In today's video, we are going to talk about a lovable cat that is capable of being a quiet companion and an energetic playmate at the same time. This breed is generally friendly to everyone. The Himalayan cat. The Himalayan, or Hemi for short, is a Persian cat in a Siamese costume. The Himalayan cat is a man-made breed, established by mixing Persians with Siamese. Unlike its parent breeds, the Persian and the Siamese, which are considered natural breeds. The main goal of the breeders were to bring out the color points and blue eyes of the Siamese. In 1931, breeders started working towards this objective, specifically to decide how the color point gene was passed on. Cat breeder Virginia Cobb and Harvard Medical School researcher Clyde Keeler, produced long-haired cats with the distinctive color point genes of the Siamese, through selective breeding, over long periods of years. The first kitten to be called a Himalayan was labeled the debutante of Newton. This is a cat that is moderate size. Typically, Himalayans have a weight category of 7 to 12 pounds. The breed is known to have heavy bones, a one-knit body and a short tail. It possesses short legs and a long, thick, and glossy coat. The Himalayan's most stunning features are its broad head and its large, round, vivid blue eyes. For the Himalayans, there are two facial types, extreme and traditional. Although the current show trend is toward a more extreme facial type, cats of this type are more prone to health problems and genetic disorders. Since then, pet owners are recommended by the TCA, also known as the traditional cat association, to only adopt traditional, or dull-faced Himalayan cats. The Himalayan is considered to be a breed that communicates in abundance, compared to that of the Persian. Although this breed is a lot more active than its natural predecessors, they are known to be a lot quieter than the Siamese. This uncommon combination of personality traits make the Himalayan a perfect indoor companion. Even though these cats are gentle and peace-loving, they still need to have fun, physical activities, in which they can release their stored energy. The Himalayan is also known for playing games such as fetch and getting into a lot of mischiefs, amazingly though the simplest toy, or even a single piece of paper will keep it entertained. Besides that, a Himalayan may become highly attached to its owner, needing constant attention and pampering. That is one thing that you really need to keep a note of, in terms of the breed's personality. Both pedigreed cats and mixed-breed cats have varying incidences of health problems that may be genetic in nature. Health complications can't easily be avoided, especially for breeds that are genetically altered by man. While breeds like these are attractive and sweet they are prone to a number of potential health issues, most commonly related to their physical structure. Here are the most common diseases related to this breed. 1. Breathing difficulty, or noisy breathing caused by constricted nostrils. 2. Dental malocclusions, meaning the teeth don't mesh well together. 3. Excessive fluid from the eyes. 4. Eye conditions such as cherry eye, and tropion, and progressive retinal atrophy. 5. Feline hyperesthesia syndrome, a nervous system disorder. 6. Heat sensitivity. 7. Polycystic kidney disease. 8. Predisposition to ringworm, a fungal infection. 9. Seboria oleosa, a skin condition that causes itchiness, redness, and hair loss. Knowing all of these ailments, will drastically help you and your companion in the long run. Now we are done discussing the possible health risks, it's also important to keep a note of the following ways you can take care of your Himalayan cat. The most important thing to understand about caring for a Himalayan, is the need for daily grooming. That long, beautiful coat doesn't stay clean, and tangle free on its own. Another factor to consider, is the litter box issue. Litter may become lodged in a Himalayan's paws or coat. Be sure to always have a clean litter box, to avoid bacterial born diseases. It's a good idea to keep a Himalayan as an indoor only cat. Lastly, it is very important to regularly visit your local veterinarian, for health consultations. Doing all of these, will ensure that your Himalayan cat will live a very long and healthy life. If you enjoyed this video, kindly press the like button as it greatly helps out the channel. Also don't forget to subscribe with notifications on for more videos like this. Thank you for watching.


Hey everybody, if you follow me on social media lately or you've been paying attention on my YouTube channel you know, I'm obsessed with making paperclips and This is just a sampling of the ones I've made lately stored in this little storage book Generally these ones that are in here are a Three inch paperclip. I think yeah, there are three inch paperclip Decorated On the front side these are sort of Mixed media assemblage type Little works of art And I've already done a couple of videos on these how I do the paper clips inspired by Lollipalooza and people over in her paperclip art Facebook group which I will link both in the description below both Lollie's channel and the Facebook group So I'm not going to show you how to do the paper clips today But what I am going to show you is how I made this little storage book I posted the little storage book and I got so many comments on it And so I'm going to share with you how I did it. It's actually very very very simple As you can see it will hold A 16 paper clips Yeah, 16 paper clips and these are again the three inch paper clips. They're pretty dimensional I've made some that are more dimensional But these are pretty dimensional and it will hold fairly comfortably 16 paper clips Does it poke out a little bit? Yes But I have this elastic hair band that I put here like this and that keeps it closed nice and closed And it fits nicely on the shelf now This is what it looks like without the paper clips in it. This is one that I haven't put anything in and you can hear it yet Hasn't been broken in yet So this is what it looks like I'm going to show you how I did this now You're going to need a reader's digest condensed book. That's what I use to make these the cover It's a nice size cover. I remember to grab a ruler It's a nice size cover that measures Seven and one two three four five sixteenths no five eighths, sorry by about five and eight to here and Then the spine is about one and three-quarters inches ish One and a half One and a half so the spine is about one and a half inches I think that's a good size for not only storing your paper clips, but maybe you're going to do a swap with somebody It's kind of a nice thing to fill it up with paper clips and then mail them The whole book full of paper clips that would be cute and then you could just store them on your bookshelf Now I didn't do anything to the spine Will I later maybe I kind of like the idea that it's sort of a hidden little collection of artworks on your on your Bookshelf nobody even knows it's there until they go to pull it off and maybe read it and realize there's no book guts in there It's full paper clips So I'm going to show you how I did that I went back to the thrift store and I got another Readers digest condensed book. This is a little this cover on this one's a little bit different You can see that these have This fancy paper and this one doesn't have that which is fine But the size and the spine are the same They're the same size So the first thing you're going to do when you get your book is we're going to cut the guts out So you're going to need an X-Acto knife or a straight edge And we are going to go here Okay, we're going to go in here and We're going to slice carefully the paper here Lightly gently you don't want to cut through the book spine. You just want to cut the paper That's holding the book block in the text block.  Don't cut the spine See the first one's usually the hardest one to get out Now with the next one you can just sort of pull all of this business out of your way until you just see the paper so if you like to collage with text or Print on text like with your jelly plate then this comes in handy If not, and you don't do any of that then you could just put this in your recycle bin. It is paper So it's recyclable What we really want is this part So I'm going to let me grab a pair of scissors and I'm going to clean up this a little bit To get rid of some of this drag we bits. There we go Okay, that's a good start So now we're going to take some of this canvas Messy canvas and we're going to just cut a piece That is the width here of the spine from fold to fold or crease to crease plus about another inch Very straight Okay, that is not straight in the least a little bit. So let's straighten that up Shall we these aren't my fabric scissors and I'm sitting down, which is a funny angle to cut fabric But there we go That's better. Okay Now we want to have it be about the same Length as this fancy paper inside the book cover. So I want to cut it to about there You notice I'm not measuring anything, right? I will be but You can just eyeball this. It's fine. That's good. That's close enough All right We need a garbage can holy cow already. We're only like two minutes in The next thing we want to do before we do anything else is we're going to fold this piece of fabric in half Give it a finger-pressed crease and Then mark not with that use a pen Darken the dark in the the crease with a pen Then you want to measure out from that fold About a half an inch On either side then connect your two line two little marks With a straight edge and you want that your piece of fabric to look like that Set that aside Okay, now We're gonna get to the pages the signature So to make the signatures inside of our paperclip storage book We're gonna use file folders.  I had them so I used them They worked out really well actually and you want to cut so we're gonna cut The main part of the page to seven and a half by Five and we're gonna preserve the fold here. We're gonna preserve that so That part's kind of important oops bump the camera Okay, so I have this Cutter and this is nice because I can set this Two seven and a half I'm going to put the fold of the file folder up against the guide back here Push it up tight Push it up square this way So now we have this Then we're going to change this to five And we're gonna put these in this time our fold is here against this guide And we're cutting off the extra width remember.  It's important So you should be left with something that looks like this Okay Then we have those two scraps That have the fold right Let's cut those to five Again preserving the fold Put that down for safety. We have these two bands and this is what the paperclip slides on These bands are two inches So we're going to move our guide to two inches or they're about We want to take our short pieces preserving the fold We're going to basically cut them to two inches So we have two I'm sorry four of these pieces You want these two pieces That again are seven and a half by five and then you want four of these That are five by two Now if you're going to do a tag Um, you could do these the same way but the positioning on the page and the way you're going to assemble It's going to be a little different which I will show you and some of it's going to depend on how big your tags are Because you could use you could do this with tags. All right, then the next thing we're going to need is our book cover our piece of fabric our pages And some book binding tools. So I have some cording Just wax cotton cording. It's nothing fancy I'm going to use my book binding cokey tool And I have a book binding my favorite book binding needle in here in this little this is a um Accessory kit that came with a book binding tool that I have but I like keeping my basic book binding tools in here It's very I've found that it's very handy. So All right Now I'm not one for measuring this part. I just go for it.  