A very good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankaray's Academy for the day 21st of June 2022. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. So without any delay let's get into the article discussion. Let us start our discussion with this text in context article. He talks about El Salvador's Bitcoin. See the article says that most citizens of El Salvador have been reluctant to adopt Bitcoin as a medium of exchange that is for using us money. Also the article mainly talks about the crash in the price of Bitcoin from around $69,000 in November last year to around $20,000 this week. See this has caused losses to the investors around the world and this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us discuss about the El Salvador's government's current status after the adoption of Bitcoin as an official currency. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is given here for your reference. Please go through it. See as we already saw the crash in the price of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies has put El Salvador's government in trouble. And why this crash has caused trouble for the government? Here is the answer for this question. See the president of El Salvador is a self-proclaimed fan of cryptocurrencies. So he adopted Bitcoin as an official currency from last year September that is 2021 September. Let's take a quick detour here and let us understand about the country El Salvador. See it is a Central American country led by the president Nayib Bukeli. Now as a part of a problems preparation take a look at this map to know about the Central American countries. It includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. So these countries comprise Central America. Now coming back to your discussion what is the trouble? The trouble is the crash in the price of Bitcoin. As we already saw the price crashed from $69,000 to $20,000. So what are all the consequences of this trouble? Firstly this has raised concerns over the government's ability to repay its debt. A crash in the Bitcoin's price against the US dollar means that the government will have to sell its Bitcoin for fewer dollars. Thus affecting its capacity to repay dollar debt. See why is it significant? Because the El Salvador government has made an investment of over 100 million dollars in Bitcoin. And also President Bukeli has been using taxpayers money to bet on Bitcoin. And now we understand how much this government is dependent on Bitcoin. And because of this crash it has lost more than half of its investment value till date. So this is the first consequence. Secondly this has caused losses to investors since the price has crashed from $69,000 to $20,000. This is a huge loss for the investors. And thirdly it affected the ability of El Salvador government from getting financial help from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. See these borrowings are mainly to help meet the government's spending needs. So these three are the consequences of the trouble that the El Salvador government are in now. What are those? It affected the government's ability to repay the debt. It caused losses to the investors around the world. And it affected the ability of El Salvador government from getting financial help from IMF on the World Bank. Here comes the question why did El Salvador adopt Bitcoin as an official currency in the first place? See in the year 2001 El Salvador had adopted the US dollar as its official currency. And from last year September that is 2021 September the Bitcoin was also adopted as an official currency. So now the El Salvador can use both Bitcoin and the US dollar as official currencies. And in order to promote Bitcoin the El Salvador government has been trying to encourage citizens to primarily use Bitcoin for their daily transactions. It even came out with the payments wallet named Chivo which gave out for free Bitcoin worth $30 initially. See all these are done to encourage people to use Bitcoin in transactions. And this is how Bitcoin was adopted as an official currency. But now the question is what is the core reason behind this adoption of Bitcoin as an official currency? See the analysts believe that it is to do with the El Salvador's government inability to borrow in US dollars. See there is inability in borrowing because the El Salvador's public debt has risen to over 100% of gross domestic product. And also it is believed that greater adoption of Bitcoin in El Salvador will allow the government to impose tax and to spend in Bitcoins instead of US dollars. So as an alternative to US dollars the El Salvador government attempted to borrow 1 billion dollars using bonds backed by Bitcoin but they failed. See the government bonds are trading at a steep discount. This means that the bond is sold lower than its face value. For example take a thousand dollar bond. If it is sold at 800 dollars then it is said that it is sold at a discount. So as a result of this discounted selling they are classified as junk by the investors. Now lastly let us discuss why people are reluctant in adopting Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. One big reason for the low acceptance of Bitcoin has been their extreme price volatility. See people always like to invest in assets whose price keep on rising. So this makes them an unreliable store of value. So people in general are hesitant to accept something as money if they are not fairly sure about its value in the future. So this is why people are reluctant in adopting Bitcoin as a medium of exchange for their daily transactions. And with this we have come to the end. Now let's have a quick recap. We saw about the Central American countries which includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. And after that we saw the trouble that El Salvador government is going through which is the crash in the price of Bitcoin. And we saw the consequences of this trouble which includes concerns over the government's ability to repay its debt, losses to the investors around the world, inability of the government from getting financial help from the IMF and the World Bank. And after that we saw why El Salvador government adopted Bitcoin as an official currency. See in the year 2001 it adopted US dollar as an official currency and in the year 2021 it adopted Bitcoin as the official currency. And the reason behind this adoption of Bitcoin as an official currency is the inability of the government to borrow in US dollars. This is because the public debt has risen to over 100% of GDP. So as an alternative to US dollars in the year 2021 the government adopted Bitcoin as the official currency. But this has backfired since the price crash the government bonds are selling at a discount rate. And hence the government bonds are classified as junk by the investors. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing why people are reluctant in adopting Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. This is because of their extreme price volatility. So with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us take up this editorial article for discussion. It is written in the backdrop of a recent judgment by Allahabad High Court. See it dealt with the misuse of a provision in the Indian Penal Court that is IPC. And to curtail the misuse of that provision the High Court has given certain directions. But the author is of opinion that the directions are stepping on the legislative sphere and it will affect the victims more. So in this discussion let us understand which provision is misused and why and we will also see the directions and some solutions on how to curtail the misuse of that provision. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is given here for your reference please go through it. See before going into the case details let us know which provision we are talking about. It is the section 498A of IPC. And it deals with cruelty against women by her husband or his relatives. See here cruelty would mean two things. One is hurting the woman physically or mentally through any willful conduct. Such conduct includes causing grave injury to the woman or causing danger to the life or limb of the woman or even causing danger to mental or physical health of the woman. It also includes the conduct that drives the woman to commit suicide. So all these are considered as cruelty done by husband or his relatives. But note that the definition of the cruelty does not end here. Because any harassment done to coerce the woman or a person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for a property or valuable security will also constitute cruelty. See unlawfully demanding property or valuable security means demanding dowry right? So that means coercing a woman or anyone related to her for extracting dowry is cruelty under this section. So these are the two things that would constitute as cruelty. Now all these acts or conducts of cruelty are punishable under the section with imprisonment from 1 to 3 years with or without fine. Also know that offenses under section 498A is non-bailable and a cognisable offense. Cognisable offense here means that the accused can be arrested without a warrant. See you should know that the section 498A was inserted into IPC in 1983 only. It was a period when dowry deaths were increasing. Here remember that in 1961 itself the Dowry Prohibition Act was enacted. But its main purpose was to prohibit giving or taking of dowry. So it defined dowry and listed out the penalties for giving or taking of dowry. It did not take into cognisance that often dowry demand leads to widespread harassment and horrific acts of violence disguised as domestic abuse against the married woman by the in-laws. Sometimes it also resulted in murder of the married woman. Therefore there was a need to deal with all such cruelty done by in-laws and finally the section was inserted for this purpose. So overall the purpose behind section 498A was to deal with dowry related harassment and unnatural deaths. An additional information for you here even though section 498A existed it was not enough in the case of death due to dowry. So in the year 1986 a new offense called dowry death was created in IPC under section 304B and the punishment was intensified to imprisonment for minimum 7 years and maximum life imprisonment. Now coming back to section 498A from the moment the section was enacted until now this section has been increasingly vilified that is berated. The vilification was due to the potential of misusing the section for making fake allegations. Even now those who oppose the section argue that married women frequently misuse it and use it as a weapon against their in-laws because it is non-bearable and cognisable offense. Well we cannot deny the fact that misuse sometimes happens. There are some women who wrongly filed cases as a vengeance and taking revenge on in-laws and citing this reason many petitions have been filed in the court of law to dilute the section. Now let us see those