Good afternoon. Good evening. Good morning everyone. It is a great pleasure to join once again my friend and colleague Fabrizio Hothchild in welcoming you to this fourth in a series of five webinars on global digital cooperation during the COVID-19 crisis. Our strategic partner for today's discussion is UNODC. This week's topic, as you heard from Janghee, is on online safety and security, which is of course extremely pertinent at this time when the world has never been so reliant on digital networks and services. It's also of course very relevant to my own agency, the ITU, which was charged by the World Summit on the Information Society back in 2005 with the responsibility to facilitate efforts in building confidence and security in the use of ICTs. As I remarked on the first of these webinars, digital has really been the hidden hero of this crisis, but of course heightened dependency on digital infrastructure also significantly raises the cost of failure of those networks and platforms. And it also lures a host of bad actors that are seeking to exploit the global emergency. Cyber crime thrives on fear and uncertainty, and some criminals use that fear to penetrate systemic defenses. Cyber attacks that deprive organizations or families of access to their devices, their data or their internet can be devastating and even deadly. In a worst case scenario, a major cyber attack could cause widespread infrastructure failures that would take out entire communities or cities offline at a time when connectivity has never been more important. We have already seen healthcare providers targeted the attack in March on the Bruno University Hospital that forced it to shut down the hospital's entire IT network. We saw the ransomware attack on a British vaccine developer that led to private information being disclosed online. Other criminals are also taking advantage of civil panic to defraud, devising very creative ways to exploit users and technology to access passwords, networks and data, lowering victims to popular topics and online trends. Criminals are using the COVID-19 crisis to launch social engineering attacks like phishing campaigns and more targeted attacks. On one of our earlier dialogues, Vodafone told us that they've seen a spike in phishing traffic of 300% across their networks. Others still use the web to deliberately spread misinformation and in the past few days alone, the coronavirus statistics site, world dominoes and the US Department of Health and Human Services have both been the target of cyber attackers and they have tried to disrupt public access to reliable information. So in a moment we're going to hear from a very special guest who's going to speak about the darkest side of cybercrime and that is child online exploitation and abuse. But for the moment I would once again like to, it gives me enormous pleasure to hand the floor over to Undersecretary Fabrizio Hotzchild, who's going to give us his framing remarks for this discussion. Fabrizio, over to you. I'd like to greet all of you. Thank you so much for joining us again in this important series of webinars and I'd especially like to pass on a warm greeting and my deepest thanks to our very distinguished group of panelists who have been so kind as to give their time to us for this discussion. As Doreen highlighted, our increased online presence has created a huge opportunity for increased online crime and in fact the criminals have outpaced the increased in traffic and have been more diligent. I think there are three areas where they're most active. One is obviously for financial gain through ransomware and other means. Another is simply for disruption and I've had a first hand experience of that in a Zoom hacking event. And the third and perhaps the most pernicious which Doreen alluded to at the end of her remarks is for exploitation and abuse. And I'm afraid that as Doreen also indicated the coronavirus environment has been conducive for this and coronavirus itself has been exploited by those with negative objectives. We've seen this one through targeted attacks on WHO, which has seen a massive increase on attacks on its websites. We've seen attacks on hospitals. And one of the biggest fears is that there could be attacks that would in effect try and derail or slow down or stop attempts at developing medication that could speed up coronavirus cures or even try and disrupt the development of a cure. So that that is one major concern. The other is the coronavirus information is being used as a lure. So people are trying to plant ransomware through coronavirus websites often with false information. And the third area where the environment of coronavirus is being exploited is with regard to the increased and often unsupervised presence of children online, which is providing a very fertile ground for increased efforts at child exploitation and abuse. And that is perhaps the largest concern that deserves further focus. And this happens against a backdrop of where those who want to perpetuate child abuse and exploitation have adapted extremely well to the digital world. And even prior to coronavirus we saw a disproportionate increase in such attacks and that has been furthered through this peculiar environment. So with that, let me hand over to our panelists and we're very, very lucky to have a very distinguished group. So back to you, Doreen. So thank you very much Fabrizio. So ladies and gentlemen, our first speaker today needs no introduction through her longstanding commitment to children's rights. Her tireless work to protect the most vulnerable. She is recognized as a global unifying voice for children. In 1999 she founded World Childhood Foundation to inspire and invest in solutions to prevent violence and sexual abuse of children. Ten years later, together with her husband, His Majesty King Carl Gustaf XVI, she established the Global Childhood Forum to engage in private sector, to get the private sector engaged in children's rights. And she was very quick to recognize the power and the importance of the internet for child safety, engaging in both technical solutions and also last year hosting a very high level round table at the Royal Palace in Stockholm on how to leverage the power of artificial intelligence for child online safety. And I was absolutely honored to have been part of that event. She is a remarkable global advocate and was recently named the Queen of Children and is now my great honor and privilege to introduce to you her Majesty Queen Sylvia of Sweden. Your Majesty, the floor is yours, please. Ladies and gentlemen, it is a true pleasure to join this digital conversation about a topic that is very close to my heart. Online meetings are still fairly new to me, but I'm quickly getting adjusted to new ways of handling life as we all are in this unusual times. COVID-19 has changed the way we live. It has forced many of us to make difficult sacrifices in our personal lives. But it has also given us an opportunity to reflect and focus on what is generally important for us. It gives me hope to see that in the past months, the safety of children has been highlighted more often than usual in the public debate. The COVID-19 response has accentuated the social importance of school and extracurricular activities and the importance of having trusted, caring adults around our children. The current crisis has also intensified and accentuated the value as well as the risks for the online world. We all know that digital solutions have made it possible for us to keep in contact with friends and family despite social distancing, to continue study despite school closures and to spread messages about how to keep children safe. However, we also hear worrying reports about more intense activity on dark net communities for abusers, an increase in grooming attempts and a sharp rise in calls to child help lines. This makes me deeply concerned. I'm truly worried about the long-term effects of this crisis, especially for the children who are already at increased risks. And we know that children most at risk offline are usually the ones that are most at risk also online. We must also remember when we speak about online child sexually abused, that even though the crime is committed online, the perpetrator is not digital and neither is the victim. These children are real and the crimes committed against them may stay on the internet forever. I welcome the joint statements and recommendations made by many of you present in this meeting. The broadband commission COVID agenda for action, the joint technical note on COVID-19, and its implications for protecting children online, as well as the joint call for action to protect children during COVID-19 by several global leaders. Manifest a global joint effort to protect children online. They all provide valuable guidelines for governments, organizations and private companies, especially technology companies and internet service providers. I do want to stress that the heightened risk of online harm for children put a particular responsibility on tech companies and service providers. This is not the time