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Today, we are going to continue our discussion on monsoon variability and agriculture. Last time we have seen that when the showing date is chosen to be the optimum one for a year which corresponds to the maximum yield, no moisture stress is experienced by the plant at the pot filling stage of 60 to 80 days after showing. So, for all the other showing dates, the moisture stress in fact is maximum at that point. And these are the other suboptimal showing that is when the moisture stress is maximum between 60 and 80 whereas, here for the optimal showing dates in fact the moisture stress is not at all there in this critical pot filling stage. So, this suggests that out of the different critical stages suggested in literature, the most critical is the pot filling stage which occurs about 60 to 80 or 65 to 85 days after showing. Now, this is tested by experiments with the model. See, this is a result that we got that it appears that pot filling stage is the most critical. So, then we tested it with the peanut grow model. What we did was we ran 3 years 83, 88 and 98. And firstly we ran them with the showing date taken as the optimum one and the actual rainfall that occurred in those years these were so called control runs. Now in addition to the control runs, we made runs by suppressing rain at different stages that is to say imposing dry spells at different stages. So, you see here this is the control run for 1998 and see in this case there is a dry spell imposed in the first month after showing. In this case the dry spell is imposed at this stage, in this one it is imposed at this stage, in this one at this stage and in this one at the pot filling stage. So, we introduced dry spells at different stages and then asked the question that would of course, not mean that the same amount of rain is suppressed because as you can see the rain varies from day to day. So, when you suppress this much more suppression occurs when you suppress this first part here then for example, when you suppress this part because here not too much rain occurred and so on and so forth. Now what are the results then? So at different stages vegetative stage which is up to 25 days after showing flowering stage which is 25 to 35, then the peg formation stage 35 to 50, then pod forming stage is 50 to 60, pod filling is 60 to 80 and pod maturity is 80 to 100. So these are the main life history stages of the plant, phenological stages of the plant and by suppressing rain during these different stages how much of a difference did it make to the total rainfall. So DR is the rainfall in that stage divided by rainfall during July to December into 100. So what was the fraction of the rain, total rain that occurred in that stage which we suppressed. So in 83 for example, vegetative stage 6.8 or 7 percent got suppressed same thing for flowering but peg stage more got suppressed 17 percent and pod filling in 83 45 percent got suppressed and similarly here and remember that they are in fact optimum showing date against which we are looking at things. Now similarly in 88 also we see in fact in 88 it is the pod forming stage that had maximum suppression of rain and so on. Now we also calculate what is the difference in the yield produced by this dry spell because we know from the control run what the yield would have been with the actual rain. Now we have suppressed part of the rain. So what has been the impact on the yield that is the question you ask and for example for 98 which is the figure you saw 7.4 percent yield got suppressed when it was in the first month the dry spell was imposed when it was imposed during flowering it was very little suppression then peg formation 13 percent then 23 percent got suppressed when you had the pod formation. But the maximum suppression in yield which is 57 percent occurs when we impose a dry spell at pod filling stage which is 60 to 80 days remember we have already identified that as a critical stage. So we saw with the rainfall that we got suppressed which was only 15 percent 57 percent was the impact on the yield. Similarly here also the rainfall suppressed is only 23 and in fact rainfall suppressed at the pod forming stage was 30 percent and the impact on yield was only 1 percent. But here the rainfall suppressed was 23 percent and impact of the yield is 40 percent. Similarly here the impact on the yield is 50 percent but there actually a lot of rain did occur in that stage which got suppressed 45 percent was the change in rain. But in any event for these 3 months sorry for these 3 years what do we see that amongst all the stages of the plant the impact of a dry spell is much larger than any other stage for the pod filling stage of 60 to 80. So by far the largest impact is of the dry spell at the pod filling stage 60 to 80 days after sowing. Now in fact this is a picture again to make the case that when you show makes a difference to what sort of moisture stress the plant will actually have and this is a case of 72 and when you have late sowing there is not much moisture stress here but when you have early sowing huge moisture stress at the pod filling stage. Same thing here in 83 early sowing would have led to this kind of thing whereas optimum sowing leads to no stress at the critical pod filling stage. So once these results were obtained and I must say that these are not results that we expected because when we looked at the literature there were papers saying every stage is separate paper saying every stage is critical some would say the first month is very important we should not get dry spell and so on and so forth. So we had no idea when we did this work that this pod filling stage would be the most critical but once we found it out through the model then the question was to see if this was consistent with the experience of the farmers. So what were the results we wanted to convey to them a that the broad sowing window that they choose 22nd June to middle of August is very reasonable for avoiding crop failure but within that sowing window if they could postpone the sowing to mid July and after that they would get even higher yields. This was the result from the model that we wanted to tell them and we told them this result and they were of course surprised because they did not quite expected. See right now they always show at the first opportunity in Poonarvasu which is to say early July that is what they prefer and we were trying to say that do not show at the first opportunity wait for a sowing opportunity a little later in the month in the next Nakshatra and they were a little skeptical about it in any event we thought let us also check with them about our result about which stage of the crop is more sensitive. So in order to test whether our results about the critical stage were consistent with their experience we asked them at which life history stage is the magnitude of the impact of a dry spell on the yield the largest. So we are asking the same question that we asked the model and we wanted them to tell us on the basis of their experience which is the most critical stage where if a dry spell occurs you would get a huge loss in the yield. Now Mr. Lakshman whom I have introduced to you in the last lecture who is by far the most knowledgeable of the farmers that we had immediately replied for filling stage. He also added that a dry spell in the first month after sowing has hardly any impact. This again is totally consistent with our result this is Lakshman again. So he is in fact the one who introduced TMV2 to this region the variety TMV2 which everybody is growing and he is a very careful observer and he actually supported the result we had that pod filling is the most critical stage. So the modeled results were found to be consistent with the experience of the farmers. Now the question is why does the pod filling stage being the most critical one imply that probability of very good yield is highest for sowing during 20th July to 9th August. See we have to understand this we have two results one is that we get very high probability of good yields when the sowing date is between 20th July to 9th August and second is pod filling stage is most critical. Now is there a connection between the two and let us just see here these are the probabilities you know of crop failure this is of reasonable yield that is more than 1000 and this is of more than 1500 and you see that right from 20th July onwards here onwards you get very good chance of getting very good yield it is over 60% and already the chance of getting reasonable yield is 20 this means 80% chance is there that you will make profit in this if you sow at this time if you get an opportunity to sow at that time. Now you remember these are the probabilities based on weekly rainfall this is 88 years of data at Anandpur and on the basis of that we have derived what is the chance of rain greater than 2 centimeters or 1 centimeter in the week this is wet spell likelihood and what is the chance of rain less than 0.25 centimeters or less than or 0 so this is the chance of 0 and so this is the probability of wet this is the probability of a wet week this is the probability of a dry week and what do we find we find that from around 20th September or so till early August is a huge peak in wet spells which coincides with a huge trough in the dry spells. So probability of wet spells is maximum around here and probability of dry spells is minimum around here so in some sense in terms of rainfall this is the most favorable period for plants. Now so it is seen that within the rainy season the probability of a wet week is the highest for the 3 weeks beginning around 21st September during this period the probability of dry week is also very low so if the showing date is 20th of July the pod filling stage falls exactly in this favorable period 20th September onwards for 10 20 days so 20th September to 10th October. So in fact if the showing is done on 20th July the pod filling stage falls exactly in this favorable period for later showing dates in the period 20th July to 9th August also the probability of a wet week in the pod filling stage is still reasonably high but chance of a dry week somewhat higher this is why for later dates you do not get as favorable as it is around 20th July. So we had found that this is a good period 20th July and a few days beyond that for showing that is when the yields are maximum we also found independently that the most sensitive stage is the pod filling stage and now we see that in fact the optimum showing date is such that the most sensitive stage pod filling stage occurs at a period when the probability of a wet week is highest and probability of a dry week is lowest that is to say it is most favorable thus the optimum showing window is associated with the most critical life history stage in the most favorable part of the rainfall profile. So this is what everything is now tying together nicely we have found the optimum showing window we have also shown that power filling is the most critical stage and we have seen why the showing window is optimum because if shown in at that time then the critical stage falls in the most favorable part of the rainfall profile of that region. So now the question is the following that farmers look for opportunities to show right from last week of June and they generally like to show in the in early Poonar Vasu which begins around 6th of July 6 to 20th July that is to say 15 days before our optimum. Now we tell them no no no if