This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. This is Craig Thomas, your host on Much More on Medicine, part of Think Tech Hawaii's live stream series, and as usual, assisted by Ray and Rich, our engineers, and today I would like to welcome Stephanie Bialetti, she is Senior VP of HMSA's member operations. Brought to the new position for Stephanie, congratulations and welcome. Thank you, Craig. Happy to be here. Thanks for having me on the show. It's my pleasure. We've known each other a fair while now and in fact our spheres are, should we say areas, as in geographic, of effort overlapped for a lot longer than that. Stephanie, until last fall was the CEO at Kahuku, and we provide emergency department and inpatient services there, so we got to know each other pretty well. And I'm thrilled you're in your new role, because I think that the challenges and good things that we share in, across the state and Kahuku is a very, in many ways, representative slice of the state apply everywhere. Yes, definitely. And yes, it's been an exciting couple of months. I transitioned from Kahuku Medical Center to HMSA in October of last year. So being on the provider side for the past 19 years and being able to transition over to the payer side and being able to see things from kind of a little bit of a different perspective, but definitely striving for the same goals in regards to a healthier Hawaii. That's one of the things I've always liked about you, striving for a healthier Hawaii, because if that's not what we're trying to accomplish, what are we doing? Exactly. So over the course of the spring we've talked about issues of how much care is the right amount, where it should be delivered, how people get from one place to another, where it should be done, the harms of doing too much, and the importance of standardizing care pathways so that we all get the right amount of care and the right care no matter where we are. Today we're switching gears a little bit. Those things are all important, and we can certainly talk about them because HMSA has a big role in helping coordinate standardized and standardized care across the state. But I really like what your focus has been the last several years. The Blue Zones Initiative and the fact that I'm going to stay healthy. I better not eat too much, I better exercise, I better do things that contribute to my happiness and the people around me, and that will improve my health. So we've, and I'm sure some people have heard of our strategy Mahia 2020, and I think our slide one shows what we're striving for and really being able to keep the member at the center of all that we do and our focus. So really trying to switch being a health plan, which was established by social workers and teachers back in 1938, a long time ago. So making that shift from being a health plan to a health organization and really being able to focus on the member and all aspects of well-being. So that's what Mahia 2020 is focusing on, being able to create more partnerships, collaborations in helping members achieve, being the healthiest that they can be. You know, I think that's fabulous. We, so when I started doing emergency medicine, God help us 35 years ago this year at Wahiwa, so near Kuhuku, we were doctors. And people came to us, we took care of them, they went away. Sometimes they came back. But I've come to recognize over time that my impact on health that way is very real, but can have a much bigger impact on health by working it out of change things. So we got involved in drunk driving legislation and are very supportive of your efforts in exercise and soon we're going to be talking next week probably about drowning. These things all are the premise of if you can prevent a problem and whether it's drowning, a car crash, diabetes, it's much better than trying to treat a problem. Definitely. So Blue Zones was founded a couple of years ago, I think 2015, and really focusing on helping communities improve their health. So working with employers, organizations within the community, establishing more eyes for walking, for eating, for gathering, really focusing on being proactive and versus addressing issues when people are sick. We definitely continue to do that, but really making that shift to provide healthier options for people within their own communities. Exactly. And really hats off to HMSA for doing this. And hopefully providers across the state, and I know some are, there are doctors leading community walks for example, I know this is happening in Hilo. I think it's likely happening, I hope, across the state. Good for us to walk and it's good to share both the exercise and the community with everyone else. Because health is complex. It requires exercise. It requires social connection. You have to eat more or less the right things, a weakness of mind. And as long as we are focused on disease treatment, we are missing that boat. Definitely.  You know, what am I doing in regards to my overall well-being? And you know, I have to think twice, do I want to take the stairs, you know, versus the elevator? And the stairs is right next to the elevator, so it makes it really easy, but being more conscious. Right, so that's a lot of stairs. So being able to consciously and being intentional about my health. But being able to create those opportunities for people. In some stores at Foodland, they have aisles that offer healthier choices, you know, such as fresh fruit, nuts, you know, versus your regular aisles that have a lot of sugar. All my favorites. Yeah, all your favorites, right. Of the addicting foods. No, they are. They are designed to be addicting. Yes. So being able to just create healthier options for people to help them be more intentional regarding their choices. Exactly, and this actually brings to mind, I've been watching all sorts of dietary and other kinds of publications over the years and have decided it's really pretty simple. Michael Pollan has the haiku that describes it. Let's see, what is it? Eat food? Because that's of course one of the problems.  So eat food, mostly vegetables, not too much. The other thing he said was, eat like your grandma ate. Because the problem is, when we buy that aisle, from that aisle you were discussing, the one that is almost like crack, it's engineered to be addictive, we'll eat too much, but it's also got lots of sugar, lots of salt, lots of fat, lots of calories. So it's not magic. It's just eat food, not too much, mostly vegetables, and mimic your grandma. So there's just those little choices, and I think the Blue Zones Initiative, being able to create these support systems within your work environment, within your community, because yes, they are difficult decisions to make. And we have hundreds of them throughout the day.  Yes, exactly. And so being able to create more of the support systems within organizations, within the community, within the health care system is really important. It is, and I think it starts one step at a time. You know what? I love coffee, which thank God so far no one's found anything bad about, and it might even be good. So I drank my coffee, I punted on the sugar a few years ago. So little decisions can help. You also touch on something else. Our network, our friends, the people around us impact how we do with these decisions all day long. There's some fascinating evidence that if your partner gains weight, so do you. They don't even need to be in the same state. If somebody you are in contact with, then you can be in contact with over Facebook gains weight. Your odds are, you kind of might too. We're complicated. We're gullible in the, how should I say it, Resolutions Department. And I think it takes a lot of different strategies and Blue Zones is one to impact this. And honestly, it's the most important thing we can do for our health is to eat right, be more or less right weight and get regular exercise. Doesn't need to be dramatic exercise. Definitely. Yeah. So just trying to figure out how to be able to, HMA is really this shift to focus on wellness and health versus disease management, which we know we still have to do. So a lot of areas of opportunity for us to continue collaboration and increase our partnerships. Those relationships are key to be able to help facilitate these choices and try and limit the fragmentation within the health care system. Well, it's interesting you should mention the fragmentation of the health care system. Compared to the rest of the, our peers in the world, other countries, US has, I don't know, we've talked about this all spring, on average about double the cost with very middle of the pack results. Relevant to this conversation, we're also on average fatter, and we don't move around too much. And I've not seen real analysis of our diet, which are probably pretty varied, but I'm sure salt sugar are well featured. Unfortunately, that plague has spread almost everywhere. I was recently in Palau, not a whole bunch of healthy choices in the local market. That's not quite fair. The local produce, fruits was fabulous. Everything brought in from elsewhere, not so much. But the interesting difference between our health system and the rest of the world is related to what you just touched on. It's fragmentation, and it's expense on the sort of business side. We call it the revenue cycle management. But the business side, the charting, the coding, the billing, the getting the information from a pulmonologist to the primary care provider and to the patient, we're terrible at that. And it overall falls under the coordination of care heading. And although we have middle of the road results on outcomes, and we actually are good at some things. Our rate of hospitalization is lower than many of our peer countries. Our coordination of care is the bottom. And so I know you've been engaged in how to solve that. So are we as our group. And in fact, we have a little partnership going on trying to figure out how to do it better. I'm honestly really excited about it. So HMSA has implemented a care model which is supporting our members who need the most help. So it's really personalized high touch service to two members who have maybe dual diagnosis, different cancers. So we've implemented, so we call it care model, we're kind of these wraparound services for these members and trying to help them navigate the healthcare system. So that's a really interesting topic. We're going to take a little break. This is Much More Medicine, your host Craig Thomas with guest Stephanie Bialetti, senior VP member operations of HMSA. That's a long title. And we'll be right back. