the challenge of the Yukon. The King Anjoheski! The Wonder Dog King, swiftest and strongest of Eskimo lead dogs, blazes the trail through storm and snow for Sergeant Preston as he meets the challenge of the Yukon. Sergeant Preston was typical of the small band of northwest-mounted police who preserved law and order in the new northwest country where the greed for wealth and power led to frequent violence and bloodshed. But in spite of the odds against them, Sergeant Preston and his Wonder Dog King met that challenge and justice ruled triumphant. It was mid-December in the town of Selkirk. As young Ned Sealy walked on the main street with some pelts thrown over his shoulder, he heard the loud crack of a whip and the yelp of dogs. As Pete Harvey, a boy about his own age, stood beside his dog team, beating them mercilessly. Ned hurried to him. Hey Pete, quit whipping those dogs. Don't you see your runners are frozen to the trail? You'll get back in mind your own business. These are my dogs. Quit hitting those dogs, I said. You're coming in here and I'll give you a slap with it. Hey, give me that whip. Let's go with that whip. Get away from me. Give me that. Oh, hit me, will ya? I'm sure you'll get it. Stop it. Get back, Ned.  I'll whip my dogs if I want to. You raise that whip again. I'll give you another black eye. You better be careful. I'll tell my dad not to buy any more of your old fur. Why were you whipping your dogs, Pete? None of your business. For the runners of his sled are frozen to the trail. You should know better than that, Pete. What does he know about dogs? He doesn't even own one. Hey, what's wrong? Oh, Dad, I'm glad you came out. Ned's been fighting with me. Trying to tell me how to run my dog. Ned was just trying to keep him from beating them. There, Pete's dogs. I guess he can do it. He pleases with them without any advice. I'll help you rock that sled loose. It's frozen and you'll have to help the dogs. I'm sorry, Mr. Harvey, but I guess I lost my temper. Not much sense in interfering with people like that. I was just going into your trading post. I got some pelts. Come on. I'll look them over. Come on, please. I'll help you rock this sled. He's first got a little messed up. I dropped him. Well, bring him inside. Give him to me. I'll look them over. Here. They're pretty nice ones this time. Jules and I did well this trip. Too young to be much of a trapper. Oh, but Jules knows all about it. He's teaching me. How's your father's leg? Pretty bad. He says he might have to have an operation. That would just plumb carelessness. Getting it frozen like that. I can't give you as much as usual for these furs. They're in bad condition. I'll apply it to your bill. I'm afraid we're going to have to ask you for more credit, Mr. Harvey. Some of my traps were missing. I'll have to get more. Your dad owes me almost $500. I can't give you any more. But golly, Mr. Harvey, you know we'll pay it back as soon as dad's better. I know you've had a lot of trouble, but I ain't made of money. Well, Sergeant, did you get the sled loose? Yes. I'd like some flower band and some beans. I'll get them for you. Be back in a minute. Oh, hello there, Ken. I'm so busy outside. I didn't even see you. You certainly like dogs, don't you, Ned? Oh, gosh, I sure do. I'm on your side out there with Pete, but I didn't for your sake. I knew you were going to bring those furs to his father. I'm glad you didn't. You know how he is about Pete. He won't listen to reason about it. Yes, I know. Gee, if I just had one dog, I'd be the happiest kid in the Yukon. And he's got four. Well, after all his father raises them. Pete sure is lucky. Dogs are so expensive up in this crib. I don't suppose I'll ever own one. It's going to be a lean Christmas for us this year. Jules and I have done quite a bit of trapping, but we have to split it 50-50. I think you're doing fine for a boy, Ned. Here's your flower, Sergeant. Well, thanks. By the way, Ben, this lady had her pup shed? Not yet. They should arrive in a few days. Oh, is the lady going to have pups? Gee, I bet there'd be beauties. They should be. The father of them is the finest man of mute in this part of the country. I expect to get about 200 apiece for him. Oh, lady's a beautiful dog. She's as mean as sin, though. Keep trying to get out of her pen all the time. Well, she's half wolf, Ben. She'd probably like to have her pup south in the wilderness. She hates my son. Try to bite him a couple of times. He can't even take food to her unless he throws it over the top of her pen. Well, I guess I better get back to dad. You're going to be in town until Christmas, Sergeant Preston? Well, I have to leave town for about a week, Ned, but I think I'll get back in time for the holidays. Well, come and see dad if you get a chance. Goodbye. Goodbye. Poor kid. Feel sorry for him. Hope you weren't too hard on him, Ben, because he fought with Pete. Well, I certainly think he has his nerve. His father owes me a lot of money. At least he could do a show of some respect. I saw the fight start, Ben, and I'm afraid it was Pete who started it. Pete's a little quick-tempered, but you can't blame him for wanting to treat his dogs the way he wants to. Well, there he is now. Do you feed the dogs, Pete? It's getting dark. Take some out the lady, too. Pete walked slowly toward the pen of the big husky called Lady. He carried a whip in his hand, and as he neared her, she glared at him fiercely through the wire netting. Her eyes were the eyes of a wolf, and her small ears laid back against her head, as a low growl rumbled in her throat. Oh, so you're giving me the usual greeting, dirty she-wolf.  I'm going to show you who's boss. I'm going to open this pen and take a real swing at you. Don't think you're scaring me. Get back! Get back, I say! Lady! Come back! Come back! She ran away. Lady! She's not alive if he finds out I let her go. Pete! Pete, get up! Get out of bed right now! Lady's gone. Her pen door was opened. Gone? She was all right when you put her last night, wasn't she? Why, sure. Sure, she was all right. Either someone stole her or she was let out on purpose. Aren't there any traps? It snowed last night. It started when you went out to feed the dogs, don't you remember? That's right, it was snowing. I don't see how anyone could have stolen her. She'd have raised a rumpus out of her there. That's what I was thinking. Ned Seagley heard us talking about her after he had that fight with you. I'll bet he did it. He was mad because I hit him on the slash with my whip. He's the only one I can think of. If trouble is, there's no way we can prove it. With all the tracks covered, I guess you couldn't. Lady is worth a fortune. Those pups would have brought pretty near $1,000. Maybe she'll come back. She has too much wolf in her. But I'll get even. Back from his trap line next time, do no trading at this post. It was a week later. Ned Seagley and Jules, a French-Canadian trapper, were nearing the farthest point of their trap line. As they neared one of the traps, Ned's voice almost broke with anger. This one too, Jules. This fox is completely destroyed. It's been torn to ribbons. See, there are tracks. Tracks of a wolverine. It's ruined three of our catches. That is worse animal in forest. The love of killing. In that beast is the devil. We'll have to hunt it down. We, that we must do. It is not snow since he was here. Maybe we can find him. Tracks lead toward the river. You must watch out. Wolverine shares dangers. Everything in woods feared that animal. If we don't kill him, we'll never trap anything again on this trap line. And never would we trap Wolverine. He is too smart for trap. All right, keep your gun ready. Come, hurry. It's right over the bank of the river. It's shown like wolves. Careful now. Look over the bank. It's a wolverine. He's fighting a wolf. See, there are cubs in that cave behind us. Jules, that's Lady. It's Harvey's dog. I'll get that dirty wolverine. That is the best shot you have ever made.  Hello, Lady Ho-Girl. Her neck is torn. But that devil, he did not get her jungler vein. Look at him, Jules. Six of the cutest pups in the world. My eyes still, Lady.  You think she'll live, Jules? She has lost much blood. I don't know. We've got to save her, Jules. Go back to town for help. I'm going to stay here with her. You cannot do this.   And another wolverine or a wolf will come and eat the pups. She can't protect them now. I won't go, I tell you. But, Ned, for dog, you cannot risk your life. Now, you hurry. I'll be all right. Here, you help me start a fire. I'll have my rifle. If I do have to go hungry for a day or so, it won't matter. I'm staying here with Lady and her pups. He had shared the last of his food with the Lady. And darkness was falling as he sat beside the dog, stroking her head. Never mind, old girl. Jules will bring someone soon. What's wrong, Lady? No, no.  Lie still. There's someone coming. That's what you heard? Yeah, two men. Hello! Yeah! Lie still, Lady. They've come after us. Are you going to get your home? Sergeant Preston, how did you get here? Jules let me on the trail. It's about halfway to town. That's how you got back so soon. Gee, I'm sure glad to see you. I'm all out of food. How is Lady? She's so pretty sick, but she isn't going to die. And the pups are fine. It was nice of you to do this, Ned. Especially when Ben Harvey blamed you for letting Lady go. Blame me? What do you mean? He thought you'd deliberately let her out of her pen for those furs. I told him he was being ridiculous. Lady's got some whip marks across her face. They're healed, but you can still see them. Yes. I have a good idea who put them there. We'll get her back to town at once. You can see the marks of the whip, Ben. I think your son Pete can tell you how she got them. He's lying, Dad. I never... You're not to feed the dogs that night. I thought you acted kind of funny when he came in. Where's that whip of yours? Don't whip me, Father. Please. I'll tell you. She tried to bite me. Honest she did. You let Ned here take the blame. I'm going to take that whip away. Mr. Harvey, why don't you just throw it in the fire? I think that's a good idea, Ned's been. Ned, I've got to apologize to you. You're saving Lady the way you did. I just don't know how to thank you. Well, that big, gray pup of Lady is certainly a beauty, isn't he? Just look at him. Why, of course. He'd make a fine Christmas present, wouldn't he, Ned? What? You mean... I mean he's yours. He can have him as soon as he can leave his mother. Oh, gee, Mr. Harvey. You really mean it? I'm all wrong about you, Ned. You tell your dad not to worry, either. His credit's good just as long as he needs it. And tell him, as a little Christmas present to him, I'm canceling half his debt. Oh, gosh, Mr. Harvey. Gee, thanks. You know, Ben, that's mighty nice of him. Well, Ned, I guess we've got to go and tell your father the good news. Well, just wait a second till I hold my puffy. Gee, you're wonderful. And you're going to be mine. Oh, gosh, this is going to be the best Christmas I ever had. Come along, Ned. Merry Christmas, Ben. These copyrighted dramas originate in the studios of WXYZ Detroit. And all characters, names, places, and incidents used are fictitious. They are sent to you each week at this same time. This is Larry McCann speaking. This is the Michigan Radio Network.


