Within the last year, the Souffre Original Development Foundation and the Office of the Member of Parliament for Souffre Français Jacques have engaged every sector within the community a bit to improve the quality of life in Souffre. Symposia for consultation on sports, education, fisheries, agriculture, and tourism to name a few have been conducted. On Thursday, the Ministry of Equity met with various stakeholders to plan the social component of the Souffre 2040 Development Plan. Member of Parliament for Souffre Français Jacques Emma Hippolit says there are many social ills plaguing Souffre and to move forward, solutions to these issues must be found. The MP explains that there is need for strong structures as well as a holistic and collaborative approach from all the entities in Souffre that are tasked with the various aspects of the community's development. Souffre, to do that I felt it was important for me to go to my Cabinet of Ministers and see I have a problem and I think I need help to address it. The social development visioning symposium according to the Ministry of Equity will provide a proper blueprint as to the social issues in the community and will allow stakeholders in the community the opportunity to provide a short, medium and long-term solutions to the various issues. The officer in charge of the community services unit in the Ministry of Equity Kendall Elver says the collaboration is to ensure that not only are issues resolved but all solutions are sustainable. He says now that some empirical data has been collected, the next step is to discuss and find solutions. Once this process is complete, we are looking to present a report with a strategic plan as to how best to address these social issues and then the Souffre Regional Development Foundation will now work with various stakeholders, the Government of St. Lucia, funding agencies and the residents of Souffre, community-based organizations, feedback-based organizations to implement the ideas that we have come up with. Elver says the level of participation in the various symposia has put Souffre's steps ahead in addressing the various ills that the community is confronted with. From the Souffre Regional Development Foundation, I am Jeanif Gonzag.


I just got tired of every day being a struggle and I knew I needed to make a change. My energy level is through the roof compared to what it was before, when everything like just to get out of bed was a struggle. Now I'm able to keep up on the house, keep up on my job, and my students and my own children and my career and have time at the end of the day for myself still. I would say absolutely without hesitation just take the leap and do it.


Hi Virgo. This is Kelly from House of Virgo doing your love reading here for all Virgos, Virgo, Sun, Moon, Rising, or Venus. And as you guys know, some of the messages may or may not resonate, just take what fits, leave the rest. We're going to take a look at the past, present, and future with your person, see if there are any changes from the previous day or this is a completely new story. So yeah, let's take a look here. Let's see what's going on. Okay. Yeah, so personal reading links are in the description box below this video. And please do remember to hit like, share, and subscribe on my channel. I greatly appreciate that. I hope you're all doing well. Okay. So first card, true love, past position. Okay. And stay optimistic about your love life. Okay, Virgo. So the person that you were connecting with in the past, definitely in a position of, or was in a position of excited about a romantic connection with you. And they were trying or staying very optimistic about the connection. Okay. So we do have showing up here the, let's see, well, we have the King of Cups, Cancer Scorpio Pisces, Aries Leo Sagittarius, double Pisces for sure. Leo. Okay. So definitely in the past, your person was really feeling some serious emotional vibes with you. They were definitely feeling that. I feel there was something here with this person where they had a kind of like charm about them. That might have been something that hooked you in with this person. They had like a boldness, leadership skills, that kind of thing presented as someone who was quite controlled in a position of power, maybe, or just someone who like, it almost feels like their natural state was my way or the highway kind of thing. Okay. And with the, with the King of Wands here, I'm sorry, the Queen of Wands. Now, pretty set in their ways. Okay. And the hanged man is also here. So there was something about your connection and the vibe between you that they felt a sense of like, you gave them an opportunity or you showed them a path to think differently about this connection, right? So they had a particular way and they were stuck in their ways. But something that you presented to them or just the fact that they felt this was a true love connection. And they really were feeling quite positive about the connection and maybe even told you at some point, stay positive, romance, you know, is here or it's coming or that kind of thing. But it just felt like, it feels like it felt like there was something about the emotional vibe that they felt with you that kind of enlightened them to being in a romantic relationship in the past. Now let's take a look at this moon card because the moon can represent, you know, like voluntary changes, you know, stuff within the gut. Okay. Sometimes they can represent deception, but not like intentional deception.  So the five of pentacles is here. Okay, with that, some of that vibe was the moon can represent fear. So some of that vibe was also a sense of like, feeling like they would be like, there was a worry, okay, about maybe feeling abandoned or left out in the cold or something like that, or having some kind of loss, maybe losing financial independence, you know, it just feels like they had a lot of deep anxieties and fears and worries within themselves or in themselves, self, am I saying that right, about this connection? Like they, there's definitely an element of like, they worried about struggle. It's really strange. Let's take a look at this king, I'm sorry, it's Queen of Wands here. Oh, five of cups too. And I was thinking of that and I was saying a fear of abandonment and a fear of loss or not being good enough or feeling like unloved. They, this, this person like had this undercurrent of that within them. And I think that's something that came that was something about like, they came prepackaged that way is how I feel when you met them. Okay, so let's see why the hangman is here, but you enlighten them, your love or something that you give or gave or the things that you said or the things that you did kind of gave them that fresh hope about, about love and relationships. Yeah, six of cups, you reminded them of like their childhood, the innocence, that's what you brought to them, the playfulness, gifts, maybe you gave them gifts. Okay, this person in the past, I feel like they thought a lot about the time that you spent together. Okay, I really do feel like your person felt like this was the romance and true love lifetime type of connection here. Okay, now I don't know if your person is currently you're still connected to them or not, but I'm just picking up their past energy. Let's see. And they really wanted, I feel like they, they thought a lot about reuniting with you or connecting with you in some way. Okay, let's take a look at the present with this person. Attraction. You attract romantic love by enjoying this moment fully and deception. Someone is wearing a false self mask in this relationship. Okay, so the present energy is this person is quite single and doing their own thing and panicle energy, it's like their focus on their financial gains right now, their solo pleasures. Okay, so that could be it's not related to dating or anything like that.  And I also have the four of swords. So that's telling me that they are retreating presently from you. Okay, they're not really connecting with you or not trying to be connected. Okay, with you at this time. And but the page of pentacles is here as well. And so I do feel like there will be some communication coming from this person about, you know, maybe they got a they get money or something and they tell you about it or a new job or they receive some kind of raise or there's communication about their business plans or their work. So they're really just kind of pulling back their energy focusing that they're surrounded by pentacles. So really focusing on their stability and their career. Okay, and for you. So the deception part of this here, like this person, I feel like is really trying to find a way to make themselves more attractive to you.  Okay, so the deception part might be because they're not talking to you or they're not telling you and they're in like this healing, they might be in recovery, maybe they lost money, and they're in this like recovery period right now. Okay, money seems to be like big. They're in solitude. They're retreat, rest, recovery, rebuilding, finances, that kind of thing. Let's take a look at the nine of pentacles. Okay, three of ones. That's travel, expansion, e-commerce. It's all about the money. Working with teams, but being solo.  I know they're not being, there's no romantic romance here at all. Maybe the deception is that they're not telling you that or, you know, they're being deceptive, they're wearing this false mask, because I feel like they're not accepting the fact that you would have them however they are, but they feel like they need to like put on some kind of front. And so they've been working, they're currently working on this. Let's see the four of swords. Okay, karma. Wow. Having some kind of a wake-up call, that's for sure. Looking at their purpose in life, what they want to do, thinking about this, how they want to approach, how they want to be, coming to terms with who they are as a person, you know, getting stable in their life. Most of it is financially, but it could also be this person trying to get stable in the physical sense, you know, get grounded, right? So a lot of stuff in this retreat and in this time away currently is indicative of them like things are epiphanies, getting clarity. All right, let's take a look at this page of pentacles here. Okay, night of wands. So they're going to reach out to you and they're going to do it in a way that's like very surface, but what's behind it is the night of wands. Okay, their intention here is to, like they're still very attracted to you, there's a physical thing, there's a lusty energy here with this person. And I feel like their intention to reach out is to come towards you. Okay, maybe travel to see you, but they may not tell you that they may just communicate very lightly and tell you, you know, hey, it's not, I'm not seeing long drawn out deep conversations. It's just more like, well, this is what's going on. This is what I'm doing and blah, blah, blah, but what's behind that for them to even initiate with you is more than just what they're, you know, they're fronting. It's more about their passion and drive that they have going on in their life and for you because of the attraction here, right? But the night