will help us there as well. We need to be able to scale down, to deploy on edges. We need to scale up to manage the increased capacity. And to do that, very simply, very fast. And also there, we see cloud native and containers and microservices really coming in to help. Efficient operations. We will see a larger set of use cases, a larger complexity actually in the network. And the only way we can manage that is through automation. Also here, we see cloud native with the simplicity that that brings really helps us in deploying that. And then, of course, finally, performance and capacity. It's really with the speed that is needed, with the capacity that is needed, we cannot lose anything. We need to have the lowest possible overhead. And we will get that with cloud native and containers. So 5G is super important. And cloud native is really, really essential for network applications. And in Ericsson, we have realized that. So we have gone all in on cloud native. All our 5G network applications, network functions, are cloud native from start. And we do that across the complete portfolio. So not only the 5G network functions, but also into OSS, into BSS, into communication services. And we see this as a big transformation of how we develop code and how we develop our applications. So we created a number of design principles that we are applying to all our development. Of course, cloud native, you can only do that by running in containers. And of course, you need to be built on microservices architecture, otherwise you will not be able to realize the benefits with cloud native. On top of that, we put another five critical design principles in place. Agnosticity, we will need to run our network applications on any Kubernetes infrastructure. We cannot build telco unique. We cannot build special functions or require special functions. We know that our cloud native applications will be deployed in multiple different ways across both edge central telco clouds and even public clouds. So definitely, agnosticity is super important. Decomposed software, we need to be able to decompose. We need to decompose our softwares into microservices. To have stable interfaces, independent lifecycle management is also depending on the decomposition of the software. Application resiliency, we have a long tradition in telco to build 1 plus 1 to rely a lot on hardware resiliency, et cetera. That's not going to work in a cloud native world. We need to both strengthen how we build the applications around resiliency, also push down into the cloud infrastructure and really to rely on the cloud native principles that handle the resiliency. We talk about herding cattles instead of herding cats. Then state optimized design. Stateless design comes with cloud native. We need to separate state and business code. But we also need to handle the states different. Not all states are equal. Some are just updated maybe once a month. Others are updated every microsecond. So some of the states needs to be kept very close to business logic, while other states can be separated and handled in a longer way from the code. And then finally, orchestration and automation. I think we see also here a super important part to manage the complexity that we see coming in with the 5G applications and all those different use cases. So to really utilize and build out the orchestration to manage cloud native applications as well as the infrastructure. So these design principles we put in place and we drive them across our complete development. Then I'm now almost echoing Andrea here. So we see that if cloud native is really the essential for 5G, open source is really the enabler to get us there. And Ericsson is a strong proponent of open source. We are strongly engaged in a lot of different communities. So LF networking, of course, own up. To extend own up to manage open source, to manage cloud native, to manage Kubernetes, to be able to manage cloud native applications. That's a very important next step. We also see LF Edge and the Crino, of course, to we extend 5G into the edges. We extend the network applications into the edge to really manage and handle the low latency that is required. Or the specific enterprise use cases, et cetera. So of course, a Crino and LF Edge is an important part of creating an open ecosystem around that edge infrastructure. Cloud native computing foundation, of course, and Kubernetes and all the tool sets around Kubernetes. That's really, really important for us. Then we talked about automation orchestration. And we know that we cannot get there. We're not going to get the efficiency, the reduced OPEX, the lower manpower needed to run these systems without AI and automation. And then we see deep learning combined with own up. And the orchestration parts are very, very important. Also, Airships plays a role here from a lifecycle management. And we are aiming to see how we can get the lifecycle management of Airship and lifecycle management of CNCF coming together in a good way. So open source is definitely really, really important. And I can just echo Andrea to say that we are here because we believe in open source. We are engaging, of course, we believe in open source. And