various stans of Supreme Court benches in this matter. One of the important cases is Rajesh Sharma and others vs. State of UP 2017. This judgment diluted section 498A and even the offense was practically made bailable. Actually this judgment changed the procedural aspect of section 498A and it effectively prohibited the arrest of accused persons. And how did this happen? See in the judgment Supreme Court bench provided an eight-point direction. Direction one was the most contentious one that is disputable. See it was disputable because it directed the district legal services authorities to constitute one or more family welfare committees in every district. The purpose of the committee was to look into compliance under section 498A. It will interact with the parties and submit a report within one month from the date of receipt of complaint. The issue was not looking into the complaints but it was with the clause which prohibited the arrest of the accused person until the report is submitted. So from this we can say that for one month the accused will be free from arrest. Another direction of the Supreme Court made the offense practically bailable because the direction states that if a bail application is received then it should be decided on the same day whether to grant bail or not. So these two were the main dilution of section 498A because now the non-bailable and the cognisable nature that acted as a deterrent to the offender was gone. See the purpose behind the direction was to manage the fake allegations but while doing that the judgment diluted the section itself. But thankfully the same was realized by Supreme Court in another case whose judgment came a year later after the previous judgment. The case was Social Action Forum for Manavadikar v. Union of India 2018. In this case law Supreme Court modified many of the directions given in the Rajesh Sharma case. Mainly it held that the directions pertaining to Family Welfare Committee and its constitution is impermissible. The decision was arrived at based on various factors. The first one is Supreme Court found that constituting the Family Welfare Committee is beyond the code of criminal procedure. The duties of the committee do not conform to any provision of CRPC according to Supreme Court. So in this way the committee will be a third agency which cannot be allowed under the law. Secondly Supreme Court recognized that while drafting section 498A legislature knowingly made it cognisable and non-bailable. So these natures of the section should not be changed by the court. And thirdly it held that the misuse of section happens due to fault made by the investigating agency. See the investigating agency does not look into facts clearly and jumps into action without the application of mind. So if the investigating agency functions diligently then the misuse of section 498A can be curtailed. So Supreme Court after modifying the directions in Rajesh Kumar case asked the investigating officers to be guided by the principles stated in various case laws. Let us see these case laws and principles in brief. First comes the 1996 case Joginder Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh. The principle is with respect to arrest of persons. See the Supreme Court held that arrest should not be made due to the suspicion of complicity in an offense rather it should be done with reasonable satisfaction on justification. This is to be achieved only after investigation into the genuineness and bona fides of a complaint. Secondly the arrest principle was again reiterated in another case in 1997 called the DK Basu v. State of West Bengal. Here Supreme Court laid down certain guidelines as to when, where and how arrest should be made and what procedure to be followed. And the next one is Lalitha Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh 2014 case law. In this case the constitution bench suggested that preliminary enquiry may be held in matrimonial or family disputes. The preliminary enquiry is to ascertain whether it is a cognisable offense and the next important judgement is 2014 case Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar and another. See this is a landmark judgement regarding section 498a because it dealt with the misuse of section. Here Supreme Court provided 8 golden principles or directions for arresting person under the section. Mainly it noted that the police should not automatically arrest unless it satisfies the criteria under section 41 of CRPC. See section 41 is the provision that deals with the circumstances under which arrest can be made without warrant that is the circumstances that becomes cognisable offenses. And I have given the 8 golden principles or guidelines for making arrest under the section 498a. So you just go through it. So far we have seen 6 case laws. Now let us come to the Allahabad High Court case. It was again a case related to section 498a. Mainly here the High Court laid down directions similar to Rajesh Kumar case. Totally 14 directions have been given. Let us see the two main months. One is constituting the family welfare committee in each district like in the case of Rajesh Kumar. See composition, functions and duties have been prescribed in the direction and almost they are similar to the ones in the Rajesh Kumar case. And the second one is instituting the cooling period. See cooling period refers to the two months from lodging of FIR or complaint. So in this period it is prohibited to arrest the accused or even take polis action to nab the accused. This is because like in Rajesh Kumar case the case will be referred to the family welfare committee. So these are the two important directions given by the Allahabad High Court recently. So what is the author saying about this? See author has recognized the noble intent behind the directions which is to curb the misuse of section 498a. And another noble intent is to provide certain safeguards to innocent in-laws of married women who make fake allegations. But at the same time author also criticizes these directions because they are flawed. Mainly as we saw in the social action forum for Manav Adhikar versus union of India case, Supreme Court changed the directions given in Rajesh Kumar case. It did not allow for constitution of family welfare committees stating that they do not conform with the law. Supreme Court also held that a prohibition on arrest is not permissible. So now like the Rajesh Kumar case another direction is given by the Allahabad High Court. So the author notes that this judgment will be struck down. Secondly high court has increased the arrest prohibition period that is the cooling period from one month to two months. See it was one month in the Rajesh Kumar case. This is also a concern pointed out by the author. And after this author also notes that the directions potentially fall in the sphere of legislature. He also worries that these directions might curtail the rights of a genuine victim of dowry harassment. And due to this author concludes with suggestions to check the false dowry cases. First suggestion is to strictly enforce direction given in 2014 Rajesh Kumar case and this will enable to obtain sufficient and credible material before arrest. The second suggestion is to make the offence bailable for this the help of legislature is needed. And the third suggestion is to make the offence compoundable. See compoundable offences are those where the victim can enter into a compromise with the accused and they may also agree to drop the charges. This will save the cost to the parties and save the court's time also. See this suggestion is based on the fact that often fake section 498 a cases are filed out because of anger on in-laws. So if compromise is allowed they may solve the issue. So the conclusion is these suggestions may be implemented by keeping in mind that dowry debts and harassment are still continuing in the 21st century. And with this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about section 498 a of Indian penal code. It deals with cruelty against women by her husband or his relatives. See cruelty includes hurting women physically, mentally, causing grave injury, causing danger to life or limb or causing danger to physical or mental health. It even includes the conduct that drives the woman to commit suicide. Another aspect of cruelty is that it includes harassment done to cause the woman or a person related to her by unlawfully demanding property or valuable security. And under the section the cruelty is punishable with imprisonment from one to three years with or without fine. Note that it is a non-bailable and a cognisable offence. And after this we saw why the section 498 a was inserted. It is to deal with the dowry related harassment and unnatural debts. And we saw about a new offence called dowry death which was created in 1986 and included an IPC under section 304b and the punishment was intensified to imprisonment for a minimum seven years to life imprisonment. And following that we saw various stands of Supreme Court benches in the matter. We saw about the case Rajesh Sharma and others vices state of UP 2017. We saw that in this judgment the section 498 a was diluted. It directed district legal services authorities to constitute family welfare committees in every district and it said that arrest was prohibited until the report is submitted by the committee and it also made the offence bailable. And after this we saw about the social action forum for Manavadika vices union of India 2018. In this judgment Supreme Court stated that constituting family welfare committee is beyond the code of criminal procedure so it does not conform to the law. And it recognized that legislature knowingly made the offence cognisable and non-bailable so it should not be changed by the court. And it held that misuse of the section happens due to fault made by the investigating agency. And following this we saw various case laws which provided guidelines or principles for the investigating officers. We saw about Joginder Kumar vices state of UP 1996 case. We saw about DK Basu vices state of West Bengal 1997 case. And after that we saw about Lalitha Kumari vices government of Uttar Pradesh 2014 case. And finally we saw 2014 case Arnesh Kumar vices state of Bihar and another. This landmark judgment dealt with the section 498A and its misuse. In this judgment Supreme Court provided 8 golden principles or directions for arresting the person under the section. And after this we saw about the recent Allahabad High Court case which again reiterated the directions given in the Rajesh Kumar case. We saw that the High Court asked to constitute family welfare committees in each district and we saw that the arrest prohibition period was increased from 1 month to 2 months. