what's happening with human rights around the world on ThinkTech, broadcasting from a downtown studio in Honolulu, Hawaii and Moana, New York. I'm your host, Joshua Cooper. The title of today's episode is Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Forever, Pacific Nations Reflect on Rights. Joining me today are two amazing advocates from Moana, New York, the Grand Pacific. And I'd like to thank them both for joining us. Thank you so much. Thank you for having us. Thank you for having us. It's a pleasure to have you. We're here today because March is commemorated in Oceania to reflect on the human rights movement for self-determination through decolonization and demilitarization. And our conversation will focus on the power of peaceful movements rooted in cultural contributions for social change in the Pacific. March 1st, though, is also known as Nuclear Victims Remembrance Day. Hallie, could you share with us why that's such an important date that we should all focus on and really reflect on throughout all of March? Well, March 1st is really important in the Pacific because all of the nuclear testing that happened, it was conducted by mainly the US and the UK and in different parts of the Pacific. And it's a legacy that a lot of Pacific Islanders have forgotten about. So with March 1st, we can raise awareness about the injustice of all the nuclear testing that has happened and all of the Islanders who lost their indigenous land in the Marshall Islands, entire islands were sunk and people still haven't been able to return to their home islands because of it. Thank you. And Manu, would you like to add a bit as well about March 1st? Yes, as what the lay was mentioning that it is a legacy for every Pacific individual. It stands as a remembrance of what was scarred into our hearts, what happened to us before will not be forgotten. So March 1st acts as a reminder to each and every individual that it is a very important date for us for nuclear activities that happened. Yes, March 1st was the commemoration of the Bravo test which was the first one but how many were actually conducted to lay and what are some of the long-term consequences related to this horrible, really atomic annihilation? I'm not sure about the exact number of tests that were conducted but I do know that because they were conducted in the Marshall Islands, islands were sunk and because they didn't even give proper equipment to the Islanders, in some cases like in Kiribati. So people were affected like health-wise and they didn't know what was happening to them. Like I read that some Islanders thought that there were snowflakes from the ashes that were falling and they didn't know that it was poisonous so they just stayed where they were. Maybe Manu would probably know more about. Well, I know one thing, one test is too many and we know that they were into the 66 or 67 but Manu, please share your perspective as well. Based on what I've known that the United States have both probably technically released 66 nuclear bombs into the Marshall Islands and that has affected a lot of people probably caused diseases as well and would probably also added on 170 cancers from then, that is based on the National Cancer Institute analysis, which I have read before. Well, and Tle, you brought up such an important point is that no one knew what was happening and the lack of really free prior informed consent by the military at the time to at least let people be aware is truly a crime against Manu to just see the way that was done and over and over and over again. Yeah, and there's been no justice all these years later. It's a part of the specific culture to be very welcoming and I think sometimes we can be too welcoming and very naive when foreigners come to our shore we allow them to come into our homes and in many cases we listen to what they tell us is best for us, especially all those years ago. I can imagine just what the islanders believe was happening and I did watch this documentary where these American soldiers were saying they're doing this for the advancement of mankind to make mankind better. But yeah, they just destroyed these people's communities and took away their homes. Manu, would you like to add on those points? I just wanted to add on that like the ocean is what the Pacific people rely on and having these nuclear activities being brought into the Pacific it was quite new for us to be introduced into this nuclear weapons and all those and so having us rely on the ocean is crucial and yeah, and I think we should also increase awareness that these people have rights to a healthy environment. Thank you so much, Manu and you bring up so many points both of you because Oceania is a region that's rooted in respect and reciprocity and the people's movements have actually shaped the Pacific to be one of resilience with aspirations for all but you really both brought up some excellent points. First, Tlaig, that there was really a lack of any respect at all for those cultures that they would conduct all of those tests and the point that you raised it was done in Micronesia by the United States but then also you had France doing the testing in the Pacific down in French occupied Polynesia. So you could see that really throughout all of Oceania there were nuclear tests done and more importantly there was no attention to try to help to prevent some of these health risks and more importantly deaths and the other aspect that Manu brought up as well that I think we can dig deeper into is the contamination the nuclear, the shelf life is forever and bringing that in without ever thinking of the people I think Tlaig brought up a point that I remember in a video too that they had goats and people and they were thinking of the people as human guinea pigs and the last point you raised was saying it was we're sacrificing the people of Micronesia for the betterment of human security for the future of peace with mankind and all those points I think we could really dig at and explore deeper. Yeah, they would never have tested these nuclear weapons on US soil when they were talking about advancing humanity and how this is the best thing for mankind they would never have done it in their home country because they knew that what they were doing was going to affect these people possibly forever. Thank you and they did unfortunately they did test even but it's always testing I think where it brings up this issue that maybe Manu you were hinting at but environmental racism is because they did do it in the United States in Nevada where the Western Shoshone people are but if we look at the trend of almost any country or imperial power they only do it where the indigenous peoples live and have never respected really the sacred relationship with the environment. And what you said really reminds me as well we were in Tahiti during those nuclear tests and we went there to protest that with evolution 2000 and it's that aspect of not recognizing the humanity in the indigenous peoples that racism but then also linking it with the climate crisis that we have now today. If no indigenous people would have ever done such thing as a nuclear test to mother nature knowing the consequences of how that would ripple down stream but the West ability to compartmentalize and not connect consequences has had huge impacts for all of humanity. Manu is there anything you'd like to build on that? Well, I want to add on since you've mentioned like the imperial countries they directly affected especially indigenous countries such as Tahiti. I think one of the main reasons why we're still struggling is because the indigenous countries they spread across the vast Pacific Ocean and so communication tends to be quite a problem there. So reaching out this hinders the communication that might otherwise effectively give extend the suffering like here the sufferings in Tahiti and from nuclear testing such as that. So yeah, that is all that I wanted to add on. No, and you brought up a great point that I know most recently the Marshall Islands are now members of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva and they're pushing the aspect of the right to a clean and healthy environment. And they were one of the sponsors when that was just adopted in September of last year. So that right to a clean healthy environment is now recognized in international law to have a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. What you brought up as well though is it's true the legacy of nuclear colonialism continues because indigenous peoples in Pacific Island nations in some ways are not able to control that land and that the sad part is I remember being in Tahiti when we were there, you knew that the fish that everyone was eating because that is the refrigerator that's where everybody gets their nutrients. We know that the tests have been happening there and that the fish were contaminated. And so it's putting together all of those aspects. What are some of the most important health issues related to cancer that have been documented that everyone in the world should be aware of going forward? So then? I think Manu can probably expand on this further. Okay. Well, from what I've read that based on the article of Nuclear, sorry National Cancer Institute they mentioned that possibly cause cancer is, of course is sorry, made by radioactive like exposed to radioactive but they have mentioned that certain parts of the body such as thyroid, stomach, colon it's caused by this excessive radioactive due to nuclear fallout. So yeah. Yeah. I mean, it's that aspect of the most important right is really the right to health and health is wealth and health is everything as we all know but unfortunately the actions by the government of these empires of Europe and the US that are then in the Pacific have this lasting legacy. What should be done now to change these poor conditions? Do you think? How can we reverse the trend? I think that the US should start to teach their own people about the nuclear legacy that they created in the Pacific. They should acknowledge what happened here and what their former government did because it's not like the people who are in power now did this to the Pacific but they can definitely make preparations by acknowledging it, apologizing for it and then looking for looking at how they can help the environment, what they can do for the nuclear tomb that's in the Marshall Islands. We've all read that it's leaking and some scientists say it's just as toxic outside now as it is inside and the American government hasn't really made a serious commitment to what they're gonna do to help Marshall Islands now. So that's an excellent point bringing up the dome and what we're talking about is not ancient history. It still exists now and it's impacting people's lives in the islands today. That's why every person matters and every hour matters when we think what could be done and how we should do that. Manu, what would you like to add to that? I think the very term nuclear reaction is foreign to Pacific people and although our lives are so much dependent on nuclear energy from the sun we need to talk with the people, the cultural activity of the funnel to increase awareness via targeted strategies, spread the word, make things visual so that pictures can imprint the effect words alone cannot do. So Pacific people are visual learners. They want handling activities that relates to our everyday living, make activities meaningful and thoughtful, provoking. If this is the effects on them, what about