you were only to wait for two more weeks chance of you are getting high yields is much higher okay then they ask the question suppose we give up as showing opportunity earlier in July what guarantee is there that we will get another opportunity in later July this is a very very valid question see farmers believe that planting during Poonar Vasu which is 6 to 19 July leads to high yields if based on this analysis we suggest that they forgo planting opportunity in this period if they do not show although the showing rains have occurred and the soil is moist enough then we say no no do not show at that time just wait for the next nakshatra which is Pusha and that it begins on 20th July then they ask the question what is the probability of getting another opportunity later because this is a major worry expressed by the farmers that based on your analysis if we forgo an earlier opportunity you know in early part of July and wait for an opportunity in latter part of July or early August and it does not arise then we will have lost the whole crop trying to get maximum yield see this is not a risk that they would like to take so in order to address the problem of ascertaining the showing opportunities in a specific year what do we have to do as I mentioned before showing opportunities are decided by the soil moisture only when the soil has adequate moisture and in fact farmers tested by making a ball of the soil in their hand and seeing you know if the soil is not wet enough you won't be able to make a good ball you can make a good ball then they say okay the soil is reasonably wet we can go ahead and so so the important parameter is soil moisture only if the soil moisture is adequate can we get showing that now we want to know what are the opportunities for showing so what we need is a model for soil moisture because we don't have data on soil moisture like we have on rainfall we have data on rainfall we have some data on meteorological parameters but we don't have data on soil moisture if the criteria for when a showing rain will occur depends on soil moisture then we have to have a model for this and so in this semi-arid region the farmers do not plow the land or plant seeds unless they consider the moisture of the top layer of the soil to be adequate not only has the soil moisture to be adequate for showing but before that there are operations which involve land preparation they involve plowing and harrowing and so on now only for those operations also the soil cannot be dry it has to be sufficiently moist and they know how moist it has to be okay so what we need to do now is to generate a model which will give us how the soil moisture varies in a year when the rainfall variation is given and given the variation of the soil moisture then determine when the farmer would be able to plow when he would be able to harrow and when he would be able to sow all this has to be done if we need to ascertain how many showing opportunities arise in a year so based on the experience so far farmers have evolved rules for the periods during which they can undertake plowing and showing and these are the rules and SM stands for soil moisture and SA means when it's totally saturated okay and they have several rules that first plow will take place between 1st May and 25th June whenever the soil moisture exceeds 90% of saturation crisis plow if till 25th June no opportunity arises then they will undertake what they call a crisis plow and that will require only 75% of saturation of soil moisture you see and if that doesn't come then they had no opportunity to plow at all that year so cultivation is abandoned this is what they do then they try second plow that would be later of seven days after and so on and so forth and we will get into details of what they do after we learn about how to get the soil moisture so hence for ascertaining the timing of the different operations a hydrological model which can generate the soil moisture from meteorological data given the soil characteristics is required now extreme dry and wet conditions of the soil also promote growth of soil pathogens which can have considerable impact on the yield thus information on soil moisture is important for deducing the impact of pests and diseases on the yield I must also mention that models like peanut grow have built into it a soil moisture model so the growth of the plant in the model also depends on the soil moisture which the model itself derives okay so now we look for a simple soil moisture model so what we did was to develop a simple two layer models for deriving soil moisture okay evaporation and evapotranspiration is assumed to occur only from the top layer while moisture is retained in both the layers runoff is assumed to occur only when a part of the rainfall leads to saturation of both the layers now how deep are these layers see when the soil is bare the depth of the top layer is taken to be 15 centimeter because radiation cannot penetrate below that level that is the top layer of the soil which gets heated and so on so that is the layer that is going to take part in interaction with the atmosphere this is taken to be 15 centimeter now depth of the top layer is assumed to increase from 15 centimeter at the time of sowing to 60 centimeter at the time of flowering which is 35 days after sowing because the grounded crop is expected to have developed its maximum effective roof depth of 60 centimeter by this stage so initially the plant is developing its root and it is going deeper and deeper into the soil as it is going deeper and deeper into the soil the soil moisture of the layer level to which the roots have reached is important that is what we have to keep a tab on so what we do is we increase the top layer from 15 centimeters to 60 centimeters as the roots grow and the second layer is assumed to x 10 from the bottom of the top layer top layer is 15 centimeters to 60 so initially top layer is 15 centimeters bottom layer is 45 centimeters top layer keeps on becoming deeper bottom layer keeps on becoming shallower till a 35 days after sowing there is no bottom layer left at all it is just one layer which is 60 centimeter deep okay now we are going to look at change in soil moisture in both the layers and what brings about the change in soil moisture you know very well this is a simple water balance approach okay so change in soil moisture equals rainfall which is the input of water evapotranspiration see evaporation is what happens when there is a bare surface evapotranspiration why because when there are plants plants also transpire so the net amount of water going into the atmosphere is the evapotranspiration when there are plants so change in soil moisture depends on how much rain occurred above how much got evaporator okay now then there is also runoff so one if we can calculate all these we can actually calculate what is the change in soil moisture now as I say we did it by a sample water balance approach by this is a model developed by professor Amprasad that our institute a very simple minded one-dimensional water balance approach now since we are interested in rain fed conditions it is assumed that the rainfall is the only source and there is no irrigation obviously and the soil moisture is depleted by evaporation or evapotranspiration depending on whether it is bare soil or cropland okay now when does runoff occur now this is a big assumption that is made in most of the soil hydrological models that only when there is enough rain so that over and above the evapotranspiration the soil moisture gets enhanced to a level that it is saturated in both the layers only then whatever is left over will be sent off as runoff from the field now this is an assumption this is an assumption which need not be valid in fact we know very well that in intense thunderstorms that occur in a pre monsoon season for example the runoff there is a lot of runoff seen but deep layers of soil do not get saturated because the rainfall is so intense you know runoff is a highly nonlinear function of rainfall which depends on rainfall irrespective of what is happening to the soil also so this is an assumption that is made and it is a it has to be made because we do not have data on runoff we can estimate evapotranspiration in some ways and I will show you how but once evapotranspiration is estimated we know what is rainfall minus evapotranspiration that water we take first to saturate the soil and only if any water is left over and above saturation then that is sent off as runoff so this is the basic assumption of the model that rainfall is the only source and soil moisture is depleted by evaporation or evapotranspiration and runoff is assumed to occur if there is excess rainfall above that required for saturation of both the layers evaporation from bare soil is assumed to occur at a rate proportional to the moisture content of the soil evapotranspiration estimation from cropped land is the major component of soil moisture modelling it is one of the major unknowns here so daily evapotranspiration is modeled as and I am not going to get into details of that and actually evapotranspiration is calculated from what is a potential crop evapotranspiration potential means if there was plenty of water available to the plant how much would the evapotranspiration be that is the maximum possible evapotranspiration actually evapotranspiration is generally a fact fraction of that which we get by using daily pan evaporation measurements using the pan coefficient and crop coefficient okay so there is a way of getting this now the roots of the plant cannot suck the water from the soil if the soil moisture is below a certain value okay it does not have to be 0 for that even if it is below a certain threshold the plant cannot suck it up this is called the permanent wilting point because when the soil moisture is below the critical value since the plant cannot get any moisture from the soil it will begin to build so this is called a permanent wilting point the maximum water the soil can hold is the field capacity this again varies obviously from soil to soil and we know that for red sandy soils the field capacity is less than clay or black soils that we get in other parts of our country so PWP and FC are expressed as moisture per unit depth of the soil the maximum water available to the plant is therefore root depth into carrying capacity FC which is the maximum field capacity minus the wilting point because it simply cannot take up water if it is below the wilting point so FC-PWP is the available moisture per unit depth you multiplied by the depth of the root you get what is the moisture available to the plant which is SA for sandy loamy soils of Anandpur we take carrying capacity this is per unit volume to 24 percent wilting point is 10 percent so the available maximum available soil moisture is 14 percent now having built this model having put in all the numbers that we could get from the literature and so on and the characteristics of the soil and so on we want to see how good the model is and it is extremely important to do so because any model one uses has to be validated for the site you are using it for so this is the validation that we did for 1998 up here is the rainfall pattern for that year and this is the soil moisture pro pattern simulated by the model and the circles are the observations and you can see that in the observations also there is a big dip here and then the moisture builds up here then begins to decrease here builds up here and is decreasing here