And now we welcome Michael Mordkat to speak about the Tamari Order for D3 and the Ritability and Semi-Associative Lambic Grishen Calculus. Okay, so thanks for suggesting this conference to me. It's always nice to speak for a new community. This talk will be actually on a linguistics problem on the different degrees of Ritual of Freedom as you find them in natural languages. The way we are going to approach the problem is via formal language theory. So basically what we will be studying is two types of languages of higher dimensionality than usually considered and the primary object of our study will be extended to Dijk languages, k-dimensional Dijk languages, which consists of words over a k-letter alphabet and that's what we will call the dimension of the language. And the words are satisfying two constraints. One is a multiplicity question which requires everywhere to contain the k-letters with equal frequency. And the second is the prefix constraints which says that for every prefix of a word the number of first alphabet symbol is at least as much as that of the second alphabet symbol etc etc to the final alphabet symbol. So our familiar language of balanced brackets, usually studied the Dijk language would be the two-dimensional case or the two-letter case. So that's one family of languages and then the closest relative of these families of languages are so-called mixed languages which one could say are just preserving the resource sensitivity of the Dijk language in the sense that they respect the multiplicity constraint but that they drop the prefix constraint. So in these languages there is equal Dijk constraints on these languages. So actually I wrote a paper on these extended higher dimensional languages in the first year for Jim Lombick's ninth year birthday. Here is some numbers related to small cardinalities of the of the letter frequency and the dimensionality. Of course what one does then is you generate these patterns, you have nice sequences of integers, you go to the online integer sequence. It's Clopidia and here you find the you know the culprits for these sequences which as usual give you interesting ideas as to problems. Now the problem has a little history because I gave this as a talk and a paper for Jim's ninth year birthday and I gave it as a challenge to my logical language students. Students couldn't solve the challenge of the exact place of these extended Dijk languages in the Chomsky hierarchy but worse than that I couldn't solve it myself. So since what is it 2014 this problem is with me I promise myself not to think of it anymore but then there is always people who make this thing resurface like Noam's and Noam's suggestion to actually contribute to talk to this work. So here we are again with the extended Dijk language and the kind of patterns that you that you find with these extended Dijk languages give you what is known in linguistics so-called crossing dependencies. So take the pattern, the formal pattern A to the end, B to the end, C to the end. This is typically a pattern that requires expressivity beyond context free. You can apply the pumping number for context free languages to show that this goes beyond the context free boundary and it is a kind of pattern that you find in actually in natural languages at least if Dutch is a natural language. So the example sentence that I give here translated would be something like he hopes that John helps Mary to teach the kids how to ride a bicycle. But complex sentences are grouped together at the end of the phrase. All the compliments of the verb, the subjects, the objects, etc. etc. are preceding a cluster of verbs and the arcs in the little picture here are actually capturing the semantic notion of who does both. So the young, the John here is helping, the Mary is teaching and the kids are doing, are doing a cycle. So this is a crossing dependency pattern. It's one of the patterns of the three-letter and the three-letter Dijk language, for example. And since the 90s more or less, the feeling has been in formal linguistics that what we would need for these patterns beyond context free would not be a jump to context sensitive languages, which are going to show many languages. But there is actually that there's actually an interesting class of so-called mildly context sensitive languages, which was studied initially by Arvin Joshier at the Bangor University. And so he characterized this idea of what this family of mildly context sensitive languages is namely the mildly context sensitive languages will properly include the context free languages. They would allow a bounded degree of crossing dependencies of the type that I illustrate with the example here. And the feeling is that this bound would actually be a low bound. So that's the reason that for the rest of the talk, I will be concentrating on the three-letter extended languages. And the most important thing for computational linguistics is that this jump beyond context free would still allow you to maintain the polynomial. Which of course for practical etiquette is a benefit that you don't want to lose. There's some other properties of this mildly context sensitive, which are not directly relevant for the for the talk. So I just skipped it. Okay, so that's the background of the whole thing. Now the conjecture of let me show that the conjecture actually is conjecture by Makoto Kanazawa in personal conversation is that the k-dimensional dag languages would be recognized by a k-1 multiple context free grammar. Now, all this is the idea of a multiple context free grammar. Multiple context free grammars are generalizing the familiar context free grammars to higher dimension in the following sense. In a context free grammar, the non-terminalist of course as we know range over strings, so the semantics of the context free language it tells us that. Now in a k multiple context free language, the non-terminals are ranging not over strings but over string tuples with a maximum size of k. So if we say we have a two multiple context free grammar, we mean that there is certain rules in that grammar where non-terminals in this particular instance here, this particular example, it's a non-term a where they range over a pair of strings rather than just over strings. Right, so an ordinary context free grammar in this perspective of the multiple context free grammars is just a one-dimensional context free grammar and the conjecture for the for the three-letter dag languages would then be that a two-dimensional context free grammar would actually surprise to recognize it. Just a question, could I ask? So is the multiple context free grammars, are they also recognizable in polynomial time? Yeah, exactly, right. So they remain polynomial, but they become closer and closer and closer to context free as the dimensionality increase. Closer to what? As the dimensionalities, to context sensitive, sorry, but they stay with it as a sub-family of languages that retain the polynomial. So because we think these crossing dependencies only require a very low bound of crossing dependencies, concentrating for example on the three-letter dag languages is probably enough, but it's a conjecture, it hasn't been shown. And actually coming up with an actual two-dimensional context free grammar for the three-letter dag language has turned out to be very illusive there. There is a paper by Konstantinos Kokandidis and Orestes Melconia where they try to actually come up with a context multiple context free grammar for a three-letter dag and where they develop, say, a theory of increasing abstractness of formulating these grammars, but the result is still illusive. You can turn to that paper and you'll also find interesting code going with it if you want to experiment with this path. Can I have a question? Yes, of course. Okay, so do you know any partial result about this conjecture for the case K larger than 4? K larger than 4. No, so the conjecture is completely over. We know that we know that we need the mixed language with three letters, so that's just equal multiplicity of the letters but no ordering constraints. For that, the Kanazawa and Salvatthi have proven that indeed this must be a two-dimensional multiple context free language. But for the more restrictive case of the three-letter dag, this is an open conjecture. Of course we know that for two-letter alphabets, both the dag and the mixed case are context free. Yes, yes, yes. Okay. So this is, yeah, that's kind of tantalizing. My approach is not going to be via the rewriting grammar, so via multiple context free grammars, but it's going to be the logical approach via extended along the grammar section. Okay, so now let's look at some of these bijections that you find when you look at the online literature sequence. So one of the most I think appealing bijections is between k-dimensional dag languages and rectangular standard young tabloids. Now these young tabloids are mostly studied or used as an instrument in studying representation theory of the symmetric and general linear groups, so you could more or more have it to do with linguistics. I think this is a nice application of the tabloid. So remember that a young tabloid who starts from a partition of an integer n, so that would be a multi-set of positive integers which sum up to n. And what we do is we list the k parts of such a partition in the weekly decreasing order. Little warning here, this is the Anglo-Saxon way of doing it. The French, of course, have a different way and they do it in a weekly increasing order. We follow the Anglo-Saxon pattern. So a tablo, a young tabloid, is just an arrangement of k-boxes into a left-aligned row of partition bytes. And we say that the standard young tabloid is obtained if you place the integers one through n. In these boxes in such a way that the rows and the columns are both strictly increasing from left to right, from top to bottom. So here in the example, suppose that we partitioned the integer 9 into 4 parts, 3, 3, 2, 1. So then we have the empty diagram here on the left and we can fill it, for example, in the way indicated here. So 1, 2, 8, first row is strictly increasing, 1, 3, 4, 5. First column is strictly increasing, etc. Okay, let's see the young tablo. Now with a young tablo, you can associate the word, that's going to be the connection with the three letters, tag languages or k-letter tag languages, for that matter. The word that you may be showing is going to, again, be a word over integers, as many integers as there are parts of the partitioning of the integer that you are dealing with. And what the word is telling you is actually, so you have the first row here, and now it says that the first position of our word comes from the first row, the second position from the first row, and the first element of the second row. Okay, do we get it? Now in formal linguistics, rather than using integers to say which of the rows we will use A, B, C, etc., etc., so we will use our letter alpha. Now go back to the to the tag words, so for the the d-dimensional tag words, we will be dealing not with the tabloes in general, but with rectangular tabloes, where the fact that we are rectangular captures the equal letter multiplicity, there is as many elements in each of the range of the rows, and the increasing nature of the columns, the strictly increasing nature of the columns captures the prefix condition of these labels, so that there have to be at least as many a's, etc., b's, etc., c's in every prefix of a word that belongs to the language. Now we go to the numbers, you know, remember our display on the second slide. So for young tabloes, you have formula, same sublime formula, but if we have rectangular diagrams, that is actually much simplified to the formula I'm giving here. So for example, if you want to compute the number of elements in the three-letter tag language with letter multiplicity two, you take factorial of six, and then you take the, you divide by one times two, two times three, three times four, so you get five. Okay, so that's the numerology of the whole thing. Now we are going to try to move closer to the logical perspective on these things. So there was a recent paper actually by Nikolaus, a rectangular young