us, our little country? Yeah. No, it's a powerful point and when we think also about what's going on today in Ukraine, the world could be facing, even though we said we were doing this to prevent this from all future conflicts, we could be having that happen very soon. And what is it about nuclear that every nation on the world needs to know to make sure that it doesn't happen to anyone else? So then. Well, we see, especially in the Pacific, I don't know how things are in Hawaii, but in Fiji we just see it as such a foreign issue that nuclear weapons can never affect us. And a lot of my Fijian friends don't even know that nuclear testing was done so extensively in the Pacific. And I think that we really need to make people understand, especially here that nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, it's such a current issue that at any time it just takes one dictator to make a decision that will change millions of lives, destroy the environment that people live in that will cause refugees for decades to come and who knows what the fallout will be if the Russia and Ukraine conflict escalates. You really bring up the most important point ever. Pacific Islanders living on islands have a better understanding of the fragility of this beautiful planet we live on. And that one step, one action can actually destroy it, not just for the people today, but for many future generations. Montez, is there anything you'd like to add regarding what the people of the Pacific have as a message for the rest of the world because of the historic harms that have happened due to the atomic annihilation through these tests in Oceania? Well, I think that Pacific people would want their voices to be heard out into the open, even though we are very, we are small, but we are significant. And that's the saying that goes out to each and every one of us. We have this thing that I would agree with Dali that from our end, we think that nuclear activities is just foreign activities. So it's quite new for us. That's nuclear reaction. It's really foreign for us, Pacific Island. But the impacts that we have, we are the ones who are most vulnerable to it. So I think that the imperial countries should have a second thought on what they are doing, especially the nuclear fight between Ukraine and Russia. Yeah. It's so true. I mean, and as we looked at March as nuclear free and independent Pacific forever reflecting throughout this entire month, we really understand that the human rights movement primary focus is self-determination as well as social justice, to indicate the protection of the Pacific Ocean. And really we see so many crises impacting the islands at the same time. We see this one with nuclear still lingering. We see the COVID crisis. We also see the climate one. And I think that's probably the lesson and more importantly, the vision and values that the Pacific can share with the world as we look at the future in this only one planet that we have, the issue of self-determination could have been taken because nuclear testing and people not able, as Tel Aviv brought up in the beginning to return to that sacred land to harvest it because of its contamination. But the same we can say for self-determination with climate crisis. I know I was in Fiji as well in 2020 before all had changed for many of us and Fiji had moved some of the first villages with a human rights-based approach regarding the climate crisis. Maybe you could share with us some aspects of the voice from the Oceania for the whole world on the current climate crisis and how we can guarantee self-determination for all people tonight. So in Fiji, I think that personally if we're going to combat the climate crisis and have more conservation we need to go back to practicing our own culture. We have lost a lot of our culture, especially in recent years. We have had our ethnicity renamed from being Fijians as the indigenous people too, it's okay, which is not a word that was special to us, I would say. And then we are also slowly losing the management of our land, just indigenous Fijians on the majority of land in Fiji. And when we own our own land we actually conserve it much more. And I was a part of research recently about deforestation of islands. And we found that if a foreigner owns an island so much of the island, they had so much deforestation. But if it was kept in our hands, like my own island and other islands and in my province for my BT, we keep nature as it should be. We don't just cut down trees and call it development for us culturally that wouldn't be development. I was recently in my island and I was talking to my aunties, my aunts about how we can help to develop our island. And they were saying, no, we must leave nature as it is because when we leave the environment as it is, it serves us.  So I definitely think that going back to our own cultural values, our own indigenous conservation will help. It's an excellent point. And it's true when they look at the world with 5% of the land in indigenous hands, that's where 80% of the world's biodiversity is. So what you're saying is absolutely correct. And also the UN sustainable development goals, those 17 global goals are really the wisdom of indigenous peoples. And definitely that you see in Fiji on a daily basis prior to contact and colonization. And so I appreciate those aspects that you're sharing in Fiji. And the last part I remember when I was there was we were trying to stop a Chinese corporation from Black Sand Mining just there up the road from Nandi and we were able to then stop that. But it was, of course, deals that were made by corporations in the name of development that were really destruction in a way ruining one of the most beautiful countries in the world, of course. It looks like one last thing we could say as we're closing to lay is in Fiji, I know that's really seen as the center of Oceania and many worlds. Of course, the UN has all of their agencies there. And I know right now I think the commission on the status of women is also looking at the important issue of the environment and climate. Is there anything you'd like to share with the world from Fiji about what we should do going forward? I've been a part of these groups that have been researching conservation and I also work in conservation full-time. And we've just keep finding that traditional fisherwomen in our villages, they have very sustainable practices for fishing or conserving their coastline. And these are just things that we need to teach people and encourage in the next generation because Fijians are losing so much of our culture, I think in my generation. We need to bring back workshops to teach our own people, our own language and how our culture is wrapped up in the language and then conservation in such an important part of the culture because we have to keep our land and we have to keep our coastline for the next generation passing it on for our descendants is so important. That's probably the best way to end is really we are the kupuna or the ancestors for future generations and we have to leave the world better than we found it but you really bring up some great points because those values that have been really lost and targeted by the colonial powers, we must really dig deep into the language, into the culture and revitalize those. And I've seen many aspects of that happening with the vaca, with the canoe here with Hokulea but also in Fiji as well. And hopefully we can navigate a path together to make sure that not only in March but throughout the world and throughout every month people are aware of Oceania and the beauty and the bravery of the people of the Pacific. Thank you so much for joining us to lay and look forward to organizing more in the region and make sure that Oceania is able to exercise that right of self-determination and be nuclear free and independent forever. Thank you so much for having me on it. I hope to connect with the guys. Mahalo Nui. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at thinktechhawaii.com. Mahalo.


The Equitable Life Assurance Society presents This Is Your FBI This Is Your FBI The official broadcast from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation presented transcribed as a public service by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community From time to time in their 30s and early 40s most men and women ask themselves What will I be doing when I am 65 years old? What are my chances of being 100% self-supporting when it's time to stop work? Well, that's largely up to you and the decision you make right now One such opportunity for an important decision will be offered to you in our middle commercial It tells about the Equitable Society's independent 60s plan This plan means exactly what it says Financial independence for you in your 60s Do you like that idea? Then please listen carefully to this important message from the Equitable Society coming in about 14 minutes Tonight the subject of our FBI file Marriage Swindle It's titled The Runaway Corpse In very ancient days the fate of every woman was the same She did the hard labor for the family and her status was little more than that of a slave In certain of the older civilizations it was unknown for a woman to sit and eat at the same table as the male members of the group Those taboos and other similar customs have of course been discarded Today women have attained the highest ranks in science, art, literature and business Every year more and more members of the female sex find themselves in responsible positions once held exclusively by men No field of endeavor has remained closed to the women of America and that statement unfortunately includes the field called crime Tonight's FBI file opens in the downtown district of a large eastern city It is early afternoon as two middle aged women enter an undertaker's parlor They speak to the owner for a moment and are shown toward the rear Our complete line of caskets is in this back room There now sister, be brave This way please Perhaps you'd be interested in our perfect tribute service What's that? You select the casket We do the rest Ethel, I believe that would be better You needn't decide immediately Mrs. Carson Thank you Not at all We try to live up to our motto kind and personal consideration where the tribute never becomes a burden Isn't that sweet? The price tag on each casket covers the entire service This is a very good value The wood is the finest walnut and as you see the lining is crushed crepe Beautiful Oh Angus Let's pick one and leave Alright She's under such a strain Of course We'll take this I'm sure you won't be sorry When can you send the hearse? Did the deceased pass away at a hospital? At home We can call and prepare him for the reposing room at any time This evening? Certainly Your address? I'll be there with the casket coach at let us say eight Fine You may use the side exit if you like Thank you for thinking of us We'll see you later Very well Go ahead dear Thank you Well that's that I hope it works Oh it's bound to Agnes After all What difference does it make to them if the body they come for is dead or alive? Meanwhile at the local FBI field office Police detective Tommy Stewart approaches the desk of special agent Taylor Hello Jim Hi Tommy You've been a stranger lately I won't be from now on Why what's up? Wedding bells is out What? Wedding bells Herb Carson he escaped yesterday from the state prison Tommy I'm afraid I don't know him Oh I guess you hadn't been transferred here this time last year No We