Daoism, the philosophical study of flow. Lao Tzu, the Dao Tjing, been studying this a lot more recently. That which offers no resistance, overcomes the hardest substances. That which offers no resistance, can enter where there is no space. Let's start with Wu Wei. Wu Wei means non-action, effortless action, or action of non-action. Wu Wei is the state of flow, being in the zone, having action without striving. Move through space and time without action, flow in its natural course. The Tao Tjing is actually the most translated work after the Bible. The Dao means the way. And we have a lot of limitations in our perception of understanding what is this the way. The Dao that can be described is not the eternal Dao. In many ways it feels as though the Dao is from the moment of creation until now and where it's going. And are we on the Dao or have we veered off the Dao? It's a very interesting question. Is maybe the Dao exactly where we are now? Or was the Dao, or is it potentially this more pinnacle civilizational evolution where we have more actualization both as ourselves and our collective, where there's less malevolence. Another big part of Daoism is the curbing of the senses, this ascetic mentality, asceticism, where you give up the urge for the sensual pleasure. So jumping around all the time, can I get some food? Can I have some sex? Can I go and have something that's this transient immediate gratification experience versus the I'm just going to recognize that that instant gratification pleasure came up and I'm just not going to react to it. I'm just going to be with it. I'm not going to go and go after my impulse right away. And that's why in a world where we're so overfed and we're so overstimulated these ancient practices of meditation, of fasting, and of focus actually have the greatest potential at helping us identify what our most creative potential is on this planet. Can we have the stillness of mind that is so discussed in the Dao? Can we have the humility, the sensation of striving? So it's that we both know that we will be expressing this beautiful gift of ours into the world, this North Star but that we can effortlessly flow like water towards that North Star. And this is difficult. There are so many times when we want to do some sort of an action, I have to do this right now what if we flowed like water through that action and that we were in a constant state of flow with our journeys. It's the idea that perception and understanding come to a stop and instead spirit moves us. This is delicate balance between Kronos and Kairos too where with Kronos it's all about the time and with Kairos it's about this flow like the river and so we know that if we make a plan with someone that we want to be on time for that and we keep that in mind as we flow. The power of gentleness, this is like swimming. You don't want to over exert energy as you swim, you want to swim like you're in flow with the water. Approaching tasks intelligently, finding the balances between action and non-action. The golden path between anxiety and boredom that it's just at the perfect skill level for you to constantly be in flow. We look down on passivity but doing nothing sometimes makes more sense and this has actually been really critical most recently with this idea that does my consciousness actually transform the most in a social setting or even when I'm alone when I'm constantly feeding myself with stimuli when I'm alone or when I'm with people that were constantly talking to each other or is it potential that my consciousness transforms more if I turn off all of the stimulation when I'm alone and I just sit and I be? Maybe I have more profound realizations actually come up that both help me develop as a person and help my uni gifts come up through the world and when we're with other people instead of all talking maybe we pause everyone and we say hey guys can we just be together for a little bit and as you just be and no one talks but some people maybe have their eyes closed some have their eyes open kind of looking at each other feeling the energy feeling the dynamics between each other more beautiful things can arise in the evolution of your consciousness than if you were all talking life is like a river that already has a course we can swim upstream we can swim downstream we can try and hold a branch we can stand on a rock along the way you just follow the flow of the river the mind thinks it should control the environment to survive but we don't control our digestion we don't control our blood flow we don't control the healing of our wounds the future who we fall in love with who we find attractive how nature unfolds so we navigate through the river instead of trying to control it again navigate through the river instead of trying to control it animals plants and insects are all rolling with the flow you can see and feel the spirit inside of animals and insects and plants that they're all just in a state of spirit of existing of just being part of this flow of this unfolding and then the human creature is the one that goes oh my god the future oh my god and oh my god the past oh my god we create all of that but really this beautiful state of just being being on the Dow navigating the river of our own journey of bringing gifts to the world in life its qualities of water are softness the supreme good is like water which benefits all of creation without trying to compete with it so water brings so much good it brings humans plants animals insects it brings life nourishment that we need to survive but doesn't compete with it it just flows water has no purpose no goal no specific desires but it nourishes water does God's work without any ambition can you can I can we all do God's work without ambition maybe the balance of both knowing again that we have this ultimate gift that we want to bring but we're gonna let ourselves flow divinely to that gift when you're in flow you forget about the results you forget about anxiety you forget about the past you let it go and you stay in flow a plant like this beautiful tree that I planted with my mother 11 years ago it may seek out the sunlight but it does not chase after the sunlight so we seek out our north star and the gifts we don't chase after it we flow towards it sometimes the best way to fight is to not fight at all win by appearing to do nothing we've all been there some sort of a stressful situation that's boiling and what do we do we don't react we stay calm we observe and all of a sudden the situation diffuses itself we approach those situations with peace with equanimity with love and care and compassion water can flow or it can crash choose wisely and be like water my friend also remember that nature is the best teacher as I sit here I feel earth I feel the trees I feel the air I have insects on me this is life these are the lessons that we can learn by observing and experiencing creation God source we learn so much by just being with nature that is a massive part of the Dow is the evolution of all that is and being with that flow of watching and feeling and integrating with how nature evolves and being a part of that also Amor Fatih being in love with fate and so there's some sort of a bounce the strike between having this gift that we're bringing forth into the world being in love with fate with whatever it is and however it is that we bring this gift forth into the world but also knowing that we want to bring forth our unique gift so how do you balance something like sitting back with going forth it's a very beautiful thing how in love with you are with your history love of fate of your history of every time slice that you've lived from birth until now because the more you are in love with the fate the more you've integrated it into your essence and your being the more holistically you'll live the more holistically your present moment will be and your future will be have that Amor Fatih that love of fate too the Dow is a very interesting concept is the way it is the flow of the universe the flow of creation the flow of source that we're all experiencing together moment to moment and one of the ultimate questions of existence how do you flow with the Dow most optimally are we exactly where we're supposed to be right on the Dow is there something that we've lost from knowing how to behave more like a pinnacle civilization more in harmony with creation with nature with the source that we need to recover and embed again so beautiful questions study more about Dowism study more of the Dow to Qing study more about Lao Tzu the philosophy of flow Wu Wei non-action effortless action the action of non-action study these things and really tap more deeply into bringing your gifts into the world doing it with the flow doing it effortlessly it's a gorgeous thing have more conversation with your friends your families coworkers people online about the Dow about Taoism about bringing your gifts effortlessly into the world support the artists the entrepreneurs the spiritual leaders around the world that you believe in support them and help them grow support us our links are below simulation find the rest of our great interviews and videos with leaders from around the world trying to inspire you to build the future I host it my name is Alan Sokian and also bring your gifts forward manifest your dreams into the world everyone be with the flow be with the Dow I love you very much thank you for tuning in we'll see you soon peace


Alrighty, let's watch this whole thing, your sound. So let me go through here. So the main thing, as you said here in your email that you added a walk to make it a bit more interesting and to add a challenge. Walks are definitely a challenge for sure. I think the main impression that I have from the walk, which are there's some moments where as the foot is like a small technical thing, but as it goes up, this is a moment of up, and then it kind of locks just two frames here, and then it goes back up. And if you watch this, it has a bit of a want to hiccup. It's not too bad. It kind of almost like adds like a little pause. So the thing is, it still feels like a cycle. So it gets a bit, it just gets a bit hiccuppy there. But this is obviously extremely not the first thing you should look at. The main thing, and this is, that's a tough note because it would change a lot. Like the main thing is that he feels very labored. So, okay, I carried this W over here. It's really heavy. So it doesn't quite match the personality of his voice. So that's problem number one. Not problem as in like, this is a problem where it ruins the whole thing. My note is a problem because it would necessitate a huge change. The second note is a bigger change. That's a bigger problem is that if you listen just to the voice through all of this, there's some moments where it could be, you know, even if you have like a bit of a faster walk, like this would be maybe a moment where he's really standing on that one leg and maybe one leg goes up a bit more and goes hello and then then couple steps. So well with your reading you've learned and that could be a moment reading and then he would turn look like the way you have it here and then change the tempo of the walk a little bit. You've learned lots of letters like W and that could be a little moment again where he could either lean in and pause a little bit. So that's I was thinking it's a bigger problem. It's hard already to do a walk and