the momentum that creates the flexibility and the energy that creates into the software development and into our products. Now I talked a lot about the cloud native applications and the importance to look at that. But that's not enough. It's not enough to do these design principles and develop our applications to be cloud native, to be based on microservices, to run in containers. It's not enough. You need to take a holistic view and look at the complete infrastructure, the complete package. So of course, we need to run on any infrastructure, on bare metal, on edge, in central clouds, public clouds, to be able to run on any infrastructure. We need a CNCF-based platform. We need to develop our applications to be cloud native. And we need an orchestration and automation tool suite that can handle a container as a service infrastructure and cloud native network functions. So when you as an operator, or when you as an organization that are going to deploy cloud native applications, it's not enough that you say that, OK, I buy a cloud native application. You actually need to look at your complete infrastructure, at your complete stack, and say, do I have all the supports in all the different stages and all the different layers of this stack to be able to really support the efficiency, the flexibility, the upgrade speeds, et cetera? Otherwise, you will not succeed. You will not get the benefits out of cloud native if you don't take a look at your complete stack and take a look at exactly how you don't do it. But even that is not enough. We also need to look at the complete way of working and operations. We see that if you want to upgrade, if you build in the flexibility to do an upgrade of an individual microservices in a few seconds, then, of course, you cannot have an upgrade schedule of once a year. You lose the complete meaning of that flexibility of that time to market. So if you don't really look into how you can have a complete continuous integration, continuous deployment, delivery, staging, all the way between your vendor and yourself as an operator, and even close that loop back so you can bring data back from your installations to your vendor for to enable the vendor to really learn what's going on outside in the deployments in the real operations. If you don't do that, if you don't upgrade your process to support a more frequent upgrade, then you will lose the benefits of Cloud Native. We see that Ericsson sees that when we engage with operators and do, so we have examples where we basically deploy production software into production systems every third week. And we see the benefits. We're reducing the upgrade times from a number of many, several days into maybe half a day. And we also see that we can create a DevOps schedule between us and our customers so that we have a closed loop, not only on the data we bring back, but also on functionality. And we can engage on a completely different level. So I think this is a call to say that you cannot only look at your stack. You also need to look at your way of working and your operations. And you need to rethink, basically, your organization, your operations, your processes, your way of working to really get the benefits out of Cloud Native. Right, so lots of slides, a lot of words. So is there anything real behind? And yes, there is. As I said, Ericsson is going full in on developing our 5G nodes, Cloud Native. I also said that we are rolling it out this year. And that means that it's ready, it's in our labs, it's in our customer labs, in our customer networks. I'm there, so I'm happy to invite one of my experts, Thomas Zeros, who's an expert in Cloud Native architecture and Cloud Native implementations. And he's going to show you a demo here of how we do in-service upgrade of our MME node in container orchestrated environment. Thank you, Anders. So just before you thought you were going to see a demonstration, you're going to see some slides first. Let me introduce you to our humble dual-mode 5G Cloud Core. Actually, this should have been called the dual-mode 5G Cloud Native Core, because everything that you see on the screen is Cloud Native fully to full extent. And as you see, these are the network functions that make up the dual-mode 5G Cloud Core. It's dual-mode because it does 4G and 5G. And as you see, the light green boxes are the network functions defined for evolved packet core, doing the 4G functionality. And the dark blue boxes do the 5G core network functions specified by 3GPP. So what we are going to show you today is how we take MME, which stands for Mobility Management Entity, within this dual-mode core, which is fully Cloud Native, runs on Kubernetes, and take the business logic part of this network function and upgrade it fully using Kubernetes facilities. So this MME, yes. So this MME instance that you're going to see here, basically, we only upgrade the business logic. And it runs on three microservices, three instances of the same pod. It roughly takes up around 0.15 vCPUs. So it's very lightweight. And it will handle around 7,500 simultaneously attached users. So I think in itself, it's a great example of how small can you scale with Cloud Native, but at