of wands, like that's also a lusty energy as well. So that's why I feel like it's, you know, you can't, I don't think people have lust towards money and their hobbies and drives. It's more like, I mean, I guess you could be lusting after that, but it feels more like it's more physical pleasure. Okay. So definitely, I would say there's some communication coming through here. I'm not seeing anything in the way of apologies or anything like that. But I do see they are going to reach out and try to tell you some stuff here now, pay attention to the red flags and religious factors. Okay. Hmm. All right. So we have the king of cups, two of pentacles and strength. Okay. It's weird. I've never seen this before, but this message they're just giving me here, I'm just picking up Jesus or some religious differences between the two of you and I'm not sure. I feel like there's an energy here of like this person, your person sees, like I don't know if you guys are religious or whatever, or there's a spiritual aspect to this person views you as being very spiritual, maybe even, you know, following Jesus or something. And I kind of, it's weird. I kind of, I don't know why, because I don't feel like it relates to the present. I feel like this person is really just trying to balance out their emotions here, even though the king of cups is generally balanced with his emotions. He has this undercurrent of chaos when it comes to his feelings. And with this two of pentacles here, this is kind of like making a decision here, having two choices. Let's take a look at this king of cups here. Let's see what's going on. Oh wow, night of cups. This person's, they're, they're, what's on their mind is to make some kind of an offer, like a proposal, a romantic proposal toward you going forward in the future here. Let's see those two of pentacles. Wow, temperance. That's a very healing energy. And I feel like this person is really just trying to get balance. These are both balance cards, trying to steady themselves. Why is strength here? Okay. Four of pentacles. Well, it's, this is long-term security. The courage and the strength to go the distance in this relationship, which is, you know, it's really beautiful. I feel like the red flags are showing up for this person because it's strange. It kind of feels like for them, they were anti-spiritual or anti, anti-God or anti- belief. And they're seeing that, I don't know, there's like something, that's like a red flag that's going up for them. It's almost like a calling here with karma is happening in the present. Their life purpose. I don't know if your person is like going into some kind of new spiritual realm or learning some new things, you know, or I don't see them hitting rock bottom or anything, but I just feel like I'm going to pull a card for the red flag card here. Wow, the lovers. Well, that's clear. This person, they always felt like, or perhaps they're coming to terms with commitment and marriage and having a deep partnership was always a red flag for them, you know, because that was something that scared them. And if they saw that in you, maybe they saw it in the past, maybe they were like, no, no, no, I can't. That's like not willing to commit. And this is making a decision to do that and also making a decision to look at how that whole idea scared them because there were differences doesn't always have to be religious. It could just be upbringing, economical, geographical, racial, whatever it might be. Okay, spiritual beliefs could be different. So the overall message that I'm getting here is that this person definitely had a thing for you in the past. They felt that true love connection with you. There is nothing in it's telling me that they didn't feel that way about you. They did. And I feel like they still do. But something looks like something occurred where they just went into hiding or they disappear or they're disappearing for this like present time that you're listening to this and trying to reorganize themselves and their thoughts. Let's take a look and see what their love messages are for you. Or what is coming here marriage? Wow, yeah, because the lovers here, this relationship is moving towards a sacred union. Okay, I feel like this person wants to marry you. There we go. I'm going forward into the future. I'm not exactly sure how far or when, but I feel like that's coming for you with this person. And even if it's not exactly, and see, I just get that notification that's a sign, even if it's not like traditional marriage, it's that sacred bond that's sacred union between the two of you. See, I bury myself in work to forget you. Yeah, so they could stay focused on what they're trying to build here in their life. And they are afraid to contact you presently. Okay, they are. They don't know what to say. They're not ready. That's what I hear. They're just presently not ready. Okay, let's see what their messages from the past were. The timing just wasn't right in the past. So many things remind me of you. Okay, and I'm becoming a better person. And I feel like that's because of you, Virgo, that this person, that's what I'm saying that hanged man energy was like kind of like a wake up like an inspiration, like in their mind, they felt stuck in themselves and stuck in their life and where they were. And you inspire them to become a better person. They are thinking about marriage definitely. But right now they're burying themselves in work or other things just to try to stay focused. They don't want to contact you. They're afraid to bring anything up to talk to you the deep, deep stuff about how they truly feel. Okay. And so they will talk to you about very surface basic things to keep the connection. But it's not deep. Let's see what the, okay, the future we will be together again. There you go, Virgo. I replay our conversations over and over. This relationship can stand the test of time stability. And that's what the four of pentacles fours always represent structure and foundation and stable situations. And the four of pentacles represents long term security. Okay. So I feel that's what's coming for you Virgo here. In the future, I don't know exactly when. For some of you, this could be in the winter, the winter time, a proposal. Now, I don't know if you want to take that or not.  But these are the messages that I have. So I'm going to leave that for you. And you can come back tomorrow and see what the next set of messages are for you guys. Okay. So I hope that was helpful. Thank you so much. I will see you guys very soon. Take care.


Dobro, svoj, vse. Zato sem zelo, da možem tudi zelo, ne zelo. Zato, ki so vizila, da možem izvori, zelo sem zelo, da se vse predovnimo. Vzelo, da se vzelo, da se pogodno izkovno. Kaj je zelo, da so vzelo, da se gleda očen, zelo se zelo, da se gleda, da so gleda očen, in pričo se prišli všeč všeč. Zato smo pričovali v magma čamberu, zelo pričovali je večo mekanikov. Zelo pričovali je bilo odličnje studičnih, v literaturnih vrtičnih, kako je vzelo v tem, v magma čamberu, kvakšnji, kristalizacije in migrativno pospraviti in pačatati pospraviti. A zdi se izgleda robotnje perspektiv, in zelo je vladična, vzelo plače. Se, ki je izgleda in kako je vladična, zelo je vladična v vladičnji velik, kot je zelo vzelo, a kot je izgleda katera. Valerio je vladičnja odrga je za vladičnja katera, sem zelo vzela katera in zelo posledajte. Tako, Makma čembeče je tudi veliko kristaline. Znamenjamo, tudi kompleks geometrije z tukaj ellipsoids, tako, da je počkala, da je počkala. They generally form by accumulation of macma pockets. They may form by accumulation of plutons, they may form by accumulation of dikes, or of sills, or of funeral shaped intrusions. What I would like to talk to today is that, of k. And one control as we saw by Claude, Klauda požegala dveče na vsega priročanju tih zemlju v veliko vsega vrkana. Vsem počekaj da bi izgledano to in izgleda, da edifice strani so konstručnje, zelo vsega, sega glasejevstvenje, odmah, nekaj proces, that changes the loading on the surface, but also tektonic processes, for example, crustal thinning. If we see volcanoes as actually a larger scale tektonic features, but also auto-genesis, false-scarp development, how this not only influence magma storage depth, which is what he addressed in his talk, but also magma chamber shape, possibly, in tudi v vsega naprejkačna vsega, če je odvala do vsega. Zatah je tudi z Tarzan, tudi v seminali v 2000 roč, ki sem bilo prezentirati model numerikov, na kvalifikaciji transjakterov, in vkonega strasja. Zelo se vse zelo. Zato zelo, nekaj so jačo zelo, da ne zelo res nekaj, da je pa ne neč del, Sve je za vziv o neurologi. Vedno se sva pasite. Ako tudi bilo nesimovati do bojantov, nekaj pr해요b ima previsar, nekaj nečo do bojantov, bojant vse prino priživamo potreč za prinfes вр surprises. This is an additional model done by McAfherri et al in 2011, where we show a couple more features. One feature is that we see also the deviation of dykes. These dykes are not interacting with each other, they are just displayed one close to each other as a summary diagram. And also this shows that whatever the direction at which they start, they tend to deviate and be attracted by a volcanic load. But we also see another thing, which is what actually Claude pointed out, that they stop. So they are attracted, but then they get arrested just below the surface due to the strong compression that the edifice is exerting on their tips. Here we see that depending on their dimensions, so this was also one of the questions, small dykes, big dykes, one of the possible effects is that a larger dyke is more buoyant, is maybe more buoyant if the magma is buoyant, and may have a higher driving pressure, and therefore is able to erupt even if most dykes would stop. There is another thing that we can see here that was not pointed out in this paper, it came to my mind later, which is that a strong volcanic load is attracting dykes in vertical trajectories. So they may come from very far away, but really if they come from relatively below, then they will form somebody below the volcano, which will have a vertically elongated shape. So before going a little bit more into this, I would like to explain two methods that may be used, one together with the other to study these processes. So one is this boundary element modeling of that propagation, the figure here is from a kafari et al, but it's exactly at least how the model is constructed as a tors and developed it in 2000. So how does it work? So here what we do, we take a lot of dislocations. These locations are formulas that are developed that they work at the scale from the nano scale, from crystal scale to tectonic scale, and they describe the stress and the displacement due to in crystals it would be an imperfection. In geology it would be a discontinuity in the earth. So in this case we open, sometimes we may shear, so we take actually two different formulas for this location, not only tensile, but also deep sleep to account for this shear, especially when the dikes bend, and what do we do? We create discretization over the dike surface, and then we require that the stress at the center of each dislocation is equal to the difference between magma pressure and lithostatic