then it looks like you have it on a cycle but now you would have to stop and go, stop and go. That's does that major changes. But as a way to throw that out there in an ideal world if you had, you know, infinite time that would be kind of needs to add that. If we ignore that and just look at that aspect of it that feels maybe a bit generic. Just that it could be a bit of a like a faster hello again like matching the energy and kind of the hello, the little hello things imagine he waves almost not exactly with that rhythm but it feels like it would be like a little faster more active wave. And this feels more like a well with your reading. It's like, all right, you come on. I didn't order this coffee like you come on versus reading and this could be maybe arms to get for a little clap or something like a little fist and like, yeah, you made it like something that's again, a bit more, a bit less relaxed in a way. Something that it's more about congratulations. I'm rooting for you. You did well. I'm proud of you. If that makes sense. You've learned lots of letters like W same thing here where this feels more like a like W. Like, yeah, okay. The carrot is over. Look at it like this could be, you know, this could be an active point potentially obviously pointing here but like W like or you go up holds for long dissipation then bam W like, you know, this is this is what we're talking about. I mean, that could work. Why not? This has a bit more energy. Like that's cool. Like that to me feels more in line with the energy and how he says it like that. Like that's great. And I know then it will be a repeat. So you have to find something different than this but that's nice there. You can always have this for this one and this one would be holds the arm with a closed kind of like the the Italian, you know, like fingers together and then it's like an arm up and the fingers open like the hand opens like this. Like he almost brings it up and activate the camera here. So when he does what it would be arm like so it would be up and go what like he could bring that the hand out and go like the W comes out of his hands in a way. I think that's okay because it's a longer gesture for a longer, you know, coming into frame thing. It's cute. Watch out. There's a little bit of a hiccupy thing in the body right there. Right there. Watch out as he goes forward. Hits this wall right through there. That's a big pop there or like a hiccup. Yeah. Like that's okay. There's a slight, I know if you want to go more in like a chin stroking like, or type of thing. This feels a bit more like type of thing. If the mouth was done here. I really like the the active body and head here, the accents. Sometimes a bit harsh in like that. Check the move over and watch out. It feels like you're moving the body over this way and countering with the head almost perfectly. It gets a bit of a sticky frame if I put onion skin in here. You can see how that nose is suddenly stuck in screen space there and then it suddenly pops to the left. And the same thing, the body is a bit harsh. But it's cute though. Overall, I like it. And then careful here. It gets maybe a bit complicated because you have a gesture here and then another one right there. I think I would just do one. That's probably okay. You just got the right structure. We still see the finger silhouette. I'll probably go, I mean, again, target audience. You definitely can afford a point because they feel a bit more involved. So I'll probably take this out just because this is just a general gesture that's always everywhere. Arm out with arms out of the hand and fingers out like that. This is a bit even in timing. This guy going up. All right. So I would just screen go up, slow up faster.  Watch out. This is a bit tricky, but this is like one of those IK arm things. So it feels like there's a cut here. So you got the orientation of the forearm with the hand and then it moves over and now it's suddenly there. Put the onion skin back there. And you know, the wrist is in the same orientation. You can see this here. How much of this is moving. So you would have to, if you do that, you would have to rotate that wrist as well while this stays put from the index, at least. Although this feels really elevated up. I think it just feels more comfortable if it was more like that generally. Just goes there. Yeah. I would just keep that arm more like that. It feels a bit more comfortable. And that's cute. That's all great too. I love that little just coming out. It's great energy. I like how that arm shoots out as well. But then, but then over shooting comes back. It's not a hard stop. This has a really nice, nice energy feeling. I love that that pull takes this handle with it and back. It's great. And then he does this again. And I know we just said it's okay. I don't know if you want it twice. It could just be one of those.  I found you're the guilty one. So maybe I could different variation of that point. And that's that. It's really cute. All right. There's an email you can sign up. You can start whenever you want. You can submit whatever you want. You get 16 submissions. Either way, a like and subscribe would be awesome. All right. Thank you.


So, we discussed alpha decay, the key points I can summarize once again all nuclei with mass number capital A greater than certain value somewhere around say 150 or so. They are energetically they can decay through this alpha decay thing because that product nuclei daughter nucleus and alpha particle rest mass energy of that is lower than the rest mass energy of the parent once this capital A is more than 150 or so. So, energetically it is favorable, but then there are many stable nuclei or very nearly stable nuclei beyond 150 and we saw that the key feature is that alpha particle forms inside this bigger nucleus of course, that pre formation probability is also there not that all heavy nuclei all already have alpha particle all the theory developed by gamma assumed something like that the pre formation is also something which will depend on the nucleus, but it is an overall lowering of this total probability of decay as far as the variations are concerned it does not have much effect and this alpha particle when it tries to come out of the nucleus it encounters the Coulomb potential barrier. So, that is the key feature that is the central feature this alpha particle when it tries to come out it encounters this Coulomb barrier the barrier height is around say 25 m e b or so and the energy of the alpha particle which one can obtain experimentally once it comes out that energy is somewhere around say 4 to 9 m e b that is the q value and this is that barrier and this barrier tunneling probability which is a purely quantum mechanic effect is so almost solely responsible for this alpha decay and this probability is very very sensitive with this q value if q value is raised slightly the width of the barrier to be crossed reduces considerably and the probability enhances. So, about 1 mega electron volt raise in this q value will lead to 100,000 times greater probability of this tunneling. So, that explains how the variation of q from say 4 m e b to 9 m e b leads to some 25 orders of magnitude variation in the life time from say giga years to micro seconds or so. We also saw that for even even nuclei the ground state of the parent is 0 plus and the ground state of the daughter is also 0 plus and so the alpha decay when it takes place from ground state to ground state at alpha is l equal to 0 angular momentum of that alpha particle is l equal to 0, but if it decays to higher states then you have l which is more than this will correspond to l equal to 0 this will correspond to l equal to 2 and so on. So, if alpha particle comes out with a non-zero angular momentum then this potential barriers is raised because of that centrifugal term l l plus 1 h cross square by 2 m r square. So, that will reduce the probability of tunneling and that will increase the life time. So, the branching what is the probability of going to ground state and what is the probability going to the excited states that probability will be guided by this barrier paneling tunneling with raised potential because of this angular momentum. This alpha particle when it forms normally these paired neutron and paired proton take part information of this alpha particle and therefore, for odd a nuclei it will be slightly energy less energy efficient because when pairs are combined to form alpha particle that last unpaired nucleon that is left in higher energy state. So, total q value available decreases for this daughter nucleus will have that raised energy because of that unpaired nucleon. So, that probability is less. So, all these things we discussed if you the parity should also be conserved.  So, that is perfectly all right, but suppose you have some state where this is J i and this is J f daughter is J f daughter state where it is decaying is J f and the parent state from where it is coming is J i then the l which has to come that must be between this J i minus J f to J i plus J f and it has to also conserved the parity in strong interactions the parity is conserved. So, this has to be satisfied as well as parity has to be satisfied. So, for example, if you have say from 0 plus you are looking at transition to 2 minus suppose this daughter has a state 2 minus and the parent is in 0 plus and you are looking for this transition of alpha particle that will be forbidden because 0 to 2 if you use this inequality this l must be 2 and if l is equal to 2 and this parity is plus here and parity is minus here. So, that is not possible 1 minus 1 to the power 2 is plus. So, this is this transition is forbidden absolutely forbidden. So, these are some of the things that are interesting in alpha decay. So, now I move on to the next type of decay radioactive decay that is beta decay. So, the basics of this beta decay you know from a school days and also we have discussed a lot in the beginning about the basic processes which leads to this beta decay. So, once again that stability Z n curve you can bring in your mind and there are some specific combinations of a neutron number n and proton number z for which you have those stable dots black dots in that Z n diagram and if you create a nucleus or a nucleus is created somehow with a neutron number slightly more than that then it is possible that 1 neutron of that nucleus converts itself into a proton giving an electron. So, in that case this x a z if a neutron is converted into proton the proton number is increased by 1 and if neutron converts into proton it also creates an electron and a particle called antinutrino plus energy. So, that is one type of decay which we call beta minus decay another possibility is if proton number is more than what is required for the stability then one proton of that nucleus can decay can convert itself into a neutron in that case a x z will become y z minus 1 a and if that happens if a proton converts into neutron then you have E plus positron and this neutrino this is known as beta plus decay and then the nucleus in any real experiment or phenomena nucleus is part of the atom and you have atomic electrons. So, neutron this nucleus can capture one of these electron electrons from the orbits in that case this a z x will take up an electron and that will make z minus 1 a and plus neutrino this is known as electron capture both of these will occur if you have more protons then what is required for stability. So, one proton is trying to converts itself into neutron. So, here proton is converting into neutron emitting or creating a positron here proton is converting into neutron by combining with this already existing electrons. So, these are the processes. So, most of the time when proton number is more than what is required both these channels are open and depending on the situation certain probability for this type of decay and certain probability for this type of decay. Now, let us take the Q values. So, for this equation beta minus decay take this beta minus decay first beta minus decay for this how do I get the Q values from the known masses the Q value will be mass of the initial parent nucleus here that is mass of a x z. Let me write it n here this n is for nuclear mass we are talking of not atomic mass nuclear mass. So, Q value of this reaction is mass of this parent and minus mass of the product.  