tabloon, and what he calls a single input, single output product, co-product, pro-grass, with and product and hence also and co-product nodes. So I'm a linguist, I don't know whether this notion of a pro-gravity is something which you guys are familiar with, but for me it was just an interesting new perspective on the dyke language. So for the co-product nodes, we have a single input and two outputs. For the product nodes, we have two inputs and a single output. You can click these, these together as an example of the next slide. And then the correspondence with the dyke words is to go via depth left first, traversal of the graph that you obtain, the program that you obtained, with the condition that the output of the incoming edges have already been visible. And then the inputs of the co-products are giving you the entries of the top row of the tabloon. The left inputs of the products will be the entries of middle row, the inputs of the bottom row. We look for an example. So here's a nice picture. The word that we read off this graph, this program, would be A, A, A, B, B, A, C, A, B, C, C. I've indicated I hope that you can see it in the order of the depth first, left first, traversal. So we enter here and we read an A or an element of the first row. We go depth first, left first. So we come here. This is again an input of a co-product node to the second A. Now we go here and we have an incoming edge for the, which is going to be, we cannot exit here to continue the depth first traversal because we haven't found the second incoming edge for that product node. So we backtrack and we continue here. This is another B. This is another A. This is now first C coming in, another B, another C coming in, and the final C coming in. So that's our traversal of a Borey program corresponding to the two three by three rectangular tableau. And the other Yamanuchi word of that tableau to a word of our, of our three letters. Yeah. If you want to look at more pictures, by the way, so I have quite a notebook here, which is, upload a couple of samples if you want to see more. Okay. Now, now the Tamari order, the subject of the talk. So the Tamari order, actually for the two-dimensional case, would be a partial ordering on words that is induced by a semi-associative product operation. So rather than having an associativity isomorphism, there is an order here that says that you can re-bracket if you wish, a left-bracket product structure into a right-bracket product structure, but you cannot do it the other way around. Okay. So that's the basis of this, of this Tamari order for two-letter, two-letter alphabets. And now my claim is that, that for the three-letter alphabets, so for our three-dimensional type languages, we can extend the Tamari order during three semi-associative operations. One will be the product semi-associativity. Remember that these programs are built in in terms of product and co-product nodes that are clicked together. So there's the product semi-associativity on the one hand, and then by duality, there is going to be a co-product semi-associativity. It's one way, it's not going, the arrow goes one way, it's not a dual arrow here. And finally, there is going to be a mixed semi-associativity for the cases where the product and the co-product come in construction with each other. So if we have our co-product, which, sorry, our product which immediately leads into a co-product node, the semi-associativity here says that we can, if you wish, push up the product node over the co-product node. And maybe some of you will say, huh, this looks very much like directed versions, so one-way versions of what would be the equations of the Frobenius algebra, which would by definition have full associativity, both on the product and on the co-product, and which would have not just this semi-associativity for the mixed case, but would have the full mixed associativity. So let's see how this works out. So here on this slide, I repeat my earlier example of a Boree program. And you see that there is two opportunities, actually, of applying these rewritings. Co-product re-bragging, so the right branching structure here is turned into left branching structure for the co-product. But at the same time, you could have pattern matched on the product semi-associativity in blue here, which would allow you to turn the left branching, product structure into a right branching product structure. So the program on the left matches both the co-product semi-associativity and product semi-associativity. Okay, good. So now let's look at the simplest case of the order. So I take here letter multiplicity 2 for our three letter diagonals. And the idea would be that the bottom of the minimum element of the lattice, the tamari lattice that results, would be the regular words, a, b, c to the power n. So here a, b, c to the power 2. And the top of the of the lattice would be a to the n, b to the n, c to the, the example that I discussed right at the beginning. So how does this lattice arise with our three semi-associativities? If you look at the minimum element here, a, b, c to the power 2, it matches the mixed semi-associativity. We have a product node coming in construction with co-product node. And by applying that rewriting rule, we get, we get the words a, b, a, c, b, c. Now this word, I says, oops, is something happening for you? It's just for me. Is everything fine for you or not? It's, it's shrunk. It shrunk. Oh my god. Okay, I'm, I'm, I'm shrinking. This is Alice in Wonderland, I'm afraid. Are we back? Yeah, now it looks good. Yes, back to normal. Okay. So now we have a a, b, a, c, b, c, this point here. And we can just as in the previous example, actually, we can either apply the, the product associativity, semi-associativity, or the co-product semi-associativity, leading to a, b, a, b, c, c, or a, a, b, c, b, c. And then if we started with the product associativity, we can follow with the co-product associativity. And vice versa for starting with the co-product semi-associativity followed by the co-product semi-associativity. So to understand a little bit better what the combinatorics here is, it's good to think about the duality in these programs and on the words, Schützenberg's, Schützenberg's inclusion, which on the graphs is just taking the 100 degree rotation. And on the words, it's reading the word backwards with the, with the inverse output. So then what you see is that on the horizontal line here, the words that we have are self-dual. So let's try for this guy here on the word left, for example, we read the word backwards, and we replace the c by an a, the b stays what it was, and the a is replaced by a c. So read backwards, you get the same word back. So on the horizontal line, we have self-dual elements. And here, vertically, these are duals, but not the same. Another thing to remark here is that, of course, the minimal element of our lattice is regular, so it's just in general, it's abc to the power n. The maximum element is beyond context three, it's, what is it, two-dimensional multiple context three, namely a to the power n, b to the power n, c to the power n. And then the other elements in the middle here, sorry, these guys here are context three, right? So this is ab to the power n followed by c to the power n, or a to the power n followed by bc to the power. Okay, so that's how this lattice now originates, not from one semi-associativity, but for the natural three semi-associativities that you get when you start from these mixed product, co-product graphs. Here is an even nicer picture. The lattice for multiplicity, electric multiplicity three, which has 42 elements. Again, we start from abc to the power three, and we go to a, n, b, n, c, n. For n is three. The vertical axis here is the cell of dual elements. And if you mirror along the, along the vertical axis, you have the dual elements at the two sides of the vertical, the vertical divider. So there's really nicer combinatorics in this one. The next thing is that I just ask a question. So, so do the, do the, does the ordering have a, have a simple description on the words themselves rather than on the photographs? It has, but this is pretty elusive actually. So there is this book on combinatorics by, by Willow and, and even has this famous book from the 70 percent combinatoric algorithms. And actually, they have a way of enumerating the words of these languages in such a way that, well, but it's not, no, it's not really going to give you what you're asking for because of course there's not just going to be a linear order, which is what you get from the, from the Willow algorithm. But here there's a point of, there's points of re-entrancy that it's like, as we saw in the simple example, ways of getting to this point actually from two starting positions. So I wouldn't, I wouldn't be able to answer that question whether there is, well, it must be possible to directly formulate it on the word. Okay, but so was this, was this generated by, how did you generate this? Okay, so to generate these lattices is by simple breadth first unfolding of the, of the space on the search page. So you start with, with a minimum element abc to the power n, then you apply any of the possible ways of generating children from that, from that node using the three semi-associated. And associating, taking a word associating toward the corresponding program, then applying any possible rule and then associating back. So it's just centered breadth first unfolding of the, of the space, which for each point, for each node asks a question, what are the children of that node? And then you, so you generate, you have generations, generations, right, zero generation, first generation, second generation, second generation, going up to the, yeah. Okay. Yeah, so that's how you generate that. Then the tamari order for the, for the two-letter case is actually hidden. It's a sub-graph of our, of our three-letter case, which you, which you obtain by just restricting the words that have all the C's at the end, for example, or by duality that would have all the A's at the beginning. So here is the 14 element lattice of multiplicity for, for the, say for the well-balanced bracket language, if you just forget about the C's that are bulging at the end, right. So it's hidden in this, in this larger graph. Then the next, the next thing that I've learned all these things from, from Dom's papers on tamari intervals and, and Lombard grammars actually. So the idea of the tamari interval is to, to take the sets that, well, the sets, the sets of formulas every year, such that there is a C between these lower and higher points. There is a formula by Chapoton, which counts them for the two, for the two-letter case. And there is also a nice number in online as a group PDI here telling you what kind of animals that you find obeying that formula. Now the embarrassing thing here is that when we start counting the intervals for the three-letter case, I have a nice sequence here, my computer after the night of working stopped at this number here, but the sequence is not in the online as a group PDI. So this is an opportunity to either upload it or to think, you know, but be something really wrong about it. Okay, so, but it could be, of course, that, that because the, the Chapoton formula is for, for this rule to try and reconnect the, this pair that by looking a bit closer, it would be possible to also for the three-letter case to find the generating function for the, for the sequence, I don't know, and again open. So now my time is almost up, or maybe it is up, I don't know, which in a sense is good, because here I come to my, my own open, open problem session. So the thing that I found very intriguing in Noam's paper is that he was able to actually generate the two-letter stuff by order or to characterize it in terms of the rivalry between formulas A and B in a version of Lampic's 58 syntactic calculus that rather than having full associativity, which is what this system has, has a restricted form of associative. So Noam actually starts from the associative Lampic calculus and restricts it by having a version of the, the product left rule that only works on the first formula of sequence. Right? So the challenge