pressure, so what was called over pressure during these days. The crucial is in this model that dislocations are interacting, meaning that the stress caused by each dislocation on all the others is taken into account. So the stress at the center will be, so you will have several parts of it. One is dislocation number one on dislocation number one, then you will have dislocation number two on number one. So you will have a lot of coefficients, which are called influence coefficients, and then in the end you will have this delta p as your known vector. So basically you build up a very big, not excessively big, a big linear system, depending on how many dislocations you want to put, and then you may add to the system also some other constraints, for example magma compressibility, and then you say that while my dike is ascending, for example, so you may ask that the volume is conserved, if you think that you are losing very little volume in detail, or you may say not volume is conserved, but I take into account compressibility. So if pressure is decreasing, I will have actually a little volume increase. So you may put your physics, add your physics into this model, and then in order to get propagation what do you do? You check virtual elongation of one little dislocation, so you add one dislocation at the tip, you do it in a fan of possible angles, and then you calculate how much energy would be released in this step, and the trajectory that is preferred is the one that releases the maximum stress, the maximum strain energy. Therefore, in this way you select the trajectory. So it's crucial to know your stresses, as we discussed already in the past, because the stresses and the dislocation, so the dikes that enters into the stresses, I mean the energy depends on the normal stress, on the shear stresses, and on the opening and shearing that the dike will have in the stress field. So if your stress field is wrong, your result will be wrong. Therefore, a lot of effort needs to be put really in understanding the stresses. One more thing is, there may be also a gravitational component, so if you have a buoyant magma, you need to maximize the release, not only of elastic energy, but you may also take into account gravitational energy to get a total energy. Another type of method that you can use, that is very good to complement this type of models, is experiments in gelatin. I will show you a couple of movies just to show you how these movies are instructive. To me, they were very, very instructive. I really understood a lot through these models. So I will show you just one or two movies. So why are they so complementary? Because most dike models are in 2D. And therefore you lose the third dimension component. And we saw also Claude talked a lot about that, that if you lose the third dimension, for example, you are not able to model when a dike is ascending and then propagating laterally, because you only take one cross-section. So then you have to turn your cross-section, and this is very difficult. So one very wish for development is to go to 3D. So this is one important aspect that needs to be addressing the future. So here it's not working very well. I just get out of the presentation because I would like to show the movies. So I'll just look for them. Okay, so just a couple of them just to show you how they can be used. So in this movie here we have a homogeneous medium and we have an injection of a dike at the bottom of a gelatin that has been put into the refrigerator and is therefore stiff. And we are injecting with a syringe at the bottom of the container. So you see that something develops that really looks like a dike. It has this shape that was also pointed out by Thorsten. It's similar to a shape that is seen in the field except maybe for the tail that is getting really here thin. So really very close. This would not be true. You would have a little tail that is left behind. And you see that you develop completely spontaneously this geometry of a tabular intrusion, vertical. And in this case we have linear overpressual profile because we have air in gelatin. So we just injected air and then we have eruption. And just to show you another a couple just two cases this one here. Okay, this is so there is a lot of consideration to scaling that we may discuss later because it's a bit longer. So it's a density is one but viscosity is another one there are many, many considerations. So this one here shows you what happens if you have a layer and I'll just put it a bit ahead because it's slow otherwise. Okay, so here we have more compliant gelatin on top of a stiffer one. And so we see that there are a lot of features that just occur spontaneously because you have these cracks propagating. And then the last one I have more and they are nice to watch. The last one is this one. So here you will see that the crack will stop at the interface because actually you have a stiffer material at the top. And then once you inject it cannot really penetrate until at some point instead of penetrating in the upper medium it develops something like this. So similar to a seal. This is not the only way that you can form a seal. There are many ways but the point is you will see all these 3D effects and if you complement numerical methods with analog experiments you may have information on the 3D aspects while the numerical methods allows you to change all the parameters quite easily and quickly and therefore you can explore a lot of models without the effort that you have to do in the laboratory. Unfortunately I don't have any good movies for topography effects but this is also to illustrate what was done. It's in gelatin and it has some brick on the surface of the gelatin and so you see the same effect that numerical models reproduce and it is that a crack even if it is relatively offset from the volcano it's going to be attracted by the volcano and then stop just below because of the compression that is generated. If magma is not coming from the volcano but from below they will actually be relatively vertical features but then what happens so Valerio already talked about unloading so here we have a paper about unloading due to glacier melting in Iceland in the glaciation so if you take a load away then you have the opposite instead of putting forces that push on your medium and compress it like this making sigma 1 very strongly towards the load you do actually the opposite you lift some weight away and then what you do you pull and basically you create a sigma tree which is completely flipped and then you promote something that is actually deflected away from the volcano if you have a source below magma will tend to get away this is actually very common much more common than people think and there are so many cases people also intrusion at El Hierro flank collapse episodes that drive dikes away and they are not any longer so you start to have flank eruptions you start to have lateral propagation when you have these cases there are many many cases and if you keep this unloading unloading in mind it becomes much more clear so Valerio already of time on this because Valerio already explained it so if you put forces that pull into the air the caldera floor due to the removal of weight that was caused then you end up with the sigma tree vertical and then you promote the seals and if this stress pattern is actually only below the caldera then it fades away while if you have a volcano with flanks in effect of topography and effect of topography is actually to to drive dikes laterally as we saw by Torsten when he was talking about stress gradients so therefore you go from a seal you need to go from a seal to a radially propagating dike and the only way they can do is to twist and then go and this actually was seen by Marco Bagnardi into his into analyzing the formation now what about the development of magma chamber so suppose that you have a stable structure really like a stable caldera then what you would do is to promote seal ascent you would have several seals if it's only one probably it will freeze away relatively quickly but if you have a relatively high supply and if you have a stable stress field then we add several of those seals and then through thermal effects develop a big body below the caldera this depends also on magma composition because anyway basals are more mobile so you may wrap them relatively easily still you can develop a magmatic systems if magma is felsic then you may find actually that they are less mobile because they are much more viscous and then you have even more stable system and so now of course we have a question which is the chicken and the egg because the usual view is that if you have a big magmatic system then you can have a caldera while here what I'm telling you is actually the opposite if you have a caldera you develop a big magmatic system because the rims are those that are going to stop the seals and if you have a seal it will stop the rim and therefore you develop in this way something quite large and we can debate about this so of course of course I'm not telling you that it's just like this I'm telling you that mechanical models point at this effect that so far has not really been recognized so basically what is the message of this first party if you have a big load, if you have a big volcano you develop a vertically elongated magmatic system it cannot be very large because it will stay narrow, relatively narrow the more so the more the volcanic load is developed and the more so the last the volcano has not a caldera if the volcano has a caldera on top then it's a bit more complex this is seen because at Monsantelen Monsantelen is a big stratovolcano and it's seen that it's Paul mentioned that a good model for a magma chamber there is a proletalipsoid etna has the same has a vertically elongated system while Toba for example here through seismic analysis was found to have a system composed by a lot of scenes one stuck over the other anyway the structure is more horizontal while in the other case the structure is more vertical this is simplified as actually what happens this was also shown by Thorsten dykes interact when they ascend because you will have the stress caused by the previous dyke there are several studies looking at this and you can see that the first one will be possibly vertical but then the second one will intersect the first one the third one will intersect these two and then in this way you build a structure depending on what thermal effects you have depending on the supply rate you may have a different way to develop this but in general you will depending on the stress you may find something in the end that is more vertically elongated or more spherical or more laterally elongated only if you allow if you have either a lot of compression this could also be a mechanism for example in the Andes or if you have a topography change mass waste event there are several papers that point out that if you have intersecting dislocations so it's a theoretical paper also by Bona Fede that was my PhD advisor he has a paper where he shows that it's completely analog to have pressurized cavity a point source and the three intersecting dislocations in all directions from a theoretical point