I'm not measuring anything. I'm just eyeballing it Nobody's going to see this Nobody's going to know. All right, I'm going to take our cording back off the nice long piece write our needle I really should put my glasses on for this So I can see what I'm doing, but it'd be a little sharper if I have my glasses. So hang on just one second Okay glasses are at hand Alrighty So now we're going to go into the center hole of one of our little folders And we are going to line Our folder up with our fabric making sure that Any part of it that hangs over the edge on the top and bottom is equal distance From here and here that they're they're eyeballed. They're about the same Again, just eyeballing you don't have to I mean if you want to measure it by all means, but you don't have to So I'm going to just hold it in place And then I'm going to use a little binder clip I also have the fold up against that pen line that I made I'll show you in just a minute Okay So I have that About centered vertically and it's up against that pen line I've got the needle sticking in the center hole. I'm going to poke it through the fabric And pull I'm going to leave I don't know a couple inches two three inches on the inside Then I'm going to pick one of those outside holes And I'm going to go up through The fabric on the pen line and then through the hole in the paper Pull it tight hold this so it doesn't pull all the way out pull it tight though Then go out the other hole and make sure the needle's going on the pen line Pull kind of tight and then go back up into that center hole This is your basic pamphlet stitch So go through the fabric and then I'm going to put one And if the thread under this center String on one side and the tail end on the other side. I'm going to pull tight And then I'm going to tie it in a knot Twice and then I'm going to trim it down There we go When you're done Should look like that So we're going to do that to the other one and the other one's going to go over here on this line So again, we're going to line it up and this time we have Besides eyeballing the top and bottom space also make sure That this edge lines up with the paper that you already the page that you already sewed in And then hold it down open it And use your clips to clip everything together There we go Repeat the stitching process that you just did the same way Just like that Now you have something that looks like this Yeah, okay, so before we put it in the book Now we're going to assemble our page and then put it in the book Which is the opposite of how I did the first two by the way, but this is easier if you do it this way So do as I say not as I do All right, so you're going to need some double stick tape You could glue this if you don't have double stick tape, but the tape is easier You don't have to wait for anything to dry So put a piece on one side on the top and bottom And then along this edge push it down Back in paper up and then close the other side of the page and push You've just sealed that knot inside and created a double double strength layer of Folder cardstock So we're going to do the same thing to the other side. This is easier So you're going to need two of your shorter pieces for each page You're going to put the fold over this taped together edge And you're going to position it so it's about a half an inch from the top and a half an inch from the bottom Approximately that was pretty good eyeballing on my part, but that won't happen twice push oops Push it down pretty firmly And then put a binder clip to hold it in place like that Then we're going to take some more of our double stick tape And we're going to put it on this short end You probably could do this before you put them on here Now that I just thought of that that's probably a smart idea I think I thought of that when I was making any other two and then I just forgot Oops Okay, then once you have the tape on there Press it in good and then remove the back of paper And push it down and do the other side and remove your binder clips And you have a page with two bands on it with with which you can hold paper clips now If you're going to do tags Then you probably want to put a piece of tape here to hold it on this edge But then you probably want to put one across the bottom to make it a shallow pocket that you can just slide the tag in And if your tags are big Then you might only be able to get one band on each page for your tags So that's an idea. I actually had late last night on these two Let's be smarter about this and let's tape these up now It's always the last one that doesn't want to come off. There we go Okay, take your clips off And now you have something that looks like this With the bands Yeah, but now we've got to get it in here So we're going to glue it in So this is where you need something like yes paste and you need some a bunch you need four binder clips um The big ones are the best clips and I use these really only for doing things like this Watch me only have three That would be like so typical All right, let me see if I can find one more. Hang on got some in the spares drawer. Okay, you're going to need Four of these bigger ones. I really only use these for things like this, but they do work really well for it Um, and you're going to need a really strong glue that doesn't dry too quickly Something like yes paste Um, but pva glue would work but something that's going to hold this Canvas in securely because this canvas is what's holding your signatures in your cover So you want something that's going to be pretty secure so We need a palette knife And my yes paste which I hope I can get open. Oh, yay. Hey, that was way too easy It's usually not that easy mine's getting a little bit thick Uh, yes paste is water soluble. So I'm gonna Put some water in there Just mix it up a little bit just thins it out a little bit, which is fine Makes it a little easier to spread so I'm going to spread it on the spine and about one inch out on each side of the cover front and back Now these pages don't have a right side up They could go either way. So when you glue it in you don't need to be worried about which side is up and which side is down Doesn't matter Have a wet rag or a baby wipe handy This paste is really sticky and you can Wipe off What gets out everywhere. I'm really Okay, there we go So now we're going to take our signature signatures our pages and we are going to Eyeball it again where eyeballing it lining it up with the middle Yes paste takes a long time to dry So if You don't get it placed exactly right the first time. It's totally fine This is where before you get too far into it do yourself a favor and put at least one of these On each page so they don't fall down and get pasty and icky I'm going to grab a clean palette knife And I'm going to push the canvas into The paste on both sides Any parts that seem like they don't have enough paste There's nothing underneath there You can grab a little bit and put it under there Okay, and I can do this and check Looks pretty good looks Can't see looks pretty good Push push push it into the glue. This takes a long time to dry So once you get to this point you're going to want to let it set overnight to dry Because it's going to take a while to dry Before you set it aside and just let it dry you want to Take a baby wipe and wipe away any glue that's sticking out anywhere If you've gotten some on your pages wipe it off before it dries It it won't stay sticky once it dries That's how you know it's dry all the way with yes paste. It's not sticky anymore While it's wet supremely sticky stuff If you've worked with it before you know exactly what I mean. So just take your baby wipe like this and wipe away any Yes paste is just out in a place where it shouldn't be Okay, then take your other two binder clips and put them Like this and it What they're just doing is they're acting as a temporary stand for the pages to hold the pages upright While everything dries once it dries you're good to go and you are good to See a little bit of glue You're good to store your paper clips or fill it up with paper clips and share them with a friend So once it's dry It'll look like this And then you can fill it up with your clips and you're good to go It's exactly how I made this one So I hope that gives you some ideas of what you can do to store your paper clips and or share them I think it's a cute idea and these little these books aren't so big that they take up a ton of room In your library or your art space. They are just the perfect size. I think so that's all for today If you want to join lolly's um facebook group or watch her youtube channel and see what she's doing In regards to art and her paper clips. I will link both in the description below. I am So excited by her group. It's keeping me Very inspired right now and I don't see me stopping making paper clips or tags anytime soon It did lead to me making art tags, which is something I've done before Um, but I had set aside for a while and her paper clips re-inspired that so I'm doing both at the moment Um, but it's a lot of fun. So I will probably be selling The one that is full of paper clips I am going to go through and sign said paper clips, which I haven't done yet And listing it in my sd shop if you're interested Um DM me, uh either You can use my email address, which is in The description of the video or you if you're friends with me on facebook or over in one of the art groups with me You can message me on facebook And ask me about it. I have not listed it yet and I have to take the paper clips out and sign them all Um, but I will probably be selling that. I'm continuing making paper clips And I do let go of them reluctantly but because I love them, but I do think I'm going to sell that I may sell these two extra covers too. So again, if you're interested, let me know damn me. Um What else if you want to follow me on social media and see what paper clips I'm making or tags or whatever other creative things I'm getting up to every day Um, or support the free content here on youtube and over in the facebook art groups You can definitely do that and I welcome that Click on the link tree list of links in the description below And when you do that, you're going to find a whole bunch of places where you can find me on the internet So check that out. Don't forget to like share and subscribe go over to loli blues's channel and show her some love and That's it for today. Go out and have a great day And do something nice for yourself because you deserve it And I'll see you later. Bye guys


This patient will never know that his destiny lies in the expertise of a man 9,400 kilometers away. The 19-year-old took a bullet to the leg. Neither the surgeon nor a visiting British doctor in Syria has expertise in peripheral nerve damage. So in the midst of war, they are consulting via Skype with Dr. Abdamajid Khatranji, a hand surgeon in Michigan. Dr. Khatranji volunteered at the same hospital during his visits to Syria. I've operated in a kitchen, I've operated in a warehouse, a granary, converted school. The northern Syria hospital has been bombed three times including this near hit, caught on tape. The doctors want a no-fly zone over all hospitals. They say the death of one doctor knocks out an entire health care system. Dr. Jomah is the director. His operating room works around the clock, 10 surgeries a day, many with assistance from overseas. Sometimes we get sophisticated cases so we consult with doctors in the West and soon we will have an intensive care unit and radiology. Khatranji and other U.S. doctors monitor as many as five surgeries a day in different field hospitals. Next he consults on a baby with shrapnel wounds. Doctors find themselves playing God, deciding who should die and who should live based solely on the lack of supplies. Khatranji thinks people should see the Syrian conflict through a surgeon's eyes. As people hear all the political noise, they really have to eliminate it and start looking at the human equation, you know, what's the human equation here. You just heard a doctor who said he doesn't look at people's ID badges. He just needs to be able to deliver care and to be able to deliver care safely. In his office, Khatranji runs a hectic hand practice and he weaves in Syrian assistance when he can. This woman caught her finger in a chain. Is that painful? Just a little bit. Doctor Khatranji has the staff tape the quick procedure, then they upload it to Syria. He says field doctors typically cut off fingertips to save time. He wants to show them they don't have to. The benefit of having all your fingers, even fingertips, as far exceeds the challenges with an amputation. In between patients, he joins a Syrian Facebook discussion. This is Turkey inside Syria, Jordan, Lebanon. What are they telling you? They're discussing the chemical weapons. Then he joins a conference call to lobby U.S. Congressman Keith Ellison, urging him to vote for U.S. intervention.  His practice is running late. So it was stiff most of the day, but it's feeling much better right now. Another check of his iPhone. His medical assistance is needed again. Syria is calling. In East Lansing, Michigan, Carolyn Presuti, VOA News.