A neutrino mass is something very very interesting and lots of recent experiments have enhanced our knowledge about neutrino mass. We will talk about that later in somewhat more detail, but for the time being this neutrino mass is going to be extremely small this m nu c square will be say hardly few tens of electron volts. This is rest mass energy of electron 511 kilo electron volts which is 0.511 mega electron volts and this is only some 10 electron volt or 20 electron volts or 7 electron volts like that. So, we will just neglect this part. Now, if I write in terms of the atomic masses because atomic masses are which are readily available which are measured which are tabulated we can get the values of those atomic masses very from those tables. So, convert it into atomic masses this will be once again forgetting that atomic binding energy this will be atomic mass if nothing is written it is atomic. So, A x z and minus z times mass of electron this is nucleus and this is atom. So, atom is nucleus plus electrons there are z electrons. So, z times mass of electrons that if I subtract from the atomic mass I get this nuclear mass neglecting the atomic binding energies which are again few electron volts. Then here it is minus this is one part and then minus here it is other part mass atomic mass of A y z plus 1 and minus z plus 1 times mass of electron and then this is mass of electron and I neglect this mass of nucleus c square. So, now we can look at this electron masses you have minus z m e here and minus m e here.   Now, it is atomic masses that we are talking of time c square. So, to calculate that q value in a beta minus d k scheme you only have to look at the atomic mass of the parent and atomic mass of the daughter and subtract to get this q value. Now, the second equation beta plus d k we can do a similar analysis q value of so equation 2 which is beta plus d k. So, q value will be similarly nuclear mass of this parent A x z minus nuclear mass of the product. So, mass of the rest mass of the product m of this A y z minus 1. So, that is it minus mass of positron which is same as mass of electron and neutrino mass we neglect. So, this into c square and if I convert it into atomic masses this will be atomic mass of this A x z and minus z times m E. So, this is this one then minus this one will be atomic mass A y z minus 1 and minus z minus 1 times m E. So, it is this one and then minus m E.   So, it is twice electron mass. So, that electron mass has to be carefully seen and the rest is difference between the parent and daughter atomic masses.  So, this is parent atomic mass minus daughter atomic mass in case of beta minus d k we just had to stop here and into c square, but for beta plus you have 2 times m E c square. So, be careful if you have to calculate the q value of this beta d k the expressions are different for beta minus d k and beta plus d k. In beta minus d k you only look at the atomic masses of the parent and daughter and subtract, but for beta plus d k you also have to subtract this double of electron mass and it is quite significant because the beta d k q values are again typically in mega electron fuel mega electron volt range 1 m 1 m E v 2 m E v 3 m E v type and twice of m E c square will be more than 1 mega electron volt. So, it is quite sizable this q value and for electron capture if you do similar thing third equation electron capture. So, here the q value will be mass of the initial constituents. So, it is nuclear mass of A x z and plus m E that is the mass of this part left hand side and minus the rest mass of the product side.  So, now if I look at the electron masses I have minus z and plus 1 from here and here this minus and this minus product is 1. So, z minus 1 m E. So, z minus 1 m E from here and negative of that minus z plus 1 m E here. So, they will all cancel out and you will only have difference between the atomic masses of parent and dot parent. So, if we compare these two same nucleus can decay through beta plus and electron capture because in both of these cases proton is converting into neutron, but then the q value of electron capture will be larger by this two times m E c square then the q value of this beta plus. So, you can find in many cases that this electron capture is energetically possible, but beta plus is not because q becomes negative there in electron capture it is q is positive. So, those nuclei will only go through electron capture and not through beta plus. So, these are the energy considerations. So, the most interesting observation about these beta decay process which puzzled physicists for two decades or so is the energy distribution of these beta particles. So, if I consider some beta decay then q values we have to consider have calculated this q is the available energy and this available energy this extra energy reduction in the rest mass energy this appears as the kinetic energy of the products as usual and here the products are the daughter nucleus the beta particle itself and the neutrino. Now, this neutrino and anti neutrino when I say neutrino here it could be anti neutrino it could be neutrino we will talk more about neutrinos separately as I said. So, consider for example, beta minus decay. So, you have this daughter nucleus and electron and anti neutrino these three particles share this energy. Now, this daughter nucleus require that energy take up due to this is very small because daughter nucleus is much heavier mass is very high as compared to the mass of electron or mass of neutrino. So, that with that part you can safely approximate to 0 and neglect that. So, this is now shared by electron and this anti neutrino. Now, how in what proportion it should be shared for that you need to go into quantum mechanics and we will be doing that right in this lecture itself. But during 1911 when this beta spectrum was measured by some physicist and in 20s or so that time this neutrino thing was absolutely not known. So, experimentally what people observed was only these electrons not these neutrinos or anti neutrinos and these electron kinetic energies were measured and it was found that this kinetic energy has a distribution. So, if I do not know about neutrino anti neutrino what I will expect is that q value is almost entirely taken up by the electron and therefore, electron kinetic energy should be very definite should have very definite value depending on the decay scheme the rest mass of parent rest mass of daughter and so on. And if the daughter nucleus is not in ground state it is in excited the state then the q values will be different the kinetic energies will be different, but then they will take some discrete values as we saw in alpha particle alpha decay. But the experimental result which I am trying to show you qualitatively this is from 64 copper. Now, 64 copper is a very interesting nucleus. So, it can go through positrons emission and it can also go through electron emission. So, here is a energy spectrum what do I mean this is the kinetic measured kinetic energy of electron. So, and this is the number of electrons. So, it is decaying to 64 zinc and plus beta minus and plus of course, in neutrino. So, this these electron these beta particles which are measured in nuclear detectors energies are measured. So, one can count that at this energy take a very small interval whatever is allowed by that detection system in that channel in that energy range d e at this e how many beta particles are detected in a given time. And the same time how many these beta particles are detected in some other d e centered at some other e. So, that is how this distribution is plotted number of electrons as a function of energy and that turns out to be of this type. I am just trying to reproduce this as nicely as possible. So, this is the scale in M E V's and this side the points are going like this somewhere here here here here like this and then decaying the last value is somewhere here. So, these are the kinds of points obtained in the experiment. The experiment is in physical review 76, 1949, 1, 7, 2, 5 and for this this beta plus decay when where it goes to 64 nickel and neutrino. Here also one can measure the energy in M E V and this side is number of these positrons. And here once again the you have that scale. So, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 scale energy is the kinetic energy of the this beta particles in mega electron volts. And this side you have these numbers and here it goes like. So, it is somewhere maximizes here and then on this side it falls and it goes up to here. So, something of this sort. So, if you do not know about neutrino and try to understand what should be the kinetic energy of this beta plus or beta minus from these decays. You only have to calculate the rest mass energy of this parent and daughter and perhaps if it is positron, if it is beta plus decay minus twice of the electron energy and you can calculate this should be the Q value. And neglecting the kinetic energy taken by the recoil of the daughter nucleus this whole thing should come with this beta particle and you should have almost mono energetic type of spectrum or if there are excited states may be a discrete spectrum. So, this kind of continuous distribution in energy or in momentum was a great puzzle that is time and where is the missing energy. If electron is coming with energy much is less than capital Q many of the electrons are doing that or many of the positrons are doing that where is that missing energy and similarly momentum and similarly angular momentum and so on. So, this was a big puzzle that time when finally, Pauli suggested that perhaps there is a third particle a neutral very light small particle which is coming out together with this beta which is sharing the energy and later on that particle was named by for me as neutrino and experimentalists finally, searched that neutrino. So, that is fine the neutrino is taking the remaining energy if the Q value is this final point here is related to the Q value that we calculate. So, if the electron is coming out with smaller energy less energy than the Q value then rest of it is being taken by the neutrino. So, qualitatively the existence of this third particle can tell how this distribution is coming, but then the shape the functional form how much energy will neutrino take and how much energy will this beta particle take what are different probabilities for different compositions different proportions in which this