Patriot Prime Reviews is a channel for adult collectors and may not be suitable for children under 13 years of age. Viewer discretion is advised. Hey what's going on guys, Patriot Prime here once again with another ToyHacks.com sponsored video. But before I get started, I need you guys to do me a favor. If you're watching this video right here and are not a subscriber of Patriot Prime Reviews, please consider hitting that subscribe button right now. It won't cost you a thing, but will help me and my channel out tremendously. Now, on to the decals. And the set we're looking at in this video is for Studio Series Bumblebee Movie Soundwave and Ravage. And this decal set includes five decal sheets on foil backing. So now, without further ado, let's take a look at Soundwave and Ravage both before and after ToyHacks decals. And welcome to Patriot Prime Reviews. In robot mode, straight out of the packaging, Ravage looks really good. Taking a closer look at the figure. He's got great sculpted details all over and actually really good paint applications for such a small figure. You can see right there his yellow eyes, the red strip on top of his forehead, the red there along the cheeks. Silver up here on his missile pod and there along the top of the pod. On the side of the legs, we've got some red and white with a Decepticon insignia. White and red on the back of the legs. And that's about it. So really straight out of the package, this Ravage looks great. One of the best looking retail Ravages we've got in a long time. So I cannot wait to see what ToyHacks does for him. And the decals are only for robot mode. So there will be no alt mode comparison. So there you go guys, Ravage in robot mode before. Ravage gets a few new decals to help enhance his robot mode. Taking a closer look at the figure. He gets new decals here on the shoulders that kind of look like armor plating. You've got options. You've got the ones like I have with the Decepticon insignia. Or you have plane. Of course, I always go for the insignia. There's also new decals that cover up the pins. You got one right there and one right there behind the back leg. New blue decals for the cheeks. And a decal right there inside the rocket launcher. So just a little bit to help enhance Ravage. So there you have Ravage in his robot mode after. In robot mode, straight out of the packaging, Soundwave actually looks really good. He's got some great paint applications all over and some fantastic sculpted details. Really, the only problem I have with this figure is the face. I mean, he just looks so depressed with that visor. He just looks like he's really, really worried. And I'm not a big fan of the blue gap right there in the middle of the faceplate. That being said, looking at the paint applications, the visor is nice bright red. You got silver there for the faceplate except for the middle. The chest here is translucent plastic but doesn't look too bad since the chest cavity is so dark. You can actually make out the red here, the gold and the Decepticon insignia. Down here on the forearms, he does have red striping. On the waist, there's some silver with some white and red triangles. Moving on down, you've got some gold here for the shins. And that's it for the paint application. So I cannot wait to see what Toyhacks does for Soundwave here. So there you go, one final look at Soundwave in robot mode before and after. But before I get into showing off all of Soundwave's new decals, I do have to make a correction. In the intro, I stated that the decal set was all on foil backing. I was wrong. You get a combination of foil, vinyl, clear and opaque. So a wide variety of decals are going on Soundwave here. And taking a closer look at the figure, I have to show off the face first. That looks awesome. He's got this new red visor with a little silver section right there so he doesn't look as depressed. And what cracks me up is Toyhacks actually called this decal, sadness reducing decal. And that really cracked me up. Now there is a layer of decals that you put on underneath for a base. Before you put the red on, but man that looks so good. Along with the brand new chrome mouth plate that covers up that blue that was in the center. That just looks awesome. I mean this decal set in my opinion is worth it right there for the face. Now it gets a clear decal here on the chest. It's a clear decal with those red lines that were already a part of the base figure. But that enables the chest to have more of a 3D look. I don't know if it's coming across on camera as good as in person. I love the looks of that. That's really awesome. New decals here on the shoulders. You get these blue decals here and silver, yellow highlight decals here and here on either side of the chest. Blue decals right below the window. Moving on down to the waist, you get new decals right here, these chrome and red decals. You have an option of either the chrome and red or you have chrome and silver. So I went with the chrome and red since he has all the red on him already. You also have decals right here for the crotch area. It kind of looks like the buttons from his tape player mode in G1. Here on the forearms you get these new red and gray decals. These gray decals are opaque so they're kind of see-through. Man, they look so good. Really breaks up all that white. More of the red and gray decals here on the thighs. Moving on down to the legs. He gets these new blue and silver decals on both side of the leg, down here on the foot. Blue and silver decals as well on the outside and inside. Man, they did a number on Soundwave. He looks so good now. So there you have Soundwave in robot mode after. In vehicle mode, straight out of the packaging, Soundwave retains a lot of his sculpted details but there's very minimal paint applications. You've got gold here around the cockpit. There's some red right here along the front. In the middle we've got some silver and along the side of the vehicles you've got some more gold. And that's it. A very bland and weird looking vehicle mode. So there you go. Soundwave in vehicle mode before. And after. Soundwave's Krabby Patty mode gets quite a few new decals from Toyhacks to help enhance the look. Taking a closer look at the vehicle, he gets new silver decals right here along the front. That I think look really good. New red decals for those triangles. And he gets new red decals right there for the front of the vehicle along with silver decals right there. Moving on along the back, there are new decals right here that covered up the canopy to give it more of a blue and silver look along with some yellow decals along the side. Now with these decals here there are structural decals you put on underneath to kind of thicken up the area you put this decal on. And my recommendation for you when you put this decal on just lightly press down. You don't want to press down too hard or you're going to see those ridges. Let me see if I can get the light to catch. See what I'm talking about right there?  He gets new blue decals here on the sides and right there that I think look really good. New vent decals right there. And moving on to the back of the figure. You get new silver decals with blue accents, silver decals here. And on the back you got a multiple, multiple, ah I got tongue tied. Multiple blue decals, you got the dark blue here, light blue here. There are blue decals that cover up those pins and yellow decals right there. So a lot more detail than what the vehicle had before. So there you go. Soundwave in vehicle mode. I absolutely love what Toyhacks was able to do for Studio Series Soundwave and Ravage.  But thanks to Toyhacks I think it looks amazing now. Not to mention all the extra decals that added so much more detail and personality to this figure. Granted it really didn't do much for vehicle mode but I'm not sure there's much you can do with that. The extra decals for Ravage were a fun addition. They really don't add a lot to the character but I do like that armor plated look. So if you have a Studio Series Soundwave in Ravage this set is highly recommended. Especially if you're not a fan of poor old depressed sound wave. Now guys if you enjoyed the video don't forget to like, don't forget to subscribe and don't forget to click that bell icon to get notified when I upload new videos. Also if you're in any position to help out the channel I do offer channel memberships here on YouTube and I have to give a huge shout out to all my current channel members who call it support like yours that helps keep this channel growing. Once again guys this is Patriot Prime signing out. Hello!


If your professor provides you with a citation for an article and asks you to access it and read it, what do you do? Today I'm going to teach you how to use a citation to find the full text of an article within the IRSC Library's online research databases. Let's have a look at this APA style citation for a journal article. The author is Burdick Kaye. The publication year is 2020. The title of the article is Pandemics in PTSD, Caring for the Caregivers. The journal that the article is from is Med Surge Nursing. The volume is 29. The issue is 6. The page range is 365 through 390. And this last part of the citation is the permalink URL that takes you directly to the article. So when you have the permalink URL, you could just use that. Assuming you don't have access to that, then you would need to do the process that I'm about to show. This citation provides us with everything we need to know to find and identify this specific article. The piece we'll need first is the journal name, which in this case is Med Surge Nursing. To find a specific journal, first head to irc.libguides.com. In the menu on the right-hand side, click Databases by Subject. Click on the J. Scroll down. Click on Journal Title Search. Now we'll enter the journal title here in the Journal Search box. I've entered Med Surge Nursing and I got one result for that search. It looks like a match, so I'll click on it to see more details. This page lists the full text availability for this journal across all of the databases to which IRSE Libraries subscribes. I know EBSCO Synol Complete is a great database for nursing articles, and I can see that the coverage for this journal is from 1999 forward. My article was published in 2020, so it should be included here. I'll click on EBSCO Synol Complete to see the publication details for this journal within that database. If you haven't logged in already, you will be prompted to log in before you are taken to this Synol database. Log in with your My Pioneer Portal credentials, which is your complete RiverMail email address and the same password you use for RiverMail and My Pioneer Portal. I can search within the journal for the specific article I need by copying and pasting the article title into the Search Within publication field here. Alternatively, I can drill down to the publication year, which is 2020. Then to the volume listed, which is 29, then the issue, which is 6. So that's this one. Finally, I would search for the specific article title, and I know I only have 15 to go through, so here it is the third one. Pandemics and PTSD Caring for the Caregivers. I can search within the journal for the specific title I need now that I'm in the Search Within publication area. It's pre-populated with the name of the journal. Now I just have to search for the title of the specific article I'm looking for. You can type that in or copy and paste it. The one and only search result I got is the one I was looking for, so this was successful. Now I can click on the article title and I can read the full text of the article. Thanks for watching, and remember, librarians are ready to help you find and access articles. Head to irc.libguides.com slash Ask a Librarian to get help.


