I seek salvation from Satan the accursed. My dearest brothers and sisters, viewers from all across the world, may peace, blessings and protection of Allah be with you at all times. I would like to remind you to join us on social media, on Twitter using the hashtag IHTVRamadan, on Facebook, Instagram and on YouTube, InshaAllah, where this show will be uploaded tomorrow. I want to start the show by using a quote, a saying from Amirul Mahmuneen, where he says, the person who does not follow their desires will be free. This is so important because in this world that we live in, we're born to be free, yet we shackle down by our own lusts and desires, our own worldly materialistic wants. InshaAllah, if we can shackle ourselves or if we can free the shackles of these chains, we can prosper in life. InshaAllah, in today's episode for spiritual refinement, I want to talk about a specific thing which is very close to my heart. InshaAllah, I hope that by listening to this, I hope that you get inspired and that you can also pay special heed to this specific topic and that is service to the Ahlul Bayt, alaykum as-salam. The things I want to talk about is number one, the sacrifice of the Ahlul Bayt have given for us and why service is important to them. Number two, ways in which we can serve and number three, for those who serve, how to behave, intentions, humility and also how to reflect the teachings of the Ahlul Bayt through your own actions. Firstly, with the service of the Ahlul Bayt, when we look at the history of the Aima al-Tahireen, we see that throughout their lives, they've always been thinking of us, they've been sacrificing not only for the religion of Islam, but for the Shia, but also for humanity as a whole, for people, for society as a whole. It is said that without the sacrifices, especially when we look at Karbala and the Day of Ashura, without the sacrifices that the Imams have given for us, the very fabric of social being, the very fabric of morals and ethics, the foundation of principles and good values would not exist, the foundations of humanity would not exist. So the Imams have sacrificed everything for our freedom, but the beauty of our society, the beauty of our community rather, and the Shia communities, that we sacrifice everything we have back for them. And that is the reason why we've been sent on this planet. I firmly believe that as a community, we are specifically born to serve the Ahlul Bayt. Inshallah, I'll talk about ways in which we can serve later on in this segment. When we talk about service, firstly the most important thing is intention. It is important that as an individual, when you're born and when you're brought up, your parents tell you about the Ahlul Bayt. And when you have such a strong connection to them, their life becomes your life. When you wake up, you think about them. As you go through the day, you think about them. When you sleep, you think about them.  And when you get to that stage, service is an inevitability, not a chore. And as a result, when you're serving them, you don't think about other people and what they think of you. You don't think about what other people are doing to serve. You serve in your own way. I just want to remind you that Allah SWT has blessed every single one of us with a specific potential. He's given us his mercy. He's given a special strength. He has given us weaknesses as well. But the reason for that is that he wants to live up to your strengths and to build on your potential. Every human being is different. Some human beings have strengths in specific areas. We see that service of the Ahlul Bayt doesn't just exist in one particular form. You today, you're watching this TV channel. The work that goes behind producing this show is unbelievable. It's uncomprehensible. It's unfathomable. When I look around, I see so many different people doing so many different jobs and all of them have one goal, one aim in mind. And that's the sincerity and the love for the Ahlul Bayt, alayhum salam. Now, when we talk about service, we talk about things like people who have specific qualities in specific areas. When I look at the people around me today, and I see the people that are making the show, the people who are very good in editing, very good with computers. And their job is to edit people who are very talented as cameraman and as photographers. Their job is to take the cameras, so to take the footage. I, because I can present, I've been sitting here presenting the show. And that's my service. However, there's people who do things like make the tea, people who are there to comfort you, to bring you things like food. Even their service is accepted by the Ahlul Bayt because they're doing their bit as much as they can for this service and for the spreading of the message and the mission of Islam. Similarly, when we go into the centers, the Hussainiyahs, the Imam Barghaz, we look at people and how they do their service in different ways. We look at people as we enter the mosque who maybe hold the door open for us. Don't forget this is a service for the Ahlul Bayt as well. To give comfort to the servants and to the loves of the Ahlul Bayt is a service in itself. We see people who pile the shoes and stack the shoes on the shelves. That service. We see people who hoover the floors. That service. We see people who hand out the drinks, the water, the tea. That service. We see people who climb on the pulpit and deliver the Majalis. That service. We see the Raadud who perform and who recite the Latsamiyads or who recite the Nashid. That is service. We see the community members, the committee members, the presidents of the centers, the people that try and make sure that the center runs financially. They make sure the center runs economically and viably. That they make sure that the lights are on. They make sure that there's heating in the centers. Their servants. Every single one of these people is playing their role based on their strengths, based on what they can do. So as a servant there's a few things that you have to be aware of which I'll come on to in a bit. But one thing to remember is that Allah SWT has given you a specific goal in life and because of that goal he's given you a potential. Now because he's given you that it is up to you to live up to that potential. That potential includes serving the Ahlul Bayt. If you don't live up to this potential that Allah has given you as a mercy don't forget that you're answerable on the day of judgment for that. Because wastage of time and opportunity is also, we say asraf when we talk about food, but it's also another form of wastage. And you're answerable to Allah SWT for that. Next I want to go on to the mindset, the intentions of the servants of the Ahlul Bayt. As a reciter myself and someone who also does other things to try and serve the Ahlul Bayt. As a doctor I try and help people who are going on Ziyara for example. Help with charities. I'm often for some reason given a lot of praise and I do not feel myself praiseworthy at all. And generally I feel that's the mindset that we should be in. Because we've been given specific roles in life. We've been given special strength as a result of the roles we've been assigned. And each one of us should try and live up to those roles. Just because you're in the public eye for example you're a reciter or you recite Majalis doesn't make you any more superior than the next person. It just means that you're doing your bit of service. The person who stacks the shoes in the mosques is just as valuable as you are as a reciter as someone who recites Majalis. The person who's behind the scenes and fixes the sound so that you can have your voice heard is just as important as you are. And as a president if you find yourself thinking that you're more superior than the rest of the community members surely you should not have this mindset. The people that hoover the floors in the mosque that make that mosque somewhere where people want to come into are just as valuable as you are. Have a mindset which makes you humble. A mindset which makes you feel your value.  I also want to talk a little bit about the specific ways in which we can serve insha'Allah in a bit. Therefore as I've said before service can exist in many facets in many different ways and as human beings as the servants of the Ahlul Bayt as the Shi'a our job is to endeavor to try and meet our goals, meet our potential. We should always have aspirations and ambitions to try and serve the best we can but at the same time be humble. The way we do that is by constantly remembering the sacrifice of the Ahlul Bayt for us. Through their sacrifice they haven't asked to cry for them and mourn for them. Through their sacrifice they've given us the gift of freedom and that gift of freedom we should try and express in the way we do our day-to-day activities and run our day-to-day lives and through that freedom we should try and serve them. In our daily lives we should not try and get chained down by the day-to-day rigmaroles and the day-to-day rigors of life because having lures towards materialistic things, following the worldly path chains us down. This gift of freedom that we have from the Ahlul Bayt becomes nothing anymore when you're chained down by the worldly needs and worldly desires. So that's the first thing. Remember the Ahlul Bayt very clearly and constantly. Remember the sacrifices for you. Number two do not get lured by the worldly demands or worldly desires that you have because they act as a distraction. Number three always have the sincerity in your mind. Always remember that as a servant of the Ahlul Bayt no matter what you do you're only fulfilling your potential.  You're doing your service. Never forget that. Never become proud. Never show arrogance. Always show humility and inshallah if we do that we can become better servants of the Ahlul Bayt and we can become better human beings and therefore as a society we can improve ourselves and perfect ourselves ready for the reappearance of our awaited Imam, alayhi salam. The holy prophet Muhammad may he have appeased some blessings of Allah upon him and his progeny has said, Surely the month of Ramadan is a great month. Allah multiplies in it the good deeds and erases in it the sins and elevates in it the ranks. Through these episodes as we go from place to place around the world we experience the ways that different people from different backgrounds from different parts of the world prepare for the month of Ramadan. Inshallah today I want to take a trip to the big apple. It's known as a city that never sleeps. It's New York City which is located on the east coast of the United States of America. Now New York City is one of the largest cities in the USA as well as being a very big metropolitan city. There is also a large Muslim population there. A Muslim population that comes from several different backgrounds. You get the African population. There is the Indo-Pakistani population, the Iraqi population, the Iranian population and all of these different types of populations, these different races had their own centers. Obviously as the USA is not a Muslim country the holidays and the working life doesn't really change that much.  