that I gave to my students and that I couldn't solve myself is actually if you want to generalize this approach, so characterizing these orders in terms of logical derivability, we cannot do it with Lampic's calculus because it's of course well known that Lampic's system, both the associative and the non-associative one, that they are strictly context three in their recognizing power. So we have to move beyond in simple Lampic systems. And it so happens that what I've been working on the last 10 years is actually an extension of these Lampic systems which was proposed by Grishin in the 80s, 83, so called Lampic Grishin calculus, which you can, as Lampic has it with his own calculus, extend with either associativities or second year associatives. So the reference here if I want to know more about these systems would be a paper that I wrote with Richard Mote, where we give a display of sequence calculus for these Lampic Grishin systems, where we prove focusing, focusing property for that sequence calculus. We also have a proof net graphical calculus and a connection with the fragments of linear Lampic calculus going with it. So that's the wider picture of this whole thing. But just to give you an idea of what this Lampic Grishin calculus is all about, so Lampic actually the non-associative, so the most basic Lampic calculus starts from pure residual logic for a multiplication of product and its two residuals, the right slash and the left slash, expressing incompletely. And what Grishin did is he actually complemented Lampic's language with a co-product together with left and right difference residuals, difference of points. So the relation between the original Lampic product and its implications, it's the slashes. And the co-product and the difference operations is actually arrow reverse. So there is an arrow reversal duality that relates all the Lampic theorems to, if you wish, the co-Lampic theorems, which obtain for some and difference operations. So that's the basis, a non-associative basis with a product family and a co-product. And then one can extend that pure situation and co-residuation basis with structural postulates. So for the problem at hand, this would be semi-associativities of the same type, so either a product semi-associativity or co-product semi-associativity related by duality as we have it in the four re-graphs. And then the interesting case here is that there is also mixed semi-associativities which in the linear logic literature are known as linear distributivities. And they come in in Gleisch's terminology in different flavors. They are either the class one or the class four postulates. The class one postulates are probably what's most familiar to you people would be that you have a co-product which is dominated by a product. So which is under a product operation. And then the class one semi-associativity allows the co-product to actually win it over the product. It moves up. But in class four, in the class four case, it's just things are just going the opposite way. And I haven't been able to actually figure out which of the semi-associativities which would be applicable to what we want to do with the tamari order. So currently what I'm trying to do is first of all, of course, find an encoding of a three-letter daik word as a Lambert-Gerischen formula, which is what the tilebacker paper does for the two-letter. Then capture the inequality of the tamari order in terms of Lambert-Gerischen derivability. And the intuition here would be that if we have same type of associativities, sorry, if we have pure either product or co-product sub-formulas, they are subject to the same type of associativity. If we have mixed formulas, we would restrict to mixed formulas with equal numbers of products and co-product operations, as in the body graphs actually. And the linear distributivities would allow you to actually disentangle such a mixed formula so that all the product operations and all the co-product operations come together where the same type of associativities would be applicable. As we added more or less in our initial example here of the simplest lattice for the multiplicity 2k. So that's where I got and that's where the open problem session starts and where I hope to learn more from you these days and listening to the other talk. Okay, thank you. Thank you very much. We're actually running a bit late on time because then the next talk starts in five minutes, but we have time for a question or two. I mean, so of course I'm very interested in the problem that you posed at the end and the relation to Lambeck-Grishan calculus, but it's not clear how to go about it. I mean, so the relation between the co-product graphs to formulas is not clear to me. Exactly, it's not clear to me. The ingredients, so to speak, that we have in Lambeck-Grishan calculus are the same. So there will be a product operation and a co-product operation. And either of them can be subject to not associativity as you have it in the full system, but semi-associativity is fine. And now there's also formulas that mix actually the product and the co-product operations. And for this we have the linear distributivities to actually disentangled. As soon as they are disentangled, then the usual semi-associative distributivities for the same type of formulas are going to be applicable. For example, what you did for the two-letter tamaring order in terms of Lambeck-derivability for semi-associative Lambeck calculus is already here because that would be formulas that are entirely built up out of product operations. There's no co-product operations around. So that means that the only operation that is applicable there is actually the same type semi-associativity for the problem. So it's already there. Two-letter case is already there. And then the intuition would be that if it's a mixed formula with products and co-products, that that would actually be a way of reading such a formula as an encoding of a word. Right. As you have it in the Boree graphs that you say, well, you look at this object that is at these nice graphs, but then you actually read off the word that establishes the isomorphism with rectangular data blocks by means of this depth first, left first, the traverse of construction. So you could imagine that there is a similar way of actually going through a formula built out of these product and co-product operations that will spell out the word actually. Okay. Let me just point out in the chat, we have a comment from Orestes Milconian in case anyone is feeling adventurous and wants to explore Dicla languages. Feel free to use our tools to help you. Yeah. Okay. So, okay, I think we should we should stop there because the next talk is starting in just a couple of minutes. Okay. Thank you. Thank you very much again. Okay.


Good morning, cyber traders. How's everybody doing? Happy Monday. Welcome back, everybody. Good to see you all. Hope everybody enjoyed their weekend. Just wanna see what we got going on over here. Good to see you. Good morning, everyone. YouTube, Facebook live. Welcome back. Hopefully it was ready to start a brand new week. A lot of good stuff going on. My God, what is everybody getting the alerts that we got? Everybody starting our pre-market alert service that we started. I mean, this stock right here at eight o'clock in the morning is probably the best trade. I haven't seen a stock like this move this nice on a Monday morning in a long, long time. Look at this stock. The alert kicked in right at eight a.m. And all of a sudden, I mean, obviously if you're in a cyber group room, you remember it's a different story, but you could see the stock go from $3.55 all the way up. Actually, it started at $3, so around $3.30. Shot up all the way to $6.00. That's 100% mover in an hour. Where are you gonna get that? Where are you gonna find stuff like that? Right here. Now some of you are probably looking at how did you know Faustin was going up? What made the stock go up? Let me tell you, let me bring up the level four here and just show you what was going on. There were orders out there that were not showing up too much and then they started popping up and they were getting executed. They were getting executed and then all of a sudden you started getting a ladder effect that started kicking in. Meaning people started bidding it up. So I mean, for me looking at it, when I look at long-term chart, you could see the stock, you remember we traded the stock last year, it was right around $4.00 and damn thing ran away to almost like $12.00. It was just a great, great swing trade. That's a pretty big, big substantial candle right there which just happened and the market's not even opened. So anyway, this couple of more we're gonna look at. I'm just gonna be really careful about it. The stock is not as tradable as it was around like 8.30 this morning, but it is pretty volatile right now. But before we do that, let's talk about what happened on Friday. So we had a couple of nice little stocks on Friday that did pretty well. Wanna start off with BBBY, the stock that Bath & Beyond. We heard about the news about the merger with Gruper, whatever it is Grover, whatever it is. And also I think they were doing a little bit of a buyback or something like that but stock had a really, really nice move. Honestly, if you remember BBBY, this is one of the mean stocks also. But that stock had a really nice move right in the middle of the day more or less and really had this crazy run right around 12.30 from 21.08 to 24. That was pretty good. ENDP was also a nice move or two. Right here at 9.30, did a nasty sling shot right here, went from that 5.10 and then did a little bit of a shake. This is where you should have probably been in right around there, around a 5.50. When it made a nice pop to about 5.70, did a little bit of a shake, broke all time highs, gorgeous. And then right around 11.15 is really when it broke out of its shell and it shot from like $6 all the way to 6.90. And you can see how it came back down and it started getting pretty volatile. But that was a really, really nice move. LCID, which by the way, that one's going back on the watch list again this morning. This one had a really nice close. This stock really nice push right at the last 30 minutes of the close. Beautiful, easy trade, $40 all the way to $42. Little expensive, was a little bit on the volatile side. You had to be a little bit more of a phase three trader here at Cybertrain University. But it was a nice mover. It's breaking all time highs. We've been trading the stock for the last couple of days. You could see it was around 25. It's just been moving really, really, really nicely. And you know what that means when the stock breaks all time highs, boom, sky's the limit. Now there are a couple of us. Now that pretty much does it for Friday. It wasn't a big list. Friday's your typical day where you just enjoy the weekend. Nobody wants to hold things over the weekend. Not a lot of news, but we know about the infrastructure deal got passed in Congress. So there's a couple of stocks that might gonna react pretty good to that. So we'll look at some of those. Now let's go shop around, see what's moving out there this morning. So we got a couple of stocks. Like I said, I'm gonna start off the PPSI. Now the stock is extremely volatile. I would stay away from it. It's starting to make a new higher low now, which you could see. But 8.30 was really about the time when you should have been joining us and watching it right around that time. It was probably the $5 price range. You know what? If you made your 50 cents for the day, you know what? That's not bad. Just take it and run. You don't need any more than that.  Believe me, you're already talking a six-figure salary right there.  It's just nice to start off early. Couple of stocks also that came out of the blue. You could see this stock had a reverse stock split. But TD, was it E-Trade? Is that what this one is? No, the trade desk. This stock, nice little push right here. We'll keep an eye on this one. Expensive though, but this one doesn't look too bad. We'll keep an eye on it. I put this on the category three. LCID, we already know about. BBIGs, another one that came up on my watch list. We've been trading this stock. You remember back in September, it ran from $2 to $12. Took a very, very big hit. This is on your journals. You should know a little bit about this stock. It is pretty volatile.  