arrested him for working the marriage swindle He was quite a boy Huh? When we circulated marriage bureau clerks around the country with this picture we uncovered 24 brides and quite a few places that haven't been heard from yet Is this his record here? According to this the bureau had a detainer on him huh? Yeah he crossed more state lines than the super chief How'd you catch him? The last woman he married died shortly after the wedding Natural causes? Yeah we double checked In her will she left all her money to charity around $20,000 in cash and when it couldn't be fun and her new husband couldn't be either we put out an alarm Did you know then it was Carson? No Your lab gave us an eye to an office prints No I see I'm having four of his local wives brought to my office now Wanna question them with me? Well I have some work to clean up here Tommy I'll be in touch with you when I finish Why did I do it Ethel? Why? Spend half the day getting an undertaker to come to the house so your dear husband can steal a hearse But Herb needs the hearse to go to the cemetery and get that money for Mrs. Watkins vault And when he gets the money he skips out on you again Agnes Herb's my husband Fine husband You've been married 15 years and seen him 15 minutes It's not his fault he has to be away so much can't blame a man for being interested in his business Getting married is his business Of course What are his hobbies? You just don't understand Herb I don't understand you either Agnes, before we see Herb please promise me one thing What? Even if you don't understand him try to get along with him That's a large demand but I'll try How did you make out? The man said he'd be here with the hearse at eight o'clock Oh, that's fine What have you done to your hair? Just graded up a little Looks more like it's been breaded Thank you Ethel I've been thinking it's been a long time since we had a vacation together I know Well, to show my appreciation for this I'm taking you on a boat trip Oh, Herb, that'll be wonderful Wouldn't it be better to give her the cash? She won't need an issue to be with me For five minutes Agnes, what a thing to say What about three years ago when he took every dime you had said he was going to a movie and didn't show up again till the following summer I explained that to Ethel I did go to the movie and I ran into a prospect We were married and, well, one marriage just led to another You see, Agnes? Yeah Ethel, dear, if that undertaker's coming at eight we'd better get inside and start packing Detective Steward Tommy, this is Jim Taylor Where are you, Jim? I'm still tied up at the office I need help You hear that babble?  No Let me know if you get anything from them You're not going to let me face them alone, are you? I'm still working, Tommy but I'll get down there as soon as I can Well, all right But if anything happens to me remember it was all in the line of duty So long Bye I'm Detective Steward Where's my husband? We're looking for him, too That's why you were called in here You've got to find him for me Find him for you Look, honey, I'm married to him, too Girls, for your information I'm the only one he ever loved He's a bum Oh, he is not Dear, you say that All right, ladies All right, I'd like to get your relationship straightened out here Now When did you marry a man? Five years ago and I can prove I was his only wife Why, I've got his prize possession His uniform is an army colonel For your information, dear He was an admiral in the Navy Oh, you're both lying He hated war He only went into the Marines to get it over with in a hurry He's a bum Oh, yes Ideas Ladies, ladies, please Let's all be quiet Let's all be calm Now, we'll start from the beginning How long ago did you say the undertaker say he'd be here? About eight He's due now Where is your dear sister? She went out She said she'd stay out until we left here Yes, well, perhaps that's just as well The undertaker I'll see Hello, Mr. Martin Good evening, madam You, the undertaker? The funeral director My assistant will be up with the cot in a moment Where's the hearse? The casket coach is right outside May I see the departed, please? This way Through that door Thank you Just a moment He doesn't seem very happy about the closet Well, it's hard to please some people He said his assistant was coming out I know What will you do about him? That's easy, my dear We'll just give him the other closet Hello, Tommy Jim, am I glad to see you I gather the women are still here And still talking You look a little weary I feel like Clyde Batey Tell me, did you get anything from them? One possible lead What's that? Well, the other women agreed that Carson had one wife that he always went back to She apparently was the first woman he ever married I sent out a tracer on her and found that she lived here in town We got her address, but she's moved Any forwarding address? No, but one of her neighbors said that she went to live with her sister Her sister's name is Jones That's all we know How long ago did she move? About nine months ago While Carson was still in jail?   Yes I don't see how you remember one from the other When you've hidden $20,000 in someone's vault it's rather easy I hope Agnes isn't too angry About what? Those men in her closet She didn't know we were going to leave them there Well, what else could we do? Look, I think that one there says Watkins See? Oh, yes, yes, that's it I'll wait here No, dear, I'd rather you came in with me I'll need you to hold the flashlight Here's the light But don't use it till we get inside Where is the money? In a vase, in a niche in the wall I have a key someplace Here it is Turn on the flashlight I will Right in, dear Just follow me Now, just shine the light on that wall on the left That's it There's our vase Herb, I'm not sure that I like this very much It won't take long, dear Now, if the little bag is still in this vase And it is Well, there's the money Mission accomplished, my dear Herb, let's get out of here Oh, I almost forgot You wait here just one minute I brought some flowers along I left them in the hearse I'll go get them Just stay right here, my dear I'll be right back Where are you going, Herb? Agnes, what in the world are you doing here? I rode with you in the back I figured you'd pull something like this Like what? Running out on Ethel Now turn around and go back in there Just a minute Herb, I've got a gun Get moving Agnes, this is entirely un-called for Unlock that vault Go on Ethel, saving you from an all-night stay in the vault I'll take that money, Herb Ethel, will you please reason with your sister? What's going on?  I didn't find it But Herb, you got it out of this vase No, that's not true, Ethel It's still in there Let's see the vase Here It's empty I don't understand it Maybe you will understand this Let's search him for the money And we'll take that little vacation We will return in just a minute To tonight's exciting case From the official file of your FBI But now, listen I'll answer the door That's the mailman with our check from the Equitable Society Every month, right on the dot Those equitable checks come to members who have paid up Their Equitable Independence 60s plans They're checks that mean financial independence for life After you're 65 years old And here's Mr. Arnold Muller Who started one of these plans back in 1928 You made your last payment in 1950 Didn't you, Mr. Muller? May 1st, 1950, I quit work, Mr. Keating I've been having the time of my life ever since In other words, Mr. Muller You're now enjoying the three freedoms That go with an independent 60s plan First, freedom from money worries and job worries Financial independence Mr. Keating, I haven't given money a thought Since I retired No need to with those equitable checks Coming in the way they do Second, with an equitable independent 60s plan You're free to live anywhere you please We've bought a little five-acre farm On the edge of one of the prettiest towns in America Third, freedom to do the things you've always wanted to do I've got one of the swellest gardens you ever saw, Mr. Keating With deep freeze, all kinds of fruits and vegetables And it cuts our food bills way down I tell you, that was the luckiest day in my life When I found out that you don't have to be rich To afford the Equitable Independence 60s plan That's a fact You don't have to earn big money To begin an Equitable Independence 60s plan Ask your equitable representative To explain why you probably have a big head start Toward independent 60s because of your social security And the life insurance you already own Often, only a small amount of additional insurance Is all that's required A few dollars a week, did it for me Friends, why not profit by Mr. Muller's experience Phone your Equitable Society representative Without delay Or send a postcard care of this station To the Equitable Society That's E-Q-U-R-T-A-B-L-E The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States And now back to the FBI file The Runaway Corpse As you listened to tonight's case from the files of your FBI You may well have said to yourself Only people of below average intelligence Could fall for such an obvious confidence game Unfortunately, such is not the case Throughout the country there are millions Of men and women who are lonesome Concerning these people, one writer says Every day the postmen of the United States Deliver a million letters to men and women Who have advertised for husbands and wives Men and women who belong to the vast and tragic army Of the unwanted At the offices of the 400 matrimonial correspondence And lonely heart clubs They are numbered in the hundreds of thousands In millions Every year they contribute to the pocket books Of club owners Several millions of dollars These people are not necessarily unintelligent They are just lonely And their natural human desire for companionship Often makes them easy victims for unscrupulous swindlers Tonight's file continues at police headquarters FBI Special Agent Taylor has just entered the office Of Detective Tommy Stewart Tommy, we just missed Carson Where? At his system law's home When I left here I called State Prisoner And had them check their mail file Yeah? They found Carson had written to his first wife Agnes Jones, 38 Adams Avenue And you just missed him there? Yes, he left with his wife a couple of hours ago In a hearse A hearse?  He could have had a rental agency Deliver a car Yeah, I know Well, he shouldn't get very far on it You must know that, too Tell me, what was the name of that wife Of his that died? Mrs. Watkins Now, didn't you tell me that Carson Was suspected of stealing the cash In the state? That's right Well, isn't it just possible That he buried that money with her Left it there till he was ready to pick it up?  