Let us continue with our understanding a little deeper about the protocols and interfaces. Now we are going to look at the most important functionality of mobile broadband networks that is mobility management. We'd see the role of DHCP and how the DHCP server is managed within the evolved packet core. What is the concept of anchoring at the gateway level and the concept of access at the gateway level. So our scope again here is the serving gateway, the packet gateway together. These can be implemented in a conjoined manner known as the system architecture evolution gateway. As you can see here it is now shown through a dotted block that contains two sub blocks as packet gateway and the serving gateway. So we'd look at the functionality with regards to the mobility management entity that we have earlier discussed. So mobility management essentially means managing IP addresses because each user equipment is supposed to have an IP address. Now since each IP address has two parts, mainly the network ID and the host ID. So if we are interested in changing the network from one network premises or jurisdiction to another because the user equipment is mobile. So the IP network is going to change correspondingly the network part as well as the host part is going to change. Of course there is provision both in version 4 of IP and IP version 6. Together the serving gateway and the packet gateway achieve this by defining the scope of their functionalities. DHCP or the dynamic host configuration protocol is of course essential in implementing the assignment leasing and rolling of the IP addresses for a certain administrative domain. So here for this particular scenario in the evolved packet core of the system architecture evolution, the packet gateway is responsible for IP address allocation. The DHCP server is either located next to the packet gateway or it is integrated within the packet gateway because essentially packet gateway is a server. Server is a software component so like a packet gateway software component the DHCP server could also be installed on to the same hardware system. Now the serving gateway in the presence of the DHCP server at the packet gateway acts more or less like a relay agent. So it means on behalf of the user equipments it forwards the DHCP requests and the replies from the packet gateway. So this results into the smooth and transparent assignment of IP addresses to the user equipment. So it means the user equipments may not necessarily be in one hop distance from the packet gateway. Now the packet gateway acts as a mobility anchoring point. This scope of mobility anchoring for the packet gateway is defined because now we are expecting the user or the mobile phone to be moving across the non 3GPP IP connectivity access networks as we discussed earlier like ITF and IEEE standards as well. Now the concept of mobility anchor gateway is something that we need to understand. Now as we just discussed in the last slide the anchoring point is where the user equipment actually can cross the traffic from one technology to the other technology. The gateway is something that sits at relatively higher level and provides interoperability in literal sense. So the packet gateway now acts as a mobility anchor gateway at a more local level. It means since it's a gateway so it means it is going to terminate the signaling which is related to IP version 6 especially for the proxy mobile IP version 6. Likewise this particular proxy mobile IP version 6 signaling is in the control plane. If we look at the data plane or the user plane the IP version 4 IP version 6 tunneling that is IP in IP which takes place at the user plane. The traffic is terminated at the packet gateway. So since the responsibility of the packet gateway is now elevated at a more anchoring gateway level so the home agent of the proxy mobile IP version 6 is also naturally located in packet gateway. A point that just relates to the scope of a packet gateway is since packet gateway is the most important element in achieving interoperability for 3GPP, LTE and non 3GPP radio access network technologies. So it has to provide the anchoring functionality, the gateway functionality and even the router functionality that we see here that is mobile access gateway. You can call it MAG. The MAG is again placed in packet gateway for proxy mobile IP version 6. This acts like an access router and you know access routers are connected to the core routers. The access routers are a bridge between the user equipment or the customer premises side and the core network. So as a mobile access gateway packet gateway now manages signaling which is related to mobility for the user equipment which is directly connected to the access links. The access link actually is a radio thing so that is why the protocol understanding of the radio has to be incorporated at the packet gateway. When we refer to the diagram shortly we will see what does it mean. So using the signaling the user equipment can be tracked in whatever ran or radio access network jurisdiction the user equipment is currently moving about in and then correspondingly it is used to signal mobility related information for the user equipment to the arriving or to the ran in which the user equipment is soon going to be entering. For non 3GPP IP connectivity access networks they have to implement the MAG functionality by emulating it. By emulation it means they have to make the functionality of MAG somehow possible either connecting to the packet gateway or at their own. Since we know for most of the traffic that enters from the user equipment towards the internet through the evolved packet core is sent through the serving gateway to the packet gateway and this is typically known as a home routed implementation. It means that the traffic is coming from the home towards the internet. Now in this case the serving gateway can actually implement the local mobility anchoring gateway and the mobility access gateway at its own. Let's refer to the diagram so that we can understand the role of different gateways collect in a complete diagram. Here you can see that whenever the user equipment has to send data through the packet switched interface to the evolved packet core it can opt from one of these technologies. As far as LTE, LTEA is concerned there's no problem because we have E node B home E node B and the like. However the scenarios that we have just discussed are actually referring to the non 3GPP user equipment such as IEEE and ITF compliant standards. Now you see there is an interface defined between the non 3GPP radio access network and the packet gateway. Likewise for the 2G networks we have the connection through the SGSN that is the serving gpr support node through the serving gateway to the packet gateway even through the mobility management entity to the packet gateway. So the point that we understand is that this packet gateway is now the highest level of gateway which is providing cross connectivity between these different technologies by acting as an anchoring gateway and as an access gateway. The serving gateway can provide certain level of anchoring however its scope is limited.


Dear students, I welcome you in the course of Leadership, Emotional Intelligence and Decision Making. This is module number 249 and the topic and the discussion is how to generate ideas. Remember, idea generation is a very unique phenomena, in which we try new ideas, implement them and learn from the outcome which idea is workable and which is not and no doubt we are going to learn from our mistakes. To generate ideas, there are different guidelines which we have to focus upon and we can better decide what will be the feasible course of action for us. As Albert Einstein once said, that to raise new questions, new possibilities to regard old problem from a new angle requires creative imagination and without this imagination we will not be able to perceive a new idea or implement it. So we need to see all the perspectives of the problem from different viewpoints, different evaluation parameters, this is very important. For this purpose, sometimes we have to go for certain brainstorming sessions and in brainstorming sessions, these are the guidelines that we have to focus upon. For example, during the brainstorming, we have to suspend judgment, which means give imagination the green light by withholding the critical evaluation of ideas until later, except ideas without judging them. So we have to generate ideas first, so that everyone can present their ideas better and no group thinker during the brainstorming is not there. The second is welcome freewheeling, which means take off the brakes in your mind and go with flow of your ideas. The more unusual the idea, the better. It is easier to tone down than think up. So it will be very important for us not to take our mind from ourselves in that block, we should not stop it, we should let it stay open freewheel, whatever thought you are making, whatever thought you are triggering, you should express it so that your unique thought process can reach to some creative ideas which is going to create optimum outcomes for us. So we have to strive for quality. And strive for quality, the greater the number of oysters, the more likely that you find some pearl in them. So the more alternatives you have, the more options you have, the more chances that you will be able to achieve the right decision. The next step would be combine and improve, which means listen to the ideas of others, see if you can build on them. Their way out ideas may stimulate some buried memories or sleeping brain cells in your depth mind. So activating your depth mind is very important for us. Similarly, do not edit, that is another guideline in the brainstorming and which says that ideas should not be elaborated or defended, just quickly stated and recorded. So that we can do more creativity. To activate your depth mind, no doubt we need to have more ideas. And the more ideas there are, the broader your vision will be, the more you will be able to think about and examine the holistic things on a big canvas. Dear students, if we conclude everything, then in decision making, most of the time we will need brainstorming sessions. No doubt, we are also available with other techniques, which can be nominal group technique, which can be Delphi technique, which we use in group decision making. But along with that, use any technique. We have to remember that you can trigger your depth mind, you can originate your thinking process, you can trigger it, promote it, support it. And remember that during these decision making processes, you will have to be emotionally intelligent. Thank you.