Welcome to Practical Trigonometry. It would be a lot easier to learn trigonometry if you knew how it was used in the shop. The following problems show some typical trigonometry applications. For simplicity, all length measurements given are in inches. How deep should you feed an 82-degree countersink to get a 0.836-inch diameter hole at the top? To figure out what you know, draw and mark a diagram as shown. Once you know your measurements, label the sides of the triangle according to the angle you are using. In this example, use the formula tangent of the angle equals the opposite side length divided by the adjacent side length. Use algebra to rearrange the terms of the equation and solve as shown. So you would have to feed the countersink 0.481-inches deep to get a diameter of 0.836-inches at the top. Now, try your hand at the following problems. Round your answers to three decimal places. Pause the video while you solve each problem. How deep should you feed a 90-degree countersink to get a 0.458-inch diameter hole at the top? Now watch as the problem is solved. The two legs of a 45-degree triangle are equal, so 0.229-inches is the depth. Note, if you use tangent, as in the example, you should get the same result. This is a shortcut for 45-degree right triangles. What is the width at the bottom of the dovetail? Watch as we solve for the adjacent side. Remember to add it to both sides of the 1-inch length as shown. So the total width is 1.289-inches. How deep does the tip of a 3-eighths-inch drill extend in the hole? Watch the solution for the adjacent side. So the tip of the drill extends 0.113-inches into the hole. What is the included angle of the taper shown at the left? Watch as we solve for the angle. Remember to get the angle, press second, then tan on your calculator to use arc tangent. We need to add both angles together, so double the answer to get 3.950-degrees, or 3-degrees, 57 minutes, 1 second. What is the included angle of the part shown at the left? Watch as we solve for the missing angle. The full angle is 126-degrees, 3 minutes, 58 seconds, or 126.066-degrees. This completes this video, Practical Trigonometry.


Hello everybody, welcome to the webinar. Fabio, should I kick this off or would you get an opening word? Yeah, I think you can start on Hydro. And yeah, Drew, just feel free to maybe kick it off and then I'll take it on the opening innovation. Yeah, cool. Thank you very much Fabio. Yeah, welcome everybody to today's webinar on open innovation in the sector. Why should we fund open innovation? So you can see from the webcams up that we have a fantastic panel to share some insights with us. And I have the privilege of opening today. So yeah, thank you very much to Fabio and Anaccess for co-hosting this with us. It's a topic that's very close to our heart and the way that we work. So yeah, my name is Drew Corbyn. I'm the head of performance and investment at GOGLA. I've been working with GOGLA for about four years and leading some of our interesting work on tech and innovation. And more recently, some of the finance and investment elements as well. And for those of you that are not familiar, GOGLA is the industry association for the off-grid solar industry. We have some 230 members from around the world from Guangzhou to San Francisco and London to Lusaka. They cover a range of product categories from solar lanterns, solar home systems, fridges and productive use technologies. And the aim of GOGLA is to catalyse the markets for 1 billion people that live without access to energy and also to serve some of the weak grid market with backup supplies as well. We do this through our program areas of policy and regulation, access to finance, I'm looking to increase investment in the industry and company performance, including a focus on technology and business innovation. So yeah, it's a real pleasure for me to be on this webinar and introduce the session today. Open innovation I think is really a powerful tool and a natural approach for the off-grid solar industry. It's an industry that's seeking to serve the 700 million people in the world that don't have access to energy. They are by their very nature low income, vulnerable, living in states of conflict and difficult and volatile economies. So it's a resource in industry. To date, there's been about $2 billion of investment into the industry. We estimate that we need between 10 and 100 times this to achieve SDG7 and provide access to energy for all. It's also a young industry, I've been around in the region of 10 years or maybe for PAYGO, something like six years. So it's resourced in and it's learning, it's expanding, it's innovating. And it's also a really tough business, serving low income people, difficult economies, long supply chains. We all know what are some of the challenges around there over COVID and the recent periods. So companies are resourced in and open innovation really has some very strong advantages to add here. It can be a very cost effective way of innovating and bringing products and services to market. It can be a fast way to learn and improve together as an industry. And also it creates opportunities for companies and consumers that are more closed or proprietary models don't offer. So I think open innovation is a very strong approach for the industry and we'll be hearing about why we think donors should fund it and what the benefits of that can be. I'd like to start by sharing a couple of tangible examples that Google has done on open innovation. And I'd like to check if I can share my... I think we've got them up here. I saw a slide there and it disappeared. Artie, will you share that or do you want me to? Let me try again. That should be clear, right? Yeah, we can see it just fine. All right, so yeah, very quickly, a couple of examples. This is the Connect initiative that is seeking to define a universal connector and firmware standards for 12 volt SHS kits and appliances. We're doing this in partnership and with funding from Efficiency for Access and NXS Foundation. And yeah, here's a quick look at the market. Three million plus SHS kits sold in the last few years and two million plus appliances. We have 107 companies that are reporting sales data for this and yet there is no industry standards on connectors. It is not the case that all of these companies want proprietary or brand specific models. There's simply a no industry standard that no companies can follow this interoperable market. And that is what we are seeking to change. So working with Google's technology working group and the partners, we are defining the technical requirements for this universal family of connectors. And you can see here, there's a range from the entry level low power dome lights up to the high power fridges with Pego controls. So that has got power and data that enables Pego activation and device control. Also you have the USB for the mobile phone charging there as well. This slide shows the connectors but actually we've defined a full interoperability stack. So you've got the physical connection, the electrical characteristics, voltage current etc. Communications protocol and I've been working with Solaris and OpenPego link. And then on top of that is Angaus's Nexus channel that defines the Pego activation and the device control. So with this we seek to define a universal interoperability standard that is voluntary for the industry. We think this can bring a range of outcomes that will help manufacturers of appliances, let's say chess kits, distributors and consumers to do, to make the supply chain work better and bring products to market quicker and cheaper more efficiently in ways that will offer flexibility and choice for consumers and ultimately lower prices as well. So market vision, it's that proprietary brands, connect affiliates and the open ecosystem can coexist and compete as part of the commercial landscape. It's open models aren't for everybody, nor should they be, we see that there is a role for all. This is an interesting example of open innovation, we've done a very participatory approach in terms of defining objectives, defining the technical guidelines and making them publicly available and we hope this can spur innovation and growth in the industry. Another quick example is from Google's consumer protection code, which is more of a business model and standard around policies and processes. We have an industry working group, consumer protection working group which is open to all of our members and they define and maintain the standard which is made up of these six principles and they are expanded into 37 indicators which serve as a self assessment tool for companies to measure, monitor and report their performance. These are again are publicly available on the on the Google website and really get to the heart of a Pego company in terms of how they operate and manage their credit risk and the product risk and their service risk to consumers. And we're in the process of developing a third party scheme that will be available soon as well. And yeah, I think, you know, it was very participatory processing that really helped kind of getting the buying from the industry. So, you know, we've now had commitments from, from more than 50 players, you know, and, you know, big, big, small and everything in between. And it's been endorsed by many of the industry's investors and supporters. And again, you know, this is, you know, very much an open innovation and standard that we encourage a wider adoption from. Cool. So that's, that's all the slides that I have to share. Oops. Cool. So yeah, I think, you know, what's, what's been instrumental in both of these initiatives is is donor support. You know, they were both had them had, you know, strong donor partners in in both these initiatives and they were really critical to, you know, I think to get things moving, you know, where any individual company would not have the resources to do it.   So yeah, we're very much, you know, I think donor donor support can be catalytic for open innovation in the industry and we could warmly welcome more and yeah, with that I look forward to hearing from from the panel. And you can see who we have today. The top of the screen is Fabio Pascal from an access foundation and a thought leader and energetic supporter for open innovation and the brainchild for this session today. Stephen Hunt, the senior energy advisor, innovation expert for FCDO and a long term, a long time supporter of tech and business model in innovation in the industry. We also have Rebecca Rhodes from the gogler team. Rebecca works as the senior project man program manager for consumer protection and technology. And she's stepping in from Marie from the Dune Foundation who's unfortunately has come down with some, some virus or other. So it's not able to make it today. And then finally we have Benjamin Stewart, who's a data scientist and geographer, GIS open tools and data at the World Bank. So I welcome the four, four panelists to the stage and Fabio I believe you're going to moderate the session so I'll hand it to you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thanks so much. And thanks for the intro. Indeed, I'm humbly trying to moderate today's session and I'm pretty happy about it because we had a, of course, a prep call before this and already then the conversation started being so interesting. So I'm really looking forward to where we're going to go. Just a couple of words to set up the context and, you know, define what we're talking about. I think the very broad question is what is open innovation and how what are we talking about today? There can be a billion different definitions and all of them are pretty valid. The way we look at open innovation, it's an all encompassing term to effectively cover anything that can be shared. It can be just open. We will start with a simple open source. So that would be really software focused. But in reality, there is also open hardware and so that we are just talking broadly about tools to open tools at that point. But it can go much beyond that. It can go into open business models or models that work in the sector and even lead to, you know, open data. What I do like is that in the panel today, we have a certain diversity of experience and we have people that have experience with each and every of these parts. So Drew talked correctly about the Connect initiative, which is definitely more on the open tools and the open standards. While Ben with his experience