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing the suggestions given by the author in this editorial. The first one is to strictly enforce direction given in 2014 Arnesh Kumar case. And the second one is to make the offence bailable and the third suggestion is to make the offence compoundable. And with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Look at this news article. It talks about the order of election commission. See the election commission ordered the deletion of 111 registered but unrecognized political parties because the election commission found this party to be non-existent. And also the election commission referred three of the parties to the department and this is for the legal action for involving in serious financial impropriety. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us discuss the conditions necessary for the declaration of a party to be a national party and regional party. Firstly let us take the conditions for the national party. See there are certain conditions for the declaration of a particular party to be a national party of India. Let us see those conditions one by one. Firstly at the last general election to house of people that is Lok Sabha or to the state legislative assembly the party should secure at least six percentage of the valid votes polled in any four or more states. And in addition to this the party should win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha from any of the state or states. So this is the first condition. And the second condition is that at the last general election the party should win at least two percentage seats in the Lok Sabha that is eleven seats in the existing house having five hundred and forty three members. And these members should be elected from at least three different states. So out of these eleven seats the member should be elected from at least three different states. And this is condition number two. And finally the party should be recognized as state party in at least four states. So these are the three conditions that are necessary for declaring a party to be a national political party. Now coming to the conditions for declaring a party a state political party. The first condition includes at the last general election to the state legislative assembly the party should secure at least six percentage of the total valid votes. And in addition to this it should win at least two seats to the legislative assembly of the state concerned. And this is condition number one. And at the last general election to the Lok Sabha from the state the party should secure at least six percentage of the total valid votes. And in addition to this the party should win at least one seat to the Lok Sabha from that state at general election. So if the election is to the legislative assembly of the state the condition is that it should have secured six percentage of the total valid votes plus at least two seats. And if the election is to Lok Sabha the condition is that the party should have secured at least six percentage of the total valid votes plus at least one seat to the Lok Sabha. This is condition number two. Now coming to condition number three at the last general election to the legislative assembly of the state the party should win at least three percentage of the total number of seats in the legislative assembly or at least three seats in the assembly whichever is more. See firstly we saw about the percentage of votes polled but here it is about the percentage of total number of seats. Now the next condition is that at the last general election to Lok Sabha the party should return at least one member to the house of people that is Lok Sabha for every 25 members. So this is the condition for Lok Sabha. And finally at the last general election to the Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly the candidate of the party should secure at least eight percentage of the total valid votes. And these are the conditions necessary for declaring a party as state political party. See there are so many conditions but at least any one of the conditions should be fulfilled for declaring a party as national party and state political party. And with this we have come to the end let us have a quick recap. We saw the conditions necessary for declaring a party as national political party which is at the last general election to Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly the party should secure at least six percentage of valid votes in any four or more states. In addition to this it should win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha from any of the states. The second condition is that at the last general election it should win at least two percentage of seats in the Lok Sabha that is eleven seats out of five hundred and forty three and the members should be elected from at least three different states. And finally the party should be recognized as state party in at least four states. And if any one of these three conditions are fulfilled then the party is declared as national political party. Now coming to state political party conditions at the last general election to legislative assembly of the state the party should secure six percentage of the valid votes and addition to that it should win at least two seats in the legislative assembly. The second condition is that at the last general election to Lok Sabha the party should secure at least six percentage of valid votes polled. In addition to that it should win at least one seat to Lok Sabha from that state. And the third condition is that at the last general election to legislative assembly of the state the party should win at least three percentage of the total number of seats or at least three seats in the general assembly whichever is more. And the next condition is that at the last general election to Lok Sabha from the state the party should return at least one member to the Lok Sabha for every 25 members. And finally at the last general election to Lok Sabha or legislative assembly of the state the candidate said by the party should have secured at least eight percentage of the total valid votes. And if any one of these conditions are fulfilled then the party is declared as state political party. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us take up this final article for a discussion. See this news article talks about 5G technology. According to the news article the Indian Institute of Technology Madras along with the army training command will be establishing a 5G test bet at the military college of telecommunication engineering in Indore. And this is done to facilitate the use of 5G technology for the army along the borders. And apart from this this project will also enable students and trainees at the college to be thoroughly familiar with the advanced technologies embedded in the 5G system. So in this context let us understand what is this 5G technology and some of its unique features in prelims perspective. Firstly what is 5G? See it is nothing but the fifth generation mobile network. As you know the cellular communication networks are known by their numeric generation. For example 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and now 5G. So here the G stands for generation. So what do they mean by a generation? See while connected to the internet the speed of your connection is determined by the signal strength. See it is shown next to the signal bar on your home screen in the alphabetical order such as 2G, 3G, 5G and so on. And each generation is defined as a set of telephone network standards that describe how a specific mobile phone system is implemented technologically. Here as our internet speed requirement changes the technology used to achieve that speed also changes. For example 1G provides 2.4 kilobytes per second, 2G provides 64 kilobytes per second. See these are all speeds and 3G provides 144 kbps to 2 mbps that is megabytes and 4G provides 100 mbps to 1 gbps that is gigabytes. And know that 4G is based on LTE technology and the next upgrade is the 5G. See you can see the evolution of cellular communication networks in the image given here. We are currently fully deployed in 4G with the 5G gaining ground. See what is so special about 5G? See a defining capability of 5G is that it is designed for forward compatibility that is it caters to the ability to flexibly support future services that are unknown today or in simple terms 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including missions objects and devices. See 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-gbps peak data speeds. Ultra low latency here latency is the time it takes for a data to pass from one point on a network to another. So ultra low latency means a computer network is optimized to process a high volume of data with minimal delay and it is meant to deliver more reliability, massive network capacity and a more uniform user experience to more users. See here higher performance and improved efficiency empower the new user experiences and they connect new industries and more importantly 5G technology has three unique applications. The first one is enhanced mobile broadband. See in addition to making our smartphones better 5G mobile technology can assure a new immersive experiences such as VR and AR. See here VR is virtual reality and AR is augmented reality. So they can assure a new immersive experiences such as VR and AR with faster more uniform data rates and lower latency and lower cost per bit. Secondly with ultra reliable accessible low latency networks 5G can enable new services that can transform industries such as remote control of critical infrastructure, automobiles and medical procedures and finally is the massive IoT. It is the internet of things. See 5G is meant to seamlessly connect a massive number of embedded sensors in virtually everything and they provide low cost connectivity solutions. And that's all about this 5G technology. In this discussion we saw what is 5G it is nothing but a fifth generation mobile network and G here stands for generation. And we saw what is a generation. See generation is defined as a set of telephone network standards that describe how a specific mobile phone is implemented technologically. So what does this mean? It means that with changing internet speed requirement the technology used to achieve that speed also changes. We saw examples for that 1G provides 2.4 kbps, 2G provides 64 kbps, 3G provides 144 kbps to 2 mbps, 4G provides 100 mbps to 1 gbps. And the next upgrade in this line is 5G. And after that we saw some of the characteristics of 5G. It delivers high multi-gbps peak data speeds, it delivers ultra low latency, it delivers more reliability, massive network capacity and more uniform user experience. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing applications of 5G technology. The first one is enhanced mobile broadband and the next one is transforming industries through 5G such as remote control of critical infrastructure, automobiles and medical procedures. And the final one is connecting massive internet of things. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next part of a discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. We have two prelims questions today for practice. I'll solve one of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Take this first question here. Consider the following statements. A party should win at least two percentage of seats in the house of people to be declared as a state party. Statement 2. A party should win at least two seats in the state legislative assembly to be declared as a national party. Which of the above statements is or are incorrect? So you have to identify the incorrect statements here. See this is the quiz question for you. Try to remember the discussion that we had and attempt this question and post your answer in the comment section. Moving to the next question with reference to communication technologies. What are the differences between LTE and VALTE? That is long term evolution and voice over long term evolution. Statement 1. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and VALTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G. See this statement is incorrect. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE and VALTE is technology update to LTE protocol. So the statement 1 is incorrect. See LTE is data only technology and VALTE is voice only technology. See the second statement is also incorrect. And LTE the infrastructure of telecom players only allows transmission of data while voice calls are routed to their older 2G or 3G networks. And this is why under LTE you cannot access your 4G data services while you are on call. And this leads to problems such as slow internet speeds and poor voice clarity. See VALTE allows voice calls to be packaged and carried through LTE networks. And this means that 4G data can be accessed even during calls. So the statement 2 is incorrect here. So the correct option to this question is option D neither one nor two. I have given two main question here for your practice. So interested aspirants write it and post your answer in the comment section. And if you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today post that also in the comment section. And with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar Reyes Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


Box 13, with the Star of Paramount Pictures, Alan Ladd as Dan Holliday. Box 13, Careless Star Times. If your advertisement adventure wanted will go any place to do anything is bonafide, do this. Call Yorkside 8907-8 and ask for Dr. Auckland. Make an appointment with him. Then phone Madison 9548 and ask for Mr. Alexander. When you've done these two things, you will receive further instructions. I will wait until 3 tomorrow afternoon. If you want money, I can arrange that. If you want adventure only, this will give it to you. There was no signature, so I assumed the letter was from the mysterious Mr. Alexander who liked telephones. I was right. It was his nickel and a million dollars worth of trouble. And now back to Box 13 and Dan Holliday's newest adventure, the Clay Pigeon. I wonder why you're to make an appointment with a doctor, Mr. Holliday? I don't know, Susie, but it's a very interesting letter. I'll tell you what, suppose you dial the first number for me and we'll get in touch with Dr. Ogden. Uh-huh. Let's see, that was Yorkside 8907-8. I want to get the number asked for Dr. Ogden, Susie. Uh-huh. Hello, Dr. Ogden, please. This is Dr. Ogden speaking. Oh, thank you. Just a minute. He's on the line. He answered the phone himself. Oh, thanks. Hello, Dr. Ogden. Yes. I'd like to make an appointment to see you. Uh-huh. Today? Well, let's say at your convenience. Fine. What time? 2 o'clock sharp. 2 o'clock sharp. Fine. You know the address? Well, no, you'd better give it to me. 7-8-6-9 River Lane Terrace. Oh, just a second. Susie. Uh-huh. Take this down. That was 7-8-6-9 River Lane Terrace. Yes, that's it. Okay, tomorrow at 2 o'clock then. I'll be waiting for you. Oh, just a second, doctor. Don't you want to know who I am? I prefer to find it out my way. Goodbye. What do you say? I don't know, but it sounded like I prefer to find it out my way. Well, what's he mean by that? I wish I knew. Let's call out other number. Madison 9-5-4-8. Want me to get it for you? Might as well. It's no fun being on first base if there's a chance of scoring. Go ahead. Now, what kind of a doctor prefers to find out the names of his patients his own way? Shh. Mr. Alexander? Yes, who's this? Just a second. Here he is, a party of the second part. Oh, okay. Hello, this is Box 13, Mr. Alexander. Oh, yes, sir. Did you call Dr. Ogden? Yes, I did. I have an appointment with him for 2 o'clock tomorrow afternoon. Good. Will you keep it? That all depends on what's going to happen next. I think you'll like it. Well, I think so. I have remembered my own name for a long time. I'm still here. Matthew? Matthew Kerry, right? Yes. Now, remember this. The dead shall not stay dead. I thought you said the dead shall not stay dead. That's correct. It's not difficult to remember. You're right, Mr. Alexander. But now that I have the name Matthew Kerry in the message, what do I do with him? I think you'll know what to do when you see Dr. Ogden. Goodbye. Hey, Alexander. Hey. He hung up, huh? Yeah, he hung up. Susie, this is either a big rib or it starts out as one of the craziest chases I've ever had. Well, all you can do is see Dr. Ogden tomorrow at 2. Yes, see Dr. Ogden tomorrow at 2. Okay, Susie, hung for a sheep as well as a lamb. Dr. Ogden will see me tomorrow. So the next day at 2 o'clock sharp, I pushed a bell button underneath the neat little brass plate that said Dr. Ogden. I waited and the door clicked and swung open by itself. I stood in a dimly lighted hall. I was getting accustomed to the lights when the door closed behind me, then I heard... Please come down the hall. Hmm? Where are you? Second door to your left as you walk this way down the hall away from the front door. Please come in. Oh, thank you. Please close the door and come in. Thank you again. I'm very happy to see that you're prompt. You're the gentleman who called yesterday about 2 o'clock, yes? Yes, I called about that time. Good. Please be seated across the table from me. Now, may I ask who sent you to me? A mutual friend. May I ask the name of this mutual friend? Mr. Alexander. I don't seem to recall that name, Alexander... Alexander. Yes, Alexander. Well, no matter. You are Dr. Ogden. Yes, why do you ask? Well, I had no way of recognizing you, doctor. For all I know, you may be someone else. I see you're a skeptic. About what? Don't you know? Yes, yes, of course. Shall we proceed? By all means, I'm very anxious to proceed, but first my name is... Please, please don't tell me. I have other ways of finding that out. All? First we shall dim the lights. I control them from my chair here. You can still see me? Very dimly. Your eyes will become accustomed to this light in a moment. Now, there's a drawer on your side of the table. Please open it. You'll find a pad of paper and some pencils in there. Select any pencil and take the pad of paper. Okay, I've done it. Close the drawer. Now, what do I do? Write your name on one of the slips of paper from the pad, anyone. Underneath your name, write a question. Some problem that is worrying you. I shall attempt to advise you. I hope your skepticism does not interfere with our rapport. Wait a minute, you mean you're... What were you going to say? Let me get this straight. I'm to write my name on a slip of paper. Yes, and underneath any message, question, problem. Name and a message. All right, that's done. Now what? Fold the slip of paper and place it under the teak up in the center of the table. There you are, Dr. Argan. Good, good. We shall have to dim the lights a little more. More. I am trying to establish contact with your mind. I am trying to feel the psychic rapport between us. Think. Think of your name and the message. Think of them. I see that your name is... Matthew Kerry. No, no! Who are you? Where did you come from? Now, wait a minute, Dr. Argan, take it easy.   You know nothing! Calm down a minute, will you?  It's not your name. Please, you don't know anything. You can't know. What's the matter with you, Dr. Argan? Please get out of here! Go! Well, all right. But how did you know what name was on that slip of paper under the teak up?  Well, an invitation like that, what else is there to do? I left Dr. Argan feeling a little as though I'd struck a match and a house a mile away went up in flames. Who was Matthew Kerry? More important at the moment, who was Mr. Alexander? I stepped into a drugstore on the way back to my office. Dialed Madison 9-548. No, Mr. Alexander. It was a pay phone and a marker. It seemed that Mr. Alexander had sat patiently waiting for my call to him. Later in my apartment... Hello? Ah, Mr. Holliday. Ah, Mr. Alexander. Yes. Which market are you calling from now? Yes, I call back. Look, Alexander, if it was your intention to frighten Dr. Argan out of his next ten years, you did. It was. Wait a minute. You know my name? My telephone number here at my apartment. How come? I saw you go to Dr. Argan's when you came out. I followed you. Very simple. Elementary. Okay, suppose we go to a little higher learning now. Who is Matthew Kerry? And why did that name and message frighten Argan out of his wits? Are you interested, Mr. Holliday? I think so, Mr. Alexander. But I'd like to know what the game is. Will you go on with it? I'll admit it has its points. Good. You saw the reaction the name and message got from Dr. Argan. The electric chair would have been a little less irritating to him. Then play like you in some way. See, if Mary says what does, don't let on what you're doing. Mr. Alexander, that is the simplest thing in the world for me to do, because I haven't the least idea of what it is I'm doing. When he contacts you, be mysterious. What makes you think that I'm that good and active? I still think it's a rib, a joke. The joke is on our friend Dr. Huckton. Oh, he's not laughing. He doesn't have a sense of humor. A little while longer. If you'll tell me one thing. And what's that? Where does it all end? And what good is it doing you? I'm not good, it does me. It will keep me from being... Well, back to the Clay Pigeon, another Box 13 adventure with Ellen Ladd as Dan Holliday. Well, Mr. Alexander's last words sat me up straight. I wanted to go to the police, but with what? I've never seen Mr. Alexander, and as far as I knew, we had a lot of nickels to put in phone slots. He'd never give me a chance to trace a call. So I sat tight and waited. And I didn't have too long to wait because that same night... Yes, who is it? Mr. Holliday, may I see you? Oh, Dr. Ogden, just a second. How did you find me? Psychic report? No, I followed you earlier this afternoon. Oh, did you have company? Company? Skip it. Is there something on your mind, Dr. Ogden? Yes. Look here. Why did you come to me this afternoon? Maybe because of Matthew Carey. How did you know? Who are you? You followed me here. You came to my apartment. You want to know my name? Yes, Holliday, but that isn't your real name. For heaven's sake, man, will you please talk? I'd like a little time to think it over. Then you haven't gone to the police? No, no, I haven't. You want me to?  