Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebrakes.com here doing a 2016 panini spectra and Black gold soccer two box mixer one box of each product Words random number block. So 10 spots in this break Here's the list of customers from Pasquale down to Russell last spot mojo there and Obviously the list of numbers from zero down to nine where Any hit one of whatever 11 of whatever 21 of whatever so on and so forth. We'll get go to the one spot Zero spot. We'll get anything ending in zero. So 10 20 30 40 all the way up to whatever number it goes to closest number to the backslash But it also will get any and all redemptions even if it is a known one of one redemption The one spot will get all one-of-one redemptions that are live So not redemption or not not one-of-one redemptions any one-of-one cards that are live So let's do a dice roll to see how many times we're gonna randomize both lists And it's a five-to-one six times one two three four Five six the final time from Russell down to Brad Add that to the list And then we're gonna do six times on the numbers Good luck everyone one two three four Five six and final time from two down to six so you've got Russell with the two Joe cook with the eight Rob with the five Brad with the zero Robert with the one Carlos with the seven Robert with the four Joe with the three Pasquale with the nine and Brad with the six Let's go ahead and sort this out by numbers If anybody's in the chat there is a trade window So Brad will get any and all redemptions even known one-of-one redemptions Rob Runkel will get all live one-of-one cards in this case While you guys are talking potentially if anybody's in the chat about potential trades We have two new cases, so we're gonna figure out which boxes. We're doing for this There's six boxes in the specter case, so I'll number them one through six So we can do this break multiple times guys I know somebody was asking said it looked like a great opportunity But they were bummed that it was sold out. Well, guess what? We can do this again And we'll be doing this again, so so I'm gonna go ahead and number these one two three four five and six You guys can see that right here one two three four five six Now I'm gonna do the same thing with the black gold boxes Down goes the camera, and there's eight in here, so I'll number these one through eight And we're gonna go back to the randomizer to figure out which boxes we're doing There's four And here's four So I'm gonna do the same thing on this one two three four five six seven and eight So you'll see for example the one and the five there's the one there's the five All of them are numbered So we're gonna go back to the randomizer and this is gonna be for the specter boxes one through six So Moving the one numbering to the side since That won't be rubbing on itself So you can see now the numberings on the side so eight seven six four three two ones on top there Five is on top here So do a randomizer real quick to figure out which box of each we're gonna do One through six for the spectra one through eight for the black gold dice roll on this Four and a six ten times on each so one two three four five six seven eight Nine tenth and final time box number four for spectra and now ten times on black gold One two three four five six seven eight Nine tenth and final time box seven So coming back here You'll see box seven and I'm gonna pull out the other boxes will be up for the future breaks So there's box seven and box for spectra We get these boxes out of the way guys and then we'll get ripping There's no talk trade, so we'll keep it as is Good luck to everybody So we'll start with spectra and got a black gold after We print out the list so we can see what the final numbers were for everybody So we have five autographs or memorabilia cards per box on average here's our final list of numbers Good luck everyone And This one it doesn't matter if the hits are spoiled by being able to see the name or not because it's still a random number block That's First up is slot go Juno Zovic For Austria and that is unnumbered So what we're gonna do is at the end of the break We're gonna actually take all the customers names and we're gonna randomize all Unnumbered cards to one person from the break Next up is Robert Lewandowski And that is numbered nine of seventy five, so that's gonna go to Pasquale Congrats Pasquale next up Will freed bony from Ivory Coast And that is also unnumbered So that will join the is lot go To randomize one person in the break Kevin Morales relic For Belgium international fabrics, and that's numbered 89 of 149 So that's also gonna go to the nine spot in Pasquale Jamie Vardy from England international fabrics Number 34 of 75 Going to the four spot and Robert Runkel next up next era relic Mario Goetze from Germany numbered one of 25 Number one Robert Runkel Next up patch and auto for the Netherlands Memphis the pay young stars patch auto numbered 47 of 149 and that's going to the seven spot and Carlos. Yeah three more coming auto Martin Scretel And that's numbered 26 of 199 Going to the six spot and Brad the lotter next up Yvonne rocket tick from Croatia Paction auto superstar Jersey And that's going to spot to 52 of 149 Russell Barney Congrats Russell and last hit from spectra die-cut Tim Howard of the United States nice looking card there and that's spot eight eight out of 35 Going to Joe cook Congrats Joe No, you were waiting for this break next up black gold You Got two packs with four cards per pack Two autographs of the game's brightest stars passing presents per box on average So we look you should be looking for two autographs in here guys probably one per pack, so we'll take them one at a time First up Hakan Kalhangalu that's going to the five spot 25 out of 75 and Robert Runkel next up Thomas Mueller for Germany man of the match Relic and that is Unnumbered so that'll be randomized at the end of the break to one person and Just a heads up. I'm gonna try not to do it But see the man of the match it is loose you can see right there, so I'm gonna try to keep it Flat just a heads up. You can feel it rattling around a little bit guys Put it in a team box That'll be randomized at the end with all unnumbered cards Next up auto is Rai Suza de Oliveira for Brazil vintage gold auto That is also unnumbered So that will also be randomized at the end of the break to one person all unnumbered hits and last hit in the first pack is Adrienne Robbie Oat these cards are incredible and That is also unnumbered, so that will be going to the same Unnumbered lot at the end of the break second pack I See you guys have a good night first up is Sergio Ramos And that's number nine out of 75 for Real Madrid Or at that time at least So that's going to the nine spot in Pasquale, Pasquara next up Mario Manzukic Gold star for Juventus unnumbered So that'll be going to the once person at the end of the break with all unnumbered cards I'll add that to a team box as well is Mauricio Isla gilded signatures For Chile numbered 90 of 199. Yeah, that's not how it works fortified as It posts their states in the break itself and last card is Isco for Spain and it'll also be part of the Non-numbered randomizer Just coming up right now There are a lot, but that just means one person is going to get a lot of good stuff, right? You can't go against what has already said in the break when people bought it, right? So we're going back to the randomizer Here's the list of customers that originally bought in Pasquale down to Russell. We're gonna do a new dice roll to see How many times we're gonna randomize the list? Looks like snake eyes one-on-one and Whoever's on top at the end spot number one is gonna get all non-numbered cards Good luck everyone One and second and final time Brad the lotter Spot number six you will be getting all non-numbered cards including Isco Adrienne Rabiot The Rai Sousa de Oliveira auto Wilfried Boney The Zlatko Jodzovic the Mario Manzukic Stars Relic and the Thomas Mueller man of the match relic and The man of the match relic is loose There's unfortunately it's under a cello Fane like a inside that cello box. So there's no way for me to secure it but Obviously, I just want you to know that it is like that came out of the pack like that I'm gonna try to keep it like that before it gets turned around or anything So but that's all going to you congrats Brad and that was 2016 Panini Spectra black and black gold soccer two box mixer random number block number one I'm Sean with jaspys case breaks calm We'll have more of this in the shop and we'll see you guys next time


It's now time for Member's statements. The Member for University goes down. I recently met workers from the Injured Workers Action Group. I met a lady called Alicia McAlef, who suffered a severe concussion from a workplace fall. Her doctor ruled her unable to work, but the WSIB denied her claim because a case worker with no medical knowledge of concussions ruled so. Alicia has now struggled to pay the bills and still suffers from PTSD and anxiety based on that incorrect denial of benefits. Her story is common. In 2016, doctors filed a complaint with the Ombudsman, arguing that WSIB systematically ignores the medical opinions of workers' own physicians. It's WSIB's job to help injured workers not deny their claims. But instead of reforming the WSIB, this government is taking us from bad to worse by cutting employer premiums to the WSIB by 30%. This will mean the WSIB will deny more valid workers' claims and hurt people like Alicia. We can do better. It's time to build safer workplaces so injuries don't happen in the first place, and it's time to ensure the WSIB does its job and provides financial support to injured workers who need it. Thank you very much. The member for Oakville North Burlington. Speaker, this week is rail safety week in Canada, and it is a good time to remember how important it is to teach both children and adults about the continuing need for safety. Rail lines and rail crossings are safe for drivers and pedestrians, but only if people respect their use, particularly at grade crossings. No one should try to race a train to a crossing, nor should anyone ignore grade crossings. You can stop if you have to, but by the time the train driver sees you, it's too late for the train to stop. I recently met with representatives of CN to learn about their work providing transportation services for businesses and for supporting our local communities. They know how vital rail safety is, and I was pleased to sign the rail safety pledge they promote with the safety group Operation Lifesaver. CN and others work with Operation Lifesaver on educational activities with more than 300,000 children and adults benefiting from their presentations every year. I commend groups like Operation Lifesaver and good corporate citizens like CN for promoting rail safety and teaching both adults and children how to keep themselves safe. Thank you. Thank you. The member for Niagara Falls. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. I want to rise today and talk about a serious health and safety issue happening here in Ontario. It's about the health and safety of our correction officers. These women and men carry on an incredible, stressful and difficult job on a daily basis, but consistently underfunding of our correction system is putting them in danger. In the Niagara, we have the jail that is busting at the seams, and on the weekends it's worse. I've seen it myself. People in that jail don't go outside. There's 35 of them in a room in a dorm that's meant for 28, and sometimes they're being held in the room without washrooms. Situations like that, bad things are bound to happen. Mr. Speaker, you know what happened next? These people act out. Violence happens. Guards get hurt. Recently, a frontline officer was attacked with a broom handle. He needed eight staples in his head to close the wound. He survived. He's healing physical with his family, but things could have been much worse. Things still can be worse. Mr. Speaker, I've written to the minister, but I have yet to hear back. We need to take action immediately. We need to ensure our jails are proper funding so people going there on weekends aren't forced into cramped situation with violent offenders. We need to list the frontline staff and make sure they have the services and support they need. They're putting their safety on the line. They should be able to count on us. No worker in the province of Ontario should have to worry whether they're going to be able to go home at night and safe from work. That's our responsibility. It's time this government act to make that a reality. Thank you very much. Thank you. Member for Bruce Gray, Owen Sound. Thank you very much. Mr. Speaker, I'd like to acknowledge my guest star here in the members gallery now. Mr. Speaker, September is childhood and adolescent cancer awareness month in Ontario and globally. Along with my colleagues in the legislature, I'm wearing a gold ribbon awareness pin in support of the over 5,000 Ontario children. The pediatric oncology group of Ontario Pogo confirms will be diagnosed with cancer this decade. Even though 86% of children survive five years beyond diagnosis, cancer still remains the leading cause of non-communicable death for children. Ontario's finest nurses, doctors, dieticians, researchers, social workers, oncologists, non-profits, medical radio isotope producers, palliative care and family support foundations are here today. They're joined by my constituent and international awareness advocate Neil Rort and the family of the late Maggie Jenkins of Belmont, who have graciously supplied the pins we are wearing. The tireless and innovative efforts of our guests are a golden example that all of us can play a role in helping children with cancer. On August 31st, four-year-old Jordan Mechnerney of Berry opened the Toronto Stock Market. Jordan, who is in junior kindergarten today, is one of the most recent children supported by our healthcare system to receive CAR T cell therapy and immunotherapy advancement showing over 90% success in cancers such as Jordan's relapse, leukemia. Jordan was treated in Philadelphia, but we are pleased to report the same treatment is now available in Toronto at Sick Kids Hospital, where children can receive this life-saving treatment. Not all children are as fortunate as Jordan, sadly. Our researchers are poised to change this in many cases, and as government we must remain ever vigilant to create policy-aligning healthcare with the innovative and rapidly occurring medical breakthroughs so advances for our children can happen in the most expedient and safe environment possible. I wear my pin proudly today in memory of all children who have died from cancer, including constituents Haley Nuttle, Conor Higgins, Cassie Boucher, Candice Ebel Campbell, and Brennan Roark. And I respectfully ask all of us to commit to ensuring we give our children and youth every opportunity to grow, thrive, and live in a world free from cancer in all its forms. It is my hope, we'll soon, for the dream of my hero Terry Fox, find a cure, so that someday the hurting will stop. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Member Stainless, a member for Ottawa Centre. Thank you, Speaker. Affordable housing and gentrification is an ongoing problem across this province, and today I rise to talk about Herringgate. This is a community we haven't talked about yet in the sitting of this legislature, and it's unfortunate, Speaker, because as a legal studies professor, I used to teach students about the legacy of Africaville, where hundreds of Black Nova Scotian residents were moved out of their residences in working-class Dartmouth in dump trucks. It's a legacy of shame. It's a racist way in which we relocated an entire community, and we're supposed to learn from our history. Unfortunately in South Ottawa, we're not. We have a situation right now that on September 30th, hundreds of families are going to be evicted from their homes in the south end of Ottawa, in a community that has had to pull together despite a landlord which has not upgraded its facilities, and they are appealing to us. They're appealing to this legislature to stand by them. There are 15 families that remain, and the property owner, Timber Creek, a $7.5 billion company based here in Ottawa, yesterday shut off the gas to those home speakers. They spent last night without heating and without the comfort of their homes. They have a legal campaign speaker. I encourage any of my friends in this house, anybody watching this campaign, to donate to their legal campaign. And I encourage the mayor of Ottawa, Jim Watson, to pick up the phone and help somebody other than wealthy developers in Ottawa, and help the residents of Herringgate make sure they get justice for their families. It matters in the City of Ottawa. Next, the member for York Centre. Thank you, Mr Speaker. With great pleasure, I rise to recognize the work of our guests in the legislature today, the friends of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre. Today, over the lunch period, many of us visited the reception held by the FSWC and had an opportunity to learn about the important work they do. This non-profit human rights organization is committed to countering racism and anti-Semitism while promoting principles of tolerance, acceptance, and Canadian democratic values through advocacy and education. Their important work is guided by the words of Holocaust survivor and by the founder, Simon Wiesenthal. Quote, freedom is not a gift from heaven. One must fight for it every day. The friends from Simon Wiesenthal are working all across Ontario. They work with various communities. They provide Holocaust studies. They work with young offenders to give them a second chance. They inspire and empower Canadians to speak and support a freedom and democracy everywhere. And they're here to help educate. So the Holocaust or genocide never happened again. Never again. Not for the Jewish people, not for anyone. I'm pleased to support the great work that the friends of Simon Wiesenthal Centre do and thank them for their efforts. Thank you. Next, the member for Spadina for York. Thank you, Mr Speaker. Yesterday, Mackay Bishop Jackson, a 15-year-old boy who lived in Regent Park, was shot and killed. He's the fourth child who's been killed in the city in this year. He's the 81st homicide victim in the city. Gun violence has hit epidemic proportions. For the past six years, I've been meeting with community members and asking people, people who the community members include mothers who've lost their children. And it also includes people who have been involved in gun violence in their youth and now are trying to prevent other people from following in their footsteps. And they all talk about poverty. You know, poverty is the root cause of gun violence. And any step that we take in this legislature to reduce violence or to reduce poverty will ultimately help us to reduce gun violence. And so there are some steps that I would ask this legislature to consider. One is increasing the Ontario Works benefits. That needs to go up. If it had kept paced with inflation over the past 20 years, it would now be over $1,000 for a single person, instead it's $700 per person. We have people living in destitution because of the policies and the legislation that we've passed or that this house has passed in the past. And we need to address it. If we are committed to ending gun violence, we must first commit to ending poverty in this province. Thank you. Member for Haldwin Norfolk. October 2nd through Thanksgiving is the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show, following hard on the heels of the Caledonia Fair, which kicks off tonight and many other smaller fairs in our area. Not only is Norfolk, Ontario's oldest agricultural fair is ranked as one of the largest in Ontario. Up to 160,000 people attend, along with the C&E, the Royal and the Western Fair. Norfolk is ranked in the top 100 festivals and events in Ontario. The seven-day Norfolk Fair dates back to 1840, kicks off with schools competing for the crown of young Canada Day, cheerleading, hug-a-war, road races, home craft, art, all a part of a day creates so many memories of many generations. Throughout the week, younger students take part in what's called Discover Agriculture Passport, touring livestock, the poultry barns. They learn the fun answers to questions like, do chickens lay blue eggs? How do pigs keep cool? Of course, horses, large and small, are showing, jumping, racing down the track. The evenings round out with tractor poles, demolition derbies, monster trucks, country music, big time this year. George Canyon, Aaron Pritchett, the Hunter Brothers, Emerson Drive, Saturday is Warriors Day. I invite all to try and get down to, well, Caledonia tonight through the weekend, Norfolk Fair and take part in some true country and county hospitality. Thank you. Member Statements. The Member for Richmond Hill. As an immigrant who was born in Hong Kong, Mr. Speaker, it is my pleasure to rise in the house today to announce the upcoming 69th National Day of the People's Republic of China on October the 1st. I had the pleasure of attending a special reception last month to welcome the new Council General, Han Tao. We would also like to thank and acknowledge the former Council General, Mr. Han Wei, for his service. Tomorrow evening, I have the honour of having Council General host and celebrate the 69th Anniversary Gala in my riding Enrichment Hill. Dignitaries from all three levels of government will come together to celebrate. Mr. Speaker, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, 69 years ago, China is now one of the world's largest leading trade partners. In 2017, two-way trade between Ontario and China totaled over 46 billion. On Ontario, as Ontario is developing new global markets and drawing new businesses to Ontario, China will be an important market. On October 1st, on Monday, the Confederation of Toronto Chinese Organization will host a flag-raising ceremony with the provincial government and the Council General will be having it at the South Lawn Main Legislative Building in Queensborough at noon. I encourage all members to attend, and thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. That concludes our time for Member Statements, reports by committees. Thank you.