energy is divided between neutrino and beta particle. So, for that one needs to develop a theory and once again in the early days of quantum mechanics this was a wonderful success very successful theory could be developed based on quantum mechanics which could almost reproduce this type of shape. So, that theory known as Fermi theory derived sometimes 1934 or so that I will try to describe some steps some features of that, but that also needs some quantum mechanical equations quantum mechanical formula and here the mechanism is very different from what it was in alpha d k in alpha d k the central point was that barrier coulomb barrier and tunneling through that barrier that was deciding the main features. Here for electron beta minus d k there is no coulomb barrier because beta minus is a negatively charged particle and the nucleus will anyway attracted for beta plus d k the it will it will repel the nucleus will repel and you will have some kind of coulomb repulsion, but there also the barrier is not the main feature the barrier crossing is very easy that probability is almost one. So, here the features are very different and there is no nuclear interactions electron or positron these are so called leptons and do not take part in nuclear interactions nuclear forces strong forces. So, here the situation is very different and the theory is also very different and that is in terms of what we call time dependent perturbation theory in quantum mechanics. What is that time dependent perturbation theory in quantum mechanics the main result is that if you have a system and the initial wave function is psi i and it makes a transition to this state where the wave function is psi f then the probability of this transition is given by this transition rate equation lambda 2 pi over h cross and then this is h i f square and d n by d e f. This is known as this is as for me golden rule this is the main equation of this time dependent perturbation theory. Now what is this h h is that interaction Hamiltonian this transition is taking place because of certain Hamiltonian because of certain interaction. So, that is here and h i f means psi f h psi i and this these brackets for space dependent parts it is just an integration of this psi f complex conjugate and then this h and this psi i over the volume of interest d tau. So, that is this h i f d n d f is something which I will talk more and this decides in fact the shape of this energy distribution known as density of states at final energy e f. So, first let me settle this part what should be this Hamiltonian and this is somewhat involved because you know this beta decay processes are because of the weak interaction and at a fundamental level if you think it is a conversion of one quark into another quark neutron you know it is d d u and proton you know it is u u d up quark and down quark down quark has a charge of minus 1 by 3 up quark has a charge of plus 2 by 3. So, when the conversion takes place at that level if you talk to a neutron to proton for example, then this d is to be converted into u and plus what you call exchange particle w minus and then this w minus decays into this electron and neutrinos. So, all these kinds of processes go on. So, writing Hamiltonian for that is an involved thing, but then what happens this interaction is indeed a very very short range this w boson which mediates this weak interaction that is some 80 giga electron volt rest mass energy or so interaction range is in few tens of picometers. So, one can take that as a point interaction in that case one can write we will just keep it here and we will just keep it here. Take this integration and assuming that is a kind of point interaction this Hamilton can be written there. This psi f and psi i look at this final state final wave function and initial wave function. So, here you have this parent nucleus. So, this psi i is the wave function of parent nucleus whereas, psi f you have three particles one is daughter nucleus one is this beta particle and one is this neutrino.  So, these are nuclear wave functions psi p and psi d are nuclear wave function and psi e and psi nu are electron and neutrino wave functions which you can treat to some extent as free particles they are not exactly free particles as neutrino is more closely free particle, but for positron or electron it interacts with this daughter nucleus through Coulomb interaction that is that will have its own correction term, but no nuclear interaction or that. So, first approximation at least treat that as a free particle. So, this psi e written as some volume nuclear volume you can take e power i p e momentum dot r over h cross free particle wave function.  Now, this quantity p e dot r over h cross or p nu dot r over h cross turns out to be small we can make an estimate of it. For example, here p e linear momentum of electron this which comes out of this decay if I take that kinetic energy of the beta particles say 1 m e v what should be its p cannot use half m v square is equal to k because the rest mass of energy of electron is 511 kilo electron volt something like 0.5 m e v and kinetic energy 1 m e v means double of the rest mass energy. So, one has to use relativistic expressions and for this the relativistic expression is kinetic energy. If you want to write kinetic energy will be total energy which is p square c square plus m naught square c 4 this is the square root of this. This is the total energy e square is p square c square plus m naught square c 4 this is the total energy and minus the rest mass energy this is kinetic energy. This is a relativistic expression of kinetic energy simple if you remember that basic equation e square is equal to p square c square plus m naught square c 4. If you remember this basic expression then this is the total energy and from the total energy we subtract the rest mass energy and the extra is kinetic energy. So, if I use numbers kinetic energy is 1 m e v here. So, this is 1 m e v and then this is take it this side plus m naught c square is 0.5 m e v. So, it is this 1.5 m e v n square this whole thing is equal to p e square c square plus m naught square c 4 is 0.5 square m naught square c 4 is 0.5 square that is 0.25 m e v square. So, this is 1.5 whole square is 2.25. So, where do I do the calculations? Let me do it here. So, 1.5 square is 2.25 m e v square keep track of the units also is equal to and what is this 0.5 m e v square right 0.5 m e v m naught c square whole square is 0.5 m e. So, that is 5 this is equal to p square c square and plus 0.25 m e v square. So, p e square c square is like 2 m e v square p e c is like square root of 2 m e v. So, p is say 1.4 m e v by c. So, if I look at this term p e dot r by h cross p e dot r by h cross and everything is happening inside the nuclear volume. So, r you can take something like nuclear radius which will be few femtometers.  So, it is a femtometer and h cross and h cross c this is about 200 m e v f m. So, you can see it is a very small number 1.4 divided by 200. So, 7 into 10 power minus 3 dimensionless of course, unitless. So, this is a small number and therefore, this exponential term can be expanded and you expand that you can write this as 1 over root v and then 1 plus p dot r over h cross and so on. Similarly, you can expand this psi nu and psi nu will be similarly, you can write this as 1 over square root of v and then 1 plus p e dot r over h cross and higher terms. It turns out that it is not a bad approximation if you just keep this 1 and neglect everything else here as well as here. So, it will be just reduced to 1 by square root of this volume and 1 by square root of this volume. So, if we do this what happens in this expression which this is the expression for this h i f this expression. So, this is daughter nucleus. So, this is nuclear wave function this is parent nuclear wave function these 2 it is just 1 by root v here and 1 by root v here. So, this will be 1 by volume coming out. So, now I can erase this and it is 1 by volume coming out this v is for volume and it is psi d star h psi p d tau. This is now only nuclear wave functions and this interaction which is a very short range interaction this you can write as m i f square m i f. And this is it is known as nuclear matrix element in make the assumption that this momentum dependence of lambda or energy dependence of lambda will not come from here. This is all in all that nuclear wave functions not electronic wave functions are not coming here. So, this electron momentum or electron kinetic energy distribution will not get affected by this. So, it is just a nuclear matrix element which is here 1 by v coming from here. So, this is only giving me 1 by v square this is just giving me 1 by v square and this is a constant factor. So, ultimately it comes out to this d n d f.  It is density of states at final energy E f. So, what does that mean? So, yes. So, this final state which is here to which you are looking for that transition from initial to state to final state. So, there is some energy E f for this final state, but then the available energies around that this is a system. In this system it will occupy some energy level, but then there are other energy levels which are available and it is occupying this one. So, how much is the density? That means, in an interval of say d e around that E f how many quantum states are there? So, that is d n. So, d n by d f. So, if I am treating this electron and neutrino as a free particle in that volume nuclear volume. So, it is confined in that nuclear volume and for a particle confined in a volume v, one can write the density of states easily. If you remember your quantum mechanics relation in one dimensional deep square well potential, the energies are given as n square h cross square y square 2 m l square n equal to 1 2 and so on. In terms of p, you can write this each quantum state is characterized by this value n and this is n h cross n then how much p h cross k in fact pi over l. So, this is p n and energy is in terms of that each n corresponds to one quantum state. So, pi by you can write this as n times h cross by l by pi. So, equal intervals of this quantity n going 1 2 3 4 you are getting this quantum states. If you go in three dimension a similar thing will appear. So, in three dimensional box also if you have a three dimensional box with length l there also the quantum states will be given by E equal to n 1 square plus n 2 square plus n 3 square each one for each dimensions h cross square pi square 2 m l square similar and in terms of p it will be characterized by these three numbers and here once again in three numbers you will have similar expressions and each quantum state will correspond to one set of these integers n 1 n 2 n 3. So, anyone of these going by one unit will give you one more quantum state. So, how to count first you have some energy E and corresponding to that energy you have some p and then you have to count that around that E if you construct E to E plus d E if this is the range E to E plus d E in that range number of quantum states that you have to count number of quantum states. So, we will take from here and we will tell how to make this calculation this these counting and once I get this d n number of energy states then we will be able to calculate this d n by d f and from there we will be able to find the distribution as predicted by this theory the energy distribution of beta particles stop here.