Well, I'm gonna I'm gonna sit down for this section But my name is Scott Ogden by focus here at CSIS on global trends analysis, and I work with some of their groups here in the audience So urbanization is one of these things that I've been thinking about for a long time and you could actually take a much longer view of it I mean if you go back to the beginning of the 20th century We only had 10% of the planet living in cities in 2007 2008 We finally hit 50% living in cities and that's gonna probably get somewhere in the 60s Maybe 62 66 between now and the middle of the century So we're looking at some major change still in terms of how much we're urbanizing Some things that are important to think about there Is a lot of economic action happens in the cities. It's 75% of global GDP is stuff that's coming from cities So if you're looking at these longer term trends one of the things you'll see right away Is that cities are obviously focus area in terms of long-term economic policies? Mega cities how many of you are familiar with mega cities big cities on the planet, right? There's a few of them today. We have 28 of them on the planet today The UN has it at about 43 by 2030. I have it at 56 in 2035 so you're gonna see a lot of these big cities These are cities that have 10 million or more people living in them at that period of time And so we might get to the point where we need to redefine what a mega city is again Because maybe 10 million is too low and there's so many cities on that list to pay attention to There's a lot of cities you could pull out that are really I think worth looking at the ones the military I think obviously you're interested in a lot of development experts are interested in DACA Legos another we might want to add as a kinshasa all three of those cities have increased 40 times in size since 1950 Rapid rapid urbanization And what's really important to see there is it actually triggers a lot of some of the challenges you see when you get down to Violence crime etc because rapid urbanization actually leads to quite a few of those factors it creates slums So if you look across the planet these you see a lot of these spaces where the infrastructure is not so great Maybe the government's not as as connected to the society as it should be in some of those spaces And they can be really small like little fishing villages in Legos that the police decide that they don't want to go into They could be in Mumbai, Cairo, Karachi, Nairobi, Mexico City all of them have slums of over a million people In fact you can look at some areas in India where if you combine elements inside the states of India You can actually find 60% of a particular state that's basically slums So one thing that's really important in this conversation is as you look at urbanization rates We're gonna urbanize quickly and we have actually urbanized quite a bit over the 20th century already But it's really trying to figure out what do you do with these new spaces? How do you develop them in slightly different ways? So something that Bob would be very proud of me for saying is that governance matters something he's been harping on for a long time here at CSIS is as you look at the approaches that we do for development policy you know a few other areas is a lot of times we have formal and informal in our minds and We look at the informal or things that we think are informal structures and we try to formalize them It doesn't always work Because one of the things you find out quickly is if you look at these more informal structures Is they end up providing a lot of the services in that area and that's where you start seeing a lot of the Illegal activity also taking place or what we define as sometimes illegal activity taking place to sort of fill in the gap in governance So sort of a formal informal maybe a hybrid structure trying to think through what the government's models are How do you decentralize in ways in which you can provide services in those regions? Lots of trends we could pull out that worth looking at Long-term implications of climate change food and water and security if you're interested in water by the way USAID just came out with a new toolkit on water. That's worth looking at I just looked at it this morning You can maybe throw in migration issues and that's actually kind of an area where we need to improve some analysis Because we have sort of squishy numbers in terms of how people are migrating across the planet We don't really have a really good Approach I think are really good methodology into terms of looking at the longer-range trends in terms of how people are migrating across the planet Gender lots of things you could say about gender. I'll just pick on the guys because I'm a guy Men 20 to 29 tend to take Work in these areas, and I think it's really important to think about the impact of youth If you have to question about youth make sure to ask Nicole golden in the back because I know she does that a lot of work on youth But there's a lot of really interesting things we should thinking about obviously if you don't provide jobs in these areas It's gonna lead to some more free time and the ability to go out and do some of the activities that we should be talking about today And then the last thing that's worth really talking about here in the space is who takes charge in this environment One of the things I've been frustrated on and looking at this longer-term trends Same thing you see in human Humanitary assistance and disaster relief who takes charge in the US government on some of these issues Who's the sort of main point person looking at the problems of urbanization? I think there's a lot of groups that need to be involved because the first thing that you sort of describe in this space It's very complicated. It's not just looking at some specific economic policies that fix the environment It's maybe even bringing architects who are thinking about designing some of these spaces So it's a really complicated area to get into who takes over in that role in the US government But that's sort of the big drivers that I see and there's all sorts of other things We could get into what are the push and pull factors that we see going forward But those are the big drivers that I see sort of shaping our planet over the next 20 or 30 years in terms of Urbanization and some of the violence that it might bring morning everybody Nice to see some friendly faces You're all friendly faces I just want to start with a caveat that I am absolutely not an expert in urban violence and I would also like to add I don't think there's really anybody who should honestly say they're experts in urban violence Because I think this is something we're all beginning to struggle with but I just like to Second point is why do we care about urban violence in places like Legos or Karachi or Tegucigamba where I live? Why does that matter? Creating spaces of lawlessness. We're all interconnected. I think about that CNN lady. What happens over here Impacts over here. That really is true and that was hit home Saturday reading the Washington Post and 13 members of MS-13 a Latin American gang indicted in northern Virginia Now this is one of the two main gangs in Honduras in El Salvador and in Guatemala So what happens in Karachi really has in urban violence as an effect on all of us I just want to make two points today really two points one is you need to be very clear as to the problem You're trying to solve this sounds really logical, but it's astounding how often we chase after symptoms instead of the problem and also We need to be able to learn this is a field. We don't know much about it and as soon as we learn about it It's already changed so we need to have ways to Get in it do carry out some experiments to analyze those experiments learn Document share that information and then shake and repeat and over and over and over This is something that we as institutions as government we need to be able to have this ability Really quick. What is urban violence in Honduras look like it's primarily in three cities. They're not mega cities They're tiny little cities of about a million people Homicide is the homicide rate in Honduras is the highest in the world It primarily takes place in low-income slums, but low-income unplanned chaotic Places that are have very very poor services and very little presence of the government, especially as security forces In Honduras 70 to 80 percent of this astoundingly high Homicide rate are caused by gangs primarily the two gangs ms-13 and 18th Street Young men are the primary perpetrators and victims Almost 80 percent are gun related Here's a really terrible statistic if you're living in one of these low-income areas 98% of the murders in Honduras or any crime in general, but specifically murders are go unpunished So there's 98% impunity rate People don't trust the police who are sworn to bring law and order and even if they did the gangs are in a much better Position to impose their will than the police. They have more guns. They got better communication equipment They have better transport. They have better everything. So it's a pretty grim scenario. So that's Honduras and I think you could Karachi we had somebody from Pakistan recently with us. It is so much more complicated in Karachi It is so much more complicated. So learn learn learn. So getting clarity as the as of the problem I often think about this as I show up at the doctor. I have a really bad cough. He gives me cough syrup The problem I have is tuberculosis. He didn't touch that. He went after the symptom and so often we do that I Learned this in Columbia where the Colombians spent Four decades chasing after the the FARC gorillas and chasing after coca as the two main problems turns out They were not the problems. They were the symptoms of the problem The problem was and they learned this after a year of analysis Was that there were vast parts of the country that were ungoverned and that permitted the FARC and the coca to be present So once they figured out reshape the problem, which was lack of state presence then they could Come with the solution which was state presence. So getting to Honduras. We were very clear We need to be clear as to what the problem is. We quickly pulled together two focus groups One of civil society one of international community. Tell us what that what is causing the violence We heard a whole bunch of stuff. It was education. It's poverty. It's high unemployment It's family violence is high levels of inequality. It's weak institutionality. I'm thinking can't be all those But most of those are got to be symptoms. Let's just take a simple one a very logical one Which you made reference to I'm a young man. I can't get a job And I live in an area that's flooded with guns and drugs and I'm extorting people are extorting Of course my logical solution is going to be to turn to that except next door Nick at Agua is even poorer than Honduras has a just as high an unemployment rate and they have a Homicide rate that's only slightly above the United States. So it's not a direct cause and effect unemployment and Poverty do not lead inexorably to to violence. So what is it? We ended up settling on institutionality coming back to the 98% impunity rate. The police can't do their job But they have to do their job. So we thought we decided that for us. It's going to be bringing helping Bring to a very local level the state institutions specifically looking at the police and the justice sector What are the challenges that we face and that I think we as development practitioners dealing in urban violence phase One is a big one is well-financed criminals are always going to be two five eight steps ahead of us They're learning faster. They're their business models are much more efficient. So we're always behind The security and justice sectors are constrained by rule of law if you're