I got I'm a software engineer at some scale up in Silicon Valley and I have a law degree And so this is me and my lawyer's robes and I'm gonna talk about predictive policing Specifically predictive policing in the Netherlands and so we're gonna talk about What is predictive policing? How do these systems work? I have some examples of predictive policing systems that are deployed in the Netherlands or were deployed in the Netherlands Specifically, I'm gonna talk about the legal status of suspicions generated by a computer and the question there is If a police officer walks up to you and goes like I have this print out here And it says that you probably up to something no good Can they arrest you for that? And so this has never been tested in court But I'm gonna predict this for you. And so in a few years you will see that I'm right That bit includes audience participation now in order to participate in the audience participation You need to be able to raise your right hand. So all of you please raise your right hand now Okay, most of you are able to do the audience participation bit. Thank you very much So introducing predictive policing. What is predictive policing predictive policing is? Generating predictions about crime with a computer, but that's it basically this can be crime Committed by persons or crime that will victimize particular persons or it can be places where particular crimes are gonna happen This is a The term predictive policing was coined by Bill Bratton who is an outstanding police officer Who was the chief of the Boston police force? The LA police force and the New York police force. So this is a guy who knows something about policing the term was Use it doesn't really apply to a particular algorithm So I am not gonna bore you with the question is this artificial intelligence is this big data is this machine learning Is this risk profiling? I don't particularly care if it's a system that uses a data and a computer To generate a prediction.  They're not very interesting What is big data for a police officer might fit on like? Sort of the spares basis between the memory buffers of my screen somewhere Artificial intelligence seems to be a term that is only used for things that only humans could do until recently But now a computer can do it as a time when playing a game of chess was artificial intelligence And now this is no longer true. So this this is not particularly Interesting. I'm going really fast. Are you still with me? Awesome, thank you So We have been predicting crime since the dawn of time Because you know see the dawn of time that was crime and so people have been trying to predict that and even before we had computers We had people that were trying to predict crime and they're called crime analysts and every police force has Crime analysts and these crime analysts they use crystal balls Calculators An abacus. This is this room is called abacus. That's why I had to say abacus To generate predictions about crime. So if we're doing this like since the cows came home but then happened then computers came and So computers came and people thought what are going to do with that the answer is play pong But then Bill Breton Ran a program called comp stat who here has heard about comp stat a few people anyone here. Did you see the wire?  How do I make the clearance rates go up? Answer is easy stop recording crimes Because if you stop recording crimes, you have fewer crimes and then or you only record the crimes when you have solved them Because then the clearings rate clearance rate and the crime rate go hand in hand I can really recommend that practice if clearance rates is the only thing that you are interested in Bill Breton thought like we have computers. We can use these same stats and Excel and Generate predictions about crime and this is what happens basically I'll get to that later how that worked But modern technology added and I'm not going to talk about machine learning a lot because all of you know how machine learning works And all of you know how tensor flow works and all of you can at least do sort of logistic regression on your HP calculators Computers added the fact that quantity has its own quality so if you have lots of data and you have lots of processing powers you can go to a level of Finding patterns in that data that are impossible to do if you're just a human humans are not Very good at finding accurate patterns in large unstructured sets of data And so I got this quote here that says humans can sometimes find a needle in a haystack Modern technology can search all the haystacks Figure out what's normal in the haystack find all the things that deviate from that norm which might be needles And he gets who said that Yeah, I said that so thank you very much It was in my master thesis on this very topic and because my master thesis was evaluated by law professors and Law professors and computers Don't mix very well This has become so standard that you can buy this book Which is called data mining and predictive analysis and if you want to have like a little shrill moment This is scary You need to go to Amazon then you have that shrill moment But then you need to continue and read the description of this book and then you get your second shrill moment because This book describes how you can use off-the-shelf tools like Excel To find to predict crime So the author basically says here's a shit ton of math. Here's a bunch of Excel macros Export the CSV file from your local crime reporting system if you're down in Hackensack Police department and you can use this and now you can predict some crime and police officers do this This is extremely scary because these people don't necessarily know what they're doing when using computers or not using computers Okay, are you still with me? Ten minutes in this is going well. So How do these predictive police systems work? They work like this is a diagram that I copied from my Research report on the topic and it basically says you have some data You run some math Now you have a prediction and you give that prediction to a police officer and you go like here's a prediction about some crime Go do something with that and then they find crime And they have new data and they run the next generation of the model and then you have some new report And this is literally how this goes so that you can see the feedback loop here where actual data turns into historical data and turns into the next generation of the model and this is one of the problems with Predictive policing and I'll get to that later, but I'll announce this now quickly all of us as we are sitting here are Committing some crimes And the reason for that is that the stack of law books is about this high and There is no way that any of us are in complete compliance with everything that's in there The only reason that you're not arrested right now is that you have not annoyed enough of the right people To be arrested and there's just not enough police around here in uniform This is a tip for people if you want to discover undercover police officers in the Netherlands Look at their shoes because they're all wearing black Mephisto's with shoelaces So if you see any of these people, they're undercover police officers, so you haven't Annoyed enough of the right people yet. That is why you're not getting arrested because you're all doing something wrong now This means that if you use predictive policing to send a bunch of police officers to a place They will find crime there Because there's crime everywhere and then they find that crime that goes back into the model and go like oh my god This is a place where there's a lot of crime that sends some more police officers to there So they go back to that same place and find more crime And this is the feedback loop that a lot of predictive policing Systems are vulnerable to I'm not saying that this is happening all the time, but they're vulnerable to it Let me see that about my speakers now say No, I got it all So let's talk about some predictive policing systems. I I named for I'll cover three Very briefly. There is information on the internet about what all of these Systems do in some more detail So here are some predictive police Systems first of all Pratt Paul From the US also applied in the United Kingdom The strategic subjects list, which is one of my favorites, but I'm not going to spend a lot of time on it But like if you want to know more about it talk to me today or tomorrow because it's fascinating ship The crime anticipation system or as I say in Holland had criminalities anticipation system Leukwoord for Galchie or for scrabble 48 punten And sensing which is also in the Netherlands Any of you have a favorite system that's not on the list No, okay, sorry Free crime. Oh pre-crime. Oh, yeah. Yeah minority report. Yeah, I was I was like this close to call my Massethesis minority report on the a because the a is the river that goes through Amsterdam But I couldn't get the introduction running It's kind of weird and so if you you have seen the movie minority report Some who has read the short story Okay, it's fewer people. Okay, all of you who have seen the movie go read the short story like any of standing of Like any of his work. What's the author again? Sorry, oh, yeah, Philip K. Dick like any of thank you very much any of Philip K. Dick's work the stories are infinitely better than the movie and all of Philip K. Dick's work You have to answer the following three questions or now actually now you have to answer one question The question is who here is on LSD? Is it the reader? The protagonist of the story or the author Potentially more than one Like that it's and so minority reports stunning. It's a decent movie if you like Tom Cruise It's a stunning short story and it's about predictive pleasing using mutants the police in Holland does not have telepathic for Mutants with foresight, but they have computers However before we get there. Are you still with me? Yes. Okay. Are we enjoying this? Thank you First first after Pratt Paul or as they name it now Geo litica So this was based on the insight that I mentioned before which is that the data that you get for comp stat Can be used to make crime predictions and so they put some scientists on it It did live wet white lab coats from UCLA and Santa Clara And they developed an algorithm and that algorithm is called it as and that is patented in Patent warp you can read it. It's like any patent. It's a completely useless It doesn't say anything about anything and there's a Commercial implementation by Pratt Paul Inc. Which is now renamed and they sell this through the United States And because it is a company it is secret how it works We don't really personally. I think that's a problem But I'm sorry. I work and live in the United States And I'm the I'm the odd one out there So we're in Holland for those of you who follow Dutch politics I'm like on the right side of T66 Which makes me sort of like a suspicious right-wing character here in Holland in America.   