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Ted Rawlsson here folks, your host on Where the Drone Leads, our weekly show at noon on Thursdays here on Think Tech. We talk about drones, anything to do about drones, drones, remotely piloted aircraft, unmanned aircraft, whatever you want to call them, emerging into Hawaii's economy, educational framework and our public life. We talk about things associated with the use, the misuse, technology, engineering, legislation with local experts as well as people from across the country. Please join us noon on Thursdays and catch the latest on what's taking place in the world of drones that might affect you. Welcome back. This is Craig Thomas, your host on Much More Medicine. And my guest today is Stephanie Bialetti, senior member, senior VP. I'm going to get this right yet. Senior Vice President, member operations HMSA. And before the break, we were talking about the importance of all the elements of care in health. And as you can see from the slide, what we individually do is the biggest single element in our health. Clearly there are other elements. And also clearly the health care system can help support our efforts, our individual efforts. I think that's crucial. However, some people do have health issues and that's where the organized portion of the health care system comes to play. And there are, there's a subset of patients who are very high-utilizers and they need special help. And one group you alluded to just before the break is what we call dual diagnosis. That means you got a couple problems. Usually they're related to some sort of substance suggestion and some sort of psychiatric diagnosis. However, those lead almost immediately to all sorts of real medical problems besides just demonstrating how our actions impact our health because people with those two challenges generally don't have very healthy lifestyles. Yes, so and very complex. And I think our slide three just really highlights how complex health care is. And so being able to help our members navigate the system is really important to us. We call it fragmentation or gaps within the system and I think health care just in general is just very complex. There's a lot of rules and regulations and every time we have a new administration then it's like whiplash trying to figure out what we need to do on our end in order to meet those mandates. So being able to operationalize what those rules and regulations are and figure out how to continue to assist our members is an important piece. It's why I like your blue zone focus because my perspective is a lot of the complexity in medicine is because we lost track of what the goal was. The goal is actually health. The goal is not delivery of health care. Now it's a key part but it isn't actually the goal and if you look at much of medicine the confusion about the goal namely we're very good at delivering health care we're very good at billing for it we unbundle it, we list it, we do it let's not talk about that. We're not so good at health and over the years we've gotten sidetracked by things that matter but which still aren't the goal. So for example, patient privacy is a huge concern. The only way to have absolute patient privacy is to never share the information with anyone. You can't do health care that way. If you, I don't know, just got a prescription from your doctor and now you're in trouble in the ER I need to know that. So and over the years we put in lots of band-aids to try and address these things and it's a hobbled the whole system as your slide to my mind dramatically generates it's shocking how complicated it is. Oh definitely.  No, they're not might have, they do. They do. Yes, they do. And so, you know, you have to log in to all these different accounts to access your patient portal if you want any of your medical records and so sharing that information is very important so you can have continuity of care and make sure that your health is being managed effectively and so that is a big issue and I know you're, there's some awesome projects that are going on right now within the United States on being able to help facilitate that process. Yeah, thanks for bringing that up. It's my personal plug for the spring. There are no new problems under the sun and the state of Washington about six years ago now looked at the frequent utilizers in emergency departments many of them with dual diagnoses and ultimately came up with something called EDIE Department Information Exchange and it's stupendous. I've been up there, I watched it in action and I really hope we get it here. It would solve a number of problems and in essence what happens is your health information sits in the cloud and it has your diagnoses, your medications, your allergies, your previous interventions and your current sort of health footsteps shall we say. So you see your PCP, you see a specialist, you're at the emergency department at Kahuku then later you end up at Castle and if I'm taking care of you at Castle I know those things. And then the next, your regular doctors and the next place you need help say you get worse, you end up downtown at one of the downtown tertiary facilities they know it too. And this is, I imagine, many people assume well of course they know where I was and what I did. It'd be like your bank, our current system is kind of like having your branch bank not connected to any other branches. So every time you go into the bank you say well I do have a whole pot full of money in my account and I sort of know that would never fly and it's not working in medicine either. Very, very true. So we have a new CEO, Mike Stoller. Congratulations. Yes. So he took over the helm in January and he's been with HMSA over 30 years and this is one of, you know, as part of the Mahia 2020 strategy is really how do we connect the dots for our members as well as within the healthcare system. So even within HMSA we're trying to figure some things out, how to provide that 360, that complete view of the member. So to help streamline some of these processes so that we have the most accurate information of the member at that point in time. I think that's where we got to go. I sort of think of this as a variation on the 360. I think of it as a three-legged stool. There's you. There's us providers and there are the facilities and interestingly each of them has their own piece and until, well I won't say that, currently the incentives for aligning the efforts are inadequate and the barriers to sharing data, for example, savings, those kind of things aren't happening and it needs to. And so I'm hopeful and it's human. We are all invested in our own world. We all think the others should play but we're not so excited about sharing our stuff but unless we break that down we're going to struggle. I completely agree with you. I think that was one of the reasons why I came over to HMSA is because I truly believed in their mission and vision in being able to improve the lives of all of Hawaii. And to get there is will take a lot of hard work because as you said we're all on silos, we have self-preservation issues but really focusing on creating a win-win which is Mike Stoller's goals as well creating a win-win and increasing partnerships to be able to strive to create a healthier Hawaii is really, really what's important. I agree. One of the challenges in America is we're capitalists and if you're making widgets probably good or even if you're making on-the-fits my preferred vehicle but if your goal is improving health that's much harder. How do you measure that? How do you reward it? If your goal is, I don't know doing a whole bunch of a procedure and we could list a cabillion procedures Nearthroscopy doesn't usually work on old guys like me but it's definitely a billable procedure that capitalism works great for that except for the fact that I shouldn't have had it in the first place and the buzz word is payment transformation. It's essential and it's going to be tough. Crossing that great divide yes, it's very challenging we refer to it as the bridge strategy because one payment is in fee-for-service one foot's there and the other one is in payment transformation. I think that, yeah we're just trying to sort things out and figure out what works in order to make that great leap. Yes, and we're also going to just like in other parts of shall we say national debate nostalgia for the past won't get us there so there's great nostalgia for Marcus Welby the all-knowing time for everybody family practitioner being sort of the portal and be all an end-all and gatekeeper for healthcare. We still have great providers in the community but the truth is the tools have changed dramatically. When I started if you'd come to my ED evenings or weekends and look like you had a stroke we were to put you in bed next morning they would have got the CAT scan. Now all sorts of things happen you get a CAT scan you may get an MRI you may get a CT angiogram if you qualify we'll get a clot breaking medicine and if that doesn't work you'll get shipped to a tertiary center there are only one or two places in the state that do this to get the clot removed it's better it's an example of how things have changed and for acute or emergent conditions Marcus Welby is going to send you the ER and so my sense is we should figure out how to facilitate that but then also change the costs associated with that the problem isn't the ER the problem is the way we set up charge structures so then we allocate costs probably in a way that distorts how we should be providing services and this is a challenge for our decade we have a little bit of time left what would you like to leave people with? I think I guess what I want to emphasize is that we're all in it together we all end up paying as taxpayers for our health or lack of health and so we pay personally of course too I'm talking about if I can't walk up the stairs because I haven't exercised that's a price definitely so personally and as as in a community as a state that we are we are literally all in it together and so being able to take it to heart what is Stephanie going to do about my overall well-being and how do I contribute to the community and just striving to create more partnerships and win-wins as we strive for that ultimate goal Perfect I think it's the only way we can succeed so Stephanie I'd really like to thank you for coming today I appreciate your enthusiasm and perspective and focus on health so with that we'll close till next time I hope you're back this is Craig Thomas your host on Much More Medicine part of think tanks Hawaii's live stream series thank you very much