However the way that it differs from the rest of the year is that the people in New York City based on the different backgrounds and different cultural traditions they go to the mosques in their own centers on a daily basis so they try to go to the mosques for the evenings, for the iftar time. They stay in the mosques, they have the iftar there and usually they'd have some majlis or majalis after which they'd have their dua and the a'mal if it's the a'mal nights. Obviously as the New York City is one of the biggest and one of the most beautiful metropolitan cities in the world you have places like Manhattan where there is fantastic things to see and fantastic things to do, good places to eat. The people of New York City tend to try and go out during the evenings to experience the city, to try and make use of the city. And then after that they come back home for their sahur and get ready for another day of fasting. InshaAllah we hope that you can also send in your videos your clips, your pictures, your blogs about how you prepare your day to day lives for the month of Ramadan, how you prepare work, how you prepare yourself for iftar, how you prepare yourself for the mosque and inshaAllah we hope to air these so that the rest of the world can see exactly what you do to prepare for this month and how people are diverse but all prepare for one cause, one goal and that is for the pleasure of Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem dearest Imam Hussein TV viewers Assalamu Alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh May peace and blessings of Allah be upon each and every one of you Today we came to another market place in the holy city of Karbala to report to you the atmosphere of the holy city of Karbala stay tuned as we go and interview a few of the brothers here in the holy city of Karbala brothers and sisters I have one of the brothers here I will ask him a few questions Assalamu Alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh Can you introduce us to you and tell us about the Pakistani atmosphere in the city of Karbala My name is Hassan Ya Razzami from the city of Karbala I love the Iraqi people and the Islamic nation together and we have returned the great in this holy month May God bless us with good and blessings The Pakistani atmosphere especially in the city of Karbala the holy city of Sa'am Praise be to Allah that it is a spiritual atmosphere from the most supplications and visits and always the faithful of the city especially for the Friday night that is the Thursday night we have always more people we always have a lot of people Praise be to Allah the spiritual atmosphere is all beautiful and praise be to Allah especially God willing that it is accepted for us for the sake of the power it will be the most generous especially the memory of Karbala and the memory of Najaf which is in this holy month of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib peace be upon him Amir Mu'mineen Brother, Mohsani is congratulating you and the Islamic Ummah on the arrival of the holy month of Ramadan and he is saying that the atmosphere in the holy city of Karbala and especially during the holy month of Ramadan is so special it is full of spirituality and we have visitors from different countries as well as different provinces in Iraq and especially at the weekends the weekends we have more visitors can come from other provinces of Iraq to the holy city of Karbala and the city of Karbala is full of spirituality and all the visitors are busy with visiting the holy shrines of Imam al-Hussein and his brother Abel Fadl al-Abbas and especially that we are coming close to the nights of Al Qadr and the martyrdom of Imam al-Ali peace be upon him can you tell us about the nature of your work during the holy month of Ramadan Of course, the nature of the work during the holy month of Ramadan the first 10 days or 15 days of course the work is less because during the start of Ramadan and people do not come out little especially after the photo because in the morning the weather is all hot and the season is the same during the preparation of the photo and so on and so on people start visiting and spending the same time on the markets generally the prices are a bit higher in Ramadan so, it is always more like food products more than the clothes or other products so, this nature of the work during the holy month of Ramadan is like this I asked the brother about their job and what they do and whether it is been affected by the holy month of Ramadan or not he's saying that the first decade of the holy month of Ramadan since people don't come out of their houses and the weather is too hot especially during the day we don't have much visitors but the second and the last decade of the holy month of Ramadan we have so many visitors coming to the holy city of Karbala so, we can see that so many visitors come to do the Ziyara and after the Ziyara they come to these marketplaces to buy souvenirs and buy clothes for the age and especially when we get closer to the days of the age in today's episode as we go through the stages of life inshallah in this episode of the health tips and medical advice I want to talk about old age and the elderly within our communities I want to talk about number one the problems associated with old age number two the medical conditions associated with old age number three what we can do as a community for the elderly within our communities one of the biggest problems with old age is frailty and that's caused by degeneration of the human body over time so if you can imagine that their hearts and their lungs aren't what they once used to be the joints the muscles take due to the test of time degenerate and I've talked about arthritis in previous episode I will be talking about it in a future episode and as a result these joint problems and muscle problems make the old people they find them difficult to walk and elderly find it difficult to walk rather and they find it difficult to walk long distances and they get tired very quickly it's important to understand that and also with the elderly people as you can imagine the longer you live the more likely it is that you'll develop medical problems so they have a lot of other complex medical issues associated with the old age so it's important to appreciate that as a community as an as a society and also try and accommodate for that give them support and help when they need it talking about the elderly conditions that are more prevalent and illnesses that are more prevalent in older age are things like dementia dementia I've talked about in a previous episode but I think it's important as a community that we appreciate the effects of dementia and acknowledge that it's a condition that is getting more and more prevalent within our communities inshallah when we do that we can then start to address it secondly one of the conditions that affects the brain is something called Parkinson's disease it's a condition which is caused by damage to or degeneration of a part of the brain called the basal ganglia and this affects things like movement people with Parkinson's typically get symptoms like tremors they get rigidity of their muscles and they get slowing of the movements or the initiation of movements they find problems moving and walking they find problems writing and if you notice all of these then it's important that you see a GP because people who suffer from these can be treated with medication and with medication obviously their symptoms can subside other problems affecting the elderly are things like visual problems things like macular degeneration or cataracts and hearing problems as degeneration happens with the ears they get poorer hearing obviously with people who suffer from these problems it's important to see eye specialists of opticians and also it's important to see people who are specialists with hearing you can get treated with surgery for cataracts for example and treatment with hearing aids for hearing problems for example thereafter there are problems with the rest of the body so the main organs of the body things like the heart and the kidneys and the lungs and if you suffer from degeneration of these and worsening of these in terms of their function you can see a doctor and the doctor will keep an eye and you do regular checkups maybe once every six months maybe once every year and give you medications try and help with these elements of the body finally cancers are more prevalent in elderly people reason being is that in the elderly as time goes on and the body degenerates the cells of the body also degenerate and they're more prone to getting cancerous so things like prostate cancer in men lung cancer thyroid cancers and bowel cancers are more prevalent in the elderly population and therefore it's important to look out for the signs and the symptoms which may lead you or indicate that there is a problem going on so the symptoms include things like weight loss very large amounts of weight loss over a short period of time things like loss of appetite problems with color of the skins if someone's looking very pale and feeling tired all the time if you're getting all these symptoms and especially with bowel cancers if you find that you find blood in your stools or in lung cancer if you find that you find blood in your mucus when you're coughing up it's important to get these seen and see a doctor as soon as possible because even though the elderly population may be very frail and they have these problems it's not to say that they can't have an operation or they can't get these problems treated so the quicker you see them the quicker you act on them and the quicker that you treat them the better the prognosis is in the long term finally I just want to talk about what we can do as a community to try and help the elderly and also by helping the elderly we're helping ourselves so things like number one as a community I feel that because of the elderly within our population and those with mobility problems I think within our mosques and Husseinias within our centres we should have mobility aids there as they're just in case as a course of precaution in case there's someone who's old who doesn't have their walking stick with them or someone who's old and they're finding it difficult to mobilize around the mosque for example it's important to have some walking sticks and some frames they're just in case secondly I feel that as a community we need to acknowledge the problems associated with old age and I think we should try and have seminars and education sessions so we can educate the members of our community regarding those who are elderly and what we can do to help them thirdly I think one of the most important things for elderly people is social interaction if you imagine a lot of them are past retirement age so they sit at home whilst the rest of the family maybe go to work or go to school and they don't have people they can talk to so as a community I think we should introduce sessions or gatherings for the elderly I know in some communities they have something called senior citizens meetings where the elderly get together in these meetings they can have social interaction develop their interests with each other and thirdly if there's any problems that they have they can discuss it and problems can be flagged up very quickly fourth and lastly I want to just encourage members of our community the young the middle age to go and visit care homes to visit nursing homes to help the elderly in society not only the Muslims but also the non-Muslims that where we appreciate number one the problems associated with old age number two we give them social interaction something that the elderly actually crave number three it's not only good for them but it's good for us as well they have such a wealth of knowledge such experience that they can give us advice as well and number five I think with the elderly if we look after them as we age and our youngsters also help to look after them as we age as a population the youths will start looking after us they'll have the values and the appreciation for the elderly within their hearts if you just ignore the elderly and pretend they don't exist in society when we get to that