We just like right downtown. We're like three major subway lines meet and local search and local search is the most Amazing inside of this is that criminals are very likely or not are more likely than average to commit crimes Near what we call the anchors of their existence. So their home their work and on the route between them Personally, I think if I would be a burglar I would not burgled the homes where I live because that makes it much more likely that I get recognized but Apparently burglars do this now This is not crazy shit. There is actual science that sort of bears these statements out So that's criminologists. Are there any criminologists in the audience? No, no criminal so criminologists they studies a crime as a social science They've been writing papers about this for a long time. And so this basically this bears out This is this is true for the to the extent that you can say that things in are actually true So they developed the ETAs algorithm epidemic type aftershock sequence and the principle is okay There's like a chance of crime and because of these three patterns They're sort of an aftershock like an earthquake and that aftershock dampens over time And then they have this formula that comes from the pret poll website. They don't say what any of these variable means So it's called it's called proof my intimidation Intimidation matter. Oh my god. I've got math. This shit must be good like so And this is what they do So what I would love to discuss but I have no time for the field experiments They did that showed that has all sorts of like problematic reasons and pret polls amazing statement that their system is free of prejudice Okay, that was pret poll system number two sensing Sensing was a project by the Dutch police of Roermond. He just said that in the south of the Netherlands Roermond has a big shopping mall and they had figured out that Criminals come there to pickpocket and rob and break into cars. It's called Mobile Banditism Mobile Banditism And again like you we're gonna do We're gonna develop a predictive policing system that will just tell us Who these people are and then we're gonna deal with them before they get to the mall This system which has many problematic aspects was paused in 2020 because what happened in 2020? There was a sharp decline of people coming to the mall one of the great Advantages of the pandemic that this system was killed. So how did sensors work? We don't know it is secret There was a freedom of information act Request for Dutch the way obey or as you call it now the way. Oh, oh the vet open overhead And they figured out that it's probably related to the following things There's a group of men in a car with a German or Romanian license plates rental car three to five years old or a car that stolen That's probably hugely important and then it goes into the secret these and other factors go into the secret algorithm Projects a risk score if that score exceeds a threshold it goes to some police officers on the street or like on the freeway in this case and they go and stop that car now the question is based on the what? legal Theory and I'm gonna explain to that. So let's stay tuned. But that's what they do The freedom of information act gave us the following information.  This says the administration of the reference lists is taking place at Locked out some office secret office or The responsible department for the downloading and updating of the reference file We can't notice Fabric of society would unravel when we know this shit Third one up the crime anticipation system that criminalites anticipati system developed by the police unit of Amsterdam Currently being rolled out and implemented in the entire country The goal was to create enriched forecasts of crime and turning these into tangible instructions and then ensure that beat Plot beat police officers act according to these instruction. This came right out of the Dilbert missing statement Generator, there's amazing video on YouTube crime costs for kids and explain sort of like in to kids like you know This is your computer and amazing video How does it work pretty much the same as it has so it has focus on burglary and street robberies it Takes data from all sorts of sources. It generates heat maps on where the crime is going to happen in squares of 125 125 meters and then the 3% of squares with the highest risk scores are called yellow orange and red and Then you get something like this This is a Amsterdam Apparently a lot of crime in the east of Amsterdam without the computer. We would have never guessed this Completely novel insight strangely enough Not on the map, but there's something here in the south of Amsterdam called the southern axis where all the big law firms are Not colored red, but I'm pretty certain that there's a shit ton of crime Happening right there But that is not a crime that they're interested in these systems exist I will Keep my social commentary to myself Some issues around predictive policing now This is a very suave audience that knows about computers. I'm gonna like run through them because it's completely obvious First of all input data quality crime reporting is Incredibly hard and criminal data about which crimes happened and where they happened is completely unevenly distributed based on Social economic factors type of crime Who is liable to report these crime like there's a hope it's it's a morass. So a big thing in Criminology, which is the study of crime as a social science is guessing the dark number the unreported crime I've never heard any discussion about this in any of my Predictive policing research that I've done please seems to be unaware of this Secondly This is the only thing I'm gonna say about that But apparently there is some racial prejudice in society and apparently computers leverage and amplify that racial prejudice The police seems to be completely unaware of this never read anything about any of this in any of the research That I've done including reports by the police itself Personally, I think this is a problem But again, what am I am white in America? And so who am I gonna complain to? So the social justice impact is amazing these systems get used to predict low-level street crime Bernie Madoff was not caught by a predictive policing system I know for it's always big pocketing Street like burglaries Robberies, etc. And I already mentioned the feedback loop Most importantly does it work and the answer is we don't know Whether it works. What I do know is that a few teams in America Discontinued to use of pretpol because either it was too expensive or They just couldn't figure out what to do with the predictions. So he said does it work? Yes, the predictive aspects some of somewhat work, but I think that they're also obvious like Does it lead to more solved crimes? I have not seen any definitive data about that. There are some Reports that say that it works, but they're mostly done by people that are sort of not unbiased with respect to the police predictive policing system that they're using Does it then at least lead to the same clearance crimes with fewer cops? Even that I don't know personally. I don't think it works Right, but okay So that's that now we get to the legal aspects of predictive policing Let me take a short break here to ask you are you still with me? Okay, cool. Hang on. I love giving talks to a hyper intelligent audience The hardest course I have ever taught was Java for non-programmers It's a bit of a hard course because someone asked me When I had to explain the if statement, but why do you need an if statement? So I thought about it for a while and I told her like well Imagine a world with an if statement and imagine a world without an if statement That in itself is an if statement. I had a lot of fun there Now I was people were super nice Okay, legal aspects now. This is a master. You're fish are talking your friendly neighborhood lawyer In the Netherlands You can only the police can only use certain invasive investigative measures When there's a reasonable reasonable suspicion of guilt based on facts and circumstances That a crime was committed and that the target of the suspect is guilty of it For the Dutch people among us article 7 in 20 straff ordering As we thought the word before that the vervolging is angefangen A gemerkt degenen ten weens aansien uit feiten of omstandigheden een redelijk vermoeden van schuld aan een straf maar feit voortgoed Now in America we have the fourth amendment, which is a reasonable Stop and search is a search and seizure Volumes bookshelves libraries full of legal analysis about the fourth amendment in Holland the entire Sort of like jurisprudence and legal analysis on article 27 is about This thick 12-pitch single-sided US letter. I know because I printed it out And I'll explain to you why so you have to have reasonable guilt of Suspicion crime, etc Now we have to so all of you everything you've ever seen on television about this is false Even if you've watched the US television show and you think you know something about the fourth amendment. It is also false TV my friends is not a documentary on the US legal system With the possible exception of we own this city by on HBO Max, which is totally amazing So even in the US the fourth amendment doesn't work the way you think of my work read these two statements Or to read these these two court cases because the US Supreme Court has been executing a low-level war on the fourth amendment since 1984 Ask me about this after the fact I got amazing case law about this So forget everything you've learned on TV. So now it is time for audience participation by a raise of hands So this is the case the police officer gets a Call from the office that has a burglary in a school and then he walks around and he sees someone he knows professionally Walking from the direction of the school wearing black gloves. It goes like that. That's not kosher Subsist person and arrest them On suspicion of having committed that burglary was this reasonable if you think this is reasonable suspicion of guilt raise your hand Okay, none of you should ever talk to please officer ever. This is reasonable suspicion of guilt In the Netherlands famous case exactly this case look for zwarte handschoenen Inbrake and you'll get the case. This is reasonable suspicion of guilt next one Sorry Now if you just look for zwarte handschoenen In brak school Then then you can find it, but it's it's exact. It's exactly what happened if you read this you got the summary of the case Apart from the fact where the judge says like no, this is totally reasonable I I'm not I'm not sure what I think of this. I must honestly say We don't know who knows if we don't care. Oh Oh, sorry, thank you for pointing that out you're absolutely right the question from the audience was was this person convicted I don't know and I don't care because Come again No, I'll stay at it The question is is it stand the holder or are still I mean Dutch man. It's not a language It's more like a heap of words that starts with Yeah, well My wife is American after like many years of marriage I got her to save on heart a gefeliciteer to my birthday I think this is a Lisa honey if you watch this on the stream or on video. I love you.  That's what you need really so the question was was it legal to just stop them or arrest them and I can't quite remember and it doesn't matter I need to go on hope second case To police officers see a black man running away from a cafe that they know is a place where drugs are being sold They think this is suspicious black man running away from a known drugs then They stop him. They find some heroin Even in the Netherlands when this was case happened in the 70s. They thought this was not cool So they arrested him Regarding the stop of search is his reasonable suspicion of guilt or not who thinks this is reasonable suspicion of guilt You're wrong. The court said it was not reasonable suspicion of guilt Black men running in the Netherlands completely legal. I mean We are worldwide known for our tolerance and this shows it Actually people think the Holland is tolerant.  It's just like I don't care. Okay Audience participation number three police officers again.  