Welcome to Toffy TV, it's the Everton News Daily. Dominic Calvert-Lewin has been speaking about Moise Keane's situation and said he likens it to his own when he first got into the Everton side as a 19-year-old Keane, of course, is 19, scored his first goal a couple of weeks ago against Newcastle United, had a great assist last week in the win at Wafford, but didn't get on the pitch at the weekend. Calvert-Lewin said he offers him his advice and says he can see how good the player is and it's all about his development now. He said that's what I've done, that's a work hard and it's important that Moise continues to believe in his own ability and that ultimately we'll see him through. Calvert-Lewin, of course, scored again at the weekend, 13th goal of the season in front of watching England manager Gareth Southgate. A lot of people tiping Calvert-Lewin for a call-up to the England squad next month. So, see what happens there. Andre Gomes will step up his rehabilitation from his dislocated ankle with a behind closed doors game at Finch Farm next Sunday. Gomes has been training him back with the 13 for a few weeks now. His recovery has been incredible and if he comes through that bounce game, as it will be, then he'll be considered for the 22 Arsenal, whether or not he makes it into Carlo Antelotti's 18 remains to be seen, but it's fantastic to have him. He'll be back, and back in amongst it. Everton playing really well now, so if Gomes could get back up to speed, I think he'd be a key addition during these last few months of the season, and then hopefully John Felipe Babaman, who had to say to last week to remove the scar tissue, hopefully he'll be back before the end of the season as well, and Carlo Antelotti can really have a good look at those and assess them ahead of the summer recruitment drive. Everton today being again linked with 17-year-old striker Joe Gellard at Wigan. Everton and Liverpool apparently tracking Gellard, Marcel Brands is reportedly keen to get the boy of Evertonian to leave Wigan and join the Blues, but he being dubbed the new Wayne Rooney, not sure whether that's there, not into this new, this and new that, but he does look like a good player and a talent certainly. Abdelai Decore has said that he will be allowed to leave Wafford this summer. Everton reportedly had two bids knockback for the 27-year-old midfield player in the August transfer window. Decore scored again at the weekend, says that his preference if he leaves Wafford will be for a Champions League club, but he'll be waiting to see what offers come in, and ultimately he wants to remain in the Premier League and believes that Wafford won't stand in his way this summer. It's Wafford, you never know what will happen. And finally, Everton under 23s have beaten Plymouth Argyll 4-0 today, Ellis Sims with a couple of goals Ryan Astley and Dennis Addenirne. David Unsred delighted with the victory and said we knew we were losing Morgan Feeney and Anthony Evans and it was an opportunity for some younger players to step up which they have done and today in difficult conditions shows the lads are taking on board all the instructions. Delighted for Ellis and hopefully you can continue his development.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it's the Everton News Daily. Everton have been boosted by the return to training of centre-back pair Yeri Mina and Ben Goffrey, both have been pictured back on the grass with the squad at Finch Farm ahead of Everton's game against Leicester City this weekend. It obviously remains to be seen whether either of them will play any kind of football for the Blues before the Whale Cup break, which is a week on Saturday at its final game before that break at Bournemouth a week on Saturday. But it is good news to see them both back and doing some training with the first team squad. Obviously both suffered injuries on day one of the Premier League season, Ben Goffrey breaking his leg at Yeri Mina's suffering some kind of ankle damage. But it's good to have them both fit and you know Frank Lampard I think will appreciate you starting to get that squad back, those players back in recent weeks we've seen the return of Mason Holgate, obviously Dominic Hall that's living as well. All helping to boost his options from the dugout and from the bench and this too will be no different to that. I think you can get as many as fit as possible then it gives him some real decisions to make. But obviously in the absence of those two we've seen James Tarkovsky and Conor Cody be absolutely fantastic for the team so both have got a difficult task in it trying to out one of those and get back into the side. Although one of those places will be up for grabs when football does resume on Boxing Day because Conor Cody will be ineligible to play because we play Wolves with him being only a lone player at the moment. He won't be available to play that day so there is a space alongside James Tarkovsky for the Wolves game so we'll see what happens there. Everton have reportedly targeted into Milan, German international Robin Goessens. The left back is apparently available for around 21 million. Reporting Portugal claimed that Everton are unlikely to take up their option on current Loni Ruben Van Agri. He's only had 24 minutes since joining Everton on loan. He has a £17m buyout and the Portuguese press saying Everton aren't keen on that and he'll probably return to Portugal at the end of the season but these reports in Italy saying that Goessens has been contacted by Kevin Thelwell. He was fantastic for Atlanta before he moved to into Milan and in fact in his final season with Atlanta he scored 12 goals and had 8 assists from his left back position so that's the kind of stat you want from your left back isn't it? Obviously Vitaly Michalenco is doing a good job for Everton at the moment at left back as well. Would Everton pay 20 million for another left back? I don't know but this has been picked up by a couple of different news outlets in Italy this once so. We'll see whether there is anything in that. Reports again coming out of Holland that Everton are still interested in Mohammed Cudas, the Ajax forward who scored and had an assist in Ajax's victory at Rangers this week. This report saying the player is interested in coming to the Premier League and joining Everton. Everton thought they had a deal with the forward in the summer transfer window for around £9m. I think it would be a lot more than that now but Frank Lampard couldn't have a ball in Holland. Frank Lampard is still very interested in bringing Cudas to Everton. Obviously he can play a couple of different positions. He's been playing through the middle and Ajax can play in the wide areas as well as an attacking midfield player so that's one that continues to bobble along each day. Finally, David Underweight is interested in taking young Everton striker Tom Cannon on loan to Oldham Athletic. The Latics have only scored 17 goals this season and are short. Underweight has been quoted as saying he knows Tom Cannon obviously is where closely with him. He's got excellent qualities but he'd have to check with Everton whether he's available. Cannon has got nine goals and three assists for Everton's under-21 sides so far this season. Had they be a good step for Tom Cannon to go into men's football, he's obviously doing very well at an under-21 level. The next step for him is obviously a loan deal. I know it's national league and he could probably play higher than that but it would be a good introduction for him going into men's football and working with David Underweight. David Underweight and obviously John Herbrill as well, two coaches that he's worked with before. I think that would help him settling a little bit and the managers obviously they know what he can bring. So I think that's all part of the process of settling in with loan players. It's difficult. Sometimes you're better, you know, the familiar side of the game is better if you go on loan with someone. The managers work with you before and trust you. I think he could settle in quite well there if he goes on loan January till the end of the season. It could be really good for his development and give him an idea of what it's like competing physically against men in that national league and build himself up to take the next step. So it's a watch this space. I'm sure there'll be a couple of Everton players David Underweight would like to tap into his contacts at Everton and take a couple to hold him and help him in the second half of the season. So it could be a good move for Tom Cannon to watch this space on that one. And don't forget Frank Lampard has his press conference tomorrow ahead of Everton's game against Leicester City, which kicks off at 5.30 on Saturday night at Gooderson Park. So we'll have more on that press conference tomorrow after Frank Lampard has done it. That is it for the news daily. Give the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't. And if you want to become a Toffy TV Premier member, click the link in the description or the QR code that is on the screen now. See you later.