at World Bank is probably going to talk about open tools and open data. And Steven and FCDO have actually supported pretty much everything in there. And with this introduction, first was just about to say what is open innovation? It's all of this. And I think it's important that we maintain that breadth, that openness, vagueness, if you want, in definition, for one reason. Every single actor in the sector will have a certain inclination to adopt or to work with a certain part of open innovation. There's going to be actors that really push and embrace open tools, open source software or open hardware, while others will be much more inclined to go towards open data. Now, why is this important? This is important because my opinion is a fact that the energy access sector is a sector which relies very heavily on distribution for success. More than other bits, there are other sectors which will really be technology heavy. There are sectors which are business model heavy and so forth. Energy access has again and again proven that technology is an absolutely necessary enabler. And so are sound and healthy financial models, access to finances, fundamental and so forth. But the reality is a lot of companies actually make it and can scale up because they are great at distribution. And finally enough, distribution is one of those things that you just got to do. Now, the question is, can we open up all the other things that are underlying the substrate infrastructure in terms of open technologies, open tools and open data? One last thing that I want to mention and then I'm going to actually start having more interesting people talk. The last thing that I want to mention is one very common misconception about open innovation. It doesn't mean free. There is a number of business models that are in fact hinged on the idea of having an open approach and sharing stuff. Without necessarily becoming, I can't monetize it. And so there are a lot of examples of that in other sectors, namely the software sector is particularly mature in that sense. There is a lot of companies that work with open source software and open source products yet make very healthy profits. So this is something definitely possible. So I would not conflate the two concepts. That's a very, very obvious myth that we see when we talk about open innovation. Really, I would see open innovation as something that one could want to embrace. One could want to go towards open innovation as a practitioner, as a funder because that could help others while actually also helping my own organization or company. So this is just a couple of opening thoughts. Now, this said, I'm sort of even hoping that the people after me will disagree and will make this conversation very interesting. I sort of wouldn't be surprised. But let me just go over the tour of the table and I would say just going to be random in terms of order. I will ask the same one question to all of you now. What's your experience with open innovation? And how did you go? Why did you go towards open innovation in a specific case? Essentially, the question is tell us a story and tell us what happened. Stephen, I'm going to start with you randomly just because I see you first in the screen. And then I'm going to actually hit with Rebecca and then Benjamin. Steve, the floor is yours and welcome. Thanks, Fabio. Let me start with a slightly controversial tack on this. But if you look at the history of DFID and now UK aid support to energy access innovation, if you want to call it that, it really dates back to the late 90s. And the model then was basically fund NGOs who had some good ideas and they developed the first solar lantern. And then those NGOs were developing essentially open source materials. They would develop like recommendations or technology and they would try to get private sector to take them up. And I think actually what you then saw in the next kind of middle decade or even bit more is that actually wasn't the best model. And we thought that market based approaches where you actually support the private sector to develop the ideas and the technologies and to take them to market. You aligned the incentives there because you weren't having a great idea then trying to get somebody else to do it. You were backing the person who had the idea and then they would try and take it to market. And then, of course, as you go into that, you saw a lot more buy in but a lot more focus on intellectual property because these are then the private companies. And they're trying to raise capital and they need to have something that what is what are you investing in? What do we own that justifies the capital? I'm sure we'll come back to this point. And so I think that seems to be going very well. There's lots of good examples and some good results there. But I think it's maybe a bit more recently, I think, that a bit of a focus has also come on to some of the disadvantages of that kind of approach around about the market structure just kind of evolves, but not necessarily in a way that really benefits the consumer or the ultimate objectives which are delivering the SDG. And so I think this is where when we were coming now to a conversation a bit more about this question with what? Rather than just letting the market go whichever direction it sees fit and you get in with 20 connectors that don't talk to each other and then your customer, you know, your person you're interested in, you know, customer beneficiary, whatever you want to call them, they then can't plug their new appliance into their old solar system or they're locked in these things. That I think that's now starts to feel like it's the market system is not benefiting the objective. So I think this is where I think there's some conversations to be had. I'm sure today about this how, you know, and we have then, you know, in line with that recognition started to fund through Efficiency for Access Coalition and through some of the initiatives mentioned earlier on a bit more of these kind of enabling market-wide technologies to try and address some of these issues. I think we're quite in the early stages of that, but it feels like an important direction for me and I'm glad to be involved in this conversation today. Same to me, I guess. Yeah, so I think I'm going to kind of go back. Fabi, you probably don't know this. So before Gogol, I actually used to work for Solaris of Grids out on their upside in Tanzania. But as you know, like they really are, to me, an example of a company that's kind of championing the open philosophy and open approach. Like you said, it doesn't necessarily mean free. But for them, I see, you know, they've taken this on because for their business model to succeed, the sector, the industry has to succeed as well. And so they're fostering this development, you know, the open Pego token. And this is really going to kind of help the sector grow, the distributors, you know, succeed in their businesses as well. And so I think that kind of really, that angle is really interesting to me that open innovation is about sector-wide improvements and benefits, not necessarily, you know, business kind of being closed off. But for every business to succeed, we need a sector that's growing and profitable and moving forward as well. And that's also that the kind of approach that we take in Gogol is, you know, we crowdsource best practice. We look to our members and we try to identify whether, you know, what's succeeding and what's helping companies. And we really crowdsource that, bring it together and then share it and kind of turn it into tools and resources for the wider sector as well. So for me, that's kind of yet my experience and the way that I see the benefits of open source for us and the companies as well. I think my perspective is a little different because I come from this from much more of the software and data side, although I think that those are obviously important aspects to a lot of the things we're talking about. Yeah, I was asked when we sort of had a pre-meaning to sort of my first experience with open data and it's an interesting story. When I started my masters at the University of Victoria in 2008, my supervisor was Dr. Mike Walder, a forester, and he was part of the Landsat continuity missions. That's a group that designs the Landsat satellites for the USGS and maintains the, well, like it says, the continuity of the sensors. So Landsat has, it's not the best satellite, but it has a history going back to the 70s. When I started working for him was 2008. It was the first year that they had made the Landsat archive available to the public. The previous way it worked is you had to purchase an image. I think it was like three grand per image. Once that image was purchased by everyone, it was allowed to be used by anyone. It was an odd commercial model, but it worked for a while. Anyway, in the first month, the Landsat archive was open. They distributed more images than the entire history of the Landsat archive. In the first paper I wrote for Mike, I downloaded 400 Landsat images. In his masters, he got two. And the second one he had to beg for so he could do a change detection. I think open data in my experience, in that experience, and then much more in the World Bank as I've been there, has been an open data. Open data makes data accessible. I know that there are lots of data that can't be open. I know that there are other concerns, but as far as the sort of private versus open, commercial versus open, I think that open makes things available for innovation. I think open fosters innovation because it's hard to justify buying 400 images or $3,000 a pop. I downloaded them with no consideration because I was like, oh, will this work? Oh, let's try a different area. Oh, I can see half a lake here. Let's get the next image over. If I had to pay for that, innovation becomes very complicated when you have to pay for mistakes. And I think openness allows us to sort of get away from that. I was doing some research when we were talking about this, and I was looking at, so the World Bank has an open data policy. And the open data policy is, at its heart, very simple that all of our data and work are by default open, and you have to argue to make them not open. And it used to be that they were closed and you had to argue why you were allowed to publish it. That's simple change. And there are lots of reasons why we don't publish data, mostly BII, security, lots of issues like that. But that also started in 2012 when I joined the World Bank. So I think I've been an unwitting catalyst of these open programs. But again, at the World Bank, this has been really, really useful to have this idea that we don't have to argue to make things open. It just happens by default. And I think that that has spurred a lot of the development of not just open data, but a lot of the open tools that I'll get a chance to talk about later when we talk about sort of the work between energy. But I really think that openness allows for both a much wider spread of the information, but then also the ability to innovate and move the work forward. Thank you all. This is, I think a great start. In fact, let me sort of connect between the three. But what I find particularly interesting is the notion that indeed, I think we all believe that a market-driven approach is probably the most promising approach. And I think that's really under discussion. But maybe I cannot share what an axis does in terms of funding. So we have at an axis a relatively simple theory and it says whatever an axis supports in terms of financial support must lead to an open source result. We, in fact, are most motivated by or better, we only accept projects that are or proposals that are in fact driven by a company. And so we want companies to be the innovators. The only bit is, you know, as an axis, because as a nonprofit we believe that everything we do should be public good. Then we say, well, whatever we pay must be publicly available. If in the process we are directly benefiting one company, that's fine. There's no problem. Actually, it's good because as Stephen mentioned, it would be the best way to have a champion for that particular innovation. Someone that really believes in it and needs it in the first place. I think the only thing we do is in fact try to preempt to try to forecast. Will there be others interested in this? And so that's a ranking that we use where we say, look, yeah, okay, this is clearly solving a problem for you. Can you proposing company help us understand how many others have this problem? And how many others will use this solution? I just want to say, and this might sound counterintuitive, we have found ourselves telling some companies, don't open source this. Don't do this. We can't see how else you'll make money. And so you should not be getting, you know, you should not go towards open innovation here unless you and your board really agree on shifting your revenue model so that you can take full advantage of this. Of course, that came with the implication we can't support you because we must buy, but the fact that we want to have always a public good output. That means that we cannot support anybody doing anything else in public good. So with all this big blah, blah, shouldn't government do the same? Are they using taxpayers money? Shouldn't they also always enforce, you know, public good outputs also to why the starting markets? So this is to use Steven, and that's because Benjamin just told us they already do that. Everything is open unless, unless explicitly said otherwise. How do you see that? Yeah. Yeah, so I think what Benjamin said, I think it's very interesting. I have 100% agree with what you said when it comes to data relating to, yeah, things like the energy system or like the geography. I mean, we've put a lot of money into renewable energy resource mapping, for example, through the World Bank, which has then gone on to open the Solar Atlas. And those kind of things, I think they are like information about the world around us is actually, it is a public good.  