They search the white men find drugs Recording the stop and search of the white man. Is it reasonable suspicion of guilt or not? Who thinks it's reasonable suspicion of guilt? Yeah, okay, so the people raised their hand are right. This is reasonable suspicion of guilt and now so this case is called Damrak, which is a street in Amsterdam. It's where it happened and the last case is called Used to be called differently, but I now like to refer it as to the running colored gentlemen Um, but that is not the the traditional name of the case don't ask me what it was And that guy can't survive was at the Sorry Your words not mine. So it's a go talk to this about your name lady What's your name? Okay, go talk to Inge and she has She can say whatever she wants because Free country man. Yeah, so you can ask her what is the difference between this case and the last case? We don't quite know what but what happened in this particular case And it's very important is that the police officer who did the stop and search said like well in my vast experience as a police officer in Amsterdam if I see foreign white men talking to black men That's a drugs deal and The judge goes like that's completely reasonable So this is reasonable suspicion of guilt Audience participation number four and the last one I promise two police officers see a person. They know professionally walk around with a plastic bag Hmm, so they talk to the person go like hey, what's in the bag and the guy says like oh some books. I've just stolen Criminals are not necessarily smart And so they arrest this person on suspicion of theft of books Regarding the stop and the ensuing conversation. Is that a reasonable suspicion of guilt or not? Just yes. No, who says yes Okay, okay, who says no Okay, you're all wrong And I will explain to you why you're all wrong the judge didn't get to the question Whether it was and I this requires some fine legal training Didn't get to the question whether there's a reasonable suspicion of guilt or not Because the police just like any other citizen can have a conversation with someone and just ask Hey, how are you doing? What's in the bag? That is not an execution of Investigative powers by the police It doesn't require special permission to do this anyone can do this if you now Confess to curving committed a crime now they have reasonable suspicion And they they arrest you and so There was they didn't need reasonable suspicion of guilt to talk to the Person because anyone can do that and after they are the guy had basically confessed that he committed a crime Now they could arrest him and it was completely reasonable Everyone still with me Okay, so this goes to something called the continued application of powers and this is important Remember this phrase forward to set the two passing from the voegdhede I Cut this piece from the actual case put it in Google translate and this is what came out of it Which is made I've worked for Google for 12 years. I think an amazing company If for no other reason that I can do this What happens so the police has powers under different laws Some of these are criminal laws. Some of them are administrative laws. So the police As the administrative executors of the liquor act Can come into your cafe and check your permit While they are there Legally as the administrative officers of the liquor act. They see a gun And they go hey, it's a gun. It's illegal Now they can continue to use powers that they get from another law Criminal law Because now they have reasonable suspicion This is super important. This is what happened in the last case about the books in the plastic bag this has happened in what in the the the Gewehr arrest the rifle case and This is what happens in sensing Because what happened is remember sensing remont mobile banditism cars What police would do is they would get the risk score and Then they would go and stop the car under their powers in the road traffic safety act and According to the road traffic safety act the police can stop any car Inspector driver's license and registration Like and that's come and they don't need any reasonable suspicion can just do that Like whatever and then while they do that they're gonna come this kind of suspicious These people are smoking dope. I don't like this car. It's a bit of a mess They don't have a real story about where they are where they're going I'm gonna Frisk arrest search like whatever the investigative powers are and This is continued application of powers. They stopped the car under their powers in the road traffic and safety act We have kids that and then they can once they then get like a reasonable suspicion they Continue to use the powers from the criminal law and that is how they sort of get around that now You would ask yourself. I would ask myself is this legal and the answer is no It's called the Tournament de pouvoir is like a rerouting of powers You can only use an administrative power for the explicit purpose that it is given for If you get powers out of the road and safety act You can only use this to improve road safety. You cannot use this as a cover For something else altogether, which is like mobile banditism. So it's not allowed. Does it happen? Yes all the time Like why is this not stopped? It doesn't get to court These cases the courts it's untested Like and also when in court the police lies Okay, I don't hope to please one of my nieces works for the police But please lie they go to go to go like no, no, we we just we really just you know Carl looked a bit flimsy wanted to check the insurance.  That's really not right And so the the Dutch version of the district attorney the prosecuting officer and the judges are just not often willing to cut people a break And this is also related to a fundamental difference in the Dutch and American system of criminal prudence and the jurisprudence It's like the inquisitorial versus the accusatory or system court the goal of the Dutch system is to find the truth and Formalism shouldn't get in the way of that too much even when the police and the district attorney it opened by ministerie are like Way out of line. The judge is very very restricted in like putting a stop to this so That's part one part number two Your reasonable suspicion of guilt needs to be based on facts and circumstances Just a feeling is not enough However, the list of facts and circumstances that can lead to a reasonable suspicion is very long and very inclusive one of the few times When the Dutch police is very inclusive when it comes to Fact and circumstances This stuff is only tested marginally in court and by marginal testing. I mean that the judge asked himself Is it completely unreasonable that the police officer got to this conclusion? And if the answer is no, it's not completely unreasonable is reasonable and it's allowed so Grounds for reasonable suspicion caught in the act the normal situation. I is police officer season. It's not normal here Knowledge and experience. I know that if white men and black men talk it's about drugs official notices Tips from the team criminal intelligence anonymous tips are allowed as grounds for reasonable suspicion sometimes the court put some fences around that but the supreme court said The general thought that an anonymous tip cannot lead to a reasonable suspicion of guilt is not true So it's actually easier to say What is unreasonable suspicion of guilt? It's if it's completely based on the intuition if it's entirely based on prejudice If if it's clearly unreliable or the argumentation is just completely flimsy then it's Unreasonable if it doesn't meet any of these tests reasonable application So reasonable Suspicion of guilt So what does this mean for predictive policing said it's untested in court, but I am totally pessimistic And why am I the totally pessimistic? I'm totally pessimistic because information from the predictive police system Is a source that is based on data About crimes in the past is not that dissimilar From the knowledge and experience of police officers. It is not that dissimilar from Things about the normal situation. It is not that dissimilar to anonymous tips It is not that dissimilar from the work of crime analysts that put down their work in Official notices and send it to the police officers and we know from existing jurisprudence that all these things are An important factor in determining reasonable suspicion of guilt So I am very pessimistic that the court will say like well, this is completely that some some computer I understand logistic regression. I understand bias amplification. I understand dark numbers I understand I think this is unreasonable. I don't think the court's going to say that I don't know But I think the court's not going to say that I have some hope Five minutes. All right. I have some hope That the court will some court someday in holland Will go and go like well, I need to understand how this data gets put together And so that goes to explainability of machine learning models Now this is not a talk about machine learning But like there is there is some theoretical research in the area of explainability And that goes to questions like how did this machine come to the outcome? Now certain types of algorithms and machine learning models are explainable You can sort of figure out how the input data was constructed and the output data arrived like decision trees and most of the regression models, etc A whole lot of models these days the deep learning models are not explainable You put a ton of features in it.  No one knows I have some hope that non-explainable models will at least be Put to kibash on but I I hope hope is not a strategy The concept of marginal testing doesn't help Courts are very convinced by experts if I show up in my other capacity a senior principal engineer And I go well, uh, judge this this this model is like High quality. It's like established patterns in the space It is made according to the best practices that we know the court goes like well, you know like yaw says so This must be true I personally am worried about that that people would believe me In general But then people go like, but what about siri system risk Indification, uh, who was it?  You're clearly not a lawyer Siri is administrative law This is criminal law two completely separate domains Have nothing to do with each other. So We hope that some of this wisdom influences the criminal courts, but i'm pessimistic One of the reasons why i'm pessimistic is that Criminal law has a lot of carve outs article two of the gdpr says this regulation does not apply to the processing of data By competent authorities for the purposes of prevention investigation detection or prosecution of criminal offenses Or the execution of criminal penalties including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security GDPR does not apply to predictive policing systems GDPR civil law completely different domain administrative law completely different domain criminal law to the point that Certain legal terms. So for the dutch amounts that word good Has a different meaning in criminal law and in civil law Just just kind of decided so i am completely not optimistic about any of this um What i am pessimistic about is the police is all in on this technology They're all in on predictive policing i see and i have seen no evidence in law enforcement circles That anyone's even thinking about this especially not in the landlands in the us I have found some papers in legal journals where there is some thinking about this in holand I haven't seen any of that and like uh, there was a there was a pilot with the criminal anticipation system 16 recommendation at the end of the pilot 15 of those were process and organizational measures how to use cost better within the police organization Who should print the form who they should give it to One recommendation about class effectiveness zero thoughts about bias prejudice Amplification legal status or the desirability of predictive policing police is all in on this shit Like so i personally am worried about this And that's all i got to say thank you very much


Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankaray's Academy. These are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and the page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description box and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. Now see this news article from the sports column. Usually we do not take up sports news for analysis but we thought this news to be important which is with reference to reforms that are needed in the game of cricket. See in the UPSC civil service exam syllabus though there is no direct mention of sports there is a chance that some questions in relation to sports may appear. See UPSC may ask about sports governance or some aspects of sports when they relate to science and technology etc. And as you remember there was a main question in this regard in the year 2013. The question reads what do you understand by umpire decision review system in cricket discuss its various components explain how silicon tape on the edge of a bat may fool the system. This was the question they have asked in 2013. So aspirin should be having a good understanding about sports culture in India and also about particular sport though not in-depth knowledge it required but we should be having an overall hold and knowledge on the particular sport and also some of the current events happening in that area. So this is the reason we have taken this article for analysis. Now this article gives opinions of Sunil Gawaskar one of the most valuable Indian cricketers. He talks about some reforms needed in cricket so that it will be a level playing field. First let us see some of the issues present in the governance of cricket in India then we will see the views of Gawaskar on reforms that are needed in cricket per se. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See any sporting performance is often associated with national pride and in that context cricket is today by far the most popular sport across India. However having said that there are systemic issues like corruption, apoptism, spot fixing, betting, gambling etc and these have dented the game of cricket severely in the recent past and we should also note that the board of control of cricket in India is the national governing body for cricket in our country. It is an autonomous agency and it is also a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860. This body is completely responsible for cricket governance in India. It is directly affiliated to international cricket council. See BCCI receives some indirect subsidies from the government. This is in the form of tax benefits you know security at sporting events in free of cost and land for stadiums etc and as a precondition for receiving direct financial aid a body is supposed to have a government appointed observer to oversee the internal processes which like utilization of funds, team selection etc. So in this regard BCCI have had eminent politicians or retired bureaucrats elected as their office bearers but in the past decade we have been hearing about issues with respect to functioning of BCCI. See BCCI continues to be tangled in one controversy after another and this is due to corruption, match fixing, betting, unwarranted political interference etc as claimed by different parties that are present in the sport. So other issues include unlimited discretionary powers vested in the board of control of cricket in India and in other regional cricket associations then there is lack of accountability, non-transparent decision making, selection process etc and there are financial mismanagement or irregularities in illegal betting and match fixing and zonal bickering among associations. These are various other issues and there are also issues of unequal representations of state associations in the BCCI and importantly one of the turning points in Indian cricket governance is the establishment of Lodha committee by the supreme court. Prior to this there was a committee called as Justice Mukul Muddal committee. See as a result of the report submitted by Justice Mukul committee Lodha committee was established Justice Mukul committee carried out in inquiry into the 2013 IPL betting scandal. See this Lodha committee recommended a complete overhaul of Indian cricket very top down to the grassroots level affecting every stakeholder. Its report covers every aspect of the game with special focus on BCCI's administrative and governance structures and also on the issue of transparency. At that period of time the BCCI was very reluctant to accept those recommendations however because of the necessity and because of directions from the supreme court they had to follow some of the recommendations which aimed at transforming the power structure in the BCCI. Due to time constraints we will discuss the recommendations of the Lodha committee with respect to cricket and BCCI administration on some other day. Today let us focus on what Sunil Gavaskar has to say. See he opines that cricket should become a level playing field. Right now if you see it is tilted heavily in favor of batsmen that is what his opinion is. He is saying some of the current rules and the bouncer limit and few other things have emboldened the batsmen to play with freedom rather it discourages the bowlers. Then flat pitches bigger bats muscle strengthening of batsmen smaller boundaries these are some aspects that have tilted the game significantly in favor of the batsmen. So in this regard Gavaskar mentions that the distance of the boundary should be increased because of the kind of bats the players use and also to bring some parity between batsmen and bowlers. Then he talks about the bouncer rule because when there are illegal bounces there is an extra ball and also an extra run when the ball goes above the batsman's head when batsman is in a standing position. He argues that bouncer is a weapon of the bowler and dealing with that weapon in a too harsh manner is not right because in his opinion he is implicitly saying you either give extra ball or just to give extra run don't give both. Then he says that leg buys should be done away with there should not be leg buys this is because he feels that any runs should be scored only through the bat and we may have differing opinion here and he feels that leg buys are actually penalizing the bowler and also her team. Then one another important point he makes is that fielding teams are now penalized in terms of fines he says that giving fines is meaningless because say a fielding team is taking lot of time say the fielding captain is taking lot of time can take lot of time to decide which bowler to you know bring in and this gives some leeway to even win the match as well. However at the end of the day they are only penalized in terms of fines there is no meaning so he asks for if they are taking certain amount of time beyond the allowed or prescribed time you give penalty runs you either reduce their run or you give run to the batting team like that he is suggesting. One more suggestion what he makes is when a fielder dislodges stumps and if the batsman is attempting to run and if there is no run out he is saying don't give run to the batsman. So these are some of the measures suggested by Sunil Kawaskar some of them very favorable even among us but some of them even we may not agree with. So these are some of the points we have discussed in this analysis of this news article from the sports column. Now let's move on to next part of the discussion. This article is with respect to the order given by Central Administrative Tribunal on the decision taken by Karnataka state government where the Karnataka government allegedly did not consider the views of civil services board with respect to transfer of a IAS officer. So in relation to this first let us understand the background of this issue. See recently an IAS officer was arbitrarily transferred by the Karnataka state government. Later the officer approached Central Administrative Tribunal over his sudden transfer and now the tribunal has directed the civil services board in Karnataka to listen to the arguments of the officer and to provide its recommendation to the competent authority of the state government like whether it is arbitrary whether it is reasonable whether he should be reinstated in the same place etc. Such recommendations civil service board has to give to the state government of Karnataka. This is as per the order of Central Administrative Tribunal. In this context it is important for us to know about civil services board. The article states that this board was set up to decide postings and transfer of officers belonging to IAS cadre. Here we must be aware of the judgment of Supreme Court in the year 2013 on a VAL that was filed by former union cabinet secretary Mr. Subramanian and 80 other bureaucrats. At that time the Supreme Court directed the center and the state governments to set up independent civil services boards within few months. What is the purpose? The purpose was to deal with transfers and promotions of bureaucrats and also about inquiries or disciplinary actions against the bureaucrats. Earlier it was the union government's department of personal and training and the state government's general administration department or the concerned department they decided the issues for central and state government employees respective. After this verdict ideally both the center and the state governments should have formed or legislated supporting laws but it is reported that many states are yet to set up civil services board and in some states even if it is set up they are not consulted while transferring civil servants as we could see in the case of Karnataka. See effective functioning of this board is essential not only to ensure security of tenure for the officers but also mainly to limit political interference in the day to day functioning of district collectors and civil servants. Right now we hear a lot of political interference by the elected representatives and by the members of concerned parties there is too much pressure to the civil servants carrying out their duty. Now coming to the composition of these boards it varies in different states. At the central level it is chaired by cabinet secretary with secretary of department of personal and one another secretary of government of India as its members and with respect to posts of joint secretary and equivalent posts an independent evaluation of annual confidential report is made initially this will be done by four secretaries to the government of India. This evaluation report will be then considered by central civil services board. Then the board will make recommendations to the appointments committee of the cabinet for the impanelment of suitable officers. Now coming to the significance of this board it provides for the state to follow the center's guidelines on giving fixed tenure of at least two years for cadre officers. They cannot be transferred before that and if anyone recommends their transfer before two years then it should be examined by the board. This is expected to bring greater transparency in the system and also to limit political interference. However political class you know the elected representatives they do not consider civil services board as intervention rather they consider this board as interference. There is a lot of pressure on civil servants many a time we could see honest civil servants are transferred because they don't bend according to the whims and fancies of elected representatives to be a corrupt officer and some cases officers during their tenure have suffered more than 50 transfers for being honest and for being non-corrupt. Their legal argument is that if we have civil services board it will create functional problems administrative problems these civil servants may overstep the authority and jurisdiction of the state government and there will be loss of respect to elected representatives in a particular constituency because of security of tenure to the district collectors etc. So just know about the arguments on both sides anyhow end of the day we should need civil services board in all states and also at the central level to ensure smooth functioning of these officers so that services shall be rendered uninterruptedly to the public and that these officers may serve without fear and failure. So in this analysis we discussed about how civil services board came into force what is the status of these boards in various governments we saw about the issue that is reported in the newspaper and we saw arguments to and against these boards in this analysis. Now this news article it reports the statement made by union minister for animal husbandry and fisheries who said that the state of Kerala had no right to ink or to sign the deep sea fishing deal with the US based company called us EMCC international. In this regard let us see few information on what do we mean by deep sea fishing then we will see the definitions for territorial waters internal waters contiguous zone continental shelf then we'll also see definition for exclusive economic zone finally we'll see why the union fisheries minister has made such a statement now before entering to the discussion know that this deal that we are talking about in this news article is about