All right, so welcome to this morning's session. Our first is second lecture of Schlomo, so we'll continue with his course. Yesterday, I outlined a very general program of how to engineer four-dimensional theories starting from six dimensions, and I was making certain claims about being able to understand certain properties of these four-dimensional theories in this setup. So today, and we will start adding details and trying to understand what actually we can do and what we cannot do. So I remind you that the basic thing that we want to do, we want to engineer 40 CFTs, place some CFTs in the IR by starting from a flow in six-dimensional, with six-dimensional theory, let us call it CFTUV, which we'll call T6D, and this will be some T4D. So we flow from higher-dimensional theory to lower-dimensions, and we flow by turning on a relevant deformation, which is geometric. We basically put our six-dimensional theory on some geometry, and what we also want to do is not just understand some properties of the fixed point, which might be strongly coupled. We want to find a dictionary between such compactifications starting in six dimensions, and hopefully some weakly-coupled four-dimensional CFTs which flow to the same fixed point. And the main idea that I was telling you about why this program might be useful was this factorization property, that if you start from some six-dimensional theory, T6D, and you try to understand what is the theory you get in four dimensions if you compactify on some surface C, that you can decompose into a sum of two surfaces, geometrically, like you just literally break the single surface that you have, say something like that, into two surfaces that you glue together. So this is C, this is C1 and C2, and also we can have some fluxes, and we split the fluxes such that some of the fluxes is equal to our original flux. Then the claim is that in certain situations, this, to understand this problem, we first can understand each ingredient, the compactification on each ingredient, and then combine these ingredients directly in 4D. So this was the statement. So we can understand first the first piece, then the second piece, and then combine them, and the combination is some filtering operation. So this is what we are going to do today. We are going to understand what goes into this statement and how to derive it or argue for it in more detail. So there are many ingredients to the story. The story is rather complicated and rather non-linear. So I will try to present some linear story with some perceived logic to it. But as usually is in physics, the way things work and the way things were derived, they don't follow a linear logic. So please stop me with questions if you don't understand the linear logic I'm going to try to sell to you. So there are different parts of the story. So one part of the story that I will be focusing on eventually is the four-dimensional physics. And remember that we had the phrase several questions about the four-dimensional physics, and the main question I will try to understand in these lectures is this phenomenon of emergent symmetries. The phenomenon when the symmetry in the IA is bigger than the symmetry in the UV in this type of a setup. So this will be my main focus. However, we are engineering this four-dimensional theory starting from six-dimension, so we will need to understand something about six-dimensional physics. And a very useful step on our way down from six-dimensions to four-dimensions will be actually five-dimensional physics. So in order to thoroughly understand this program, you need to understand each one of these pieces separately and together and the way they interact with each other. So again, the way I will present the things, I will give you very little details about 6D. There is very little that we need to know about 6D in order to work on this type of a program. We need to understand a little bit more about 5D, actually, and I will talk a little bit more about 5D. And then the main focus with most, let's say, technical details will be about 4D. So about 6D and 5D, I will just give you the bare essential details and the bare essentials that you absolutely need to start thinking about this program. Okay, so that will be our plan. So first I will be setting up the general understandings that you need to have in order to start with this program. So first I will talk about some generalities, some general setups, general ways to, general questions, technical questions you need to understand before understanding this physically interesting question. And then eventually, I hope, in the second lecture today and tomorrow, we will discuss in detail a very particular example of all this program. So before starting, let me also tell you what the moment you understand that you need to, or you conjecture that in order to understand certain interesting properties of these four-dimensional theories, you are interested in this type of factorization program, then you know what are the basic pieces of the program that you need to understand. If you have a very generic Riemann surface and you conjecture that anything, combatification on any Riemann surface, on this generic Riemann surface can be understood by understanding the pieces, you can decompose any Riemann surface into small pieces, which will look typically like that. You will have just a two cylinder with two boundaries which have some, has some flux. And again, we will give some details. So this is one kind of Lego piece that you need to understand in order to build arbitrary theory. Another Lego piece that you need to understand is a combatification on three punctured spheres and say with zero flux, so you can have some flux. And then from these two Lego pieces, by combining them together geometrically and in field theory, you will be able to construct any combatification that you want. So I will talk in these lectures mainly or almost only about this piece. It turns out to be much easier to understand about these pieces. We have very rudimentary understanding. We understand them in some particular cases, but we don't have a generic understanding. And if I will have time tomorrow, I will also talk a little bit about that. So this is where we are going. So setting up. So first thing you need to know is some things about the six dimensional theories. And you don't need to know much about them. Okay, what, thing number one you need to know is that these theories exist, okay? And these theories exist. There are many attempts to classify these theories. These theories are highly non-trivial. So if you try to write Lagrangian in six dimensions, you cannot write anything which is interacting. So the only things you can write are free Lagrangian. So these theories in six dimensions are intrinsically strongly coupled. So there are very sophisticated techniques to describe them in string theory, M-theory, F-theory, and so on. We will not get into this discussion. There is a very nice review that I want to mention. If you're interested in details, which was written recently by Heckman and Rudeius, which is very pedagogic and I encourage you to read it. But the only thing that we will need to know is that these theories exist. They have some supersymmetry, the minimal supersymmetry that you have in six dimensions is called the minimal supersymmetry. Super conformal algebra is called the 1,0. Algebra and it has eight real supercharges and there are many theories which you can build. Some of the theories you know, some of the theories were mentioned before, say by Leonardo. So the theory that everybody should know is the so-called 2,0 theory. Okay, this theory is a theory which lives on M5 brains. It's a very nice theory in particular in this 1,0 language. This theory, so as you know, as in the lower dimensions, if you have a more supersymmetric theory, you can think about it in terms of lower supersymmetry. So here you have something which has more supersymmetry and you can think about it in 1,0 supersymmetric language. This particular theory, the 2,0 theory, has a global symmetry, okay? So one thing that will be important for us in this program in understanding emergent symmetries in four dimensions will be to understand the symmetries in six dimensions. So one thing you know about this theory that the global symmetry of this theory is SU2, for example. There are many, so in terms of 1,0, it's not an r-symmetry. So you have an r-symmetry and you have a global symmetry which is SU2. This all of it fits into SU5 r-symmetry of the 2,0, like the r-symmetry and this global symmetry. So we will be talking always in terms of minimal supersymmetry in these lectures. Then you have many other theories that you might heard about or might not heard about. So for example, you have theories which sometimes are called minimal CFTs, which have no symmetry. So one way to describe these theories and theories, one way people study theories in six dimensions is very analogous to what people do with n equal two theories in four dimensions. So the amount of supersymmetry is the same. So what you can do in four dimensions is study Coulomb branches of theories. Something Leonardo has mentioned yesterday. And you can do the same thing in six dimensions. You can go on some branches of vacuum in six dimensions. You can give some scalars vacuum expectation values. And the analogous branches in six dimensions are called tensor branches. And on these tensor branches, some of these six dimensional theories have an effective description in terms of a gauge theory. It is an infrared free gauge