a bad guy And I don't like your look because you're my problem We can't do that as Davoma workers. So that puts us another step behind the criminals We tend to think linear as human beings. We think in cause and effect and That is a really good thing if you're looking at measles or food security or getting girls into school If we put in some technical assistance and some inputs this will inexorably lead to that But unfortunately the systems we're dealing with are complex and what happens over here Certainly will have an impact over there, but it's going to go through a series of gears and shifts and clouds to get over there It's very complex. We think as human beings in cause and effect. We as Institutions think in cause and effect. That's a big challenge to us another big challenge is related to cause and effect is If the problem is ninety a percent impunity, why don't we make them more like us and how do we do that? we give them computers and cars and training and we get new laws and They'll become more like us the Woodrow Wilson Center recently did a study two billion dollars over 20 years in Latin America of Rule of law assessment rule of law assistance and reform almost nothing to show for it because the problem is not It's not technical. It's a political problem We as institutions have a hard time dealing politics. It's so much better dealing with technical stuff. So that's a big challenge we have and the last one I want to mention as a challenge is that Once we come up with a solution in Honduras, it's not going to be that useful anywhere else because It's very different Karachi is very different than to goosey gal But there is hope and really quickly what I want to do is get to start with a quote as I wrap up here Cultural quid critic Wendell Berry. The problem is that we are terrifyingly ignorant The most learned of us is ignorant the acquisition of knowledge always involves the revelation of more ignorance So ignorance, okay We I think we all agree with that so we need to learn and we need to keep learning and we need to systematize We need to institutionalize and we have to learn in real time. We as government institutions have a very hard time learning in real time We're always learning about stuff that happened two years ago Analysis part of learning is analyzing We are really good at analyzing cause and effect. We are terrible at analyzing complex systems We are terrible. How do we become better at that? We need to become better at that We need to challenge conventional wisdom Sounds pretty obvious, but when we got to Honduras we were told Communities and police are never going to work with with each other. They never will don't even think about it We challenge that and turned out to be absolutely wrong. Who knows how many other conventional much other conventional wisdom out there is constraining what we do Okay, this is a really simple and learn from the past instead of implementing the same Inconsequential wasteful programs. We heard that today. I was at a presentation two weeks ago with a European country I will not name that was talking about what they're gonna do with the Attorney General's office They're gonna give them computers and cars and training and make new laws and I felt sorry for them because they were young I said, how is that different from what? AID just stopped doing because it wasn't working and how is that different for everybody else is trying to do? How is that different? Why do you think it's gonna be different? Of course, they I created enemies But I thought this is a really serious question. We cannot keep doing the same thing and expect to have a different outcome Political leadership was mentioned. We need to find those people with political will at the top level at the PTA level Find those people find those people that are having success In the same exact situation as everybody else same level of resources. They're having success find those and support them Inside and outside experts. I'm almost done. I promise inside and outside experts. We have the Experts we the outsiders we don't have all the answers by any means and then you perhaps in some in some community You don't have anything more than what you have we need to combine force on that sounds obvious But it's astounding how often it doesn't happen and just to paraphrase sieve jobs who it turns out I just learned recently was paraphrasing a complex systems principle is that nothing it doesn't make sense Looking forward it only makes sense looking backwards and that comes back to the learning the assessing and the analyzing So let me just wrap up real quick with be clear as to what your problem is if you're not clear What your problem is you're gonna be chasing your symptoms and you're not gonna get anywhere Experiment and learn and analyze and document experiment learn analyze and document and we can't ever stop because this problem It's just gonna get bigger and bigger and worse and worse and keep having an impact on us and we can't lose heart All right, good morning everybody So I guess what I want to do is start off with this picture of this mosquito that is carrying the malaria virus And so, you know, there's been a lot of conversations lately obviously about infectious diseases So I figured this would be a good way to start this presentation. And so you're asking why am I showing this to you? Basically because we have a lot to learn from the the public health community in terms of how they go about developing comprehensive plans to Prevent infectious diseases and also treat those who are already infected There's a lot that we can learn From the public health community that can be applied to the violence prevention work that we're doing in many of these communities in Central America Where we see gang violence that's out of control And so what is a comprehensive plan that look like on the ground? And so before I get to answering or trying to answer that question. I want to start off with a story To hopefully convey this point to you about a ten-year-old boy named Jose who lives in a neighborhood in Chama De Con, Honduras Jose in his ten years has already been exposed to a series of risk factors that make him a candidate for gang recruitment The first risk factor is a critical life event that's happened to him. His mother died because of gang violence She was caught in the crossfire of two gangs shooting it out His father then decided to migrate to the US with his younger sister and So now Jose is living with his grandmother who's in her late 60s The second risk factor Obviously then is lack of parental supervision So Jose is now living with a grandmother who is working all day to make a living and pay the extortion tax And then a third risk factor is negative peer influence. So Jose has friends in the gang His own brother is an active gang member And so most of the people that he's hanging out with at all hours of the day are already active and trying to recruit him So then what is it? What is Jose's life look like then on a daily basis? Well, Jose gets up early in the morning to go to school his grandmother's already left work to go sell tortillas He walks about a mile to school through unpaved streets and walls covered in graffiti He gets to a school that's falling apart and dilapidated Some of the teachers are there some show up some don't because they're concerned about gang violence others are on strike So after spending a day in an environment that is probably not the most conducive to learning He goes home in the afternoon to an empty home And then his friend Ricardo who just joined a gang at the age of 10 comes looking for Jose and Describes to him this wonderful world of camaraderie that he can be a part of if he decides to join ms and So this picture that I've depicted for you is obviously pretty grim but Even within these realities are always Solutions that can be found in these communities and people who are working Very hard to make some kind of positive influence. So who are those people that touch Jose's life that could actually help Reduce some of these risk factors and steer him on a more positive path. Well the teachers Those family members again, it doesn't have to be parents. It can be aunt uncle grandparents siblings You know people who can mentor Jose Coaches of sports teams church leaders people that work in a community center Even those positive friends in school who aren't in a gang who can also have a more positive influence on Jose and So what often happens in these communities is that you have all these potential points of contact But nobody's coordinating any of the the efforts that are going on in the community And so as somebody said I think it actually was Enrique Bendencourt At one point that the opposite of violence is coordination and I would say that you often see that in these communities that What's happening and what is deterring coming up with a plan to deal with urban gang violence is the fact that people aren't Collaborating together and so you have a lot of different programs happening But they're not They're dealing oftentimes with symptoms and not again sort of the root causes going back to the point that Miguel made and So what we often see on the ground is that usually a mayor who has a vision or some service provider is able at Some point to bring together all these different actors again the teachers The coaches the church leaders the private sector person who owns the store And to begin to better analyze what is happening in this community? What are the risk factors that our young people are exposed to and making them more susceptible to gang recruitment? How do we better collect information and data on crime statistics in this community so that we can better inform our decisions about? We need street lighting over here because crimes are happening at 11 p.m. And people are getting mugged after leaving a bar How do we improve this street? How do we clean up the graffiti? So this place has a feeling of of safety and security What do we do about the local park the local sports complex, etc? And then what do we do about building trust between the community and the police? You know, there's obviously a major breakdown In trust which then leads to a lack of reporting of crimes and impunity and Then what do we do to work with to do more about working with youth like Jose? So those who are on the cusp of joining? But haven't yet and then there's those like his brother who have already joined and so what do you do with them? How do you help them get out of the gang reinsert themselves back into society programs like tattoo removal cycle social counseling? workforce development, etc And so the ability to be able to bring together all these people around a table and design a real Comprehensive plan is something that can actually work at the community level and we actually have evidence to prove this We have just concluded a three-year impact evaluation of in four countries in Central America using a randomized controlled trial And so I'm going to make a little plug here that on October 30th We'll be launching the findings of that study at the Woodrow Wilson Center So you're all invited And we'll be talking about some of the findings from that study and some of the things that we've seen Can work on the ground? And so I think my time is up and I'll end there. Thank you So I would say in terms of things that aren't working And I think this goes to the point that Miguel was making that we're oftentimes chasing chasing symptoms, right? We're not actually looking at the root causes the risk factors for why young males in particular in Central America are getting involved in gangs And so better understanding what those risk factors are is important for us going forward and doing this work And then going to the point that I was making earlier about the real need to develop comprehensive plans that address