to lessen the priority on children's safety. On the contrary, this is the time to do everything in our power to keep children safe online. The virus knows no borders and online perpetrators respect no borders. Therefore, we need to work together across borders, making sure that the recommendations that have been developed are turned into concrete action is one very good way to start. Whether we are artificial intelligence experts, policymakers or just parents, in these difficult times, it is more important than ever that we all contribute with whatever we do best and most importantly that we do it now. Thank you. Thank you, Your Majesty, and congratulations to you and to World Childhood Foundation for the tremendous and important work that you do. I think your message was very clear. We need to move from recommendations to concrete actions and work together across borders. Thank you so much. Dear colleagues, it is a tragic reality of our world that some people always seek to capitalize on a crisis and we heard from Fabrizio that worldwide organizations are reporting dramatic increases in cyber attacks and cyber crime. We've heard about the surges in fishing, the tens of millions of malware emails detected by Google in just one week, and a doubling of suspected online child exploitation cases reported to the US National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. I suspect we're only seeing the tip of the iceberg with many countries simply lacking the technical and human capacity to track the level of malicious content passing through their networks. These threats are not new, but in today's challenging context, they represent an order of magnitude risk to our society, our economy, and our children. Now, we are playing catch up as Fabrizio mentioned, we're playing catch up with the criminals. So can we envisage a future where we get the upper hand, or where we stamp out cyber crime and online abuse. So I'd like to call now on today's distinguished panelists to give their views. Unfortunately, I will also have to be the timekeeper. Each speaker will have five minutes. At four minutes, I will hold up my yellow card. And at five minutes, I will hold up my red card. And so what we're going to do first is look a bit deeper, focusing on how cyber threats are evolving to take advantage of the COVID crisis. And what are the cyber threats that are specifically targeting children. And our first speaker is Madame Wally. She's the executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. She's also the director general of the UN office in Vienna. She has a wealth of experience having served in a number of high level positions in the Egyptian government. I think she's joining us today from Cairo. Madame Wally, if you could tell us how are cyber threats evolving, taking advantage of COVID-19 crisis, and what are you seeing at UNODC? Please. Thank you Doreen for the introduction and the moderation. Thank you Fabrizio for inviting me, and it's an honor to join this panel with many friends of the UN office on drugs and crime. I would like to thank Her Majesty for her steadfast support to UNODC's work over many, many years, and for her support to children globally. I would like also to share with Her Majesty the deep concern about keeping children safe while online during this crisis. I look forward to having the opportunity to meet all of you and indeed all of our distinguished participants in person when we can do that. I'm also grateful to be joining the Executive Director of Europol in addressing the question of how cyber threats have evolved during the COVID-19. Europol is at the forefront of the law enforcement response to cyber crime and has been monitoring the situation since the start of the current crisis. UNODC is producing a policy brief under the lead of our Secretary General on the impact of COVID-19 on different crime types. Certainly, we have seen the opportunities for cyber criminals expanding as much of daily life has moved online. Online fraud and extortion have grown as home-based work has enlarged the potential victim pool. Fishing emails enable access to critical systems undermining the security of individuals, of organizations, and of governments. Cyber criminals target hospitals and vaccine development labs with ransomware. This increased threat has had a direct and very real impact on vulnerable groups, in particular in developing countries. The Worldwide Web Foundation has written eloquently about how the digital divide harms the unconnected, particularly during COVID, by depriving them of access to information, education, and other vital services. It is a bitter irony that the same groups likely to be on the wrong side of the divide, namely the poor, and most of them are women, are also among the first to be preyed upon by cyber criminals when they get online. Children face ever greater dangers. In just the past few weeks, UNODC staff have supported law enforcement in two countries to investigate the live stream rape of a very young child. One of our partners found that links likely to contain child sexual abuse material on the dark web tripled to over 9,000 from just February to March. There are increasing reports of women and children being groomed and exploited online. The threat is global, it's real, and our responses must be too. At UNODC, we strengthen international cooperation and build the capacity of police prosecutors and judges to fight cyber crime and online child sexual abuse, drawing on our expertise in countering all forms of organized crime, money laundering, and corruption. Governments that we support have brought offenders to justice. Our office has also worked with hundreds of thousands of children, parents, and teachers to help them to understand cyber crime. The role of the school here is extremely important to stay out of harm's way and to reach out for help if they need it. This work is crucial as we have seen so clearly in the COVID crisis, the right information at the right time can save lives. Looking ahead, we are focusing on scaling up partnerships and harnessing technologies to counter crimes against children more effectively, raising awareness of the vulnerabilities of people online, including traditionally vulnerable populations, and educating the public in a targeted way. Expanding the intergovernmental dialogue to increase cooperation and support to build comprehensive capacities and innovate responses in the fight against cyber crime. This panel brings together the very actors we need to help improve global responses and protect children and vulnerable groups better, namely governments, the private sector, civil society, experts, and international organizations. UNODC is here for you and we look forward to strengthening our work with you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much and we look forward to continuing the strong collaboration that we have always had between ITU and UNODC. And thank you for stressing the importance of the role that all stakeholders have in trying to tackle this very serious issue. I would now like to invite our next speaker. We have Catherine DeBold who's the Executive Director of Europol. Catherine, I understand that Europol has been monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cyber crime landscape pretty much since the beginning of the crisis. Can you tell us what are the emerging cyber threats that you're seeing as well as identifying specific cyber threats against children and also how you think that we can tackle them? Catherine, over to you. Thank you. Thank you for the invitation. I would also like to thank your Majesty for the valuable work you do and for their support you give also to the law enforcement community in this area. As the EU law enforcement agency during this crisis, Europol is continuing to support 24-7 the law enforcement community in the fight against organized crime and in the fight against terrorism and this to enhance the security of the European citizens. And as you said, we have been monitoring the situation and analyzing the situation since the beginning of the pandemic. We have seen the past weeks that some types of crime have increased during this period and criminals are using the pandemic as an opportunity to change their business model and to make profit. What we see is not fully unexpected because it is in the nature of organized crime groups to be flexible and to adapt quickly to new situations. As a result of the pandemic and the respective lockdowns, we have all moved online and so did criminals. Cyber criminals, they have been particularly quick in exploiting the situation and the global pandemic has become a cyber security risk with significant numbers of people teleworking often without dated security systems. Our overall assessment is that in the first week of the lockdowns, there was a substantial increase in the volume of malicious cyber activities related to the pandemic, but currently we see that the situation is stabilizing. Fishing campaigns sharply increased and criminal groups were actively recruiting collaborators to maximize the