But she is moving pretty well. Now with everything that's going on with what happened with Congress and passing that last-minute bill, a lot of these stocks are probably gonna move. You got F-Cell that's moving pretty nicely. Really nice move right here. Look at that intraday chart. Started around $8.30, around $9.40. It's already at $9.70. It's not a huge, but it's getting there. Long-term chart, you could see right here. You could see nice little resistance levels. You got F-Cell and one that trades a little more expensive than F-Cell is Plug. So, but keep an eye on it. Plug's a little bit more dangerous. So be very careful of Plug. Plug moves pretty quickly. F-Cell's a little bit more easier to trade. Now, airlines. I know it's going to airlines. The airlines have done incredible. You could see American Airlines. I mean, it's not a big mover from November, from now, 1870 to 22, but you could see all the airlines starting to move and we're seeing that, and that's how you trickle in a day trade into a swing trade. I mean, honestly, I don't even know how the airlines are up.  Okay? What's happened with fuel costs, right? The fuel cost is one of the most expensive part of your plane ticket. You probably don't know that. I heard it says high is almost 70%, which is unheard of, but the thing is when I was always taught that high fuel prices, no problem. Airlines go down because that's where it is, but you know what they're doing? They found another way of beating that system.  That's all, okay? So I was like, I'm gonna be away this week.    It was almost twice the price, not once, twice the price on a one-way ticket that I pay for a round trip ticket. I'm like, I should just keep my ticket. You know what I'm like? Am I gonna really save anything? They don't wanna hear it. They don't care. You don't like it tough. Go find someplace else. It's airlines, they just listen. After all the money we gave them to bail them out, they don't really care. Listen, you saw inflation, right? So what they're doing, they just pass it down to the consumer. You gotta remember, and this is what you learn as a trader. These companies only care about their bottom line, okay? They get paid. If you don't like it, no problem. Don't buy it, okay? They just keep raising the prices. They found it. They found a loophole and they're doing it. Michael, listen, it goes for everything. It's going with the gas. It's going with meat. It's going with food. It's going with the containers, okay? You know what I mean? They just pass it down to the consumer. They make things smaller and say, okay, we're not gonna raise the prices. I remember a long time ago when coffee used to buy a can of coffee and used to be like a pound. So what they did was, because coffee went up at one point.  We'll just make it 14 ounces. We'll keep the price the same because we're not gonna raise it. Then they made it to 12 ounces. You know what I mean? So it's like, what ever happened to the pound? They'll just keep passing on. So anyway, but as a day trader, you see this every day and that's what you learn to being part of what we do. So even though you've learned how to benefit from it as a trader, listen, don't let your personal consumer, how could I say it? Anger come out on these companies. You just learn and you could see like, wow, look at these guys, how they run their business. Look how they do this. Oh, look what happened with COVID with Moderna and all these vaccine stocks. Wow, look how much money they made. You know what I mean?  Is it really that much? Regardless, don't look at it. Look at it as, you know what? If I gotta pay higher, great, but at least I'll make money on the stock. It's a horrible way of looking at it, but that's where it comes down to it. But anyway, airlines are doing pretty well. Delta, you could see it. They all made a really nice pop. I mean, look at that move on Delta. I mean, it's just incredible. Couple of the stocks also came up on my watchlist too, that I want you to keep an eye on. This stock is getting crushed down 43%. You could see a stock, if you didn't pay attention as a day trader and you didn't learn as a day trader when the stock was at, I don't know, right here at 47, okay? And then all of a sudden it then closes down, down to 42 and you wanna hold on? Yeah, how's that working out for you? Okay, listen, when the trend is your friend, when you break that major support levels, it happens. Unfortunately for some people, this is bad luck because it broke that support and it broke this one at 35 and it's not looking too well for EHTH, another one that came on jobs, jobs also got crushed. I don't know if this is all about 67, only down to 42 coming back, so I'm gonna stay away from that.  I don't know what the story of what this was, but this stock around 5.30 in the morning ran from $2.06 only to 280, we all know EDU, it's one of those educational stocks of China, EDU, but it came right crashing down, must've been a head fake and TAL is the other one, did the same exact thing. You know the stocks very well, we traded it. Obviously not doing too well, I think people are still out there. I made a lot of money in EDU, but it did catch me a couple of times. I thought like, maybe it's the bottom, maybe it's the bottom and you know what? Cause we made really made a lot of money when that stock got crushed, but looks like they never came back. It's almost like a pharmaceutical stock. So anyway, yeah, you know what, Alan, I did see that. The BPSI is holding here at these resistance levels right now, it looks pretty damn strong and we're 15 minutes till the market opens up. So that only tells me one thing and you know what that means. So we'll wait until the market opens up, but you know, once again, if you're watching on YouTube Facebook Live, join the trading room, do a trial, like us friend this and you'll see what we're talking about. But you know how to trade to that. Buying EDU at one cent, Norman. Well, what's it? My God, you have no mercy, don't you? Oh my God. But anyway, that PPSI does look pretty good. There's a couple of, the only thing about the stock right here, there's not that many big iceberg orders. I'm only seeing like 15,000, 18,000, not that big of an iceberg order. So be very careful of that. You could see tier size of pretty damn shallow on the PPSI. Listen, it's not what it was 8 30 this morning. If you're not a category three or four trader, stay away from it. It's stock is gonna be very dangerous. All right, so pretty much anything that we're missing, we did not call out. Anything we're missing, cyber traders. Listen, it's Monday. Don't get crazy, okay? I'm not a big fan of trade on Mondays. I'm like 50, 50. I could do without it. Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday is more than what I prefer, but I'm gonna be very, very conservative. You'll hear me and Josh, I always say it. It's Monday. It's Monday. It's Monday. You know what, let's just take our money and run. But don't get too crazy, all right? But let's keep an eye. Let's see what happens with this trillion dollar package I got passed. Let's see what now that passed. Let's see what's in the bill. Let's see what companies could benefit from it. Just don't take it personal if you like what you see and you don't like what you see. You know what? As a trader, it's a great opportunity when you get two different presidential elections coming in because you have two different ideologies. One company's gonna get crushed and the other one's gonna benefit from it. It's not the same that will come in. So that's what you have to think as a trader, all right? So let's see what moves on and let's try to benefit from it. Good luck everyone, happy trading. Be safe and that's right Cliff because the pigs will get slaughtered. We'll see you back here at 2.30. Oh, and don't forget today at four o'clock I'm doing a live presentation. Almost forgot about that. So right after the market close, I'm doing an open house. If you wanna come and join us, you're more than welcome to, all right? Just go on our homepage and register. Good luck everyone, happy trading. We'll see you in 15 minutes when the market opens up.


Yes, I told you I wouldn't make that mistake again, but we did Thunder Shock Surprise How's it going everybody? Dato do I hear back with another round of dragon ball fighters ranked matches and we are once again Continuing on with the week of Master Roshi back with the normal main team of Roshi Krillin and Yamcha This is a team I've been using the most throughout Roshi week because I don't know It's the one I got comfortable with and with a character as tough as Roshi It's oh my we're just dragon rushing frame one with a character as tough as Roshi when I want to Really show them off obviously we This guy is a dragon rush fanatic. We got to start taking But anyway, we will still do team teams, but in between I want to make sure don't drag and rush me bro I'm not prepared. I really will not take it. Oh Dude this guy is kind of moving. Oh, I'm still in training road mode Okay, that's why I wasn't getting any assist All right, I think I'm gonna go with the I still gotta I gotta do more work with my actual corner combos We're gonna switch him out. I didn't I don't think I actually wanted to do that though. Let's see read All right, it worked out I'm gonna go ahead and switch out to Yamcha now so we can actually Get some sliding knockdown to make sure Roshi is safe We don't want to lose Roshi too early, but he already did pretty good So go Jida has a DP as well a lot of the actually every character on his team is a DP. So what's uh? Yes, I knew if it's so nice. You got to make sure to use it twice.  It's just that good I think for sure. It's his best assist, but he also has a beam assist. So, you know, it's it's hard to go wrong Okay, we're not jumping anymore because I just had a panic attack because of that move over my head All right, here comes Roshi a The Roshi be a sis. Let me out. Oh, that was sick Wow, he's actually using Goku B that level two. Oh, I only had one bar. No I thought for sure that said to I was a looking correctly jump.  Aren't you up past your bedtime? Let's go Man, that command grab is so embarrassing to get hit by for some reason and every other command grab feels totally fine But that one just feels like no man. It's not my bed time. What are we talking about? Let's see if we can get the rejumps. Hey, you already know we've been practicing those a fair bit Boom optimal. Oh nice key blast. I didn't see it coming Actually, you know what now that a Roshi's been out for a few days or if you don't have the season pass He's probably out today So I wanted to ask you guys if you've played him. Is he more difficult or less difficult than you thought he would be I'm guessing the answer for most is probably That was sick. I'm guessing the answer for most is probably going to be more difficult But I would love to see if anybody got on it was like not surprisingly. He's uh, I'm moving pretty well with him Because for me, I think he's definitely one of the hardest characters in the game. I Want to say the hardest but Majin Booze also kind of looking at me sideways a little bit But it might still end up being Roshi. Uh, so anyway, we're gonna level three because of the spark here I'm hoping we just take this game home here after a 2m They get 2m 2h solar flare Okay, maybe I did one too many solar flares to be fair Maybe I maybe I pushed the boundaries a little too much. Oh, no, dude. We can't lose this We can't lose we're already so close Roshi put in too much work for us to lose now He put in too much work. We're not losing Okay, that works. I didn't even mean to extend it like that, but that's fine We get game one under our belts Roshi just flying across the screen. We love to see it I don't know guys see I Talked about this. I don't know if I talked about this on a video or just with another friend But I might end up mating Roshi just because I kind of like I've had to play this character so much in the past