The aspect of prevention, let's keep these kids out of joining gangs Let's focus on those who have already joined and want to leave You know those kids who are in the juvenile system, for example that once they get out have no option for any kind of service Delivery and so it becomes a vicious cycle where they eventually graduate to the adult prison prison system where Currently in Central America you have prisons that are running at 300 percent over capacity. And so obviously, you know, that is not working And so again, you know the idea of coordination really and it's a simple concept But how do you bring all these people together at the community level who have a vested interest in improving security? You know again from the the police officers to the teachers to the the store owner To the parents, you know, everybody has a vested interest in making this work and when there is Glimmers of hope it's when these people do come together and actually sit down and analyze what's happening in the community Which then leads to you know policy decisions that a mayor can take so things like Establishing a crime observatory so they can have better access to data and information Or a comp stat system and a police department that helps them better Analyze what's happening in terms of crime and insecurity And then the you know the issue, you know the relationship with the police has always been very complicated And Miguel was talking about this as well that you know the breakdown and trusts obviously leads to a lot of issues And a lot of problems and there's but there are efforts under way to try and improve that and we think that community policing is Is something that you know can can have an impact over the long term in terms of improving that relationship But you know, it's not an easy thing to answer that question Am I on I'd like to refer you all to report that came out in 1949 that dealt with the things that we needed to Be learning about I'm being only semi tongue-in-cheek. I think a lot of the issues we deal with are the same issues We deal with all over the place Coordination is a major issue everywhere and always will be because we're a bunch of ego driven individuals and institutions And we hate to share information or share credit. So that's a big part of it But I think at a more micro level in Honduras and related to urban violence I think it's the learning piece just to beat that horse a little more is we need to be able to learn And we need to keep learning and we're terrible learners we are terrible as institutions We have processes for learning which just don't work very well Referring back to what Enrique was saying this process of bringing everybody together, you know that the champions the positive deviants bringing all those together Of course, that's how you do it, but we as institutions have really limited time spans and we purchase Contract time and indicators and etc. It might take this community one year. It might take these guys three years We only got 18 months for the contract. And so I mean that's it. That's an issue. We have right there And I think the fact that the nature of what we do is so Terra incognita it's so unstructured what we do It's really hard for us as Institutions to be able to get in there and go do something because we just we tie ourselves down by the nature of institutions Everything is the answer Everything and I think that this gets back to the same. I think problems that Miguel and Enrique were both talking to is that these systems are so complex that when you change something over here as an impact And that's why I think it's If you're looking at where that the root causes of poverty in the certain regions again It's specific to the state that you're looking at in terms of what types of things you might be able to do that one solution And Honduras that sort of resonates doesn't necessarily translate exactly to Nicaragua Or another city or another state that you might be interested in So as you look at the trends long-term you see a lot of local trends You said a lot of regional trends you see sort of the big trends and again My talk at the beginning was mainly on the bigger trends. So as I look at those bigger trends a lot of times We look at technology as this really great tool that's gonna fix everything now It it helps in certain ways, right? If you look at Hong Kong you look at Narrow casting that's where you're taking a technology Broadcasting into local audience using something like fire chat as a way of improving local conversation So there's some pieces that you can stick out there for communication tools But in terms of the trends that we're seeing I Think a lot of them have been going positively we talked about food has actually been positive in terms of trend for the last 20 years Water we have more people today with clean water than we had 20 years ago But how much longer is that last I think is the part that most of us have really been focusing on I don't think it can last much longer and that moment in time is gonna hit soon And on top of all of this is climate change and the fact that most of these people live really close to the coastline And you get to the point where maybe all of Bangladesh or at least a whole large portion of Bangladesh is underwater So there's huge areas across the planet where as you bring in other factors, I think They'll experiencing a lot of different things over the next 20 years So I think there's a lot of things here, but mainly I think it's resource factors in terms of how they'll play out over the next 20 or 30 years This is working yeah I'm doing a lot of research on state fragility and resilience and one of the things that pops up is the importance of Political legitimacy and all of you have stressed the importance of interventions at the local level But if you do that and strengthen the police presence, that is an extension of the state Which lacks legitimacy Can you focus on the local area without also focusing on the central government and Building that political legitimacy so you pierce that distrust that you all talked about Just pushing the police into the urban areas As we see even this country in Ferguson and other areas isn't a solution if the community does not trust the police So how do you bridge that gap between political legitimacy and local capacity? One of the major problems that we faced when we started the village stability operations program in Afghanistan Was that we had been on the outside looking in for a decade. We were literally trying to put scouts on the barn A trip to Taliban and win the war that way and and in 2009 2010 we made the decision to literally move into these communities and live there To embed ourselves in those communities sometimes with Afghan special forces sometimes by ourselves But at a minimum our guys lived in these villages these rural villages in Afghan compounds for a year And and when we quit driving to work and we actually started living there for long periods of time Granted we were not part of civil society there We started to see things that that we were not seeing before and you really alluded to it One is this trust deficit the reality is whether it's a major urban area in Honduras Or whether it's a rural farming village in Afghanistan The reach of the state today is extremely limited in a lot of these places and in these undergoverned areas What you find are clan societies based on honor and Revenge and hospitality and feud and traditional systems that have handled their own affairs for a very long period of time And and certainly what we've seen through the stability is to talk to other folks that are working programs like this bottom up Is that those systems are just as degraded? the clan based systems of honor and Dispute resolution are extremely damaged and those many times are the threads that are being pulled either by violent extremists and Surgeons or gangs is that the the resilience of informal civil society? The honor based systems are real a beaten up really bad And one of the things that I've noticed to Miguel's comments about us as a society For a range of reasons we tend to project that Western lens whenever we go into a place and even understanding clan society understanding The rule of the clan as Mark Weiner calls it in his book and how bottom up actually works Along lives of honor and revenge and hospitality is often radically different than things we understand in our society I told you it would be unconventional did I not all right, we'll see how that one plays out But but at the end of the day to get to your point I think that as a community we've got to do a better job of understanding and valuing Clan society and whether that's gangs whether that's tribes whether that's ethnic groups Beyond the reach of the state clans function in a certain way traditionally and they're broken And if we don't get in there and understand that that trust deficit is going to be very difficult to close but we have seen in Embedded Policeman in Salinas, California and the New England states that are actually living and working in these communities that seem to be having more of an impact But my my question went to the central government. I agree with you on what you say in terms of effectiveness and operationally But my my Question goes especially in the Honduras situation. I don't know about the other countries doesn't doesn't the lack of trust in the central government Present an obstacle to getting that kind of local efficacy that you are advocating Absolutely But I think it's not an either or question I think it's something we've talked about a lot in within the USA ID mission Preparation for a new strategy is where do we focus and it's not it's neither that nor that it's both and it's the range in between And it comes back to point. I made very quickly is Find those leaders. I'm the president of Honduras right now. I don't want to be too much in Honduras He's got a lot of political will he's shown a lot of political will and there's political will all over the place You just need to find those lights of political will and then somehow reinforce those and try to connect them Yeah, because legitimacy is key to everything And just to add to that I mean oftentimes we're waiting for the you know the right political reform to happen at the national level to move forward with anything And I think you know Miguel's point is you can find the champions at the local level You can find the police officer in the community who can be a champion for building trust and and a better relationship with With that community you don't have to wait for something to happen at the national level ideally That's also happening at the same time and that that legitimacy is being built there But at the same time that shouldn't deter us from trying to move forward with working with these communities as we wait for The national level governments to catch up in terms of some of the policies that they need to put into place Okay, next question to make one comment we spent a long time within our program in Honduras trying to figure out political Will we were all really smart with came down to political. Well, yeah, we got to figure it out What the heck is political will what is it? And so we spent a long time wrestling with that every week We would spend some time on it and really what it comes down to is accountability. So it's related to what you're saying Joel I mean the various very very simple definition for me at the Local level is accountability holding there's a mechanism for holding leadership holding Authority and vice versa holding community accountable. So it's accountability and that's But how you do that? We're still not there yet And I think many of the things that have been said by the three of you really resonates with with my experience working for the national government of Mexico and dealing particularly