stage the same will happen to us so it's important to try and build that it forms the basic fabric of society inshallah I hope that these points have been useful for you inshallah I hope that as a community we can strive to appreciate the elderly more and to help them and by helping them we're helping ourselves helping the elderly and giving them appreciation value in society forms the moral fabric of society and I've said as I've said before if you can help the elderly improve their self-confidence and self-esteem allow them to impart their wisdom impart their experience to you you can learn so much and as a community we can build the foundations for the evolution and for the improvement of our own communities inshallah I hope that our communities can grow from strength to strength and the youth of our community can become the flag-bearers of the religion of Islam and also become the soldiers for the awaited Imam alayhi s-salam once I made of our second Imam Imam al-Hassan peace be upon him dropped a hot bowl of soup on al-Hassan she was very scared because she thought that al-Hassan would be angry and punish her she immediately recited the ayah those who control their anger Imam al-Hassan peace be upon him smiled and replied he said that I am not angry then she then she recited the second part of the ayah and said and are forgiving towards those people Allah Imam al-Hassan peace be upon him said I forgive you then she finished the ayah by saying Allah loves those who do good deeds Imam al-Hassan told her that you are free the above ayah is from the chapter it's from the third chapter of the Quran Surah al-Imran verse 134 the moral of this story is that the Quran is not there is not only there for us to read but to also ponder upon and learn from the stories and from the morals within the Quran insha'Allah in tonight's episode I want to remember that individual that personality who is known as the door to supplication Bab al-Hawaij and that's Abul Fadr al-Alayhi Salam insha'Allah if we ask on these nights through his wasila Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala will definitely grant our wishes this is a poetry that was written by myself and my brother Abbas insha'Allah it helps us to remember the qualities and the standing and the status of Abul Fadr the mirror image of Haidar the meaning of honor and valor you grant every wish and prayer the warrior like no other the one that Hussain called brother you'll be in our hearts forever this is testament to what you gave that the water circles you holy grave if our hearts are troubled and in pain we look to your shrine and call your name we look to your shrine and call your name you were ladies and protectors and you were the army's commander you stood as the standard bearer you mastered the art of combat the whole of Arabia knew that no one had the skills that you had when you stood against the enemies you broke through the lines with so much ease with the blood of Ali running through your veins sacrificed your two arms for Hussain sacrificed your two arms for Hussain Mola Mola Mola Mola Abul Fadr the holy prophet Muhammad may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny has said surely the month of Ramadan is a great month Allah multiplies in it the good deeds and erases in it the sins and elevates in it the ranks as we come to the end of another show I want to leave you with a few final words this is something I've been thinking about and it's a it's a saying I've heard many times before I don't know who it's been quoted from but it's something that really strikes a chord with me I want to impart this saying to you because I want you to get you think and think about exactly what this person in your life means to you and that is regarding mothers the saying goes the mother or a mother can take the place of so many others but no one can take the place of a mother this goes to show you that a mother's place in someone's life is so unique that no one can replace her no matter how high the station of the other person is inshallah we should use these nights to get closer to our mothers and if they've passed away for whatever reason then please pray for them pray for their souls and thirdly for those of you who don't keep in touch with your mother as much make these nights nights that you decide to change yourself nights that you decide to clean the slate nights when you become closer to your mother because there's no one that would be able to replace her once she's gone I would like to once again thank you for watching and please don't forget to send in your videos your pictures your blogs about where you're from about the preparation you do for your iftar for the preparation you do for the month of ramadan once again don't forget to join us on social media on facebook instagram twitter and on youtube finally please don't forget us in your du'as don't forget the rest of the muslim umma in your du'as especially those that are needy the orphans and the widows and finally please don't forget to pray for the reappearance of the awaited imam alayhi salam I wish to bid you farewell with these following words wassalaamu alaykum jami'an wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh


This is part three of lecture one in this part. We're going to talk about perspectives in social psychology So social psychology is a discipline within psychology But also within social psychology there are different schools You could say different views on the ways in which we try to explain human behavior and there's various different perspectives I'm going to zoom into three of them in this part of the lecture Evolutionary perspective the social cultural perspective and the social learning perspective So let's start up with a perspective that you're probably already familiar with. It's the evolutionary perspective so the basic idea of the evolution theory and the evolutionary perspective on human behavior is that the The way that we behave today the social behavior will demonstrate the way we treat other people the way we look at each other In social situations That's all explained in terms of genetic factors that are adapted over centuries to improve the chance of either Survival so it helped us to stay alive or reproduction. So it helped us to reproduce to have children and Give our genes to the next generation So of course, you're all familiar with this guy over here. His name is Charles Darwin He is definitely the founding father of evolution theory and the basic idea of Evolution theory is the concept of natural selection and with natural selection We mean that this is the process in which important features that are beneficial for either survival or reproduction are Passed on to future generations. So are passed on to offspring This idea of natural selection is really quite old already Just like Charles Darwin. He lived centuries ago But it's still a very helpful and explaining behavior and also explaining the way that we look today So so what I look like today is also the the consequence of of an adaptation over centuries and this Idea of natural selection of course not only applies to humans it applies to all animals and the beauty of evolution theory is that it's something that you can study yourself as well So let me now give you an example of an experiment that you could personally do in which you can test the basic idea of natural selection the only thing you need is well quite a big backyard and Time I would say like two years of your time. Then you can do the following experiment So this is the guppy experiment and in this guppy experiment You just buy a lot of guppies little fish and you spread them over ten different ponds In your backyard so you have to dig ten ponds So you need quite a big backyard and you spread these guppies Over these different ponds, but you vary the ponds. They are not all identical. There's differences There's two major differences. First of all The soil varied so you can have five ponds With five fine sand as soil so on the on the bottom of the ponds There's fine sand and five of the other ponds have pebbles So it's a different soil doesn't really affect the guppies. They are happy in both ponds But it's just a difference in surroundings and then there's another difference and that is that in some ponds you introduce a Predator, which is a carp the carbs are really really fond of guppies.  And I can promise you if you don't have the time to actually conduct this experiment I can tell you what happens and if you don't believe me you can do it yourself So there's two different things that happens first of all. There's a difference between the ponds with or without the carp Let's first look at the ponds with the carp. So with the predator. What happened there? The appearance of the guppies changed. Okay So what did the guppies started to look like in these different ponds? So what you will find is that in the ponds with the fine sand as a soil The guppies develop small brown dots And in the ponds with the pebbles they develop bigger brown dots So camouflage so they created an appearance in which it would be harder for the carbs to catch them and eat them So this is a very great example of how evolution works So the guppies that happen to have a certain appearance which worked as camouflage Had a higher chance of actually staying alive in these ponds with the carp. So therefore this Appearance of having for example small brown dots in the fine sand soil That helped them to survive and this is what this feature is passed on to future generations So then you might be wondering but what about the ponds without the carp? So if there's actually no chance of being eaten you have quite a good likelihood of staying alive Will your appearance then also change? So do you think that the guppies still Basically adapted themselves to the surroundings and develop brown dots In different forms No, they didn't they didn't really adjust their their appearance based on the soil, but they did still Change their appearance What did they do actually the male guppies developed very bright colors? They really actually did the complete opposite of camouflage. They made themselves stand out Why did they do so? Well to become irresistible for the female guppies So only the male guppies change their appearance making very bright colors to be attractive for the females So if you're not focused so much on staying alive, then you're focusing on the other attributes of the evolution theory Which is reproduction you want to have the highest chance of getting your your genes to the next generation So the male guppies did so by developing very bright colors So I think this is a very cool experiment in which you can really see how Evolution is changing in this case guppy appearance But it also applies to humans So how can evolution and the idea of natural selection and evolution theory help us to explain human behavior? Well, first of all, we know that people actually have a lot in common with other animals And this is also something that evolution theory would expect So think for example about facial expressions like you can see on this slide here But also displays of power and status. That's basically the same for humans and other animals, especially primates So we humans are also just animals and we are just part of the whole food chain sometimes we tend to forget it but we are and therefore we have a lot in common with other animals So and that's also What evolution would expect Secondly, there are some habits that are universal among humans So irrespective of where you live in which culture you grew up in which context you you live You will show some behavior Nevertheless think for example about forming relationships all