impact of their attacks or schemes. We use it as a crime as a service. Criminal activities, they are carried out by individual criminals or by organized crime groups. And these organized crime groups are largely the same as prior to the crisis, but some have adapted their criminal business model. We see that the dark web continues to host various platforms with attempt to innovate by offering COVID-19 related products. And one of the most worrying aspects are attacks on critical infrastructure and in particular against healthcare institutions. What is really worrying is that there is increased online activity by those seeking child abuse material online. This concern is being made concrete by recent data we received at Europol indicating an increase in the amount of such material being used and being made available on the dark net during this period and increase in accessing illegal websites. Due to the lockdown, especially school closures, some children are more vulnerable. They are left with less supervision and greater online exposure. An offender's attempt to take advantage of isolated children through extortion and sexual coercion. We have launched as Europol prevention campaigns to inform parents and to inform persons responsible for children about possible threats. This is why we should invest in preventive, educational and law enforcement activities to deal with this.  We will only probably know the full impact once reporting centres are again fully active and once children are back in school and can report. However, the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, NECMEC, has registered an enormous increase in reports of suspect child sexual exploitation compared to March 2019. The European Commission is now working on an EU strategy against child sexual exploitation, which will be very important for the law enforcement community in the European Union. Our reliance on digital solutions grow. We see that we have to make more use of our partnership, public and private sector in organisations such as the UN and Europol play an important role. And only together, we are able to make a difference in increasing cyber security and resilience. Thank you. Thank you very much. And indeed, only together can we make a difference in cyber security and resilience. Thank you very much for that and for all of the work that the Europol is doing. Now we're going to shift a little bit and we're going to hear the government perspective. We will look at the scale of cyber threats and how governments can more actively address the threats to secure society. We are going to hear first from Honourable Darshanan Balgobin. He is the Minister for Information Technology, Communication and Innovation in Mauritius. And he will tell us a little bit more about the measures that his country is taking in terms of infrastructure, legislation and policy strategies to help scale in terms of capacity, also tapping into what they're doing in data management and prevention. Minister Balgobin, tell us a little bit about what you're doing and what you see in terms of the scale of the cyber threat, not only in Mauritius, but also across Africa. And how do you think governments can be more proactive in addressing these threats? Minister, the floor is yours. Thank you Doreen.  I would like to pay my respect to Her Majesty Queen Sylvia of Sweden for her contribution in this debate and other distinguished participants. At the outset, allow me to thank the Office of UN under Secretary General and the ITU for organizing this webinar in these difficult times of COVID-19 pandemic. As the gravies around the coronavirus continues to expand, organizations including governments are facing unexpected and profound challenges as they seek ways to allow people to stay at home and remain productive. Since the beginning of the scientific curfew in Mauritius, we have noticed an increase in bandwidth consumption. I'm also using video conferencing in order to work from home. Students are following the online courses and there are so many people using internet. Fortunately, this 50% increase in bandwidth has not had any negative impact on the quality of service as our national network has been built with robustness and performance in mind. As the shift is occurring, cyber criminals are developing tactics to take advantage of those who have inadequate security equipment or procedures. This is being an important challenge to overcome. Of course, there are the technical aspects which includes the use of virtual private network connections, encryption, the use of firewall, etc. But you will agree that in many cases, the human element is most valuable. As such, it is important to have comprehensive measures to educate our citizens on how to respond to cyber threats. In Mauritius, we have observed a change in the pattern of cyber threats during this lockdown period as compared to previous months. Statistics gathered from the Mauritius cyber crime online reporting system revealed the following. We have witnessed an increase in scams by the factor of 2.5 as compared to February. Examples of scams include extortion emails, lock trees and charity scams, fake online shops, and various fraud schemes. Similarly, fake media accounts spreading fake news and rumors have increased by the same factor over the month. Hacking attempts are now twice as prevalent as in February. Because of these alarming statistics, the government of Mauritius has taken a number of measures to make the internet more secure while allowing our citizens to work from home. Some of the measures are one, the Mauritius cyber crime online reporting system, which is an online platform for citizens to report cyber incidents as soon as they happen. To the appropriate authority, whether it is the police, the cyber crime unit of the police, the computer emergency response team, the search, the data protection office, or the ICT regulator. The computer emergency response team of Mauritius also issues several security alerts to the public, guidelines and best practices on a regular basis. A dedicated section has been created and has issued a guide on how to secure a remote by force in time of COVID-19. A security operation center SOC is being set up within the data center of government to monitor cyber threats in real time and prevent any cyber attacks. We are also carrying out sensitization campaigns on the radio, on national TV to inform our citizens about the current cyber threats and especially how to react to them. And of course, we are also looking at strengthening our current installation concerning cyber threats and cybersecurity. Of course, this is the beginning for us. Mauritius is a small island in the middle of Indian Ocean and it is essential for us to be inspired by cybersecurity measures that other countries have put in place. And I'm sure this is also the wish and the way for other African countries. This is why I'm very happy to form part of this high-level discussion today. I strongly believe that the international community should unite together to fight the cyber security, cyber attacks challenges that we could face during this COVID-19 pandemic. Thank you very much for your kind attention. Thank you very much. Thank you for sharing the experience of Mauritius and indeed the international community should unite to fight these cyber attacks. Thank you for that. We now have another distinguished speaker. We have his Excellency Irmas Rainsalu who's the Minister of Foreign Affairs from Estonia. Estonia has been active in responding to the increase in malicious cyber activities over the past months. And I would like to invite the Minister to share his views on the role of government in securing society from the growing tide of COVID-19 related threats. And also, your Excellency, if I could also ask you, since the beginning of May, Estonia has held the presidency of the UN Security Council. If you want to share your view about whether you think that there's a role also there that the Security Council could play. Your Excellency, the floor is yours please. Yes, so there are fellow humans all over the planet. First of all, I'm truly grateful for ITU and Honorable Fabrizio Hochschild for arranging that event. And let me stress that the perspective we are in the midst of that crisis, I think it's unprecedented in many ways. And it is also a first truly global crisis that humanity is experiencing in the digital age. And this is something very new for us. We are all pioneering in that matter. The digital development has allowed us to cope with the crisis and provide time response in every phase of its evolvement. And it has assisted our hospitals to collect and exchange vital information. And it has helped many, many people, particularly the vulnerable groups of the society to use digital services to limit social contact. And let me stress that it will continue to allow us to cope with the damage that the pandemic has caused. And for a recognizable portion of the population, stable functioning of the internet has allowed us to continue working remotely. And since the beginning of the