of view if you are far enough from these sources because you need to be in the point source approximation so you need to be far enough as soon as you are outside already they have very similar fields three dislocations intersecting doesn't seem to be a particular realistic arrangement but if you think at something like this it's not the three dislocations intersecting but it's several likes intersecting with each other meaning that you cannot distinguish from the surface and from deformation because they will be totally equivalent and this may be one answer to the question why does the moggy source work so well because actually from a theoretical point of view or from a stress field point of view from a deformation point of view they are equal unless you go very very close unless they are very shallow and you can may see some deviations from this so this is a desert rose crystal think of this arrangement and here is a figure from Daniela Kuhn master thesis PhD thesis in Hamburg who showed that stress field once you add one dike one dike one dike you really develop this stress field similar to an ellipsoid which was also shown by Thorsten this is a tomography for Montana which shows this famous high rigidity body that is below Montana it's this lila body here that has a very high very strong vp velocity meaning that is probably an accumulation of basalt one can figure out why exactly this shape I think there is a strong control on this from the topographic load and ok, etna is not a perfect cone and there are other stresses extension stresses and sliding of a flang maybe if one goes well into the stresses then one figures out exactly why the shape of this body most accidents now ascend to the left of it to the west while in big calderas we have the opposite arrangement now I want to go into rifts Cindy has told a lot about rifting we have and I want to make the argument that is similar just at a larger scale so in rifts what do you have you have that crustal extension, thin the crust it's a different process you are not removing anything you are just thinning however if you have lower crustal layers and magma in lower crustal layers what they will experience is a decrease of weight at least this model assumes this that you have a decrease of weight due to crustal thinning and lacking so here you see first thinning is maybe ductile but then at some point you develop folds and then these folds which are the border folds for the rift absorb all the deformation and therefore you start to develop a deep grab this is the grab at Lake Baikal it's filled with sediments and with a lake and it's very deep, it's 10 km deep and during seismic studies these authors, Steuben Nielsen observed that there was in the lower crust so they found a completely flat moh the assumption in general is that the moh will uplift because while you are necking the crust you will thin from above and thin from below and this actually would be the cause of the melting because you are decompressing the magma we didn't talk at all about melting but decompression melting is maybe the main mechanism for melting on the earth so you need to take some volume of magma and decompress it you can do it by lifting it up or you can also decrease some weight from the top and then they found lower crust so the moh is flat, there is no uplift of the moh but they found a very high VP velocity between that of basalt and that expected for the lower crust so and also what they saw is a strong, strong, strong reflection at many layers so in the end they interpreted it as intrusives, seals this is actually very common in many rifts I have not seen at all so while I was revising literature I have not seen a single rift for which if you look at it you don't find seals in the lower crust and this was long thought to be a problem because actually most rifts occur during extensions so actually you should expect to have vertical dykes and so why why that so a previous hypothesis was that reological problem and discontinuity reological discontinuity and not a stress a stress factor but what I am arguing here that actually it is a result of the decrease of weight at the top occurring over long time scales I am objecting to myself for this hypothesis because I think how long will this the compression last this is millions of years sometimes however when I object to myself I answer to myself ok this is true and it should be actually looked into more detail however how are you going to compensate for the compressions and compressions it is very easy to dissipate shear stresses you may find an earthquake you may have ductile motions you may have many processes that dissipate shear stresses especially if you have high heat but how are you going to dissipate a strong compression or the compression so maybe this will last longer I don't know I'll throw it to the audience anyway what is observed in the biker rift and in many rifts is that most volcanic fields so there is no evidence at all of any magma above the seals most volcanic fields and some of them are really very large extremely large they are at quite a distance from the rift itself and so the same model that torsendil developed may be applied to study how if you believe at this unloading process how this will change stresses in the crust and therefore turn into seals any dykes that will ascend from below and force them actually most of them get even stuck because they lose all their buoyancy meaning that they are buoyant the magma may be buoyant however they are horizontal and therefore all their driving pressure due to buoyancy is lost because they are horizontal and they don't have so much stresses at the tip due to their buoyancy therefore most of them get stuck and only a few escape and they go far away from the rift so they are buoyant I think in this model not once so first they would take these trajectories but then of course over the millions of years every seal would be the next magma chamber and nucleate may be a little dyke this dyke will also be forced to become a seal you will nucleate another little dyke this dyke will be forced to be a seal in this way you develop stocked seals which is what is seen in many rifts so you really have a continuing extension and continuous melt supply then you may reach I forgot to say something the color here is the inclination of sigma 3 it's completely vertical where it's rad so 90 degrees or 100 here especially at the center and it's horizontal here here you see this pattern here so for some reason of stress for some reason you have below just below the unloading actually sigma 3 is not vertical sigma 3 is vertical in a vertical depth that is below so what do you do so if you develop a lot of seals all here, all here, all here at some point you will reach this level this will be the last seal the shallowest seal and the only way is to develop a vertical dyke because here sigma 3 is horizontal and then you see actually it may be just stress what you see also in the aphard dyke so that you see magma chambers they are seals some of them are below the volcanoes this changes a little bit the stress field the overall stress field and then from there you start to nucleate dykes that propagate laterally in this way thanks for this question so you may actually calculate it quite quickly if you have a graben of 1 km depth your density I don't know you take easy numbers you do raw gh yes so actually the stresses are very strong because extension stresses are limited by the faulting processes so once you start to develop faulting much more than 5 mega Pascal extension you cannot accumulate while this if you have a deep graben you may reach very easily 10 20 mega Pascal very easily because you are so this is thank you for this question because this is actually crucial it may be a dominating effect and the extension will modulate this by turning the trajectories vertical once you are far away but below you will have this strong effect so the same phenomenon can be applied to much smaller scale features like for example here is a fault scarps of the dimension of a few tons of meters but even this if you have a fault scarp the difference in load between here and here will attract the dykes to the highest part Valerio provided some beautiful pictures of volcanoes that are just above the fault scarp on the foot wall of the normal fault and here these are two normal faults you have two steps like this and most volcanoes are actually right on the normal fault some of them are even further away and there is a majority of monogenetic cones on the foot wall and only a few of them on the fault which is the usual explained mechanism that you need to have a fault to take the magma to the surface no you don't is independent can go on its way to the surface and only a few of them are on the hanging wall of these normal faults so this would be the view you may have an uplifted or flat mo and then you may have seals due to this topography or unloading feature and then you may at least in some phases of reef development depending on the competition between extension and these unloading forces you may develop off rift volcanoes which are seen in many many rift worldwide and I was wondering at some point some people asked my volcanoes are all aligned in some lines so look at this feature so look at loadings loads on the surface because maybe your volcanoes are actually helped by maybe they are along so also seen this showed that this very big volcano was exactly on the foothold of the of the grub and fault so this is so the more I look into this in the examples and the more one can see it there are cases where so like this is the red sea it's a rift that has developed into crustal splitting and all the lava fields also huge all on one side most rifts are not symmetric the loading and loading is asymmetric so you need to take this into account and any asymmetry of course in the source below but also in the grub in geometry will drive asymmetry at the surface this is another example the Rio Grande rift most of volcanic fields are not in the rift they are outside it's this yellow fields here and this red fields here ok, this is what happens if the loading is little and then it's basically the caldera case that Valerio may be applied to the caldera case it may be applied also to shallow rifts for example in Iceland the north volcanic zone and the rifts they are very shallow and they are very broad therefore your vertical sigma tree area goes deep mathematically it goes deep and in shallow rifts you will have distinct trajectories so you will have separated trajectories you will not have a focusing of all the macmatism in one point this may be also the early stage of rifting when you start to decrease thinning to start to thin thinning is very little and I read that in many cases you have monogenetic volcanism at the beginning of the rift rifting and this would be an explanation for that because the unloading is still too little it's not dominating towards extension but it's making the trajectories to be slightly separated from each other ok, so this was this part how we may accumulate magma of course it will be more complex than this and of course there will be thermal effects but we may accumulate magma below