humans across the globe Irrespective of where they live in which culture form relationships the way they relationship these relationships develop and what they look like the That's different, but they all do form relationships And that's also because forming relationships is essential for us humans to stay alive and reproduce So evolution theory is a very strong perspective It is used a lot still up to this very day to explain human behavior But it cannot explain everything because humans also differ between cultures for example And that's where the social cultural perspective comes in So there's differences between people depending on where they live And in the social cultural perspective behavior is explained in terms of the influence of the larger group that you live in What are the the the ways people connect to each other in that specific culture? What is normal behavior in the specific group that you live in and culture the social cultural perspective can help us to explain human behavior for example by Noticing that some habits traditions and behavior are different depending on cultural context. For example what we eat I would not really prefer eating either one of those these Animals, but they are delicacies in some cultures So what we eat is you think that's a matter of taste, but it's also definitely a matter of where you grew up and also Of course human behavior. So what is the correct way? of greeting a person and here you see a very nice illustration of both people from separate cultures trying to Be empathic and use the correct way of greeting a person on the culture That's that the other person is from so this is two people trying really hard But it's still a really a source of miscommunication. So there's many misunderstandings across cultures also Between groups based on a difference in culture So what is appropriate behavior? What is normal behavior really varies from group to group and it's really important to be aware of this when you try to Make sense of how humans behave. So what is inappropriate in a certain context is very appropriate in other contexts And there's certain groups of social psychologists that are really interested in this and they typically conduct cross-cultural research and this is research that is conducted with members of different cultures and Oftentimes the researchers are interested in whether one variable Is different between members of certain groups So in this perspective What is really taking into account is that we are influenced by environment and That basic idea is the same for the third perspective That's the perspective of perspective of social learning So in the social learning perspective social behavior is explained in terms of learning experiences in the past that predict our future behavior So how we've developed especially in our youth That's a really a main focus of the social learning perspective is shaping our behavior today And you might be wondering how does this social learning perspective help us to explain human behavior? Well, if for example during your childhood hood you grew up with the concept of religion and Every week you visited Church the church with your parents and there's actually quite a high likelihood that you'll still be going to church Even if you leave your house and maybe even if you start a family yourself, there's a higher likelihood of you to To embrace the concept of in religion later in life as well Of course, you can also decide to not do so and make a very conscious choice to leave that aspect behind But there's definitely a higher likelihood of being religious and going to church if that's this has been part of your upbringing And the same goes for social behaviors For example, if it was very normal for you when you grew up to help maybe elderly Maybe your grandmother lived in your house and you helped her and this is something a concept of helping others Especially vulnerable people if this is a concept that you grew up with then this is likely something that is still affecting you When you grow up and you get older So this is actually very beautiful, of course So as as parents you have a lot of responsibility to you know Protect protect your children and and love them and and make sure you Create an environment that is that is safe and warm and full of opportunities But it's also and this is something a lot of parents don't realize Enough I think is that also by showing behavior doing things yourself You're really affecting your children and this also of course goes for negative behaviors such as smoking We know that children who grew up with parents who smoked or two parents who smoked have a higher likelihood of smoking themselves so the core idea of Of the social learning perspective is that people are prone to show behaviors that they have earlier witnessed in role models So and that's mostly your parents But it can also be your teacher for example or your grandparents or maybe your neighbor someone that you spend a lot of time with So we have these three different perspectives in social psychology We actually have more but these are the perspectives that have decided to focus on for now And what I found really important to to add When when I'm closing off this part of the lecture is that there's always an interaction between these perspectives So let's for example consider language Having language and communicating with each other. That's really part of being a human So evolution theory can really help us understand that learning language is universal It's something that all humans do but the specific language that we speak depends on where we grow up and there the cultural perspective can help us understand why we speak a certain language So this is a very nice example of both the both the evolutionary perspective and the social cultural perspective Perspective helping us to understand human behavior So it's also important to realize that it's not the case that one perspective is better or superior to others Even though in science you always have sort of this this idea of a battle especially when you're writing an article and getting your idea published that you want to Want to show to the people reading your article reading your work that you know How humans actually behave and what is true human behavior, but it's very important to realize that all these perspectives are valuable and they can Together help us understand why humans do what they do


All right, let's give Dr. Jill a welcome. Thank you. And thank you for being here, but you're often here, but thank you for being on stage, it's a different view. Your story is amazing. You've gone through so many ups and downs and suffering of your own, and you've learned a lot about flourishing from that. So why don't you tell everyone a little bit more about your story? Sure. So by God's grace, I was born to overcome, and not only to overcome, but my soul's journey has been to experience sometimes great suffering in order that I might learn at a level that I can help you all and other people to overcome as well. I grew up on a farm in central Illinois. I was one of five children. My mother was a nurse, and then she retired to take care of all of us. And I grew up with a beautiful family of faith and nurturing and just an incredible situation. But unbeknownst to me, the chemicals on that farm were slowly killing me. And I went to medical school, and at 25 years old, I was in my surgical rotation, and I found a lump in my breast. Now we're taught that 25-year-olds don't get cancer, so initially I wasn't too concerned. But I did as I was told, and I saw a radiologist, and I had a biopsy, and it wasn't very long that I found out that I had a very aggressive breast cancer. And I know I'm not unique in my suffering. Every one of you has a story. And we all remember those moments where we got a phone call telling us that someone we loved was dead, or that we got a life-threatening diagnosis ourselves, or maybe it was a son or daughter who had, you know, done something very difficult in our lives, or any number financial crisis. And usually we have these distinct memories of the songs that we're playing on the radio at that time. And I remember the color of the chair when my oncologist called me and said, Jill, you aggressive breast cancer. And those are pivotal moments in our lives where we have a choice. And we have the choice to go deep and to wrestle with the suffering. For me, it was within two weeks of my diagnosis, I was driving in the car with my ex-husband, and I heard a pastor on the radio, and he was talking about Lazarus, and he spoke John 11.4. And this shot me to the heart. I'll never forget that moment. And he said, the sickness will not end in death. It is for the glory of God that the Son of God might be glorified thereby. And in that moment, I knew that was my first illness, and I knew I was number one. I was going to live from that moment forward. I never once wondered if I was going to die. I knew that God had promised, but the other part of that promise is the sickness will not end in death, but it's for the glory of God that the Son of God might be glorified thereby. And at that moment, I started to search in the illness, in the suffering. I had no hair. I had skin rashes.  I was down to my lowest weight since like 10 years old, and I was suffering, but I knew that God had promised me life if I would bring him glory. And I had no idea that that was the first of many illnesses that would frame my entire calling and my whole career. And this week I was reading in Genesis 32, and I read about Jacob who was going to visit his brother Esau with a great gift with his wives and concubines, and he left them at a fjord and said, go ahead, and I'm going to stay here for the night. And over that night, he met an unwanted stranger. And we can consider these sufferings, these difficulties, these illnesses that we're dealing with, our unwanted strangers, why we never asked for them. It turned out to be an angel, and he wrestled that angel that night, pinned him down and said, I want you to bless me. And I love this, literally this week, I thought this is such a great analogy for our suffering, like that unwanted stranger, if we can pin it down and say, God, how can you bless me through this? Because it's when we go to that left, when we get out of our head as the mind, body, spirit that Brian suggested, I was in my head completely before the age of 40, when I had to really go down into my soul and my heart and my body and really experience what it feels like. So it's in these times, and then I, six months later, passed out in the emergency room, woke up with surgery, emergency surgery, and was told I had Crohn's disease, and then I ended up having severe mold-related illness after the flood here in Boulder. But in each of these unwanted strangers, I was able to find the blessing, and God has transformed every bit of that and given me health and healing so that I can share that with all of you and with the world. Out in the lobby, Jill's brought her book, Unexpected, Finding Resilience through Functional Medicine, Science, and Faith, and one of the themes I loved in it is how you talk about love and how love is necessary and essential and flourishing, but also in healing, physically. And can you tell us more about that? Sure. So I realized, and even in making the documentary, that at the core of healing, I grew up in a family where it's all about loving others and giving to others and serving others, and that is this wonderful calling we have as Christians. But at a deeper level, if we don't love ourselves, we don't love all the parts of ourselves. If we don't see ourselves as God sees us, which is perfect daughter of Christ because of