How much do you think I know, Dr. Ogden? Look, Holliday, or whatever your name is, I'm willing to pay you to keep quiet. You must realize, of course, I don't have to pay you a cent. Oh, of course you don't. But I want no bad publicity. Be bad for my business. Now, how much? I told you. I want some time to think it over. How long? I'll let you know when I'm ready to talk business with you. Meanwhile, you'll not go to the police? No, Dr. Ogden. I won't go to the police. Thank you. Thank you. Are you sure you, Mr. Holliday, you won't be sorry? I hope not. Now, good night, Dr. Ogden. Good night, and you will let me hear from you. I promise just as soon as I come to a conclusion. Then, good night. For a moment, I stood there after Ogden left. I listened to make sure he had gone. Then I stepped out into the hall and down the stairs into the lobby. Ogden was out of sight. But to make sure, I asked the clerk. Yes, I saw him, Mr. Holliday. He's gone. Thanks. There was no one with him. I didn't see anyone. Okay, I'm going to step outside for him and be right back. Hold any calls that come. Yes, sir, Mr. Holliday. There was no one inside on the sidewalk. The traffic was thin. I was almost sure that Ogden hadn't come alone. Why? I don't know. But I walked a little piece down the street. I was about 50 yards away from my apartment building when... It's a holiday. A holiday. Huh? Who is it? Alexander. Where are you? This doorway. I didn't want Ogden to see me. Please come here. Let me take a look at you. No, I've got to be sure Ogden doesn't see me. He's gone. I can't take the chance. Please come here. I want to tell you something. All right. Okay, what have you got to tell me? This. Oh, Mr. Holliday. How'd I get back in the lobby? I found you. How did you have to be looking for me? Well, there was a call for you. I stepped out on the pavement and saw someone lying in the doorway. Yes, and there I was all tucked away. The original Clay Pitchell. It's a holiday. Shall I call the police? No, wait a minute. You've got your wallet. My watch. My change. My ring. There's nothing missing? No, not a thing missing. That's funny. The word you want is peculiar. It's anything but funny anymore. But I would like to know why he slugged me and then left me with all my money. Your keys. Have you got all of them? Yeah. But look at this one, Charlie. You see anything? Yeah, there's some green stuff on it. Modeling clay. Looks like it. So Mr. Alexander want to make an impression of this key to my office. Why? Charlie, someday I'm going to catch up with Mr. Alexander and get an answer to a lot of questions. What did Mr. Alexander want in my office? The only way to find that out was to go there. I called Susie, got her out of bed and an hour later met her at the office. Gee, I was scared when you called Mr. Holliday. Yeah, but I needed you to take a look around this office. See if anything's missing. You take that side of the room, Susie. I'll find come over here. But there's nothing here worth stealing. File cabinets are still locked. None of them forced? They don't look like it. Open them and look inside. All right. Not a paper disturbed, not even a pencil out of place. Okay, I'm crazy. I give up. How about the cabinet, Susie? Gee, they're just like I left them when I went home. I remember straightening them today because I wanted to find that... Okay, let's forget it. You know what I think, Mr. Holliday? No, what do you think, Susie? I think Mr. Alexander is a lunatic. Well, tell him to move over. He's getting company. The guy slugs me. Makes an impression on my office key. And now what? You know, Mr. Holliday, I think you ought to find out about Matthew Cary. Hey, that's an idea, Susie. Okay, pack up and go home now. Tomorrow you and I are going to the morgue of the Star Times. And we'll see what we shall see. It took Susie and me the better part of two hours to dig through all files. But finally we came up with something. Susie read a paragraph to me. A paragraph from a Sunday supplement. The murder of Matthew Cary has never been solved. The only suspect was Marvin Smith who disappeared mysteriously and has never been located. Cary and Smith were partners in a mind-reading and psychic act, and they... Hold on, Susie. Does that give you a hint? More. It tells me Dr. Ogden's real name. Marvin Smith. Susie, Ogden is a mysteriously disappeared suspect. Sure, but who is Mr. Alexander?  Okay, Matthew Cary's body was claimed by a brother Philip Cary. Philip at his brother's inquest was dramatic in his denunciation of police and in his vow to track down his brother's killer. Later, he too disappeared. The Matthew Cary case remains another famous unsolved murder. Gee, Dr. Ogden killed Matthew Cary. Yeah, that's the way it looks. Now all I've got to figure out is what I'm doing in the act. Why did Philip Cary send me to Dr. Ogden in the first place? To scare him. That was only part of it. Obviously, Susie, Cary, or Mr. Alexander as I shall find to remember him, wanted to make Ogden think that someone was on to him. But why pick on me? Later, I called the police and let them know that Dr. Ogden and Marvin Smith were one and the same, or at least I thought they were. The police went in to see him, but once more he had dropped off the face of the earth. And I looked like a prize sap for giving the tip off. Then that afternoon... Want me to answer it to Mr. Holiday? I better let me take it, Susie. Hello. Holiday? Yeah. Dr. Ogden, isn't it? Yes. Where have you been? Listen to me. Agree to your terms. You... You what? I said I agree to your terms. Oh. You agree to my terms. Well, that's nice. I can't talk any longer. I've got to go now. But I agree to your terms. Goodbye. Ogden. Ogden.  Is something the matter? Yeah, something's the matter. And it's all with me. That was Dr. Ogden, huh? That was Dr. Ogden. And he agrees to my terms. He agrees to your terms? What terms? That's the question, Susie. What terms? Now... Oh, no. Not again. I'll answer it. Now I brought this on myself. I'll take it. Hello. Good afternoon, Mr. Holliday. Well, Mr. Alexander, how do you do? How's your head? How would your head be after a baller was drummed out on it? I'm very sorry I had to do that, but it was necessary. Alexander, if I could only see you just once... How would you like to...? Well, what do you mean? Meep. It's a pretty lonely neighborhood. What's the idea? You would like to see this finished, wouldn't you? Yes. Yes, I would. Then meet me. What if I don't? What now, Mr. Holliday? Good question, Susie. I've already made the police think I'm a little off by sending them after Ogden. Okay, I'll meet Mr. Alexander tonight, but not before I do a lot of thinking. So I thought, and thought, and made up my mind to meet Alexander, but I also made up my mind to get there ahead of time. So I drove to within three blocks of Bay Boulevard and Shore Drive Park to begin to walk quietly. I stayed in the shadows and made sure I wasn't being followed. Then... then I saw him. A man crossed behind a billboard. Someone had the same idea I had. Get there early and avoid the rush. Well, at last I was going to meet Mr. Alexander, but not face to face. I crept up in back of him and... Easy, Alexander. Take it easy. Holliday. Huh? Ogden. Please. I was going to meet you as you asked. I was just seeing if everything was clear. Meet me? At Bay Boulevard and Shore Drive? Yes, that's what you said. I said? Let that go for a minute. Why are you waiting a block away from the corner? I told you I just wanted to see if all was clear. Hold still a minute. Oh, nice gun you've got here, Dr. Ogden. Was I going the way of Matthew Kerry? No, no, I swear it. Look, see, I brought the money. $5,000 as you said in your letter. What letter? This one. Give it to me. And stand a little distance from me. Do you want more? I'll get it.  Please.  Was this letter sent to you? Yes, I... Why are you asking that? Now I get it. I think. Huh? Look, Ogden, it's still 20 minutes before midnight. You're going to do what I say. Walk to the meeting place. I'll join you at midnight. And you pass over the money. But I'll keep your gun just in case. What are you talking about? You'll do as I say, we'll go to the police right now. Mr. Marvin Smith. Smith? Well, that hit home, didn't it? Okay, we wait 10 minutes and you start toward the meeting place. At midnight I walk toward the corner. It's very dark and I could just make out Ogden's silhouette. Yeah. No. Remember what you're to do. Hand me that package of money. It's here. Now as I walk away, I'll... I'll fire your gun. I'll drop to the pavement. You stand right there. Get it? Yes. Okay. Here goes. Who? Who is it? Hello, Smith. Phillip. Phillip Carey. You did just exactly what I thought you'd do, Smith.  Don't move. Keep your back toward me. Now take a moment, Smith. Take a moment to think how it must have felt to my brother. But now... Drop that gun, Carey. Drop it.  Ogden, quick. Down, drop. You shot him. Just in the hand. Killed Matthew. Let me get at him. The police will take care of him and you. And I'll be glad to see it. Because I don't like being a clay pigeon. Now let's get going both of you. I've got to explain a few things to my secretary. So Mr. Alexander, or Phillip Carey, took just one piece of stationery and wrote Ogden a black mail letter on your typewriter. That's why we found nothing missing. Right, Susie. One piece of paper wouldn't be missed. But if it hadn't been for the clay on the key, I wouldn't have known he even got in here. What was he going to do? It was a beautiful setup, Susie. He sent Ogden the black mail letter. Ogden thought I sent it and was blackmailing him. Ogden was set to kill me, which is just what Alexander or Carey wanted. Okay, so Ogden kills me. Then Alexander steps in, kills Ogden, puts the gun in my dead little hand and goes away for good. And then? And what did the police find? $5,000 in my pocket. I sent a letter to Ogden written on my stationery, my typewriter. It's an open and shut case.  Aha, but there's one thing wrong. What? I could have testified differently. I knew the whole thing. Alexander wouldn't have gotten away with it. I don't like to keep things from you, Susie, but I was going to. What? Mr. Alexander would have come after you. Mr. Holiday, let's take the ad out of the Star Times for a while. Then what will we do for excitement? Good night, Susie. Listenin' again next week when, through the courtesy of Paramount Pictures, Alan Ladd stars as Dan Holiday in Box 13. Box 13 is directed by Richard Sanville and this week's original story was written by Russell Hughes. Original music is composed and conducted by Rudy Schrager and the part of Susie is played by Sylvia Picker. Byrne Carstensen is in charge of production. Box 13 is a Mayfair production from Hollywood. Watch for Alan Ladd in his latest Paramount Picture.