a 2950 crore deal between Kerala shipping and inland navigation corporation and EMCC international the deal reportedly included construction of around 400 deep sea trawlers the article published on the website of the Hindu newspaper it states that the state government had been forced to cancel the agreement because of stiff opposition now let us see what do we mean by deep sea fishing see deep sea fishing it refers to fishing activities that are carried out beyond 12 nautical miles from the shoreline in other words it refers to fishing activities that are carried out beyond the territorial waters so now what do we mean by territorial waters do we have a national legislation to define or to deal with such terminologies see yes we are talking about the law which is called as the territorial waters continental shelf exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act of 1976 see as per section three of this law the limit of the territorial waters is the line which is at a distance of 12 nautical miles from the nearest point of the appropriate baseline in other words simply from the shoreline so now what is the meaning of baseline here see as per united nations convention on the law of the sea the normal baseline is the low water line along the coast which are marked on large scale charts that are officially recognized by the particular coastal state of the nation so it is the low water line along the coast now let's come to contigo zone see this refers to a zone or a area that is beyond the territorial waters and adjacent to the territorial waters and the limit of this contigo zone is the line at the distance of 24 nautical miles from the nearest point of the baseline so now what do we mean by continental shelf then see when we say continental shelf this includes both seabed and the subsoil of the submarine areas and these are areas that extend beyond the limit of territorial waters throughout the natural prolongation of the land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline in case the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to 200 nautical miles so okay we can understand that the continental shelf extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles if the outer edge of continental margin does not extend up to that distance which is 200 nautical miles but what if it extends beyond this distance how long can it go see according to united nations convention on law on the sea this continental shelves shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines then it shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from a line that connects the depth of 2500 meters in other words it shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2500 meter isobat and there is one more provision with respect to continental shelves on submarine ridges with respect to submarine ridges the outer limit of the continental shelf shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines however this does not apply to submarine elevations that are natural components of continental margin which are plateaus, rises, caps, banks and spurs now let's come to the exclusive economic zone see this is an area that is beyond the territorial waters and adjacent to the territorial waters and the outer limit of this zone is 200 nautical miles from the baseline or the shoreline so here in this image you can also see a term called as internal waters so what do we mean by that see it refers to the waters that are on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea so with this information now let's come to the news article why the fisheries minister of the central government said that kerala state do not have the right to ink deep sea fishing deal with the us base company see if you see schedule 7 of indian constitution there is an entry in the union list which is fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters in the beginning we saw that deep sea fishing is fishing activities that are done beyond territorial waters therefore only the parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to this matter and not the state legislatures that is why it is reported that the union minister has said kerala state government had no right to sign the deep sea fishing deal so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article herein we saw about the definitions of deep sea fishing internal waters territorial waters contiguous zone continental shelf exclusive economic zone and the reason behind the statement mentioned in the article now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article titled as indian history and distorted narratives it critically assesses a framework document released by university grants commission for the year 2021 the document is called us the learning outcome based curriculum framework the author gives a critical appraisal of the history curriculum in this document the first criticism of the author is with respect to the idea of national pride that is being furthered in this curriculum there is a chapter called as idea of Bharat the author states that the understanding of nation given by this chapter has been misplaced it does not give the right understanding that's what he's trying to say the idea of Bharat chapter it covers Bharat Varsha that is generally the region lying south of Himalaya then Indian knowledge traditions art and culture Vasudeva Kudumbakam which means that the entire world is one family at the face of it it looks comprehensive however the course gives a skewed understanding of the concept of Bharat Varsha for instance it extols or it adds excessive praise to the ancient period saying it as a pristine period and it was undisturbed by wars or violence of any sorts however in reality the period faced a lot of wars like any other times in history in fact invasions by Kushanas sagas they were also brushed under the carpet to make it look like that was a very best time to have lived then another concern about this curriculum is that it ignores the history of people south of indias then the history of people in eastern india north eastern india they were not given importance very little references have been made about them so author describes that the curriculum being non-inclusive in its approach next the author states that the curriculum revives the colonial trends in historiography see the terms such as Aryan age hindu society they were used in colonial writing so as to refer to the inferior nature of oriental societies or the asian societies these terms were carefully filtered out by the indian historians post-independence in their writings however the author notes that this curriculum revives these aspects in their writings therefore this might create divisive undercurrents in this culturally diverse indian society then there were also references in the papers like hindu society muslim society and this gives a kind of notion that both existed as separate entities with no contacts or no interaction with each other but this is again false both the entities lived close with mutual harmonious interaction at various points in history there were tussles at times yes but there were also harmonious interactions at various points in history we earlier talked about non-inclusive approach this again becomes obvious particularly in the context of history of odisha rajputana and the history of rest of peninsular india because they have been unfairly described as minor political entities the author further also critiques the teaching method that is prescribed in the document see the pedagogical methods that are prescribed seems to be not involving much engagement or the required engagement for the students with the historical artifacts here when we say historical artifacts we are referring to coins history books and historical descriptions etc like rock descriptions etc therefore this document relates on outdated teaching methods seems like it was made deliberately to distort history that's what the author is trying to say and what is the problem with this mode because it will fail to kindle the learning spirit among the history students then if you also see the supplementary reading recommendations they also have a narrow or a parochial collection with unidirectional opinions there is no diverse opinion there is no option to see what are the various themes or opinions in other words the recommended list of books do not have diversity of opinion and ideologies author believes that this can induce a defective understanding of the history among the students then the recommended books also have a narrow timeline that is books written between 1900 to 1980s are only recommended author says that this omission of sources from other periods periods prior to 1900 older periods could be a deliberate attempt to ideologically distort students by narrowing down the resource base if you see the current challenges of this new age they are diverse we can say climate change equity in rights and social justice freedom of speech and movement democracy big data etc in these challenges mark the contours of the new world if you ideologically curtail students this could make them ill equipped individuals to combat the new challenges or the challenges of the current generation or the future challenges therefore the author states that this learning outcome based curriculum framework is an effort to pursue the past majoritarian and divisive consumptions into the contemporary Indian politics as he finds that it recommends a narrow outlook that is out of touch with the reality see those who don't remember the past are condemned to repeat it that is what a famous quote says that is only if you know the right history we can prevent the mistakes that were made in the history therefore a distorted history wipes out the truth from the past and it also poses a risk to the nation as there might be repetition of errors in history like that of partition etc see it is often said that history is a gallery of pictures where there are very few originals but numerous copies in other words we can say that history is rarely taught as it is with truth therefore a state entity like university grants commission should not become a bad example that substantiates this quote that I have just now said and in fact what is expected out of such a body is that it should play in such a way that it makes students future ready while reflecting the reality of India's past in its true spirit so this is all about this op ed article in this article we mainly saw about the author's opinion with respect to history curriculum mentioned in the learning outcome based framework document recently released by university grants commission for the year 2021 now let's move on to the analysis of next news article this news article is about the status of Pradhan Mandri Avas Yojana Gramin it states that in the financial year 2020-2021 only less than six percent of the houses sanctioned under the scheme have reached completion and we have only almost a year left to achieve the goal of housing for all whereas it is found that the scheme has completed only 55 percent of its total construction target in this context let us discuss in detail about the scheme see it is a rural housing scheme which was started as an independent program with the name Indra Avas Yojana this scheme started in January 1996 while this Yojana addressed the housing needs in the rural areas certain gaps were identified which included non-assessment of housing lack of transparency in the selection of beneficiaries low quality of house lack of technical supervision loans were not availed by beneficiaries and by the vulnerable and there were few other issues so in effect these gaps actually limited the impact and outcomes of this program so in order to address these lacuna or gaps in the rural housing program the Indra Avas Yojana was restructured into Prime Minister Avas Yojana Gramin it was done in the year 2016 it is through this scheme the government committed to provide housing for all by the year 2022 see it is a flagship program of the ministry of rural development now let us see some of the main features of this scheme see it aims at providing a pukka