few days. You don't understand The amount I've played Roshi is crazy to me I'm talking I'm talking hours in the training room Looking at the tech on twitter trying to find out which b&b's I'm gonna be going for online Defense. All right. I see you. I see you with the defense. Oh, didn't go with the optimal 2h See, that's what I mean by I've been I've been in the lab a little too long. I'm gonna start judging people's Roshi's Even though my Roshi is far from the best Ah, there it is see we all figured there it is love this I'm gonna spark I'm not trying to get and see the dragon rush again Nah The question is how do I get in? No, I let go back for a second I wasn't sure if I wanted to back dash or not. We might be look we might be in a situation here. Never mind. I'm getting switched out Never mind. All right, we got him Oh, please don't tell me that gets reflected. What a move Well It was a move. No, now I gotta mix you dude. Now I gotta put the pressure on Oh, dude, he's good the defensive capabilities right here are astounding 2h that oh my short stubby arms We have the correct read. We just rushed it too fast. Yojita also a character. They got buffed heavily in season three He's not the same beast anymore Dxdp Are we what are we looking at here? I need to know the standings of my health bar It's mostly blue health though. I gotta admit sense you being looking like a real interesting option right now Don't snap me out. I don't have the bar for a sense of being actually Yes, the double 2m. I'm so happy it worked uh We're just gonna do this. I guess I don't know. I really don't know. Maybe yamcha was the correct call Yeah, it was probably yamcha that way krillin wouldn't come out if roshi died. Uh You know what? We're just gonna we're gonna do that We're gonna do that right now Yes, another clean hit. Is that gonna Is that good enough to kill? I think so roshi Get him. Let's go. Boom. I love this super. It's so satisfying Uh Now all we have left to deal with is ui goku granted He does have limit break and level 3 spark, but come on Who among us hasn't had limit break and level 3 spark in the past couple days?  All right All both roshis have exited the field here. Um, but this is uh, he's definitely one of the more comfortable roshis I've seen Now they're all getting now that everybody's had a few more days to get a handle on roshi It's interesting seeing how much everybody's improved I don't think I could have killed there, but maybe I was mistaken. I don't know. I'm not gonna regret that I don't think I could have killed there. I have to be honest. I'm already regretting it.  I gotta win Super dash at me Please I I don't know how to win one two three four That would happen, but I didn't think it would happen to me. Yes Game two we're out of here. Let's move on to the next set I'm out of here. Oh, you know what let me let me uh since roshi's out for everybody now Let me go over the combo and training mode real quick just real quick guys So if you are mid-screen or farther, sorry, we're taking this random break in the video for combos But I just want to let people have some fun roshi combos that are somewhat optimal and easy If they want to impress their friends. So if you're looking for something easy, I would genuinely recommend this If you're further for mid-screen It works off light. So it's really good and it looks really cool And it uses most of his tools. In fact, you also get a super dash confirm off of this So really crazy you can go into any supers you want from there There are better variations of that Which I I don't have down consistently Or I would be able to show you but That combo is super simple to do just follow the inputs on the left screen But when you do do that jump, I guess this is the only one I should really mention You want to do the forward down variation of master's leap so forward down and then leap That's the one that'll give you the far enough jump other than that You can still do the other simplistic b&b so you can still stick to those if you want But if you wanted to do that specific combo, that is how it's done All right, we are back up against another reporter here playing vegeta Hopefully we can do all the combos we wanted to uh and including I'm trying to land that corner cover dragon rush I saw that one coming a mile away You could practically Okay, you didn't want to take the command grab I probably shouldn't have gone for a command grab that early in the set without testing him with some Staggers, but I really thought it would work. I was I was so confident a second ago that I would have given up anything. Oh, he actually got hit by that No, I messed up the vanish combo Oh, I didn't want to do that either man. I'm messing up.  Hold on What a two-age? Nicely done That was sick Level three three bars available, but will we see a level three here for sliding? Probably not see us this came out Going for a combo. I think we're just gonna let roshi back out. I can't believe that dropped Really? I'm just I'm not converting off of these All right, that should be good enough Yeah, that's good enough good enough damage didn't even have to go for anything fancy Yeah, the reason I'm dropping this is because I'm not I'm staggering, but I'm not expecting them to get hit And I don't want to commit to masters leaping there Uh, it's just too scary of a situation, but I guess I'm gonna have to start committing I'm expecting a dragon rush again No Oh Nice. All right, that's a vanish combo and gonna confirm corner for us I will take all of that Master roshi is this hold them down hold them down roshi All 46 frames of that or is it 50?  You go ahead get the super Oh so satisfied And uh, I think I'm putting this last person in the jar. I think that's gotta be the way it is Oh, it's so close Oh, oh am I dead? I'm dead if he wants me to be level three We got right. Oh, I thought that was it. I thought he might have flexed and missed Oh, it hurts. It hurts. We just barely missed. I didn't block that to him if we had I think we could have gotten it Oh, that's unfortunate It's okay. We still have the character lead and we also have sparking. So we're not too far behind or anything It's just a shame. We lost roshi when we did Um, if I could get him into the corner here. Yes Corner for yamcha is just a blessing. We are just gonna mix We are gonna go for the two. Oh, do we do we read? I'm gonna read Oh, he didn't commit. There it is. There it is. I gotta punish go optimal go optimal The beam assist is back, which means the optimal is back Let me waste all that time Whoa Wasn't so much about the damage there, but we did take way more time. All right now.  Get me out of there. I'm not trying to fight trunks right now Back me up. Get me out of there.  What a great challenge from him right there The challenge was excellent, but all good things must come to an end. We get game one Yeah, that challenge was really great. He socked me in the mouth. I was not expecting to get punched All right, so for game two here If we can read I think we can get the win if we just if roshi puts in more work As long as roshi puts in more work. I'm confident that we'll be able to get the win here Uh, are we gonna hit rematch? Are we gonna get rematch? We might not the rank disparity is pretty great between us, but it's a pretty good game I I also wish arksis would fix their system. Oh again. I didn't want to commit to it Oh, that's how I just that's how I was going wild spirit sword help I'll be down to get it some buttons All right buttons buttons did in fact work out. Nice.  I agree. This is where we spark though That's it. Are we midscreen? Oh, I could have actually gone for the route Again, my fear is really holding me back from a lot of these combos I don't know. I didn't know if we had the range that time. I don't know if I'm gonna get the hate sometimes I'm just I just gotta start going for I gotta start believing in roshi He's done nothing. He's did nothing to prove me wrong. I can believe in him Uh, this is so much this this combo is long. What a row Am I dead?  Yeah, I'm definitely dead.  We out Roshi is confirmed still alive mix up Two-H. Yes. Okay. I'll take it Dude, we are just barely getting away with some of this stuff But I gotta go back out into roshi, dude. Are you kidding me? We gotta get the original kamehameha Now what is the mix? No, no, oh wait, wait, wait. Yes I told you I wouldn't make that mistake again, but we did Thunder shock surprise Whoo, what oh what a move that is sick. All right now. I'm feeling very good about this Nice Give me all the damage Give it give me all of the damage Thunder shock surprise Let's go. That might be his best move, dude. You can't block Unblockable Yay, I win I win Oh my roshi Hopefully you guys enjoyed this video. If you did, let me know down below in the comment section and once again If you if you've played roshi, let me know. Is he harder or less hard than you expected him to be Uh, he's got to be up there for me again And he might be the hardest character The only thing stopping me from that is maybe majin buu But I also might have to give that to roshi Nothing that while you're down there if you enjoyed the video Make sure to like button and subscribe to the channel If you want to stay up to date on everything fighting games and dragon mode fighters And if you want to watch more videos right away, you can also check out the videos that should be on your screen right now I have been dr. Doyle once again Thank you for watching this video all the way to the end and I will see you in the next video


I went to undergrad right out of high school and I wasn't particularly mature, ready for it necessarily. As is true for a lot of students and I kind of messed up the first two years. I ended on a high note and from there I went to the Peace Corps. I lived in Africa for two years, learned a lot, came back, went to grad school, got my masters in English. And at the same time I was doing that, I was teaching at a major university. So 20 years later I wanted to go back and learn Spanish at the same university and when I applied to my great embarrassment and sadness I was rejected because of the damage I had done to my grade point 20 years earlier. So I felt sorry for myself for a few days and then I decided I had to do something about it and I contacted the department, the College of Humanities and I explained to them that I taught there and wanted to know what I could do to repair the situation. And within a day I had a phone call from one of the associate deans and said we didn't see your application. I'd like you to reapply and let me know when you've done it. And that's exactly what I did. He reviewed my application, saw that I'd been a good student as a grad student and they admitted me to the school and I learned Spanish. I would remind myself and anyone who is listening to this story to go ahead and feel what you need to feel in that moment but pick yourself up and reach out to the people who can help you. Not just to the people who are going to listen to you, be sad or angry but also people who don't know you, who can help you achieve whatever you have failed to achieve. It was really hard at that time because my parents were splitting up, there was a lot going on and maybe I would just let myself forgive myself for messing up that there were a lot of reasons why I was messing up and that I was allowed to be distracted from my studies at that time and everybody messes up and that's when you learn. When you really learn is when you realize you don't want to feel that way anymore and certainly there was nothing catastrophic that caused me to start getting good grades. I just hit a rock bottom point where I just said this has to stop. I just can't feel this way anymore and I'm going to flunk out and that's not an option so what do I need to do to stop that? And I doubled my grade point in one semester. It's just really critical that you listen to yourself, be who you are and listen to your true voice inside yourself and tune some of that other stuff out when it becomes overwhelming because I think it can guide you in directions that you really don't want to go and that you know you don't want to go but you're not sure how to veer from them.