all of that is captured very nicely by the model so the model is able to capture the variation between wet spells and dry spells for our purpose this model is good enough is what we concluded now there is another hitch that the daily data on pan evaporation is not available for many stations for many years however monthly data is available so we tested the sensitivity of the simulated soil moisture to the daily data on pan evaporation by comparing the result for 1988 with that obtained using daily value interpolated from the monthly one see monthly is available we can always interpolate and generate daily values these are fictitious of course but the point is that this pan evaporation does not play a great role in deciding the variation of soil moisture the key variable for that is rainfall and therefore you can get away with these kind of things and we did this model experiment replacing the daily pan evaporation by interpolated monthly and what you see is the solid line is of course the one which uses daily pan evaporation data dashed line is the one which uses interpolated daily data obtained from monthly data and you can see that there is hardly any difference in the two patterns because what determines this huge fluctuations is really the rainfall so we do not have to worry even if we do not have daily pan evaporation we can still generate soil moisture using this model now I was talking of land preparation for sowing in order to identify the sowing opportunities for a specific year that is a specific rainfall pattern it is necessary to spell out the required conditions for undertaking the different land preparation operations and sowing for the TMV2 variety of ground nut in our study area these were compiled on the basis of farmers input on what is practiced in the region see I talked earlier about how critical it is if you want to get answers to scientific questions that you have a genuinely interdisciplinary group with interaction this is another instance in which we would never have been able to model you know occurrence of sowing dates in ground nut had we not got enormous input from the farmers in the region as to what are the criteria they use for deciding on different operations for land preparation now the first operation is plowing as I indicated earlier the depth to which the land is plowed in the study region is 20 centimeter hence the soil moisture of a layer of depth 20 centimeter which we denote as sm 20 is calculated by appropriate averaging of the top and bottom layers of the model the maximum soil moisture for such a layer is denoted by s a 20 and taken as 28 millimeters this is consistent with the assumptions we had made for the red sandy sandy soil so what we say is for this 20 centimeter layer which remember is bare right now right the land has to be plowed in fact this is the situation that the maximum available soil is 28 maximum available soil moisture would be 28 millimeter now conditions for the different land preparation operations are in the next slide so what do we what do the farmers do if the soil moisture at of 20 which means the top 20 centimeters of the soil is greater than 90 percent of this s a 20 which we had taken as 28 see we had here s a 20 is taken as 28 millimeters that is to say it is 2.8 centimeters 90 percent of that would be something like 2.7 centimeters little less than that so so if that much of moisture is available in that soil then they will have do the first plow somewhere between 1st May and 25th June whenever this moisture condition is satisfied if the above condition for plowing is not satisfied before 25th June then they say okay now we cannot keep on waiting for the moisture to be enough for a regular plowing let us do crisis plow and so from 26th June to 30th July whenever the soil moisture exceeds 75 percent of the maximum possible they immediately do a plowing and that is called crisis plow if the above condition for crisis plowing is also not satisfied cultivation for that year is abandoned so they take two chances but if rain is simply not enough till end of July to even do crisis plowing then there is no point in cultivating groundnut is what they say now the second plow which is seven days after the first plow or 7th June whichever is later till 25th June so they have to plow the field twice and this is the schedule for the second plow and for the second plow it is enough if the soil moisture is over 75 percent of maximum available now if the above condition for second plowing is not satisfied the first plow itself is taken as the final plow so second plow in some sense is optional they are not going to abandon the cultivation if they cannot plow second time this is the practice that they have so if second plow is not possible then it is final plow first itself is taken as final plow then they have a process called harrowing which is done when either final plow date or 15 June whichever is later to 16th August and here the condition is that the soil has to be sufficiently dry for two consecutive days for harrowing if land is not sufficiently dry to harrow cultivation for that year is abandoned because they simply cannot prepare the land see they may have plowed it but if the land never gets dry enough to harrow they cannot carry on with the groundnut cultivation now then comes sowing so sowing can be done on the day of harrowing or 25th June whichever is later to 25th July so they have a limit for every operation and the condition for sowing is that the soil moisture has to be greater than 0.6 of the maximum available more than 60 percent now if the land is not sufficiently wet to so till 25th July late or crisis sowing is undertaken this late or crisis sowing is done either on harrowing day so this will not be done till almost end of July till 26th July whichever is later to 16th August so due to different conditions then you may end up doing these different operations at different times now day of sowing there are further conditions that we have to impose that they cannot sown or any day so day of sowning sowing should be a non rainy day and here we use the IMD definition of a non rainy day that rainfall is less than 0.25 millimeter now soil depth consider is s 20 a 20 centimeters the saturation is 28 millimeters and sm 20 is the available soil moisture so this is what they practice now these conditions are applied to a certain whether an opportunity to plow harrow and so occur in any year and if so the plowing harrowing and sowing dates are determined using the same table so now what have we done we have collected from the farmers what are the conditions and criteria which have to be met for them to undertake plowing harrowing and sowing and these are all determined in terms of soil moisture to generate soil moisture from rainfall we have a poor man's model simple model of hydrological model which seems to work reasonably well and from that model we get the soil moisture then we check whenever those conditions that they have laid down are satisfied then we call that a plowing date harrowing date and sowing date and in case no such opportunity arises we say the sowing got abandoned so the cultivation itself is abandoned now how many sowing opportunities are there this is clubbing all the 88 years how many sowing opportunities occur on different days so in the percentage of years so see around 6 july large number of years almost 50 percent of the years you will get sowing opportunity and it increases slowly to 60 percent near 60 percent towards august and so on so initially in may june which is when the package of recommendation said you should do planting the sowing opportunities are very very small up to june they are less than 10 percent and even up to 20 second june this is the sowing window that they choose now see after 20 second june it has crossed 20 percent so it makes sense that if they feel like sowing there is some chance of being able to do so because remember it is not a matter of only sowing they have to have opportunities for plowing harrowing and so on after that okay now this is not a figure that you will be able to figure out but for every year we have calculated what are the sowing opportunities and in which year's crisis sowing was taken and in fact you will find that in some years cultivation just had to be abandoned like this year here no cultivation possible this year no cultivation possible the rainfall was so poor that it did not happen so out of 88 years in 6 years the sowing had to be abandoned out of these in 4 years there was no opportunity to plow whereas in other years there was no opportunity for harrowing and sowing so in the rest of the years there were several sowing opportunities in different parts of the rainy season in particular out of 88 now we are talking of in 62 years there was an opportunity to show in punarvasu which is the favorite sowing season for the farmers 6 to 19 july it's important to note that in all these years in each of these 62 years there was also a later opportunity of sowing either in pusha which is the next nakshatra 20th july 2 2nd august or ashlesha which is the nakshatra which follows which is 3 to 16th august so although they like to sowing punarvasu if they decided to forego that to you know maximize the chance of getting high yields in each of the years in which opportunity occurred in punarvasu a later opportunity also occurred this is a very very important result because it suggests that giving up an earlier opportunity in the early part of july for an opportunity in the optimum sowing window that we have determined with our model suggested earlier does not involve any risk this is what we are saying that as far as our data is concerned there is no risk involved in this operation now this is something that I will come to when we talk of indirect impact of weather events as I mentioned earlier you know wet spells and dry spells can also promote or trigger attacks by pests and diseases dry spells for trigger attacks by leaf miner wet spells trigger attacks by a thing called late leaf spot or tikka so this is a indirect impact of climate events or weather events see so far through peanut grow model what we looked at was only the direct impact of rainfall direct impact of rainfall on soil on how it impacted on growth of the plant on the yield and so on and so forth this is the direct impact but there is also an indirect impact of wet spells dry spells and so on which generates pests and diseases as I mentioned before now we have very large areas of monocropping and because of that this pests and diseases in the region and in almost every rainfed region in India have become endemic this means that a low level of low density of these is around all the time and if a favorable weather event occurs that is to say favorable for them pests or diseases immediately epidemic starts you know pest population increases and they start attacking the plant and the losses can be quite high so one has to also think of going beyond the crop models which we have already which are already developed and with us to think of how to take into account these indirect impacts of climate events and that is leaf miner and tikka I will not talk about how we determine this now because that will come when I talk about the model for these pests and diseases but this is only showing you the probability of incidence of leaf miner and late leaf spot depending on the showing date and there was a belief amongst the farmers that if you so late then the chances of pests and diseases are higher