the same time, how powerful can you be. Then this application is orchestrated fully by Kubernetes. And we're going to ask Kubernetes to do the upgrade for us and then watch the results and, of course, check the KPIs if everything is going right. So I'd like to ask my kind friends to roll the demonstration. And I'm going to talk you through it. On the video, on the right-hand side, you basically see the standard Kubernetes dashboard. And on the left-hand side, you see our little user interface that shows the traffic that is being handled by the MME. And as you see, there are three instances of the same pod with the version one of the software already running on the system. So we start the upgrade by actually associating these pods with a new image. We change the image. And once that is done and we refresh the dashboard, we see that the version has changed to version two. None of the software currently running is using this image. For it to be run, we need to ask Kubernetes to upgrade the pods, which are basically done by restarting them one by one. And since the business logic is fully stateless, that we can do without any end user impact. So as you see, we initiated the upgrade for the first pod. Actually, it's going to be CP2 control plane 2, pod that is going to be upgraded. And you will see on the user interface, when it turns green, it will already be running the new software. There you go. Now, this is typically the point where we stop for a second, check the KPIs, verify that the software is running as it intended to. And once we have done all the manual steps or once all the automated tests have been run, which is more likely the case, then we can ask Kubernetes to proceed for the rest of the pods and restart them sequentially. Actually, since this is a fully stateless business logic, we could just restart everything at the same time. But that would mean that would be some traffic outage, which we don't want. But obviously, if we have more than three pod instances, let's say if we have 50, then we could do the upgrade in greater steps if we wanted. So the last phase of the upgrade is when we ask the system to actually replace all the pods and restart them with the new software that has been associated with this pod. And once that is completed, the whole system, the whole MMA business logic is now will be upgraded to the new software level and will continue handling traffic forever. So that basically concludes our demonstration. As you see, the pods are running and the uptime is increasing as we go along. I'd like to get back to one issue first that I think Andes mentioned before. And it's the three things that we need to have to get the two cloud native benefits. It's the way of working, it's the application, and it's the cloud infrastructure. And there is one area which sort of spans across all of these. And an area where we see that we need to address the current state of things and we need to call your help in doing that. And that is networking. As of today, the networking mechanism, protocols, solutions that we use in telco networks are typically ones which we started using when we had monolithic nodes running on dedicated hardware. And since then, we have created cloud, we have evolved the cloud, we have created cloud native applications, but we are still using the same protocols, the same mechanisms, and the same solutions. So in many cases, we use layer 2 connectivity for things which we're using standard Kubernetes networking in layer 3. So this is a little bit for a call for action for vendors and operators and everyone who is working with open source, because we see open source as the best tool to push through this change, to look through these networking use cases and see which kind of traffic, which sort of old protocols do we need to evolve? Do we need to get rid of? How do we move traffic towards layer 3 plus kind of environments and solutions in the cloud? And of course, there will be things which will need extreme packet throughput and which might need layer 2 connectivity. There we need to see how we improve the ecosystem and how we work together with, for example, hardware acceleration technologies like SmartNICS and make the cloud better so it can better execute our mobile broadband, our IoT use cases, and everything that 5G has to bring. So with that, I ask Anders to conclude our keynote speech. Thank you very much, Thomas, great demo. So basically, my time is running out. So I'm going to summarize this. 5G is happening now. It's not something next year. It's not something in two years. It's happening now. Cloud native is essential to deliver 5G. And finally, open source is super important tool to enable cloud native implementation. Let's work together to iron out the last problems that we see. I think the call for action that Thomas had around networking is something that we work with, something that we help the community work with. And I also would like to get help back from the community to really sort this out. Come with us, visit us in our booth. We'll have a lot more use cases, a lot more demos around cloud native, around our own app-based OSS, et cetera. So please come and visit us. Thank you very much.