stratovolcanos and more horizontally below calderas what is the implication for eruptions so in order to model this there is a very simple way to model this which is to consider mass input into a magma chamber or mass output so these equations are not difficult I will explain you so if you have a mass change you will have rho dv change but when you make differentiation you get rho dv plus v the rho ok and so if you differentiate with respect to pressure you will have rho dv over the p plus v the rho over the p times the p and you can define two constants which are magma compressibility of the outer medium which is not directly the bulk modulus but depends on shape and you can write the formulas actually like this so a variation of mass due to a variation of pressure or variation of pressure due to a variation of mass as you want to see it depends on total volume not only on total volume it depends on two quantities one is how much I can squeeze magma because it's compressible so I can make space into the medium with pressure they are both important because they happen to be similar these compressibilities for most cases now we will go a little bit more into detail so magma to give numbers magma compressibility if it is bubble free is around 10 to the minus 10 10 to the minus 11 equals to the minus 1 but it may be much higher 10 to the minus 8 10 to the minus 7 depending on the bubble content if many many bubbles are there of course it's super compressible and then for magma chambers and this is the whole point why I put it here it depends on shape so if you have spherical geometry for a unit variation of mass I will have a very high variation in pressure because of this incompressibility so I cannot really make the medium and large very much due to this shape factor while if I have a crack something tabular is very easy to open and therefore pressure will not raise very much there is another effect that I didn't put here into the slide which is buoyancy suppose that you are stopping an intrusion not because it reached a neutral buoyancy level but because it was stress because you had vertical sigma tree then the magma is buoyant it's there, it's sitting there but it's buoyant it's not neutrally buoyant then what you will have is vertical integration over the vertical distance so the vertical extent of the system generally systems are a few kilometers developed vertically so if you have this limits a bit how much it can be vertically developed of course it strongly depends on the density contrast anyway even if it's only 50 you reach very easily and you can go back up a skull by 10 kilometers so this may be very high stresses in some cases and these stresses are not dissipated by thermal effects these stresses stay there so there were a couple of papers very recently in natural science pointing out that buoyancy may be a mechanism to fuel the largest eruptions because if you have elastic stresses and you have thermal effects of large accumulation there will be a time scale over which they are dissipated these shear stresses and you will not break the magma chamber but then at some point you reach a limit which is due to the buoyancy and then you may have a very larger option so there are two mechanisms one is elastic over pressurization and one is buoyancy here I argue that Tassil is the one most magma without pressurizing very much because it's a crack so it works well for elasticity for elasticity a dike would be equally good however for buoyancy is better to have horizontal because then you are not accumulating so much buoyancy pressure therefore if you develop a seal and you can develop it far away so you have a large caldera as the rim are far away you have a large rift the flank of the rifts are far away so you can actually extend the seal the more magma you have it will just go ahead in this way and only at the very last point it will try to erupt you can actually accumulate huge quantities of magma without pressurizing the system very much what happens once you open this you create a conduit to the surface here there are many effects that I didn't investigate yet and I cannot explore now but it is very simple you open a conduit to the surface you have a pressure gradient there if your system is very large but very limited vertical extent both buoyancy pressure and elastic pressure will decrease very little during the eruption so what you create is a huge eruption because what stops eruptions is that at some point you lose the pressure at the magma chamber there are eruptions in Iceland at Kilauea studied by Paul, studied by Icelandic colleagues where you see very well that the magma chamber depressurizes very fast during the eruption but if you have a system which is a very large seal this will not occur but it will occur over much longer scales so in this paper by Amoruz and Krescentini they calculated the compressibility of different aspect ratios so here in the middle here to the my right hand side you have a proleta ellipsoid and the compressibility is 1 over mu note that it depends on rigidity so if your medium is visco elastic this will also drop in time here in the middle you have spherical spherical aspect ratio consider that everything is normalized to the sphere so therefore sphere is 1 but the compressibility of a sphere is 3 over 4 mu so slightly lower than a proleta ellipsoid anyway consider that here you are going flat so you can build it as proleta as you want it's always 1 over mu it doesn't change however this changes very much when you go to the other side hand side so if you start to have pancake shaped magma chambers because the compressibility starts to be dependent on the aspect ratio a over c a is the radius and c is the half of the vertical extent is actually increasing linearly with that there is a paper by August Gutmusen saying that the aspect ratio of seals is 150 to to to 500 in the field so if you put this number into it you can see that very easily you go much higher, 2 orders magnitude higher at least than proleta ellipsoids this is translated into so we had these equations that relate mass changes and pressure changes in conduci we had a lot of these equations it's a variation of pressures over time depending on the total pressure gradient over a time scale and the time scale for this problem if you look at these equations is of course dependent on mass so the largest is a magma chamber the longest is the time scale but look also compressibility compressibility so compressibility plays a big role in making the eruption big or small compressibility is also made so basically the total volume in the end will be ok you have total pressure gradient along the conduce where you are erupting but the total fraction of volume will be just the compressibility the value of compressibility times the delta p will tell you exactly what fraction of your magma chamber you can evacuate and this fraction is very small exactly due to this for spherical chambers you cannot evacuate more than 1 or 3 percent of the chamber you can if you have a delta p which for some reasons siphon effects whatever you are really extracting a lot of magma due to your process while if you have a seal or something shaped like a seal then you can extract even 20 percent no problem because of this equation and possibly you will not even have a strong collapse you may have some sagging as Valerio as Valerio showed that you have different stages and different stages of caldera development if you only evacuate one seal then you can end up with no collapse at all so here I have two batteries when I was talking about this to a colleague of mine and I told him it's like a battery and he said yes it's like a battery but for two different devices one is telephone and one is car when you have a battery for a car you want to have a large current very quickly and you need to start your car you don't care that the supply is continuous you care only about a short time while if you have a phone a telephone you want to you don't need a lot of energy or current in a very short time you need the current to be continuous and reliable for a very long time until you charge it again don't be tricked by the fact that I'm telling you larger options but then the batteries the current is very small and here the current is very high so of course here current will be very high but consider that this one is as big as this one if not more so take a phone battery and make it very big and then you will see that magma chambers are similar to batteries in that they provide the flow it's not current it's not charge it's flow of mass and they provide it depending on their design not only so in this case also shape is a factor is the design of magma chambers so this is a figure showing that so their active volume depending on aspect ratio so aspect ratio here you have spheres here you have seals and the fact that these corvus are bent is a direct consequence of the Amoruzan crescentini corv that shows that compressibility is increasing for seals so depending on what supply of magma you have from below and this supply here fee equal to one cubic kilometer per year is the highest supply rate I would say that is observed for large igneous provinces these are the largest eruptions of earth they are sometimes in excess of 10,000 cubic kilometers in just one eruption several pulses of them generally large igneous provinces very often they result into continental break up sometimes they don't one feature common feature that they have all of they have they have lower crystal seals it's a common often it has been seen as a byproduct some people have tried to say they are actually large igneous province eruptions are fed from the seal here is a reason why they are fed from the seal because a seal is the optimum system especially is very large to keep their option going for very long time without stopping because there is no depressurization and only so I mean this kind of extreme flows you can obtain them for this supply rate only if you have a seal shape chamber the last comment is on thermal aspect because of course a seal is a thin structure it may be a few hundred meter thick so how do you maintain it why it doesn't freeze I would say in these two cases where we have the largest eruption on earth in Calderas and one is rifts is so in the in the case of the rifts they are in the lower cast this helps because they can be maintained in the oven I mean they are hot down there there is not much freezing going on it takes a long time to freeze them away while in Calderas the large accumulation and the fact that stress forbids the magma to erupt very frequently means that they stay there so they are kept hot by a huge body around them which is a crystalline mash probably reacting elastically during short times of eruptions possibly not part of it will not but anyway there are a lot of studies which show that accumulations in this body of melt it's not really a seal it's not necessarily an intrusion that really goes in between a bedding but it's something lentically shaped so from a mechanical point of view it's the same and they are kept hot by this body around them so here I'm concluding three messages so one is that a path to the surface is not simply a fault that the magma can take very over everywhere in the literature you will find this I'm not saying that likes don't follow faults they do sometimes but they can just create their own pathway and when they do they will follow the stresses very often and therefore you need to figure out the stresses of a particular situation to understand why melting is here and the volcano is here it's a frequent situation if you apply these mechanical models to magma chamber formation you would discover that stratovolcano favor vertically elongated systems while caldera favor horizontally developed systems this is seen from crystal deformation 2 I have not seen a caldera where the source inferred from insert is not a seal they are always seals and I have up to yet not seen a stratovolcano where the source is not elongated unless it has a caldera on top and then these are strong implications for the eruptive potential because the larger compressibility I have not talked about the compressibility so compressibility is some of course of the structural term and also magma compressibility this of course will play a strong role during eruptions not so much this huge basal flows because they are not particularly compressible in terms of magma but of course in caldera eruptions it's a different matter so this will help even more to get a larger eruption so structural magma compressibility lead to large typical eruptive size of a given volcano