The way to convince and persuade somebody to use me as a realtor, to convince the homeowner, to sell to your client, is to have all these ninja techniques, no body language, NLP, all that. There's valid points to that, but there's a consideration cycle which means some people aren't ready to sell. And no matter how sweet of a talker you are, if somebody's not ready to do something because A, they don't have the money, or B, they don't have another house, so a lot of people don't wanna sell so they know where they're moving, nothing you do as a realtor helps.


Professor of Security Engineering at Cambridge University. He is the author of the book, Security Engineering. He has done a lot of things already. He has been inventing semi-invasive attacks on, based on inducing photo currents. He has done API attacks. He has entered a lot of stuff. If you read his bio, it feels like he's involved in almost everything related to security. So please give a huge round and a warm welcome to Ross Anderson and his talk, the sustainer of this book. Welcome, and thank you for listening to the French translation of this presentation, directed by the 36th CAUSE Communication Congress in Leipzig, in Germany. Hello, I'm happy to be here today. I'm going to tell you a story that started a few years ago, and it's about the regulation of safety. It's the night of the regulation of security. In February of this year, there was this show of children who had been reminded, why? Because they thought it was a communication that the back-end servers weren't sure. And the hackers could follow the children, so this was immediately identified by the device and called on the children. And this was a bit of a way to talk about the so-called internet of things that didn't have any eyes of the non-safe device that they could suddenly be ordered to take it off the market. And of course, they didn't know that if their material wasn't sure, they could be removed from the market. In 2015, the research department of the European Union asked for regulation of safety because the European is sure to be able to identify security for the internet of objects. And from cars through drugs to aircraft. And if you start having software and everything, there's going to be a lot of data. And suddenly start to have software. And the agency that takes care of security, such as the implementation or the automobiles, must start to be interested in the safety of the software. A report was made in 2016. And it was released in an entire version of Report Vice in 2017. And this report said that if you have software everywhere, the security becomes the only problem. And by the way, in most European languages, it's the same word. For example, in French, security in the Spanish language, security. So how are we going to update the regulation on security? So the problem that the European Union has to deal with in the European Union is the economics of information security because we see that the complexity is that most of the time, the systems are failure because many of these ideas go across and the principles of security are false. Now, it's already well known that in some industries, such as aviation, that the industry for security is better in its sector than in others, like the one in the pharmacy. When we think about the car, at the beginning, the security was abominable. People weren't interested, for example, in security security. And it's just that the United States, for example, set up a committee on the subject, which brought the issue of autonomous security on the front of the stage. In the European Union, we have a series of regulations and regulations with more than 20 agencies, plus the UNECO, who take care of these issues. So how do we understand this whole ecosystem? We chose to study all these vehicles according to three different paradigms to see what we could learn from them. One of them was cars. Some of them were called Karchark in 2011 to the University of San Diego and Washington where some agreed to learn how to control the distance of a car. So... for Schlimmessel and Manusakta in Germany? Yeah, okay. We'll get it going sooner or later. Anyway, this was largely ignored because in 2015, but in 2016, the industry started to be interested because two people who had been in the NSC were the NSA's hacker team. The NSA were able to use the Kragsler's Uconnect to control a Jeep Cherokee. They were able to control a vehicle according to the location of the place where the vehicle was. They simply needed their IP address. They managed to publish papers on the subject. They even managed to release a vehicle on the road. And then it made the news in particular in the U.S. and Chrysler had to remember in this factory 1.4 million vehicles to work on the software. Some of you may know Pierre Martin Winscon who was driving the Volkswagen and he found that he had a large number of vehicles by inserting a mechanical software. And he was put in process for that. It's an important model concerning vehicles and a lot of things in the IOT. And what's important is that the MENA model is not only external it's also internal. And you also have to keep in mind the OEMs. Now medicine so we can see of the scene in the intensive care units in Swansea hospitals in the intensive care units. And just as a car has got about 50 computers in it so in the same way that a car has more than a dozen of computer equipment inside we can see that a little bit everywhere as you can see on the MENA. It's a comparable number to the one of the processors in a car. And only here surveillance and the management of all this is done by nurses and not by engineers. Here we have images of pumps of fusion pumps that can be found in intensive care units as you can see they are all different. So it's a bit like driving a car in the 1930s where you start to drive and then you realize that the acceleration pedal is not in the place where you expected it. So I thought the acceleration would change speed. So for example up here to increase the morphine dose you have to press 2 to decrease it you have to press 0 on the bodyguard bodyguard 545 to increase the dose we press 5 to decrease it and we press 0 This leads to accidents and a lot of accidents So you could say well we have standards but we have standards for example for the litre symbol you have to use a L so it's not confused with a 1 bodyguard and if you look up to lines you see 500 ml is in small letters but you can see that if you look at a different line the yellow line up and the litre is written in minuscule and we have different examples of these failures on the market So the research shows that failures in usability kill several thousands of people in the UK each year like the road accidents So in Great Britain and in Europe regulations but since the safety and safety are lost it tends to improve the medical field so we can focus on Kevin Fu and his research in the University of Michigan which led to the panic of the FDA so the same ones on the previous slide also the FDA we couldn't possibly recall all those but the FDA it turned out that 450,000 pacemakers made by St. Jude in 2017 we realized that around 450,000 pacemakers made by St. Jude could be hacked and to remove that and replace it with a new one to replace these models for patients who had such pacemakers but it's a big deal since it's a surgical operation and a cardiologist has to be ready in case of cardiac attack and it also has financial implications so what should we do well the European institutions are interested in the problem and to review the regulations on the medical equipment from next year it will have to be more economic it will have to be market studies and there are obligations imposed to those who are preparing the software and to be interested in the life cycle of the machine so there at least we have a foothold and I think it's possible to be designed and manufactured in such a way as possible against unauthorized access that could have functioning as an intent so it will be perfect for the manufacturing but the third thing that we looked at was energy and in general there have been one or two talks of this conference and basically the problem of your life cycle devices is that the problem is the life cycle of these products that can last for a long time as with the Christel Jeeps anybody who knows your IP address can read from it and with an actuator's IP address there are companies that make a lot of money using software to protect themselves for example from fires so one way in which you can deal with this is having one component that connects you to the network are you replacing it? that's one way to have a renewable security for your oil refineries for your oil refineries the equipment that connects you to the internet can be replaced every five years that's harder than before when you put it on a car where there are at least 10 different interfaces that are connected to the internet in certain cases for example the temperature the pressure of the tires it's particularly difficult for the automotive industry because of the fragmentation of the responsibility in the manufacturing chain of all the actors that come to the manufacturing of the different parts of the car the main questions that emerge from this background is who is responsible for the investigation of the incidents and to whom they should report the engineers and security and how to effectively report the incidents that are coming how do we communicate the engineers in security and those in security in particular when we know how the world of security can be fragmented between different specialties some companies are beginning to get this together when we think for example of the company Bosch who managed to gather these jobs but even those who did that from an organizational point of view how did they get to communicate the skills it's not obvious and in the European Union are the regulators in any case becoming engineers in security most of these institutions don't even have one engineer among their staff it's mostly people who work in politics or lawyers and of course at the congress here I have to ask how do we prevent the case of monopoly or abusive lock-in we don't see the kind of thing we saw in the US so we ended up with a number of recommendations in the beginning we would get Vandals to self-certify for the CEO products could be patched and then turned out to be more we then come up with another idea self-certification auto-certification but it's not really possible in fact it was Mozilla that lobbied against it and so we got something through which I'll discuss in a minute in the European Parliament there was a lot of lobbying against what happened we wanted to create an European agency to manage security and the reaction to that a year and a half ago was to the creation of the creation of the Enissa office in Brussels with technical people the people who prepare the political side we will also expand the directive on the responsibility in terms of production to make sure that the people who are responsible of the mistakes made by a software for example Google Maps are not necessarily the people who use the software directly and finally we will have to update the Enissa directive N-I-S in particular to see how we can implement the security and safety for example once all cars are connected there are gigabytes of data that are transmitted when there is a car accident where will the data go to the police up to the car makers to the regulatory to the one who built the car how will we design a system that will bring the right data to the right place while respecting the privacy of the individuals and other legal obligations it's a big project and we don't know exactly how it will be done but at the moment if you have an accident with a Tesla we are forced to pursue a Tesla in justice we need a better legal regime for that it's up to us to find a way to create a more efficient system from this point of view but it will take a lot of time if you want a secure system it will take a long time but there's one thing that struck us after we've done this work there's something that struck us after we've discussed this with dozens of people involved in the security after we've discussed this with dozens of people involved in the security we were just chatting we were just chatting with these people we were just chatting with these people and we were wondering what we really learned from all this exercise about certification and decentralization so, in particular this there are two types of things that we know how to secure the phones like the phones and the portable computers that are secured because we correct the security problems but they become obsolete pretty quickly and then we've got the things like cars and then we've got the things like cars and the medical devices that we test extensively before they are made available publicly but we don't connect them to the internet and they are patched so what will happen in terms of cost for maintenance now that we're going to start patching the cars and we're going to have to do that and since we're starting to connect the cars to the internet and it's something we've ignored before but it's something we're going to have to correct so if we have to start to send the cars to the garage to patch them up it's going to cost a lot of money so what's this going to mean so what's this going to mean so this is the trilemma so this is the trilemma so this is the safety life cycle standard life cycle for safety without patching we get the safety and the durability but on a safety life cycle standard we have patching but it breaks the certification in terms of safety if we have patching and re-certification in terms of safety with current methods we get costs in terms of maintaining safety so how do we get safety, security and durability this brings us to something else