year, the world has never been more reliant on a stable and secure internet, as it has stated already today, many times. But it is particularly shameful, particularly shameful, that cyber attacks have started to erode the stability and security. And since the start of the pandemic attacks against the healthcare sector, including some of the frontline hospitals in Europe, for example in Czech Republic, have increased significantly. It is important to note that these activities have not remained unnoticed. Actors that use the digital space for malicious purposes will be investigated. I would like to stress today three important elements how we can and should respond to malicious activities in cyberspace during these difficult times. First, we should call all international actors to follow the international law and norms of responsive state behavior in cyberspace. Second, we as an international community should work more effectively to address cybercrime and online threats. Both through our law enforcement channels and also relying on multi-stakeholder online safety communities. And third, we should pay more attention to digital and cyber capacity building global. First, in order to call for responsible behavior in cyberspace, I have issued a statement on 12th April condemning cyber attacks that have increased in Europe during the COVID pandemic. The crisis has put an extra strain on critical medical services and the need for a secure and functioning cyberspace is more pressing than ever. Many other nations, including USA, UK, Canada and Australia, have stepped up with similar statements on condemning cyber attacks during the crisis. Just last week, the EU High Representative for Foreign Policy, Josep Orell, raised a declaration on behalf of the European Union expressing the European Union's and its member states concern on increased number of significant cyber incidents and showing solidarity with all countries that are victims of malicious cyber activities. So therefore, we should collectively call all actors in cyberspace to respect norms of responsible state behavior and to abide by international law. Secondly, the fight against cybercrime has been a longstanding priority for the State of the Union. We strongly support the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, which is currently ratified by 65 member states and we expect more countries to join this convention as it is open to the accession of all countries globally. About two-thirds of EU member states have used the Budapest Convention as a model for international cooperation against cybercrime and as a blueprint for domestic legislations. The convention has already helped to curb cybercrime in many regions. The State of the Sports ongoing negotiations include a second additional protocol to the Budapest Convention to improve cross-border access to digital evidence in the context of criminal investigations. This could significantly advance our ability to respond to online crimes also during the crisis. And third, the increased use of digital services during the global crisis has brought digital and cyber capacity building very much to the focus. Cyber capacity building as one of elements is encompassing both poster and cyber security and combating cybercrime. And as you asked about the Estonian Chairmanship and Security Council, we were the first Security Council member to call the Security Council to debate on the COVID virus and its implications to the international security. It is shameful. It is shameful that we have not reached the Security Council resolution. We were able to do it on Ebola, a terrific pandemic, but Security Council has not yet reached the resolution and I hope in coming weeks we will manage to do that. This is at least what the nations and the nations who are facing the conflicts will wait for Security Council. What we are going to do during the Security Council, surely all the elements and issues we will somehow, it is imminent, will link also to COVID. For example, during the May we will have a debate on protection of civilians in conflicts. Surely we will take also the dimension of that crisis, how the medical services should be affordable in the conflicts to the civilians. Also working methods of Security Council. Now there is a distance meeting of the Council and the need also to elaborate working mechanism, how the Security Council and UN organs could functionally be sustainable. Also we are going to have particularly cyber security debate also during the May and Security Council and surely these pandemics and malicious attacks that we have faced is also one element we are going to rise. So there are, but all the umbrella of our issues indeed is that we would like to have a clear reporting also in the Security Council how the UN Secretary General's appeal to global peace in conflicts during the pandemics is fulfilled and what can Security Council to do. Thank you very much indeed. The best to you. Stay in good health. Thank you. Thank you very much. Your excellency and you too please stay in good health. So thank you for sharing what you have what you have been doing both domestically and internationally we we appreciate and we welcome your leadership in this space and indeed all actors should respect the norms and abide by by international law. We will now get a little bit of a different perspective we're going to hear from a regulator, a telecom regulator, we're going to hear from my friend and colleague, Dr. Sharma, Dr. Sharma is the chairman of the telecommunications regulatory authority in India. Dr. Dr. Sharma, I would like to invite you to share the experiences of how India is managing and from a regulator's perspective. How do you think governments can more actively address COVID-19 cyber threats. Dr. Sharma, the floor is yours please. Well thank you Doreen and you know first of all I'm really privileged to be a part of this panel and I also must compliment ITU and UN for organizing this very timely kind of webinar which explores the you know areas which which are coming you know which are becoming very very crucial in this time especially the times of the crisis and certainly the children are the most vulnerable and affected by that crisis. So you know my view is that most of us including the experts were out forced by a simple virus you know we thought this is not going to be very serious we thought we knew how dangerous it is it was and then discovered that it was much more dangerous than what we thought. It is the same with online safety we do not fully appreciate the risks even when we think we do so. The question is are we prepared for what has come to be called the new normal you know this this working through web you know working through digital means we have never seen such pressure on the telecommunication infrastructure and and I was I wondered how we could have hoped for this 20 years back you know when there was nothing no no telecommunications at least through this this IT infrastructure we do feel connected. So so what has happened is that suddenly we realize that we have all moved online in a short while and one of the things which has happened is basically work from home. So it's not that work from home is something which has come now it was already there but I think it has become much more prevalent now. And what has happened more and more users have come on to this platform of work from home like you know video conference platforms like the one which we are using right now. What has happened is that these new users are not experienced enough and their personal devices may not have been patched and updated properly living both with vulnerabilities in such an environment is difficult to be sure that an unsafe device is not used to connect to a corporate resource. Due to suddenness of the recent shift to online organization and individuals have been forced to improvise on the go. But this is this also leads to a downward spiral of reducing caution because every day's experience becomes the next day's norm for further improvisation. Sooner or later however calamity may strike in the form of a failure or of data being held for ransom or of information falling into wrong hands. So therefore the risks have increased many for the other area besides work from home is the area of the children studying and attending classes on the Internet. Now because of remote learning children have started spending an inordinate amount of time online. The parents believe they are in the class with their teachers or doing some of the study but the children can easily click through an area to areas not connected with their intended activities. Children are vulnerable and we trust a stranger readily leading them into situations they are ill equipped to handle. New applications and portals have been developed to support services which may not have gone through the normal process of validation and testing leaving them with security loopholes. Because you know the speed of innovation is really accelerated during these times and therefore it is always you know quite possible that you have very patchy