but actually we find that is not true at all leaf miner after 20th of July it very rapidly decreases chance of getting leaf miner and even tikka or late leaf spot also decreases right from about mid July onwards so as far as just the triggering of these attacks by weather events are concerned the probability of incidence of these is going to decrease with late showing window but farmers tell us that you know actually if somebody cannot so on time and so late the attack is much more on his field but that has to do with the fact that what we have not taken into account in our model is that these pests move from one place to another this is also spreads from one place to another so if you have patches in which plant is crop is planted earlier lying side by side with patches in which it is planted later then diseases or plants which attack the early sown crop can easily travel to the other field and attack it so this is something we have not taken and this could in fact lead to problems in having more pests and diseases when you do not have uniform showing over large areas so this is something we will have to worry about when we look at the model for pests and diseases so what are the conclusions now we have made a very detailed study in response to the question that farmers post to us what is the optimum showing rate of the region saying that what is in the package of recommendations is not right we have come up with another showing window and how good is that and can you make suggestions as to how to improve the yields by changing the showing window somewhat now as you know we did this exercise by taking a lot of rainfall data by taking a validated crop model and doing experiments to see how the yield changes with showing date and what do we find we found that the broad showing window used by the farmers which they have empirically hit on by trial and error they have come to this showing window for this region over the two or three decades in which it is grown so this is different from the one that was in the package of recommendation is the one which minimizes the risk of crop failure so it is a very rational choice they have already come empirically on to a choice of showing window which is very reasonable in that it avoids the chance of crop failure it minimizes the risk of crop failure now what we found was that within this broad window of 22nd June to 16th August the farmers generally use the first showing opportunity however we find that the overall yield is higher for showing in the period 20th July to 10th August again we had shown that the probability of obtaining high yields increases from about 30 percent for showing in the beginning of July to over 60 percent for showing at the end of July only in 25 percent of the years is the yield higher for showing prior to 20th July so 75 percent of the years the yield will be higher if one can show after 20th of July and again we have to note that if there is an opportunity to show in early July which is when farmers do like to show when they have an opportunity in all the years in which such an opportunity occurred in early July another opportunity did occur after 20th July also so it is possible for them to forego the first showing opportunity and so in this window that we are suggesting that is the latter part of the showing window that they have adopted we have also now this is something that we just found by running several years 88 years of the model we found that this is an optimum showing window but then we also looked into why this is optimum and we found that the most critical period with a large impact of dry spells is the pod filling stage so as far as the life history stages of the plant are concerned the most critical stage is the pod filling stage which is about 60 to 80 days after showing now dry spells in the first month after showing have relatively little impact this is also something that we showed in that experiment you remember that we did with 3 years so again it has gone wrong okay so generally so we have found that the sensitive period sensitive stage is the pod filling stage dry spells in the first month after showing do not have much of an impact now actually the peanut grow model also calculates the moisture stress experienced by the plant so using that we could show that if you see in general you know the moisture stress is highest in the pod filling stage because the moisture stress grows with the plant see as more and more leaves grow and the plant attains its maximum height then the need for moisture also becomes maximum and so when you have a dry spell the moisture stress is also maximum so by 60 days the moisture stress generally is the highest at pod filling stage but we found interestingly enough that when the showing date is chosen to be optimum for that year then it turns out that the plant experiences no moisture stress at all in the pod filling stage now this is very interesting this is could be done only because of the model that we could show that in fact the optimum showing dates which we discovered by analysis of how the yield varies with showing date actually implies that there is no moisture stress in the pod giving pod filling stage of the plant when the showing date is optimum now so this already tells us that we can do a lot with these results without actually having to run the model you see what is it saying now we have to remember that in this region the rainfall in any season you don't get continuous rain or heavy rain all the time like you do in rainy parts of the country this is a semi arid region so what happens every year you have some wet spells interspersed with dry spells the probability of occurrence of these spells varies in time right we have seen that also so probability of wet spells is high and dry spells is low during this special window 20th September to 10th October for this region whereas reverse case occurs in the latter half of June perhaps I have it here no I don't okay so given any region and given the rainfall we can easily derive you know what are the probabilities of wet spells and dry spells in different parts of the rainy season as we have done here now what do we want to do we want to maximize yield okay for that we would like to avoid dry spells at the critical stage where dry spell can have a very large impact on the yield so if for maximizing the yield the dry spells are to be avoided at some stage of the crop the showing that can be adjusted so that the probability of dry spell is least at that stage okay so you can you know move the thing around visa with the showing date move the rainfall pattern around visa with the showing date and thereby ensure that the probability of dry spell is minimum when the plant is at its most sensitive stage this one can do but you know dry spells just cannot be wished away so what you do is you can this is what one means by tailoring to the nature of the variability now we are saying since dry spells at the pod filling stage which occurs at 60 to 80 days after showing have a large impact on the yield and dry spells in the first month after showing have relatively little impact both these results have come from our model work then tailoring to the variability means that you should actually reduce the probability of dry spells in power filling stage that is how the showing date should be chosen while if required enhancing the probability in the first month in other words as you are shifting the thing around you know you cannot just make do with no dry spells at all in any stage of the crop dry spells will occur the point about tailoring is that you do not let them occur when the plant is most sensitive most vulnerable to dry spell that is what one means by tailoring and that is how showing date is used for tailoring now what is interesting about this study is it actually required a lot of modeling it required modeling using of crop models which were fortunately validated by some other group and it required getting the rainfall data and running the models analyzing it and so on and so forth but at the end of the day what we have learned is that for ground at power filling is the most critical stage and the way to get optimum showing is to somehow match the power filling stage with the minimum probability of dry spells in the rainfall pattern of that region that is what we have learned. So, this can be without running any models or anything if you have another variety of ground at that you want to grow in this region for which the power filling stage is at a different stage not 60 to 80 days as it is for TMV 2 and so on then it would be possible for us to right away conclude what the showing that should be. So, the thumb rule would be to choose a showing window such that the rainfall variability of the region for that rainfall variability that the region experiences the probability of dry spells at the power filling stage should be minimum see by using this kind of a thumb rule we will do much better than in terms of choosing the showing window of course, if you had a model it would help but having had the model the conclusions that we have come to are so so reasonable and so consistent with the experience that we using these the thumb rule we can derive and using this we can actually go ahead and determine the optimum showing date. Now, so far we have talked only of models as I mentioned before without pest and diseases and because of that actual model yield is much much higher than what farmers get on the field. Even then because the sensitivity of the yield to the showing date is similar we could derive a lot of results about optimum showing window using the peanut grow model, but eventually you would like a model which mimics reality in terms of variability of yield on the farmers fields. Now, to do that we cannot omit losses that occur due to pest and disease incidence. Now, there are no models none of the crop models incorporate pest and disease attacks. So, what we did was that we developed a heuristic model in which using again the enormous experience of the and knowledge of the farmers we could develop a model in which we could actually calculate by means of using the model what sort of pest and disease incidence would occur in any year and what would be the losses and thereby correct the yield generated by peanut grow by actually including losses that occur due to pest and diseases. This is what I will talk about next time. Thank you.


to a vlog. I haven't actually like talked to you guys yet but yesterday was my flight and today, can you see? There's like wedding stuff going on behind me. It's very exciting. So I've been taking a lot of footage for them. You will see a little bit of footage in just a moment but yeah I'm actually filming like a little special thing for them so that'll be kind of cool. We are at this little park here and you will see what it is because I took a picture of the actual signage and everything so I'll put that in here somewhere and we are gonna go grab some dinner so I'll probably show you a little bit of footage at dinner but I'm not gonna show like any of the like ceremony parts of it because like privacy and all that. Hope you guys are enjoying the vlog so far and I will check in a little bit. Well folks it's time to kick it old school. Today is travel day so I'm going back to the tundra. I'm not excited about it. However we're at the beach so things are good.  I am going to close out Florida here. This is a wrap on the nice nice Florida weather and I will see you guys in a little bit.