The Jack Benny program presented by Lucky Strike. Quality of product is essential to continuing success. Exhibit A, Lucky Strike. Fine tobacco is what counts in a cigarette. And day in, day out. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. Lucky Strike presents The Man Who Knows. Mr. Lucian Purdom, ace tobacco auctioneer of Springfield, Kentucky, said not long ago. At every auction I've attended, I've seen the makers of Lucky Strike by a fine quality tobacco. That fine, ripe smoke and leaf that smokes makes a smooth, mild smoke. Smoke luck is myself for 22 years. At market after market, independent tobacco experts like Mr. Purdom can see the makers of Lucky Strike consistently select and buy that fine, that light, that naturally mild tobacco. Remember, LSMFT, LSMFT. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. And fine tobacco means real, deep down, smoking enjoyment for you. So smoke that smoke of fine tobacco, Lucky Strike. Yes, next time you buy cigarettes, ask for Lucky Strike. So round, so firm, so fully packed, so free and easy on the draw. The Lucky Strike program starring Jack Benny with Barry Livingston, Phil Harris, Rochester, Dennis Day, and yours truly, Don Wilson. And now, ladies and gentlemen, let's go out to Jack Benny's house in Beverly Hills. It's morning and Rochester is preparing the bath for his boss. There, that's enough water. When Mr. Benny takes a bath, he wants everything just right. I better check. Bath mat, bath towel, bath salt, soap, rubber duck, celluloid boat, and life-preserver. Better tie the life-preserver to the faucet. Last time the plug came out, Mr. Benny had to fight his way upstream like a salad. Trouble that man goes through to take a bath. I'm glad he don't do it often. He showers most of the time. Well, I guess that's... Good morning, Rochester. Good morning, boss. Your bath is ready. Well, I'm in a hurry this morning, so I'll just take a shower. But, boss, the tub is already. I don't care. I'm going to take a shower. The bath mat, the towels. I'm going to take a shower. The bath salt, the soap. I'm going to take a shower. The rubber duck, celluloid boat, the life-preserver. Well... You going to take a bath? No. Give me the rubber duck. I'll hold it in the shower.  The way its eyes pop out, it looks like Eddie Cantor. I'll fix that. No. You better put the air back in. Now it's so wrinkled, it looks like Fred Allen. Never mind. I'll blow it up myself. You better hurry with your shower, Professor LeBlanc.  Oh, yes. I have to take my violin lesson today.  Every day the same thing. Dusting, washing, cleaning, scrubbing. If I could have guessed who Mrs. Hush was, I'd have... No, I'd only had more things to dust. And I was so sure it was Lena Horne. Well, I better go in the kitchen and... Oh my goodness, what's that? Mr. Belly. Mr. Belly, what happened? I broke my rubber duck. See? Shall I take it down, have it vulcanized? No, let's wait and see what Christmas brings. Now, Rochester, tell Professor LeBlanc I'll be right down. No, no, Mr. Belly. Please, tune up the violin. I will make the A on the piano. No, no, no. You are flat. Pull the string up a little tighter. Okay. Tighter. Tighter. Oh, darn it, the string broke. Good. That's one down and three to go. Well, you better put a new string on, Professor, while I open the window. It's kind of hot in here. There. Hey, Stevie, kick it to me. And then I'll... Look, there's Mr. Benny in the window. Hello, Mr. Benny. Oh, hello, Joey. Hello, Stevie. Hello, Mr. Benny.  Can you come on and play with us? Oh, gee, I can't, Joey. I got to take my violin lesson. But I'll maybe a little later. Mr. Benny, you better close the window. It will be quieter. Okay. Here's your violin. We will start with the piece I gave you last time. Uh, uh, what was it again? The, uh, the glow worm. Oh, yes, Mr. The glow worm. It is very pretty. It commenced. Okay. Mr. Benny. Mr. Benny.  Do not kill it. Oh, I'm sorry. I'll take it again. Mr. Benny. What are the plink plinks?  Yes, sir. And perhaps we better limit up a little more with the exercises. As you wish. Play it softer with emotion. Dip your bow in Jurgen's lotion. Nero played while Rome was burning. Right now, for a match, I'm yearning. No, Mr. Benny, you are sounding worse than ever. But, Professor, I've been practicing two hours every day. How can you stand it? What? No, look, that is enough of the exercises. Let us go back to the lesson. This time, give the tempo right. We will use the metronome. Okay. Tick tock, tick tock. Mr. Benny, what is that? Eastern Columbia, Broadway at night. And what is that? Farley's burlesque, Main Street at 6. Oh, wee-wee, the third girl from the end with the red hair. Professor. Professor LeBlanc. Excuse me, I hope you will not say anything to my wife. Your wife? Why? She is the third girl from the other end. Oh, she's the one with the... Oh, your wife! Well, anyway, Professor, let's get on with the lesson. I want to go out and play football. Wee-wee, commence. Mr. Benny. Mr. Benny, please. The lesson, she is older. Will you please pay me my money now, and don't keep me waiting like always? Oh, yes, yes, Professor. I'll go down my vault and get it. Oh, excuse me, there's the door. The money for the lesson, please. I'll be right back. Hello, Mr. Benny. Oh, hello, Dennis. Come on in. Say, Dennis, didn't I see you at the Notre Dame USC football game yesterday? Yeah, I was there. Well, I had an awful time getting my tickets. How'd you get yours? From my cousin. He plays for Notre Dame. Notre Dame? Oh, of course. Certainly, you're Irish. Now, what's your cousin's name? Kazakowski. Kazakowski? His real name is McNulty. What? He changed it to get on the team. Well, anyway, there was a lot of excitement, and I thought Notre Dame played great. So did UCLA. Dennis, UCLA didn't play yesterday. USC sent for them in the third quarter. Dennis, what are you taught? Mr. Benny, please. I am waiting for my money. Oh, yes, yes, Professor. I'll go and my ball can get it. Well, I'll run along, Mr. Benny. I got to go to the recording studio and make a record. A record? You know, Dennis, I made a whole album of records, a lot of comedy with my cast, and a couple of violin solos. You did? Yeah. You know, you can get them in any music store. Is there anything else you want to advertise before I leave? No, no, no, that's all. Well, I got to run along. Goodbye, Mr. Benny. So long, Dennis.  Yeah, but this year she's going to buy it from somebody else. Well, if she changes her mind, I'll be at sunset in Fairfax. Okay. Goodbye. Gee, I better start a week earlier this Christmas. I had to burn 10 of them last year. Mr. Benny, you haven't paid me for your missile. Oh, yes, yes, Professor. How thoughtless of me. I'll go into my vault and get your money. Gee, I wonder who keeps it further underground. Me or Fort Knox? I must ask him someday when I'm there to collect the rent. Who goes there? Friend or foe? Friend. What's the password? The British are coming. Oh, it's you, Mr. Benny. Yes, yes. We've had that password a long time now, haven't we, Ed? Yes, ever since that night you hung the lantern in the old North Church. Oh, yes. By the way, Mr. Benny, did that fellow on horseback ever make it? Why? I had two dollars on him. Well, excuse me a minute, Ed. I'm going to open the vault. How much money are you putting in? Oh, nothing. I'm taking some out. Oh, sickness in the family? Oh, no, everything's all right. Well, I'm going to open the vault now. Shall I take a sleeping pill? No, no, Ed, you can watch. It's all right. See, the combination is right to 45, left to 60, back to 15, and left to 110. And there. Why be half safe? Let's see. One violin lesson, a dollar and 50 cents. There it is. Well, see you later, Ed. All right. Oh, by the way, Mr. Benny, I meant to ask you. How are things on the outside? Oh, it's December. Winter is nearly here. And the leaves are falling. Hey, that must be exciting. No, no, no, Ed, people are wearing clothes now. Well, goodbye, Mr. Benny. Goodbye, Ed. Well, I'll hear you out, Professor, a dollar and a half. Here's your dollar. And here's a old darned, it was so dark down there, I got the wrong coin. Professor, have you got changed for a Spanish doubloon? No, no, no, please, Mr. Benny, go back to the vault and give me the other 50 cents. Okay, okay, I'll do it right now. Mr. Benny. Excuse me, man, I want to answer the phone. Sacre bleu. Hello? This is the Palm Springs operator, Ms. Livingston calling Jack Benny. Oh, good. This is Jack Benny. Hello, Mary? Just a minute, I'll have to ring her back. All right, I'll wait. Gee, I'm sure glad that Mary's calling. Oh, Don, that there's someone at the door. Come in. Oh, hello, Don. I'll be with you in a minute. Jack, I've got the quartet here, and we're in an awful hurry. Well, Don, you'll have to wait until I get the phone call. Will you hold the line, Mr. Benny? Yes, yes, I'm waiting. Mr. Benny, my 50 cents. Just a minute, Professor. Jack, as long as you're holding the line, I want you to hear the number of the sportsmen that prepare. Don. It'll fit beautifully if you ever do a Western play. Well, wait until I'm through on the phone. Mary is calling me. You'll only take a minute. I'm ringing Ms. Livingston. Good, good. I knew you'd want to hear it. Don, I wasn't talking to you. Anyway, if you want me to hear the quartet, make it fast. Mary will be on the phone any minute. Okay, hit it, boys! He always sings, Raging music through the cattle as he swings, Back and forward in the saddle on the horse, A pretty good horse that is syncopated, And is such a funny meter to the roar of his repeatedly, And smile. He's been spoken lucky strike for quite a while. That's the one he likes. He will never roll his own again, For what is he used when he can send for good old luckies? Good old luckies. Good old lucky strike. Oh, and let's hurry. I can't hear you. What? Boys, I'm trying to talk.  