In the ABCs of health consequences of obesity, I is for immunity. The SOS trial, which followed the fate of thousands of bariatric surgery patients for a decade or two compared to a control group that maintained their weight, and those who surgically lost about 20% of their body weight not only lived longer, thanks in part to less diabetes and less cardiovascular disease, but they also got less cancer. This may be because anti-tumor immunity appears to be affected by weight. Natural killer cells are your immune system's first line of defense against cancer cells, as well as many viral infections, and their function is severely impaired in obesity. Randomized obese individuals to a weight loss program, though, and there was a significant reactivation of their natural killer cell function within just three months. The program involved an exercise component, though, and so it's hard to tease out the impact of the weight loss itself, since physical activity alone can boost natural killer cell activity. On the other end of the immune spectrum, obesity is suspected to be a causal risk factor for the development of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. This suggests obesity is associated with the worst of both worlds when it comes to immune function, under activity when it comes to protecting against cancer and infection, but over activity when it comes to certain inflammatory autoimmune conditions. J is for jaundice. Thanks to the obesity epidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is now the most common liver disorder in the industrialized world. Fat doesn't just end up in our belly and thighs, but inside some of our internal organs. More than 80% of individuals with abdominal obesity may have fatty infiltration into their liver, and those with severe obesity, the prevalence can exceed 90%. This can lead to inflammation, scarring, and ultimately cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, this non-alcoholic fatty hepatitis is the leading cause of liver transplants in American women, and men are expected to catch up in 2020. K is for kidneys. Obesity is one of the strongest risk factors for chronic kidney diseases. Well, your kidneys compensate for the metabolic demands of the excess weight by redlining to what's called hyperfiltration to deal with the extra workload. This resulting increased pressure within the kidneys can damage the sensitive structures and increase the risk of kidney failure over the long term. What about LMNOP through Z? If you want to continue through the alphabet, L could be diminished lung function, M for metabolic syndrome, and so on. There's even an X for zyphodenia, pain at the tip of the bottom of the breast bone from being bent forward by an expanding abdomen. Given the myriad health conditions associated with excess weight, annual medical spending attributable to obesity is nearly $2,000 per year, with obese workers with multiple conditions, costing companies up to $10,000 more in health care coverage compared to lean counterparts. This may actually account for some of the wage gap that obese employees experience as companies try to pass along these costs beyond just brazen discrimination. Between health care costs and diminished productivity, in terms of lost workdays, the total lifetime cost of obesity for children and teens has been estimated to exceed $150,000. Some estimates beg the national cost of obesity, about $150 billion, with another $50 billion per year added by 2030, as our increasingly heavy baby boomers continue to age. Others diametrically disagree, based on the morbid fact that obese individuals may not live as long, just as the medical costs of tobacco-related diseases may be more than offset by the shortened survival of smokers. The lifetime health care costs of obese individuals may turn out to be lower because they're expected to die so much sooner. So the true cost may be more in lives rather than dollars. How much does being overweight cut your life short? I'll explore just that question next.


10 minutes to go in this game, it's 2-2 here at Volley Parade, Lewis drills it forward through the middle, Walker there as he's Gilead, he hooks it over his hand, Morris comes over for Grimsby, all of that brings his header forward down, near his whole hand still, outlumbed in the middle of the park, he's dispossessed, and now Walker could bring it forward, options in front of him, plays it through for Derbyshire, right edge of the box, digs out across, here's Andy Kudner! Two top goal scorers, just when they need him nice, 10 minutes to go, City 3, Grimsby down 2, Derbyshire!


Hello everyone, welcome to this session. I am Dr. Asha Tharange and today we are going to learn MRE that is multilevel digital modulation technique. At the end of this session you will be able to explain MRE signaling scheme state the difference between binary and MRE signaling schemes and explicate MRE ASK, MRE FSK, MRE PSK modulation techniques and represent the given bit stream in this form. These are the contents we will be covering in this session. Before actually starting with MRE signaling scheme pause the video and think that in any communication system what are the two major resources that are used efficiently. Well channel bandwidth and transmit power are two primary resources that are used efficiently in any communication system. Let us now see what is MRE signaling scheme. We know that BASK, BFSK, BPSK and DPSK are binary digital modulation techniques. In all these techniques signal is represented using only two symbols consisting of single bit one and zero. As only two symbols are used two amplitudes, two frequencies or two phases are used to represent them respectively. The maximum bandwidth requirement of BASK is twice FB, BFSK is 4 FB, BPSK is twice FB and DPSK is FB. In order to reduce the bandwidth requirement two or more bits are combined and transmitted as one symbol. The number of symbols in this case is always greater than 2 expressed as M equal to 2 raise to N. Thus any signal representation scheme which uses the combination of two or more bits to represent a single symbol is known as MRE or multilevel signaling scheme. Figure shows the bit stream represented in binary form. Here the signal uses only two amplitude levels to represent two symbols one and zero. While this is a figure showing MRE signal representation for M equal to 4. In this two bits are combined to form four different symbols and as shown they are represented by four different amplitude levels. If this M level signal is used to modulate the carrier then this technique is known as MRE digital modulation technique. In this one of the M possible symbol is transmitted during each symbol duration TS which is given by TS is equals to TB log of M to the base 2 where TB is one bit duration. Now based on the type of modulation used MRE digital modulation techniques are classified as MRE ASK, MRE FSK, MRE PSK and MRE amplitude and phase shift KING which is also known as quadrature amplitude modulation that is QAM. Let us see MRE ASK modulation technique. In MRE amplitude shift KING known as MRE ASK M different amplitude levels of carrier are used. This signal can be represented by the expression SI of t is equals to AI cos of 2 pi fct present for one symbol duration and for i equal to 1 to M. Consider for example the signal for M equal to 4 and D equal to 1. Then the four amplitude levels will be minus 3 minus 1 1 and 3 volts. Thus the four symbols of MRE ASK signals will be given by S1 of t is equals to cos of 2 pi fct S2 of t is equals to minus cos 2 pi fct S3 of t is equals to 3 cos 2 pi fct and S4 of t is equals to minus 3 cos 2 pi fct. Figure shows the BASK signal representation. Here one bit is transmitted in one symbol duration and is represented by two amplitude levels of carrier. Whereas this figure shows the MRE ASK signal representation for M equal to 4. As shown here two bits are combined to form one symbol and four symbols are represented by four different amplitude levels of carrier. Also we can see that in BASK ten time slots or ten symbol durations are required to transmit ten bits. Whereas in MRE ASK the same ten bits are transmitted in only five time slots or five symbol duration thus increasing the bit rate. Figure shows the constellation diagram for binary and MRE ASK signal. We can see here as the level goes on increasing the separation between the two adjacent symbol amplitudes goes on decreasing. This makes demodulation difficult for higher M levels and put limitation on use of a higher value of M. MRE ASK is also used to represent PAM signal. The circuit needed to implement MRE ASK is simple. The major drawback of MRE ASK signal is it is susceptible to noise and distortion. Let us now see MRE FSK modulation technique. In MRE FSK M different carrier frequencies are used to represent M symbols. This signal is represented by si of t is equal to 2 cos 2 pi fci of t during one symbol duration for i equal to 1 to m. These frequencies are chosen so that they are orthogonal to each other and thus there is no interference between the adjacent carrier frequencies. Figure shows the BFSK signal representation. Here symbol 1 and 0 are represented by two different carrier frequencies whereas in MRE FSK as shown for m equal to 4 two bits are grouped and four symbols are represented by four different carrier frequencies. Figure shows the constellation diagram for BFSK signal and MRE FSK signal for m equal to 8. As shown all frequency components are orthogonal to each other in order to avoid the interference. The bandwidth for MRE FSK is given by B is equals to m upon 2 T s hertz. Bandwidth efficiency is thus given by rho is equals to 2 log of m to the base 2 upon m bits per second per hertz. Thus we can say that as m increases bandwidth efficiency for MRE FSK decreases. MRE FSK has better noise immunity than MRE ASK. All the transmitted m signals are equal in energy and duration. As the signals are orthogonal to each other there is no crowding in the signal space. The bandwidth efficiency of MRE FSK decreases and the power efficiency increases with increase in m. Let us now discuss MRE PSK modulation technique. In MRE PSK m different phase angles are used to represent m symbols mostly with a phase difference of 2 pi by m. MRE PSK signal is represented by si of t is equals to a cos of 2 pi fct plus phi i for one symbol duration for i equal to 1 to m. For example consider m equal to 4 and constant equal to 0. Then the four phases used will be 0 pi by 2 pi and 3 pi by 2. Also say for m equal to 4 and constant equal to pi by 4 then the four phases used will be pi by 4, 3 pi by 4, 5 pi by 4 and 7 pi by 4. Both of these are examples of four PSK and are popularly called as quadrature phase shift keying figure shows the PPSK signal representation. Here one is represented by 0 degree phase shift and zero is represented by 180 degree phase shift. This waveform represents MRE PSK signal for m equal to 4. As shown again two bits are combined to form a symbol and each of four symbols are represented by the carrier signal with four different phase shifts. Figure shows the constellation diagram for BPSK and MRE PSK for m equal to 4, 8 and 16. As shown as the level increases phase difference between the adjacent two signals goes on decreasing. This again puts limitation on using higher M levels as it becomes difficult to correctly recover the signals at the receiver as separation between them goes on decreasing. Bandwidth of MRE PSK is given by B is equals to 2 upon TS hertz. Bandwidth efficiency is given by rho is equals to log of M to the base 2 upon 2 bits per second per hertz. Thus as M increases bandwidth efficiency for MRE PSK increases. As MRE PSK uses constant envelope it is immune to noise. There is considerable reduction in bandwidth requirement. It has better performance than ASK and FSK. There is increase in probability of errors with increase in number of bits per symbol. Also design of MRE PSK modulator and demodulator is complex. These are the references used. Thank you.