house with basic amenities to whom it is going to provide to all houseless householder and to those households who are living in kaccha and dilapidated house or damaged houses and this is to be done by the year 2022 and know that identification of beneficiaries will be done as per the housing deprivation parameters and exclusion criteria that are prescribed under the socio-economic cost census 2011 after due verification by the Gram Sabha and this scheme would provide assistance for the construction of around 2.95 crore pukka houses for the eligible rural households this is to be done by March 22 however in phases for example in phase one there will be one crore houses that is from 2016 17 to 2018 19 then in phase two that is from 2019 22 20 21 22 there will be 1.95 crore houses so totally 2.95 crore pukka houses now coming to some variation made while restructuring see this scheme it enhanced the unit assistance under the Indra Avas Yojana from 70000 to 1.2 lakh in the plain areas then with respect to hilly states northeastern states and difficult areas it was raised from 75000 under Indra Avas Yojana to 1.3 lakh this was also applicable to integrated action plan districts or the tribal and backward districts and this cost of unit assistance is to be shared between central and state governments in the ratio 60 is to 40 in plain areas and 90 is to 10 for northeastern and Himalayan states now one another important feature of this scheme is the provision of assistance for construction of toilets there will be an amount of rupees 12000 will be provided through various schemes such as Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen or MG Narega or through any other dedicated source of funding then the scheme also provides 90 to 95 days of unskilled wages under MG Narega program this will be in addition to the unit assistance to the beneficiaries see earlier the minimum unit size of the house was 20 square meter that is under the Indra Avas Yojana this has been increased to 25 square meter and apart from these features the scheme facilitates the willing beneficiaries to avail loan from financial institutions loans up to the amount of rupees 70 000 can be availed then the program also aims to integrate different components to ensure proper living standard for poor vulnerable Indians because there is convergence for pipe drinking water electricity connection LPG gas connection and others under different government programs but having said all these features the news article reports that the scheme is unlikely to achieve its target once determined by next year the article says that as of January 2021 only less than 1.27 crore houses had been completed under the scheme in 2019 a remarkable progress was announced as the government said that the time for construction of houses under the scheme has reduced from 314 days to 114 days because of direct benefit transfer platform then what is the major reason for the delay in achieving this target as we all know the main reason is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic this has caused delay at every stage of construction almost it brought the work to a complete standstill last year so these are some of the information with reference to the status and also about the scheme which is called as the Pradhan Mandri Avas Yojana Graman now let's move on to next news article analysis see this sobered article is written by the director of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore as the title diversity and inclusivity hints the author talks about the need to facilitate genuine inclusion to substantiate his argument the author cites examples from the measures initiated by IAM Bangalore in this regard the syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference see diversity it comes from the word diverse meaning differences these differences may include our backgrounds life experiences and beliefs and all other things that make us unique and who we are for example in Indian context when we say our background it may refer to whether we belong to which criteria whether we belong to general category or whether we belong to OBC or the schedule cast or the schedule tribes or whether we belong to high income group or low income group right then coming to life experiences here we can bring in the aspect of disability people who have homosexual preferences and coming to beliefs this may refer to religious beliefs whether a person is a Sikh or a Muslim or a Christian or a Jain or a Hindu etc here diversity and inclusion both are interrelated and interconnected concepts while diversity is about representation of an entity inclusion is about how well the contributions or the presence of different groups are valued and how well they are integrated into an environment where they can realize their full potential where they can develop into a complete individual and of the world India is the land of unity and diversity as first prime minister Nehru has rightly said this diversity has always been recognized as a source of strength see an example we can say our freedom struggle where women and men from different backgrounds cultural religious and even regional backgrounds they came together to oppose the british and to free india however there also existed some harmful social practices like that of caste system then untouchability these prevented individuals of certain sections from discovering and understanding their potential because they were not provided opportunities or we can also say that they were not provided equal opportunities it also prevented the nation from benefiting from skills and talents of these people as well so in order to bring equity among people so as to ensure equality our government brought constitutional and statutory provisions for reservation in admission and also in public employment this we can understand through article 16 of indian constitution who as per the author these reservations can be effective only if it is carried out with a strong resolve to improve genuine inclusion among the disadvantage sections in the society then the author gives examples of various measures adopted by the institute towards this cause now let us see one by one see the institute even before the enactment of the disabilities equal opportunities protection of rights and full participation act of 1995 has made special provisions for the differently able with respect to admission and it also created a dedicated office called as office of disability services so as to act as nodal support point for such students and also to study the individual needs of these differently able students and also to provide required accommodations proactively next the article talks about student related assessment whether it should be same for everybody or it should not be and how we can ensure there is inclusion in a diversified environment see there is no point in assessing a student with serious visual impairment with a question paper based on graphs even if it is done it would not be a fair evaluation of their concept clarity so if we evaluate them by having their diversities in mind by having their challenges in mind this would be an effective measure towards genuine inclusiveness in other words we can say inclusion is not just about physical proximity where all the students are treated together the same class and the same staff but rather it is about intentionally planning for the success of all students by valuing them and also by empathetically understanding their challenges and disabilities while we here talk about differently able students we should also know that in various government exams as we see there is positive discrimination we could see in terms of admission reservation and also in terms of cut off mocks then the author states that the institute adheres to the government mandated admission quotas for the schedule cast the schedule tribes and the other backward classes in the admission what about recruitment of faculty in these categories see usually it is done based on two legislations one is the central educational institutions reservation and teachers cadre act of 2019 and the other is Indian institutes of management act of 2017 now the author expresses a challenge that though the institute had successfully hired faculty members from the schedule cast and the schedule tribes still there is a serious shortage of qualified candidates from reserved categories now why there is such a challenge see the author talks about admission of high potential students from reserved categories to doctoral programs generally in such institutions for faculty particularly at the time of selection if they have a PhD degree they will be considered or they will be prioritized and preferred but what happens with respect to doctoral programs see doctoral studies are often not the first preference of students of merit from the reserved communities because their priority is to bring economic stability or financial stability to their family and to them than to indulge in research the institute also observed this and therefore IAM Bangalore it launched NS Ramasamy pre-doctoral program in the year 2019 now what is the significance of this program see it is an internally funded program which is an academic and mentoring initiative under this initiative they select and train around 10 candidates from underprivileged categories every year for the purpose of admission to doctoral studies so by having all these arrangements the author states that this institution is setting an example for a multi-dimensional and integrated approach to not only diversity but also genuine inclusion so to conclude inclusion is not just about bringing people into what already exists but creating a new space where everyone will realize their fullest potential so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article we saw a few examples and initiatives that were brought in IAM Bangalore which we could use as examples of best practices in relation to inclusion now let us move on to the analysis of next news article now see this news article from the Hyderabad edition talks about viral hepatitis so in this relation let's have a brief understanding about viral hepatitis see when we say hepatitis it means inflammation of the liver hepatitis is a combination of greek words for liver and inflammation so it affects the functioning of liver most often it is caused by viral infections apart from this other important causes are alcohol abuse environmental toxins autoimmune diseases they are there see its complications vary with the type of infection see there are five types of hepatitis which are a b c d e each type is caused by a different hepatitis virus in this relation you may note that the 2020 noble price in physiology or medicine was awarded jointly to three individuals for the discovery of hepatitis c virus now let's come to these types see hepatitis a is caused by an infection with the hepatitis a virus it is the first type of hepatitis infection it is most commonly transmitted by consuming food or water that are contaminated by feces of a person who is already infected with hepatitis a now let's come to second type of hepatitis see this is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids it is a more serious threat because it can lead to chronic condition or it can lead to long-term damage this is because of the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer and this second form of hepatitis is caused by hepatitis b virus or hepatitis c also the blood-borne hepatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and this causes more than 10 lakh deaths every year all over the world therefore it has become a global health concern on a scale comparable to HIV infection and also with tuberculosis see hepatitis b it attacks the liver and it can cause both acute and chronic diseases the virus is most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth and also through contact with blood or with other bodily fluids as we said already it can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death because of cirrhosis and liver cancer now in relation to this we have a safe and effective