that a lot of people here are interested in so here the image is the sentennial light the light without light it's been lighted since 1901 so in 1924 the three major companies General Electric, Osram and Philips agreed to reduce the battery life in order to sell more so this is something that tends to happen with connected objects and we meet today where companies try to make it difficult to see to correct and to fix products now you might not think it's something that politicians will get upset about you might think that it's something that politicians will not be interested in but something that you should really be interested in is the life cycle of the products the average age of a car in Britain which is considered useless in the United Kingdom is 14.8 years old so now we have all these great software that allows the car to drive alone taking the view two years ago that they wanted people to scrap their cars after six years and buy a new one so if you're a Mr. Mercedes you're a business model and if your lease on a new car and if the customer is not quite so rich so this is the view of the vehicle makers so this is the way to think of car manufacturers often exceeds its lifetime fuel burn but now we have to consider that the cost in terms of CO2 of a car exceeds the quantity of the amount of the amount of the amount of the amount of the amount of the amount of fuel used on its lifetime fuel burn that leads us to the conclusion that if we have a life cycle of 6 years then we drastically reduce the the final km of the vehicle there are also other consequences in the case of Africa for example where most of the vehicles are on occasion so for example if we consider Nairobi the cars arrive they are already 10 years old they are used for 10 years and then they are sent to other countries until the point where they are no longer usable yes there is more about safety I don't know what the rules are here but in Britain I have to get the safety questions I don't know if they are the rules in Germany but in the United Kingdom I have to bring my car to check in terms of safety after a certain age almost every year and once the software update is available will we be able to export this car to Africa I couldn't resist the temptation to put a little drawing my engine makes a weird noise can you look? yes just open the trunk I can't open the trunk anymore just put the car in the big wheel and we will look for a new one that's what would happen if we treated the cars as we treat electronic products what is reasonable to hope in terms of life-threatening car for the car it's maybe 18 years let's say 10 years after the sale of the last product in a product range for the medical instruments we can say about 20 years for domestic cars 10 years of engineers from the engineer's point of view the question is when can we make the software update for 20 years if you are writing software now for a vehicle that will be sold in 20 years what should you put in place as a security measure and how are you sure that's what you will be able to do in 10 or 15 years that's all the ecosystem that comes up with this question in reality so what does the EU do I'm happy to tell you that in the third alternative the EU has managed to pass a law on it it's the directive on connected products it says what kind of product we need for at least 2 years or more if it's in the reasonable of consumers we hope that at least 10 years for everything for vehicles and it's the sale that has the proof in the first two years so we have a legal framework for that and it creates a demand for the patches and now the responsibility is on us if the people who work today are still working in 2039 the objects will still be in 2039 so we will have to take into account the projects and tools like GIT and Jenkins and Coverti so here's a question for the computer science what else is going to be here for a sustainable computer once we have software in just one so research topics to support 20-year patches include a more stable one so it might not be for crypto but for the history of the last two years when we look at the example of the crypto we see how complicated it can be the cars show us that it's difficult to maintain this long life the more you multiply the testing environments the control systems also tell us that sometimes you have to make small changes to limit what you have to have and when we look at the android case we wonder how do we make the manufacturers continue to improve their products for those of us who teach at the university or who do research at the university so today I teach security and security in the same course at the university we have to think about all of this in more unified terms in terms of research what can we do to make the manufacturing tools more durable for example if you add crypto tools we will say that sometimes the compiler is improved and allows more intelligent work and to get rid of certain things that are more useful all of a sudden from one year to the next your crypto in terms of security if you try to make more changes so one of the things we thought was that the programmers can no longer communicate on this subject then Simon, David, Shisplan, Norl and myself will work on this and that's what we published in a research article at the university at the macro level what does it mean we will have to do a lot more in terms of life we will see for example that there are 1637 max for the Boeing but in terms of the aeronautical industry we have a good long-term on the subject of other areas especially when we think of the automobile what can we use as a guide what can we get as a guide for all of this would be the economy of security we've known for a long time but as I told you the technical problems are complex they are often unresolved because there is not enough reason for the actors to try to solve them researchers can explain if it's Alice who keeps a system for example that it's Bob who is paying the costs in case of failure then you know you're going to have a problem the same kind of problem applies to safety the more safety and security are linked the more these problems are going to be important and so we need research and studies on this area so our papers are sustainable, sustainable standardization certifications in IoT certification in IoT so other papers are on my page where the link is displayed so that's the first place where you can go to learn more about the subject there is also our blog and we often fail we also discuss all this we will discuss all this during the workshop on the economy of information security in Brussels that will take place in June 2020 so perhaps we will see some of you there in June so here are some books about the security engineering thank you very much Ross Anderson for this presentation so we're going to start this question a little differently than usual so Ross has a question for you so you're going to decide about the next cover of Ross you're going to see the first and the second so who do you prefer the first cover among you and the second ok I think the public clearly prefers the second and we're waiting with patience to see this second cover yes so do not hesitate to ask questions the first question comes from the internet were there reasons for which you did not talk about the aeronautical industry in your research yes we were asked to study three fields and we worked on the three fields on which there were two hi thanks for your talk so where do you believe the balance will fall in the fight between privacy between the manufacturer to prove that it wasn't their fault and the right to repair so the answer it's a very complex question and we tried to answer so so but we have to try to send the necessary data to the I'm sorry I did not understand microphone number 4 please thank you for this presentation as an engineer in software to do much more harm than a simple doctor in terms of use of software so why is there no conversation around the responsibility of the insurance of the professionals again a complex question so it's true that in countries like Canada there is a particular status for doctors it's a question I think quite cultural and it's true that there are a lot of if we had only people who only did software engineering we wouldn't be all there today that's why it's good that there are several profiles so my question also concerns aviation because as I understand many old equipment are sent to developing countries and how do we see I'm a journalist of indigenous origin and this is interesting because a lot of equipment are sent to Pakistan after their first use and so this question is interesting what can you say there are different things to say good things don't necessarily have to involve the technology of the information for example we could see the development of perfusion pumps for developing countries so with a concept that will allow for use in countries like Pakistan or African countries so countries that have access to technology don't need to necessarily be the richest countries and we can have such equipment in countries where intelligent cars are not necessarily a priority another question from the internet why force the update by law well politics is the art of the possible and realistically we can talk about a certain amount of things in a certain political culture in this moment because we don't have the opportunity so if we say simply that you have to stop connecting cars to the internet that's not something that the industry is ready to hear it's more reasonable to say that once a product reaches a certain degree of danger then you have to put regulations to not bring this product that people are more ready to hear that's what we see for example with the case of carbon emissions for the most automotive in the European Union in particular in the face of the automotive that came from China microphone number 4 please microphone 4 please hello I'm an analyst in security in the automobile I'm aware of the standard that's coming out next year do you know the standard that comes next year the subject it's not something I've been working on in detail my point is not so much a question but a little bit of a pushback a lot of the things you talked about are being worked on a lot of the things you talked about are being worked on a lot of the things you talked about a life cycle of the vehicle is being considered by nobody I know a life cycle that's not a future with a life cycle six years ago we could talk about a life cycle as well it's not something we discuss senior executives have been talking about just that in terms of autonomous vehicles so it's something related to different conferences about autonomous vehicles and I can assure you that it's something that we heard about it's all the time we had thank you for applauding and thank you


Hello Columbia and welcome to This Week in the City. On Monday, November 14th, B-PAC will hold a meeting at 4.30pm at the Maine Library site on Assembly Street. For details regarding this meeting, visit our website at columbiansc.gov. On Tuesday, November 15th, the Technology Committee meeting will be held at 11am in the Mayor's Conference Room located on the 2nd floor of City Hall at 1737 Main Street. You can view this meeting on our YouTube channel and on our website at columbiansc.gov as well as checking there for agenda items. Also on November 15th, the 1pm Public Safety Committee meeting will be held in the Mayor's Conference Room on the 2nd floor of City Hall. City Hall is located at 1737 Main Street. This committee meeting will include agenda items that can be found on our website at columbiansc.gov. And to close out Tuesday, November 15th, City Council will hold a 4pm Regular Meeting in Council Chambers at City Hall located at 1737 Main Street. This will be a hybrid meeting, meaning that you can actually attend the meeting in person or you may view the meeting from our YouTube channel or the City's website at columbiansc.gov. You can also check our website for agenda items. If you need details regarding the committee meetings or the council meetings on November 15th, contact the Office of the City Clerk at<PHONE_NUMBER>. How to Trim your Holiday Waste Line A webinar that will be held on Thursday, November 17th from 6pm until 7.30pm. Between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day, Americans create 25% more trash than usual. Learn how you can celebrate more sustainably at our free quarterly webinar. Pre-registration is not required. On November 17th, the Design Development Review Commission will hold their regular monthly meeting at 4pm on that day. The meeting will be held at City Hall in Council Chambers. Agenda items may be found on our website at columbiansc.gov. It is a hybrid meeting, which means you can actually attend in person or you may view it via livestream on the City's YouTube channel and the City's website at columbiansc.gov. And on the evening of November 17th, come out to the Vista for the 37th annual Vista Light Celebration. For all details, please visit the Vista's website for details about this annual holiday event. And on Friday, it's time for Food Truck Friday on November 18th from 11am until 3pm. Come out to the 2,300 block of Bull Street in the REI Co-op parking lot and try delicious food from local Food Truck vendors right here from Columbia, South Carolina. Again Food Truck Friday, November 18th from 11am until 3pm. Visit our website and also follow us on social media, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter for details regarding local food vendors for that day. That rounds out this week in the City and if you have any information about any of the highlights that we have featured, please contact the Public Relations, Media and Marketing Department.<PHONE_NUMBER> is our phone number and our email address is pio at columbiansc.gov. And remember we are Columbia.