What's crazy is that when we saw the video and the pictures of Rashad Bateman in the walking boot after Sunday's game and we talked about us and man, I don't expect to see Rashad Bateman for a couple of weeks. Don't expect him for this bingles game. Not even really expecting him for the Giants game. Hopefully he'll be back by then but I'm not expecting it right now. Somebody said, ain't Raven quit being dramatic, man? Raven's just being cautious, man. And now Rashad Bateman who didn't practice all week has been ruled out. There will be no Rashad Bateman versus the Cincinnati bingles on Sunday night football and that is a bummer. Not a surprise but it's a bummer because Rashad Bateman, he helps take pressure off of Devon Duvenay and vice versa. And Mark Andrews, he helps take pressure off of both of them but when you remove one from the equation that makes it a lot easier for defenses. So that's a big blow. That's a really, really, really big blow. And we'll see how to Raven's counter it. Now, what a lot of people were thinking was that Andy Isabella, not that he was gonna play this week anything, I didn't expect him to play this week but I mean in order for him to play one day he gotta eventually get on the team. And the way that John Harbaugh was talking made it sound like, I don't know if business is sweet between the Ravens and Andy Isabella. Hopefully it's just one of them things where they just gotta clear some stuff up and they'll get it worked out but I kinda got them been mason vibes from how John Harbaugh spoke about Andy Isabella. So we just gotta wait it out. We gotta wait it out. And maybe he'll sign with the team next week and maybe he won't, maybe he won't but it's a situation that we'll continue to monitor. But for the wide receivers who have signed with the Ravens who are with the Ravens, it's gonna be Devon Duvenay time. Devon Duvenay, James Prochet, Tyler Wallace, DeMarcus Robinson, it is really like, oh man. It is really, Raven's gonna have to really do a lot and get those guys involved. That's a lot more pressure on LeMar. This is another one of the reasons, one of the biggest reasons where I was really, I really wanted the Ravens to do more at receiver just in case one of the guys went out. Just in case one of the guys got hurt. Just in case one of the guys missed time but hey, now it's just time. All right, you've been using Duvenay. You should be using him a bit more. You've been using Bateman. Should be using him a bit more but you've been using them guys. All right, now next man up. It's time to use that.  So we'll see how the Ravens end up working that out. Now, one of their best receivers has been ruled out of the game and so has one of their best running backs. Justice Hill, who has been the best Ravens running back this year? He is out. He of course suffered that hamstring injury on the run in the Bills game.  And I was scared. Oh, I was scared when he did that and he went down. I remember saying on the live stream, I was like, oh yeah, he's done for the year. I thought that was a wrap. But then he got up and I was like, oh, okay.  But they said it was a hamstring. I was like, oh thank goodness, that was a hamstring. Even though hamstrings, they can linger a little bit. Hamstrings are sort of like growing injuries with how they can link. Sometimes they can be short. It can be a quick turnaround. Other times it can be weeks and weeks and weeks and weeks. So we'll see how it is with Justice Hill. I don't think it'll be too long. I think two weeks max. But I don't think it'll be too long. But hey, we'll see. I'm no doctor. But sometimes I do get my medical analysis right sometimes. But anyway, Justice Hill is also out. Ben Cleveland. Ben Cleveland, he has also been ruled out. He hasn't played this year but still, it's nice to have depth on a squad. And you lose depth on the offensive line. Ben Cleveland's been out. And the pass rush where, again, we talked about how hamstring injuries they can linger. Growing injuries can linger. And a growing injury that has been lingering, Justin Houston, he's also out. We were hoping that this will be a week when he comes back. Couldn't count on it, but we were hoping it. But he didn't practice all week. So he is out. So no Justin Houston versus Cincinnati Bengals. So that pressure is on. That pressure is on. These three out of the four are high impact players for the Baltimore Ravens. Justice Hill, Rashad Bateman and Justin Houston. High impact players for the Baltimore Ravens. So we'll see how it goes in their absence. I know, and I've said it before, us as Ravens fans are so tired.   But that's how it is this year too. It ain't like last year, but it's been a lot of next man up so far. But again, the silver lining when you want to look at it in a more positive light for the majority, obviously minus Kyle Fuller, which is terrible. Minus some Joann James, which is also terrible. With the Ravens injuries, they've been sustaining injuries that they can come back from this year. But they're not all season ending it well. And then minus, oh, minus Michael Pierce too. And minus Stephen Means as well. Wow, wow, we lost some quality players already, wow, wow. Cause we lost our starting slot corner, temporary starting left tackle, but he was starting defensive linemen. Oh yeah, wow. Oh wow. Like this is my first time like really like thinking about it like, oh man, so yeah, still been a lot of next man up. Whoa, that's, that's crazy. But anyway, well, for a good portion of the injuries, not all of them, a good portion of them is guys that are on the way back. One of those guys who's been on the way back is Ronnie Stanley. Ronnie Stanley, you didn't hear anything about him this week or earlier, earlier, you didn't hear anything about him. So that was good. So Ronnie Stanley was not on the injury report. So he was practicing and full, doing his thing. There was no injury designation for Ronnie Stanley at all until today. Today they said, oh, he did not practice with offensive line. They said he was doing stretches with the quarterbacks. He was stretching with the quarterbacks, stretching with Lamar, he was stretching with them boys, he was like, okay. And then he didn't practice. So, okay. Well, at least it had a portion open to the media. So I said, I said, man, well, I said, I ain't nothing to feel with that. So Ronnie Stanley, he just probably changing positions. He probably just gonna be Lamar Jackson's backup. So, okay. You wanna be Lamar Jackson's backup quarterback? Cool. Ronnie Stanley knows where the money is. Them quarterbacks, they get paid. So that's all he's trying to do. It's all good. Well, Ronnie Stanley, we'll see. We'll see. Based off of that right there, that got me thinking that maybe this might not be the week, but I don't know. I can't call it Ronnie Stanley. I just, no clue. And somebody who also can't call it with Marcus Peters. Marcus Peters. He has missed some practice time. So I don't know what's going on with him now either. They said the one day that he did practice this week, that's when he got put on the injury report. So, with Marcus Peters, he, we'll see. He could possibly be out if, oh, for God sake about that. I just, oh boy. Marcus Peters was out. Oh, man. I will be sick. Sick. Sick. And of course, you want the guys for the long haul, because it's a long season, but this game, just the status of this game, it's a big game. I mean, I feel like every game in the NFL is a big game because the season is so short, but this is a big game. And especially with the losses, not only have the Ravens lost two, lost two home games, lost two games to what the Beals and the Dolphins, but those AFC teams. So those losses, they hurt even more. Big game on Sunday night against the Bengals. That's all I can say. But, hey man, these Ravens, they, I remember last year, they were, they had just lost to the Raiders. Lost to the Raiders in overtime. It was a crazy game. And then they were getting ready to go up against the Chiefs. And the Ravens were battered, bruised, beat up. So many people hurt. Just, oh, I thought the Chiefs was gonna come into M&T Bank and dog. I mean, that was the Sunday night or Monday night. Was that game on Sunday night or Monday night football game? No, it was Sunday night because the Raiders game was Monday night. So yeah, that was a Sunday night game. Yeah, so I thought that, I was like, man, they better get whooped by these Chiefs. They better get whooped. And nope, they end up winning. So maybe that could be the same thing that happens here. This Ravens team looking down and out. Ravens team looking beat up all kinds of ways. And maybe they irk one out. So let's see, see how it goes. Should be a fun game, looking forward to it. Love y'all team, keep it clean. And like so many Ravens players are for this game and a lot that I just remember for the rest of the season. I'm out.


Hi, my name is Stephanie Duran and I'm thrilled to announce that I've been selected to be this year's 2022 recipient of the Director's Award for Excellence in International Contribution at San Jose State University's School of Information. I'd like to thank the Student Awards and Scholarship Committee, the entire iSchool faculty, Dr. Harlin, Dr. Bellin, and Director Dr. Chow for selecting me to receive this honor. I'd also like to thank the Solar Spell Initiative for allowing me to be part of such an amazing organization that is dedicated to providing access to information and educational content to communities around the globe that either have zero to little internet or electricity access. Being recognized for my efforts in international contribution has inspired me to keep moving on forward and working with organizations that are dedicated to providing equitable access to information on a local and global scale. Thank you again for selecting me to receive this award. I deeply appreciate it.