applications which are quite vulnerable. We know that social media platforms can be hijacked in sophisticated attacks that exploit emotional and psychological vulnerabilities in people essentially persuading them to engage in destructive behavior against their own communities. Just a few examples of how the surface area of attack has quickly expanded. The net result is that we have a potentially risky environment a fact that would not have escaped the notice of those intent on creating them and as previous speakers mentioned that the attacks have suddenly increased and spirals into new you know sort of new heights. Fortunately however work from home is not new and as I said it most organizations it was it was in practice except perhaps for an occasional phone call or non critical email. Non experts and children have also been using the internet for a while devices software solutions the law and policy have evolved to offer the protection. Therefore what I'd say is why we need to work hard to ensure online security and safety there's no need to panic. Working online can be as productive and safe as working from the office as you know we are realizing more and more we are realizing now. Some organizations had been encouraging this mode for the cost and productivity advantages it offers. It is now for others to learn from the experience of early adopters and to follow the best practices that have come to be defined over the years. One effect of Corona virus has been that citizens are looking towards their government for guidance. The governments can use the opportunity while communicating about the virus and the spread of the disease to flag the attention of people towards threat that lurk in cyberspace. We in India actually have been working since the lockdown and it is now about 40 days that we have been in lockdown and we have all been conducting our you know sort of businesses in a sense online. And we have been working to ensure that the cyber threats are minimized and ITU during your leadership itself has brought together a wealth of information and experience that can be used by governments, corporations and citizens to fulfill their obligations in keeping the online world safe. We must continue to work to ensure that more and more you know security stuff is done to ensure online safety both for people who are working and especially for children. Thank you very much. Thank you very much and it is very nice to see you Dr. Sharma. Now, ladies and gentlemen, we're going to move to the private sector perspective. And Dr. Sharma sort of picked up on this point when trying to weigh sort of the positive of technology and then the negative. You know, we see digital technology can be part of the problem here but also part of the solution and what I would like to ask my next panelist. The role that the private sector can play in countering cyber threats and also some comments on on the role of partnerships to scale up existing efforts. I'm delighted to welcome Hans Vesper, the CEO of Verizon. Hans is also a broadband commissioner. We heard her Majesty speak about the work that we've been doing in the broadband commission. So Hans, if I could ask you the role of the private sector in countering cyber threats. And if you could also touch on including child safety if you could cover that aspect as well. Hans, the floor is yours. Thank you, Doreen. And first of all, thanks to UN ITU, the Broadband Commission for convening this very important meeting and discussing child online safety. But I also would like to thank the Queen Sylvia for being such an enormous leader for the most vulnerable in our society, the children. And I'm proud as a fellow Swede. So I have that but I'm also proud to be a member of the Childhood Foundation in the United States to be part of fighting and working hard to see the most vulnerable coming to a better light. Let me start by talking about the crisis a little bit and coming into technology. First of all, this is an unprecedented crisis. Some of us as leaders in the private sector has never seen anything like it. We have had so many crises, natural disasters, bank crisis, telecom crisis, where we've never been part of a health crisis. It requires unprecedented actions. And the good thing is that the private sector the last five years has actually evolved. And many of my colleagues in the private sector understands that decision has to be based on the four stakeholders you have. Employees, shareholders, customers of society and that balance becomes even more important in a crisis like that because the responsibility with cooperation becomes even larger. I'm leading a company with almost 150,000 employees that has technology or across the globe. I feel a huge responsibility for acting in this COVID-19 pandemic in the right way for our society. Secondly, when we talk about the technology and we talk of course about mobile technology, broadband technology, and you would know has been an enormous development the last couple of years. Six billion mobile broadband subscription, more than 50%, maybe even more having access to internet of the world's population and that will only increase. I advocated 2015 for an 18th goal, the goal in the SDGs which was mobility, broadband and cloud for every country in the world. And of course in this time we understand the importance of the technology. That's the only scalable and sustainable solution that we can take away all inequalities in our society. If that means telehealth or if it's remote learning or information to understand this COVID-19, the scalable solution is technology. And we need to scale that quickly and we need to collaborate between private and public sector. I see some good initiatives. I'm part of the Shailud Foundation that is in the United States that is now working with New York City for example to combat some of those by using technology. So it's a lot of positive things and it's accentuated in this crisis where I think that some of the inherited processes that we have a hard time to fight digitally will go away. And that means that more people on this earth will have the same opportunity wherever they're born, wherever they come from and that's important. But as many of my previous speakers have said, with all that positive it comes challenges. The cyber crime is increasing on the networks, there is no doubt about that because that's why you're there. Secondly, the most vulnerable can even be more exposed in times like this and we talk about children or poor people that don't have a chance. And here of course technology will also play an extremely vital role to see that we use technology to combat that because the only sustainable and scalable solution will be technology. And here reach out to all public sectors to use technology to inform all your citizens by how to do tracking tracing, how to self-control and understand this enormous pandemic. When it comes to children online, of course, it just increases dramatically. We have in our network 1,200% growth when it comes to collaboration tools. That means using video conferencing or other chat functions since the pandemic broke out. That's unparalleled. It's unprecedented. We've never seen it like. And of course children is part of that and they are using technology. What we as a service provider is doing besides of course following all law regulations and supporting what is needed for law enforcement is pushing out parental control to each and every of our 120 million subscribers. That they can have parental control for explicit content, exclude that for the children, the privacy for the children and not only that, see that tracking the screen time for children. We only have a usage today over roughly 25% of the parental control in the network. That's why we doubled down the last eight weeks enormous on the advocacy to all our 120 million consumers about how to turn on the parental control service in order to see that you do it. That's of course it's not taking away the normal digital parenting that you need to do, but it's a tool that you can help. And now the things that I'm also encouraged about this course net clean that is collaborating with many on this call to see that we're coming out with digital tools in the network quickly to combat some of these challenges with online safety for the children. So again, I just want to conclude that digital and scalability can only be the solution here and we need to collaborate over the borders in order to see that we keep our children safe online. When in now are increasing so much more connectivity, and it will only increase from here. So by that I would like to thank you for convening this great meeting. Thank you so much Hans and indeed digital and scalability is the only solution and I'm glad that you focused also on the digital divide because the as you said the only scalable solution to take away inequalities is to ensure that technology is available to all. And we close the digital divide. So thank you for that and I'm with you on the digital parenting, although as a parent, I find that very challenging. Thank you Hans. So