Hello all welcome to the second chapter of unit 2, in this chapter we will look into detail about the DC response of an inverter, we look at the noise margins which I have been talking about in the last chapter as well, we look at the transient response, the delay estimation and we look a bit into logical effort, the major part of the logical effort will be in the next chapter in the continuing chapter, this is more like the this chapter is very much like the analysis we do for the RC circuit or the usual RC circuits, we calculate the DC response, we can calculate the current response, we look at how does the output current rises and how much time does that take, okay this is the review of the concept we have studied earlier, so just review in your mind and try to answer these questions, what happens when the width of a transistor increases, what happens to the current, will it increase or decrease or will not increase, what happens to the length, if the length is increased, what happens in case of a supply voltage, let us look at each of these answers, so if you remember if you review the equation of the current, the current depends on the W by W, so if the width of the transistor increases, the current will increase, because current is very proportional to W, if the length of the transistor increases, the current will decrease, because it is inversely proportional to length, if the supply voltage increases it is very straight forward, the maximum current will increase, because it will be proportional to V or the square of V of the I for various power and power. Again if the width is increased, the gate cap, the gate cap depends on the area, so both in case of both 4 and 5, if the width increases or the length increases, in both the cases the gate capacitor will increase, if the supply voltage increases, the gate capacitance will be unchanged, because obviously the capacitance does not depend on the voltage, it is characteristic of the perimeter on the area and the commutivity of the base dielectric material, so the capacitance does not depend on the voltage, I hope we remember the equation, we will see the equation in this chapter also. So, for DC response, we see how does V out, so now V out is V out to voltage, V in is V out to voltage, for inverter let us see that, what is DC response? DC response will simply what happens to V out, when V in is either starting 0 or starting 1, it is very simple when V in 0, V out is V dd, if V in is V dd, V out is 0, this is the functionality of an inverter. Interesting part is what happens in between, what happens when V in is switching, how fast or how slow does the V output and what does that switching the speed at which it is between, the most important thing is how fast does V out, how fast the change on V in gets that will also V out, that is called the delay path, that is actually the delay of a gate, the delay of a gates is very very important in determining the performance of the circuit, which we are designing. Now V out depends on obviously the current, the more the current or the better the rise in current, the faster V out will represent will go to V dd or V, it depends on the transistor size, we saw the slide earlier that the current depends on the V by V and two more factors. Now we try to solve this equation, so by the Pistach current law, simple that the IDSN should be equal to IDST, so as we know V out, since both are in the same direction we say that IDSN is equal to IDST, this way we could solve the equation that is we keep the on one side we keep the equation of the for the current of the T MOS, another side we keep the equation of the N MOS, it is not a simple linear equation, but it can be solved, but we look at the graphical solution which is more inside into what happens during the switching. So let us now we should we will try to answer the question as to what regions we saw that in the project stage in MOS and T MOS, they operate in one of the three regions, cut off linear or saturation. So we will see what happens to what regions do the N MOS and T MOS operating during the switching and during the other voltage we try to answer this question. So let us review the three regions which we studied earlier, let us review that once. So what happens when so the three regions are cut off linear and saturated, so the equations governing this if the gate voltage is less than VT the threshold voltage the transfer will be cut off. If for both linear and saturated the gate voltage should be greater than the threshold voltage, but if the if the voltage between drain and source is less than VPS minus VT, then it is in linear mode if it is greater than and it is in saturated mode. Do you remember that the channel gets pinched off near the drain and this pinch off is what causes the current to get saturated. The saturated current for an ideal case does not depend on VDS, but we saw that the actual transistor the physical transistor the current does increase a bit with VDS. The suffix N here just represents the N MOS, this is differentiated from the T MOS. Here the VIN is nothing but the VDSN and VDSN is nothing but VIN. Let us look at what the author has done here is converted the VGSN into VIN, so that the equations are now in terms of VIN and VOUT. Why is that because VIN is common to both T MOS and N MOS similarly VOUT is common. Similarly exactly same equation for for T MOS just the polarities become different, so VDSC should be greater than VTP. Again similar equation we again convert them into into VIN. Now here the difference is that the gate voltage here at VDSC is VIN minus VDD. This is just to make sure that the voltages value remain positive. So we converted the VDSC to be VOUT minus VDD and the GSP to be VIN minus VDD can be the threshold voltage of T MOS is negative. So these are the equations that are converted here. So since as I mentioned that VTP since it is negative value so VIN should be greater than VTP plus VTP. This is you can put in this equation of VDSC where we can put these equations back into this to get this equation corresponding to this equation and this equation. So this is just to make sure that the voltages are in positive range for analysis. We will see how does that affect the graph. So these are the so on the on the axis on the x-axis we have VDD and then the voltage which is the maximum value going to be on the y-axis we plot the I this is the typical IB curve. If you notice that if you take T MOS into isolation this particular quadrant we have seen earlier this quadrant this quadrant we have seen earlier. This is the IB characteristic of a single transistor it is not different than in earlier. We saw that how how this this is the linear region and this is the insaturated region and we saw the dependence on VDS that which increase in VDS the IDSP increases in insaturated with the problem of constant. Now since the voltages and currents are related to P MOS this quadrant here this quadrant is for T MOS. If you take the linear image they both are they are very similar figures. Now we saw earlier that the mobility of electron electron being higher the electrons move faster than the volts. So to make the inverter balanced that that means to make the T MOS carry the same amount of current as N MOS we have to make beta n is equal to beta p. How do we do that? The beta is nothing but mu 1 W mu 1 C of W by L since mu 1 mu n is greater than mu 2 we make W of P MOS wider than the W of N MOS. So P MOS is wider so that we to make sure that beta n is equal to beta p and the currents are equal in both the directions. Now what is done in this slide and so what what happened in this this equation is that we are converting the P MOS voltages to positive value. What we are doing is that we have in terms of graph what we are doing is we are taking this quadrant here and over tapping it with this quadrant here. In other terms we are solving equations by taking this these values this V in V out equations here and the V out V in V out equation for N MOS which is beta p. We are taking these N MOS and P MOS equations for V in and V out and plotting them on the graph and the equation and the graph looks like this after conversion. This is a very very interesting graph which shows how the how the current how the N MOS current and P MOS current vary this input and output input voltages and what happens to V out. So this is this is the output voltage this is the output current IDSN is the N MOS current absolute value of IDSP is dotted here the ID the P MOS current is represented in blue N MOS current is represented in green. Obviously at any particular input voltage IDSN should be equal to IDSP. So for a given V in V plot now V out must be where currents are equal because the currents have to be equal since whatever is being drawn from the V dv again has to go to ground. So the currents are equal it satisfies KCN. So the V out the output voltage can be calculated from this graph at a point where the currents are equal. Now let us see the different points the different voltages and what happens to the current. Let us look at V in 0 very clear V in is 0 let us go back to this the compound what happens. So if V in is 0 this is V in 0 point V in 0 with 0 voltage V in 1 volt V in 2 V in 3 V in 4 and that is it. So this is in this direction the V in is increasing for P MOS N MOS in this direction V in is increasing. So when V in is 0 the output voltage is V dv the P MOS is turned on the N MOS is turned off. So for this graph you do not see any V in line you only see the blue line which is represented by P MOS it is very clear when V in is 0 V out is V dv this. So this is the curve what happens to what happens to the current. So the current I will come to that later let us first see the effect of voltage. Next what happens when V in starts rising when V in starts rising up to the point that it does not cross the V p of N MOS the N MOS is still be turned off it will be cut off and P MOS again P MOS is the one which is driving. So V dv is again V out is again V dv obviously on this line and the transistor that we will see what stage the P MOS is and what stage the N MOS is in. But the one thing is clear that since the voltage does not cross V 2 the N MOS does not start conducting there is a very pained green line here which we will not see in the graph we will see that in the next form what happens when V in is 0.4 V dv. Now the N MOS has started turning on the N MOS has started turning on the P MOS in is in some region the linearization we will see that and the two curves intersect here. So V out will be now slightly less than V dv now see V in is increasing from 0 to V dv V out will start falling which is the inverter from starting again we see that whenever V in is 0.6 V dv. Now we see that the V in is more closer to V dv than it was closer to V s n. So now the N MOS is turned on P MOS is kind of going into turn off so we will see V out which is very close to V dv right. So V out again we remember is the point where both the curves intersect. So in case of if somebody is confused what happens then so in the in this graph the the IDSN is actually 0 flat along the expected. So this is the right point that presents me the second is