theory. Like when you go on Coulomb branches in four dimensions, you have physics which is infrared free. So these type of theories, for example, correspond to tensor branch effective description based on some groups, some gauge groups, pure gauge groups with no matter. So there is no matter. So there is no symmetry, no continuous symmetry. And you can argue that, people can argue that these theories, on these gauge theories on these tensor branches, once you switch off the vacuum expectation value, they get to describe some strongly clapped couple of CFTs. So there is some list of groups that you can have. There is some finite classification of these theories. So again, only thing I want you to know is that these theories have no symmetry at all. Then there are other theories which will be interesting to us. For example, you can take these M5 brains, these six dimensional objects and put them to probe some singularities in string theory. Again, details don't matter, but the point is that you get some 6D theories which have some properties which we know. For example, you can take M5 brains on AD type of singularity, and let's take some element, some algebra in this AD classification, and then you get some six dimensional theory for each choice of G, which has some global symmetry. And typically this symmetry is some subgroup of this G times G. You have two copies of G, the global symmetry is two copies of G. Sometimes it is bigger than this, but typically it is at least that. And one very particular example that will be important for us will be the theory that one obtains when one takes one M5 brain on D4 singularity. This theory is sometimes called an E string theory. And the global symmetry that this theory has is E8. This is some theory you can get in six dimension. It has an E8 symmetry. Following this logic, you should have gotten a D4 times D4 symmetry, but the symmetry in this case is bigger. It contains D4 times D4. It's actually an E8. And this will be an example we will discuss later on in detail of this program. And finally, I want to tell you another thing about six dimensional theories. So there is a variety of theories. There is some global symmetries. There is a wide variety of symmetries. And again, these theories are strongly coupled. We know very little about them. So we know about their symmetries. We know some other things. For example, what we can know is not just what are the symmetries, but also what are the Hooft anomalies. And Hooft anomalies you can package nicely into something which is called anomaly polynomial. The fancy way of saying that you know the Hooft anomalies of these symmetries. Yes, there was a question. So you have a space which is singular. You have some singularity. You have some part of the space in which you act with some discrete group. And then it has some singularity. And on top of that singularity, you put the brain. So it will not be important for us how you engineer these theories. I will not get to it again. Really encourage you to read this beautiful review if you want the details. The only thing which is interesting for us is that these theories exist. And you can understand their symmetries and can understand their anomalies. How you do that, it's rather complicated. It's a very intricate business how you do that. All of these things are done basically now. They are working now or in the last five years or so on classifying these theories, computing these anomalies. So it's rather intricate non-linear business with a lot of different consistency checks. Definitely, I'm not an expert on this thing. And I think it will be very hard to present things coherently. And this is a very coherent review. And that's why I'm really encouraging you to read it. So these things I want you to know about six dimensions. Now another nice thing that we will discuss is 5D physics. 5D will be very important for us. And it will be important for us because we want to do this, to study this factorization. And the way the 5D physics enters the story is the following. So again, we want to understand the compactification of some 6D theory on an arbitrary Riemann surface. So one thing you can do is take this Riemann surface and represent it like that. Like a very, very, very long tube with some pieces of the surface at the ends of this tube. Now if you focus on this long cylinder on the next two different pieces of the Riemann surface, it looks as if you took your 6D theory and compactified it on a circle. So this is the sixth dimension, if you wish. This is the fifth dimension. Eventually, we're going to compactify both the sixth dimension and the fifth dimension. But we can ask ourselves, can we understand these long cylinders? We have an intermediate step where we first go to five dimensions. Now the interesting, again, fact about this thing is that when you take the six-dimensional theories that you know and you compactify them on a circle, again you can ask these questions what type of an effective theory you get in five dimensions when you go to energies far below the scale set by the radius of the circle. In some cases we know what these theories are. In generic cases for generic six-dimensional theories is actually an open problem to figure out what these five-dimensional theories are. In some cases we know. So let me list some examples. So for example, if you take 2,0 on a circle, the claim is that what you get in five dimensions is a maximally supersymmetric Young Mills theory in five dimensions. It's some gauge theory based on the same algebra that you had here. And it has a maximal supersymmetry. Now, as in six dimensions, five-dimensional gauge theories are infrared free. So they seem to be boring theories. So what happens in this particular case, the claim is that this theory, this maximally supersymmetric Young Mills theory is not UV-completed by a five-dimensional SCFT, but the only UV-completion it has is the six-dimensional 2,0 theory. So again, this comes almost trivially from what I have told you. There is a 2,0 theory in six dimensions. You deform it in some way and you get an effective theory which is this maximally supersymmetric Young Mills theory. So by definition, the six-dimensional 2,0 theory is a UV-completion of this theory. And the claim is that there is no... You cannot find, you know, a really five-dimensional theory, five-dimensional SCFT, which UV-complets this theory. So in this case, we know what happens. In some of these cases that I listed here, we also know what happens. So there is a long list of theories here. Not very long, actually. It's very rather short. So there are some gauge theories that you can write. And for some of them, we know what happens in five dimensions, for example, for SU3 and SO8. And it's actually rather non-trivial, but for others, we just don't know. So the idea is that you can list all the possible gauge theories in five dimensions. Again, that's something people do. And then try to understand, how much these five-dimensional theories to any six-dimensional starting point. And in some cases, we know what the answer is, or we conjecture some answers. In other cases, we don't even know what the answer is, and the effective theory in five dimensions might be strongly coupled. So one ingredient in order to go through with this program, with this factorization program that I'm trying to tell you about, is to know what the five-dimensional gauge theory is. So for many cases where we don't know this, what I'm going to tell you about will be in a sense useless. And why is it the case? You will see soon. So for other cases for this type of theories, for example, we also know what the five-dimensional theory is. And in particular, I want to tell you about the E string. So in the case of the E string, the conjecture is that if you just take this E string theory on a circle, you just compactify it on a circle, what you get in the five-dimensions is a five-dimensional CFT, which is called sometimes Cyberg's E8 theory. If you take the strict limit of the radius going to zero of the circle, you don't do anything else. You get some strongly coupled theory, which has an E8 symmetry.  