Controversial take. You should try to make your body look specifically whatever is most attractive to the opposite sex. Specifically, where everybody says, oh, you should just work out for you and love yourself and all that matters. Forget that. Specifically, find what the opposite sex thinks is the most sexy and tailor your workouts, your diet to that goal.  Beautiful time. And here's why you might say, oh, no. Well, people lie, but numbers don't. Emotions lie, but science doesn't. At least good science. And here's, and by the way, when I say the opposite sex, look, this is a modern world. So it could be opposite gender sex, whatever, whatever sex you're attracted to and is attracted to you. But with that disclaimer, here's why. And here's why the science supports this controversial take and completely and utterly refutes the concept of no, just do whatever you think is best. You know, and by the way, I'll pull one caveat. I'm assuming you want to be healthy. So here's how here's if you go to the top scientist Daniel Lieberman from Harvard. Okay, he wrote the book story of the human body. He wrote a new book called exercise. So he's an evolutionary paleo anthropologist. He studies the skeletal system of Homo sapiens, us. Um, if you look at Dr. David Buss, evolutionary psychologist, if you look at the famous evolutionary biologists, these are the most cutting edge scientists. They're on the edge of finding truth. Okay, as best they can. Nobody fully finds truth, but it's a process. When let's say you as a man, okay, there's like three things men do when it comes to fitness in my experience. Number one, they just kind of have their body, whatever it is appropriate for their age. So you know, if they're older, they kind of have a gut. If they're naturally skinny, they're skinny. You know, there's the old school way endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph, right?  Then you have the second subset, which is all about, and I'm speaking of men, I'm a man, so I'm going to speak more to that. Who wants to get bulky? They see like Mr. Olympia, they see all this, they're like, I'm going to put on mass and they do whatever that takes. That can be, you know, be as far as eating a ton of food and go as far as anabolic steroids, right? Or beyond nowadays. And then there's the third category of dude who's like the cardio guy and is always just trying to get insanely lean. So category one stays, sticks with their normal body types is that way the rest of their life. Second one tries to get super muscular. Third, super lean. Well, if you look at, they have these things called eye tracking, where I said people lie, but their eyes don't. For example, babies are more attracted to pictures of super models than unattractive people. And it's not cultural. That's a three month old baby who hasn't been indoctrinated in any culture. So we can see that, okay, why do these babies that have no culture really? No cultural indoctrination yet? Why are they? Why are their eyes with this special software eye tracking software focused on Giselle over an ordinary person? Well, there's a clue there. The clue is maybe there is something in our evolutionary past that humans that paid attention and focused and were attracted more to these quote unquote beautiful faces. Maybe they did better in the reproductive pool of the last 10,000 generations of Homo sapiens. So when you look to your ancestors, you realize there's clues as to how your body should look. So for example, for men, what the actual science says, if you go with this hypothesis that I put forward, that you should optimize for looking sexy to the opposite sex because that's the healthiest. Not necessarily a huge bulky bodybuilder. It's interesting. One of my business partners, he was super skinny, then I got him into weight lifting, and he went crazy.  And I said, well, if your goal is to have females attracted to you, which probably is indicative of the optimal health, you know, the ratios, you don't want to be a huge bodybuilder. And he's like, what do you mean? You know, and I said, so I pulled every time for a year, we were out. And there was women around. I would pull up a bodybuilder, a huge mass monster, bodybuilders Instagram, and I would show it to women. I say, rank this guy, one to 10, how attractive you find them. One, two, zero. My friend was like, I'm blown away. I thought women would love that mass. I'm like, no, men like mass monsters more. We like that. You know, it's probably goes to our evolutionary past. When you went to war, small band ambush warfare, which is what our hunter gather ancestors mostly engaged in not large set scale, they call it, you know, set about set piece battle, but ambushes, you wanted one or two huge guys on your side, right? So men are attracted more, maybe non sexually, most of the time to big bulky men, but women aren't. And there's clues there. We know super bulky men usually are not that healthy, especially if they've used, you know, something artificial to gain bulk women like men, but the sign shows that are above average upper body strength, particularly, but overall, who are above average, but not muscle bound. There's a there's a great Dr. Bus's evolutionary psychology textbook has, I believe those exact words from their, you know, they study like 40 cultures, what women find most attractive. So as a man, there's probably a clue there. That's probably the healthiest body type. And as a caveat, it helps you compete in the mating game.  But you can also be in ratio into bulky. So it's not just ratios. That's an incorrect understanding. So you could be the perfect ratio, but if you're muscle bound, most women find you not attractive. And there's a clue there in our evolutionary past that men that were that bulky did not compete as well. They were not as healthy. They call that evolutionary fitness. It's not fitness like fit planet fitness. It's fitness. They call this, you know, biologically adaptive, right? So, so you actually, it's not just ratios. It's also there's an interesting thing you can do, which is measure your wrists. And that shows you kind of your frame. You're also as a man bounded by your frame. So big Rome, some of you have seen him on my social media. He's six foot six, 330 pounds. A lot of women find him attractive. But and he's got great, you know, he's got the ratio you could see him on my social. But if a five foot six man tried to go to 330 and still maintain the shoulder width, you know, shoulder to waist ratio and all that, the muscle, the frame isn't big enough to sport that. So you have to as a man know your framing to and a good way is your wrists because wrists kind of hold constant. And they're indicative of your skeletal structure, right? So if you have a six inch wrist, you probably never want to be 300 pounds, no matter what the ratios are. Okay, if you have a 10 inch risk, which is pretty big, you know, wrists don't really grow with weightlifting. That's why it's a good baseline. You can use ankles to wrist and ankle. So you have to with this concept. And right now I'm kind of in a getting skinny phase. I use a 67 body is a new program. I put in I spent a million bucks over the last six or seven years studying and going through every body hack. Every legal thing I could get a doctor prescribed me. I've tried a lot of stuff testing my blood, I think 40 times in six years. It's a lot. And you know, what I've found, I put in this new system called 67 body. So if you want to go check it out and has like really specific stuff, daily routine, but more specifics on what I'm talking about now. So I'll put a link below or just go to tylopez.com slash podcast 67 body, tylopez.com slash podcast 67 body. Then I'll take you right to page. It's a it's a paid program. It's not that expensive though. But try the 67 day challenge that it's built specifically for busy entrepreneurs. How can you stay in shape when you're a busy entrepreneur? So but going back to this, you know, I'm in a cutting phase. The 67 body is divided.  So there's like, you know, for one season of the year you bulk, one season you maintain one season you cut and one season you maintain again. So you're six months of maintenance and then two seasons. So like in the spring, I'm cutting. So I'm a little skinny now, but it's interesting when I'm skinnier. Women definitely find you more attractive. Now you can be too skinny. That's why I said women like above average muscularity without being muscle bound. That's the key. Muscle bound not and by the way, women's eyeballs are accurate. Muscle bound men have tremendous problems, respiratory problems, joint problems, heart problems. You could see that, you know, my dad was a pro bodybuilder. I love bodybuilders. So it's no offense to bodybuilders. Okay, hey, don't take this the wrong way, but science, you know, science doesn't lie. Good science doesn't lie, I should say. So you can use simple eye tracking of females. Ask them, show them pictures of you, your body in different states. Even if you're married and you're not even in the dating pool or as scientists call the mating pool, show your body, show different phases of your life. Ask women one to ten. What do you rate my attractiveness here, here and here? And then you'll find most women, not all. Obviously there's some taste element, but women's tastes aren't as broad as people think. Okay, pretty much any culture in the last 10,000 years. If you show them a picture of Brad Pitt in Fight Club versus Danny DeVito at any time in his life. So there's universals here. Some people say, ah, beauty, there's no universals to beauty. I'm like, what are you talking about? I have my horses over there. I don't know if you can see them. You can bring a male stud horse and females don't find them attractive. There are specific things they look for, you know, all species, not even humans. So show pictures of yourself when you're at your skinniest, when you're at your bulkiest. You'll, men are surprised, men tend, and there's some interesting science on this, that men tend to think that they'll look the sexiest when they're more like a, um, and they did this study, like they used, what is it, muscle and fitness magazine? The cover of muscle and fitness magazine, when they asked men, is this man the kind of body you want to have? Most men said yes. If you look over at female dominated magazines, the Vogue's and so on, when they show pictures of men and you show that to men, they say, oh no, that guy's too skinny. He's muscular but he's too skinny. But guess what? When you show it to women, they find them, they specifically in those Vogue magazines put the attractive male body type. If you look on the cover of, you know, romance novels, generally the man is more, actually Brad Pitt Fight Club is what science says. Google Brad Pitt Fight Club, and there's variability. Some women like a little more muscular, so it's like Chris Hemsworth Thor, but very few or Jason Momoa. There's women who like that, but if you, but they like them in certain, like in Game of Thrones, he wasn't massively bulky. So bulky is less attractive. There's a clue there that is probably less healthy for you too.  