Never's very cruel of you What was leaving her about there that way? Cruel Don't you know what he was trying to do to you? If it's anything bad, I'd rather not hear it Well, you're going to One of the neighbors told me Darling Herb was out all morning But he said he was staying in That's what made me suspicious I knew he'd go out for only one reason To get married Agnes Let me finish I called that florist He always uses to send roses to his brides They had an order from him I knew how he worked So I called the marriage bureau Sure enough, somebody named Watkins Had gotten a license I came back to the house to tell you But you were leaving That's why I climbed into the hearse I still can't believe it How much proof do you need? Didn't he try to lock you in the vault? Didn't he lie about not having the money? Well... Ethel, if that isn't enough You saw what he had in his pocket One boat ticket You think that was for you or for him? Now let's find a place to leave this hearse I just spoke to the gateman He saw the hearse pull in here tonight A gray-haired man was driving it A woman was with him How long ago? Almost three hours Did he see it leave? Yes And there were two women in the front seat Going out The man was missing Later the gateman said he saw the man Stagger out the front entrance On foot? Yeah Come on, let's go in the vault Right What do you know? They left the gate wide open Tell me, look We're on the floor Pieces of a broken vase Doesn't it appear to be a fresh blood stain? Huh? Yeah Well, I can't see what happened to Carson He must have been knocked out with this vase Oh, because look here on the floor Change, key ring And what's this? What do you got, Tom? An envelope from a travel agency But it's empty Well, those two women could have gotten the ticket Ticket to where? Well, that's what we've got to find out The agency won't be open this time of night Yeah Well, let's finish up here And if nothing has come in on Carson or the hearse We'll check the travel agency first thing in the morning Well, I checked the travel agency, Jim I showed him the envelope They didn't remember anyone answering to Carson's description No, I was afraid they wouldn't This agency specializes in ocean travel No Having the passenger list checked on all boats sailing today You'll probably be using an assumed name Oh, and the hearse has been located Oh, where? On McKinley Street McKinley, that's down to the docks, isn't it? Yeah Our men went over it, no leads Jim, how about giving each steamship company a description of Carson? Oh, I'm afraid that wouldn't pay off either, Tommy Our file, show Carson is having dark brown hair But evidence at the cemetery show that it's now gray And I've just been going over these photo stats of his marriage licenses There's a different description on every one of them Yeah, that's bad Tommy, I've been trying to get some form, some pattern out of these Just about to range them in sequence when you came in So, here's number one Mm-hmm Number two Uh, here's number three Yeah, thanks Uh, number four Hey, wait a minute Tommy, there is a pattern here Let's look through the stack and find his last license One-twenty-one One-twenty-three Here's our cabin Good, I couldn't walk another step Come on, we'll leave our coats here and then go up on deck Just a minute You must be in the wrong cabin Well, isn't this one-twenty-three? Yes Well, here's our ticket That ticket has the same number on it, too And I'm sharing the cabin with my husband Lady, is your husband a tall, gray-haired man with glasses? Yes I'm sorry to tell you, but he's her husband, too What? Yes And he's also married to Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Bentley, Mrs. Randall, Mrs. Clifford, Mrs. Hall His real name is Herb Carson And he's a cheap, four-flushing, double-crossing And just don't talk about Herb that way For your information, my husband's a bachelor and he's always been one Now please, get out of here Herb, darling Herb, dear Well, lady Sorry, wrong cabin Herb, it's me, Marie Yes, and it's her Ethel and me, Agnes Herb, who are they? Answer me, Herb Two extremely jealous women But are you married to that one? Well, I used to be But you said you were a bachelor When he was nine I've heard enough from you Your attitude compels me to tell the whole truth These women have hounded me, Marie And when they heard I'd married you They vowed they'd do everything in the world to break it up And last night, when I refused to give in to them They waylaid me and stole my money I came here to get that money back That's a good story, but we're keeping the money Oh, no, you're not You're forgetting the gun, Herb Agnes Here it is, Tommy Well, if you're from the steamship company Put those women out of here I'm from the FBI and they're all under arrest Herbert Carson was sentenced in federal court to ten years For interstate transportation of stolen property violations And Agnes Jones and Ethel Carson Were sentenced in federal court to six months For harboring a federal fugitive Special Agent Taylor and Detective Stewart Were able to arrive at the boat Because of the pattern in the marriage licenses Agent Taylor noticed that Carson Always used the maiden name of each wife For the marriage which followed It was assumed he would continue the pattern In making his reservations, a fact which was born out When Agent Taylor called the steamship line And so your FBI was able to close another file Because of the aid and cooperation of the local police Without such cooperation Many cases would be almost impossible to solve That is why your FBI continues to ask you, the people To exert your every effort To obtain an adequate local law enforcement staff For law enforcement, like charity Must begin at home One final question on the cost Of the Equitable Society's independent 60s plan I already have a good bit of life insurance I don't think I could add the cost Of an independent 60s plan on top of what I'm now paying You don't have to Your Equitable Society representative Will show you how to integrate your present life insurance Into an independent 60s plan Often because of life insurance already owned And social security Only a comparatively small additional amount of insurance Is all it's required Your Equitable Man will be glad to give you the exact figure Or send a postcard care of this station To the Equitable Life Assurance Society Next week we will dramatize another case From the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Its subject, murder, its title The Tribal Shakedown The incidents used in tonight's Equitable Life Assurance Society's broadcast Are adapted from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation However, all names used are fictitious And any similarity thereof To the names of places or persons living or dead Is accidental Tonight the music was composed and conducted by Frederick Steiner The author was Jerry D. Lewis Your narrator was William Woodson And special agent Taylor was played by Stacey Harris Others in the cast were Polly Bear, Betty Bly, Mildred Byron, Florence Lake Jeanette Nolan, Ted Osborne, Peggy Weber And Carlton Young This is your FBI is a Jerry Divine production This is Larry Keating speaking for the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States And the Equitable Society's representative in your community And inviting you to tune in again next week at this same time When the Equitable Life Assurance Society Will bring you another thrilling transcribe story From the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation The tribal shakedown on This is your FBI Stay tuned for a life in your hands Starring Lee Bowman when it comes your way next Over most of these same stations This is ABC The American Broadcasting Company


And I see some computers, that's good. So we want to try to do some programming work with you together. And we're into my first. So I'm Steph Cooks from Slogged, this is Simon Janic from Slogged. And today, we want to talk with you about our Intune protocol and the minimal verification like Incubed, which is the smallest client for each year. Other clock changes with us in this time available. And today, I will give you a short introduction how the system works. And then we will have time to do some real programming. Together with Simon, he will show something. And then you can also practice it on your own computer and try out the system. To be prepared for the programming, if you want to participate live, it's good to have some software available. The easiest thing would be to use the Docker image. We know the internet is not that great here. So I have some sticks. So if you want to install the Docker ish directly on your computer, you can just take one of the sticks. There's the complete image, or you can download it directly. OK, what we are doing today. So in the first, I want to talk about the Intune protocol, what it is, how it works, what are the benefits, what are the boundaries. And then we will do some programming, so different platforms, how to integrate the Intune client. And in our second part of the workshop, we will go a little bit more in detail how to prove we are using to verify the information of your client and then do one of the some programming work, how these proofs are working, how you can do it by yourself. And in the end, we will show how to install Intune node. That means a node which connects to the network or which provides services for the network. OK, first, I want to introduce you to how does Intune work. So this, when you see this, this is the vision everyone had in the beginning when Ethereum or other blockchains were constructed. We have a decent place network with nodes which are connected directly. And we have apps which interact with these clients and access the information of the blockchain. Cool things that this is the configuration which is working at the moment. At the moment, it looks mostly like this, like this. We have this nice decentralized network, but most of the depths are accessing the information of the blockchain over centralized nodes. These centralized nodes are very important for the time now to build these apps. But when you think to the future, we need a decentralized way to access the information from the blockchain. So when we talk about clients, then we have different types of clients. So this is an example of Ethereum. For other blockchains, it's almost the same. We have these full nodes or even archive nodes, which are very big, need a lot of resources. And then, even if we have a point, full node, it's way too big to run it in a browser or run it on IoT device. And even light clients are way too big to run it on the IoT device, for instance. So the minimum configuration for a light client is a computer in the size of Raspberry. But most of the IoT devices are way smaller. So when we designed the system, we had something like this in mind. You cannot see it much because this is a small microcontroller. This is a microcontroller which is built in in a dual log on other IoT devices. And of course, such a microcontroller is not able to run a light client at all. And what I'm doing the most, they are using remote clients. Meaning, we have a node running in the internet, and they have a remote connection to this. But with this approach, we are not decentralized in order. We rely on a centralized node. And we have a single point of failure. We don't know if there's maybe an attack in between. So in our solution, our approach is the in-cubed client, which is we want to have the abilities of a light client and the security of light client, but the smalls and the easiness of remote client. And I will now explain how this system works. Before I start with this, now with in-cubed, we are able to have a complete decentralized system. That means we have depths which run such in-cubed client, and these clients are connecting to a decentralized network of such in-cubed nodes, which are also nodes of the decentralized network of the blockchain. So I will use the term minimal verification client several times this time. I want to give you a short definition of what you mean with such a minimal verification client. So this is a client which is able to verify the information it receives and to validate that these information really belong to the blockchain. And then it's a very small client. It's only a small amount of resources. It has only a receive communication and which is also an interesting part of the concept that it doesn't depend on a special blockchain. Of course, we did it for Ethereum because we are coming from the Ethereum world, but it can work the same when I observe a lot of blockchains. And the very important thing is that this client is a stateless client. That means to no time it needs to synchronize with the information of the blockchain. So only when we need information, we can connect to this network and then we get the information and if we don't need information, we don't need to be online. The center of the in-cube system is the in-cube registry. That means we have some nodes. These are full nodes, maybe archive nodes with additional piece of software, the in-cube node software. And these nodes register to a smart contract, the registry contract.  