Mr. Benny, would you like 50 cents, please? I'll give it to you later. Hello? Hello, Mary? Boy! Mary? Boy! Hello? Boys! Mr. Benny is talking. Wait a minute. Hello? Wait a minute. Mary! Wait a minute. Mary, I can't hear you. Mary! No, darn it, she must have hung up. Well, I'll call her later. Now look, Don, did you have to go out? Mr. Benny, they went out. Oh, gee, and I wanted to tell them something. My 50 cents, please? In a minute, Professor. Oh, Don! Don! Well, I guess they've gone. Gee, they got away so fast. Say, Mr. Benny, we're still waiting for you to play football with us. Yeah, come on out. Well, I can't yet. I got, okay, I'll tell you, I'll do what I have to do later. Come on, Stevie, but we better choose upsides first. Well, how can we? There are five of us. Yeah, and that won't come out even. Now, let's see. Two and a five. Yeah, it won't come out even. Well, look at that. Since I'm the biggest, I'll take Joey on my side and we'll play the three of you. Now, come on, let's do it. Hey, Jackson! Hey, Jackson! Huh? Oh-ho, Phil! Come on out here a minute. Okay, here, fellas, here's the ball. I'll be right back. Say, Phil, that's the most gorgeous new car I've ever seen in my life. Yeah, just picked it up, and I wanted to show it to you. I'm giving it to Alice for her birthday present. Oh, when is Alice's birthday? January the third. January?  No, I'm a year late. Well, with a present like that, I'm sure Alice will forgive you. Certainly is the nicest-looking car I've ever seen. Yeah, come here, Jackson. Come over here just a second. Look, hey, read this. Let's see. To Alice Faye from her handsome, ever-loving, curly-headed joyboy, Phil Harris. Ain't that beautiful? Yes, but you should have written it on a birthday card, not painted it on the door. That's terrible. What's wrong with writing it on the door? Well, Phil, everybody sees it there. So what? I ain't ashamed of Alice. Oh, fine. Phil, is this a 47 model or a 48? I don't know, but it's the latest style. Look at them fender skirts. They're two inches longer. Yeah, General Motors sure gave it that new look. Boy, I can't wait to see the expression on Alice's face when I give her this car for a present. Oh, is it a surprise? Well, I wanted it to be, but they already sent her the bill. Well, so long, Jackson. I gotta beat it home. So long, Phil. I hope Alice likes the car. Hey, Mr. Benny, we're still waiting for you. Oh, boys, come on over here. I want you to meet somebody. Hey, boys, this is Phil Harris. Hello, Mr. Harris. Hi, fellas. Say, Mr. Harris, you're married to Alice Faye, aren't you? Yes, sir. She sure is beautiful. Yes, sir. Say, Mr. Harris. Yeah? If you ever get tired of her, let me know. Come on, Joey. Joey, how can you say a thing like that? Yeah, Joey, me and Alice are a happy married couple. We got two beautiful little daughters. Well, if you ever get tired of them, let us know. Alice. Hiya, gang. Oh, hello, Terry. Well, who's this boy? Oh, he's a new kid that moved into the neighborhood. Terry, this is Mr. Jack Benny and Mr. Phil Harris. Hi. Hello, Terry. You know, Terry, Mr. Benny was all American fullback when he played football for Yale. Yale. And Terry, during the war, he once shot down 46 Jap Zero planes in one day. She wins. Hey, Jackson, did you fight? Mr. Benny was the first man to swim the English Channel. Oh, I was lucky. The tide was with me. Say, Mr. Benny, tell Terry about the time you beat Notre Dame in the Rose Bowl. It was nothing really. You see, there were 10 seconds left to play in the game. We were behind seven to six. I got the ball behind our own goal line and started down the sideline. I twisted, squirmed, stiffed on my arm, my arm way down the field. Then I saw standing between me and the goal, Notre Dame's famous five horsemen. Realizing. Mr. Benny, don't you mean the four horsemen? Five. They were making it tough for me. Realizing that they might be hard to get through. I stopped and dropped, kicked a field goal from the 50-yard line, which won the game for us nine to seven. The shoe I wore that day is now in the Smithsonian Institute. What an honor. God, she wins. Wow.  Okay, let's go, gang. Hey, Jackson. What? Come here. Huh? You dog, you. Well, I was just... Look up in the air. Is it a bird? Is it a bullet? Is it a plane? No, it's super many. I'll never mind. See you later. So long, Phil. So long, Lou Jack. Lou Jack, who's he? Must be the drummer in Phil's band. All right, boys. Up on your feet. Show a little pep. Now, let's get the game started. Yeah, let's go. Come on. Now, let's see. Joey's on my side. We'll play the three of you.  Okay. Attaboy, I'll run interference for you. Keep behind me, Joey. Keep behind me. Keep behind me. I'm 10 feet ahead of you. Oh, well then, they got you, Joey. Okay, it's our ball. First down 10 yards to go. Now, let's go in a huffle, Joey. Yes, sir. Now, look. UB Center passed me the ball and I'll take it around left end. Okay, let's go. Signals. 38. 38. 38. Back on kids. Around left end. Better not get them.  Hey, I never saw a helmet like this before. It's got a part in the middle. I bet he was running with a ball and Stevie tackled him. He must have hit his head. What do we do? What do we do? Oh, just let him lay there a second. He'll come around all right. Oh, no, no, waiter. Give me the check. This, this party's on me. Let's get him in the house, boys. It's worse than I thought. Okay. Well, fellas, I think we better get going. Gee, I sure hope Mr. Benny will be all right. Yeah, he's a swell guy. Don't worry, boys. I'll go down the hall with you. I want to get him a cold towel. Oh, what happened? Where am I? Oh, I'm in my bed. Wait a minute. Who's, who's this in bed with me? Mr. Benny, please pay me my 50 cents. Oh, it's your own professor. Good night. Ladies and gentlemen, here is a final message from our government. As cold weather nears, the food situation in Western Europe grows steadily worse. Widespread crop failures in that area of Europe bring its people closer and closer to actual starvation. In order to protect our own freedom, prosperity, and peace, all Americans are urged to back the president's food conservation program. Remember, save wheat, save meat, save the peace. Thank you. Back will be back in just a moment. But first, quality of product is essential to continuing success. And lucky strike means fine tobacco. LSMFT. Yes, lucky strike means fine tobacco. And fine tobacco is what counts in a cigarette. Remember what happens at the tobacco auctions? Year after year, independent tobacco experts can see the makers of lucky strike consistently select and buy that fine, that light, that naturally mild tobacco. Lucky strike presents The Man Who Knows. Mr. Garland Tilley, veteran independent tobacco buyer of Durham, North Carolina, recently said. Season after season, I've seen tobacco bought by the makers of lucky strike. And believe you, me, that tobacco's really ripe, smooth, and mild. I've smoked luckies myself for 17 years. So for your own real, deep down, smoking enjoyment, remember, LSMFT. Lucky strike means fine tobacco. And lucky strike is the ideal gift on every Christmas list. So say Merry Christmas 200 times with a carton of 200 lucky strike cigarettes in their beautiful holiday wrapping. And for the specials on your list, a special handsome gift box of 500 lucky strike cigarettes. Each so round, so firm, so fully packed, so free and easy on the draw. Hello, Mr. Belly's resident. Starve, stage, screen, radio, and the Rose Bowl. Oh, hello, Mr. Livingston. Oh, he's in bed. No, that's not serious. He just sprained his ankle playing football. Huh? Yeah, I guess the phone will reach over his bed. Boss, it's Mr. Livingston. Oh, hello, Mary. How are you? Well, I'm all right. It's just a little sprain. Are you going to be on the show next week? Good. Well, I'll be all right. Thanks for calling. Goodbye. Boss, what are you whispering about? Shh, the professor's asleep. Good night, my jester. Good night. This is NBC, the national broadcasting company.


So I'm just going to introduce My story to you to just give some background on how I came to be foraging for a living and gathering Wild plants as a job, which is I have to say it's my dream job and I'm very satisfied to be doing that It all started when I was about six years old. My grandfather took me out one morning it was quite a cold winter morning and He knew something about the wild mushrooms that grew in the land Surrounding his house. So I remember stepping outside the door I can't remember if I saw it first or if he pointed it out But we're looking across the field and there's this strange object. That's a different color to the grass Sort of about 150 yards away And either way we started looking and walking towards it He knew what it was and I didn't and we got closer and closer and gradually this shape became clear What it was was a huge parasol mushroom about this size And it really was you know shaped like an all-naked beautiful Ladies parasol and he said, you know, you can eat that we're gonna we're gonna get that on the way back and we'll eat it and then we went right into the woods and You know You might think it stage managed it to make sort of the maximum impression on a small child But he wasn't that kind of person. I know he didn't do it, but the next two mushrooms that we found one was a one was a Deep purple Mushroom with a really sweet kind of mealy smell. So it looked amazing. It smelled amazing And a couple of minutes later we found that was called a wood bluet by the way a couple of minutes later We found something called an ivory clitorcibe It's it's sort of an aqua blue on the top and it smells very very strongly of aniseed And when we took it back to the house later, we I found out it tastes strongly of aniseed, too So that was my kind of initiation into foraging and The thought that really got implanted in my mind during that experience Was something which is pretty much stayed with me ever since and I sort of guided that the Interest that I've had and the sort of quest to discover wild foods And it is there is treasure in the woods and fields


Instructions for signing the housing agreement for students under 18, proxy signature. Students applying for housing before their 18th birthday will be required to enter a proxy on the housing agreement page. A proxy will be a parent or guardian who will accept the terms and conditions on your behalf. Click parent-guardian and enter the first and last name followed by the email address. Use the drop-down box to identify the relationship. It's important that you enter the correct email address here. Once you click submit your proxy will receive an email to electronically agree to the terms and conditions on your behalf. In the meantime we highly encourage you to review the complete terms and conditions of the housing agreement as it contains important information pertinent to all residents. Upon submission by the proxy the student will receive a copy of the terms and conditions via email. It's important to note that you will not be able to continue in the housing application process until your parent or guardian has accepted the terms and conditions on your behalf.