now we're going to hear from from our next speaker and then we're going to open up to some discussants. We have with us Dr Howard Taylor who's the executive director of the global partnership to end violence against children. I would like to invite Dr Howard. You have been very active in convening global leaders to drive action to protect children in the time of COVID-19. Could you tell us a little bit more about the role of that multi stakeholder partnership and what it's doing to keep children safe. Thank you Doreen. Good morning. Good morning. Your Majesty, your Excellencies and others and thank you so much for Britio and Doreen for bringing us together today. It feels like we're talking about a very critical issue at a very critical time for that issue. So I will as you say speak specifically about keeping children safe online. For some years there's been a huge mismatch between the scale and the nature of the risks that children face online and the levels of awareness of attention and action to address the problem. And those risks have really been born into sharper relief during this time now of the COVID-19 pandemic. We know that why about one and a half billion children are now out of school. We know they're doing more online. We know they're spending more time online. We also know that those who wish to harm them may be more easily able to do so while working from the privacy of their homes. So I really feel we have a very strong responsibility to immediately scale up our collective and our collaborative action to keep children safe online. I also hope and I'm optimistic that in doing so we have an unprecedented opportunity within and coming out of COVID-19 over the coming months and the years both to protect children more in the short term but trigger new levels of awareness, new levels of resources, new levels of action to keep all children safe online for the future. For those of you that's familiar with the global partnership and funds to end violence against children, we were launched by the UN Secretary General four years ago with a mission to catalyze and support action to end all forms of violence and abuse of children by 2030, including online and that horrific child sexual exploitation and abuse that happens to so many children online. We're a diverse network and community. We have now over 400 partners across all sectors, across all borders, and that community and network really enables us to mobilize action, generate learning, shape global models and scale collaboration. All of that is needed to build the prevention and the response capacity globally and to inform the global agendas and debates, for example, those on making sure that child safety is built into the critical expansion of internet access and connectivity, but also debates around privacy and protection, encryption, AI, etc.  And this year the Inviolence Fund will reach a milestone of $50 million invested in programs of capacity building and cutting into technology in over 70 countries. All of that is focused on tackling online child sexual exploitation and abuse, but and it's a big but neither that unique role nor our financial investments are a badge of honor. They both simply reinforced my earlier point, which is the mismatch between the scale of the problem and the global response to tackle it. So with regards to how a partnership like the Inviolence Partnership in the Fund can work and is working to scale up existing efforts. I want to speak really briefly to three things. One is around understanding the needs of children and those working to keep them safe online. The second is around how we use our collective voice to do that awareness raising and calling for specific actions. And the third is around collaboration, collaboration to mobilize and provide the technical and financial resources that are needed to get the job done. With regards to understanding the needs of children and those working to keep them safe online, everything that we do both now in this crisis moment and beyond must continue to be evidence based. And we've used our networks in the last few weeks reaching out across the world to understand how COVID-19 is impacting on children, both online and offline and the increased risks that they face domestically, online, etc. And we've also used those networks to understand how the organizations and individuals championing and working to keep children safe online have been impacted. And what we're doing with that body of evidence, that body of knowledge is making sure it informs our ongoing response and what we share with work we do with partners in the collaboration. The second area, and you mentioned this Doreen, about using collective voice to raise awareness for specific actions. One of the things we've been involved with was convening 22 heads of UN agencies and global organizations around a leader's statement, which was expressing concern about the impact of violence and abuse on children through COVID-19, but also calling for specific actions and pledging support to help get that implement those actions. That leader's statement called on governments to make sure that child protection was woven into COVID-19 prevention and response plans that that workforce was seen as essential and it was resourced accordingly. And also we called on tech and telecoms companies to make sure they're doing all they can to make their platform safe and to step up the detection and disruption of harmful activity where it is continuing. And we've been encouraged by some of the things we've seen. One of the particular things we've been involved with was with the governments of the UK, US, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and a bunch of the West Coast technology firms and platforms with a PSA campaign that went live. I've only got 10 days ago and we've been involved in supporting some of that.  It's always good to hear from her and she has been an enduring advocate for children for 20 years on war. And I just want to call out the work that she and the World Charter Foundation does in this space. It's been critical for the agenda for years, even more so now. And of course to the Secretary General, who's been a very vocal champion and advocate for child online safety during the COVID-19 time and beyond. And again to Fabrizio and your team for championing supporting that work. The third issue I wanted to speak to was around collaboration to mobilize the technical financial resources needed. I've been really encouraged in the last few weeks, as we sometimes do see in a crisis moment where the breadth, the depth, the speed of collaboration has been really impressive. And I mentioned that because I think that's something we need to hold on to as a community across the various sectors. Private UN NGOs and beyond academics to make sure that that essence and ways of working sustain through the crisis but beyond the crisis. I think that's essential to getting the work done. We've been very privileged to work with UNICEF, with the WHO, UNESCO, UNODC, ITU. We protect global alliance, the Australian Safety Commissioner and others in a collaboration which has put together a series of technical guidance materials, resource packages, messages for policymakers and for parents and caregivers. Now translated into dozens of languages and even the speed of the translation has been really fast. I've never seen a document be translated into dozens of languages as fast as those have and now they're used across the world to keep children safe online. So that's just an example of the sorts of things that if we work efficiently and effectively together, we can work with a larger crowd than we've done before and really get stuff done that needs doing. I'll close by noting that keeping children safe online isn't just the right thing to do. It's also a smart investment to make both now and for the future and we know what's needed to get that done. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed I think in new ways the extraordinary mismatch between the scale of the problem and action to keep children everywhere safe online. But it is also raising awareness and is growing attention. It is inspiring new networks and collaboration. We must of course do all we can step up further to keep children safe online now. But as the world transitions through the new realities in the months and years ahead, let's all work together to shape and to seize the opportunity to build back a safe internet for every child wherever they may live. Thank you very much for this opportunity Doreen and Fabrizio. It's great to see so many partners on the webinar this morning and we look forward to partnering with you all on this really critical work. Thank you so much Howard and we look forward to continuing to partner with you. When Hans spoke he talked about the unprecedented crisis and the need for unprecedented actions and you've sort of spend it as well another way about the unprecedented opportunities. And indeed, this is a very smart investment for all of us to be making so thank you. Thank you for that and for the work that you do. So now this is sort of the final part of our discussion and I think I'm only two minutes behind so so far so good. I haven't had to use my yellow and red cards. And so for this last part of our discussion I'd like to focus on specific actions. So specific actions in response to COVID-19 related cyber threats. We have some guest discussants and I would like them each to make a two minute intervention. I will use my yellow and red as I have to when you get to maybe a minute and a half I'll give you the yellow card. So I will hand over to our first discussant we have Francisco Fonseca. The vice president of the national cybersecurity at bit site Francisco you have the floor can we unmute Francisco please. So I would like to start by thanking you for the opportunity to be here today and share with everyone the program that we built with it to you. The worldwide changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have not only impacted all of our lives. We've created a rich environment for cyber attacks. The last few weeks we've had several countries come to us requesting that we help them with monitoring their hospitals. Together with ITU we've created a program that will help member states to reduce the cyber risk of the entities involved in the COVID-19 response. We will include hospitals, the Ministry of Health, civil protection authorities, energy and electricity providers and any other critical national infrastructure. Together we'll make available to member states at no cost a solution that will allow them to continuously monitor for security issues associated with any organization involved in the COVID-19 response. Member states will be allowed to share that information with those entities for remediation and mitigation purposes. We are hopeful that this will reduce the chance of cyber attacks and help to preserve those entities that are at the front lines of the crisis. Because we know that sometimes the time to respond to security incidents can be critical, we've implemented specifically for this program a mechanism that whenever we detect an infection inside an entity will inform the member states within the first 10 minutes after the infection is detected. We believe this program will enable the member states to protect themselves, their key industries and their constituents during a period where risk management is imperative. Thank you very much. Thank you very much and thank you so much for keeping with with the time you came in at one minute 40 seconds. Thank you. Now I'm going to hand over to Mr Ian Drennan. He's the executive director of We Protect Alliance. So thank you very much to to all the speakers and for giving me the chance to talk. We Protect Global Alliance is the largest and most diverse international network to tackle online child sexual abuse and we launched as an independent international institution on the 1st of April having previously been located within the UK government.  We welcome any input from those around the table. We hope to publish that next week. Many of the speakers have already spoken about the increase in threat, but what we're also seeing is there's been an impact on the response. So reporting services have been disrupted where those rely still on human moderation and also for those very, very important services of support for victims. Those have been disrupted and that's added to the increased levels of mental health issues and anxiety caused by caused by isolation is adding to the to the threat. But we welcome all input from colleagues around the table and thank you very much for a really informative webinar. Thank you very much and thank you also for for keeping with the time. Next we have the president and CEO of Childhood USA. We have Dr. Joanna Rubenstein. Joanna, the floor is yours. Thank you so much for the opportunity to address this amazing group and thank you so much your Majesty Queen Sylvia for your global leadership on this issue for the last 20 years. As a broadband commissioner of the IT UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development and a former co-chair of the working group on child online safety. I just wanted to reiterate the commitment of the commissioners and the commission on keeping children safe online. A couple of weeks ago the Broadband Commission issued a statement that COVID agenda for action for short term and long term actions and helping with the recovery post COVID. And one of the very important actions was to really engage globally on keeping children safe online and using the existing tools that we have today and scaling them up. Using some of the social media platforms and the voices of the governments to raise awareness about the issue of threats and harm online that already today affects so many millions of children. The other commitment I think which is very important and I'm grateful to Hans Westberg and for his leadership in the US. To really ensure that people use the tools on the networks and that the educational platforms are prepared in such a way that they don't expose children to unnecessary harms. From our side of childhood USA and also different partners when some of them I see here online like rain the largest hotline in the US is to ensure that the same platforms that children use also have reporting functions so that people know how to report. I think these are very practical steps that we all can take, but it just requires our will and action. Thank you. Thank you, Joanna. Will and action totally agree. Thank you for that. So now we're going to hear from Mr. Ramana. Thank you so much for that. So I just wanted to briefly mention the access now is the area of work as many of you may know work in space of protecting human rights in the digital age as part of that we run a digital security help line a clinic that provides assistance to society organizations and other vulnerable communities and user address groups. I can share that as you might expect with the increase in working from home but increased vulnerabilities generally in our networks globally. We've seen a dramatic increase in the number of helpline cases coming to us. In fact, the last month we've seen a three digit increase in the number of cases are just increased per month in the helpline. I mentioned this is one that any group that works in the society, investigative journalism, humanitarian and human rights space can use a helpline for free. You can just search online and access now the security helpline or just email help at accessnow.org and we try to provide both reactionary and preventive assistance for free. This was society groups globally, particularly across the Global South and ODA countries, and that is an immediate actionable service that we make available to everyone and we hope might be useful for you and stakeholders you all engage with. I thought I'd also mentioned from the public policy side, we provide guidance and recommendations in this space, and we just wanted to reiterate that the many of the trends that many other stakeholders have mentioned on this call about how COVID is increasing vulnerabilities, but also increase in cyber attacks is something we believe must reflect also in our global policy discussions in this space. We hope to soon publish a new policy resource on global cybersecurity policy recommendations at the international as well as regional levels for stakeholders, particularly states to use. And as part of that, we wish to remind all members that we particularly need to keep in mind the work done by the security research community in revealing vulnerabilities, backdoors, X-Rights and other intrusion into our secure networks. The COVID situation has reminded us even more of the importance of that. And far too often, unfortunately, their work is often subject to problematic policy frameworks or even criminalization in some states. And there's an opportunity right now at this point of time perhaps to reform those measures and to ensure that COVID, while it might place us at risk in health, doesn't place us at risk in terms of our cybersecurity and resiliency, and that is something that the policy community can do much more on. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. Next, we have the Assistant Director General from UNESCO. We have Moes with us. Thank you, Doreen. Thanks Fabrizio for giving me the opportunity to address this webinar. I want to highlight here the importance of capacity building and education. Of course, I think it was a very important highlight that the media and information literacy as a curriculum for schools and for children is very important to highlight the importance of the approaches focused on the users while dealing with security and digital security. This is an important aspect that we need to consider. And of course, it's not to, and to, and to highlight that the solutions or the tools or whatever we want to implement. The secret doesn't compromise the freedom of expression and the human rights in the online. It's very important for UNESCO perspective as we know that we have hold the four universal principles for the internet governance. So I think this is very important to be highlighted while talking with the digital security while dealing with the security. Thank you very much. Thank you so much, Moes. And I have, Junkie, I have been checking the chat and I've seen a wealth of great exchanges with lots of useful information. Was there another request for the floor before we conclude, Junkie? Yes, Doreen. We don't have any floor requests from the chatting room. Super. Can you hear me? I can hear you. Thank you. Okay. Well, thank you, everyone. This has been really a tremendous discussion. Very important and of course, very timely. I'm really delighted that we were able to have such a multi stakeholder representation in this dialogue, including, of course, UN agencies, regional organizations, government ministries, regulators, the private sector and of course civil society. If there is one certainty in these challenging times, and I think this has been heard clearly throughout our discussion this afternoon, is that this issue cannot be solved in isolation. And if we are going to make real headway in combating the rise in cyber crime and the regrettable rise in online child abuse, we need to be proactive. We all need to be proactive and that means everyone. As I mentioned in the beginning, these threats are not new, but in today's challenging context with the COVID pandemic, the magnitude of the risk to our society, our economy and our children has multiplied tremendously. We need to work harder to improve awareness preparedness. We heard a lot of comments about education. I was encouraged to hear UNODC stress the role of schools and what schools can do in keeping children safe. And indeed, many speakers stress that more and better education will be key, particularly for vulnerable groups like children, women and poor communities. And I will make sure from my side that I feed that into our own work here in the ITU and in our giga work with UNICEF and of course with UNESCO and the work we do around digital inclusion and training. Several speakers also stress the importance of capacity building, both at home and also across borders. We need to find collaborative ways to help those of us with strong capabilities to share their expertise and best practices with countries and organizations that are less well equipped. Because when it comes to keeping ourselves safe online, we are only as strong as the weakest link and none of us can be safe until we are all safe. I noted also a call from several of our speakers for frameworks that support cross-border collaboration of law enforcement, as Catherine from Europol observed, when the world moved online, so did the criminals. So recognition and application of international legal frameworks, and this was stressed very clearly by Estonia, that represents a solid way forward. And I think that there's no doubt that we do need to start making much faster progress in this domain. And finally, I noted with encouragement the fact that we can harness technology more effectively. And I encourage the private sector to follow Verizon's very good example and focus on innovating and scaling and harnessing the power of digital tools to combat the bad guys. I also wanted to extend a special thanks, of course, to her majesty, whose remarks were really moving and very, very, very powerful. And as she noted in the beginning, we must remember that the perpetrators are not digital and neither are the victims and that the crimes against them can stay online forever. The virus has no borders and criminals, no no borders, and that's why cross-border collaboration is absolutely so, so vital. And with that, ladies and gentlemen, I hope I did justice to a sort of summary. It was a tremendous discussion and I tried to keep time and take notes at the same time, so I apologize if I missed an important element. And with that, ladies and gentlemen, I will hand back to Fabrizio to make his concluding remarks. Fabrizio, the floor is yours. Thank you, Doreen. And I think I speak for all when I say you did a really outstanding job and we all appreciate that. I must say, I can't help but notice, looking at the participants by video screen, that it's very easy that there hasn't, looking at different people's hairstyles. And as you, I have to apologize to my own rather unkempt look, and I see, when I look at Moes, you can tell that both in Paris and New York, I'm afraid there's still no access to barbers or choifers. And I'd like to congratulate the participants from Sweden and Geneva, who clearly have better access, but hopefully we'll get there as well. Coming back to the subject matter, you know, I think as was pointed out this unprecedented times, lead to unprecedented challenges. And we need not to reinvent the wheel but to step up actions. We also need to acknowledge, and I think Catherine de Boll said this, that the most vulnerable are the most exposed. And so whatever we do, we have to focus on the most vulnerable in our societies. And of course that includes in particular children. In terms of stepping up action on the basis of existing tools, I think I heard sort of five lines of action to try and organize the points that Doreen also made. One is, the first is a stepped up action by law enforcement through in as well as through our educational institutions, and a third layer is through our individual actions to better protect ourselves and our families through adequate security action and security. But that has to be complemented by educational institutions, and of course by law enforcement. Secondly, I think there was a call for much more proactive action by many companies. And I think one has to acknowledge that while some companies are extremely proactive, others rely on reports before they take action on child abuse, while others go out and actively search for harmful content on their platforms. I think the call is that all should become actively proactive in searching out for harmful content. And then there was also a call for stepping up of technical tools, including the tools that allow for better parental control. The third call I think was for better cooperation against across sectors. And of course this meeting itself is an illustration of what can be done. Governments are not going to solve this on their own, companies are not going to solve this on their own, and civil society are not going to solve this on their own. And the UN is certainly not going to solve this on its own, with all due respect to my ITU colleagues. We're only going to solve it to the extent we can work effectively together. And that cooperation between different stakeholder groups needs to be stepped up. The fourth aspect that I came out I think was the need for better capacity building. And that's again an area where a multi-stakeholder coalition could do more. The ability of different countries to protect themselves varies enormously. So we need to step up capacity building to reduce vulnerabilities in those geographic regions where they're greatest. And the fifth is the need for greater international cooperation. We need cooperation not just to be increased between different stakeholder groups, but we need it to be increased across borders. And of course we had a very eloquent elaboration of the dysfunctionality, forgive my word, of the Security Council at this moment. So the international environment is not the most propitious to call for international cooperation, but it is urgently needed in this sector if we are to make people connected, but safe at the same time. And in particular, our children. And I don't think while there are areas where there is a lack of international consensus, there is no lack of international consensus in the need to better protect children everywhere. So I hope in that area at least we can achieve better international cooperation. So those are my five takeaways. As I say, it's as much about stepping up existing initiatives as creating new ones. But I'd like to thank all and in particular are very, very distinguished and very enlightening and inspirational speakers for their participation. And I hope this is just the beginning of strength and collaboration and work together between all of us. Many, many thanks. And please, please stay safe, both from the virus and from those viruses that come to us over the internet. Thank you so much, Fabrizio. And as someone noted on on the chat and I pick up your last statement, they put the Henry Ford quote, coming together as the beginning, keeping together as progress and working together is success. So let's aim for that. Thank you so much. And again, I really appreciate all of the comments, the interventions and lots of great stuff on the chat. I thank you all for your engagement. We were up to more than than 400 participants at one point. And I do hope that you will join us next week. Same time, same place for our fifth and final webinar next week we will be focusing on the topic of public health digital technologies and human rights. And with that, again, I thank you. Big thanks to Jung Hee for your brilliant organization. And please be safe, everyone. Thank you.