And then, you know, two years later, another donor would commission the same study and that's crazy. You know, and I think that, you know, I'm hoping that that open street map use that kind of thing is really help where it gets a bit trickier. Is when it's to do with like the technologies and business models and investability.  And we've got a whole enormous online document repository of all the stuff we've had to be published. But I think forcing the issue on IP can be really, really problematic.  I think I can't see how they would have got it if they had not had some ownership of something, you know, related to back that up. And so and yeah, so in all of our things, we have a quite a finely balanced IP clause, which basically says that the innovator keeps the IP because they're the one that want to develop it. We don't want to develop it, you know, we want it to happen. And we think that their leadership is more likely to make it happen than them coming up with something and trying to convince others to do it. But we have a clause in there, which says that we have the right we have a worldwide license to that. In the instance that some kind of horrible monopoly emerges because that's the other thing. Imagine if public funding of R&D created some miracle cure to start to a disease. And then, you know, it was protected by IP and everyone had to overpay for it globally. So there is a balance there. But I think we try not to avoid, we try to avoid taking categorical positions on these kind of things and try to kind of do things which make sense. And I think what makes sense can also change a bit over time. And how we support, for example, household solar sector has changed a lot over time. You know, and I think that is that's where some of the vagueness can be useful. Fabio was mentioning. So a record to you. You guys have been clearly going for innovation with Connect. What's behind it? Did you guys look into other models where you're looking at alternatives to that?  Yeah, for me, I don't think it was ever really a decision process to go directly down one path. It was more like the natural choice of that this is what made sense for this initiative. Like Stephen said, it each kind of individual situation might have a different response and need a different approach. So this is, yes, something that kind of seems quite just quite, quite natural. And as Drew mentioned, you know, we had the technology working group that were kind of instrumental in defining the sort of guidelines that go into the Connect initiative and the family of connectors that we're working on. The manufacturers, you know, that are involved. These are the ones with the expertise and they don't just come from one company or another. They're kind of spread out across the industry. And so it's really key that we brought all of that together. And, you know, and also these are going to be the ones that will adopt it eventually and to have that buy in to achieve critical mass of adoption, which is what we want from open resources. I think it's really critical as well. But then we've, you know, also been working alongside verisal to make sure that that what we are doing aligns with the kind of more, more close standards that are already the IEC verisal standards on and testing and certification and that's an ongoing conversation that is happening to make sure that the two align as well. So yeah, so I think, yeah, the natural choice for us and also, you know, Goggler being a membership organization. It's a natural choice for Goggler as well. So I think we're kind of harvesting the expertise from across the sector and really trying to kind of just create something that makes sense for it as many companies as possible. I also appreciate that what we do create, it's not going to be for every company. There's, there's different approaches and some companies will want to adopt it. Others will kind of want to stay within their proprietary model. And I think, yeah, for us, we see that the ecosystem of all those different approaches existing side by side. So actually, let me, let me just follow on that to you, Rebecca. So if you have to just guess the number, how many, let me call it the apples of the energy access they have there, like how many are sticking to their lightning connector and will not let it go until someone really forces it on their throat to go USB-C. And how many instead are like, hey, no, actually, I love this. Somebody's doing this job for me and I just have to commit. Yeah. It's a, it's a, it's hard to put a number on. I would say, you know, for the, for the open side of things, we have some leading companies that are really interested, Greenlight Planet, B-Box and for Sarah, all involved and sort of championing that. And then on the other side, maybe two or three that we've spoken to that are sticking with what they've got and they're not so keen to follow this path as well. You know, they've, they've got something that works for them and it's doing well for them. So why change it, I guess, from, from their perspective. Thank you. Ben, I'm going to go back to you just because I, we have touched very briefly with Stephen just a moment ago on the contractual side of this. And, and as, as, as someone has been sort of advising companies on how to open source things, how to, you know, go open. I realize that very often the nuances of which license am I choosing and all of that can, can really be quickly very overwhelming. And so that's also what we try to do. We just like, just like Stephen mentioned, we have a very similar approach. IP stays with the innovator, IP stays with the company, also because we don't want it. But we get a worldwide, you know, non-exclusive license to redistribute under open social licenses. How do you guys do that?  And I always think that World Bank is slightly more bureaucratic. Yeah, that's a good question. It's, it's funny about us being slightly more bureaucratic. I always think that my wife works for the federal government. So then I get a slice of what it looks the US federal government. So I guess slice of what it looks like even more bureaucratic side. So I'm not sure where we fit in that. It's a really interesting problem. Actually, we had, I think I saw some KTH folks in the chat here. When we first KTH developed the original global electrification platform, which is what I started working on really started leading a lot of open innovation and energy. And we had a really, really long procurement discussion that got really complicated because of 19th century Swedish law about IP that the person who creates IP owns the IP. The companies don't write it. It's a really interesting law. And we were developing everything in the open like the data was in the open the tool that the onset tool that KTH was implementing was already in the open. And it took six months to get our procurement to negotiate properly with with KTH even though it was about open innovation. So, so yeah, it is complicated. It is something that we it's actually one of the reasons that I think, you know, it's in a lot of projects we have. The openness allows a lot more flexibility, right? Like if we're developing a platform, and it needs user management, our IT departments in OIS will will lose it. Like that's just so complicated. And there's so many extra steps like, well, no, everything's open. Just go and view it. So I think that that that's valuable. I did want to come back to a little bit. I think Stephen mentioned that this idea of sort of openness, the tension between openness and IP, because we've been experiencing that even even in this sort of geography realm where so much of what we're working on feels like public goods. But there's still companies that have IP that they want to protect. And I think actually, it was mentioned earlier that you can sort of you can have black boxes along the production cycle along the line, as long as there are open interfaces between those black boxes. I think that makes sense. So that's where they work on data standards, both in inputs and outputs make the most sense. Right. So, fine, you have a proprietary black box that does the creates really good output. This happens a lot when we work with at the World Bank, we've been doing a little bless couple years really trying to experiment with like Silicon Valley machine learning companies. And it's fascinating we buy data from them and we say, great, can we share this and their responses know of course not. What are you talking about nobody has ever asked if we could share their share this data, because they're generally selling like predictive analytics to hedge funds. So we have sort of really walked into the process of what does it mean, but can we share is it aggregated information is it, is it specific types about, but not all the outputs. I think that that's where really where we get the idea of trying to sort of like, rather than close being this huge thing like really sort of shrink the space that is closed and try to make more of it open whether it's and I like this discussion with hardware actually really like discussions of access because in some cases it's really complicated other cases it's really quite simple. Right, we talked about the issues of clean cooking the technology isn't isn't particularly advanced but it's, but it's really complicated to implement a simple solution on a huge scale. So in that case things like standards become really really important so that's where I think a lot of the when we talk about open innovation it's not always like ArcGIS versus QGIS right licensed versus free. It's, it's a lot about developing standards that allow those programs to interface with each other so that you can have like connectors and solar systems right you have a standard on that then, you know, all of us who have you know, travel internationally the number of plug adapters you have is a good example. Good picture of how the complication can come around. But I do think that that that's where it comes from my perspective is when we can't be completely open trying trying sort of to pick out the pieces where open will allow for dissemination of better information. It's, it's, it's very interesting that they mentioned this and I think there is another interesting aspect we are, we have been supporting a new initiative called directs and essentially it's a renewable energy certificates which are a way to monetize renewable energy generation now what directs is specifically trying to do is in fact bring this from where it already exists. Which is large solar farms large wind farms and the likes actually bring it down to, you know, small mini grades or solar home system very distributed assets and while this has been in fact started by a company, actually a coalition of two or a partnership between two companies. The reality is that we are now getting to a point in which there is some sort of a need to go from, okay, you are