Stanford University. Good morning, everybody. I'm happy to see you connecting with each other. I was here yesterday for the California Energy Summit, and it was just breathtaking, the number of people who had arrived to share their insights of experience and expertise. I want to recognize Dean Arun Majumdar for his gravity, the ability for Dean Majumdar to convene through Stanford University. People from so many different sectors, industries, walks of life, and his commitment to integration of academic enterprise across all of the schools at Stanford, the business school, the law school, the engineering school, his vision for the School of Sustainability has given us a sense of place for an entire category of academic work that may have been seen as peripheral or out in the stardust of the galaxy. And with his gravity and with the generosity of the Door family, the Stanford Door School has given us a new platform for convening. And we're experiencing that yesterday and today in a way that I found truly exhilarating. Can I ask you to give some appreciation to the School of Sustainability's leadership team and the institutes hosting us today? Every place is a place of importance to first peoples who know it better than anyone in human heritage. Stanford's location is on the site of the Muakma Oloni homelands. We acknowledge the importance and the value and the continuing significance of these lands to the Muakma Oloni people who have a relationship to Stanford's land management team and the way that the lands are stewarded with their heritage and their interests in mind. This is a continuing journey. Recognition is only the first step on a pathway to restorative and transformative justice. A journey that Stanford has only just begun with recognition. It's an open challenge to all of us to remind ourselves that wherever we go, we are in places that have deep histories. And I want you to open your mind to what's possible to learn from the depth of those human histories when they are with us in living spirit through oral and verbal and written traditions that span generations, truly untold. That's the invitation I bring to you as you open your mind to what you can learn at an R1 research institution here in the next hour. My name is Holmes Hummel. I'm a three-time graduate from Stanford, which some people might consider remedial. I was first here more than a quarter century ago when the only energy degree available to me was petroleum engineering. That was the entire breadth of energy education that was ABET accredited at that time. Straight forward, I'm the resident fellow of a theme house with 80 residents hailing for more than 20 countries that are majoring in energy and other majors offered in more than 20 different departmental tracks. It's been a breathtaking journey of transition both for Stanford as an institution and for me as a participant in it. That's why I was so honored when Ines Acevedos asked me if I would support the earnest consortium's pursuit of the Department of Energy's recognition of the worthiness of trying to connect 16 or 17 different academic institutions in three different countries to do place-based research in right relations with communities. Ines' thought leadership for the consortium defines the scope that you just heard about in her opening remarks. But truly, the people who will define what happened in the next half decade are the communities that are the bellwethers and the guides for their partner institutions funded through the Department of Energy's consortium to try to look for the pathways to an equitable and affordable, resilient, nationwide energy system transition, the full unpacking of earnest. It's my honor to be the moderator for this opening plenary in service of what Ines called for as the opening, opening move in today's kickoff. And that is to ask ourselves the question, how, how can we make sure that the university research ecosystems support the federal goals for decarbonization recently reaffirmed with pledges to the world of a transition away from fossil fuels and to deliver a decarbonized, resilient, affordable, and clean energy future with justice at its center? If that is our opening, there may be no better people to help us find our way in it than those who are with us now on stage. Mary Rose Taruk is a person of transformative effect working in campaigns with organizations that you may have known, if you study the field of energy transition, the Asian Pacific environmental network, the Southwest network for environmental and economic justice, the Filipino-American Coalition for Environmental Solidarity, the California Environmental Justice Alliance, her current affiliation as energy equity director, and the Reclaim Our Power campaign for utility justice, a part of the Climate Justice Alliance formation. These are transformative organizations, and Mary Rose Taruk has been a transformative figure in them. We're so pleased to have you here this morning, we're gonna hear more about your work and the advice that you can offer based on that experience. I'd like to next acknowledge Lisa Redsteer. Lisa has traveled. Woo! Lisa! Lisa! Lisa! Lisa! Lisa! Mary Rose bringing the spirit again. I love it. Lisa Redsteer has arrived here from Washington State, a territory that is home to her now at the Northwest Indian College, but as Lisa will share with us, her heritage is with the Navajo Nation, and she has deep roots and a strong commitment to preserving her cultural teachings in incorporating traditional ecological knowledge, traditional foods and tribal energy into the classes and the projects that she offers the fortunate students of Northwest Indian College. She serves now as the engineer outreach coordinator and advises its space center where she organizes for summer youth camps at all ages, I understand, experiences that push their boundaries and bring them into the possibility of a sustainable energy future. We are going to hear from Lisa Redsteer alongside Chad Nadlam. And... Chad! I love the way that he's bringing it up. Chad is also a person who brings us a deep history and heritage in place from Katsabui, Alaska, on the shores of the Cherkisi. I want you to think about living on the shores of this geographically isolated waterfront and being faced with the dramatic changes in weather and conditions that have hurt the shorelines of Shishmaraf, not far from there geographically, and others in that vulnerable area. Chad Nadlam has a career that includes being the director of Parks and Recreation, which you might think of as being a TV show, but if you are the director of Parks and Recreation, you are in control of community assets that are actually places where people go when they are in most jeopardy. The places where they gather and assemble, the places where they find connection and mutual aid. Chad's service to his community includes also being an elected board member to the Katsabui Electric Association, organized as an energy democracy, governing the assets for energy services that keep that community in habitable condition throughout harsh weather cycles. He's deeply in touch with Katsabui community members and among his interests, renewable energy is one, and we're glad that he's a part of the earnest consortium. And last but certainly not least, a hometown hero, Michael Wara. We're gonna give him a hand. Yes! Michael is a Stanford alumni lawyer by trade and training, a former associate professor at Stanford Law School, now director of the Climate and Energy Policy Program at the Woods Institute for the Environment, and he is also the policy director for Stanford's Sustainability Accelerator. I wanna pause there for a moment because not everyone, especially our guests, are aware that when the Stanford Door School for Sustainability was launched, it came with it a dedication to a new type of engagement between the research university and the rest of the field. That's the accelerator. It is still very much information and we are fortunate to have Michael's influence on the way that the policy portfolio and policy integration is a part of that. In California, Michael Wara has a practice of community-engaged research and learning that focuses on wildfire risk mitigation, among other things, and we'll be hearing about that today. With that, I'm gonna turn to our excellent expert speakers and ask them to introduce themselves in their own words with a leading question about how you relate to the experience of co-creating knowledge with academic institutions in a way that respects traditional sources of knowledge and underrepresented communities. I'm asking you to combine your introduction by leaning into the theme of our discussion this morning. Who would like to begin? I'm gonna call on Chad. Okay. Hey, Chad. Yeah, thank you. All right, my name is Chad Nordlum. I'm the Energy Project Manager for the native village of Kotsibiu. As you said, Kotsibiu is 30 miles above the Arctic Circle. It's a village of about 3,000 people in the Nanna region. It's the hub community of 11 other communities that surround it, smaller communities. We have been a leader in renewable energy for the last 25 years. We've been pursuing wind for about 25 years and recently added some solar into the mix. The energy mix in Kotsibiu is about 25% renewables and about 75% imported diesel. So the electric utility where I sit on the board, we buy about $3 million worth of diesel every year, burn that and that's kind of what motivated me to get into renewable energy. I think it's an opportunity to change the economics of our region, especially tribally-owned renewable energy. We can do quite a bit. I mean, imagine that $3 million that we send to Hong Kong to get our fuel. Imagine if that was spent in our region to a tribe who's, you know, the tribe's main goals within our village. We have many, many different organizations, but the tribe is a service provider. We provide housing. We do a lot of, over the years that's just a lot of housing and just all of the grass roots kind of things the community needs. So I think I look at this energy transition as an opportunity for tribes to really become part of the solution and bring that value to their communities. The native village of Katsubu is one of 229 tribes in the state of Alaska. Beyond tribes, there are also over 220 Alaska native corporations, which we have a unique history in that respect. 1971, basically the native corporations were invention of Congress so that, you know, to kind of separate the tribes and the land in a way, so to make tribal people more capitalistic, let's say. So, and you know, it hasn't gone bad, but the tribes in Alaska do not own land. And that's one of the things I struggle with in trying to produce, you know, to promote renewable energy is figuring out the land issues for the tribe. So, and Katsubu is one of the bigger villages, like I said, we're a hub community.  