Hey there friends! How's it going? My name is Kevin and this video is sponsored by Dead by Daylight. I'm sure you have heard of Dead by Daylight, the popular multiplayer game that pits you and three others against the killer. Or if you're kind of like me, then you might prefer to be in the killer shoes. Well, Dead by Daylight is now on mobile. That's right, it's now on mobile, which means that you can play anywhere and at any time. And what's more, it's free to play. I know. Amazing. It just launched on April 16th with over one million pre-registers, so now is a perfect time to download the game and jump in on your mobile device. It's available to most of the world, including the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, South Asia and Africa. And as you can see on your screen now, the game still has everything that people love about Dead by Daylight. But the game also has had a user interface specifically designed to make the mobile version run smooth as butter and make sure the user experience is just as good as you're used to. If you want to download the game, there will be a link in the description. As I said, it's free, so you got nothing to lose on this one. I just like to thank Dead by Daylight Mobile for sponsoring the video. I really appreciate it. And I want to thank you for watching. It helps out the channel a whole bunch. And yeah, without further ado, enjoy the video. Hey there, friends. How's it going? My name is Kevin and today we're continuing on with our let's play of hardcore Minecraft. I was really disappointed to see that you all hated the last episode, but I said I would go ahead and do another one anyway. Really going to try and win you over here. So the last time we didn't even play for that long. We played for like an hour and we got diamonds from a villager hodge.  Here's diamond. We got a farm from a village and another farm to destroy and we got some furnaces from from village and well, we stole a lot of stuff from the village and we went mining. We are quite lucky and it's off to a glorious start. I've got my little castle where I feel a little bit safe from all the mobs and we're just trying to stay alive. Oh god, I really meant to clear my inventory before I started recording. Oh, you know what? There we go. I just expanded it.  All right, we're going to make some leads since I found slimes the last time, which was also pretty amazing. And I want to build a little farm today before we go much further because I want to start getting a lot of leather and just meat. Gonna need a lot of wood as well to make fences. I don't want to have it right next to my house like I usually do because the cows and sheep and all that just screams of agony while kind of pleasing in a way. It's kind of ASMR. It is a bit annoying. God, I'm just looking at myself and I'm just like, hmm, how many, how many days has my hair cut overdue? Okay, I think I want it to be within my castle walls. So what I'll do is I'll build it out like here and then we'll eventually expand to have it inside the castle wall. There we go. I got a nice little pen. Now we just need to find cows and there's one place I know that has them, the village. Hello cow. Would you like to come with me? He thinks he's being freed, but no, he's being enslaved. You thought you were cramped in there? Wait till the incest comes into play. Oh God. Oh no. Oh no. Something bad has happened to me. Oh Jesus, what's happening? There's a zombie down there, feck off. It was a zombie villager too, but like you're dead. It doesn't really matter if I terrorize the village now. Okay, maybe I might have caused you to die. Like I did steal all of your resources and farmland and everything. You got to say, even though that was terrifying, that hole I fell in looked really cool. There we go. Now, do the thing. Do the thing. I'm going to make myself a bowl for a bit of protection however I can make arrows. So let's just hope the sight of the bowl scares them enough. Oh, look who's come out to play. He's like looking like, they look like me. What are they doing in there? Well, you can join them. You can find out. Oh, come on. Stop playing around. There you go. He struggled. He knew what was happening at the last second. There's horses over there. I need to find a saddle. We're going to go down into the mines and do a bit of exploring. I need more cobble anyway to expand the castle out around that farm. I gotta install some windows as well. Yeah, I like this. This looks really nice. Actually, this works. All right, let's wander outside my castle even though I'm already afraid. Okay, I think I was going to go explore this way. I blocked it off for the time being earlier because I didn't have any armor or anything. Oh God, they're spiders. Okay, I'm regretting this. I'm regretting everything. Where are you? I can hear you. Oh God, it's so dark.  I regret this.  