I will explain later why we need this and give some information. So then the clients, they can get this list and with this list, they know which nodes belong to the network and then they can interact with these nodes. So and how does it work? Let's start with one client and this client has this list of possible nodes. So in this list, it knows how to access this node, it knows the security deposit and it has kind of reputation system. So for instance, if it knows this node is not entering, then it will be blacklisted or in some way. So the client needs information. It can access this list and selects one of these nodes. In this case, it selects node B and sends obviously request. So I want to know, for instance, if I have access to this, to this do-lock. And it receives the answer. Yes or no or whatever the answer is. So this is the same thing like a remote client would receive. But additional to this, we receive the miracle code for this information and we receive the block header. So with this information, the client by itself can validate, okay, this information I received belongs to this block. But so at this point, we don't know if node B maybe did send us a manipulated block. We know this block and this information, this belongs together, but if this block really belongs to the blockchain, we don't know. And that's why we also send validation requests. So we select other nodes from the list. So this is all done by the client. The node has no influence on this. So and then we ask node B, in this case, ask node A and also node C that they validate that this block really belongs to the blockchain. And we get this validation by getting assigned block hash. So why we use the block hash? Because the block hash is the only information we can validate in the past on the blockchain. So that means remember this smart contract, the registry, all these nodes are registered in this registry. And now with this information, we can go to this registry and can check if this block hash, this type of block hash is really the correct block hash. And if you find that one of these nodes is not responding correctly, meaning that he assigns the form block hash, we can convict him or throw him out of the list and get his deposit. So this is done, we call it virtual block stocks. That means if one of these nodes sends from formation, he loses his deposit and that's why his deposit is important and he is thrown out of the list. So and with this, we have what we know exactly with which security we can trust the answer. So and now with all of these informations, we get the verbal proof, the block header and the site block hash, we can validate that information really belongs to this block and that this block is part of the blockchain. So additional to this virtual block stocks, of course, we could also run active block stocks which is an additional security property. So we can run a client which acts as he would be only a client, but he has connection to blockchain and then if he finds one node which answers or gives him the front answer, he can directly convict him and drag his chain. So why is this so important? So we want to have a security so that when I as a client ask for information, then I can rely on information. So and when I get information with all of these proofs, then I can be sure that this information is secure. Of course, I'm only secure in the amount of the deficit which these nodes did in drag history. So for instance, if these nodes made a deficit of one ether, then I can be secure. They will not risk to lose this deficit and give me a front answer for a request which has a lower worth. For instance, if I send a transaction to pay for energy which is the gross of one euro and I know the system here has a gross of 10 euro or more, very can be secure. If I would open a door to a very expensive apartment, of course I need a high deficit to be secure that these nodes are not trying to retrieve. So at this point, we see that the only thing the nodes can do are answering correctly or if they answer in front, then they lose the deficit. So this is not a good incentivation. I'm not sure that's kind of what the start to see what the design is requesting. Like how can someone else check the claim by the nodes A and C if they don't see what the client is asking for. The client will never know whether the answer is correct as it cannot check it. So for it to be able to check it, the watcher needs to see what the client is requesting. So the watchdog in this example, of course he cannot check directly. But for instance, if I have a door lock or a complete hotel with a lot of door locks, then I can install a watchdog which asks the same question as the normal door lock would do and randomly picks nodes in network and ask them. So that these nodes, they do not know if this is the client which is the door lock client or this is the watchdog. But they would have to pay for it. Yes. The watchdog is costing. Of course, it's not for free, yes. It would cost me something to make this request. Could I just ask the same question that the light client, the key client asked again afterwards with another node that is connected to here. So I double-pasked. Yes. But it's in the same node. Yes. I could do this. Yeah, it's still, I think that's still a problem. Okay, let's get to work. I think the important part here is also in the end, what it comes down to is just a block hash because everything else we can verify. Block hash is the only information we can't verify intrinsically, meaning we have to rely on signatures from the outside. And that's exactly what the watchdog is doing. He's just checking for block hash because node A and C are only signing the block hash. They don't even know the request. They have no idea what they have. We'll be simply asking, please sign the block number X. And that's why the watchdog can make sure that they will never sign something wrong because they will convict them right away and it will lose to deficit. But do they have to publish these signatures? How do they do that? Indirectly they do because they send a transaction to the contract and convict them. Oh, they do that? Yeah. Okay, I didn't know. Because that's why they use the deficit because we can convict them directly on chain. So when I, I think you can ask node B to ask node A and C what they will actually do is they will sign that block hash on chain. Right. Because obviously node B cannot fake the signature from A and C. That's for the watchdog and block hash. Yeah, exactly. It doesn't have to pay. It doesn't have to do. It's over-aggressed. That's what node A and C are signing on the block hash. Can you say if you sign it on chain? When you send the deposit on chain, then you know the public key, then you know what E and C and this signature is the public key. If you sign something, you can recover it. You can recover the public key and then you know that it is not there. But you have to know what they sign. But you know what they sign because you get the block hash, you get back some node, right? Like you just take the same block hash, you get back because it's part of the block header. So if you get, if you get from node B, the block header, you can use it, apply it to node A and C.  Signatures from these two and then you just hook up the registry. Or does the public signature correspond to the entries in my registry that I've called before? Yeah, I mean, we will do this practically then. We can look at the proof. We can give the manual node a proof there and see exactly what you're doing. Because in the end, it all comes down to block hash. Because it actually, node B will provide the block header. And by the block hash, it doesn't mean anything if you don't even show the hash, right? That's why A and Z need to sign it. So the initial list of nodes, which are one chain, how is the Qtite pulling that without having a fixed first node? So in the beginning, yes. At first, it was on the slide of the registry. So in the first instance, of course, it has a set of good nodes. And then it has asked these good nodes for the list. If he has the list, then he can ask for the good with this mechanism all the time. But seriously, these good nodes could be like, since it's not complete, it could be a fuba. Like, if I want to, I could be a fuba. Yeah, in fact, that's why, of course, there are some default nodes. Even if you start a parody or guess today, there are some default peers that you start with. But if you don't trust them, you can configure them. Okay, so now, so we discussed that we have these nodes, they have to give us the same information if they are from information, they can lose the deficit. So there's not a good incentive for people to run such nodes, right? If the only thing is to do some work and lose some money, if I do something wrong, it's not the best innovation to run such nodes. That's why we also built an incentive system, which means if the client asks for validated information, then it pays a very small amount of money to these nodes for getting this information. This edge is not really a micro payment, it's a non-payment, it's a very, very small amount of money. So we have some models. So I will not go in more detail in this session here. So by the information here, we can give you a little so that we can do some different incentivation models. Could be an infrastructure incentivation, then we give reputation for answering code, or it can be a monetary incentivation that we give such a micro payment. And with this system, we can build an ecosystem. So the nodes they run, they give good information or signed information and receive some money in exchange for this good information. So as I said in the beginning also, that this client doesn't meet or is not only able to talk with Ethereum, it can of course talk with several blockchain at the same time. Because this client never stores some state, it's not synchronized, so with the same interface, it can for instance talk to public Ethereum or to any other Ethereum base or even other blockchain. And not only this, also all data services which can give us a proof that the information is correct can be included in this protocol, for instance IPFS and also other protocols. So as I said, we have different implementations. There is a TypeScript implementation which is good to be included in websites or mobile applications. And we have also a C implementation which is small enough to run it on such a market controller. And there we have several implementations. There is the NanoEdition which can do only the validation of transaction receipts. This is the