So this, after some deformation, this theory actually becomes NSU2 gauge theory plus seven flavors, five dimensions. And this particular gauge theory is conjectured to be UV-completed in five dimensions by this strongly coupled CFT. Another important thing I want to tell you is that you have choices. You always have choices upon compactification. So here, when I took this E string theory on a circle, I did nothing. I just put the theory on a circle and went to low energy. But what you can do on a circle, since these theories have global symmetries, in particular, this E string theory has an E8 global symmetry, you can turn on holonomies in these global symmetries. So the statement is that if you take the theory on a circle and turn on the holonomy, and we will soon discuss these holonomies in a little bit more detail, such that E8 is broken to a subgroup, which is SO14 times U1. The effective theory you get in five dimensions is a very similar theory to that, but it's slightly different. It's an SU2 gauge theory plus eight flavors. And this particular theory, it is conjectured again, doesn't have a UV completion in five dimensions. This theory has only UV completion in six dimensions by the E string theory. This is a very confusing set of statements. So you need to digest them. So taking this E string theory with some holonomy, and holonomy is an integral over the gauge field around the circle, so it's a mass parameter. So with this additional deformation, you get a different theory. Now things become even more intricate. Another thing I want you to know about five dimensions is that when you make different choices of holonomies, sometimes you end up in five dimensions with different theories. So different choices of holonomies to different 5D theories. And let me give you an example of when this happens. So for example, if you take this type of theories, these M5 brains probing some singularity, they are sometimes called conformal method theories. If you hear this name. And you take this theory which corresponds, say, to one M5 brain on Dn plus three singularity. This is called sometimes the minimal D type conformal method, SCFT. And you turn on different holonomies in the global symmetry of this theory, which is actually the G6D. In this case, it's D to N plus six. Again, it contains this group, but it is a bigger group. What you get, you can get three different descriptions. So description number one that you can get is in terms of USP to N, gauge theory plus matter, plus some number of hypers. It's not important what it is. Turning on different types of holonomies, breaking the symmetry in a different way, you can get an SUN gauge theory plus matter. And doing it in yet another way, the gauge theory that you get in five dimensions, the effective theory you get in five dimensions is much more complicated. It's a quiver theory. It has the following structure. It is a sequence of SU2 gauge groups, ending with a flavor group. So I remind you the notations that Leonardo introduced yesterday. So circles stand for gauge groups, and the number is corresponds to... So when we write circle with N, we mean that we have an SUN gauge group. And when we have a square with a number inside, for example, here is a four, we mean a flavor symmetry of SU4. And the lines are bifundamentals charged under these symmetries. So when you do some other type of a holonomy, and the number of groups here is equal to N, you get this type of a theory. So all these theories look very, very different in five dimensions. They have actually different symmetries. When you study what are the symmetries of these theories, they are very different. And the reason the symmetries are different, because to arrive at them, you have done something different. You've broken the 6D symmetry in different ways. You have turned on different types of holonomies around the circle. So you get these types of theories, which sometimes are called 5D dual to each other, I don't know, 5D or 6D dual to each other. And the way to think about this duality is not in the usual way you think about the duality. What you can say about these theories is not that they flow to the same theory in the infrared. They are different. But what is true about them is that they started their life from the same theory. They are UV dual. So you start from some same as CFT in six dimensions, you do something different, and you get different descriptions. So this will be important to us. That you can, by turning on suitably holonomies, you can get, in many cases, gauge theory descriptions, and turning on different holonomies, you might end up with different gauge theories. And you can see that when n equals 1, so when the singularity is d4, and 1 and 5 brain on d4 singularity is what is called the E string, all these three descriptions become the same. So all the groups become SU2, and also the matter I did not write here becomes the same. So this is very, very fast.  This is all you need to know about these very generic features of six-dimensional and five-dimensional physics. And now we will discuss a little bit more details, and I will give you a little bit more explanations of what I'm going to say. This is an extra question, so the question is... Repeat, please. If somebody gives us these theories, how can we know that they come from six-dimensional, from the same 6D theory, and the answer is that it is a very, very complicated thing to do. Again, this is a topic of research which is happening now. In certain cases there are some string dualities that you can employ. You can do some string dualities, go to five-dimensions in these different ways, and understand that you get one of these theories or get the other theory. If you ignore string theory completely, ignore this higher-dimensional physics completely, it's very, very hard to understand that they come from the same theory. And some of these statements are conjectural. There is very little evidence for them. In a sense, what I'm going to tell you about four-dimensional physics is going to be a check of these statements. Again, as I said, the logic here, I present it in a linear way, from six-dimensions to five-to-forty, but actually it's a big set of consistency checks. So there are a lot of claims that you make, and then if all these claims are correct, they should be consistent. If one of these claims, one of the checks that you perform fails, something is wrong, and you don't know always what is wrong. Maybe your starting point is even wrong. Like some of the things you said in the beginning is wrong. So this is an ongoing research. It's not a closed chapter in physics, of which you become this one. So UV completion of these theories of all of them is the same 6-D SCFT. The only UV completion that they have is in 6-D. You should think of them as 6-D theories on a circle with certain deformations. Okay? Yes. So the logic is the other way around. You start from 6-D. So this is the, you know, papers are being written right now about exactly the question you're asking. So say I give you a 5-D theory. What you can say about it? There are three options. Option number one, there is some CFT in 5-D which UV completes this theory. Okay? So there is some CFT that if you deform it, you get some gauge theory description. This is option number one. Option number two, that there is some 6-D, higher dimensional theory which UV completes it. And option number three, that maybe this theory is inconsistent. And what are exactly the criteria, you know, given a theory where does it fall, it's ongoing research. I'm not qualified to say much more than I'm saying now. But there are certain techniques. Again, some of them are just brain constructions.  This is the simplest thing you can do. Other things is literally there is a finite, not finite, but simple list of gauge theories you can write in 5-dimensions. There is some list of theories you can write in 6-dimensions and you can basically try to match them using some simple parameters like matching the modular spaces and so on. So the evidence is very... There is not... there are not many complicated computations that are done at the moment. So we will be in a sense users of these... of these results we will be making quality assurance that these claims are correct. But by the logic we will be performing. Okay. So with these general statements about 6-D and 5-D theories let me tell you why 5-D theories are actually useful. So till now I didn't tell you why they are useful. I just told you that you can think about these 3-man surfaces in a certain way and then this 5-D 5-D description might be relevant. So why is it relevant? There are two ways in which 5-D description is relevant. So one is to understand what is the flux. What the flux is. What does the flux do? Okay. So again I mean flux what we are doing is taking this 3-man surface we have some global symmetry say this global symmetry is A1 and we just turn on some gauge field configurations such that if we integrate the field strength over the Riemann surface that we are discussing we get some non-zero answer. So this is the flux supported on this Riemann surface. So let us try to understand what this flux means if we take this Riemann surface to be a very very long tube and we will cut it at the end soon. So think of it as very very very long finite but finite tube on which we turn on some flux. So what is this flux in 5 dimensions? So let us engineer this flux explicitly in a toy example. So this is the 6th dimension this is the 5th dimension so this is X6 and this is X5. So let us turn on the gauge field for this U1 global symmetry which has the following profile it's just some parameter M times a hyperbolic tangent of some other parameter lambda times X5. So this is some gauge field compute the field strength F5 6 which is just delta 5 of this A6 and you get that this is equal to M times lambda over cos2 lambda X5. It's a very simple thing so what you can see immediately that if you integrate these field strengths over this Riemann surface you get some non-zero answer. So this type of gauge field configuration produces flux supported on this Riemann surface. Now look what is the profile of this of these quantities the A6 and F. So A6 is hyperbolic tangent so it just runs something like that from minus infinity to plus infinity and interpolates between minus M to plus M. Okay? The flux is localized around zero. So this is the flux and this is this gauge field A. Okay? How should we think about this gauge field A? So what is this gauge field A? You can compute the integral of this gauge field A6 around the circle around the six-dimensional circle. So you just compute the integral of this A6 around this circle. This is what is how the holonomy is defined and this is trivially computed from this expression. It's just M times the radius of the radius of this circle times hyperbolic tangent of lambda times X5. So what you get here is that you have a holonomy okay? You have some holonomy, value of