It sounds like he's right on top of me. Oh my God, he was right underneath me. Okay, there is a lot of them. I wonder if there's a spawner. Gonna put those down so I know where to find that if I need it. This is where I blocked off last time because there was monsters. I don't know if it's a good idea to come back here, but I'm here now.  Yeah, and a skeleton.  I really wish I had those arrows. That would be so helpful right now.  Oh my God. I'm just reflecting them all back to him. This is my best strategy, I think. Hoping he'll drop some arrows. This must be so scary for him. Like he only knows one way of attacking and it's just not working. I just realized if I collect a load of iron and then I find some pumpkins, I can have like iron golems in the castle and stuff. I'm gonna make a giant perimeter that they can roam. They're gonna be free-ranged iron golems and they're gonna protect me. Not out of love, but out of fear. This is starting to get a bit spooky again, if I'm gonna be honest with you. The lava just makes it really kind of ominous down there. You don't really know what you're getting yourself into. That sure as hell looks like diamond. Oh, it's all scary though. It's very scary around here, but I think I can get down to it okay. I'm just surveying the area. I don't want to just jump on in there. I'll make a little stairs. This is safe, I think. I sure hope that's diamond. It really looks like it, but everything looks a bit different with this RTX thing on. It's feckin iron, isn't it? Really?  Really? Oh my God. Oh sweet Jesus, that was scary. Oh, that gravel could have been me. I should have a bucket of water with me. I'm just realizing that now that would be a fantastic idea.    Oh God. Oh run away. I'm brave, I swear. Eat my potatoes. Eat my potatoes. That always calms me down. I bit them against each other. Oh, I'm a genius. Speech 100. Oh God, why does this guy not care though? Trying to just walk around. God, the shield is overpowered. There we go. There we go. They both died all from deflecting arrows. That must be so frustrating for them. It reminds me of when you're fighting a boss in a game and he has this attack that always gets you and you can't attack him while he's doing it, but then he swaps the attacks where he's vulnerable, except I don't swap. I'm never vulnerable. And honestly, skeletons were worrying me. I was like, if anything's going to kill me, it's a skeleton, but the shield has made me feel a lot better now. I got coordinates up. Okay, fantastic. Oh, the lighting looks so trippy there. Oh God. Oh God. Oh sweet Jesus. It's the dynamic trio here. Spider Creeper and Skelly. Okay, let me try and ricochet this back. Okay, there we go. It may not be quick, but it gets the job done. There we go. All right, now I'm coming for you. See, you're not as brave when you don't have your friends. Well, actually, no, he's the exact same amount of brave. He just stands there just shooting at me no matter what. Arrows go brrrrr. Is that diamond? I don't think so. I'm just going to dig it up anyway, just in case. No, no, it's not.  I don't know what diamonds look like even though I have a diamond pick. I stole it from a villager, okay? I know what a mugging looks like. I just don't know what diamonds look like. Okay, I remember these stairs because I was happy that back then when I placed those, there was a fleeting moment of happiness where I thought I found diamond. When I get back up to my tunnel, I'm just going to dig. So I was way too high for diamonds. So I'm thinking I might try and go down a bit further. And this will be a good way of gathering some stone too because I really need it to expand the castle a bit. I'm going into lockdown in Minecraft. I at least want the cool place to hang out. Oh god. Oh god. Oh god, I'm drowning. Okay, I found an air pocket. Thank Christ. Nothing makes you feel better after a potential drowning like eating potatoes. A lot of potatoes. Careful, there's lava. I must go onward.  Look at this place. This is insane. An enderman. We should kill him. We will need the ender pearls.  I don't know where he's gone. He's teleported off for some private time, I think. I do the same to be fair. If people were always after my pearls, I'm really hoping diamonds look unique and they don't just, you know, look like this. I keep getting glints like that. See that? It looks like diamond and then you move and it's just like the glint in the water. It keeps trolling me. God, that ravines look really freaking cool with this lighting. Unfortunately, it doesn't look like there's anything here for me. Like there's iron and stuff but nothing that's special. I know what you're thinking. There is something special in this ravine. It's me. You guys. Oh my god, another cave. This place has so much to explore. Like I haven't gone that far. Ah, mushrooms. We can use them for soup. But we will not. We do not like soup on this channel. The anti-soup alliance has found diamond. I was staring with a different sentence but then I just happened to find diamond. I pray to God this is actually diamond though. Okay, I think we need to do something special here. We need to like dig around it to make sure we don't lose it. Is it literally just one piece? I've had this happen to me before and then someone in the comments was like, it's impossible to get one piece but it was literally one piece. It's looking pretty good. We got at least two, which is great because my diamond pick is almost gone. I'm going to come out of this just getting back what I had started with a diamond pick. Okay, good. Yeah, there is at least three. Oh God. Who's coming? Whoever it is. They're slippy and slimy. I can hear them walking around. It's probably just a slippy skeleton. I think that's the best guess. Come on. Give me more. Don't be like that. I'm greasy.  