smallest addition and the fully included client it has an own EVM and can do even interactions with smart contracts so that we can run the code in our own EVM. Okay, at this point, are there some additional questions? Some of the questions we already discussed, yes? So what can the impugnant ask the node being actually so-called? Will it be give me the hash or would it be this RPC request to give me the answer? And you can ask all the RPC that you could also send to a RPC client. So basically it's like the same RPC that we had before? Yes, it is the same RPC additional if the information we need for the in-cube protocol means the validation request. But otherwise you can use the complete RPC request. Is the RPC request specific to your implementation? No, it's exactly the same. Plus additional parameters. Yeah, there's just one additional property. Anything else is just exactly the same. And this additional property is for the request it defines exactly what kind of proof, what kind of signatures you have, and also the response contains the proof. But anything else is exactly the same as the standard chase of the C as we know it. Will you go into the later part of the session over the part, like if I ask, get me a usage call, I want to say get some state from the contract how you prove that this response actually corresponds to the real status. So that's the same. How are we going to exactly these details? How we do the proof? But that's a very interesting thing to figure out, to verify each detail of the opposite response. Okay, any other questions? Otherwise, yeah? That's great, maybe you just mentioned the EVM. There's like no EVM or EVM. Like how much do you find like the EVM does not actually being, in fact, like, in that part where like, how many of the actual hardware do you not have EVMs? Is it like a big problem, is it a small problem? Do you mean how big is our EVM or?  So it depends what you want to do with this kind, of course. So if you only need some information on the blockchain, you don't need EVM. The EVM you only need when you want to interact with slot contracts. But you want to read any storage data? The storage data you can read without the EVM. There's no ADI for that, right? So you can make an ad call to read anything. The ad call I only know is true is by having an EVM. Right, exactly. That's why we have the EVM implemented, that of course you can call easily at storage, right? If you know what you're doing, yeah? But for ETH call, that was the reason why we started implementing the whole EVM because the only way to verify that this is correct is if you first of all have all the storage values and then verify all the variables for them and then execute a code directly inside it in good quality. That seems very heavy to me, but I don't know what else to ask you. It's not heavy, and that is heavy as you think because at least this chip can do it. And if this chip can do it, your computer can do it easily. Yeah, so what is the chip? This chip here has 256 kilobyte of RAM. Which one is the ESP32? It's an NIF, a Nordic semiconductor. And this means we have one big white flash and this is usually the biggest limit to RAM. And usually that's why the biggest issue is getting the code inside the RAM because you need to download the code, turn it to a smart contract before you execute it. So if you have a huge contract, you might have an issue at least on very small devices. Okay, now Simon can take over. I need something to hold it. Hold it. Maybe I can hold it too. Okay. Okay, show me. Okay, maybe turn it to myself. I'm Simon. I'm the CTO from Socket and especially for the in-cube project, I'm also the lead dev, so a lot of the code was written by me and that's why it's all a piece of lead by me. So in order to get prepared for that, I don't know if you want to actually code something because that's what you want to do with it. This is the doggone image. This is a symbol. The image has all the tool chains that you need to compile some C code to a bunch of Java. A load chain has all the Java code. If you want, you can get ready or not. You can also take the USB sticks if there's a little bit too much to download. All the things I will show, I will just call doggone run and use the same doggone container so we have the same environment. So we don't have to figure out why something doesn't install on your computer. Yeah? Okay. I will take, but that's all right. I'll take care of it, everybody. Let's be prepared. Somebody else? Okay. Yeah. Okay, while you're downloading it, I would like to give you a short overview. Okay. Also nice. Because maybe to give you, where are we standing today? Just a few weeks ago, what we did is we prepared a release candidate one. It's not a final release yet because we went to a security audit and the security is not finished yet. Okay, that's why we're going to have a productive release as soon as it's finished. But we already published everything and so it's ready to be used, tested and we also would like to invite you to do this, to test it out, try it out and see how it works for you. What we have here is, if you want to go on GitHub, you will see a lot of repositories. I just want to shortly explain a little bit what you can expect, what you can see there. The first thing is, as Stefan mentioned, we have two implementations. The TypeScript implementation was the first one we did. Actually, about a little bit over a year ago, when we started with the TypeScript, first and more like a feasibility study, can we really verify everything? And we can, that's why we said, okay, it works great with TypeScript, but of course TypeScript is not done around with the microcontrollers, that's why we said we need a special implementation for the microcontrollers. Of course, we thought about what kind of language are we going to use it. I would have loved to use Rust or something, but if you look at the industry today, all the people that are building stuff on an IoT device, so microcontrollers, all the tool chains and all the environment is written for C. If you write something in C, it will run everywhere. That's why, as we did some tests, you can get very, very small binaries out of C. So that's why we ended up implementing the whole thing in C as well. That's why there's one repository, it's just i3. It should have been called i3-ts, because actually with the TypeScript, but first we released it under the name. And we have this i3-c, which is a C implementation. That's why there are two repositories. And of course, there's one repository that will represent this node. When we talked about this node, it will provide the proofs. This is the i3-server. This is what we connect to. And then we have two other repositories. The common is more like utils and default configuration levels or the default nodes. The boot nodes are configured there. And the i3-contracts, this is just one repository where we have all this mod contracts. There are just two smart contracts that really do all the work. But of course they are very crucial with all the tests and whatever. So this is the code in GitHub. We have two Docker images published. This is the one that includes client itself. So if you don't want to install it, you can run the input client directly as a Docker run command. This is sometimes very helpful if you want to replace a light client, for example. You can simply run the Docker image. And this will open up a JSON RPC port. And every request that comes into the input will then communicate with all the nodes. So it can replace that running client. And of course the other one is there. And we know which is one of these nodes. This is also what we are going to talk about later, how you set up the node. Usually you just run the stronger client. And then of course, for TypeScript, in JavaScript we have some ADM packages. We have the most important one is the input client itself. The TypeScript version. For the C version, we also compile it to Basin. That's why we have the second project that is just in Basin. At the moment it's experimental, but it seems to work very nicely. And actually it's really cool to see if you compare them. I mean they both bring the same result. But this one, the TypeScript version, has all the typical dependencies that you all know. All the ... ... all the stuff. And usually you have a lot of different node modules. So if you pack it, it comes down to the size of 2 megabyte. If you look at Basin, the Basin file is about 270 kilobyte. And everything in there, the complete EVM and all the stuff, it has no dependency at all. So which is pretty cool, especially also from the security point of view. If you think about it, having a module with no dependencies where it cannot mess around with prototypes and all the stuff, really, it's quite helpful. And it's quite fast as well. Yeah, the other one, and it's the same as here. We've covered just a lot of YouTube, it's how to serialize, what kind of synchronization and stuff like that. So this is basically what we have out there, the most important thing is. And if you want you can also look it up. In real docs we have our documentation there. We try to put it as much as we can. And as information, so hopefully in YouTube we have to find almost any answer in there. If not, let us know that we have missed something to document. That's what we have out there. When you look for information, usually a good starting point, start with the docs. It starts also explaining the content, just as Stefan explained the background and all the details and even the APIs references and all the stuff. So are you ready so far to start the document image? Or are you still downloading or installing? Maybe we can switch the cables now. Because I'm not very interested in one step especially. The one? The song is? Okay. Let me just give you all of you what we wanted to do. Maybe to give you all of you what we wanted to do is I want to first show a small example of how to use the TypeScript Cloud. Because I think the TypeScript Cloud is targeted for especially most deaf developers. Because JavaScript today is the world most used language when it comes to building use of the face. There's almost no alternative right now. That's why if you building it there and do not want to rely on an extra environment where somebody injects a free object for you then you would be very interested in figuring this. That's why the first thing we'll just do some TypeScript coding how do you type TypeScript line and then we will use the C Client and because even for the C Client there are different targets we compile into. One is just a simple executable that you can even use in a bash script. We'll play around with that a bit and show what you can do with it. It's actually quite a lot what you can just use in a command line user where we will look into C directing by the small sample application in C how to use the Incub Client there and then maybe we'll also look into Java because we all have bindings with Java. Even though the Java client itself will only use the C Client and have a G9 interface but bindings will have a natural feeling for Java. Why Java? Because especially when you want to develop native Android apps that's where you would use C Client. So you can use it directly on the platform. And then in the end we'll also talk about what I also wanted to do is then do a deep dive and actually think about switching that if you're more interested to invest a deep dive about how the verification works or do you want to do the practical things