the company and indeed you have our own way to monetize this through maybe transaction fees or, you know, enabling the market. But we do believe that there is a very important role for a nonprofit, you know, core standard that they just going to be maintaining a standard making sure that anybody can access that market has been created. And it's interesting it has been a fascinating collaboration for us because from the very onset, it was very clear that we came into this innovation with very different eyes, yet with a common goal. We both wanted this to succeed because it would both enable, you know, that one company to, you know, have a profitable business, but also the entire sector to now have space for more companies to do the same and create a standard that, you know, could really change things. You know how public-private partnerships have been a very hot word a few years ago, everybody has a lot of PPPs. I don't know what is the name of this, if it's like for-profit non-profit partnership. I don't think we have a phrase for that. But the reality is that I also personally see a lot of open innovation opportunities in these particular cases where we have, and I think Connect is actually coming in as an idea. Another excellent example, you know, we have a core which must be open, must be open so that more and more people can adopt, more and more people can, you know, participate, create innovation around that core. But then, you know, on top of that we can have close or just purely commercial business models that, you know, are just the usual approach. And so that's how the market driven still is respected. This leads to a last topic I wanted to touch about, in fact, and it is the beyond. What happens when we have an open innovation? What happens afterwards? Because we can clearly debate so far has been around what is proper, what is right in terms of how do we create open innovation? What is in terms of what should we open and what shouldn't? Now, let's say we have opened up something. How do we ensure that we maximize adoption? And here, in fact, I'm going to start with Rebecca just because you guys are probably thinking about this right now. Like, how do you now ensure that as many people as possible use Connect? Yeah, so actually, it's timely, you know, we're about to release the technical guidelines and kind of source comments and feedback on that draft publicly. And so, for that, it's, you know, raising awareness, making sure as many people and stakeholders in the sector, you know, are aware of that, which is one thing. And then, you know, actually bring in all of that feedback and to refine and make it usable and suitable by as many as possible. The other thing that we do is, you know, through our working groups, we have the tools, but then we kind of think, okay, we need to then advise, you know, how do you apply these tools? What's the best practice for using these? And I think that that is one key thing, you know, it's no good developing lots of open tools and resources and data. If nobody knows where it is, knows how to use it, or has the skills and resources to implement it. So, yes, I think that that's one of one of sort of Goggler's main roles within the sector as well. Even how can you help? How can you help in this with Connect and with the others? I think I'm looking at you for one reason. I think FCDO, well, one thing I think I really want to say about FCDO. Well, before it was called FCDO, it has been, in my experience, one of the most fervent and avid and strongest supporters of energy access. I think the number of programs that, you know, see FCDO as a core contributor and the different approaches that FCDO has is quite impressive. And that's great. Thank you. But, you know, if now we start having more open innovation, is there a role that FCDO can have in maximizing the adoption of open innovation solutions? How can we work together? Yeah, I mean, I think, I mean, as I said, I mean, we've been happy to support, I think all of the ones mentioned earlier, the Solaris, Angaza, Connect, the 12-volt connector, Greenlight Planet stuff. So, I mean, I think we're very interested in this. This is part of our considerations. You know, there's always a, I'm really glad actually that Goggler are leading on the convening. This is where Goggler have a lot of value to offer, because it's not for us to convene that. It really needs to come kind of out of the sector, but we can kind of say, you know, these are the things we think are important. And, you know, this is going to, I think, I think back to one of Rebecca's earlier points. This is in the end, this is about the rising tide of effectiveness and impact in the whole sector, which should lift all the boats, essentially, of these companies, you know, and there's no benefit. If you're going to hold on to something because it's in your company's interest, but it's not in the consumer's interest, in the end you're going to lose, you know. And I think this is what's also the big gurgles and apples, and so they're realising that about their smart home stuff, too. It doesn't actually make sense to have three smart home protocols if consumers can't then do anything. So, I think that's kind of the bigger picture, the kind of signal amongst the noise here. And that's also in the funder's interest, because we want to see those impacts. I think, you know, in terms of, like, what more we could do, you know, obviously, as funders, that's one of the things we can do, encourage other funders to take part. You know, I think, obviously, with IKEA, we already fund, you know, in this kind of area together, but I think other donors should be thinking about it as well. I think I'm always cautious about the idea of, like, mandates, you know, on things. We do have the mandate on sharing, you know, that public good research, but yeah, hopefully, I think it is about, I think, as Rebecca was saying, it's about getting that word out. On the bigger picture that we're all part of, the STG7 story. And I think also, I think a lot of people, I think, are really, also really realising more and more the importance of the local businesses and the local businesses driving this forward. And it's just not reasonable or realistic to expect them to develop their own technologies in all these different areas that all the work has been done in. And I think where you see, and we need, I think the AFTB think we need 200 MCOPAs or something, you know, maybe that, maybe MCOPA aren't thrilled about that. But I think they can still be a leader in a sector in which there are lots of people benefit. And I think we've seen, like, easy solar and Sierra Leone, as an example, I always like to use, because, you know, they were able to start up on the back of the different technologies that they could pull together to then start making faster progress. And I think that's in the end what we want to see. So I do think, you know, we need to be part of a story if we were trying to reduce the barriers to entry, essentially, and kind of make it easier for initiatives to start delivering results. And there are tensions there. And I don't think we should sort of brush those under the carpet, but I think that is the signal that we need to transcend. Thank you for that. And just a note on that. In fact, I think one essential point, and not something we had the chance to touch about, one essential point of open innovation is, as you said, reducing the barriers and removing the barriers. I think we have today an energy access sector, which is very much centered around relatively large VC backed companies. And again, if we want to go towards SDG7, the only way to actually achieve that is to parallelize the effort to an extent, which is, you know, probably two or three other magnitudes higher than today. Meaning we will need to have a lot more companies that can do distribution, can do innovation without having the same level of, you know, investment support and financial support that the early stage companies have had so far. So I think that's also where open innovation can really play an important role, unlocking access to this market, to new players, to local companies in these developed countries as well. Ben, let me close with you. How did you guys maximize open data access? And how do you see open tools? And I know you guys are working on GIS a lot. How do you see the adoption going there? What's your plan there? Yeah, I think the biggest aspect from our side is the sort of the renewed focus on capacity building. I think 10, you know, 10, 15 years ago, the bank that our knowledge side was sort of the big glossy report. And I've never seen stacks of women in the break room back when they used to go to the office. And they're still around. And I think sort of over the last 10 years, we've transitioned from report to report and data. The data is being published alongside the report. And that's part of the deliverable. And I think what we're going now is it's like, okay, the report's actually secondary. Primary is the data and tools. Right. So it's not just the data, it's the code and the tools used to produce it are hopefully made open, if not made open, at least documented well. And that's recently that the final step is then, okay, now we have this data and tools, what do we do with it? Well, we actually teach people how to use it in our client countries. And that's where I've seen that the biggest innovation with and that's what we're doing a lot and a lot of our energy work. It's not enough to generate at least cost electrification plan. It's to then hand over the tools to the client government so that they can rerun with their own information, right? Like the distribution network we're using in our model is pretty garbage. It's a combination of old data and predicted data. We know that we also know it's the most important factor in determining the success of the model. So we're never going to get the best distribution data from, well, maybe never say never, but allowing the companies to do this themselves. It really sort of allows us gets us better plans and allows them to keep things up to date, right? As soon as every model or math we generate is outdated the second we press send because there's changes in the terrain. So I think that that's really it. It's used to be reports that report some data that data encode with report on the back end. And now it's like data encode capacity building it and there are some reports generated as it's as it's necessary and required in the process. Thank you Ben. That's that's fascinating. And what I find particularly fascinating is that World Bank is clearly sort of in a sense some steps ahead and I think we can pick a lot of learnings from that. And so thank you for that. I will pass it back to Drew from some closing remarks, but I just want to take the opportunity to thank you all because this has been very interesting. Thank you. I was really hoping for that. Drew, to you. Yeah, thank you very much Fabio and thank you to all of the past panelists. Indeed, it was it was fascinating to take it through a journey through the difference eras of innovation and the philosophies around it. And I think it's clear to see that we're in a period where open innovation is recognized for its benefits and opportunities. Like what Stephen said about the rising tide lifts all boats, you know, I think it's about creating a, you know, a bigger markets and there's an expression I heard that this should be about open innovation as a foundation for growth, not as a basis for commoditization. We want it to enable new business models, new partnerships, specialization, you know, kind of a whole new foundation in which we can create opportunity and innovation. And I think there's tons of interesting examples happening along the hardware, the data, the firmware and how donors and the sector support players catalyze the market. Yeah, thank you very much for all for sharing all of these insights and experiences. It was, it was fascinating. We've, we've seen that you can continue this discussion in the access open innovation community. Please check that out. You can submit your idea now. We have a few clicks already. But yeah, with that, I think we can close and wrap up. So thank you very much to everybody. Thank you very much to access FCDO and World Bank. It was a, it was a pleasure. And let's continue this discussion in the community and through the links and events. Have a great day everybody. Thank you. Thank you. Bye. Thank you.