You're healthier and women find you more attractive. By the way, and I'm not going to speak on this as much because I'm not a woman, women should optimize their body for what men find most attractive because that's the whisper of 10,000 generations of our evolution or quote, unquote, DNA, showing you that women who looked this way that men found attractive, and yes, there's some cultural norms and some cultures like women, you know, thicker and some like them thinner. And it is true that the modern craze of hyper skinny supermodels is not necessarily, well, in fact, what most men find attractive is curvier. Like you, and it's also age dependent. It's a very nuanced conversation, right? So it's age related. I'm not going to go deep in this. It's so controversial. I feel like people will miss the point, but men in general tend to like a little if they had to air, it'll be on the the curvier side, right?  So and lo and behold, women are that healthy when they're sub 19% body fat.  It leaves clues in the evolutionary to our evolutionary past. And so yeah, anyway, we're going to talk about this more. I'll put this in 67 body tylopez.com slash podcast 67 body, or you can just click the link jump in the program and try the 67 day challenge.  I built one that how did I get in better shape and you can see before and after pictures. And I've tried it. I've gotten super bulky when I'm benching 300 plus, you know, and I've gotten super lean where I'm at, you know, I don't get crazy lean, but eight, nine percent and then you got a six back and it's interesting women's response much better at that level as long as you can keep kind of wide shoulders and a little bit of muscular, you don't want to be weirdly skinny using this scale. One of my brothers is 63 and extra skinny, his height kind of makes up for it, but women will always like it when he's a little more muscular. So anyway, click the link and leave a comment. Is this all BS that I said? What's the counter argument? I always like counter arguments. What's some science backing up what I said? And by the way, if you want some of the links, I'll put the notes to this episode. Tylopus.com slash podcast 32423. I'll put some references to the looks I mentioned to some of these scientific studies. Tylopus.com slash podcast 32423. I'll see you there.


Okay, welcome back. We'll continue on with, we were doing ethics, ethics in counseling and we covered five of them. We will move on to the next one, which we're looking at. We were looking at cultural regard and just a couple more of points with regard to that Just to talk about how our knowledge of other practices and worldviews and also our sensitivity and skills in order to work with different cultures or different people of different faith or different attitudes is something that's important. Knowledge is definitely needed. It should also, you know, our knowledge about people or cultural practices or worldviews that conflict with our Christian faith also is something that we need to be aware of in order for us to stand on with this practice of being able to have that call towards working with others and the dignity that we keep. Even as we're dealing with people of other faiths. So what we need to work with is to understand that a counsellor's belief system, whatever their belief system, we maintain that respect and strive also to understand their position or their value issues that may be important to them and also foster values that informed their decision making in that process. So, like we said, we are careful not to impose our values, not to impose our faith. You know, even we may, as a counsellor, may be in a position or may be in a place to expose counsellors to our faith orientation. We do not impose our beliefs or practices on the counsellor and that's something that we need to take extreme care to do. And that's what we mean by saying, you know, having a call to dignity where they are determining for themselves what they would like. Okay, now this is specifically in view of us working with those of different religions, different faith. Okay, the next one is what we look at a call to soundness, which is managing a case management. Now, what do we do here? What do we say? It is when we are meeting a person, an individual, we do see them as a byproduct of many other aspects or areas in their life. If you look at them as a whole, there is just not a body, there's just not a psychological experience, there's just not a spiritual experience, but there is, you know, they belong to a culture. They belong to maybe a family, they belong to a larger community. There are multiple relationships that keep them, right, or that influence them or that impact them. So when we are working with people, we are also looking at them not just as an individual, but looking at them on a larger framework or a larger orientation, right, where we are including their holistic them as a whole person. And that's what it requires for us to maybe coordinate. It also requires for us to have a plan in a way that brings about the best interest for the person you're dealing with in respect to their socio-cultural factors as well. So the plans or intervention or treatment plans are developed utilizing some principles. One is based on, of course, their own problem or the issue they come from, where you're also helping them to promote their own ownership. You're also incorporating other kind of assessments that you may have. You're identifying certain goals, certain objectives and ensuring that this also includes their cultural or their holistic person, not just the problem that they're coming up with, but them as a holistic person. And that's where you need to be sensitive to other factors where we help to treat our counsellors with their understanding or with their framework and continue to provide them the best of service by really looking at them as a whole. So when you look at case management, what the word actually means is just not one area of them, but all areas is something that we are looking at. If you remember when we spoke about understanding needs, we spoke about seeing the person as a whole being. They have a physical being, they have an emotional being, a rational being, a spiritual being and a volitional being. Now all of this is what brings them as a person. And that's what we mean by saying case management is not just looking at it from a spiritual point of view or a psychological point of view or an emotional point of view, but really bringing up everything together as a whole. And the last one is community presence in Christian counselling. Now as a counsellor, as Christian counsellors, we need to be aware of the larger role that we play in the community at large or in the society in general. So as Christian counsellors, we acknowledge that we live in a culture that probably does not share a common Christian value base and therefore we need to be mindful to present ourselves as the salt and light or as the ambassadors of God. And while we do that, we conduct ourselves with dignity, we conduct ourselves with humility, avoiding any practice or any behavior that brings dishonour to God or brings dishonour to the name of Christ and that we will uphold every value, every principle that God gives us. And we pray that we will adopt to this code professionally and live it up honorably to see that even as we are helping, we maintain that sense of identity, that the identity that we have in Christ as well as a sense of unity into the faith. So being mindful about that even as we work at a larger community. So this is where some of these code of ethics is what we incorporate even as we build ourselves on practice. The next part that I'm going into is something that's a little bit more practical. It is to establish certain boundaries. Boundaries even as we work alongside with people and this may be very practical guidelines that we need to keep in mind, taking upon some of those ethical considerations that we've seen. So what are boundaries? Boundaries are things that they're guidelines and they're based on certain principles and these code of ethics that we spoke about. So it indicates a certain board or a certain limit and we operate within certain boundaries so that we make our work relationships, we keep it professional, we keep it safe and we have certain limits for the services that we deliver. Now, when we're looking at the concept of boundaries, we need to have some concepts in place. One is a personal identity. There needs to be a sense of personal identity which is constant over time, which means we need to understand our roles and our responsibilities and where we are and who we are and what is it that we are standing for, even as we are in a place of working with others. We look at it as we grow in maturity in our faith, it should percolate into our professional spaces or into our ministry spaces where this identity that we have in Christ is constant regardless of whatever pressures that there may be or whatever up and down there may be, we ensure that we keep that identity going. Now, there are certain contracts that we build and that's why the concept of boundaries are important, certain practical guidelines that we build through a contract. What does that contract mean? The contract is a place where there is a certain space which is safe for a counsellor and a counsellor's relationship to occur. And so that can be maybe the time where you will meet, the time of contact, the date of contact, the place where you all will meet. You set limits to that, to the responsibilities of a counsellor counsellor. It's not that because you're a counsellor or someone who they're getting professional help from. You are there for general advice giving or general situation. So that's a certain boundary that you need to maintain. Otherwise, those boundaries become extremely blurred. It's important that the counsellor doesn't lose oneself in that relationship. That is, you avoid over-involvement and thereby you decrease the well-being of the counsellor and it decreases your own well-being. So you're providing a role model as you're building some of these boundaries and when you set the boundaries and when you manage the boundaries, you're definitely bringing about a certain limit of how much your involvement needs to be. Because you're being in a state or in a helping profession, counsellors may not understand that boundary and it's important to draw that line between the self of the counsellor and the self of the counsellor, even as you're working through some of these boundaries. Why is it necessary that we need to talk about these boundaries? It's one is to recognize boundary issues as they arise. If for example, maybe your counsellor keeps calling you beyond 9.30 in the night. Maybe once or twice depending on whatever the reason is that's fine. But then as it keeps going on, you need to establish those boundaries. Like maybe emergency situations is something that I say is you can get in touch with me either through email or through WhatsApp during these specific times, but in an emergency situation, please feel free to message me. But then if you do see that it's going on beyond that specific guideline, that's something that you need to build up.  