This is a bit nerve-wracking to be honest. Okay, it appears to be three pieces. I don't think we can get any more out of this. Yeah, it's three pieces. Stopfire bad. Lava bad. Still, beggars can't be choosers. I'll take it. That'll get me another diamond pick and plus there'll be no evidence of me having stolen it because the stolen pick will be gone. Oh God, I can see. I can see a creeper. Why don't I have arrows? Come on, jump in. Honestly, it's just warm water. Hop in. He said hop in. There you go. Perfect. Oh yes, some men just like to watch the creepers burn. That's a weird fetish I have. That and eating a copious amount of potatoes. Yep, that's what I get off to. Tis the Irish way after all. Is that more? That's more diamond. I thought it was just a reflection, so I didn't even react, but it is actually more.  Oh yes, it's two. That's enough to make a pick and a sword. I'm not going to screw this up. I'm going to block the water so you can't get away. I'm not taking any chances. There'll be no comedy here. Nothing funny. I just want diamond. I'm a serious minecrafter. Oh God. Oh God, I almost ate my words. Jesus Christ. All right, I think I've done enough mining for one day. This has been good though. I got a lot of what I wanted. I got a lot of cobble and an okay amount of diamond and I'm home and it's daytime. Fantastic.  He's being a bit of a pest. Okay, maybe I'll do it another time. Why can I not hit him? Okay, there we go. Okay, I didn't mean to get in the water with you. I'm not fighting on your home turf. I wonder how I heal the zombie villagers because I think they can give you good stuff. I should look that up for next time or you guys can just tell me. That would be much easier for me. It allows me to be lazy. Oh God, that guy's a golden helmet.   Oh God. Oh God, I haven't slept in a while.  Okay, nightmares. Nightmares just sleep. My whole life is a nightmare. It's got to be stressful having a life where if you die, you're gone for good. Yep, that must be weird.  It's a lot of debt I hear. Getting rid of all the trees around the castle. I need the wood anyway and it just gives creepers places to hide and stuff in the day. I don't want them under here. There. Now that's a bigger wall. Now I need to get a shovel and sort out that dirt because I've literally just made a path for them to enter my castle. Let's see what I mean. They just can walk straight in so this needs to go. Now we light up the walls even though I think it's kind of overkill. I don't think it's really needed but look, it's hardcore and I'm very, very weak. I don't want to take any chances. Fantastic. This is great. This is good. We got a nice little setup here now. We got a little doorway going through the middle into the cows. It's pretty empty right now but that's okay. It will work on it.  Isn't that nice? That must be really cool for you. You must love this. God, that place looks so shitty now. All the blocks glitching out, leaves everywhere, the dirt just cut straight down. Oh wait. Yeah, you can't love anyone. Sorry. I forgot you all. Oh wait. Oh my god. And a shocking turn of events. The one I first got neglected. Oh look at him. He's got a heart over there now but no one to mate with. Poor feckers looking at that torch. Watch out dude. I think he's coming for you. All right. I think that was a pretty successful little run we just had. We got diamond. We expanded the castle so I think we kind of enough room to do everything we want for the time being. I want to go up next time with my house. I want to make it into a bit of a tower. Probably like three stories. Look at all those feckers just wandering around the land like they own the place which they kind of do. I'm kind of the invader here. They all live in harmony. Like you saw the three amigos earlier. The skeleton, the creeper and the spider not attacking each other. I think that is enough for one day. I hope you enjoyed the video. Jim Pickens here is going to get some sleep because well you saw what happens when he doesn't but I do hope you enjoyed. Please do let me know if you did enjoy because I'd love to continue this for hopefully at least a good few episodes before I die. I'm just praying I don't die soon because I'm really really enjoying it. I appreciate you watching as always. I hope you're staying safe and I hope to see you next time. Bye for now.