Biglang nag-caroon ang pangabato. Bumabak kasi sa lakas ng ulan. Biglang nag-anoy ang pangabato ba, buwabas sa... Bakit kasi doon na school namin topuntang sa cool mine. Ang panahon, elementary pago naon. Adel sa pagmamain. Okay, ginagalaw ang mga lupa. Bung mag-anak sila na tabunan. Dahil sa landslide po, ang malakas na ulan. Ano, dahil po, ano, sinpray, panay ulan, sinpray lumalampot ng lupa. Maraming din kasi doon sa amin na co-construction na gaho kayo na. So, since elementary po, sinasay po sa amin na dahil sa pagkawalan ng puno ganun, wala nang nag-hold sa soil para makip yung kugano ka strong, firm yung soil. So, ayon po, parang nag-ing glus yung soil, kaya nag-ing ganun yung ano. Asa province kami, kas nakatigil kami. Asa may biglang nahulog na puno, kasunod-sunod na yung lupa, yung damo. So, nakakatakat kasi tumama ka sa... yung wire, sa electric pole. Kaya medyo alang anin kasi baka mahulog rin siya. Tapos, di mo rin alam kung kaya siya titigil, kasi tuloy-tuloy yung agus ng lupa. So, alang anin talaga siya, nakakatakat talaga. Alam ko parang sa puno yun, kung hindi stable yung lupa. Tapos, kung lang masay dong puno para gapit talaga yung lupa, meramin talaga makakalanslide. So, tingin ko po ang sanin ng landslide ay deforestation sa mga mountain natin. Parang, dahil wala nalag-cohold dun sa lupa, mas madali na siya mag-arrowed. Ito po muli, si Benny Pacheco, isang structural engineer sa Institute of Civil Engineering at akimangang kasama. Ako si P.G. Mendoza from the Department of Psychology. I'm Mark Sarko. I'm a geotechnical engineer from the Institute of Civil Engineering. I'm Mayda Tulin from the Department of Arts Studies College of Arts and Letters. Kanoan po si Doi Rosete sa College of Fine Arts. Ngayon, pag-usapan naman po natin ang landslide. Hindi po ito yung landslide na tambak ang mga boto sa eleksyon. Ito po yung landslide na tambak ang bato o lupa na gumuguho. At palagay ko ang pwede sa ating magpaliwanag tungkol sa paano ba ng kaka-landslide kasama natin si Dr. Sarko, a geotechnical engineer. Doc Mark, na dilig ng yung mga person on the street, may mga nakakak-experience na mga taon ng pamilya o kamag-anak of it bahay. It seems like there are a lot of people that have experienced landslides. But I guess we all know that like in the last month, there have been a lot of landslides. The thing that comes to mind is the one in Cebu, in Naga Cebu where I think a whole mountain came down. And then we also heard about during Ompong, the landslide that took place in Itugon Bendiget. Can you think of any other landslides that you're familiar with, that you're a member? Yung ano, nang nagkaroon ng earthquake naglalanslide rin. Yes, that's true. Sa Japan, sa Hokkaido ba yun na maraming bundok naglanslide sabay-sabay dahil sa malakas na earthquake. Sa Pilipinas din, sa Bohol? Yes, sa Bohol in 2013, there was a earthquake as we all know is I think a 7.2 magnitude. And then most of the people, we were told by the governor, Governor Chato, were actually killed because of the landslide. And if you recall in 1990, there was also a landslide. There were landslides along Kennon Road and parts of Bagyo due to the Luzon earthquake. So landslides can be caused by earthquakes. But then I think in the video that on the person on the street, we learned that many times when we think of landslides, they are landslides that result as the result of a lot of rainfall. So excessive in the Philippines, I think more people are affected by rain-induced landslides. Yung bang landslide talagang sa mountainous areas? Alimbawa sa U.P. Los Baños na doon kayo for many years, kayo ba conscious about yung posibilidad ng landslide dahil mountainous? Marami kasi ako nakikita nyo along the way papuntang U.P.L.B. na may mga gakwari. Gakwari?  Bukod sa nasisira na yung bundok. Pano yung effect nung? Pero mas related sa floods ang naiisip ko. So flash floods, for example, anang yari doon sa bundok mismo. And what were these events of flash floods and people affected by flash floods? Well, there was a group of students that were there on hiking or a government organization thing. And then it was right after a strong rain. And then after a period of not raining. And then yun, nag-have flash floods sa bundok. Kasi kung mas deep ang slope, mabilis ang baba ng tubig na ala, kaya flash floods. Pero hindi nating naiisip na baka pati yung soil. Ay, na erode na rin. Wala naman kaya naging personal experience na doon na landslide? Malapa. Yung mga nababalita ang kung akatulad ng iba, yung, siguro hindi natin masabi kung ito ay man in juice. Yung sakali sa payatas, yung nangyari. Yung basura naman bumamksak. In Las Baños, 80, because the mountain is clay-ish, it's not prone to landslides. It's not that prone, yes. Dependerein sa klasin ng mountain or soil or rock. May mga places na because of the nature of the material, it's very slow. So you really can see that the trees are deforming. Para may warning. May warning, yes. And actually it's very slow. It really doesn't affect, let's say, people. It's not very, very sudden. So in that particular case, people can easily escape from these types of landslides. What ka yung lupa medyo clay-y? Clay-y normally, yes. Na nag-creep normally. That's the layman description. Pero may naalala lang ako, di ba? Meron kami malaking laguna-debye. Ang sinasabi rin ang ilang scientists, ilang studies doon. Bumababaw ng laguna-debye. Precisely gawan ang erosion. Or di, yes. Na nakapalibot oyan. So that is another thing. During landslides, one of the very common effects of a landslide are that the debris normally creates a dam in rivers. So yung flooding can result from that, particularly flash flood. If the dam, what we call the debris dam breaks. Okay. Pwede yung debris, pwede ngang kung medyo soil. Pwede yung lake, medyo na pupuno sa ilalipan. Yes. Pero yung mayalimbaw ang sinabi yung isang reminist na ating person na interview, ba to daw? Hindi lupa. So it can be rock due to the rock mass because normally, most rock masses have a lot of joints in them. So kapag maraming ulan na di-detach itong rocks from the slide and then they roll down. That's the one in Baguio. That's the one in Baguio. Yes. Yes. That can fall because in that particular case, instead of them rolling down, they really fall over or they topple over. Especially since the slopes of Baguio, along Kenong have been hacked out of there. Have been hacked out. To build a road, yes. Napag-usapan nyan na, nabanggit nyo ngangayon. Kung dutusin, mayro mga mountain sides, tayo mismo na kakat, kaya lalong nagiging medyo prone rocks, because it's very steep. Like yung mga road side na zigzag side, yung gilid, pwede yung magslide. Right, that's true. So to build a road, they need to of course cut into the slope and then sometimes, it's not enough space. So the slope sometimes becomes steeper. Sometimes it's almost vertical. Such that it's... And that's why, sometimes it's very sudden because it suddenly topples over her. Ay, yung ano, yung sinasabi na, yung daw mga nakaraang landslide, hindi naman daw dahil sa... Sabi ha? Hindi naman daw dahil mayin ay yung lupa. Talagang marami daw man made activities. Bukit sa gumagawa ng karsada, anong pangabay yung mga napapabalita ng mga ibang man made activity, man activities para napapahina yung bato o lupa? Well, actually, yung man made, the only other man made activity that I can think of is the case where you really have to excavate the slope, let's say, to build a new house or something like that. That's one common way, in mining operations, particularly open pit operations where you need to excavate material from a slope to be able to process the material for the extraction of these minerals. That sometimes makes the slope steep. Do you think kasama sa mga in-excavate yun yung mga clay na ginagamit sa sculptures? Could also be, but very often it's quarrying or things that would be used for mining minerals for extracting of minerals. So, yung kasing nabalita kanina na sa sambuang gaya tayo'n ulan, hindi ko lang na dinig yung ba ay lugar na may mining nabangit ba o natural forest ba yun? Nabangit ngayon dahil yung skwela handao nila inandun sa malapit sa minahan. A minahan? Yes, because to be able to mine, you first have to cut down the trees before you can excavate the place for the mine.  So, cutting down the trees would be one step before you can mine the area. Sa mga twid, nalagang nakagalbo yung mga puno sa bundo, baka lumakas yung posibilidad na maglanslide? Yes, but it really depends because there are areas, so it depends in a number of ways in the sense that the three routes only grow to a certain depth. The bulk of the root mass of a tree normally is in the top three to five meters. Mababaw lang, five meters lang. Right, so normally if you have soil and then that mantel of soil is around three to five meters, then the three routes can stabilize that. So that you can protect the walls. Yes, right, right. Pero may limit pala yung kaya ng gugat na. Yes, right. So there are cases like there's a well-known slide in Japan where you have complete forests that actually slide down with the trees and all. Yes, with the trees and all. Sometimes the fact that you have trees in it make it even more dangerous because it's not just the soil but now you have the trees. So what happened then? Well, that is a natural process. Actually there is a lot of evidence by scientists that show that even areas where you have trees, they've been sliding for the past years. It's all part of the natural geologic process. There's a process that geologists refer to as harvesting where the earth grows old and fails. So like people, the earth, yes. Nakotekang naging pa pa, natural shedding. Natural shedding, yes, very much like that. Hindi ka may mga natural shedding. Yung bayon, Doc Mark. Tamabang metaphor, you know. That's a good metaphor. But how can we, how can we wise na maka-iwas and how can you tell when you are building your house on a piece of land that is likely to shed or slide? Very interesting is the fact that there are, like for example, let's first go to the case where you have a lot of trees. There are really telltale signs there. If it's a shallow landslide, normally the trees because as the ground goes down, the top is pulling down on the tree. So the tree tends to tilt down. However, if it's very deep, then the tree turns to lean backward ala pilita corales. Lean backwards because it's rotating, yes. Dili ka adobo yung posture ng puno na ala pilita corales. Pwede yung deep landslide, makayon. So it goes deep into the earth and it's often very difficult to address in the sense that there no engineering intervention measures that can be done, yes. You can hardly fight nature that way. So sometimes you just avoid. Pero ganong kabilis o kabagal yun araw, weeks, months? The experience that most people have is that they are the leeway between the time it begins showing these signs to the