V dv. So we again again view this V in 0 these V dv is 0 the IDSC graph is represented by the blue line V in starts increasing V dv starts decreasing N MOS starts turning on V MOS starts turning off and at V in is equal to 0.8 V dv and higher the blue line is now also along the expected because V MOS is almost turned off completely and N MOS is driven driving V out. So so V in so for V in 4 V dv is nothing but 0 the same thing happens it is the process completes and V in is equal to V dv. So when V in is equal to V dv again IDSN presents IDSN is this curve and V out is 0 for V in is equal to V dv. Now let us look at so this is again the same graph the load line summary. So at at any point of V in either you could use the equation or you could use the graph the equation is for more accurate analysis we want to know the current value at each and every point the graph is more intuitive into understanding that what happens during the switch switching of the loader. Now earlier the graph walks on ID curve which means it was showing the current with respect to voltage. Now what is plot here is V in versus V out that V in increases what happens to V out. So all the points what what we described earlier 0 0.2 V dv 0.4 V dv 0.6 V dv 0.5 V dv and V dv are plotted on the input line and we see V out here. So now 5 regions are defined A B C D and A so this is a typical inverter functionality assuming assuming this region this region here is very very narrow around V dv by 2. On the left of this region V in is logic level 1 or V dv and sorry V in is for V in is 0 and V out is logic level 1 or V dv and on the right of this this point V in is V dv and V out is 0 which is the red line typical inverter functionality. Now let us revisit the regions. So in region A region A V in is 0 or close to 0 what happens to NMOS and PMOS. The NMOS is in cutoff PMOS is in linear very important thing to remember is that in in in static state the whenever pull down or the NMOS is in cutoff the PMOS corresponding PMOS will be in linear region region A region V the reverse PMOS is in cutoff in linear NMOS. So either NMOS or PMOS during the switching will go from cutoff to saturation to linear why this happens. Now the train voltage is constant here what is what is changing is the gate voltage the input voltage. So when input voltage the gate voltage is low the train voltage being higher pushes the transistor into the saturation and when the gate input gate input keeps in linear the transistor comes out of the pinch off either and goes into linear. The thing to remember here is that at at the the logic levels of V in being 0 and 1 V P either the PMOS or NMOS one of them is in linear other other one is in the cutoff.  Now this curve this curve can be skewed by making by playing with the beta P versus the time value if it is not equal to 1. Now in the in the previous slide we saw that the switching point is very closely available this this is the switching point and this the voltage the shifting voltage is almost instantaneously here this is for the case where beta n is equal to beta P that means we are made PMOS wider compared to NMOS to make the current equal. But if it this is not the case this curve the middle curve is for beta 1 if we start increasing beta P by beta n that means we start making PMOS wider then this gate becomes skewed in the sense that the cutoff point starts moving away from VGD by 2. If beta P is the PMOS is wider then V out obviously V out it will be difficult to it will take more time into or rather it will take more voltage to make convert PMOS into from a region of fully on or a linear to saturation to cutoff. So, let us consider this curve this curve now this case is the case of beta P by beta n is 10 that means PMOS is very very is compared compared to NMOS is quite wider 10 times as wide the PMOS will remain the for a higher very this net flips if you down the for a majority for a major part of the beam to VGD ratio the PMOS will remain in linear region that is on and NMOS will remain in cutoff for this major part of the curve. So, the minor part obviously the NMOS will become similarly this is the case similarly this is the case where NMOS is quite this is again 10 times as wider as PMOS and so this case is the reverse of this case where for the major part of the curve this is the major part of the curve the NMOS will be turned on and PMOS will be turned on. So, we see that by playing with the beta values or the width of the transistor we can control the time it takes. So, let us see we will be looking to the time parameter, but we can control the this queue the the slew of this this and these gates which are not balanced that is for beta after beta this is the curve this kind of gate is not a balanced gate it is called a skewed gate. How do we analyze other gates other complex gates we do the similar kind of exercises and they these gates also get collapsed into an equivalent inverter. So, when we talk about the skew factor in terms of other gates or the how wide is the NMOS and NMOS should be always compare it with an equivalent unit inverter. I will come to watch what unit inverter is later we will discuss something about unit inverter earlier, but we will see that again. Now, let us talk about noise margins noise margin why is it important for any gate we have to make sure that a small amount of noise should not corrupt the value at the output of the gate.  So, let us say the the inverter the first inverter. So, the idle voltage VDD and GND these are the idle voltage VDD and GND. Now, let us say the output of the first inverter voltage here is let us say slightly lower than VDD we call this as VOH in case the the value here is low multiple low then it is not actually GND it is somewhere higher than GND let us call it VOH. What it means is that we are introducing some noise here which is eating into the logic level if the let us say if the input input here let us say it goes high the output here goes low, but it does not go low as well as GND it goes only to VOH. If the input here goes low goes low then the output does not necessarily go to VDD it goes to somewhere VOH. Now, let us say we we define two more terms called VIH and VIH what it means is that the inverter here for this inverter to recognize for this inverter the second inverter to recognize this value as one it is sufficient that it should be between VIH and VDD. I will explain that in detail I will explain more in detail, but let us assume that this inverter is given a voltage between VIH and VDD it is able to resolve as logic level one. Similarly, if we give a voltage between DIN and GND it is able to recognize this as logic level 0. So, we say that the logical high input range of this inverter is this one is this one similarly logical low input range is this one. So, for the second inverter the noise margin margin it has the lowest the input can go is VIH, but actually it is going up to VOH. So, the margin it still has for high region is NMH which is the difference between VOH and VIH. Similarly, you open the margin on the lower end is NML it is the difference between VOH and VIH. Now, let us look at logical high input range. In the previous slide we saw this curve now consider consider an input value the VIN to be somewhere here somewhere here right. Now, we see that for this range let us say with two point we need to be for this range of VIN that means, VIN can be higher than VOH and still the inverter will produce an output of VIN this is called the range that means, the inverter is able to take some noise into account. Now, inverter is a digital circuit it operates in either 0 and 1, but this 0 does not mean it always has to be VVD it is always has to be GND it can be some voltage above GND and still the inverter will maximize this as logic level 0. Same thing happens for logic level 1 this range decides the logical high input range and logical low input range ok. Now, the gates should obviously be designed to withstand large levels of noise. So, how to maximize noise margin? Let us say for example, in this case beta p is greater than beta n greater than 1 this is the energy inverter and the the curve slopes here this is these are the two points these are the two points where the curve this the slope is minus 1 right is it is 135 degree slope is there on this on this curve on this on this tangent this will be draw a tangent and we say we define these parameters here VOH is this and this is VIN again VON. So, remember the x axis is being input voltage the y axis is output voltage. So, what we are defining here is that we say that at these slow points the output changes from VVD and immediately goes into a very sharp region this is a very sharp transient region. So, we do not want to go into this we want to restrict the R cell to this this this particular region to this particular region for input voltage 0. The voltage here we define as VOH corresponding input voltage this is this is the output voltage corresponding to this slope this is the output voltage this is the input voltage. So, we call this VOH and VIN obviously when O high because this is closer to VTD I low because the input is closer to this. So, for this input range VIN similarly we have a similar slope here this is VOL and VIN. So, at these two slow points if we design the inverter these level logic levels for a unity gain point it will have the maximum noise margin possible again why is noise margin important noise margin important to make sure that small disturbances in voltages do not cause wrong logic levels. I request all of you to go through this this curve actually the best thing would be to make a unity gain inverter plot the DC transfer characteristics of a inverter which has beta P adjusted. So, that it is equal to beta N or no beta N actually twice of that or let us say 1.7 times of that to make sure the currents are equal you draw this graph this graph is very easy to draw easy to plot we just give VIN and change VIN and calculate V out the spice will do that for you and then you could actually calculate the values of VOH and VOL and VIN and VIN and that would give much more insight into the working of the inverter and the problem also. So, DC analysis told us what happens to V out of VIN as constant the transient analysis is very important that will tell us what happens when VIN changes how fast that how slow that V out thing go back to the RC circuits the RC of the RL circuit is nothing but a first order differential equation. Similarly, we would have a differential equation here input is usually considered to be a step or a ramp a step input is ideal case a ramp input is the most more practical case from 0 to VDD or vice versa. Let us see this inverter here now it is important to we will we look at IDSN V out will see some load which will be represented by P load capacitor load this load is just the drain cap of both load or it could also represent the final load of let us say an inverter or any gate that we saw this earlier during RC model, but whatever load is on V out is represented by C load. So, V in we are we are looking to find the step response when we talk about step response V in will change from V in can be represented by U T