with you guys Wallace And and the lessons learned are exactly on the on the same track. You were mentioning I just want to to bring that example and give some some very quick And like highlights on that particular experience The first one is that we were in Mexico addressing a problem of 17 homicides per 100,000 nationwide Right, we were between 17 to 20 in 2010 When we started looking at the problem And we noticed that obviously the problem was mostly focused on youth on male and youth And when we when we started looking at the rate for that particular population We understood that the rate in Mexico was not 20 or was 46 for that particular group That's more or less the same rate for example for a Belize Then we said, okay, it's not we know that the problem is not only Male who are young in this country, but the ones who are also living in certain places So when we looked at that particular rate in the state of Chihuahua In 2010 we realized that the the murder the murder rate for young men in the state of Chihuahua Just young men. No, I'm not saying gang members or anything like that. It was it was close to 300 Homicides per 100,000. That's worse than San Pedro Sula today Just just for perspective the u.s. It's a it's just under six per 100,000. Yes, the world average is seven Uh, then we looked at Chihuahua is so young men living in Ciudad Juarez in 2010 We're living under a murder rate of high 500 homicides per 100,000 The ones living in the worst places in Ciudad Juarez were like about both 3,000 homicides per 100,000 So the question because it's related to to the question of data. How do you how do you incorporate data? And just let's imagine because this imagine a conference with the president addressing a problem a national problem of 20 homicides per 100,000 When the discussion about 20 homicides per 100,000 was happening at the presidential office. It was the wrong kind of question We were facing a problem of 3000 homicides per 100,000 rate for a certain population in certain places And the way we wanted to address it was like through obviously we we we knew that we had to reform police Judicial system and and all these things but today Right now with that rate. How do we? Address that problem. How do we go to these places very tiny places in Ciudad Juarez? You could there are 1.3 million inhabitants in Ciudad Juarez every day going to work going to schools Shopping crossing the border back and forth Businesses like thriving and everything at the same time So the importance of understanding urban dynamics how small places really play a role How do you really incorporate social prevention schemes? But at the same time you need to address law enforcement in a much smarter way One thing that we learned is that prevention is not retroactive You cannot bring the services today to a population that never received it when they needed And expect for for those things to really reduce murder rates or criminal activity in those places Because you just came with a new park and great schools or improved whatever So you really have to address Jose You really have to address Ricardo his his brother You really have to address the ones who don't who don't want to belong to the gang anymore But you also have to address the ones who don't want to leave the gang Those who are already involved in that particular activities Just you know perpetrating Violence all over the place. So I think just with that example, I would love to to close down and See your reactions to that because I think you're dealing exactly with the same problem At least in san pedro in Yeah, I mean, I think you're you're obviously preaching to the choir with us up here I mean, you know, we constantly talk about that there has to be a much more integrated approach between what we do on the social prevention side with what we do on the law enforcement side And so oftentimes it's become a discussion of either or and that's not the right approach. And so What we're trying to do with you know conversations with host governments and others, you know as to part of this learning agenda is to Show where this is actually worked where this combination of these two approaches can't have that desired impact Where you're treating somebody like jose who's more of a would fit more of a prevention profile on his brother Ricardo who's you know in the gang and maybe wants to leave and what do you do about that profile of individual Who's out perpetrating crimes You know, what do you do about better data collection so that the local mayor knows where to invest his resources or where to Deploy the police You know, these are all things that that sound basic, but they're they're very Hard to do at the local level and so we talk about coordination as if it's an easy thing And I you know, I brought that up in my my opening piece as part of a comprehensive plan But where it does where you do see it work and where it's effective It's because all those pieces have come together to some degree and so Um, you know, I think that's going forward thinking about positive solutions We do need to continue to talk about, you know, this idea of Marrying these these approaches the public health approach plus the law enforcement Those of you who don't know me might not believe this, but I'm actually a very optimistic person Um, but I just use that as a prelude to throwing out another huge challenge to this whole thing is money. It's resources. Um As I said in in my presentation the hunter and police are out Resourced in every single way. There are no services in these communities So is the question then for We as outsiders you as a consultant in su dot. What is representing the government? We whoever we represent Do we go in and do we create little pockets of excellence? Do we throw all our resources at this one community? Do we I mean, how do we do this? It's it's a huge triage Because we as the international community have the luxury with our nice big fat checks to go in and create little pockets of perfection But I think all of us recognize that's that's silly but then What how do we operate in an environment such as Honduras and other countries the cut the government is basically bankrupt They're bankrupt. And so if we're looking at sustainability, what does that look like in an environment of homicides for 3 000 per 100 000? How does that work? There's a way forward. I'm sure Please you started to talk about the The young man who are already part of gangs. I would think that would be the hardest The hardest group to focus on because they imagine there's a lot of danger in trying to get out of the game Even if there is the will or the desire or the resources once you're out, I mean, how do you address? In working with these youth that They're sort of safe and x-a like what is the exit strategy? I guess is is my question Okay, again, I'm a very positive person But this is a very grim statistic for Honduras The only way to get out of a gang is to leave the country is to join a church or is to die or go to prison No, that you can go into prison because you're still in the gang. So there's really only those three There is a really nice program in San Pedro Sula, which is the most violent city in Honduras It's uh, it's run by the catholics to rehabilitate gang members They have a 50 homicide rate mortality rate in that group It is extremely hard in Honduras to get out of a gang.  So Just one observation. We also yeah We also need to change the conversation though in the region about what it means to work with somebody who Isn't a gang or has left a gang So this idea of doing gang reinsertion programs has been pretty stigmatized in the region, right? There's this concept of You know, these people are You know, there's no real opportunity for any second chances. They're sort of the undesirables Just throw them in jail and we'll solve the problem and then it'll go away And so and so it is complicated for somebody to leave as Miguel has pointed out But at the same time there are programs out there They're doing work with former gang members that you know I think offer opportunities for some learning and potential expansion because at the end of the day These are the people that are committing the crimes in the community, right? So if we're not addressing you know That particular population group, um, it's going to be very hard in the long term to sort and you know Solve the problem of crime and violence in many of these communities We can do a whole lot of work on the prevention side and invest millions of dollars But if we're not addressing, you know, what we like to call the hot people in the hot zone Those who are really out there committing crimes You know, the impact is going to be at the end of the day pretty pretty minimal so Yeah, just a couple things too that that uh, we've been seeing at the Stability institutes and I just was up in Salinas, California, uh spending time with chief McMillan. They've got a pretty interesting program going up there Where they're doing a lot of bottom-up work in the in the village of Hebron The murder rate in Salinas. It's about 150 000, but it's about 20 per year Which is you know pretty darn high for for the u.s. Certainly And they've had a real problem there, but they they've been employing some bottom-up stuff there But uh, Salinas is right at the crossroads of two rival international gangs The serranos working from the south which are mexican mafia and of course the The noster familia in the north and what's interesting is that both of those gangs Really command and control everything from prison And the role of prisons not only in radicalization, but it's it's entered a whole new threshold now The plan is to go to prison the plan is to go to prison cut your teeth and get trained You uh, they're putting uh, the noster familia are putting their their troopers through Programs in prison that would make ranger school look like christmas morning These guys are extremely well trained and they are taking on paramilitary type capacity They're joining the army and they're and they're learning regiments and training there as well And we've even seen open source reporting of la base gangs pushing their guys over to syria to fight So so so the level and role that prisons play in all this is is something that we have to consider as well And when we look at uh at the real problem set I'm sorry. I feel like a paul has fallen on this room. It's all gloom and doom Um But really if you look at you dot war is you guys are having great impact up there For real the answer is coming back to the answer the answer coming back to what enrique said is To mobilize those positive people and there's a lot of people out there that really are hugely courageous It is astounding and inspiring and humbling all the time to work with the people that we work with That they are putting their lives at risk at all different levels. It could be a prosecutor It could be the head of a school. It could be the head of a little community group These are people who have decided enough is enough is enough There are more of us the good ones than there are the bad ones and the bad ones actually are very few in number They're like it's it's astounding how small that the number of gang members are So there really really is hope but it is having the ability to identify Mobilize and work with these people and then the time to be able to do it and then linking them to the different levels of government I mean, it's it's a very complex process and we need to be able to have the time and the luxury of time to be able to do that You've just set my sales pitch for everyone to move back to Cleveland, Ohio, which is where i'm from We've got a big lake close by We do have some organized crime youngstown Something chris and i were talking about earlier So there's obviously elements right throughout the us as well. I mean You talked about murder