I mean, you look at the Department of Energy and there are so many different parts and pieces. I've been at this at a year and a half and I don't think I've even touched on all the Department of Energy kind of granting agencies. So, and then you've got the EPA, which also does renewable energy and the USDA. So it's a daunting task for small villages in Alaska to who desperately want renewable energy. We all import fuel for both home heating and for electricity and we would all love to have more renewables, but I think I'll, so yeah, there's a, there's an, I don't think the rollout of renewable energy has been done in an equitable way so far. It's all based on competitive grants, which, you know, gives an opportunity to the more, the larger organizations like My Tribe or the Native Corporations who have the human capacity, they can hire grant writers, they can hire engineers to help write the grants. Most tribes don't have that. So I think it could be done in a much, much more equitable way than it's been done so far, but I'll leave it at that. Thank you, thank you Chad. In fact, institutional capacity is one of the dimensions of inequity that's often in the power dynamics between communities and research institutions. I wanna continue inviting you into the conversation, each of you with an introduction and a word on your experience with co-creating knowledge with communities that have been historically underrepresented. Who would like to join us next in this conversation? Mary Rose is voting for Lisa. Yeah, it's been a Lisa Red Steer, Yeneshia. Ashgana Zoha Nishle, Dota Baha Vashisin, Kintlachitni Dashache, Auto-Kliziflana Dashinalet. Good morning, everybody. My name is Lisa Red Steer. I am Yucca fruit strung out on a line born for waters edge. My maternal grandparents are of the Red House people clan and my paternal grandparents are of the mini goats clan. I am a Danelle woman, was born and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona and a graduate of Northwest Indian College in the BSNES program. I currently serve as the engineering outreach coordinator. So I do a lot of youth outreach to the local tribes and local community. I do a lot of like summer youth programs where we bring a lot of our solar equipment that we have. We have a lot of hands-on activities for the kids because a lot of us are hands-on learners in the community. We also have a mock roof that we got installed during my time at Northwest Indian College. So I've been working as the outreach coordinator for a little over two years now. And we've had the mock roof get installed where we are able to offer hands-on solar installation on campus. And we've also got an off-grid system that we just recently got installed. So we're now currently offering a lot of solar installation training for the community and for the students of Northwest Indian College. Mary Rose, would you like to keep us moving? Is it my turn? Yes, it is. Good morning, Maganda Amaga to everyone. Mary Rose Turuk, I drove here from Oakland, Aloni land. And I'm originally from a rice growing region in the Philippines where we would have brownouts because we were expected to not have energy access or electricity access all the time. And so this informs my advocacy for energy justice in California as the energy justice director of the largest coalition of environmental justice groups here in this state. And the state of California is over, is more than half people of color. And so I look around the audience and you're in a place where the ideas of communities of color, including low income communities of color who are under a lot of pollution burden and energy violence are actually growing our power to write energy and climate policy in the state. And so this question around co-creation of knowledge, I wanna bring into the space of story 12 years ago when a group of five younger women of color and I were introduced our first energy justice bill into the California legislature. It was called Solar for All carried by an assembly member from Silicon Valley. And we're like, so California has laws and programs in place for a million solar roofs, but where are those for communities of color and low income communities? And so Solar for All was to actually try to get solar onto apartment buildings because a lot of us lower income folks are renters. And so, and can we get jobs out of those because a lot of our folks were unemployed or underemployed. And so our Solar for All bill, we are first policy hearing. So imagine colorful younger women going into the state legislature and the decision makers were all older white men. And so we're like, we have this idea for how we should get our energy programs yeah, co-created in the state. And they weren't happy to see us, but we're like, we have a charge from the community to make energy accessible to our people. And so from there, from 2012 to now, we have changed the culture of how we pass energy policies and programs in the state of California because we not only were five women in that hearing pushing for Solar for All, but we have dozens of environmental justice groups from the communities of California who also have relationships to decision makers in the state legislature to make these programs more equitable and eventually include environmental justice. And so I offer that in that the experts in the room may not know, probably don't know the realities in the community and that we have to have win-win solutions that aren't only energy solutions for our communities. We're talking about whole communities and programs. We're talking about housing. We're talking about the economic conditions of our communities. And we know that from the ground. I know a lot of you have lofty degrees and on the ground though, the wisdom from the community is where you need to come down to. And so I think I offer that from Seha, the California Environmental Justice Alliance and other communities who you may wanna partner with and you're gonna have to have more emotional intelligence to come into solidarity relationships with us. Mary Rose, thank you. 100%. Thank you. Michael, you've had some experience working with members of the California Environmental Justice Alliance and seeing the transition over the past decade that Mary Rose is referring. How can you reflect on the experience of co-creating knowledge with communities that have been historically underrepresented? Well, I think where myself and my team start is by going to the communities and trying to listen. I was thinking as you were speaking, Mary Rose, about the first time that I was invited to be a part of a sort of a, it was almost like a teach-in, but it ended up, I was the one that ended up getting learning. More, I mean, I showed up as, and let me just stop and say first, thank you to the three of you for coming to Stanford today. This is not a comfortable place for folks that come from the Environmental Justice Community. We need to recognize who we are. We are an elite university and all of you traveled far to be here and this is not necessarily the milieu, like when we, now when we try to organize many, and I'm proud to say the new school and the accelerator have done this quite intentionally, we put our meetings in Stockton rather than here because this is not always a comfortable place. And so I just wanna acknowledge that and say thank you for bringing your voices to this conversation. I am of this place too, just as Holmes is and have been here a long time. For me, a transformational moment was the invitation to bring a team of students to talk to APEN and CRPE and other EJ organizations in the lead up to reauthorization of Cap and Trade in California. And we served as sort of an informal advisor, I think one of multiple advisors, but one voice in the conversation that was helping the EJ community is to think through the options. But what I really took away from that was something for me and I think is relevant maybe to folks that are participating in this program, which is the need to go to the organizations that you would like to, and I believe everyone in this room, sincerely, if you're engaged in this kind of work, you want to bring environmental justice into your research, you wanna embody those values. Maybe you think that, do you think that because it's the right thing to do? I feel that way very strongly. You might also think that that's the case because if we're gonna actually solve the climate crisis, we need to build a bunch of stuff and we can't build it in the way we built it in the 1960s on the back of structural racism, right? Did you rate structural racism, I would add, like the state using its power to enforce racist ideas in our society, that's not something we're gonna do in the 21st. So you might have multiple reasons for being here, but I think everybody here has good intentions. I certainly come with them. In my experience, going to that meeting that was above this little bodega in a little rented room in Oakland was a transformational moment in my career because I was allowed to come and to listen and to learn from people who live in a very different circumstance than I do here and in this place. And to see and hear from people whose day to day lives, you know, I mean, I think I often think about people's kids. Like I have kids, I think about, you know, I care very much for the safety of my children, the health of my children, and I always, I talk to my kids, I look across the bay at Richmond and I see the flaring events that occur at the various refineries in Contra Costa County when they occur, we can see them across the bay. My kids will text me from the soccer field and say, Dad, what's, because he knows, they also know that I care a lot about wildfire. They'll say, what's going on over there? And what's going on is someone's kids are at their soccer practice or waiting at the bus stop and there's a shelter in place being declared, right? Because, you know, leaving intention aside, right? There is something happening over there that jeopardizes the health and safety of people and their kids. And I think it was a really transformational moment for me to be allowed into that conversation, to learn, and moving from it, we, I certainly pivoted my research and have been fortunate enough with a lot of support to build a team where we start our research by asking what questions do the organizations that Mari Rose has built in California and been a part of building, what are their questions? And how can we bring Stanford analytical capacity to bear in answering those questions? Sometimes that can be uncomfortable because the answers aren't necessarily what the state of California wants to hear. But that's what we can do as an elite institution. Practically speaking, it is also essential that we develop a new model for how we are gonna build the infrastructure that we need to build if we're all gonna avoid the worst effects of climate change. And that may be not less true in places that are not a democratic society. I will choose a democracy over any other option, but like if we're gonna do this here, we need to find new ways. We can't just run over communities like we did in the 1950s and 40s and 30s and 20s and the 19th century and in California as we state-sponsored militias ran off, ran and killed Native American tribes and took away their land. And so I think starting with the questions that the communities have is just the essential start for good work here. And I'm really excited that this program is oriented in that direction. Michael, thank you for that first-person testimony of your own experience co-creating knowledge. And we're going to move into a second round that's really designed to speak to the participants and even those that might want to participate in learning or contributing research in the earnest consortium itself. You've heard from Professor Acevedos about the vision that the Department of Energy has supported through its awards spanning the next half decade of work and engagement. And I'd like to solicit from each of you a piece of advice. Now, you might have a lot of advice and because we're running short on time, I'm going to ask you to speak to every person on this stage all day long and ask them for advice. But in this moment, I'm going to ask you for views about mechanisms of accountability in the relationship that is inherently challenged by the power dynamics that we've heard about in this first round. We're a research institution that's in the position to even receive Department of Energy dollars as Chad has noted, that's not easy to do and especially not easy to do for community-based groups that are now partnering with those research institutions. The earnest consortium recipients each have community-based colleagues that they're working with. What advice could you offer about maintaining relations that are accountable, that communities with navigational aid are actually heard, seen, and heeded? If you could say a word about how the journey of the consortium participants over the next half decade would be benefited by your experience in mechanisms of accountability and advice for how to have right relations, that would be helpful. Chad? Yeah, so when I think about co-creation of knowledge and accountability, I think about our environmental department, we've had an environmental department for about 25 years. Shout