And what I mean by bubble is I mean, where is that point that I can push that cow from? For example, is this cow a sensitive cow? Which means, you know, is the bubble out here? Or is it in here? Or is it in here? Which means can I walk to this spot before the cow moves? Or can I walk to this spot before the cow moves? Or do I have to walk to this spot to make that cow move? I've got to work out straight away. How sensitive is this cow? Because that's going to allow me to work out how can I create a rhythm and how can I work as a team to work out how to work this cow, you know, with Jesse. So I'm going to fast forward this. So right there, there's the bubble right now at this particular stage on this cow. Now that bubble could change and it will change as we work further along. But at the moment, that's the bubble. If I come blasting in here, then that's just going to push this cow way too much at this particular stage. So I'm really cautious about trying to work out what's the bubble on that cow. So I'm going to play this further forward and you'll just see how we work this together and how I'm trying to work as a team for Jesse. And we're trying to work out where does this cow want to go and that cow is pushing pretty hard to that corner right now. So for example, what you're going to see here, that's all pushing pretty hard and I stopped right there. So if you watch this, if I was to keep running in there, if I was to keep running in there, that was going to push that cow in there on Jesse and that was going to create a pretty bad situation. So what I actually do is I actually stop and I back up and take the pressure. So that gives that cow somewhere to go and that allows Jesse to hold his line. So right there now, because I stopped and backed up, that allowed that cow to turn into me and didn't have a lot of pressure coming this way.


The study found that RNA-bound proteins are much more diverse in mammalian organs compared to those in cultured cells. This suggests that there may be unique mechanisms involved in regulating gene expression in each organ. Additionally, the study discovered that many of the RNA-bound proteins were enzymes that utilized nucleotides as cofactors, indicating a strong connection between gene expression and metabolism. This article was authored by Joel Ipares-Perry, Dunja Foraying-Apple, Ina Hoppitz, and others.


Hello and welcome to the session at a discovery following problem today. Check whether 6 to the power n can end with a digit 0 for any natural number n. Now let us write our solution. If the numbers 6n were to end with the digit 0, then it would be divisible by 5. The factorization would contain which is not possible because 6 to the power n is equal to 3 into 2 to the power n which can be written as 3 to the power n into 2 to the power n. So, the factorization are and we have no 5. Therefore, uniqueness of the fundamental theorem of guarantees factorization of 6 to the power n to a number for which 6 to the power n ends with the digit 0. We understood this problem by another nice day.


How do you develop this empathy muscle if you have no experience being in someone else's shoes and you have no experience with that culture? I have two answers. One, coming out of Jamil Zaki's lab, a colleague here, is simply to understand that empathy is like a muscle. It does grow. You can get better at it. And he shows that believing that leads to that, that people hang in there a little bit longer to empathize when they have a growth mindset around empathy. And I do think that one of the overriding virtues that came out of a lot of the research I reviewed is just the importance of patience, hang in there, hang in there, especially in these difficult fraught encounters. Often they will go better if you hang in there. Because as you're talking about with a relationship, people use the fact that you're hanging in there as a gauge of your level of commitment. And the more you hang in there, the more it says, I really want to learn and grow and understand. So that's one is have a growth mindset around empathy. The second answer to how to achieve this empathy is through what's known as emotion-based empathy or an emotion-based empathic strategy. And this was developed by a colleague of mine, Ronaldo Mendoza, but has been subsequently used in the political context, basically boils down to first try to understand a person's emotion. What are they feeling? And then think of an analogous time in your life when you felt that emotion too. So you're not putting yourself in the shoes of the other person, because a lot of times when we do that we say, yeah, I mean, if I were to say a situation, I wouldn't have done that. So it actually drives people apart. But what you do and say is you listen to the heart, not the head. What are they feeling? And often it's hurt, pain, disrespect. And then you think of a time in your own life where you've been there. And a lot of times it's not very flattering. You learn, you realize that, hey, what I did in similar situations when I was feeling that way was uncomfortably similar. But it can be used as a tool for creating understanding across political lines. David Bruchman and Josh Kala have this great and very hopeful study showing the power of deep canvassing to bridge divides. Long story short, they go into these very conservative districts and in Florida, Miami-Dade, and they try to open people up to transphobic rights. It's just a 10 minute conversation that the residents have with a canvasser. There's a lot of elements, but there is one thing in there that I think is very important, which is this analogic perspective taking. They're trying to open up these conservative residents to the idea that people who are transgender should be supported and their rights recognized legally. And usually the residents are like, no, I don't get why anyone would be transgender. I don't like it, like their minds are closed, but their hearts are open. So what they do is they say they'll ask people, you know, we all know it hurts. It hurts to feel treated negatively or unfairly because of something about you that you can't control or because of something about who you are. When have you felt that way and what happened? And that just opens people's heart. So it's the first, it's the heart that opens, then the head falls. And one of the residents talked about how he had PTSD after serving in Iraq, and he couldn't find employment because he had PTSD. And so he, and that made him understand, oh, that's kind of the emotional experience these transgender kids and individuals are having too. And, oh, I kind of could kind of understand a little better. And that intervention, all told, there's a few other elements, is the only thing that I know of that enduringly opens people up to change on strong beliefs.


A little bit about myself. I'm Moloch on Twitter. I'm 18. I'm a student from the Bay Area and I really like locks and computers. Lately I've been getting really interested in duplicating high-security keys. This is my second time going to DEF CON and my first time speaking. And if you're working on any interesting lock projects, come say hi. I'd love to hear about them. So you've probably seen these things before. There's a good chance you even live or work in a building that has one. And these boxes contain the keys to the building. So when the firefighters show up in an emergency, they don't have to start breaking stuff to get where they need to be. They can just open the box, get the keys, and let themselves in. A low-tech way of doing this would be to just keep copies of everyone's keys in the fire station, but having a single key for an entire area saves a lot of time in an emergency. The most popular rapid entry system is made by NOx, and the NOx box is mostly what I'll focus on today. In a lot of places, these things are required by law on commercial buildings. So you can have the best high-security locks in the world on your doors, but you still have to put your keys in this metal box so the firefighters can get in. Sometimes these things even have alarm codes in them. They make really big ones for commercial buildings and tiny ones for people's houses. Again, same idea. You put your keys in the box and the firefighters can open the box. They also make padlocks and key switches for overriding gates and even boxes with circuit breakers inside. And all of these devices take the same keys, which are held by the local fire department. Sometimes one fire department will get their own unique NOx key, and sometimes many departments will share the same system. Sometimes even an entire state will use a single NOx key throughout. So this is basically a physical back door to an entire city or even state. Bruce Schneier referred to it as physical key escrow, and as I'm sure you all know by now, key escrow isn't really that great for security. These are pretty powerful keys, and as you can probably imagine, it's kind of bad when they fall into the wrong hands. Here's some footage from a burglary in Seattle. This guy walks up and starts messing with something on the wall, and then he comes back with someone else and enters a code into their keypad that was supposed to be reserved for the fire department. And they open the door, go in the building, and leave with some packages that they were not supposed to leave with. Seattle then spent half a million dollars to rekey their NOx boxes. Something similar happened in Austin. Someone used a NOx key to break into a children's hospital and steal $31,000. Austin then spent $300,000 to rekey their NOx boxes and one and a half million to make sure it never happened again. They also didn't know how many NOx boxes they had in their city, but they thought it was around $6,000. Also, NOx's website seems to be claiming that only the fire departments have these keys. They've got some videos on their website where people say things like, only the fire department has access to that box or only we have a key to open it. And I'm just not sure if that's 100% accurate.  And they didn't even notice until they counted them after hearing about the burglaries in Seattle. So, who knows where they are? People can also get in a lot of trouble for refusing to install these things. There was an article last year about a butcher from Pennsylvania who didn't want to install a NOx box because he didn't like the idea of giving strangers access to his keys. The city threatened to put him in jail for 30 days, find him $1,000 and condemn his building as a fire hazard. So, if people are going to be forced to use these, I think they have a right to know what's inside of them. A couple of years ago, I got in touch with NOx to ask about the locks they were using and they pretty much told me to pound sand. They did not want to talk to me at all. So, NOx boxes almost exclusively use Medeco's 72 series cam locks. Older ones use the biaxial and newer ones use the M3. These are really cool locks that work a little bit differently than what most people are used to. I don't really have time to go into exactly how they work, but basically the cuts on the key can have different angles as well as depths. With a normal key, the only thing that really matters is how deep the cuts are. But with Medecos, the angle of the cuts is also important. The key rotates the pins as well as lifting them up. So, if you look at a Medeco key from the top down, you can see that some of the cuts have been twisted one way and some have been twisted the other. They also don't have any driver pins. This is what the key pins look like and I think it's a very clever design. These things are physically very tough and the lock is super hard to pick. It's rated by UL to withstand many different types of attacks for 30 minutes. I only know a handful of people who can pick these things, but unfortunately, I don't think they offer enough protection against unauthorized replication of keys. Knox is pretty serious about key control. The keys are supposed to be kept inside these electronic boxes, which I'm sure are completely unhackable. They're also connected to radio and Wi-Fi sometimes, which is great, but the firefighter has to enter a pin in order to remove the key and it keeps track of when that happens. So these keys are pretty well protected, but even if someone has physical access to a key for just a few seconds, they can still gain a lot of useful information about it. Someone could make measurements of it by taking a clay impression or by using a key decoder or just a photograph. You don't even need a good photo. In 2008, some students at UC San Diego showed that they were able to copy a key that was photographed from around 200 feet away and sometimes it's not even necessary to take your own photo. After about 10 minutes of searching on YouTube, I found several videos of people showing off Knox keys. It's probably not good that these keys are being posted to the internet. A key is pretty much just a metal password. Anyone who can read it can copy it. That being said, it's not always easy to replicate a medical key. You wouldn't just be able to get one copied at the hardware store because they use special restricted key blanks and only certain people are allowed to make copies, but these keys are just chunks of metal and with the right tools, any chunk of metal can be reproduced. If you already have the blank, you can make the cuts on certain key machines or even just by hand with a metal file, but getting restricted key blanks can be kind of tricky. There are plenty of ways to make key blanks though. For example, modifying another similar blank until it fits into the lock and there have been some attacks presented at DEF CON before. In some situations, you can make a key blank out of a thin piece of metal or plastic like a credit card. This will work if the keyway is wide open but not so much on the more paracentric keyways. If you want to make a better blank, milling is a pretty good way to go. CNC is good. There are also mills built specifically for duplicating key blanks, but they are very expensive and have some drawbacks. If you don't have access to one, a good 3D printer will work too. Cheap FDM printers are usually precise enough to duplicate something like a house key pretty easily, but with higher security locks, sometimes you need more precision to make a reliable key. SLA printers are really good for this and Shapeways has some extremely precise materials. Shapeways is a service that will 3D print things for you.  