rates, you know, you have examples of detroit and baltimore You have domestic examples that you should look to in terms of homicides That we could really think through in terms of how we've seen that take place here You talked about gangs and talk about, you know, one of the lessons that we can be learning from prisons And not necessarily letting drug dealers go rot in prisons, but figuring out more strategically how How they're thinking about some of these issues and challenges? So I think that there's a lot we can do in domestically as well that has a global tie-in And so it's not just everything that's taking place over there because one of the things you'll find is As you look at the longer-term trends, you're going to have problems with jobs in the u.s You're gonna have problems with jobs in europe like you're already seeing in spain elsewhere So it's not just the poorest of the poor nations. They're going to be facing these long-term development challenges It's going to be a lot of the developed countries. They're going to be facing this in the near term as well Yeah, and I like your point I one thing I just want to say to that is I think that the whole notion of collaboration that you guys keep talking about With the cross-functional teams and bringing folks in a room that ordinarily might not come in a room to work on these problem sets And I'm wondering what you guys have seen What is the it's hard for us to do here in dc to get the right people in the room across different agencies and organizations How difficult is it in some of the places you guys are working and what are some of the possible options to do that? Because obviously getting folks around the table is pretty darn important. We have very complicated creatures human beings Yeah, we have a hard time working together So it's hard, but it is possible and there's What I what I've seen in my career. There are people who are really good at that They're really good at getting people in a room who have disparate interests Maybe conflicting interests and they're able to over time and with gaining trust to make that happen and so It's there's no magic way You just got to just keep pushing pushing pushing and look for those areas of commonality Which in a place of it like an ermine slob is number one is security. It's security security everybody has that in common They want that so start with that and work your way out from there No, I think I would agree with with Miguel said I mean oftentimes it comes down to having somebody who can actually facilitate well Because you see the you know the challenges the coordination are at all levels I mean within the u.s. Government we have that challenge. We have it With the donor community we have it with host government counterparts in all the institutions And then at the community level so oftentimes it takes somebody who's got sort of the The ability to to convene and bring people together and keep the process going and And you know find those champions to get them on board and so I think that You know when you see it happen It's like magic and it you know and you wish you could just kind of replicate it and Take it somewhere else, but it doesn't quite work that way So I think we all know from working in this in this field of development. Um, but it can't happen I'm glad you asked because it would be good to have some positive news Um, there's a school in the community that and ricky mentioned to melakona in san pedro sula Hugely violent city hugely violent part of a hugely violent city The only high school serving this entire area was about to close Because it was on it's on the border of two gangs and you just can't cross borders and so and teachers are being assaulted I mean it was a giant mess So in the bottom line was the only high school serving A huge population every maybe 150,000 people was about to close They went to our team in san pedro and they said help help help We said we were glad to help but you got to get together with the police. This is a security issue We're not never working with the police never never never okay Well, then we can't help you because you know you can't wish or pray your way out of a situation like that You have got to confront it fast forward a year later The enrollment in the school is up 40 percent We just had a congressional delegation of four congressmen was just down there massive press Lots of police the chief of the police was there teachers parents It was a huge public event This community had stood up and said enough we are done with this enough and they took that chance And they did it and now the school next door, which is a technical college So this is like a regular high school. There's a technical high school over there. It's having the exact same problem And so now those teachers are coming to us to the teachers over there and say what did you guys do? This is a we're about to close the school. So yes, it is it does work But it takes time and it it takes it takes time takes time Yeah, I'm gonna answer that in ricky. We need more research in latin america in general But I think uh research in other places in the world has shown brazil is a good example That a displacement happens, but in a much lower Intensity that it was happening the first place So it's it's something we should not care that much about obviously consider But it's not that if you push here, you will have the exact the exact same Dynamic happening somewhere else. It happens sometimes, but it happens in a lower intensity and what some research on the upp is in brazil showed is that When you draw a boundary and you intervene in that place Some of the effects of of what happened that boundary Spill over in the adjacent areas. So so the benefits the benefits sometimes to the closest areas are greater than we expect One observation I'd like to share with with afghanistan is when we started with the six rural villages and it quickly spread to 99 districts One of the things when we did some things good and some things bad there But one of the things that we did see was that in areas where they did push the insurgents out Where the community pushed the insurgents out? Typically what we saw there was a revitalization of civil society resilience that that that wanted to rise to the surface anyway It needed the space to do it and and and we found by focusing on the social grievances that the threads that were being pulled By those violent extremists It was just it was kind of a court coming back up to the surface and and and it was it needed to happen The security was the immediate focus, but once we started focusing on those grievances You know the the community kind of handled its own thing my time in selenus this past week I saw a very similar thing with the community of hebron The neighborhood of hebron is literally surrounded By the serranos and and and the mexican and the mexican gangs and they're fighting It's like a war zone around hebron, but hebron when you move through it. It's palpable I mean you can you can you can see the difference in that community in the community center in the park In the involvement of local resilient leaders doing what they were meant to do And it is bottom up the challenge is how do you like you say? How do you expand that outward and work at those resiliences? You know that are beyond that community and I think that that one's yet to be addressed Another signal awesome in the back sir What miguel pointed out is Most of these areas of high conflictivity is where the state is absent That's is a is a general thing you can find out And I wonder you know you you wonder when you travel in central america. Why we don't have gangs in igarawa Why you don't have gangs in costa rica? um So it's obvious we don't need to do more research a state presents this many diminished violence because the state exists in his nature to Deal with conflicts If not, we'll come back to the travel travel world where everybody make justice by their own hand So if we have very clear that why we insist in passing to the communities the responsibilities that belong to the state It's obviously that in on duras is not a legitimate government. It's a government that come from a good that like it or not It was a good that it was a legitimate government And this this government today is still carrying out the problem that is not legitimate legitimacy and the police is Is perceived in many communities as a same police that tweet did political persecution against the laya supporters So that's the main problem. Why we don't bring we cannot bring the police or the state institutions To communities in on duras because the government is still carrying out the problem of being part of the coup d'etat Different situations have in igarawa when you have you compare nicaragua and costa rica costa rica Very democratic country, but they have the largest police in the region They don't have army, but they have the largest police Nicaragua have a political police police belongs is under control of ortega and it's the same model of kuba block by block having people being you know informers Of what is going on? political side to the central government, so I think there are The lessons Are not in the communities the lessons are in the states that works And I I wonder sometimes that we are throwing too much Responsibility to the victims to resolve the problem So that was just to respond. Yeah, please. We're gonna have to wrap it up. I mean I I would have to respectfully disagree with you on that one because I think that you can't wait for the state institutions to Deliver the solutions at the end of the day. I mean take the city of los angeles, for example That has had historically one of the worst game problems in the u.s They didn't sit around waiting for the state of california or the federal government to come solve the game problem They came up with a strategy was basically a neighborhood strategy where they take back the streets It's based on primary prevention hand in hand working with law enforcement intervention workers who go out and Disrupt potential acts of violence. It's a neighborhood approach and they've been able to reduce the homicide rate Rather significantly over the last 10 years. They didn't sit there waiting for california to you know, correct its prison system or the federal government to You know pursue investigations of active game members They had to do what they had to do and so the neighborhood approach has worked effectively in that context So I think that At the end of day, ultimately sure it's a combination of both things But while we're waiting for things to happen at the state level Would we could be waiting for a very long time and then the situation on the ground continues to deteriorate I mean I think I mean part of the effort also is to ensure that You know national governments do begin to adopt policies that will invest more money in social prevention And these other programs that will go hand in hand with the law enforcement effort And that's part of the you know, that's part of the work that we're doing now It's you know, I would say over the last six years We've made significant progress from where we were in terms of where the policies in central america We're always about monoluda and lock everybody up to where you have governments now that are adopting prevention policies as part of a National strategy and starting to invest some resources Of course, we'd like to see more but You know, we're going on a sort of a positive trend in that sense So I hate to do it with a long hook is starting to make its way into the room right now And if i'm going to get you guys on your 15 minute lunch break to go grab your lunch and move to your lunchtime panel I've got to end it right there. I appreciate everybody's comments. I appreciate our panel and uh all thoughtful Conversation today wish you best of luck and god bless