vaccine that provides almost absolute protection against hepatitis b and this is available and this hepatitis b vaccine was introduced in Indian universal immunization program in 2002 itself it was scaled up nationwide in the year 2011 now coming to the symptoms of abc hepatitis see this may include fever malice which is feeling of discomfort and weakness loss of appetite diarrhea nausea abdominal discomfort dark colored urine and also jaundice these are all symptoms of hepatitis ab and c in some cases virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that will liver into cirrhosis which is nothing but scarring of liver or liver cancer as we saw already these are patients who are at risk of death now let's come to hepatitis d which is also called as delta hepatitis it is a serious liver disease caused by hepatitis d virus this virus is contracted through direct contact with infected blood know that it is a rare form of hepatitis that occurs only in conjunction with hepatitis b infection this is because hepatitis d virus cannot multiply without the presence of hepatitis b now come to hepatitis e this is a waterborne disease that is caused by hepatitis e virus it is mainly found in areas with poor sanitation and it typically results from consumption of water which is contaminated by fecal matter cases of hepatitis e have been reported in the middle east asia central america africa however it is reportedly uncommon at the united states of america so these are some of the information with reference to viral hepatitis we saw the various types of hepatitis symptoms the complications etc now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article is about an analysis by a uk based magazine called us press guess it's media see it published a report called us media freedom health check and according to the findings in the report india is one among 71 countries with critical issues around press freedom some other countries we can find in the same classification we could find china saudi arabia russia and few other countries now let's see how the countries were classified in this media freedom health check report see this is based on the performance of the countries in three broad categories one is pluralism and independence then safety of journalists and thirdly press freedom indices that is performance in press freedom indices a score is calculated for each category using several indicators and ratings and based on this score each category is also assigned a particular color green is for good performance amber for areas of concern red for critical issues finally each country is given a final assessment based on the majority color it received in the three categories however this is about final assessment in terms of identifying with the color if red is given in one category itself then it means that the country was classified red for its final rating now this map depicts the country wise overall ratings in the press guess it's media freedom health check we can find that very few countries in african continent and canada united states and by and large some european countries and uk australia they are in the good performance category now let us see about india's performance in each category see first one is india's pluralism and independence rating here india was assigned amber this is because according to the report there are some areas of concern in india when it comes to independence and plurality of media see out of 166 countries that were analyzed 30 were rated green 113 were rated amber 23 were rated red now let's come to india's performance on safety rating that is safety of journalists according to the report last year in 2020 two journalists were killed in india and four were in prisons or jails in our country now for the consideration of this report these were journalists who were killed or arrested and or kept behind bars mainly on account of publishing news or mainly on account of exercising their right under press freedom now because of this grave statistics india performed badly in this category and was assigned red color if you take united kingdom zero journalists were killed zero journalists were in prison and zero journalists went missing on a whole worldwide 32 journalists were killed 274 were in prison and 65 went missing we just saw about india's performance in safety earlier we saw about india's performance in pluralism independence here in pluralism and independence they consider access to cable or satellite access to foreign newspapers freedom of opinion and expression level of media pluralism media restrictions during covid media freedom to criticize government then government censorship of media then how often major media criticizes the government these were some aspects that were considered under pluralism and independence rating now let's come to india's press freedom indices rating in this media freedom health check see first let us take world press freedom index which is an index released by reporters without borders in 2020 india was ranked 142 out of 190 countries similarly if you take freedom in the world report which is a report published by freedom hoes india received a low score there as well in 2020 so because of these poor performances india was assigned red color in this press freedom indices rating category so out of three categories india received red color in two categories therefore as we discussed already red in even one category meant that the country was classified red for its final rating so the overall rating for india is red and therefore india is one among the 71 countries with critical issues around press freedom at the global level the most important highlight of this press gazette media freedom health check is that 70 percent of world's population has little media freedom so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article in this analysis we saw about the press gazettes media report titled as media freedom health check and the information related to how countries are classified how india performed major highlights at the global level etc now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article it expresses the statement of Tamil Nadu congress committee president about education with reference to seventh schedule he mentioned that if congress coalition comes to power in Tamil Nadu all steps will be taken to bring education into the state list in this regard let us have a brief look into the seventh schedule with respect to education see education in general it comes in concurrent list or the list three of the seventh schedule to the indian constitution you can find that agricultural education and research it comes under state list provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education and training provided by states and other agencies comes under union list similar provision is there for aeronautical education as well and then for the institutions known at the commencement of the constitution like the banaras hindu university the aligarh muslim university the delhi university and the university established in pursuance of article 371 capital e then any other institution declared by parliament to be an institution of national importance comes under the union list here article 371 capital e deals with establishment of central university in andhra pradesh provision states that parliament may by law provide for the establishment of a university in the state of andhra pradesh other related provisions concerning education finding a mention in the union list are given here for your reference now let's come to the news article the news article states that this particular part which is in the concurrent list is to be moved to the state list the reasons stem mainly from two recent initiatives of the central government one is neat exam and the other is the new national education policy it is reported that as a result of the neat exam the government undergraduate educational opportunities particularly in the medical field which were available for military students from government schools have drastically reduced that is before neat exam there were a lot of opportunities for students from government schools to get enrolled into but now their opportunities have drastically reduced because of neat exam many say that india is still not prepared to have an exam like neat because of lack of level playing field the neat examination has affected the chances of state students particularly rural students to enroll in medical education and therefore few political parties they are calling for a legislation against neat exam or against the imposition of neat exam and are asking to take steps to obtain the consent of the president on this matter in addition to this some state governments have concerns related to an order of the central government this order of the central government asks the states to allocate certain proportion of seats in the colleges run by the state governments to the central pool for example it asks states to allocate 15 percent of undergraduate seats 50 percent of PG seats and 100 percent of advanced specialized and medical courses in colleges run by the state governments to the central pool in relation to this parties are urging the central government to withdraw this particular order and to allocate all the seats of medical colleges run by the state government to the state pool and not to the central pool so these are some of the information pertaining to the analysis of this news article in this analysis we mainly saw how in constitution subject-wise different aspects of education has been covered in the seventh schedule of indian constitution under the union list concurrent list and the state list now let's move on to next part of the discussion we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session see this question which of the following subjects are entries listed in the union list in indian constitution as per article 246 agricultural education see this comes under state list so one should not be in the answer now we have options b and c we have to find out whether four is present in union list or not fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters is an entry in the union list therefore the correct answer is option see two three and four entries two and three are present in union list this question is a previous year question asked in 2014 which of the following organizations brings out the publication known as world economic outlook the correct answer is international monetary fund see in addition to this IMF also releases global financial stability report the UNDP releases education development index then gender inequality index world economic forum releases travel and tourism competitiveness report global competitiveness report enabling trade report global energy architecture performance report global environment performance index world power language index then inclusive development index if you take world bank it releases ease of doing business index world development report global economic prospects report remittance report ease of living index universal health coverage index service trade restriction index correct answer here is option a international monetary fund see this question which of the following organizations releases world press freedom index the correct answer is option b reporters without borders if you take freedom house it releases freedom in the world report see this question with reference to hepatitis three statements are given they're asking which of the given statements are correct most often it is caused by viral infections this statement is correct eliminate option d hepatitis b is most commonly transmitted from mother to child and through contact with body fluids this statement is also correct eliminate option a the third statement till now no vaccine which cues protection against hepatitis b is developed this statement is incorrect we have seen that there is safe and effective vaccine offering 98 to 100 protection against hepatitis b is available and we have integrated that into our immunization programs as well so the correct answer for this question is option b one and two only now see this question with reference to b c c i three statements are there it is a statutory body absolutely incorrect it is an autonomous agency and a registered society under societies registration act of 1860 first statement becomes incorrect eliminate option a and d second statement it is responsible for cricket governance in india which is correct it is affiliated to the international cricket council which is also correct correct answer is option c two and three only now see this question with reference to pradhan mandri avas yojana gram in two statements are given they're asking which of the statements given above are correct it is the first ever government funded rural housing program in independent india the statement is incorrect because earlier we had indra avas yojana which started in january 1996 and it is the first independent rural housing program so come to second statement implemented by ministry of rural development the scheme aims to provide more than two crore pakka houses for eligible rural households by 2022 which is correct so correct answer here is option b two only see these practice mains questions given here you can write answers and post them in the comment section with this we come to the end of today's the hindu news analysis if you like the video click the like button comment share and subscribe to shankaray's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation


This video will cover part two of the axial skeleton. As we go, we'll cover the following study objectives. Identify and list the features of the facial bones and hyoid bone, and list the bones that form the orbital complex. Here we can see a lateral view of the skull, and we can see that the brain case surrounding the brain is made from the eight cranial bones, and then attached to the cranium on the anterior are the facial bones. There are 14 facial bones, and there is a mnemonic device that you can use to help remember the 14 names of the facial bones. That is, Virgil cannot make my pet zebra laugh. The first letter from each of those names is the first letter for a bone. So V for Virgil stands for vomer. The vomer is found at the inferior of the nasal septum. It's a plow-shaped bone. C, Virgil can. C stands for concha of inferior nasal concha. So remember that we had middle nasal concha and superior nasal concha of the ethmoid bone. So those are parts of a cranial bone. The inferior nasal concha is a facial bone, and there are left and right, so there are two inferior nasal concha, but only one vomer. So the next word, Virgil cannot. N stands for nasal. There's two nasal bones found at the bridge, just superior to the nasal cavity. These are small flat bones. Next is M, Virgil cannot make. M stands for maxilla. There are two maxilly, two maxillary bones that are the upper jaw bones. So this is the right side that's being pointed at here. The right maxilla there, and then here's the left maxilla. The next letter is another M. Virgil cannot make my. And there's a mandible for the lower jaw. That's just one bone. Virgil cannot make my pet. So P is the next letter. P stands for palatine bone. There are two palatine bones. They form the posterior third of the hard palate in the roof of the mouth, and are also part of the orbital complex, the region that we can see right here. It's just a very small process of the palatine bone that extends into the floor of the orbit. Virgil cannot make my pet zebra. Z for zygomatic bone, and there are two zygomatic bones. These are the cheek bones. Virgil cannot make my pet zebra laugh. L stands for lacrimal, and there are two lacrimal bones found in the medial orbit. Here we see an illustration of the right maxilla. The maxilla is a medium-sized irregular bone that forms the upper jaw and the medial margin of the orbit. This portion that forms the medial margin of the orbit articulates with the frontal bone, is known as the frontal process of the maxilla. So the frontal process of the maxilla is the extension of bone that is found on the medial side of the orbit and articulates with the frontal bone. Just inferior to the orbit is an infraorbital foramen. Infraorbital foramen contains a nerve, the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensory information from the upper jaw. You can see the alveolar processes here. The alveolar processes are these ridges of bone, supporting the teeth, surrounding the teeth. Remember the word alveolus for air sac, or the alveolar sac-shaped secretory unit of a multicellular exocrine gland. The alveolus of a jaw bone is the socket, the little sac shape, where the tooth is found. And the alveolar process is this ridge of bone on the exterior of the bone just surrounding the alveolus for the tooth. There is a zygomatic process, a region on the lateral portion of the maxilla that articulates with the zygomatic bone. There's also a palatine or palatal process that forms the anterior two-thirds of the hard palate, and we'll see another view that shows that better, but extending posterior from the teeth is a process of bone forming the roof of the mouth, that is, the two-thirds on the anterior of the hard palate known as the palatine process of the maxilla. Here we see an illustration of the mandible. The mandible is a medium-sized, irregular-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw. The major region where the teeth are found and is located in the mental region is the body of the mandible. There's also a ramus of the mandible that extends from the body at the mandibular angle, and the ramus extends superior. On the body of the mandible, there are alveolar processes, ridges surrounding the teeth. There's also a mental foramen, the mental foramen of the mandible. There are two mental foramina, actually on one on the left and one on the right, and the mental foramen contains a division of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, important for carrying sensory information from the lower jaw. On the ramus of the mandible, we can see the mandibular condyle, also known as the condylar process of the mandible, which articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. As we can see right here, this forms the joint of the jaw, the temporal mandibular joint, the only mobile joint of the skull. There's another process here, the coronoid process. The coronoid process is located anterior to the condylar process, and the smooth surface in between, that concave surface is a notch, the mandibular notch. The coronoid process, coronoid literally means crown shaped. I'm not sure it really looks like a crown to me, but the coronoid process is the point of insertion for an important muscle, the temporalis muscle that is a muscle found covering the temporal bone and comes down onto the coronoid process, inserts on the coronoid process in order to elevate the mandible to close the jaw. There's a mandibular foramen on the ramus. The mandibular foramen is on the medial surface of the ramus. The mandibular foramen also contains the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, carrying sensory information from the lower jaw. The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve also excites the muscles of mastication like temporalis. Here we see a mid sagittal view of the skull. The palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxilla can be seen with this view. So the palatine bone forms the posterior one-third of the hard palate and then here is the maxillary process, the palatine process of the maxilla that forms the anterior two-thirds of the hard palate. So the maxilla has a palatine process, this region, on the anterior of the roof of the mouth and the palatine bone forms the posterior third of the hard palate. Here is an illustration showing the nasal septum, just superior to the palatine process of the maxilla, is the vomer bone forming the inferior part of the nasal septum and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forming the superior portion of the nasal septum and then on the anterior there is septal cartilage that is hyaline cartilage forming the most anterior portion of the nasal septum that forms a separation between the left and the right half of the nasal cavity. Here we have a lateral wall of the nasal cavity illustration showing the nasal concha, the scroll-shaped ridges of bone that extend into the nasal cavity, the superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha are part of ethmoid bone and inferior nasal concha is a facial bone. Here we can see the hyoid bone. The hyoid bone is a small, irregular, horseshoe-shaped bone located inferior to the mandible. The hyoid has no bony joints so this is a unique feature of the hyoid bone. It's held in place by muscles and tendons but doesn't form any bony joints. There are muscles that attach to the hyoid bone that are important for moving the tongue. An example would be hyoglossus. Its origin is on the hyoid bone and inserts into the tongue to move the tongue. There are other muscles that attach from the hyoid bone into the larynx and pharynx. The voice box is the larynx and the pharynx is the region of the throat superior to the esophagus and larynx. So these muscles are important for swallowing and stabilizing the hyoid bone. Here we see a view of the orbital complex. The frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, and lacrimal bones form the orbital complex. That's seven bones in total form the orbital complex. Here we see the zygomatic bone an irregular shaped bone that forms the cheek. The zygomatic arch is the arch of the cheek in the bucle region and the zygomatic bone is found in the lateral margin of the orbit here. There's a temporal process of the zygomatic bone here that extends to form the zygomatic arch by articulating with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. This is the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. The lacrimal bone is found in the medial margin of the orbit. This is the smallest bone of the face. It's a flat bone and there's you can see the lacrimal fossa here is part of a groove shaped the lacrimal groove in between the frontal process of the maxilla and the lacrimal fossa here is a lacrimal groove where the nasolacrimal sac is located that drains tears into the nasal cavity. We can see the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone here and the supraorbital foramen and then the posterior wall of the orbit contains a large part of the sphenoid bone you can see the superior orbital fissure here in between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid so here's a greater wing of the sphenoid here and the lesser wing up here and then the optic canal travels through the sphenoid bone carrying the optic nerve the nerve that relays the sense of vision into the brain there's a small portion of ethmoid bone found just medial to the optic canal and then the maxilla forms the medial and inferior margin of the orbit the maxilla extends up this frontal process to form the medial margin of the orbit that articulates with the frontal bone


Abstract manufacturing abrasion resistant superhydrophobic materials is difficult due to the fragile nature of the micro dash slash nanoscale surface roughness. In addition to long term durability, large scale at meter level, and 3D complex structures, abrasion resistance is important for superhydrophobic objects used across various industries. Selective laser sintering, SLS, 3D printing technology was used to create superhydrophobic objects with desired 3D structures, from hydrophobic fumed silica, HFS, and polymer composite grains. These objects retain their anti-wetting properties even after undergoing different abrasion tests, such as knife cutting, rude file grinding, 1000 cycles of sandpaper friction, tape testing, and quick sand impacting. This strategy could be used to manufacture a shell of an unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV, and an abrasion resistant superhydrophobic shoe, demonstrating the industrial customization of large scale superhydrophobic objects. The findings suggest that this method may. This article was authored by Genoa Wu, Songkensher, Aokinshan, and others.