Jesus' blood, if we don't have that love for our own body and cells, we develop illness. And so I learned a hard lesson, but a beautiful lesson that at the core, you must accept and love all parts of yourself before you can love others. And so that social connection and unconditional love is absolutely the foundation of healing. There are a number of people in our faith community here, our congregation that are struggling with mental illness, anxiety, depression, loneliness. Of course, it's happening in our community as well. I know you have a lot of really helpful things to say just about some of the root causes of those things that might surprise some people, but also some other steps that they can take besides maybe just talk, therapy or medicine, which those things are certainly helpful. But there's some other things that people can think about that will help. Can you share some about that? Yes. And I want to frame this too. There is nothing wrong with medication. There's nothing wrong with physicians and all of these other things. We're just saying what else is possible, right? And so in saying that, number one, we have to say, as a functional medicine expert, what is the root cause? And sometimes it's surprising in functional medicine, we often look at infectious burden and toxic load. And these are things you may not have even thought about. Could there be an infection that's driving inflammation and dysfunction in my brain and leading to depression or anxiety? Could there be toxins like water damage to my home and mold? I told this in the first service, but I have a good friend whose house had mold issues, she and her daughter came to see me. And when I'm talking to them about the history of the home, we found out there were two homicides and a suicide in that house.  And there's a darkness and depression that comes over people when they get exposed to mold. So could it be that there's actually something else other than just the mood that's going on? And that as a functional medicine doctor is what we like to do is go to that root cause because those things, those toxins, those infections, those inflammatory conditions can affect the brain as well as the body. So what do we do about it? I'm going to give you seven very practical steps as quick as I can. Number one, physical activity, sunshine, getting daylight in your eyes as soon as possible with the rise in the sun will actually help your sleep, will help your mood, will help those neurotransmitters to optimize. Physical activity, getting out in nature, putting away your cell phones and your devices. There is absolute associations with depression and anxiety and the amount of time you spend on your devices.  Second, sleep, absolutely critical. There is a high association with depression and anxiety and insomnia and hypersomnia, which means either too much sleep or too little sleep. So if you're not sleeping, that's a great place to start. Last weekend I talked to a dear friend who was suffering from dark depression. And the very first thing we talked about was when are you going to bed? How are you sleeping? And I gave him tips on how to sleep better because I knew that was at the core of some of the mood issues. So sleep, physical activity, food. Often we're eating fast food, processed food and all these chemicals, these trans fats, these altered things that aren't really food to begin with are actually affecting our brain and inflammation. We need healthy fats like olive oil and fish oil in order for our brains to function. So these are crucial and that's food. Stress, who of us doesn't have stress, right? Han Selie with his research talked about an acronym called NUTS. These are the predictors of stress in our life and they stand for novelty, new things, unpredictability, threat to eagle or threat to health, and sense of control. So if any of those things aren't in all of our lives at some point, we're probably lying. But when we know that we can deal with stress in a healthy way, whether it's prayer, meditation, and the next one is social connection and love, which is all about this sermon. So connecting with loved ones in real time with real people, not just on screens. And then substances, we can very easily with drugs, with medications, and with illicit drugs, numb out our systems. And this may feel good in the moment, but it's not helpful because what we're doing is we're dissociating from that pain and that suffering. I'll tell you a perfect example. I asked God for a break and he didn't listen very well because I broke my arm. A couple weeks ago, but I came out of surgery and they had done a spinal block.  It was completely numb. It was wonderful. No pain at all. That night at 2 AM, the nerves started waking up. And I woke up to this excruciating pain in my arm. I was like, okay, it's awake. But you know what I did? I had medications from the doctor I could have taken in an instant and I would have, but I sat for just a moment. And I said, this is not worse than when I broke my arm. I wonder if I could just take a very light, like ibuprofen type medication and sit with this pain. If it gets worse, I'll take medication. But what if I could just be with this pain and love this pain and thank it for telling me that my arm just had a major event. And I sat with that pain and it was hard. But within an hour it subsided and I was able to go back to sleep. And I think in our culture, we still often run from pain. Do you know that leprosy is a disease where you lose limbs, fingers, arms, toes, because you have no sensation of pain.  And these are disfigured, they lose their noses, they lose their fingers. So pain is a gift and our society is so pushed away. Pain that we've lost that connection to. Pain is a gift, pain is a teacher. Pain is a blessing like Jacob wrestling with the angels saying bless me through this. So not that we have to suffer, but a little bit is okay because that's where God meets us.  It will bring glory to God if you can be with it and if you can love it. And then lastly, environmental toxins and I touched on that, this is a whole lecture in and of itself, but some of you may be in an environment that is toxic, whether it's chemicals or toxic mold or heavy metals or other things.  Amazing. I want you to know we're using Dr. Joe as a resource in the years to come, especially as we're building programs for young people and even as adults struggling with these things. And this is going to be incorporated into the best care we can get from all of the different fields. I know people are very, very interested in all the things that you have to say. Where else can they find your teaching, your podcast, different, different, some of your favorite resources? Thank you. You can go to my website just jillcarnia.com. There's blogs and all kinds of free stuff on this topic. You're prolific.  CBS News, all these famous people's podcasts, they, they all want her. And it's all there in one place. And so you can find a number of resources that are helpful. Please, when Jill is here at church on Sundays, don't treat it like the office, let her enjoy her time here. But she's an incredible resource to us as are many of our caregivers in the different fields. And we really appreciate what you had to share. Let's give her a hand. Thank you for today. All right, I'm going to end the service a little different. I'm just going to pray a prayer blessing on us and then we'll be dismissed. And I can tell you if you have kids in the children's ministry there.


Here's what we got. We only got four gears. Oh, that was bad. That was so bad. What's up everybody and welcome back to the channel for some new content to the channel. RecFest has made its way here on the Xbox One and we're here to play some RecFest for today. A little Let's Play series on the RecFest game. We are going to be using the full fan tech rig as long as it works. So we're going to make sure it should work hopefully. Haven't really tested this yet. I probably should have tested that before we started, but we're going to be doing some RecFest today and do a full Let's Play series here on RecFest. Something to break the normality of Forza, but it's still racing. We still got the wheel. So it kind of stays true to the channel. So we're going to have some fun with it. Make sure you guys follow me on Instagram and Twitter. I'll put your front in the description box below. So let's just get to it and wreck some cars. All right, so we are just double checking to make sure everything is squared away with the wheel. We do have the full fan to take out at 900 degrees and we're testing. We got a full gas, full brake, and full clutch. So we are good to go. So we're going to save all of that and make sure hopefully our handbrake actually works. So A would be look back if we need it. Gas brake clutch. I wish I could. I'm not sure if my handbrake is going to work. We're going to give it a shot and hopefully it does work. So I think we're just going to hop right into the beginning of this game in the career. Looks like we got challenge, eat dirt. So we got a lawnmower race. We got a RecFest born series, demolition racing, and we got some demolition derby, demolition racing. So we're just going to do some of this stuff. I think we're going to start with a normal race series rather than doing that. So we're going to be in the dirt. I believe the car we have is automatic in a sense because I didn't find any options to change anything. We're going to do realistic damage. Didn't find anything for basically changing for manual or anything like that. I think we can change gear because we do have it in sequential mode. So we can use that because it does shift automatically. The handbrake does work. It says we have a clutch, but this car doesn't have a clutch. So assuming each car is different depending on the car you're in. So we're going to hope that's how it is. We'll find out more once we get into this game more, but we're going to get into our first race here in the dirt here on RecFest. Force feedback hopefully is not too strong. We may have to dial it back because we are on full 100% on our fan attack and I believe we're at 70 or 80% in the game. I'm kind of where it came from. So we're going to see how this works. Definitely been super excited to play this game. If you guys want to keep seeing RecFest and a playthrough, let me know in the comment section down below. Definitely going to be doing a lot of RecFest stuff here very soon. To break the normality from Forza, going to be popping back on Forza though for ESDA Prep on the offseason SSR and other competitions as well as Horizon and some other games coming out here very soon. Load screens are killing me right now. I just want to drive. It's all I want to do. I just want to drive. But the load screen is killing me. A bit of a bit of a bother on the load screen, but we're about to load in. There we go. Midwest. All right. First race here on RecFest happened right into it. Have not got a chance to even play this. So we're just going to go right for it. Change of view a little bit. Looks like we've got some different views. Like we're going to go on the furthest out view as we possibly can. Of course, feedback does feel pretty good. Oh, we're already losing bumpers. Ah, feedback feels pretty strong actually. Kind of ripping the handbrake a little bit. Doing pretty good so far. Geez. The wheel almost got ripped out of my hand. Inside, excuse me. Oh, oh my. Almost drifting. Hard on the brake. Oh, turn more, turn more, turn more. That dude just bit it in the tires as we almost bite it in the tires as well. Oh, RecFest. This is going to be so much fun to play. Destruction at its best. Oh my. This wheel is rough. It's pretty strong. We