I've tested most of their materials and I like their MJF process the best. So I've been wondering how hard it would be to print one of these keys from scratch. It turns out it's really not that difficult. The printing is pretty easy, but the real fun begins when you start trying to model the key. Obviously, I don't have access to the original key to begin with and I can't easily get a hold of one. I mean, all things considered, I think Knox is doing a pretty good job of key control. They're using patent protected keys that are slightly harder to duplicate than normal keys and the keys are kept in special boxes and obviously they won't just sell you the key, but what they will sell you is the box. And the interesting thing is the lock in the box contains all the information necessary to reproduce the key. The lock and the key are pretty much mirror images of each other. I mean, it has to be this way because the lock has to somehow check if the key is correct. There's no encryption, no challenge response, just some pieces of metal interacting with each other and they'll sell one to anyone who wants to put one on their building. So I bought one to check it out. It came with some cool documents which I immediately ignored and sure enough it shipped with the lock installed. These things also ship open so it's really easy to just unscrew the thing and pop the lock out. So now I have the Knox lock for my city and that means I effectively have a negative image of the Knox key for my city and so does everyone else who has one of these boxes. If I can make a key to open my box then I would have a key to almost every commercial building in my city. I didn't really want to mess with mine so I bought some very similar locks on eBay and started trying to make a model in OpenSCAD. It's a 3D modeling tool where you define your shape in a language similar to C but instead of compiling into a computer program it compiles into a shape and since it's completely parametric it's perfect for modeling things like keys. Once you have your model set up if you want to change something it's as simple as just updating some numbers and recompiling. I'm not the first one to use it to model keys. Nirv Patel, Christian Haller and Eric Van Albert have done that before but I wanted to try making my own tool that suited my needs a little bit better. So one of the first challenges I ran into was modeling the keyway. Sometimes Medeco will remove a lot of metal from the face of the plug and this makes it kind of hard to get a good image of the keyway. Like if I try to scan or photograph it the wording is really hard to see because it doesn't start until about a few millimeters back from the face. But a quick and dirty way around that is to just slice the plug in half and look at a cross section of it. You can just cut it with a hacksaw or something. It doesn't really matter if it leaves a nasty rough edge because you can just lap the face until it's perfectly even and then if you polish it and put it down on a flatbed scanner you should get a pretty crisp image of the keyway. The next thing to consider is that this cross section is not perfectly circular. We're taking a cross section of a cylinder and if the face we're scanning is not absolutely parallel with the front and back of the plug the picture we'll get will be slightly elliptical. This is pretty easy to correct for though. I made a program that just transforms the ellipse back into a perfect circle. And then once we have the image we can bring it into Inkscape, trace it and we have our profile. And then if we extrude that profile we have a blank. Then also if you didn't thin the profile down at all when you traced it it probably won't quite fit into the lock. Maybe it wasn't traced properly or the image wasn't completely accurate or the printer wasn't calibrated properly. So I recommend thinning the blank down a little bit to give it some room. You could just try to eyeball it but I made a program that lets you print a bunch of keys all stuck together like this and it smoothly changes the parameters from one side to the other. So you can start it out thick on one side and have it get thinner towards the other and then just snap them apart to see which one works the best. And then to model the cuts we can just take the pins out and measure them. The key pins are kind of hard to measure because they all have the same height. So I recommend making a 3D printed measurement tool. I'll open source mine when I'm done with it and you don't have to be super precise when measuring the pins because you can just compare your measurement to the closest one published by Medeco. Also the only difference between a biaxial key and an M3 key is this groove that's been cut out of it so the key can interact with the M3 slider element. This element is protected under patent but it would be trivially easy to print a key with a similar cutout. This element does give the key some legal protection against duplication but it provides almost zero technical protection and people have attacked this element at DEFCON before. It was shown to be very secure as long as the attacker doesn't have access to a paperclip or something similar. So after some tweaking and trial and error I was able to make a working Medeco key. Here's the... ... is sticking out and it won't go in unless the correct key is in the lock. And here it is with the correct key. It's a little... So that really wasn't all that hard. The process would be exactly the same to produce the NOx key to my city. This means anyone who has access to one of these locks and a good 3D printer could produce one of these keys. Also if someone really wanted to get a hold of one of these locks they wouldn't even need to buy one. When these things are properly installed they're really tough to remove if you don't have the key. Like good luck getting that thing off. But they're not always properly installed. Here's a NOx box on a chain link fence. So anyone with some wire cutters could take that thing. Let's see. It would also probably be pretty easy to take one of the padlocks if someone had some bolt cutters or lock picks. It would be pretty hard to pick the NOx padlock but what about that other lock? What if someone just left one open? That lock is available to anyone who has access to a wrench or a pair of pliers. I took this photo about eight months ago and it's still like this today. I'm also releasing the program I made for this. It's on GitHub right now. The repository is called Gatekeeper. It's a couple hundred lines of open SCAD code designed to help make keys for locks without requiring access to the original key to begin with. It's not necessarily for medicos but it can reproduce all of the elements of a biaxial key. Unfortunately, I'm not releasing a version which can do this cutout for the M3 slider because that's still under patent and I'm not entirely sure if it would be that but to do that but someone could modify this program to include that feature. So check it out if you're interested but please don't mess with locks that aren't yours. I'm not talking about this because I want people to start breaking into buildings. I'm just trying to show that these things are a security risk. I'm also not trying to talk trash about medico. I think the M3 is a very nice lock. I just don't think it should be used for this application. So how could we improve these? Nox could try switching to a different mechanical lock but then people like me would just do the same thing to that one.  I think the best way to avoid this kind of attack would be to avoid key escrow altogether. I think the biggest flaw in the Nox system is that all of the locks in each area are identical. I can reverse engineer my Nox box and gain useful information about my neighbor's Nox box or the hospital down the street or the bank. Things might be more secure if we switched over to electromechanical locks because electronics let you make it very difficult to extract secret information since you have challenge response and all that fun stuff. It took years for the Desfire EV-1 chip to get broken by a differential power analysis attack and that's a lot longer than it took me to make a medical key. But the most secure way to do this would be not to store any secret information in the lock. Each lock could have its own unique credential. That way if I reverse engineer my lock I would have no useful information about my neighbor's credential and I think that's how it should be. And it would be much harder to do stuff like this. There's a very neat combination lock called the RKS which is like a very tiny safe lock that's dialed with a robotic key. If they use something like this each building could have its own unique combination and they could just load them onto the key when they need to. Nox also recently announced an electronic version of their product. Coincidentally, they released the promotional video for it last week. It's a completely electronic system kind of like the Medeco XT. I don't know how they're doing the electronics but they say the key can hold a hundred codes. That's not very many so it leads me to believe that they're not doing away with key escrow altogether just making it electronic. So you're probably wondering what if someone hacks the electronics? Wouldn't that be really bad? Well, don't worry. According to Nox, it cannot be hacked. They say it is a completely hack-proof system. They also say that it can't be hacked via RF or Bluetooth which kind of makes sense given the fact that it doesn't use either of those things. But until we do get these 100% hack-proof locks, what can building owners do to mitigate key duplication attacks? Nox does offer to sell them with a tamper alert which is nice. It's got two buttons. One is to detect the box coming off of the wall and the other is to detect the door being opened. You hook them up to your burglar alarm so it can go off if someone messes with the box. This is a nice feature but it's almost never hooked up. Pretty much nobody uses these things. They probably should, though. The tamper alert seems to be pretty well designed but on the Residential 3200 model, Nox was kind enough to include a drain hole on the bottom. This allows me to just hold that button down with a bent piece of wire and defeat the tamper alert. Here's what that looks like from the inside. There's the button and I go in and grab it and I can open the door and the button stays down.  Nox's website says that the tamper alert provides highest security and I really hope this isn't the best they can do. So if you are using that switch, maybe don't get one with an exposed drain hole. Also have cameras pointed at the box. Don't rely completely on locks for your security. Get an alarm and maybe don't put your alarm code in the box. I know you're supposed to but if your building is on fire or something, I guess it's not a huge deal if your burglar alarm goes off. And as for long-term solutions, I think we should be switching over to a system where this is just intrinsically not an issue. I'm not saying this is a huge issue but just that we can do better going forward. If you're interested, check out the GitHub page for helpful resources and the programs I used. Also, huge thanks to the Electronic Frontier Foundation for answering some of my questions about this. Please go donate to them and thank you for listening. I hope you found this interesting.


Awake craniotomy is a gold standard of care for resection of brain tumors located within or close to the eloquent areas. Both a sleep-awake-asleep technique and monitored anesthesia care have been used effectively for awake craniotomy and the choice of optimal anesthetic approach is primarily based on the preferences of the anesthesiologist and surgical team. Propofol, Remefentanil, Dexmodetomidine, and Scalp-Nerve block provide the reliable conditions for intraoperative brain napping. Appropriate patient selection, adequate perioperative psychological support, and proper anesthetic management for individual patients in each stage of surgery are crucial for procedural safety, success, and patient satisfaction. This article was offered by Sung Hyun Kim and Sung Ho Choi.