The Australian Open done and dusted for 2024. We had some major changes to the tennis landscape. We also had some changes to the rankings and most importantly to the points. Let's go over to see who won last week. Starting on the women's side, Irina Sabalenko of course winning her second straight Australian Open, taking out Jung in the finals 6-3-6-2 in a pretty straightforward final. And then on the men's side, Yannick Sinner coming back from two sets of love down to take out Daniel Medvedev in the final 3-6-3-6-6-4-6-4-6-3 to lift the biggest trophy of his career so far. So a repeat champion on the women's side, a new champion on the men's side, and some big points changes to all those involved in the finals. Let's start with the players outside the top 10 and Yastremska, who made it through the qualifiers all the way to the semi-finals. She went up 39 spots number 29 in the world, Nozkova. After making a quarter-final in Australia, she goes up 64 spots to a career high 30 in the world, and Kazaro, the French wildcard, he's into the top 100 for the first time at a career high number 83 in the world, 20 spots higher than last week. So some players that had some really good runs getting career high rankings and boost up the ranking. Couple players that went down on the rankings, Lynette. She went down 32 spots number 56 after losing all the points from last year's semi-final at the Australian Open. Carolina Plischkova, she goes down 39 spots to 77 in the world, also losing a lot of points. Rafa Nadal after pulling out of the Australian Open, the little points that he had from a second round have come off, and he's dropped down 202 spots to 648 in the world. Of course, we're hoping we see Rafa back pretty soon, but we'll have to keep using that protected ranking if he's going to enter tournaments in the future. All right, let's start on the women's side of things now, and no change up the top with Egas Fiontek staying at world number one. Arena Sabalenka despite winning the Australian Open stays at number two. We have a little bit of a change in the middle, with Rabakena going down at number five after losing all the points from the final she made last year. Allowing Goff and Pagulla to both got one spot each, and especially Goff getting a lot of points from that semi-final appearance. Jabirp, she stayed in the middle there at number six, but we have a new player in the top 10 with Zhang going up eight spots to a career high number seven in the world, pushing Vondrusova, Sakri Mukava and Osta Penko, who fell out of the top 10 completely after dropping points from last year's Australian Open. So no major changes, the only big one being Zhang getting into the top 10 after making the final, but the battle between Fiontek and Sabalenka up the top there, the points there are really going to be crucial over the next couple of weeks and next couple of months especially because of course Fiontek on the clay was really really good and Sabalenka to be fair was really good on the hard court so she also has points to defend to try and keep up with Fiontek. Having with the race the finals for the first time in 2024, now that we've got four weeks worth of points we actually have a little bit of something to talk about. Sabalenka she comes in at number one after winning the Australian Open also getting to a final beforehand. Zhang she'll be number two at the moment with Gov coming into three. You're strep screw at four. Oster Penko at five remember she did win a tournament before the Australian Open in Adelaide. Rybakina after winning Brisbane and getting some points at the Australian Open. She goes at six, Fiontek at seven after playing really well for Poland at the start of the year in the United Cup. Nozkova at eight, Kostryuk at nine and Callan Sky rounds up the top 10 for the race of the finals. Of course this will not be what it looks like in maybe even a month or two. It's going to be changing. We're going to see some familiar names of course, Sabalenka is probably going to be there. Fiontek we're back in a gov but it could really change over the next couple of months but this is what it looks like after the first month of the season and we'll keep updating this as we go. Going over to the men's rankings now and no change up the top. Despite Djokovic losing in the semifinals and losing a bunch of points, he stays at number one with Elkres at number two but the gap is closing between those two. Only 600 points between those. Of course they're playing over the next few weeks so we'll keep an eye on them. Mevvedev, he stays at three with Sinner at four. Rublev who is at five. He stays there with Zverev at six but we do have a change down the bottom with City Pass. Dropping three spots down to number 10 in the world allowing Runa, Hercatch and Fritz to all overtake him and that's of course because he lost a thousand points from last year and Hercatch at number eight there. He actually is a career high ranking so after making the quarter finals in Australia he gets a boost and Alex Duminor unfortunately falls out of the top 10 completely but it's getting really interesting how different it is with the top four guys compared to the rest. You can see there's Sinner's on 8,300 points. Rublev's at 5,000 points. That's a massive difference. Remember a slam is worth 2,000 so Rublev is going to have to win a slam and then some if he's going to be in that conversation with those big four guys but they're the four guys that have been the best over the last 12 months and that's why they are so far ahead of everybody else. All right over to the race of the finals now and again the first real time we can look at this because we've got a lot of points that have been given out already. Sinner no surprise there. He is number one now with Mevvedev coming in at two. Zverev is at number three after having a really good United Cup with Djokovic at number four. Rublev at five. Hercatch at six. Diminot will come in at number seven with Fritz at eight. Elkres at nine and Tobilo. He sneaks into the top 10 which is really random considering Dimitrov and guys like Ruiner have done really well to start the year. He's the one who ends up in the top 10 on the first look at the race of the finals so a lot of familiar names there. A lot of players we expect to be in Turin but Tobilo he gets a little bit of a cameo to start the season. Of course this is going to change over the next few months but shout out to Tobilo for getting into the top 10 for the first time. So there you have it, that is the rankings for this week and obviously massive changes once we get the Australian Open out of the way and some really interesting changes not so much to the players at the top but the points. It's really starting to get tight up the top especially with those top four guys. Sinner is now in the Grand Slam Club and it's funny because the top four guys are all Grand Slam winners. Djokovic, Elkres, Mevvedev, Sinner and then on the women's side, you know, Sabalik is Friyantek. They're going to be battling it out for that top spot as well with Goffett number three not far behind. Let me know down in the comments below. What's been the biggest shock for you in the rankings this week? What has been the biggest surprise? And also what has been the moment for you of the Australian Open? Was it Sinner winning? Was it Sabalikah winning back to back? Was it Zheng making the final? Or was it something else? Very big tournament, a big change it feels like after this Australian Open with some random results or some big changes to the rankings as well.


Item number, SCP-690. Object Class, Euclid. Special Containment Procedures. SCP-690 is to be stored in a refrigerated locked container in Sector 7 Euclid SCP containment, with a temperature no greater than 10 degrees Celsius. Access to SCP-690 is restricted to personnel with level 2 access or higher. Experiments involving SCP-690 must be approved by an individual holding level 4 clearance before testing commences. Personnel with any cuts, scratches, or other injuries of the skin are to be restricted from access to SCP-690. If any unauthorized personnel use a bandage from SCP-690, security personnel are to be called immediately to subdue the offending personnel, and then remove and dispose of the bandage's biological waste. Description. SCP-690 appears to be a standard box of commercially available adhesive bandages, now containing 47 bandages. The logo on the box states that its contents are anti-bandages, box of 64, for the practical joker, and that they are supplied by your friends at the factory. When a bandage from SCP-690 is applied to a wound, it will prevent the wound from healing naturally, aggravating the wound and causing infection. Analysis of the bandages has revealed that this is not the result of anomalous properties. The bandages are composed of asbestos and fibreglass, and impregnated with microcapsules, which dissolve upon exposure to body heat. These microcapsules contain a mixture of highly concentrated anticoagulants, heparin, iridin, brodefalcoam, and particularly virulent, but not anomalous. Strains of streptococcus, ursinia, stephalococcus, and clostridium. The anomalous property of SCP-690 is that they impose a moderate compulsion on nearby injured humans to take a bandage and apply it to their wound. Regardless of the wound's severity. Furthermore, once the bandage is applied, the affected user will believe that the bandage is helping heal their wound and will refuse to remove it. The compulsion is not strong enough to provoke violence. However, affected personnel have been quite persistent in their efforts to use or keep using SCP-690. Addendum When first discovered, SCP-690 contained 64 bandages. Following containment, 17 bandages have been removed and used for experimental purposes. Forward Subject D received a paper cut on his index finger while reviewing his orientation leaflet. Subject was given one strip of SCP-690 and quickly applied it to his finger. Every five minutes, subject was questioned about his injury and the strip temporarily removed to observe any physical changes. Time applied. Five minutes. Notable actions. Subject was asked how his finger felt. Subject stated it felt just fine and thanked the observer. Physical examination. Subject's wound failed to close, causing an abnormal loss of blood for a wound of such nature. Time applied. Ten minutes. Notable actions. Subject was asked if he had noticed any changes. Subject claimed to feel better. Physical examination. Slight redness and irritation around the area where SCP-690 was applied. Time applied. Fifteen minutes. Notable actions. Subject was noted to continuously scratch the area around SCP-690. When questioned about the itching, subject responded with, It's part of the healing process. Physical examination. Skin began to raise up around the wound. Subject began to show the first symptoms of a staff infection. Time applied. Twenty minutes. Notable actions. Subject was alerted that he may be suffering from a staff infection. Subject simply ignored the observers. Physical examination. Subject's finger continued to swell, and a small amount of pus began to leak from the wound. Subject seemed irritated when taking off the strip. Time applied. Twenty five minutes. Notable actions. Subject was offered medical attention for his wound. Subject denied. And, again, claimed he was just fine. Physical examination. Subject began to secrete fluids from the wound, which leaked through the strip. Swelling noted to accelerate. Time applied. Thirty minutes. Notable actions. Subject began to become distressed due to his constant observation. Requested to be alone. Denied. Physical examination. Swelling and moisture on Subject's skin caused the strip of SCP-690 to fall off. The strip was reapplied, and Subject's finger was wrapped with gauze. Time applied. Thirty five minutes. Notable actions. Subject was asked to take the bandage off, to which he refused. Observers alerted Subject that he would be terminated if he did not comply. Subject continued to refuse. An observer had to take the bandage off, and was met with little resistance. Testing concluded. Physical examination. NA. Post-experiment. Subject asked for another bandage before termination. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-689. Haunter in the dark. Right now. Complete course. Watch this playlist.