You need to talk about the boundaries so that you as a counsellor yourself have a clear idea where your boundaries are, or even have a plan of action if at any point of time there is any unprofessionalism or something that is unsafe that creeps into this place of counselling. It also reduces the risk of counselling exploitation when you are placing your boundaries. You're also maintaining a certain counsellor-counsellor relationship where you know that you cannot step beyond a certain line or certain limit. It reduces the anxiety of counselling as a lot of things are clear over there, especially when it comes to confidentiality. A lot of things are clear that nothing will be breached. It increases the well-being of the counsellor as well as it provides a role model for counsellors to be able to establish some of those boundaries. Now who negotiates these boundaries? Who is the person that actually brings up or talks about these boundaries? It's the duty of the counsellor to bring it up in the best interest of the counselling. So the counsellor is the one who should be responsible in managing and maintaining these boundary issues. And for that, as a counsellor you need to be very clear about what your boundaries are and be able to articulate it as well to your counselling. There are certain clear boundary areas that we need to be extremely clear about. Now I do understand when it comes to pastoral ministry, there are some that are absolutely not negotiable, but there are some that may be blurred, like for the first one, social activities. Maybe you're in a church setting and a lot of people who you're meeting as your counsellors may be in the same worship place as you are. And we do see that and some of them can be exceptions. However, we're talking about this in extreme professional spaces. Now for example, for me as a counsellor, I do meet a lot of my counsellors at church. We sit together at worship, but there again, there needs to be a strong boundary that I place in my head that even though this is there is a social activity that's going on, maybe it's a worship service that's going on and careful not to bring up issues that we've spoken in a counselling room, maybe in the presence of 3-4 people or maybe in the presence of a worship place. So that's something that the counsellor needs to be extremely clear and sure about. Other boundaries is yes, there are clear boundary areas not having any intimacy, intimate relationships with those with other counsellors. Having family members or friends as counsellors is something that again you do not engage in because of the kind of emotional connection you have with them. The ability to be objective in that space may be diminished and that's why you wouldn't address closer friends or you wouldn't address close relatives like maybe a lover or a relative, employee, employer, instructor, a business partner or a friend. You keep away some of those counselling some of these people who are there in your life. Areas where boundaries may blur and this is something that is important for us to understand. Now some of these boundaries like we said are not really clear cut or maybe not really defined and these can be potential areas of problems that we need to pay close attention.  Next one is giving or receiving significant gifts or about overlapping relationships. Maybe this is someone you knew earlier, maybe as an acquaintance or as a person who's probably a member of the church and then they become a counsellor and that's why we said that it could be blurring of this or later a counselling becomes a friend of yours. And there again then it's important to re-establish your counselling relationship or physical contact. Maybe it's a person that like I said, it's a church member who is a person who's coming to you for counselling but then when you meet them in church maybe you will have a handshake or you may give them a hug. So we need to recognise that we need to be careful about how we respond to this because they may not be complete right from answers to this. Okay, what are certain boundaries or danger zones that we look at is when the counsellor over identifies with the counsellor's issues. When there is too much of an involvement or it's preoccupying your mind as a counsellor it continues to preoccupy your mind that you need to give them the best help or you're making the cause or you're making additional extra support and help to them. That's when you would know that you may be identifying with their issues or there's a strong attraction to the counsellor's personality or you spend time with the counsellor outside of your work or work area. There again it becomes an issue. Sharing too much of a personal information with the counsellor again becomes an additional problem because there again there's a lot of lines that get blurred. And this is something that I spoke about is transparency and counter transparency. So transparency is when there is a redirection of feelings about a specific person that maybe your counsellor is talking about onto someone else and this is usually the counsellor. So they are redirecting their feelings about what they feel about someone towards the counsellor. And that this becomes like a red flag. It's a dangerous zone because then there isn't again, there isn't objectivity. And counter-transference is the redirection of a counsellor's feelings towards the counselling. And both these areas is somewhere that maybe a counsellor needs to identify and move away from being in that helping relationship, move away and referring somewhere to somebody outside. That becomes an important issue there. Certain do's and don'ts when we are looking at boundaries is to be careful not to, so there are certain not to's. Not using gestures, tone of voice, expressions or any other behaviour that a counsellor could interpret as being demeaning or abusive either sexually or otherwise. Because this is something we need to respect culturally, right? Because we may not understand, especially if we are in a place where we have different cultures, what we may be doing like maybe sitting too close or holding a person's hand, all of that could be culturally very offensive in some cultures. So be extremely careful on how you display any form of a gesture or voice expression. Not making comments about a counsellor's body or clothing. That's an absolute no-no. Not engaging in inappropriate affectionate behaviour with a counsellor. Again that is something that is a no-no. Again others, not talking about your personal sexual preference or problems or fantasies. Not requesting a date with a counsellor, ensuring that whatever personal psychological needs that maybe a counsellor has that you meet it in other areas of your life, right? And not bring it on to the counsellor thereby bringing further damage. And it's important to maintain supervision or consultation relationships. It's always good to have a supervisor or someone to discuss some of the cases with or the counselling issues so that the counsellor gets the best kind of help through that. What do you do when you have a dual relationship? What is the role of a dual relationship? So basically something that you need to consider, what is dual relationship is what happens is that you're not just a counsellor but you're probably having another role with a counsellor, right? Maybe it's like a church member. Now some of these relationships can blur those boundaries. Now these blurring of boundaries often increases the risk of exploitation because sometimes the role becomes very very confused, right? So these dual relationships can involve the breakdown of proper professional or ministeral boundaries. So it exists when there are two or more roles are mixed in a manner that could probably harm the counselling relationship or the process of counselling. So this includes counselling as well as personal or business or financial or romantic relationships. So we need to understand that not all dual relationships are unethical. It is the counselling exploitation that is wrong, not the dual relationship of itself. So it remains like I said the responsibility of the counsellor to monitor and evaluate any potential harm to the counsellor. So that's why it needs to be taken care of very seriously. And I think this is when we're looking at these dual relationships sometimes these dual relationships are unavoidable. Like for example you and your counsellors belong to the same church or a counsellor lives in your neighbourhood or maybe they're working as a staff in your own organisation, right? Or your counsellor becomes like an employee in the same place that you're working. Now how do you deal with these unavoidable dual relationships? One, open an honest discussion with the counselling on the nature of your relationships and something that I remember that happened is there was a counsellor who had come to me and was holding a very high position in a certain organisation. Now it so happened that I have a friend in that organisation so once when I went to meet the person this my counsellor was sitting right in front in the next table and what I did I mean I had to I didn't acknowledge the person because this friend of mine knows that I'm a counsellor I didn't acknowledge the person at all but at the end of it when he finished his coffee he came up to me and he said hello to me and I just had a casual conversation later I sent him a message saying because I wanted to be careful that I didn't express my knowledge of you because I didn't want to put you at a difficult spot and then there was a perfect understanding he said I perfectly understand I thank you that you were cognisant of that so that open discussion with counselling on the nature of that relationship is very important be aware of threats to confidentiality so that's why you need to be careful maybe certain times counsellors may see you at a social setting they may not want to acknowledge you and you need to understand that that's fine because you need to understand your role as a professional to them so participating in that how you participate will really determine the outcome of it okay now just like a side note and I think this is important to understand is how these rules of ethics codes what is the application of it what is the exemption of it now pastors and unlicensed pastoral counsellors by regulation and by law now this is in an American standard they're not typically required to hold to the same standard of professional conduct as other practitioners but you definitely do recognize here that you have a moral and an ethical imperative that still exists as part of you being a Christian that ethical boundary that still exists so maybe not all of this may apply to each one of us but nevertheless there is a sense of imperative or an ethical need or a moral need that we have to ensure as part of our faith that we do not do anything that will cause a sense of decline or anything that will breach your counsellor's information or anything that will bring down their trust and trust towards you so here it is that kind of presented these considerations at these ethical boundaries now I am open to any kind of questions you may have and I think we have around 20 minutes if you don't have any questions I'd be glad to respond to that any questions? okay so I suppose that isn't anything so just maybe I think I just want to spend maybe 10 minutes and then we could probably close our call the first thing is just for those of you