out to Alex Whiting. They had a project several years ago where they worked with Columbia University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the native village of Kotzebue. And the way they designed, I think the really interesting part of the whole thing, you could actually go on YouTube and find it if you look, the project's name was Ekagvik Sikukun, which means ice edge in our language. And you could find that, they did a documentary and you could find that on YouTube if you go ice edge Kotzebue. I looked for it last night just to make sure I could find it, but it's really interesting the way they designed this study is that they took a bunch of elders and inupac folks and it was looking at the decreasing ice shelf in our Kotzebue sound. It wasn't freezing the way it used to, which really affects our hunting. But anyway, they talked to a bunch of hunters and kind of took their traditional knowledge and based on that traditional knowledge, they designed the research questions and then they had local people involved throughout the study in data gathering and other things. But really I think starting with traditional knowledge and designing your research questions from that start I think is a very powerful way to go. Thank you. Mary Rose. I'm curious, I know I'm like, oh, look at all the people looking down. Are you looking at us? Who has read the principles of environmental justice? Okay, please go read the principles of environmental justice because, so the 30 year environmental justice movement have actually created principles of how we approach our campaigns, our work and if you are to come in solidarity relationship with us, do your homework in what we've already created as principles from the community. So the principles of environmental justice is one. The principles of working together from the environmental justice movement is another. The just transition strategy. So this is where I wanna point out a just transition from our very extractive economy where power and money is centralized to a just transition for those who have been left out of that economy or who have been extracted from moving into a generative economy where we can actually own our labor and own our things is that I wanna point out the extractive relationship of what currently exists and do not replicate that. So please go read the just transition strategies. You can find all this online. So come in solidarity where you actually have done some homework so that when we create agreements with each other that we can be accountable to each other in that way. I do wanna point out so SEHA has one of our major energy justice campaigns is to retire all the gas fired power plants in the state of California. There's more than 200 of them. There's more than 200. So wait I'm like who are our friends who are gonna help us do that. And so there was this opportunity last year where an academic reached out to SEHA and they were like so they did some homework. They're like we heard that you wanna retire gas fired power plants. We have this idea for an engineering thing. I'm not gonna disclose this. That could help your campaign because we wanna help your campaign. We wanna help your communities. And so we studied it and we had conversations and we're like we do wanna try this and they did get funding to do it. And that's like they did their homework. So that's one and they approached us with an idea that was already going to help a campaign because we're not a blank slate on the community. We have our ideas, our solutions and how are you coming in to be in solidarity with that. And so that's an example of a good way to enter the partnership as you've done your homework. You know what we're trying to do. We wanna help you with technology or research to get this done. And we're still looking for friends, especially on maximizing DERs in California because we think that's actually like the biggest place where we wanna make environmental justice change in the energy field. DERs, the distributed energy resources. I would love to hear from Lisa and then Michael in this room. I think just definitely emphasizing doing your homework, doing your research, learning which land that you reside on for sure just because that this might be a little chaotic but just where I'm thinking is a lot of us are losing our traditional languages. Our languages are definitely connected to the land. Our languages bring us back to our ceremony. Our language connects us to our culture. So it's all interconnected with the land, with the environment, with the plants. We have all of these relationships with these entities and we see them as living beings and we see even our language as a living being. It's definitely all connected and if you don't know who you're talking to or which land you're on or any of the research, like there's really no moving forward from there. You're kind of at a standstill and until you do that research. Lisa, thank you.  Every one of you has an opportunity in about two minutes to put into the space a line of inquiry that draws from your own interest and experience. Some of you are a part of the earnest project that will last the next five years. Some of you are learning about it for the first time. What are the lines of inquiry that you would like to have in this room in two minutes and there'll be someone with a microphone who's coming around for that purpose? Michael, advice on accountability. It's gonna be one minute. What I would say, one change that we've made and we struggle to maintain, and this is hard for the research community but I think it's very important is to recognize that when you work with environmental justice advocates as you're trying to do partner-engaged research, your partner has fewer resources than you do and that's more true the more marginalized the communities that you're working with and we have come to the conclusion on our team that it's really important to bring resources to our partners. We cannot show up and be like, we're Stanford and we're here to help. We need to show up and say with the resources that allow fiscally allow our partners to work with us and that has meant funding positions at as subawards with our partners and I think that really creates a different kind of partner-engaged research relationship because you're not asking someone for their time for free. We wouldn't in this room necessarily donate our time for free if someone showed up and say, hey, I'm here to help you. You should give me your time for free. Our time is our most precious asset. The exact same thing is actually more true for many community organizations where you've got people who have two jobs and they have a family and they're trying to contribute to a community advocacy organization that's improving outcomes in their place. And so our philosophy has been to try to bring resources to the organizations that we really want to partner with and I think that's a value that I would recommend to the room to think about. It can be in lots of different ways. It doesn't necessarily mean funding a position there. It can mean funding RA ships here that are really dedicated support for that organization. But to think creatively about how to bring more to the table than you ask for in return. I second that. I think that's a great approach. Thank you. Michael's last reference there. I think RA ship would be research assistantship. Sorry, yeah. So the idea of dedicating dollars to graduate students who can be dedicated in the relationship with the community and enable a counterparty also receiving some supplemental support so they can stay at that table. So just to make that concrete, just to give one example, we work really closely with the Kauruk tribe in Northern California on prescribed fire, culture fire, broader land sovereignty and stewardship issues in their ancestral territory. Bill Tripp, who is the head of director the director of natural resources for the Kauruk tribe was appointed to the U.S. Wildfire Commission to be the tribal representative. He needed capacity to be really briefed when he would show up to these giant meetings where the secretary of agriculture and representative of the secretary of the interior were there and we hired three RAs to help Bill answer the questions that he needed answered, right? And so that he could show up to these meetings and be much better prepared and resourced than he otherwise could have been given that he has a million things to do. He has a small staff in happy camp where he's based and there's no one to hire in Orleans or happy camp that could meet the need. And so you have to be creative and think outside the box but I think there are ways to, and I should just say those three students had an incredible experience as well like getting to work with that team from the Kauruk tribe and also our legal fellows. Thank you for sharing that. I'm turning next to you and I believe that my colleague and friend, Jenny Milne, there you are, has a microphone. Who can I see out here who'd like to join us in the conversation? What is your name? Oh, thank you, Audrey Yauz. Yep, we can hear you. My name is Claudio Canizares. I'm a professor at the University of Waterloo, Canada, part of the earnest effort, which I very much welcome and was quite a surprise to see the U.S. is motivating these instructions with their neighbors. Now, I've done quite a bit of work in remote communities, electrification microgets and I'm particularly interested on one of Chad's comments. We've told, my experience for now over a decade is being that unless there is an environmental or a renewable energy champion in the community, very little, nothing much happens. And I think you hinted into that issue and my question is, can you elaborate on that and maybe provide some guidance on how to develop these leadership, these leaders within these communities? Thank you. Wonderful. You might not have expected it, but I'm gonna take three questions before we turn to the panels and they're gonna get to choose the questions that they spend their time answering or at least engaging. I would like to know who else had their hand raised over here on Jenny Milne's side of the room. Thank you. What's your name? Oh, terrific. All right, so we're about to hear from a journalist. Thank you for allowing me to be here. I'm wondering kind of going back to what you were discussing about extraction, Mary Rose. To what extent is the energy transition still based in extraction that has adverse impacts on lower income communities of color and how can we find a balance between needing to create these new technologies, many of which are still based in extraction, but also in ways that can have positive impacts for disadvantaged communities and is there a balance between that? A direct question to Mary Rose. I love it. I know you're prepared. Who's got the third question? We haven't exhausted the minds in this room. I'm certain. I'm blinded by the light. Tell us who you are. Hi, I'm Ben Hiddle and I had an interesting idea. I'm with CH4.AI, we work with different groups trying to collaborate because the issues of climate change are actually worldwide and we're not gonna be able to do it in a community estate or a federal government. So AI tends to go through those borders and I encourage everybody to use it, but I had a really weird idea because the Amazon effect, some people might know it from the trash industry. When Amazon came, we had tons of cardboard boxes. Why don't we turn that into methane gas and run our gas companies? Not the 200 that are going out of business, but a nice one on renewable gas because getting rid of all that seems really difficult, but cardboard from Amazon to renewable gas. Terrific. Ben is with CH4.AI, which if I unpack the acronym would be Methane Artificial Intelligence. Okay. Got it, got it. Ines is getting in on the action. Wow. So if you want to add one more question over here would be, so we've heard a few examples on things that work, things that didn't work so well previously with communities. If you could outlove to elaborate on in the success stories that you had previously, how