may have to dial back our feedback a little bit. Oh, oh my. Should have saw that coming. We're changing up the view. Get a little first person action going on. This is actually quite cool in first person for the racing aspect of it. Just trying to stay smooth and not wreck our car and take the inside. Excuse me. Coming through tires. Here we go. We are in first right now. Just ripping this track. Not sure what difficulty or anything is that, but we are just sending it pretty far ahead. Looks like we're going to be able to take this win. Oh, a little handbrake rip so this car can actually drift. Can't wait to get some more powerful cars in here. The wheel does feel pretty good and it's definitely fun to play. It does have a bit of a kind of arcade-ish feel, I guess you would say. I'm sure it would be a little more slip slidey in the dirt, but it does feel fun. This game probably much more fun on a wheel. No! No! I want to take the win. Come on. We got to take the first first race win here for our first let's play here on Wreckfest. And we're going to take that. Get away. I'm going to take that W. Thank you. First place win on our first race here at Wreckfest. That's like 46 seconds. This game is fun. First impressions. This is a lot of fun. I feel like the first feedback needs to be tweaked a little bit. Event reward street intake manifold. All right, so first race we took the win. We're here in the second race. These load screens are kind of what's getting me, but it is what it is. There's a lot of things that get loaded in. Damages, crash, destructibility, everything. So we are going to just load this in for the second race of our Wreckfest career. So I will catch you guys once we're on the line and ready to go. So we're going to test something on our wheel. We're going to go to force feedback. We're going to put it on authentic instead of 100% and see if that makes a bit of a difference or if we pretty much lose force feedback. Oh, we have feedback. So the feedback feels much better on authentic instead of 100%. And forza, I run it on 100% instead of authentic because the update kind of screwed with a little bit. So now the wheel does feel super light over the jumps. Excuse me. Oh, hold on to that. Oh, I didn't see that turn. We almost lost it. Take me inside. I should probably should have pulled the handbrake. Oh man. All right, so we got a new rival apparently crashing your rival to regain in bonus. We're going to smash it to you though. Excuse me. Coming through. Nope. Nope. You're going in the wall. Oh, he almost took me out. Oh boy. Excuse me. Wreckfest. So much fun right now. Oh, getting sideways. We're drifting. We are in first. There we go. We may kick the turn car. We may switch the feedback back up in the actual game. I did turn it down to 60 or 75 in the game from 80 because it was a lot and then I put it on authentic. Got a little bit damaged to our car right now. Nothing major. Oh, all right. Wow. That guy was all up on my back bumper, but we got only 97%. We don't really have much damage. It seemed to be ripping this car as we almost died. Oh, was that my rival? Dude just died. He just biffed it. He tried to take me out and he died. Our rival is in third. Brute force. That's a wall. Wasn't paying attention. I was looking up at the screen. We just got wrecked ourselves. Hopefully, we'll be able to maybe still take the win. A little bump from behind. Nope. You stay back there. You stay back there. Oh, we took that win. Whoo. Almost completely wrecking ourselves out there. Brute force is now a rival of ours. Continue. We should probably check and see what these bonuses are. It looks like we got a straight cutter, straight cut fender now. The car is very, very damaged. Level two, we unlocked the intake. So we're going to be tuning this car up very soon. So definitely having a lot of fun with this force feedback feels great. So what we're going to do is actually going to switch pavement track, single heat, three laps, grid size 16. I didn't see what the bonus was. I should have looked breakfast. Definitely not disappointing. I've seen when this was out on PC. It was a lot of fun. Now it's on console. Definitely a lot of fun. And there's going to be a lot of Wreckfest content coming for you guys, like I said, as well as Forza content and stuff like that. Maybe do some, if you guys have Wreckfest and you guys want to do some online racing, let me know down in the comments because I'd be very interested in doing some a lot, you know, online racing with some of you guys here on the channel and wreck some cars. So we're going to load up on grid. Once we get on grid, I will send it back to you guys and we're going to go race number three here at Fire Rock Raceway short course. So we are starting from the back. This one looks like it's a lot of pavement. So we're going to be gripping as much as we can. Ah, here's where we do manual manual with clutch. There we go. ABS off. Trash control off. Stability control off. Ah, yeah, there we go. That's what I wanted. So now we are going to be racing this thing. Oh, we can adjust some stuff. We're going to leave everything how it is, but now we are going to be racing this thing. Hopefully full manual clutch in, see if our actual H pattern works. We have full H pattern now and we have a clutch. So now we are in full tilt with this car and this game full H pattern and everything. Our shifter clutch, everything works. Downshift in a second. Oh yeah, this is how we get the most power out of this car. For sure.  Here we go. Oh, I don't want to pause. I wanted to change to the one little closer view. Probably shouldn't have broke that hard. Actually, I like this outer view. How many gears we got? We only got four gears. That was bad. That was so bad. But we are okay. Oh, we're getting bumped. We're getting bumped around. The wheel is bumping out of my hand, but we, oh my God. Over drifting. We are getting punted around right now on this track. But now we are on no track control, no ABS, no stability. So now the car actually slides and we can lock everything up. We are up there now with the car difficulty. And there's it. There's that ABS lock up. But we're good. Ow. So this is much harder now, but much more entertaining. Final lap. Best lap. Zero hero. A little bit on my door. Oh, just a tap. Just a clip. Oh, geez. That car is quick. There we go. On throttle. Got to stay as quick as possible. Stay flat-footed. A little clutch kick. We're good. Let's go. Oh, drifting through there. Oh, no. Nope. Nobody not letting you buy. That was definitely dirty to take that win, but we took the win. Took the win in the third race. We took first. I believe we took overall career win and not one because, well, we just won the races. So I think that's what we're doing here for the first episode here on Rec Fest. More Rec Fest content coming for you guys. A little less play through here. We're going to do some demo derby next time and stuff like that. Now that we figured out how to get everything working, hope you guys enjoyed it. So as always, I think you guys are watching I'm EvilRabbit. I'll see you guys on the track.


Hello, I am Professor Rajkumar Panth from Aerospace Engineering Department of IIT Bombay and I would like to give you a brief overview of the NPTEL course on Introduction to aircraft design. This course is spread over around 3 months with 30 hours of instruction and other material. The course will be mostly descriptive in nature. We will use less amount of mathematics, when wherever we use equations they will be simple equations, mostly we will be conveying the features of aircraft design through pictures and video clips. This course is more oriented towards aerodynamics and flight mechanics. Concepts related to controls, structures and propulsion and dynamics would be covered in much lesser detail. The course is meant for students of aerospace engineering, preferably from the third or the fourth year of the undergraduate course or the master students. But it can also be appreciated by any aviation enthusiast who has a basic science background. A special feature of this course is the explanation of some estimation procedures used in aircraft conceptual design through around 10 tutorials which will cover all the major aspects of a conceptual design exercise. And for that we are going to take a contemporary transport aircraft as a baseline. In addition to the material available online, we will conduct 3 sessions once every month, maybe more if needed to clarify the doubts that you may have and also to explain some new concepts. Before I talk about the course, let me give you a very brief idea about my background. On the academic front, I have 3 degrees in Aeronautical Engineering. The first of these was the undergraduate degree, Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh in 1983 and in my final year, I led a team of students who looked at conceptual design of a short haul regional business transport aircraft. Then I moved to IIT Madras for a master's program in Aeronautical Engineering sponsored by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. As part of my MTech project, I developed some software for transport aircraft design. Subsequently, I went for a PhD at Cranfield University in the College of Aeronautics. And my PhD thesis also is related to a topic in aircraft conceptual design. As far as my work experience is concerned, I have 5 years industrial experience in Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in the design and development division of which the first 3.5 years were spent in HAL Kanpur from 84 to 88 in which I worked on the structural aspects. And then I was promoted and transferred to HAL Nasik where I spent one and a half years. There I shifted to aerodynamics and flight testing. After that, I moved to academics at IIT Bombay where I have spent around 3 decades. These are the aircraft on which I have mainly worked on when I was in HAL. The ones that you see on the bottom is Dornier DO-228-212. And then when I shifted to Nasik, I spent most of my time working on MiG-27M Bahadur aircraft which at that time was being produced under license. There are some other aircraft on which I have worked. This is the HTT-32 aircraft designed by Indian design engineers of HAL Bangalore. It was then converted into a turboprop version called as the HTT-34. I also spent some time working on the structural modifications of HS748 Avro aircraft. And I spent about 4 to 5 months working on the shop floor in the final assembly of a wooden glider called as Ardhra. I have also flown aircraft in the cockpit. When I was a student of IIT Madras, the Meenam-Makkam flying club gave 8 hours of flight experience to students of the master's program. And when I moved to Cranfield University for my PhD, I flew 2 sorties of approximately 1 hour each on this Beagle-Pup aircraft. Let us have a look at the anticipated outcomes of this course. At the end of this course, you should be able to acquire some skills and some knowledge. You should be able to define and apply the concepts of aircraft conceptual design. Remember we will not look at any preliminary or detailed design calculations, only limit our attention to conceptual design. You will probably be able to understand why some aircraft look like the way they do and why they have those special configurations and special features. Through the tutorials that we are going to conduct, you will get an idea about the estimation of some important and useful parameters related to aircraft design using standard approaches. And we will also try to cover aspects which affect the design a lot such as acquisition cost and operating cost. I look forward to see you in the course. Thank you very much.