first. We're out of care. Maybe we'll keep that now because there are already a few questions about that and I think that will help to understand a little bit more how exactly the verification works. We are flexible. Okay. So as mentioned before what we do is we send RPC requests. First of all this is a one design decision. Sometimes people ask Rob, don't you use the light type protocol? Well, there are reasons why we don't. One of them is these clients they are not only stateless, some of them don't even have internet connection. Using the light type protocol means you have to be part of the peer-to-peer network. And this is a requirement we do not have. Because this gym does not have internet connection at all. But we can still use it because we can use he supports Bluetooth for example. So we can use the internet connection of your phone. That's why we abstract that the transport layer completely and obviously it's exactly perfect for that. This is also one reason why we cannot rely on the peer-to-peer network where you have the requirement to have an active internet connection. So that works also for offline devices. That's important. The other thing is of course usually what you want to do is most of these devices will sleep all the time or door lock and once you want to open the door it needs an instant answer. And if you want to let the light type protocol you will start finding your peers first that will work. So that's why you get instant interest. But in order to do this that's why we have these note lists so you know your peers beforehand. That's important. And you know exactly where to send them to. You randomly choose one and say okay, I want this proof and this answer from you. And that's usually how it looks like. You see this is the actual seat. And here you have this i3 property where we define what kind of verification do we want and the signatures which are the nodes. So then they will organize it. The response looks the same way. You see it gets resolved as usual to us. Now you see the proof down there. So there are different proofs. I'll talk about that in a minute. What these proofs exactly are. But the important part of the proof is usually the signatures where we request them. Last time this last node list this is the block 9 home where the last event happened on the registry meaning whenever a new node was added this last node list will change. And that's why the client will figure out oh, it's time to update my node list. So that's why because the client needs to always be sure that these nodes are still available. And they still have the amount positive too. That also. Exactly. If they are well convicted and get kicked out of course you want to make sure they don't ask this guy anymore. This is the question regarding this aspect. If I run it over and I deposit it at 100 how can I withdraw it? Well, you can withdraw it. There is a timeout actually before you can withdraw it because one of the attack factors would be you can give a wrong answer and then withdraw the money. So is there an expiration date for each node? Yeah, so when you register you can define and say maybe there is an expiration date for maybe one day or maybe one hour, you can define that. This is also something that the client needs to consider because if I am getting a signature from this guy I am only maybe one hour to convict him if this is wrong. For other guys I have a bit more time so this means I would probably choose somebody who has more time. The client does have less information of the smart contract of the information so he knows exactly how long he could be. Right. Okay. Now, what I am going to explain to you is a bit more on how Ethereum works internally because this is how these rules actually work. The information we get depends on what kind of information we ask. If we ask, for example, for a block that would be the easiest use case. If you call if you get a block by number you get the data of the block header, for example. The block header itself can be easily verified all you have to do is you take this data and serialize that as a block header. That is the way we do it here. So you just need to make sure that everything is in the right order and there are some small things you have to consider but if you do it right you can create the data I'll be encoded and this byte array if you hash it you get a block hash. So this means we can just take the data create the block hash and then compare to the signed block hash and if this is correct the block header data are correct. Easier as that to verify the block data. Now the next thing is transactions. If we want to make sure for example, let's say we call we get transaction by hash we have the transaction data. We want to now verify that these data are correct. What we need to do is we already have the block header. We always need to verify the block header first. And there's one field the block header is called transaction root. The transaction root is just a hash 32 byte and this transaction root is the root hash of the verbal tree. To be specific of the patrician verbal tree each transaction in the block is part of this verbal tree. And if you want to verify you need to know the path inside the verbal tree and this is the RLB encoded transaction index. Take the transaction index call RLB encode and then you have the path inside the transaction tree. Knowing this now the proof that the server will give you is just the verbal proof of this transaction. The verbal proof means we will serverize each node on the way to the transaction server. We will have to detail how this actually looks like but this way you can then create a hash and if this hash ends up exactly with the transaction root you know the data is correct. But the importance of here again the transaction data needs to be serverized in the correct way. That's the way you do it. If you state all these values the non is the gas price to put it in there, use RLB encode and you get the raw transaction. In this raw transaction you can then verify the verbal proof if this is correct or not. The transaction receipt works exactly the same way. So if I ask for a transaction receipt there's a different field in the block here that's called the receipt route and then we can verify it exactly. The only difference here is the way we serverize it you can see there's different fields we have all these events for example are all part of this transaction receipt so you need to serverize them as well and this code will give you the raw bytes of the transaction receipt which is then part of this verbal tree. Then the next thing is what you call ETHGAP balance for example or ETHGAP storage add or GAP transaction count these information they come from the account object and the account object are verified as also part of the verbal tree by the different one. This is the state route so we have this state route as part of the block header and then you have this verbal tree where all these accounts are stored. Here each account has four fields we have the nonce or transaction count we have the balance of the account the storage which is again a root hash for another verbal tree and we have the code hash in case there is code there is no code and we have always fixed value for the code hash which is the hash for an empty code. So you can now verify that the account data are correct. The interesting part about this is for example the storage hash that you would need to verify that at least last year was not really part of any RBC code. You were not able to get this information through RBC. So that was one reason why we said we need another function for that and this function that's why we created this AIP for eith get proof and I implemented protocol class for get and also for parity and then they merged it so it's in there at least for almost a year now and eith get proof is exactly the function that will give you the world proofs that you need for that. The other things for the transaction is something you can build from the existing data. You can just collect all the transaction and get proof but here you need a special function and this is now in there and I guess we just need to push a little more now to make it official because I think it's still a draft AIP but it should go through a lot of people already using it. That's why we here like two steps actually for the account object. First we verify the account object and then all the storage values that you need in this one contract are also stored in the tree and the root of this node tree is then part of that account object so you go two steps. This is how you sterilize the account object that wants to burn the storage and then you can go and ask there are some small things that you have to watch out for for example if it's in done if this doesn't exist that doesn't mean you get zero out of it usually because you get the empty hash then that's why it checks if it's in that existing want you to a different kind of proof because this was also a challenge there moving proofs are great but the challenge is how do you verify something does not exist for example if I call these get balanced and get zero how do I verify with the world proof that this is correct and it works, you can do it but you can do it with a patrician world tree even though it's a little bit tricky to figure out that there are different correlations where you can be sure that this cannot exist because there are some roof branches and some branch nodes if the branch nodes for example meet it as a zero or empty branch then you know that cannot exist there then the hardest one was actually the proof for you to call because if you're calling a function you need to execute it locally there is no way you can simply run a proof on a node and to verify a node so what we did here is the first thing is the node itself needs to collect all the proofs how does it work for parity we used actually trace calls which is quite nice meaning we asked parity give us a trace of this call and then we went to each of code and looked whenever we found something that relies on some kind of storage value then we know we need to verify this meaning we need to create a world proof for this storage value or even if there is a balance of code so at all S-load or our codes to other contracts we collected them and then created a proof out of this so then we have at least a proof for the storage values plus we needed of course the code itself this can be cached at least so the client does not need to download the code every time we need to actually verify because we have to co-attach as part of the account proof so after we collected all of this then the client needs to go through and execute the code itself this means and that's what this code kind of shows here what we did here is we created an empty worker tree we created a new EVM to verify then we went through all the account objects and after this we created a transaction and ran it in this EVM and then afterwards we just pick up the result of course it's a little bit simplified but that's basically what we do and that's what the TypeScript client is doing here for the TypeScript line we used the ETM.js implementation we don't want to reinvent the wheel but for the C-client we had to implement the EVM ourselves because this is done the same way so the client will first verify everything and then run the code and while running it also needs to check for example if all the values are needed are part of the proof there cannot be anything that's not verified can you