who have not finished your assessment please kindly do it by tomorrow after tomorrow there wouldn't be a correction so please ensure that you finish it I hope all of you are able to access it some of you are thinking there are 7 or 8 of you who have done it that's great but if there is anyone else who needs to complete the assessment please do that because without those marks you will not get your final marks to not go up so please ensure that you finish that okay that's fine secondly I just would like to one just to probably maybe there are 8 of us here I think on this call if there is anything that really caught your attention through this course that's one and any feedback I really would like any kind of a feedback that you all could give me and please make it constructive negative feedback is great because you can build on either in the content or the delivery or in whatever there is if you can provide a feedback that would be really helpful for students coming after this to really enhance the course whether it's being content in whatever way possible to ensure that we can build on the content, build on the delivery so two things one is just a word of how this has helped you or if it hasn't helped you that also is great and secondly any kind of feedback success I see that you have raised your hand would you like to ask a question yes it's a question good morning everyone an incident happened here in Nigeria a very notable pastor wearing the quarry style we are ministering we collected the mic and the pop in the service was going on and he said if we don't want to sing get out of the otter if we don't want to come early to church get out of the otter in such a way what kind of counseling can we give to those members who came for counseling so success I heard you saying that a pastor said if you cannot sing get up of your chair what he said yes why the ministration was actually going on it's a service period service time and coming out and pick up a mic and in presence of all the congregations telling the quarry style if you don't want to sing you get out of the otter if you come late to church you stop coming to the church and I was wondering because we are not brought up in that way so what kind of counseling because one of the members actually came and said this is what the pastor did but I am very very careful because this is a ministry of attention and actually I watched the video because it's everywhere so what kind of counseling can somebody give to such members who came to seek for counseling okay but I do understand success that they were at a church service counseling isn't it no yes it's a church service but after the church actually one of them came to me and said this is what happened what can I be able to how could you help them how could you help them now I get that I think what you are saying is that these are church members and the pastor was quite a brush or very strong they were not following certain things they were asked to leave the church and they were upset okay now I got that so I think in a situation like this it's important to especially the members have come to you one is yes to hear them out to really hear their pain point I am sure it has upset them it's discouraged them that maybe a pastor has tweeted or has spoken like this quite out rightly and for maybe certain things like coming late or if they are not singing that could probably seem you know quite minor and as a result of which is why maybe they are hurt so I think one of the good thing is to just hear them out just to bring them to a place of calm what we should be careful not to do is not to justify or what you say it's not to either justify or condemn the actions of the pastor that's not what we are there to do our our idea is to help the person whatever they are going through to really be able to share to come to a place of you know understanding what that meant to them and how they would like to move forward without any form of anger or resentment or hatred towards the pastor right so that's what something we should be careful about doing not to justify the action of the pastor or neither to condemn the action we stand as a neutral party even as we are talking so that's with the counseling maybe with the pastor if you do have some form of access it may be good to give a feedback without disclosing the name of the members who came to you that such and such people came to me for help because they were hurt maybe as an observer mentioning that probably some of the actions or some of the things that you observe the church service maybe we may need to re-look at our our response to someone who comes late to service our response to those who are not singing in service or who are not standing up in service whatever it may be that we may need to look at carefully of our response of how we react to some of these observations without really giving or disclosing the names of those who've come to you that may help a little bit but this may not be a counseling scenario nevertheless with the members of your church I think it's just hearing them out helping them to really discern and understand how they would like to respond without your involvement of either justifying or condemning the actions of the pastor I hope that helped success okay I hope that helped so Ken that I think there are seven of us on the call just quickly in a minute or two if you are one any kind of how this course has either helped you not helped you and any kind of feedback that you would have would be really helpful please we have just 10 minutes 10 to 15 minutes we could try and complete that yes Lubega please go ahead before this course thank you pastor before this course I thought I knew a bit of counseling but I saw that I really needed to go back to baby Kiras I'm so glad that you were able to see a lot more praise God for that yes Divya thank you ma'am am I audible thank you so much the course was so useful it was a great eye opener actually especially even if I'm not doing any professional counseling but even if interacting with people even in the family with our own spouses it has taught me a lot and I wish there was more time you know to really go in depth but really thankful for the course and it was amazing thank you for making it so interesting I know it could be sometimes you know point after point but you made it so interesting with all the K studies and really appreciate ma'am thank you so much thank you any feedback looking out so far as much feedback as possible yes success go ahead um thank you and thank you and thank you this is so oxon and so helpful I must tell you all my books all my course materials I utilize them everywhere and I'm so grateful I'm so grateful for having you as my lecturer and there is no cost to leave behind in the APC and by next session I'm going to recommend a lot of my church members to join oh lovely thank you thank you so much success thank you anybody else anyone else thank you so much pastor for this time of learning it's been for me it's been really a blessing because get to interact with a lot of people especially young people and also there are a lot of elderly people as well so it really helped me understand where do I stand where do how do we put in the the word especially I really enjoyed the session where we spoke about the body language and the thing that we personally need to be aware of while talking to others the language non-verbal communication and all that stuff really enjoyed that part because it really helped me as a person to connect with people and also to try and understand and also I think throughout this course I became a little more aware of myself where is my shortcoming and try and understand how I can be a better person in talking to others especially the temperament that we personally hold and when we interact with people we begin to understand where they are coming from not from you know a judgmental way and it's it's been a wonderful journey for me personally and thank you so much for that the case studies have been really really interesting and it makes a lot to think which is really helpful so maybe we could I think it's on the number are on point now the case studies that we have but in case if you would like to increase few more case studies that would be really helpful that's great thank you thank you so much Pastor John thank you anybody else okay great okay thank you so much I just would like to really add thank you so much for being a wonderful lot you have been a quiet lot but nevertheless I think there have been definite points of time that each of you all have given you know made me really think thank you so much because I think I really enjoy that it expands my understanding it expands me needing to really look into details so thank you so much really I haven't seen many of you in person but I just pray that at some point of time God brings that that we could meet each other in person and just exchange a prayer so thank you so much bless all of you if some of you are going into your next year pray that God really uses you and your ministry can we just close with a word of prayer before that also want to thank all those e-learning students thank you so much for your feedback for engaging with me through your discussion points some of you have really you know week after week I do see how much you are invested in learning and a prayer for all of you and rich blessings to each one of you wherever you are in your ministry and your family God bless each of you let me just close with a word of prayer Heavenly Father we just see how faithful you have been to us through these past months as we've tried to unpack this very important ministry God even is all of us are Lord a little bit better in knowing and understanding Father none of this makes sense without the power of the Holy Spirit over us Lord giving us discerning eyes and hearts and minds to really see deeper into the needs of people Father we pray God that you will bless each one of us you will give us those spiritual gifts of wisdom and knowledge as we talk and as we share give us your heart God as we interact with our families with people our friends those who are members of our church maybe even counseling is at a more greater professional level Father we just we need your grace and your mercy your love passion Lord yet Father to be firm and to be to be instructional in the places that you have called us to be Father a Lord enhance our knowledge enhance our skill enhance our ability most of all Holy Spirit we pray that our focus and our eyes are on you even as we minister that we will hear from you we will know from you God what are the right things to say what not to say thank you God Lord I pray for each student here all my students and on the e-learning portal Father each of them I place them to your throne of grace wherever they are at as in whatever they do God that you will expand God their areas of influence and their area of impact Father make them Lord run ambassadors for you thank you once again we ask God that your presence and your power be over us in Jesus precious name I pray Amen thank you all so much God bless and we shall meet at some point of time Divya may I just request you to stay back while while the rest of us speak in business thank you okay thank you