it will be important to understand how can we grow those and generalize the lessons that are learned from interactions with one community to the next one, given the magnitude of the transition that we need. So we're facing with this issue of being able to meet the needs of local and contextual specific challenges, but also understanding how and whether we can replicate that in order to accelerate the energy transition. I would love to hear your guidance on, are there some ways to do so that we should think about from the beginning of this project? Thank you. The principal investigator speaks. In fact, I think these are central research questions that could span years or a whole career, but we don't have time for that. We only have two minutes. So what I would like to do is to acknowledge that we have opportunities to be together throughout the day. And I'm going to ask our panelists to give us a closing word as they choose which questions they want to address. You won't be able to address all four of them. You choose your favorite. I can't. You could go first and you could choose your question and we're going to wrap it up with respect for our next folks on time. All right. Yeah, I'll answer that question about the energy champions and a little bit about the kind of an approach to this energy transition. One thing we've had success at in our region, in our area of Alaska is our regional corporation, NAN, a regional corporation which represents 11 villages in our area and our Northwest Arctic Bureau who also represent them same 11 villages. The bureau is a subdivision of the state much like a county government here. And it's basically the same thing. So they've worked together for the last 12 years to try to get more renewable energy into our smaller villages. And our smaller villages have 100 people to 300 people per village or up to 1,000 I guess is our largest village outside of Kotzebue. So having them kind of regionalizing the approach and having those two regional organizations work together to provide the human capacity and then kind of what they do at the end is once the solar panels are built is they give it to the tribe to operate and then they do ongoing trading and things like that. So I think that's a potential model to going forward. Thank you. Thank you for sharing. Michael, do you want to answer? I defer to that. Defer? Yeah. All right. Lisa or Mayroz? I'll just address Ina's question. I feel like I work in a really fortunate position. I work at a tribal college. So we serve Washington, Oregon and Idaho and we're the only tribal college within those states. Our student population consists of a lot of non-traditional students. So we're able to serve those students and it varies from all across the US. We're located on the Lummi Nation and near the Lummi Nation High School. So I get to interact with a lot of the native community there. And that's just kind of like an example of how I've been able to interact there and establish our solar training program. We have a lot of solar suitcases that we get to provide hands-on training for the high schoolers there and local high schools. And we also offer summer youth camps for youth that are going into college or need any type of college preparedness, but also incorporating the science, technology, engineering, art, and math into our program. So, trying to make it short. Thank you. I want to address the extraction question and the combustion question. I think an extractive economy or approach comes in many ways. It's like, are you trying to extract our time and energy to be partners with you? Are you giving anything back? Are you extracting our labor to install these energy systems? Are you extracting from the earth? And what are you giving back? Or maybe the land stewards don't want that. There's actually a lawsuit filed by an environmental justice group on the lithium project in the Salton Sea in California because they didn't address the impacts to the communities very well. And so, your projects will or probably will run into delays if you didn't think about these extractive relationships or issues ahead of time. Having conversations with communities, especially the most impacted communities, will probably help speed up your projects if there's alignment there. I think that, so like the identified needs and the solutions of the community is what you want to enter into. And in California, for instance, when we said we want solar for all and we want renters to be able to enjoy the benefits of our solar revolution, we are able to find friends who are like, okay, let's dedicate a billion dollars to rooftop solar and affordable housing buildings in California with a workforce development part of that. And so that, to me, like existing solar that's already around with companies or the materials that already exist is going to fulfill a need that the environmental justice community is already asking. So that's, those are the kinds of win-win situations so that we need. And if you go to the basics of reduce reuse, recycle on the combustion of cardboard boxes, none of our communities want to be next to a plant that's going to burn anything because that has huge health impacts. So we're probably going to oppose those kinds of projects. So just, yeah, like can we reduce first, you know? Yeah, I think that we're going to get out, so we're not going to burn the boxes. We have compost and it's compost. It produces methane gas and that we want to take out. There's a whole environmental justice movement against biogas and it's being burned. And it's being burned. So, I mean, we can get into, we're in overtime, I'm going to call time out for Ben to give the last word to our panelists here. I want to thank you all for the steadiness of attention that you gave us after our first round of questions. The respect that was due to the folks that have traveled as far as they have in every dimension you could imagine, not just distance, but social, cultural, history, political, and personal education to give us the best of what they could and wish the earnest consortium all well on its way today. Can I ask you to help me thank Mary Rose, Taruk, Lisa Redsteer, Chad Nordlum, and Michael Wara.


In this video, we're going to be discussing how frequency is affected by RPM or rotations per minute and the number of poles in an alternator. Now, before we get into it, if you don't understand how a sine wave is formed in an alternator, you need to go back and watch the video on sine wave analysis and also watch the video on how a sine wave is formed, and there's a big description of how this sine wave comes to be. Now, when we're talking about frequency, it's important that we are understanding that frequency is measured in cycles per second. So what we have here is a cycle, and a cycle is from where a wave form begins to where it starts to repeat itself, and if it kept on going to go up and it would go down and away we go and we get another wave form happening. So when we're talking about frequency, we're talking about how many of these complete cycles occur in one second because frequency is measured in cycles per second or in hertz. Now, two things affect the frequency in an alternator, and first off, we're going to discuss the rotational speed. Now as we look at this, here's our two-pole alternator. I've got a south pole, and I've got a north pole. I've got an armature, which is basically the conductor that goes through there. And as I have the north pole set up in the south pole, I'm going to have invisible lines of flux, so magnetic lines of flux are going to be flowing from north to south. Now as this conductor starts to rotate around, it will cut the conductors and create a wave form. So for the first 180 degrees, as A goes up and rotates all the way here, it starts at this point, goes up, goes down. Then as A kind of shifts around, it goes the opposite direction underneath and back up. It goes up in the opposite direction and down again. So what we see is in a full 180 degrees of mechanical rotation, we create one complete sine wave. Now if I timed that and had this happen, so let's say that this side here, A goes all the way around in 360 degrees, mechanical rotation, it does that in one second. We create one sine wave in one second, therefore we get one hertz or one cycle per second. So you can see as we start to speed this up, let's say we sped this up and we did this, it spun 10 times in one second. So if this side A spun 360 degrees and it did that 10 times in one second, we would get 10 of these wave forms happening and then we would say we have 10 cycles per second or 10 hertz. Now the thing with alternators is that they are not measured in seconds, they're measured in minutes, rotations per minute. So what we need to do is we need to convert the rotations per minute that will come on the alternator into rotations per second because remember we need to figure out what it is per second, not per minute. Now if I have an alternator spinning at 1800 rpm, like I do right here, we need to convert rpm rotations per minute to rotations per second. Well last time I checked there are 60 seconds in a minute, so all we have to do is go 1800 divided by 60 means that this alternator, if it was spinning at 1800 rpm is spinning at a clip rate of 30 rotations per second. If it's a two pole alternator like this, it is going to create 30 of these sine waves because this is going to spin 30 times per second, 30 sine waves you're going to get 30 cycles per second or 30 hertz. The second factor that affects frequency is the number of poles. Now if you look here, I got my two pole alternator and we know that we went from north to south, from south to north and it created a full sine wave. What happens here is if we look at the four pole alternator, well we end up doing that in half the amount of distance. Over here it took a full 360 degrees to go from north to south, south to north. If I look here, if I start here, I can go north to south, south to north and I do that in 180 degrees. So in 180 degrees with more poles, I end up creating one full sine wave. If I go a full 360 degree rotation, I go north to south, south to north, north to south, south to north, I create two full sine waves. So here we go, if I go north to south, that would be this hump on the sine wave, south to north would be the bottom side, north to south, I go up and over and south to north again underneath and I get two full sine waves.  So we can start seeing that if we add more poles in here, we end up with more sine waves which gives us more frequency. As is often the case when we discuss relationships and characteristics, there is always going to be a formula. So we can take everything we've learned, we now know that if we increase the speed of an alternator, it's directly proportional to the frequency. If the speed goes up, we get more sine waves created in the same amount of time. If we increase the number of poles, it's directly proportional. So therefore we're going to turn this all into a formula. Here you have it. This is our formula for frequency F, which is frequency in hertz or cycles per second. P is the number of poles. We divide that by two because there's always two poles. There's always going to be a north pole and a south pole. You know that if you have a two pole alternator, you're going to create one full sine wave. So that's why we divide that by two. Then we have N, which is rotations per minute, or it's the rotational speed. And again, we have to divide that by 60 because we want to take that RPM and kick it down to RPS or rotations per second. So P over two times N over 60 gives us frequency, or we can combine this whole thing together because we also like to make life easier in ourselves and it looks like this. Frequency is equal to P times N over 120. Two times 60 gives you 120.  And there you have it. That is the formula for frequency for an alternator. Poles are directly proportional. Speed is directly proportional. And then we have this constant of 120 below. And that is how the rotational speed and the number of poles affect the frequency of an alternator.