which depends on your position along the fifth direction. Okay? So a holonomy which changes in space can engineer for you flux supported on this Riemann surface. And you can engineer the parameters that take limits on this lambda that really like most of this cylinder has holonomy minus M. On this side you have holonomy M and there is some, you know, sharp transition somewhere on the Riemann surface. Okay? So flux in five dimensions flux, the six-dimensional flux on this surface is equal to domain wall in five dimensions. Domain wall interpolating different values of these holonomies. But what did we say about different holonomies? When we compactify theories, six-dimensional theories on a circle with some holonomies sometimes we get a five-dimensional gauge theory description, right? And here the holonomies are different. So here they don't look very different, it's just M and minus M, but more generically we can engineer which are much more different. And the important thing is that when you look far away from where this gauge field is changing this looks like 5D theory 5D, T5D, A some 5D theory which corresponds to holonomy minus M and here it looks like T5D B, something which corresponds to compactification with holonomy M. And sometimes these domain walls are called duality domain walls in 5D. They interpolate between two different 5D theories which you'll be completed by the same six-dimensional theory. So one thing we learn immediately that there is a very, very nice way to understand flux in five dimensions, these are just these domain walls. So if you want to understand compactifications from six-dimensional theories which are very complicated we don't know much about them. You can first go to five dimensions and at least the flux you can understand in these five-dimensional gauge theory descriptions that you might have in terms of these domain walls. No, it is. I just, you know it will be the minus of that. Okay. Any questions about this? Yes. So at the moment I ignore boundaries. Boundaries are... So the question was what happens with the boundaries? So this is a toy exam. So the question is what how should I think about the boundaries? So you should, the only thing I will say you will properly define it. Whatever you need to define you will do. Okay.  Okay. So the details are usually rather complicated. You know, I didn't tell you what the 6D theory is. I just told you some symmetry and so on. And as you will see in the particular example of the E string that I will discuss I will not actually derive. I will tell you what the domain wall is. It will be some rather, there will be some rather simple description of the domain wall. But the checks that one can perform about is there is no derivation of it. There is no simple derivation of these domain walls. It's possible checks that you can perform but we will get there. So at the moment, actually it's a very tricky and important thing what is happening at the boundary. I will completely ignore it. It's just too tricky. For example, let me say one thing you know, the types of flux you can turn on will depend on what types of boundary conditions you put in at the boundaries. So things are correlated and really tricky. Okay, so this is one thing why one reason why five dimension is useful. Another reason why five dimension is useful is exactly that. We can try and understand what the punctures are. So for this factorization program we break our theories into pieces which have punctures and then we geometrically glue the pieces along the punctures. So what are these punctures? Okay. So we can learn a little bit about this again by studying five dimensions. So again we think about the puncture. We say we have some very general ribbon surface, something very generic and then it has a puncture. It has a hole in it and then we kind of zoom on the region of the puncture. And again we just think of it as a very, very, very long cylinder and on this cylinder we can understand the puncture in terms of five-dimensional effective theory. And in cases where the five-dimensional effective theory has a gauge theory description, again it doesn't happen always, so we don't always know what is this description. In those cases, since these are just fields which live in this five-dimensional space we can understand what type of boundary conditions we can put. We just need to specify boundary conditions for 5D fields. And since we will want to preserve some amount of supersymmetry in all these business, we want to understand what are the supersymmetric boundary conditions that you can put at these boundaries. And there are a variety of choices. There are a huge variety of choices. In some cases for some of these compactifications they were classified and understood, but generically again, it's an open problem classifying all the possible boundary conditions. However, there is one type of boundary condition which is kind of universal. It exists for all theories which have this gauge theory description and it's sometimes called the maximal boundary condition. It's very simple, so you have gauge theory description in these five-dimensions and what you do, you just take Dirichlet boundary conditions for the gauge field. And you have other matter fields and you need to specify boundary conditions for those matter fields. What are those matter fields? Depends on specific theory you are discussing, but basically what you do, you put Dirichlet boundary conditions for gauge fields and then whatever supersymmetry tells you, you need to do for other fields, you do for other fields. And what happens when you put this boundary condition, the Dirichlet boundary condition for the gauge field you freeze it at the boundary, so what you acquire is that you have this large gauge transformations which become global symmetry. So your theory, because you have this puncture for each such puncture on your human surface, you acquire a global symmetry. So you had here a five-dimensional gauge symmetry, you have in the bulk of this five-dimensional theory and each boundary with such boundary conditions gives you a flavor symmetry which is equal to 5D gauge symmetry. This is very important. So punctures come with symmetry. If you don't have to put these types of boundary conditions, you can put Dirichlet boundary conditions, more sophisticated boundary conditions and then you can make smaller part of the gauge symmetry to be your flavor symmetry. So this is the maximal symmetry that you can put, that's why it is called the maximal boundary condition. But it is very important that you get this large gauge transformations as your flavor symmetry. And finally what we want to do is when we break these surfaces into pieces what we want to do is to glue them together geometrically. And what it corresponds in this picture, we just take two copies of this picture and we remove the boundary condition. We make the gauge fields dynamical again on this boundary. We just remove this freezing of the gauge fields at the boundary. So what this corresponds to is simply gauging this flavor symmetry, this GF that I call there. So that's how gluing geometrical gluing of surfaces becomes a gauging of some symmetry. And the symmetry we are gauging eventually we will be doing this procedure in four dimensions but the symmetry which corresponds to these punctures is the five dimensional gauge symmetry. Again it's a little bit confusing but needs to be understood. So you start from 5D gauge theory you freeze this symmetry at the boundaries you get some flavor symmetry and then if you want to get rid of the punctures you make this field dynamical again. So you make AMU, you remove Dirichlet for AMU and also you should remove Dirichlet for all, if you have other fields which have Dirichlet boundary conditions you need to remove Dirichlet boundary conditions for them, you need to introduce some dynamical fields which you have frozen at the boundaries and we will see it in the example of Easterine how it exactly happens. Questions about this? That's right, you just, yes you remove these boundary conditions you make this the things that you have frozen you now integrate all. And again since we have this full 6D in 6D story is complicated to understand because we don't know what the 6D theory is in terms of fields, it's some strongly coupled theory, but this is a theory of fields so when we will further reduce this to 4 dimensions this just will be basically a direct dimensional reduction some kind of a dimensional reduction to 4 dimensions and then again since you gauge this symmetry in 5D you need to gauge it in 4D this is kind of an understanding that you should have yes because we have here a gauge so the question is that that's always this undoing of Dirichlet boundary condition correspond to gauging some symmetries if you have frozen your boundary condition have frozen some gauge fields you need to make them dynamical again so you are gauging them if you know you have some theory without gauge fields and you put some Dirichlet boundary condition you don't need to gauge any symmetric so the question is we have two different theories here there is a 5D theory living here a 5D theory living here there are different 5D theories so what we are doing now when we are gauging these theories we are identifying the gauge field the gauge field at the boundary here the 5D gauge field at the boundary here and another 5D gauge field which lives here we identify them at the boundary this is the continuity you are talking about and we make it dynamical so we are done with these general statements