again explain why you are getting the price because we need to out-code we need to know which out-code will be executed when you do this e-call because we need to find the S-load and balance of codes there and the e-call at least makes it easy because you get it all in one week rest and then we can simply find the ones and pick and collect the proof for parent if we get it's a little bit more a little bit more difficult because these trace functions that get us currently supporting are only for existing transactions that are already mined that doesn't help with the e-call that's why what we do at the moment it's a little bit slow because we get the code we execute the code and whenever we hit something and out-code for example then we ask Gav give us the storage value and then we collect this way but this means it's way slower because you need more than one request for getting all the data so this has basically also since the client is completely stateless you need to know which storage you need to send to the client right so that's why the local collectors it has all the information but the stateless client needs to receive all the information needed to verify it within the response that's why that's how the e-call works okay let's do some practical things there I don't know how many of you actually what I'd like to do is I would like to go to to manually verify a transaction I think it's very interesting to do it at least once I had to do it a lot of times when I was debugging all this stuff something says okay the hash doesn't match nice, why so when you go to the mergle trees and do all these things but when you do this you really try to understand how this all fits together and I think it's very interesting to do it at least once here to go through that and to actually manually go to a regular proof and see how this works okay I've got my fingers to cut okay so if you for example can start a dog you can also do it awesome so I guess you see one screen if you go to the top you can switch camera there's an icon that you're passed by it's very tough right to the left of the screen the problem is your presentation if you have to escape it you can escape the presentation more it helps so so what I just did here I started the same dog container that we mentioned here in the beginning and as part of at least the c-cliner was a small util that this all be util where you can simply give any data and it will all be decoded not like okay even though bigger will be hard because you will see a lot of numbers okay let's see if it fits in there yeah what we can do it now it's too big let's pick some data also to show you how because this is actually from our test data this is a request to get transaction by hash as you can see here and the result is the transaction data itself and this is the proof now let's just go to these proofs in detail what it is the first thing that we see here is this proof contains the block header this is the complete block header that we have here and if you were to take this I hope you can see this if I do this I just did decode of this block header and you will see here parent hash, miner, state group, transaction group all these data and also it will calculate the hash of the data itself if we look in here the response had this block hash if we compare them it matches so we know at least this is the block header and of course if we have the signature for this block hash we can also confirm this for them so now that we know that the block header is correct we can now go and look at the transaction data itself this is the worker proof for the transaction the first thing we need to know is if we want to verify the worker proof the transaction index we know the transaction index is 171 or actually it's also the same number here so now if we have the transaction index if we do this go exactly the same things and through what I explained we start with the transaction group which is this one and go now this path the path itself we can simply calculate what's the wrong hash the transaction index so what you see here this is the path inside the laboratory and now what we can do is we take the first node of the worker proof the first node these several nodes and what you see here is that's how a node in the laboratory looks like this is a branch node and each branch has 16 slots you can say and these are the six slots and this is the hash of the node the hash of the first node must be the root hash that's also in the block header if you look at B5 it's hard to do on a small screen we would have here the transaction group B5 this is the one matches so that's why we know now we looked at our path 8-1-AB so the first part would be here 8 this is the root hash of the next node and if we go here we can now take the next node this is the next node this is the hash and 8 is here it matches so I can do this now all the way if we look then at the last node the last node is a leaf node meaning this is the actual value you don't want to watch the path to it and this leaf node the value of this leaf node is here this is a broad transaction so I can take now these data from this broad transaction and in compared to the one we have here the result so we have the gas for example which is this value matches which is this one matches and that's exactly what the end time is doing very fast node approve just as we've done manually here now and then compare each data to the response to make sure it's correct and actually we have a lot of chasing tests that by probes try to fuss around, manipulate and make sure that it will detect each change okay are there any questions for that? how this works? how this I mean we did not invent this node this is part of the example but we are using exactly this to verify the data in the input client so are P messes what we have as a new row this is part of the look average or is it a complicated mess? there is actually the LP because we had implemented the LP in coping for the seed line anyways until there was a small command line that just what is the part of yours? it's a part of yours about the seed client but it was quite helpful I mean I know Gath also has an LP decode I think or something like this the only thing here is a little bit easier I put a lot of debug stuff in there because here it kind of guesses what it is looking at a number of fields and it looks like a broad header or it just looks like a transaction and so it gives you the names of it makes it easier to read this is more like an internal tool to play around it but it really helps to understand a bit what's going on inside let it stay down okay if you want you can try in the token mentioned mentioned okay maybe what I would like to do next is just to show you or not actually show you actually we'd love to if you can do it also yourself to first attach the client and then maybe you can also use the seed client how to use it, how to install technically it's not very hard because all these things that we have seen here are going on directly inside the client from a developed perspective you just want to use it you don't even have to care about them the verification is just taking place meaning you just use it and when you do this yes let's do like this let's create a very simple JavaScript I do it in JavaScript simply so it's even easier than TypeScript because you don't have the extra compiled stuff but the implementation is completely done in TypeScript so in the image itself we also download all the node modules it's all installs you don't have to call npm install but if you would start what you usually would do would call npm install 9.3 or of course you can save it like this I guess that's what everybody knows so they include node modules it's already done here that's why I don't have to do it that's why in the node modules let's write a simple demo the first thing you do is you just require and in this here we do it like this because this is the class that include class and now we can create a client in itself it's really easy and straightforward if you do it like this it will create a client with the defaults but if you want you can of course pass there's a lot of configuration meaning even you can define your boot nodes that you want to use you can define how many requests you want to send the signatures you want to have one important parameter is the chain ID which chain you want to use the moment we have deployed on girly on coven on the mainnet but we will probably add it to one chains that at least as the band how do you establish that these proofs are going through the root I'm not sure if it goes further ahead to the chain root the chain root it really belongs to the chain this block that they would the block belongs to the chain then the way we do this is by getting a signature from the other nodes they need to sign that this block hash is correct and the reason why this is this works is because this signature can then be passed to the smart contract itself they can call easy recover to make sure that's the right node and they can also verify that this block hash is correct because there's an opcode block hash opcode at least for the last 256 blocks you can directly in the smart contract find out if this is correct so then we can compare and we know either they if this was correct it was not and if it was not then he would lose his touch and even for older blocks in the beginning we had only this 256 blocks these are the like low hanging fruits, the easy one but also if you want to go even further back we created a second contract with the block hash registry where you can construct in all the blocks you need to deliver the proofs like the block headers and out of these block headers you can then prove that certain block hash is the one for this block now what happens with reorgs the nodes were not lying but in the end they returned information that is actually not true after some time exactly we've put a lot of thoughts in this as well because you're right, this is something that too many vectors don't think that much about finality at the moment there is a configuration like a mid block hide that says how many blocks do I need to wait before I actually sign the block hash because one of these nodes will just get retraced please sign block number X and then what it will do is say is this really final because if it's not final I would risk losing my deficit just because I'm on the wrong fork I mean at the moment if you look at either scan for example they have these nice stats there were max 3 blocks some reorgs in this kind of mount but at the moment there's a default for 6 blocks usually the node will not sign any block that is younger than 6 blocks so that's why if you ask for something that's younger than this you will not get any signature the latest block is not final but that basically means when I use the RPC code I ask for the latest which is kind of the default you would probably give them the latest one from latest lights so I think that this is an important thing so nobody thinks about it asking for the latest block but this is also not a secure information because here you learn a little bit in pain if you ask for the latest block you will never get a signature because no node will sign it but you might get a response just not signed because they don't care to sign because it might get wrong I mean that's exactly what happened we can test it, what's happening is the YouTube client will then simply say he will retract the response and as you said I want to have two signatures