time it actually fails is relatively short. But the deep-seated landslides because the failure goes deep in the ground, takes time for it to develop. Like years, ten years. Sometimes not long, 20 years and the like. So in the survey, yes. So many years and many years so in the survey, yes. So the three begins you see the three bending. But how long does it take for the tree to bend? So that it becomes a sign for age. So normally you'd see that it takes several years. So it's not like you wake up and then come back. And it's bent, yes. When you paint ten years after paiba, alam nyo na tail-tail sign. So it takes years. It takes years, yes. Sometimes that's the reason why people are observing this and the fact that you have these tail-tail signs, they're able to identify specific areas where you have these types of potential landslides. So in other words, but then let's say homeowner ka, there are also other signs like for example my pipes because the ground is moving, they normally break. So the water will be coming out or if I have stairs outside the house, they somewhat separate. They detach from the house, yes. Kusama rin ba danyong cracks, Doc Mark? You can also have cracks on the walls, the doors that do not become stuck already or your kitchen cabinets become stuck or even the ground begins forming cracks in them. Yung may roads along places where the slope is failing, you see cracks towards the... But that doesn't work for flat areas, right? It doesn't work for flat areas. So when you're talking about cracks and trees bending, yes, but then many people think that if I'm in a flat area I'm relatively safe, but then there have been landslides that really can travel, the brief flows, as we call them, that can travel really far how far? Well, it really depends but then there have been cases of the brief flows traveling as far as and matas yung panggalingan ng debris. Yes, right? And that can be really fast. So kanina, sabi nung isang nga kausap, yung neighbor down niya nakaranas na... nakasakuna nang landslides pero sabi niya malayo naman siya. So dapat siguro na advise ang din ang mga tao na baka akala natin 10 meters malayo na yung pala, kahit 1 kilometer, agus pa? In the case of there was the largest historical landslide in the Philippines is often they refer to the Ginsaugon landslide which was a barangay in southern Leyte that was buried by a rock slide which turned into a debris flow and an avalanche. So this one traveled the total of 4 kilometers and I believe that the debris traveled more than 100 kilometers an hour. So people really didn't have the chance to flee, yes. So you're saying rocks fell first and then followed by debris. It incised the ground and the rock actually it was very big. It must have been around 5 million cubic meters of rock that came down. It broke up and it did two things. You see a small hill it broke up and these rocks flew in the air but then part of it also incised the ground and that began to flow. So there were rocks raining from the air which is the avalanche plus the flow, yes. The one in Naga which had very graphic videos where it was as if a whole mountain was sliding. And then turning into flat ground. Yes. That is a flow. That is a flow, yes. That's a very good example of a flow. But it's a whole mountain. You're saying a whole mountain can slide, yes, right. Another possible example of a triggering mechanism for a landslide would be a volcanic eruption. There was a volcano that erupted in the US on St. Helens. And when this erupted actually one whole side of the volcano slid down in a very, very similar way. Pero sa pang madali yan, halimbawa na masyal lang tayo. Ipunta ko sa Tagaytay o sa Makiling. Meron din mam practical na tell-tale sign yung pang isang aro lang, observahan ko para informed din ako. Hindi ako nakatera doon na doon. Meron mga pwede observahan para masabi kong medyo delikado ito. O kaya ito yung mas safe against landslides. Well, if, as I mentioned, like the tell-tale signs are there, like the tree stilted or the, yes, yes, because or you could really see cracks in the buildings and all of that. We have a campus, their administration building was actually partially buried in a landslide that occurred in a small hill, a 90-meter high hill behind the administration building. So in many of their buildings, there they have staff houses that have cracks in them. What about the engineering library? Is there any chance for that to slide into nigs? Okay, well, it does not show any signs. Yes, it does not show any signs. Asip para nasa hill siya. Nasa hill, exactly, yes. Right. Baka yung mga geologists, na-design naman yung bato. So okay, nakita yung bato. But tinapiasan nila, yes. But then the thing with that is that the height above the road is actually not really that high. What much? The foundation actually goes deep down into. And that's another thing. Well, adobe, actually, if it were a steeper slope, it would... It still could slide, yes. So like, for example, there used to be a slope behind next to the College of Engineering's new library building. There's the triple-M building. There's a slope there which they had to cut down to make it actually safe. That was where there were houses before. Yes, the old houses. Preemptively, yes. So that's one way of avoiding or minimizing or decreasing. So, halimbawa, datay matarek, ikakat na para ang final, medyo mild. Yes, right. So that is one way of minimizing the risk or mitigating. What about the sunken garden? It collapse into the... Maybe the sides because the history of the sunken garden was that when UP moved here, they needed to build a road around. So it was a valley like the topography was a valley. So many people or my parents were describing when they were here, they were dynamiting the road where you have the tennis court and the college of engineering. So much of the material there, they deposited or they filled around the sunken garden. Not inside the bowl. Yes, not inside. So it created, of course... So naturally, mababa a siya? Yung oval road ang tinaas ng konte. Ang kanangan ng epek na yun na sunken. Naparang sunken. Yes. Right, that's the history there. Actually mataas siya. And mataas, yes. So the natural ground is where you have obviously like ipil and also molave and these places. So that's...  And they are wondering whether those sides can collapse Actually, the risk is very minimal because it's stabilized over the years. It seems like people or the engineers at the time designed it properly or compacted the road properly. Yes. But there are many places in the Philippines where you have new subdivisions that have had to do similar work. And then fill into another part of the slope and sometimes it's not properly compacted and those places have had landslides but they're very, very slow. So you see cracks gently or slowly developing in buildings or the houses in these subdivisions. Yung siguro pagiging yung siguro yan sa commonapaw. Kaya hindi ko rialam kung panam gare-react, sabihan sila na baka maglanslide makikinigba sila o sabihin nilang hindi naman siguro kasi kung walang direct na makita sainsano, pero pag nangyari naman pala ito, ang bilis. I wonder kung nabalita nyo ba yung advice para umalis? Ano nga ba naging reaction, response ng mga nakatira o nakatigil doon sa lugar na yun? Pagalam ko, they didn't leave. Nisilaw malis kasi akala nila may shelter silang mapupuntahan and yung shelter na yun hindi pala built then doon sa uri ng landslide na nangyari. Wala yun ang lumalabasan yun? Yun yat ang trouble na mga young, like children, saka women. Na una yat ang malis? Pero na iwan pa rin yung mga workers, miners. They wouldn't leave because that's where their houses are located. So there's what they would call valuable possessions. Plus, the shelter that had been assigned for them was their church. It felt very protected inside the church. And of course, we're not really aware of what exactly the nature of the warning was given to them. Kasi pwede yung generic lang. May malakas na tarpon. Right, that's true. So they took the risks. Hindi na tina lang. Hindi na alam yung risk. If generic yung pagpalala, baka dati sinabi na rin yun pero nakaraan talaga ondaming to be, ondaming range. Yes, there was a lot of range and maybe that was not imagined. Yes, aha. But it could also be that maybe there were other similar instances before where there was a lot of rain and yet nothing happened and maybe they were made to evacuate and nothing happened. So their confidence in that system actually was compromised because they said that maybe this will be the same as last time where nothing happened. So iba yung situation. It was a landslide may like a warning system din akagayan na sa rainfall, rainfall or wind. But the problem about the early warning systems for landslides is that they're very specific to the slope. We have a particular or there is a particular level of rainfall. Normally it's described in terms of what we call the antecedent rainfall. This rainfall, how much rainfall has fallen let's say within the last 15 days and then the amount of rainfall that has happened in the last 24 hours. That's right. They count all the rainfall recent days plus kung may darating pa. So yung bang ating warning agencies may ganoong system kayspecific na bawat street or village or slope. Ginagawa nila ng calculation para may Actually it's a very generic one. So in the Philippines there are very few if i'm aware of there are only very very few cases of places where they determine that this particular threshold or what we call rainfall threshold will trigger a landslide. One place where I'm aware that they've done that is in Mayon because if you recall Reming in 2006 there was a there was a flow a debris flow of lahar and the peculiar thing about Mount Mayon of course we know So these big boulders when they're mobilized and come down they really can be very destructive. So people really studied it putting sensors into the ground and they have an idea that a certain level of rainfall will trigger. Nabanggit ninyo nyan nabasa ko rin na dinike director yusek Solidum na sa pinatubo rin niya na na ko ano pa yung natirang lahar na pwede rin magslide kinokwenta nila inaestimate nila how much rainfall would trigger. But maybe even that hindi pa nga announce yung resultano na how many millimeters of rain over x days para mag-warning talaga nila na may imminent slide. So it needs to be very specific. It needs to be very specific but generally there's a I would say ballpark figure that have been established is that in the last 15 days you've had around 200 millimeters of rainfall and then within a 24 hour period it's another 100 millimeters of rainfall. I was involved in a project recently and we had a particular slope in Ilo Ilo in Tubungan Ilo Ilo and we found from that particular study that there was a landslide that occurred with around 120 millimeters same 200 millimeters 220 