minus T 0 VDD U is nothing but the step response input that means, U will rise V in will rise at T 0 it will become 1 before T before time is equal to T 0 it will remain at 0 V out is less than T 0 if V in is 0 V out will be 1 or VDD V out by DT let us look at the equation. So, D V out by DT D V out by DT is nothing but is negative of IDSN by load by C load. So, if the formula is simply I is equal to VDD by DT. So, the V we solve for ID. So, what happens when T is less than T 0 V be look for 3 regions here T is less than T 0 V out is greater than VDD minus V 2 and V out is it is less than VDD minus V 2. So, for T is less than T 0 obviously, V out is VDD it is connected to the pull up network not to pull down network. So, the current will be V 2 and possibly 0 again we look at these 3 now V out is nothing but VD we look at 3 regions here V out and input is nothing but VDD with the gate voltage this. So, this is nothing but this is VD this is VG. So, if VD is greater than VG minus VG these you can write. So, this part is nothing but this is VG and this part is nothing but VD just the arranged. So, VD is greater than VG minus V 2 it is a saturation you remember the saturation equation again this is in the linear region this part we remember the equation of the linear part this is solving for this is the ID values. Now, we have to solve for V out knowing the ID values we could easily plug in the value of ID essence here and calculate the V out this graph here shows what happens to V out V out when V in changes suddenly obviously, V out will go to 0 after some time this is the pull pull down network is being acted now, but VV we are looking to to find the equation for this curve. So, here we will define some some parameters for delay PPD means propagation delay R means rise S means fall TR means how much time it takes this first signal to rise PF means how much time it takes for the signal to fall. PPDR rising propagation delay that means from input to output rising crossing VVV by 2 the rise here the rising here is referring to the rising output for any gate this can be for any gate for an inverter a rising output could be in a falling input or let us say a buffer a rising output would be in a so a rising input. So, PDR is rising propagation delay from input to rising output PPDF is falling propagation delay from input to falling output PPD is nothing, but average of both TR is some output crossing 0.2 VDD to 0.8 VDD this is the transition time for the output this is a 20 80 percent limit. So, 0.2 VDD to 0.8 VDD again all time is from 0.8 VDD to 0.2 VDD these things are arbitrary for a particular technology for a particular design somebody might decide to use the 1090 percent for 0.1 to 0.9 and so on. So, these are the definitions for let us say R for one particular technology for one particular application these can be changed as the as the purpose. Now, PCDR is rising contamination delay from input to rising output causing VDD to VDD by 2 PCDF is the falling contamination delay I will come to what is this contamination delay this contamination delay for example is not applicable for inverter it is only applicable for complexity. So, this is a this is a spice simulation of an inverter I would recommend all of you to do this yourself using a spice tool. Obviously spice will not use your simple chocolate first order model not a simple alpha model it will use a much more complex and accurate IV model. Obviously simulations are not that easy to write but once you are familiar with you can write basic simulation at least you can write you can write a you can simulate as a response or you can even simulate a step response in steps of 20 percent of VDD you can do that easily. So, this is a graph of a spice simulation where the where the time is plotted here. So, we see that the curve here this V in is rising this is nothing but V in and so obviously when when V in is low this part of V in low VDD is high when V is high the VDD is low. So, according to the definition of the propagation delay the time the time here and the time here the difference in time is the propagation delay for fall that means V out is falling similarly this is the propagation delay when V out is falling. So, I will also show you what is the rise time and the fall time. So, so the propagation delay refers to the difference in time between the output and the input when output is falling or output is writing. If you consider the VDD alone to the time it takes from this point let us say 20 percent of VDD to go to this point let us say 80 percent of VDD this difference here this difference here this is nothing but the rise time similarly this difference here is the fall time. So, these two and request you all to again again go through this to revise this such that these concepts are very clear of the propagation delay and the rise and fall time these are very very important factors in determining the quality of the design. Now, we realize that solving equations or doing five every time is not straightforward thing it is not very easy for every game. So, how do we quickly compare different designs or delay? We saw one thing earlier we saw an Archive delay model earlier which is used to estimate delay on paper it is a very good tool. So, the point here says that we will use Archive delay model very useful technique propagation delay is proportional to Archive. We also characterize transistor by finding the effective R. So, the effective R depends on the average current that we take with it. Let us look at Archive delay model again. So, we talked about a unit NMOS transistor and unit NMOS transistor we say that the rule of thumb says that the unit TMOS has a resistance of 2 R is the mobility of poles with solar compared to electron. Capacitance is the same we define the capacitance to be C of each gate, drain and hose. The capacitance is proportional to bit we represent bit by K the resistance is inversely proportional to bit. So, an NMOS of bit K will local something like this you have capacitance KC at each of the three terminals and you have the on resistance to be R by K. Similarly, PMOS will become 2 R by K with the capacitance will remain KC. Let us again give an example of this. Let us see a three input NAND and how do we make sure that it achieve the effective Ryzen for the resistance equal to unit inverter R. So, now what I will do is let us look at the RC model of a three input NAND and try to see how does it compare to unit inverter. Now first thing what we have to do is we have to assign with all these NMOS and PMOSes. Now how do we do that? I will annotate some numbers here and I will try to justify these numbers and justify these numbers by the bit position as 3 3 3 and 2 2 2 and then this technique can be applied to any CMOS a static CMOS gate and bits can be calculated. So, let us see a unit inverter. So, a unit inverter nothing but a PMOS and an NMOS connected in series this is the PMOS here and NMOS here they are connected here. So, the width is 2 and 1. So, if you remember that this unit NMOS here will have the resistance of R the unit PMOS here will also have a resistance of R why because the width is 2. So, if it is 1 here the resistance will be 2 R if it is 2 here the resistance will be R. If it is we go back to the previous slide we see that the so, the if the width is 1. So, NMOS will have R by 2 and if width is for corresponding same PMOS it will have a 2 R. So, by making yeah by making the PMOS to be twice as wide we keep the resistance to be R same now same thing same we will apply here. Now, if you see let us say if you combine 3 NMOS in series these are 3 NMOS in series forget the number 3 here forget the width if let us say each of them was unit. So, the resistance total resistance would be 3 R. Now, if we make each of these transistors wider 3 times wider what happens to the resistance. So, the resistance of each of these become R by 3 which is R by 3 R by 3 R by 3. So, the total resistance seen by the pull down is nothing, but R. Now, compare the resistance by a pull down circuit here is R resistance of a unit inverter is R. Now, we come back here these are parallel PMOS is in parallel, but this is a NAND gate at any given time we assume that only one PMOS would be on other two PMOS would be off it is parallel. So, we assume that only one is on at one time if one is on the resistance of a of a PMOS a single PMOS resistance on the system which is equivalent to the single PMOS resistance of an inverter. So, it should also be R. So, PMOS is nothing, but twice a time. Now, what I would request is that go back and draw a 3 input NOR gate for example, or any gate and try to calculate the width of NMOS and PMOS using the same logic and comparing it with a unit delay inverter. I repeat again the process you go to the the pull down and the total pull down resistance should be R if it is in series the resistance is added and you will have to make the NMOS as wider to make it R then go to the pull up and compare the pull up to the unit resistance pull up if it is in parallel you assume that only one of the PMOS would be active and calculate of it. So, for series you will have to make the PMOS a wider for parallel you might have to make it less wide or depending on how the parallel circuit looks then. So, do this for one complex gate and and compare the widths. Now, we we have we saw the widths of all the PMOS and NMOS now let us annotate the capacitance and resistance over it right. We will convert this to this looks very much, but not that in reality just. So, a width of 3V means 3C at each of the gate inputs 3C cap at each of the gate inputs 3C cap at each drain and each source then again this the PMOS is 2C. So, this the gate cap now see for NMOS the cap will be with respect to ground or PMOS the cap will be with respect to VDD. So, 2C 2C again 2C these are parallel connections please note these are parallel connections the 2C 2C each will have a 2C cap with respect to VDD. Now, let us check out one thing 2C here the gate 2C 2C yeah 2C ok. Now, if you are we are wondering this is this is 3C this is just because it shares the contact. So, we it is because it is not contacted. So, we account only 3C per one of the transistor because because it shares the difficulty there is no contact there as we saw in the layout. Now, we combine this we what we do is we use the so for example, the 2C with this 3C and this 2C is combined to make it a 5C because VDD when 2C then 3C this 2C and 3C are in parallel then add up to become 5C. So, each gate will see 5C and similarly we combine the the grain and source and wherever it can be combined. So, each gate will see 5C let us go back and check the output.  