Okay, so I'm going to cover a little, like, different thing, but then it's also very relevant and I'm, like, surprised every day by the amount of people who, like, don't, kind of, have that, like, interpret themselves. So it's, like, the same goes, like, there are two types of people involved, people who do backups and people that will do backups. Like, as soon as you, like, kind of lose, like, a lot of data and you realize that you've been gone at any moment, you cannot start doing that. But I need, like, to come back up with this stuff, otherwise it might be lost at any moment. Like, many, many things can happen. Your drive can fail. Like, your laptop can be stolen. Some, you can make a mistake writing some script. Instead of doing, like, an RM. Do a RM. There are many, many ways and you don't realize, like, you can lose a lot of your stuff. So I'm going to, kind of, go through some recommended guidelines and some, kind of, pitfalls that you can end up doing. Even if you are, like, doing some sort of backup and you think you're, kind of, doing it. So one thing that you can, like, you will see, mentioned a lot of times, kind of, the three to one rule for backups. So this kind of, kind of, this period of, like, you need, kind of, to recommend a way of doing it. It's like, you need three copies in two different mediums. One of them being offset. So what this is, kind of, teaching, like, like, saying is, like, you don't want to hold your X in the same path. So the meaning is, like, let's say I have, like, a hard drive when I'm making, like, we backups. If I don't have that A, it needs to be a separate drive. It's you're making just backups in a separate partition in your same machine.  There's, you know, you need, like, kind of, two different devices with this. You need, like, a server where you need, kind of, separate servers. And the second thing is, one of them, at least, needs to be offset. Because, like, you're going to still have, like, a separate hard drive that you store in a drawer in your room. But, hope not. But, like, if the house burns down, again, you just lose all the way. Like, that's the only thing you don't want to be happy with. So, kind of, the recommended strategy says have one, kind of, copy, like, on-site review. Like, that's really convenient because sometimes the only stuff on the internet can be really expensive, both in terms of money or in terms of time. Like, a lot of these, like, cloud services would be fairly slow if you want to silently download all your data. It's just, kind of, convenient. And something that you can quickly access and something that can be there just in case. Then, even if you have all of these, there's still common pitfalls. One of the most common ones is you need to be testing that your backups are working. Like, it's not enough to just, kind of, blind the trials of the script that you wrote. It's, like, it's, like, email it, maybe, outputting all these files to your terminal.  But, like, who knows? Maybe the server you're backing up to, you don't have permissions. And the data is being copied, the things in the output. But when it goes to write to the server, it's not there. And when you go to record your data, the data is not there. And there are, like, many, if you're a mystery, I think one of the most famous ones is the Toy Story 2. The movie was almost lost, like, for this very same reason. Like, someone accidentally deleted everything, like, the entire movie that was sitting in the server. And when they went to the backup guys, they were, like, oh, hey, the backup was not properly configured. We don't have your data. It was just, like, some coincidence that some employee had copied the data to work from home. But they could, like, silence the movie. So the way you should be doing this is, like, when you do a backup, it was a very, very tried recording data from it to test, like, it's probably working. It's one of the things that you should take into account. And the second thing to take into account is that having a mirror is, like, you need to be testing. The other thing is mirroring is not a backup. Like, if you are just making an identical copy for your file somewhere else, and this is kind of the same reason why, like, you would hear people say that, like, great striping is, like, having to this, that kind of mirror each other is not a backup. And this is because if you delete stuff from your home disk and everything is being sent and all the changes are being provided and you don't have any way of making snapshots, making versions, there are many ways, like, data can be corrupted. Like, your disk might be still working, but, like, some steps might be corrupted and you don't have it realized. And that would be propagated to kind of the backup solution that you have or maybe some malicious software just kind of replaces, like, a bunch of your files and files are still there, but, like, they just suddenly kind of push those changes. And that's what a lot of cloud services like Dropbox and Google Drive do, where they kind of keep around files for a while, but their main idea is, like, a mirroring solution. So if you cannot trust that in the long term, you can come back to buy you because, like, they only give stuff for, like, one more or something like that.  You want kind of, your backup to kind of have versions with, like, oh, yeah, like, I have AV and I have EC. Like, if I want to go back in time, I can't record A. I mean, it's not lost. Along with this, one thing you want to be doing is the duplication. So this kind of versioning system can become really expensive if you do it kind of naïve. You just make, like, an entire copy of all the files that you carry and transfer it every single time you're just making a copy. You're going to end up with a lot of random information. And again, like, some of these services might be expensive when you start, like, copying files and files all over again. And these just touch upon, on this thing called simulink. A simulink is, like, a file that is saying, oh, like, don't mind me, go this, like, somewhere else to figure out where to file for relives. There's a similar thing which is called hardware. A hardware case does, like, in the same way that a file is just kind of a pointer to some place in the disk or, like, some, like, a bunch of bytes live. You can have, like, instead of having this setup where you can figure out, like, oh, this B thing is served between these two. So what you can have is, like, your version one is pointing to, like, you have A and B and your version two is pointing to B and C. And that way you only store B ones. So, and the nice thing about those all, if you delete any of the pointers, you can, like, all the others still work. It's really convenient. And of the last thing, kind of the last large point of the text form is encryption. Unless you control, like, all the serials where you're kind of storing your backups, think about, like, maybe your code is not sensitive or your photos are also, like, not sensitive, but they're, like, so much stuff, like your taxes, your, like, social security number, that you might not be comfortable with uploading to someone who's running just the third party in the club, but it might be, like, it's moving your data. But again, the thing is, with very little effort, there are tools, and I don't know if you can list some of them now, that can simplify this for you. Like, we can have this exact same setup where instead of, I can have, like, my client can have some key, like, some secret key and instead of storing A, B and C, what I, like, in simplified terms could be inserting, like, an encrypted version of A and an encrypted version of B and an encrypted version of C. This way the server can be storing this data and without the key, which is everything is kind of encrypted in the client's side, they cannot read my back, they will just have, like, some random information without the key, they won't be able to read it. And this is kind of compatible with the deduplication scheme. So you can still make this incremental change over time, and then we just be seeing, like, random stuff. Some kind of extracurricular series seems to think you maybe want to look in, like, you might not want the same backup strategy for your data, like, it's, maybe, you care more about, like, your documents, like your passport or, like, the taxes and stuff like that and maybe your photos, where you are fine only having, like, one copy of your photos, instead of, like, three. There are, like, also software that will allow you to make a bootable version of your system, so you can make an entire copy of your disk. So if, kind of, you lose your blog or, like, the disk, the hardware fails, you can replace that boot really quickly. You can have, like, an entire copy of your disk. Of course most of it. Any questions so far?  And if Spotify, tomorrow or the Saturday, they lost the rights, unfortunately, they haven't backed it up properly, all my plays didn't work out, and I have no way to kind of fix that right away. And that's when, kind of, looking at, like, all these web services, like, for example, like, here, have Instabaker because Spotify is trying to bring you to backup, will you kind of have to think about the data that is living in all these web services and how to kind of back it up? Yes, in case. So you can return a lot of them, you can go to, like, things, settings, and you have, like, export as a CSV file. And, like, this will, like, yes. You just download a file to my computer, and I can open this in some, like, text, and, like, I have all my data, like, with all this stuff we saw from Dota Rendling, you can pass it and you can record it.  Similarly, kind of, the other thing that you may care about, I mean, this is something that I learned about some time ago that was really good, like, sometimes you really like some content that is on the website. But it's not really easy to, like, kind of back up a website. You can always, kind of, save, like, all the files to your computer, but then it's not easy if you want to, kind of, set someone else.  It's called the Waypack Machine. And it allows you to, kind of, submit pages. And, like, they will take a snapshot and store it, like, for posterity. And they have many, like, petites of, like, save web pages, like, all the information. So, for example, if we type some, like, the NDB, you can see, like, all these snaps that they have taken every time. Like, if we go to, like, 2001, all these snapshots, for example, this, it takes a while because, like, they're not, like, using, kind of, the fast station processor for this kind of stuff. But, like, for example, like, we have seen, like, the, what the web product do of the A and the B in the B in 2001. And, like, you can look and, like, sometimes maybe at what rates that, like, someone has linked to people out there anymore, but you're going to come to these webpages and maybe someone has already taken a snapshot of it. And the same goes the other way. If you have, like, some, like, webpages that have some stuff, some stuff that you link to people often, you may want to back it up. They just offer you, like, you can, for example, if you go back to the main page, like, you can type here in the B.com, for example, but to that, like, it will take a snapshot of the pages that it is running. This won't work, like, dynamic, but, like, the kind of it's not a static webpages. It, like, if it's a dynamic webpages, it will only save, like, a status snapshot. And you can also kind of say, like, PDF, for example, link to PDF or link to an image, they will also save that. And the same goes, for example, for, like, MIT class, for example, this is this QT system class, you can see there's, like, a lot of snapshots that people have taken over the years, and you can just go back, and it's, like, sometimes convenient, like, you can see they always make the previous years, you can see, like, this is kind of what it was in, uh, 2012. And, of course, all of this stuff is going to work for backups, and we are already almost done having any poisons. So we stuff it out on the computer. Oh. Or you're going to do automation, right? Yeah, I'm going to do that. Yeah, I think we're going to do that. All right. And I'm curious, I have a question for the students. How many people here would not lose any data if you lost your computer right now? Oh, nice. No data, huh? No data? Bold claim. Yeah? So what do you guys use? Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, probably to mention the data. I think we link that in the web page. And so this is like a bunch of software, but like, if you want something with it, if you want, like, all the features, I don't know how to set it up, like, the duplication, encryption, all the stuff, I think Tarzan app, and like, you also want kind of some remote, but like, because you don't have servers in the cloud that you don't want to set up your BBS and secure this kind of stuff around an entire class, like, you just continue in a server, it's going to be tricky. So Tarzan app is a really good kind of default solution that you can use. This is good for saving stuff that is, like, not media, like you don't want to be back in unblock some kind of photos or videos, because the pricing can be much more expensive for that, for kind of simple files, it can be really efficient. If that's kind of the same framework that we have over here, like, it figures out the data, it figures out the duplicates what are the new things, then it compresses, then it encrypts it with, like, a client-side key, and then sends that to that. And if you configure it properly, you can even configure it in a way that not even if someone gets above your computer can delete the the BBS, because you can only append to that instead of kind of overriding what they need. If you don't want something that you can control your own, there's, like, an open source tool called Warp Backup that's pretty much the same, the only thing is you do need to figure out what remote or, like, where are we storing the data, and that's this, for example, the one that I used, just have, like, a service in my friend's house in Spain, and, like, I just back up to that. And it allows you to kind of mount, like, mount views, all these different views into your file system and navigate them and, like, report files from there. And there's, like, these simpler tools where you kind of have to implement the address yourself, which can be more convenient. Like, I think it's just, like, a remote popping tool where you will figure out, like, between the remote folder and the local folder only the things that have changed, like, transfer level, but, like, it won't do the snapshots, for example. Like, you do that, it won't do that for you, and it won't do the encryption, which can also become tricky if you don't implement it correctly. And argon is kind of a similar thing. Argon is convenient if you want to be backing up to, say, Dropbox or to Google Drive. Argon is kind of, like, a command-line utility that works, like, async, but allows you to configure, kind of, all the APIs and stuff, so you can copy files and read files from, like, Amazon S3, Dropbox, Google Drive for this remote that, like, we all don't allow you to kind of SSA and copy files to SSA. Yeah. So just, can you just tell me what's wrong with the following setup? This is what I like, I just put all my Git repos inside of Dropbox, even though people say, don't do it, I've always done that, and it's amazing. And then, literally everything I ever do on my computer is just in the Dropbox that MIT pays for. And then, big files, if there are images that go on Google Photos, and I'm, like, allowing them to do whatever they want like, that's my privacy choice.  So I just have it copied on, like, a couple of disks. And I don't really have to do anything because that data doesn't really change. So your private SSH keys, for example, go and Git repositories in Dropbox. No, those are just, those are just saved on... Saved where? They're saved on, like, Git repo. Which is in Dropbox? No, they're just saved on, like, uh, yeah, so I have a private key that hides all my private key files that are stored on Dropbox. And where's that private key stored? That's just on, like, a couple of flash drives. On a couple of flash drives. Yeah. Okay, so that seems like the start of a problem. Really? No, I mean, I have my private keys encrypted on flash drives around the place, too. So there are a couple of issues you want to do. One is, you're basically, like, trusting everyone with your data. If you're willing to trust people with your data, then it is trivial to do backup. Like, there are tools that let you do, like, full disk backups.  If you're willing to do that, then backup is very easy. It does mean that you'll backup a lot more than you might care about. For example, I don't include my Git repositories in my backups. Because they're already in Git, right? They're already pushed somewhere. So, my concerns are more things like doc files. I backup all of my email. I download my machine and then include in my backup. Because in case my email provider goes away, or I stop trusting them for whatever reason, all of my cookies from my browser, I backup. In addition to that, I backup just, like, various, like, scans of passports and stuff that I don't want to leave in Dropbox. Those I also keep in encrypted backups. So it really comes down to trust, right? It sounds like this is a joint security and that. Oh, absolutely. If all you want is backup, then that is trivial if you're willing to trust people with your backup. Although the thing that kind of, like, Dropbox doesn't interest me becoming an issue, Dropbox is always mirroring. If you change a file and you want to recover it later, they won't keep that around for a while. So, to take an example, if you do worry about security, imagine that someone steals your laptop. Can they delete all your backups from there? And is that a threat model that you worry about? No, because Dropbox saves your history. If I have your laptop, I can delete the entire version of Dropbox too. Even in history? Yeah. I can wipe your Dropbox account. Like, I can delete your Dropbox account. By going into, like, the browser. Yeah, sure. Not with Dropbox. That's fine. I can have your laptop. I can do whatever I want. That's just a password issue, right? Okay, where do you store your passwords? Somewhere that's accessible from your laptop? It sounds to me like this is a security problem. No, no. Well, I mean, yes, you're right. All of this is about security. If all you care about is backup, it is trivial. All you do is just mirror your entire disk to somewhere online. So if all you want is backup, the problem is trivial. That I totally agree with. The only issue is, like, yeah, somebody accesses my browser, but that's because I did do a good job of making my browser inaccessible. No, someone runs away with your laptop. Yeah. Now they have access to, like, anything on my laptop, but I don't see how I use any of these programs for backing up. It's going to prevent them from... With Tarsenup, there's no way someone can delete your backups, even if they have your laptop. The cryptographic key you get on your laptop is append-only. It does not let anyone delete. You're signed in to Dropbox as a password. Okay, where do you store the password? I don't store it. You just remember your password to Dropbox. That suggests to me that it's not particularly secure. It's pretty good. So you're saying you have pretty good passwords for all sites that are not reused? For Dropbox and, like, like, three things that have really good passwords. I just force myself to memorize. Sure. Yeah, I mean, I agree. If you're willing to, like, remember long passwords securely and you trust Dropbox, that seems fine. Okay. So, yeah, all of this comes down to security and trust. Yeah. So I'm not willing to trust anyone with anything. Yeah, I think that's a fair example. But that does make my backup strategy also more painful. Speaking of passwords, where do you also store your passwords? I think that we wouldn't cover that in the security lecture. I think all of us use password managers. Yeah. I use the, what's it called? Patrick's Standard Password Manager? The one that's called Pass? Pass. I use one password. Yeah, I use Bitward, I think. Which is, like, open search. And, like, all the different stuff. And then I have, like, some stuff on, like, fast logic. It's stuff that I want. Like, it's scripts in my system to be used without, like, reading, like, a plaintext password directory. And I think that we can it's going to create that the kind of someone running away with your laptop. One thing about the encryption, same applies to kind of your hardware.  If they have, like, hardware access to your computer and you don't have all this encryption, they can just easily get into, like, some user privilege mode overwrite the user, like, read all your files. And nowadays, it's become easier and easier and, like, Mac has, like, five walls on, like, Linux, like, when you're installing to use looks for encryption. And, like, the hardware spread. Like, I haven't been using this for years and I haven't seen any slowdowns being because my entire hard drive is encrypted. And I think that you might have said, like, the kind of the OS is doing some authorization but it's not doing encryption with your files at all. When I'm taking a five minute break now I keep answering questions but if anybody wants to take their break they're welcome to. I'm wondering for you to, Mac, do you use Time Machine and, I guess, like, do you have thoughts on Time Machine? I have used Time Machine in the past and it was, like, it was so finicky sometimes. Like, when it worked, it was awesome. But, like, sometimes it was, like, extremely finicky of, like, how would it be, like, because it couldn't fight, like, the Time Machine anymore. And as soon as I started I kind of realized an IO control on the, like, encrypted backup so, like, someone would not, like, delete the stuff because he would need, like, to access server and, like, also know, like, couldn't read the stuff even if they got, kind of, my Time Machine. And I stopped using that instead of, like, more. It's convenient. Like, I think time, like, kind of on being like, okay, it's a good solution that implements and, I think, that's in the notes. It's a good solution that does the kind of the versioning. Like, with most kind of backup tools that are near yours and, like, Time Capsule does give you versions.  And that's just losing data. That's kind of the opposite of backups. So it's kind of a good solution, but it still has its own comments. Have you reduced it? I've used it a long time ago, but I've switched to other tools since then. I, like, want data to be back to multiple servers.  And, yes, I don't use Time Machine anymore. I think it doesn't let you have multiple backups, right? Or at least back when I used it. You could have a single Time Capsule, but I couldn't say, like, I have five Time Capsules, like, synchronized all of them or something. Yeah. It's funny because I do use Time Capsules but I just run all this stuff. Like, I just have, like, a, like, a proxy server in between and just, like, mail or mount the, the, the disk. But you, you can use, like, Time Capsule and it doesn't know what disk and won't be able to, like, transfer it back. It's pretty good.