millimeters in the last 15 days. So it seems like it's somewhere in that ballpark figure but the specific the specific value is actually can vary significantly. So kahit pala sa mga geotechnical engineer mga geologists ongoing challenge pa yung mag-estimate talaga. But the additional challenge to geologists and geotechnical engineers is not only to tell when you should evacuate but when you should come back. Yes, because we don't want to tell them come back and then there's a landslide and then we will be tagged as a murder because we made these people come back. I mean from a lay person's point of view ano pa yung 120 millimeters? Sa palo ko ma-estimation I mean it's like rain for 10 days. Si ganun kami mag-measure wala na kaming measuring. Mi sabihin pag 10 days ba na sunod-sunod tapos na sa mountainous area ko napat makabahan na ko at malis na ko parang ganun? Well more or less yes something like that like one of the typhoons that we've had continuous rain or like even the orange rainfall warning that would be something of course red for the case and that it's continuously rained. Alright. So baka pwede naman nyo na we can't be too specific but then meron tayong parang mga general na warnings o sige sampong araw ng muulan medyo mag-isip-isip na kayo na meron ng landslide and observe around because then baka may mga crack crackun na suddenly na isip ko lang Doc Mark wala bang early warning ang galing sa focus na nandong kasalugar na yon merong memory na galing sa matatanda o kung saan man historical memory na nangyari na to and you can derive para bang kung bagang mga high-up biglang So I'll first begin with the focus or what we sometimes call indigenous learning seems like in the in the car I can identify I know that this place is prone to landslides I know where it is There was a landslide recently I think as far back as 2015 where a part in Benguet failed and they do know na that place has had a lot of landslides So they they know what places are prone to landslides and what really happens when you have so many days of very heavy rain But then what happened to itogon? Walang historical memory Walang historical memory and maybe the people are actually not from there and then other things Migrants Migrants Like there was another one I just forgot the typhoon but it was a typhoon after on doi In this particular typhoon was known as Little Kibungan in La Trinidad, Benguet So many of the people there were not actually from La Trinidad, Benguet They were from some other place known as Kibungan They resettled here and the other thing that changed it was that so they settled there but then they built a new road so it changed So even, you know that's one of the limitations that might have worked before might not work anymore because of the big human intervention But I think the project in particular has been doing a big headway towards this direction because I remember in the case of typhoon manko per ompong Dr. Lagmay had informed me that most likely the whole Ifugao area Bagyo included would be declared a state of calamity and he had told me that the possibility of landslides was extremely high and that at the moment what they're doing is that they are mapping out the areas where there are people at risk but it's not enough in the case of landslides to just say this mountain is going to have a landslide but where are the people and where in relation to which slopes are at risk so it's kind of mapping mapping, malaking area and then identifying what are the places that are exposed so that's where the maring communities maring access roads and water stream hindi mag-compromise pag nadam yun mag-co-cost ng backup na flood sa isang side kailangan i-mapalahat Ito bang mga mapping and early warning na ito I mean alam ng tao kasi nga nandito alam natin yung studies pero nag-trictal trick sorry for the term nag-trictal down ba siya down to at least barangay level na kailangan silang mag-evacuate kasi may ganito ng history sa place yun yung siguro yung gailang communication kung kulang na sa folk or indigenous knowledge because it's a migrant community yun naman scientific work baka hindi pa rin communicated sa current villagers or even workers and besides sa translate pa natin niya kung technical terms maging understandable maybe even our media person and get this translated as soon as possible instead na panay generic din yung mga news items nila malabas tuloy blame the victim palagay baka naman or blame someone else but there's no research going on it's not that there's no research there is because they don't actively search if you have the experts that are working in academe or similar institutions and then they interface with the sociopolitical institutions for example the local disaster risk the village barangay captains and then they tell the police in the case of itogon I understand it was the barangay people who were told to inform the community that they should evacuate it's hard work to make this communication procedure really very effective but I think that's the way to go now to move forward to really bridge this gap make it understandable can you even imagine how to visualize this din doi orange, yellow, orange, red pero may equivalent din siya na ganoan kung landslide anong symbols siguro parang ganun din parang kasi yung sa atin alam na natin na yung red really is heavy but it has to be equivalent to something like red anong yun bagi backward di pwede yung floating lang yung symbol na yun makapagana ka 15 aro na nang maraming rain sabiw na trigger na yung red warning kung baka red na lahat siyan sabihin for marig flooding yan marig in terms of landslides sa kanilang lugar na hazard yun ang kanilang iobserve na red na ito kung ibig sabihin evacuation na yung sa postponment ng upkat ganun yung binasyahan din na yung lahat pula understandable na yung sa kanilang accessible yung information nagamit nila na na warn sila para ipospon muna ang exam so kung paano mga parating yun sa people on the street or the households to disseminate disseminated because we have this knowledge but we are moving forward for me to be able to access that kind of information but you actually sought it out well actually yes but then it was because I was concerned of the risk for so ganun na naman it's people and hazards kung decision maker responsibility na magtanong seek out, pumunta ka sa scientist o sa pboxman, sa pagasaman sa mgb man kasi meron pa lang mga ganoong study na lugar sa lugar naman map naman map sa aming village orange ba kami o red ba kami sana ma translate ano it's kind of a way kasi ba ibadaman talaga yung social yun ang challenge na yun up developers hazzine map yung canon road akitay sa bagyo pag gawa niya naman ng interface na along the canon road ilagay mo yung kulay din doy symbolically iconic translate mo na kung sa stretch ng kilometer 10 to kilometer 11 sana makarating sa ganong estado para nilong talaga nga yun patin ang motorist palaging nga landslide well sabi nga natin merong hazard na madalas mangyare mas naaral pero yung landslide diata medyo madalang dalang ino pag nangyare malaki malawak or yung mga malalaki are the ones that are extreme events at baka na nakakalimutan na ng community lalo na kung mga nakatira ngayon nag-resettle or mga migrant or mga workers from other places nakakalimutan na yung mahabang history ng geology at ganong palaka specific depende sa dami ng ulan kung gano katarik yung slope kung bako o lupa o kung nakatba at napahina kung panel lahat mong patras na yun mapagsama-sama para mako na bird sa isang signal o warning na maaring pagkatiwalaan kung hindi sila ma false alarm at madendirin yung tanong after mali sila ng bawa papang kababalik o kailan kababalik o may mababalikang kababalik kasi yun ang malaking pagkakaiba nito sa kali sa bahak ay kawin na bahak wala yung tubig mga re-siguro may kapanpukuntahan babalikang ito di nati alam kung may kapan mababalikang o wala nang landslide lalo na kung alam na natin ang lugar natin sa mountain side kailang pagaralan yun ngayong scientific study ng mga mapping ng hazard saka nasaan tayo malapit pa tayo o malayo dapat pa talaga maging conscious mula sa barangay captain mula sa maybe home owners ewang ko lang kumakapasalama tayo ng dilimaan tayo at matahas tayo at sabi ay matibay na ba ito pero once po punta tayo sa ebang campuses meron nilaman tayong campuses na maraming slopes so even within UP talagang kailangan din pagisipan ang mga local landslides it's been a good discussion again another episode ano nga ba yung mga tips natin para sa ating viewers landslides are a natural process just like people the earth is also moving and shedding its skin so we just have to accept the fact that whether or not whatever we do there will always be landslides speaking of that kahit yung mga man may activities yung mga activities natin kusun natin may kasada dito or housing development dito sa may pana ng bundok kailangan lang natin magingat ang posibilidad ng pag-uhon ng bato o lupa at lalo na dapat iawasan ating time maging victima ng ating sariling mga human activities I think having said that we need to know and watch out for telltale signs that are related to landslides kailangan natin talagang magpagmasid sa mga pala tandaan sa lupa para pati sa mga puno if you notice something unusual may experts and appropriate authorities Pero yung pinakamahirap yung landslide na magkaroon ng one size fit all na knowledge o kaya solution o kaya intervention kasi ba iba ang kondisyong lokal sa pagkaka pag-uusap usap natin ang janyong kalagayan ng slope kalagayan ng lupa, rainfall, etc. So kailangan yung expert knowledge hindi lang dapat magmumula dun sa mga professionals kundi dapat mangaling din sa community o yung tiyatawag natin local knowledge yung community hindi dapat maging passive dapat maging source din sila ng kaalaman maging source din sila ng planning at umula sa pag-research hanggang sa pag-plano din ng mga warning systems dapat mangagaling sa kanila dapat mamimina yun in other words expert knowledge and local knowledge should be bridged kasama nang ayan yung pag-develop ng communication materials kasama na yun yung media, experts lokal lokal na community na particular talaga yung warning signals din na madidevelop for landslide dahil sa ngayon nga napakasite specific yan at mga re-siguro kung ano yung warning systems sa isang lugar may mga re-siguro on top sa isang lugar kaya mag-pag-develop ito pero hindi siya dapat malilihis din doon sa naintindihan na naintindihan na ng warning systems na katulag din sa rainfall warning system na may red, orange, yellow may nasaano na natin yun naintindihan na natin ito siguro kailangan i-develop din natin para sa landslide sa mga iba ibang hazard yung landslide na ang pinaka particular sa isang lugar o isang site specific may re-generalize masyado kaya nga siguro lalo na all the more in order to mitigate landslide risks we need to involve both local and expert knowledge