So, the output will see 9C right similarly this point will see 3C this point will see 3C and so on. Now, let us see the delay part. So, we have the value of R we have the value of C. Now, this is again an exercise a little into sizing. So, before calculating the delay the first thing we should do is determine the width of the transistors. Second thing we annotate the C values there to calculate the capacitance seen by the output because the right the delay at the output determines on the output capacitance and resistance right. So, this exercise we will try to size this so that this becomes equivalent to unit inverter right. Now, here D is in parallel. So, these two are parallel connections. So, we assume we make sure that D has the same R as the n MOS of a unit inverter. So, that means, the width here will be 1 for example, if the width here is 1 then again these these two are in series. So, there will be twice as wide. So, let us I will put the values here and we just put the width of these one. Next this should be 2 and this should be combined this should be combined this this is by width 1 means this means R this should see R by 2 and this here should see R by 2. So, the width here is 2 again you have parallel. So, V and C would need to be still more wider draw the same current this unit up a bit yeah ok. Since this is this part is parallel yeah. So, this this D is parallel to this circuit we assume only one of them will switch on. So, each one of the branches should have resistance R. So, this does not is width here is 1 again this part in total should be again V and C are parallel. So, we assume that either of them will be turned on.  So, 1 2 2 and 2 similarly for pull up we see that D is in series now to A, B and C again we I will put in the numbers here. So, when D is in series let us put in number let us come to A, B and C yes when B C in series now usually the PMOS is twice as wide. Now, we assume that either that is a this will work this part will be active either this will be active or this will be active it is 1 and this will be 2. So, when 1 is active B and A being in series PMOS anyway shows that a 2 R you release 2 wide it is twice as wide. If you add 1 more PMOS it should be 4 times as wide. So, that the resistance shown here will be 2 R by this is 2 R nothing, but 2 R by 4 this is A is 2 R by 4 D is also 2 R by 4 or R by 2 when you combine 2 R by 2 together it shows that again B and C here in series. So, this should be again twice as wide as A because the resistance here is again 2 R by 8. So, R by 4 and R by 4 that is R by 2. So, this becomes R. So, this way we decide the weights of each of the parameters I will request all of you to do this exercise on paper on yourself or you can draw any complex circuit and try and do the sizing. The purpose of this sizing is to make sure that the resistance of the pull down in the pull up network is same and it is equivalent to a unit inverter. Now, we define a term for L mode delay. L mode delay assumes that on transistors looks like a resistor the pull up and pull down network are modeled at the R C ladder what we have been doing and the L mode delay of R C ladder is the propagation delay is let us say you have a network like this the submission of R I to source and C I across all the nodes.  So, this is the formula proposed by L mode this is called L mode delay to give a very quick calculation of a delay the delay the numbers will not be accurate, but using this you can compare two design that analysis would be accurate at me the absolute value of delay does not matter. So, the PD that is why we say that propagation delay can be represented by this this formula this is this is very popular formula to compare multiple design. For example, two input NAND again take pen and paper and see that the bits here are actually correct according to your understanding and the values here are correct according to the R C mode. I am not going to going to go into details of the bit the calculation of bits of a two input NAND or into the how the values of C are calculated here this everybody should be able to do this exercise. So, we say that we try and calculate the delay estimate the delay for a NAND gate driving H NAND gates H identical gates. So, I will break it here the part on the left is this NAND gate the part on the right is this this circuit this is H and each gate input gives 4 C. So, the the capacitance here is 4 at 3 6 C 2 C we saw how this calculation we calculated earlier. So, now, we try and calculate. So, now when one of the PMOS is on ok let us say when when the output is rising when will output rise when will the NAND gate have a one input any of the input is 0. So, we assume only one of the PMOS is active and it connects to pull up network pull down network is not shown here right. So, this this part kind of goes away this part kind of goes away. So, the the capacitance left is 4 at 3 plus 16 and the resistance on R here. So, the T PDR according to L mode delay will be nothing, but R into 6 plus 4 at 3 right. Now, let us look at the fault delay. So, in case of fault delay the circuit will be seen is is the only the pull down part again 6 plus 4 at C and we will see a 2 C this this 2 C at the gate and this 2 C of. So, so this this part is this part and then from y it goes to a from y it goes to a R by 2 and 2 C this one is 2 C and again to B which is nothing, but R by 2. So, T PDR the L mode delay will be so L mode delay will be R by 2 into 6 plus 4 at C R plus R by 2 into 2 C. So, it will be 7 plus 4 at C R 2 this might seem complex at first, but if you go back to the L mode delay formula and apply it here it is a very simple network. So, this R this R by 2 into 2 C then this R by 2 plus this R by 2 into 6 plus 4. So, the T PDR is 7 plus 4 H into R C this is how we estimate. So, first we do the sizing, second we annotate the value of capacitance on to each of the inputs the gates the source of the train. Then we see then to calculate the propagation delay in either the right side or the fault side we first analyze which part is actually the pull up or pull down and then we take only the relevant part and then apply the ELMO formula to estimate the delay right. Now, the delay has two parts we saw earlier either either this 6 R C that means, the one at the left of it another is the right of it. So, one is the parasitic delay that means, the delay which is independent of load. We saw that a NAND gate driving H identical gates at one level it sees a cap which is inherent to it is gate design which is called the parasitic delay. We saw it is either 6 R C or 7 R C this is independent of load and there is the effort delay which is nothing, but the effort the gate requires to drive the fan out. It depends on the load proportional to load capacitor settings we saw it always 4 H R C. It would be this would does not this does not matter when output is rising or falling it just depends on the gate capacitor settings of the fan out gates of the connected gate. The contamination today now we have been assuming all along during the delay calculation that only for example, for a two input NAND gate only one of the inputs will call at one time either A will call and B will remain constant or B will call and A will remain constant. The contamination today refers to the condition where both the both the inputs are falling simultaneously and this can be much much lower than substantially lower than the regular population delay which means that the input will be reduced it will shoot to output quite fast compared to the other two cases. So, for calculation of contamination delay again since we are assuming that both N we are calling. So, we have to we have to assume the we say that both of these are are active. Now, see we have we have determined the widths 2 2 and 2 and 2 of PMOS and NMOS assuming that only one of the input width transition at one time we did not assume a contamination case assuming the widths to be same we calculate the contamination delay. So, the contamination delay is 3 plus 2 HRC these were these this formula out and it could be easy to calculate I will not go into details again. Now, this contamination delay is usually whenever the timing is calculated for the standard cells while preparing the library this contamination delay is usually not taken into account. Why is because the probability of multi of all the inputs of a multi gate multi input gate calling together is very very low, but we know this should be a dangerous state and we tackle this in a ways, but we do not take it take into account the delay part. We are only interested in the delay whenever only one of the input is told you how do we tackle it during digital design is a separate topic all together how do we tackle contamination delay I am not sure this is in scope of the scope, but there might be a mention of it when we do since this is a timing error. Just keep this in mind that contamination delay is one unwanted factor and usually the delay part is not part of a calculation ok. We assume contacted this slide we discussed earlier that wherever possible a good layout will minimize the diffusion area. For example, we saw the Nancy the layout that the region where it says merge in contact with the system we see that since the NAND since this part here shares the it does not need a contact since it does not need a connection outside. So, we do not put a contact here we share the diffusion area that is why we say that this NMOS here and then at this NMOS here there was a contact here and if they do not share the diffusion area this would see 3C this would see 3C this would total would be 6C, but we only say 3C here because they share the diffusion area. So, we are assuming that good layout practices will be followed and the diffusion will be shared and there will not be any contact. So, this will reduce the output capital sentence also. So, that is why good layout practices are mandatory to so this is one example that which layout is better I will leave it up to you to analyze which layout is better. I will I tell you the answer the answer is part A please go and figure out why do I say that way is better than the other left side is better than the right side based on whatever we have discussed in the earlier slide. So, this chapter was I agreed this chapter was a bit more complex in the earlier chapter, but it certainly does not for the coming chapter where we know now that the first chapter concentrated on how do we design how do we stitch and put together different team of NMOS to make a complex date. This chapter concentrated on how do we decide how is the transfer system and plus when we have already decided how why the transfer system how do we calculate the resistance and capital how do we annotate those values how do we calculate the L more delay again please know that L more delay is very very approximate way of calculation. I will not recommend using L more delay in actual scenarios it should only be used when you want to compare two different types for example where when you want to compare the layout of the left and the layout on the right you could actually annotate capacitance and calculate L more delay and decide which of the designs is better. So, L more delay is usually used to compare different design techniques not in the actual value of the delay is not taken in. So, please go please review the the width part where we decide the width of the NMOS and the PMOS from that carefully take the circuit such as the assignment is take the circuit such as the input NAND gate A O I 22 the set to input NOR gate that define the sizes annotate the R and the C values and calculate the rise and fall population base on the NMOS this is the assignment for this thank you.