Introducing Fair Devils of Hollywood. Okay, Art, we're about ready for your scene. Wardrobe! Hey, Wardrobe! Get Art fitted out in that woman's dress. Step on it, Art. I'll be ready in two seconds, Mr. Graves. How about some cells, Mr. Graves? Yeah, have him catch a couple of the action. Joe, you get a pen shot on this. Prop, man. Hey, prop! Yes, Mr. Graves! Bring over the baby buggy. We're about ready to go. Yes, sir, right away! Well, I'm all set, Mr. Graves. That's fine, Art. Now look.  When you get about halfway across, the car full of gangsters makes the corner, goes into a skid, and knocks you on your ear. How's that? Well, that's good enough for me. I'm fatted like a football player. What do I do with a baby buggy? What happens to the car? The car will go into out of control and crash. Just shove the buggy clear before the car strikes you. Okay, let's take it. All right, everybody, here we go. Okay, roll them! Go ahead, Art. Signal the car, Joe. Here they come. Wood, the motion picture capital of the world. We bring you the thrilling, true life experiences of those men behind the scenes. Those daring, unsung heroes whose breathtaking adventures on the screen have thrilled millions.  Those men who comprise the strangest fraternity on earth. The Suicide Squad. The movie Stuntman. The Dead Evils of Hollywood. Ladies and gentlemen, in bringing you this copyrighted radio feature we are privileged to have as our guest one of the top-notch stuntmen of Hollywood, Slim Talbot. It is through his cooperation that we are able to re-enact some of the highlights of his dangerous profession. The thrilling scenes you are about to hear are his own actual experiences. Slim Talbot is here in the studio right now, and later in the program we will bring him to the microphone. But first, let us dramatize one of his daily jobs. It is the early spring of 1937. On the huge lot of 20th Century Fox Studios, thousands of people are going their various ways, each concerned with his part, big or small, in the operation of this private city. Here we find represented every trade, every profession, streets with regulated traffic, shops, offices, cafes, a lumberyard, a nursery and greenhouse. As we approach a large machine shop filled with workers, we see a man entering a side door. He makes his way to the forming bench. Hi, Mr. Tyler. Hello, Wilkins. Say, I've got a gag here I want you to rig up for me. Sure, sure. What's it going to be this time? Right, it's the stagecoach thing. We're going to use it in Jane Withers' new picture, Wild and Woolly. Come out here on the ramp and I'll show you what I want done. Sure, Mr. Tyler. Now, here's the idea. We want a gadget that we can flip that will throw off both rear wheels, you know, at the same time. Yeah, I see. And you'd better put a couple of rollers on the axle so the thing will be easy to handle. You see, the coach will be running pretty fast when those wheels come out. Okay, Mr. Tyler, I'll have it fixed up for you. When can I get it? Well, I'll be ready first thing in the morning. That'll be swell. And look, Wilkins, if necessary, keep a couple of boys on it tonight. We've got to have it in the morning without fail. Yes, sir, I'll see as it's done. Oh, by the way, who's going to drive this thing? We've hired a stuntman to do it, Slim Talbot. He'll be doubling for Lon Cheney Jr. It's quite a gag, all right. Well, I'll be seeing you, Wilkins, sir, I sure won't. So long, Mr. Tyler. We now find the motion picture company on the location set. The scene is the Sherwood Forest near Hollywood. A winding dirt road leads down its steep hill and loses itself in a maze of wood. At the foot of this hill, we find a score of men busily engaged in setting up and adjusting the equipment. Louncing comfortably in portable chairs, Slim Talbot and the director are making their final plan for the scene. Well, Slim, we'll get you spilled first. Then we can spend the rest of the day making those runs. Say, there are four good-looking horses hitched to that coach. Yeah, and they're plenty fast, too. Yeah, and that reminds me, is that coach got any break? Yeah, it's got them, but they don't work very good. They're all set for the stagecoach shot and sugar. Good. I'll be right there. Now, look, Slim, when you come over the hill, make it look good. Skid the back end around on the turn. Throw up a lot of dust. You know, the old pepper. Yeah, I'll put plenty of pepper in it. We'll be pinning you all the way down the hill. Drop the wheels right at the foot of the slope and slide out of the scene. I've got a couple of pickup men down the road there to stop the horses if they happen to act up. Okay. Now, let's take it. Steaks up in the air away, Dave. Ooh, there, take it easy, boys. Okay, Mr. Kogurt, give me two whistles when you want me to start. Okay, Slim. All right, everybody, get set for a take. Move your mic boom in a little closer, Johnny. Drop it. Hey, Harry, heat up that hill a little. Angle of silver right in there. Give me the hot side. It's dark under those trees. You want a pan shot in this, aren't you, Mr. Kruger? Yeah, all three cameras. Well, how about it, everybody? Camera all set? Okay, here, Mr. Kruger. Okay for sound? Okay, this is it. Quiet, everybody. This is the pan shot. Quiet. All right, stand him turning. Give Slim two whistles, Johnny. Yeah, I can hear him coming already. There he comes over the hill. There's he coming. Look at those horses run. Now keep those cameras going. Look at that thing rock. This is great so far. Boy, watch that back end swing. He's really stepping on it. Look at that. Now here he comes. He's going to release the wheels. Here's our shot. Watch him now. He's pulling the cable. Ladies and gentlemen, it is our pleasure to present the courageous man who made that scene, who day after day makes such thrilling scenes for motion pictures. Slim Talbot, interviewed by Glenn Hardy. Well, Slim, that was some spill, all right. Yeah, and it made a swell picture, too. And you didn't have to do it over again? Yeah, I had to do it again. You see, they only photographed the upset of a force of habit. The story we were filming at the time called for just the wheels coming off. So the next time, that's all that happened. Well now, Slim, here's a question that you might think silly, but I have a reason for asking it. How do you happen to be in the stunt business? Do you enjoy the thrill of danger, or just what is it? Well, to tell you the truth, I like about the stunt racket is the money. That's what I enjoy. I see, and I guess that's a good reason. Now, look, Slim, just before we went on the air, you were telling me about something that happened over on Hollywood Boulevard. Oh, yes, you mean about falling out of that speeding car? Yeah, that's the stunt. I see our producer has dramatized it. Do you mind if we put it on? It's okay with me. Fine. Ladies and gentlemen, we will present another thrilling dramatization in just a moment. But first, a word from our sponsor. Okay, Frank, will you stop the scene, please? It is a summer day in 1933. The Universal Studio is making a picture called They Had to Get Married with Slim Somerville and Zezu Pitt. Arrangements have been made with the police department to race two automobiles up Hollywood Boulevard at 65 miles an hour. There is considerable traffic on the wide street, and at a point where the run is to begin, we find people attracted by the movie equipment being urged by policemen to move on. Okay, you fellas, on the camera car. Are we all set? We've got to change the lens on the camera, Mr. Kellogg. You'll be ready in a minute. All right. Now, look, Talbot, you're standing on the running board of this car. It overtakes the other one. And when you get up alongside, you do a transfer. You got the idea? Yeah. Now, these both goes, and the other car pushed me off, and I do a fall in the street. That's right. We'll be right behind you in the camera car. And for Pete's sake, watch that traffic.  Well, those motor cops will spread the traffic pretty well. They'll be just ahead of us making a hole. Yeah, we're lucky to have that cooperation. It's mighty nice of them. Okay, Mr. Kellogg, we're all set. Well, here we go. On your toes now, everybody. We'll be shooting all the way down. So you can do your transfer when you get up enough speed. But Talbot, wait until you're making about 65, will you? Okay, Mr. Kellogg. Well, take her off, Del. Okay, Dom. Now, let's get going. Those guys are really taking out. Look at them weave through the traffic. Yeah. It's okay. Stay right on the tails, Dom. All right. Stop turning those cameras.  Well, Slim's getting ready to make the change. Pull up a little closer, Dom. He's on the running board. There he goes. He made it. Now they're going to push him off. Watch this. Watch this. Good grief. They've got that stuff wide open. There he goes.  Slim, now there was a thump. Were you hurt on that one? No, not much. I had a little padding under an overcoat I was wearing. Of course it was scratched up pretty bad, but it wasn't really tough on me, no broken bones. It was almost a miracle that you weren't hurt falling out of a car going 65 miles an hour is pretty serious business. Tell me, Slim, will you do any kind of a stunt or have you ever turned one down?  I'll do anything I figure is possible. But sometimes these movie writers get some screwy ideas, and I don't mean maybe. Well, they, Slim, what are your plans for the future when you get tired of the stunt business? Well, I'd like to have a ranch. You know, a lot of cattle and horses. My wife and I are figuring on that. Maybe it won't be very long until we can do it. Well, tell me, Slim, do you feel any different about life in general? I don't understand just what you mean. Well, you risk your life for a livelihood. Aren't you afraid of being killed? Well, I don't want to die any more than the next fellow. But I've just more or less by accident gone into this stunt racket.  Well, Slim, I see that our time is getting short. We've certainly enjoyed your visit. And on behalf of our listeners, I want to sincerely thank you for coming here. I know that everyone joins me in hoping that we may have you on the program again very soon. And remember, when you get that ranch, don't forget to invite me out. I like ranches too. I sure will. Thanks again, Slim. Goodbye and good luck.