Okay, let's talk about the drug-misinfluenced tendency. This is a really short one in Charlie's 25 biases, so I can pretty much read this one out. And I quote, this tendency's destructive power is so widely known to be intense with frequent tragic consequences for cognition and the outcome of life that it needs no discussion here to supplement that previously given under the simple pain-avoiding psychological denial. End quote. Now let us talk instead about addiction. Addiction's a very funny thing. There is a big difference between having something as a habit and having something as an addiction. When you have something as a habit, you still can't control your will and stop it. For example, brushing your teeth is a habit, it's not an addiction.  That's because brushing your teeth is a habit, whereas an addiction is something that, despite your efforts to stop, you seem to not be able to, generally with addictions, you need outside support, you need outside help to be able to manage it. It is greater than yourself. It is an elephant on your shoulders. It's something that you have to live with, something that looks over you. That's an addiction. Now, many people develop addictions and it really can be one of the most destructive things that can happen to you because it really warps the way you think. Your focus in life no longer goes towards your goals and your ambition, it goes towards the focal point of your addiction, whether that's cocaine, whether that's alcohol, whether that's pornography, it's always the same thing. The mind plays the same tricks on you, time in and time out. You think about quitting, logically, it makes sense to quit, but emotionally, you cannot. The ties with this drug, whether they be physical or emotional or psychological, are too strong to be broken. The addiction goes hand to hand with pain avoiding psychological denial. We've all heard that story of the junkie who doesn't think that he's a junkie. It's because the mind plays tricks on us. Sometimes the reality is too painful to accept, so we come up with a fairy tale to justify our existence, to justify what we're doing. So a common one is believing that you can quit whenever you want. Many people who are addicted to substances will often tell themselves, oh I can just quit tomorrow, we'll start tomorrow or we'll start next week. One more hit, I'll quit tomorrow and it's not uncommon for them to keep this mantra going on in their head of quit tomorrow, quit tomorrow and if they're not careful they might end up still addicted 10 years or 20 years down the line, still replaying the same old thoughts and never able to actually come to terms with the fact that they are addicted. This is the reason why drugs kill so many people because they don't even know what's going on. They've become trapped, it really messes up your circuitry up there. Another common ploy that the mind plays on the addicted is making the addicted believe that their vice, their downfall, their addiction is actually a positive quality. This is the point in which the stockbroker starts to believe that cocaine has been giving him the edge in dealing with the market. He starts to believe that cocaine has been enhancing his focus and allowing him to see trends in graphs that other people are not able to see. This is the same mental ploy that makes the nicotine addict believe that smoking is actually helping his immune system and helping him become healthier. He has seen hundreds of people in their old age still smoking. He starts to believe that the research about lung cancer is all elaborate hoax from the government to stop people from smoking. This is the point of no return. They start to believe a bunch of other irrational things that people who are not addicted would never believe but because they are addicted and it's self-serving it all starts to make sense to them. So in most cases the only way someone can get rid of the addiction is if they still have enough willpower to identify that they are addicted and to get some help or if other people just step in and help them regardless. Generally no one can quit an addiction by themselves because it tends to get too strong too quickly. Do it! Just do it!


The paper aims to extend the Shannon entropy method for finding weights in multi-attribute decision-making, MADM, problems to handle imprecise data such as interval and fuzzy data. This article was authored by Reza Falani Jad and Farhad Hossian Zeta Latfi.