so let me summarize what you need to understand in order to start really understanding compactifications so there are from this discussion there are very little things that you need to know there is there are not many things you need to know of course if you know more things you will be able to say more things in four dimensions but to derive some non-trivial results in four dimensions you basically need to answer several questions you need to take some six dimensional theory anything you want and you need to understand what is the symmetry and what are the anomalies we will soon discuss what anomalies are useful it will be very useful when you go to five dimensions this 6D theory in five dimensions is described by gauge theory so this you need to find so you need to find a 6D theory that upon compactification on a circle is described by fields in terms of Lagrangian by gauge theory with some gauge group G5D gauge and some metal okay and then in five dimensions the moment you understood what the 5D theory is you need to do two things first you need to study domain walls these duality domain walls and second thing you need to study is the boundary conditions so the claim is the moment again you found a 6D theory which has a 5D gauge theory description and you understand about this 5D description these two things you can just do a very simple thing you can take your 6D theory put it on a cylinder turn on some flux okay and then this flux in five dimensions will be engineered let me draw it here by some domain wall so the theory you will get in five dimensions a five dimension theory with a domain wall domain wall corresponds to the flux and then you just reduce it reduce to 4D that's the algorithm how you understand compactifications on a cylinder with flux as simple as that okay and now what we will do we will understand this program in a very particular example and see what are the consequences any questions? how much time do I have? oh so the question was to give more details about reducing this the 5D theory to 4D we are already in 5D so basically you should think of this this is the 5D direction this is the circle is the 6D direction so we are already in 5D so this is the picture we have the boundaries are four dimensional so we are compactifying this direction we are basically getting rid of this size okay and then we are only left with a four dimensional okay so in the five minutes that I have let me start give you basic facts about the Eastring theory and we will continue in one hour with more details so this was very very generic discussion so now I need to show you that it actually works in some examples so the example I have chosen because it's rather beautiful is this example of the Eastring so it's some six dimensional theory and again the only thing you need to know is that about this theory is that you understand we understand now all these pieces here and I will describe them to you now so first of all we know that this theory exists in six dimension and as already mentioned this theory has a very beautiful symmetry which is E8, a huge symmetry and it is E8 another thing you understand is that anomaly polynomial is known took a lot of years to derive this anomaly polynomial in rather sophisticated techniques and it was done very recently by Omori, Shimidzu Tachikawa and Kura so there was a lot of hard work which went into this computation but the bottom line is that we know not just what the symmetry is of this theory but also what are the different Hooft anomalies and we can package this information about Hooft anomalies in what is called anomaly polynomial so we are in six dimensions so anomaly polynomial is some eight form and you need to write the most general eight form that you can think of using all the characteristic classes that you have available for this particular theory and fix the coefficient so I will not try to the anomaly polynomial of this theory it will take the whole blackboard but just to give you a feel of it so there are some numbers that you need to compute and these guys computed them and then there are some characteristic classes that you can have so it looks something like that and plus many, many more terms so these are some characteristic classes that what you need to do to compute the anomalies is to fix these numbers so this task was done we will not discuss it we will just assume it is correct there is always a chance that somebody made a mistake but then you need to find the mistake so these are the two basic things that we know about 6D so this is the 6D part of the story and 5D part of the story is the thing I already told you is that if you take this particular theory this 6D theory and put it on a circle and turn on the polynomial which takes E8 to SO14 times U1 the theory you get in 5D is SU2 theory plus 8 hypers and all of what I said is rather complicated for example you see we have broken here E8 to SO14 times U1 what is the symmetry of the theory we get in 5D you have 8 hypers of SU2 so the symmetry that you get here is SO16 and there is another symmetry which comes from instanton so there is an SO16 times U1 symmetry that you see in 5D so the precise statement is that the SO16 that you see here is kind of accidental it's important that it has this SO14 times U1 group so the SO14 inside SO16 some SO14 inside SO16 is the SO14 that you got from U1 and this U1 which completes the SO14 to SO16 and one of these combinations of the two combinations is related to the KK symmetry to the Kalutza Klein symmetry that you have on a circle and another is this U1 that you want to find so this story this statement by itself is rather non-trivial but from here we can immediately answer one thing that we will have if we will start from 6-dimensional E-string theory and compactify it on a Riemann surface with punctures there are certain punctures which have SU2 flavor symmetry with proper boundary conditions there will be punctures that we will have SU2 flavor symmetry and starting from here we will continue


I can't wait to share with you how I got this look. It is super simple, super easy, and pretty darn fast. So let's get into the tutorial so you can see how I achieved this bronze babe makeover. Hi friends, thanks so much for stopping by. We are featuring Laura Geller. I have a ton of Laura Geller. I have loved Laura Geller for such a long time, but I got away from her for a while. But now that the summer's here, I am trying out her new full coverage foundation that is still the baked powder, and I'm excited to share that with you. Now if you're new to my channel and you've never been here before, or if you just wanna skip over this part, I'm gonna put a timestamp right here where the actual tutorial or the little bronze babe makeover will start right here. Now in my introduction, I always do like to share with you what I am wearing. Today I'm wearing this really fun ribbed shirt and I am in love with it. I love this little, it's got a little like ruffle petal sleeve right here, not petal, ruffle sleeve right here with the elastic. It's ribbed, it's blue, and I think they had just a few other colors. It's very light and it's great for summer. It does run a little bit tight. I would say size up if you like your clothes a little bit looser, but if you like them to be a little bit more form fitting, order what you wear. I did order an extra large. I usually wear a large and I wish that I had ordered a large just so you know that. And then also we always go over what I'm wearing for my earrings. Love these new two-toned little earrings that I got right here. Little filigree drop with the little extra hoop on there. I'm so in love with these and they're really a really good quality without being heavy. I really like that about them. And then of course my necklaces. I did not get these as a set.  They're called something else. Anyway, just a plain gold necklace right here. These are gold plated. And then I did recently show you my new little pinky ring and I actually have gotten two new stackable rings that I'm really excited to have as well. Also, I need to let you know that right here on the screen will come up a number. That number right there will correspond to whatever product I'm showing up. So say it's number three and I'm showing you the Laura Geller Foundation. That, you don't have to remember that this is the foundation. You don't have to remember the color. You just remember number three. Jot it down, go into the description box. Open up the description box. Look for number three. Next to it's gonna be the Laura Geller Foundation with my color and the link so that that's really easy for you to shop. Okay, so now we get to get into the tutorial so that you can see how I got this bronze look today. It's so simple, you're gonna love it. Okay, zooming you in quite a bit. I wanna tell you that I already used the Laura Geller Spackle Skin Perfecting Primer. This is the original in Ethereal Rose. It's really pretty. It's got kind of a soft, almost like a tiny bit of glow to it without any shimmer in it. It's very hydrating. It sinks in very quickly and it doesn't have a lot of dimethicones. So if you're somebody that doesn't really like that slip it really is one that just kind of sinks in and does a really great job. Of course, I'm using my Anastasia Beverly Hills. This is my Rider Di Primer. I'm using a very teeny tiny bit of it. I always prime my eyelids with this because it cancels out all of the discoloration on my eyelid. And also it just really does create the best canvas for any sort of shadow you're gonna put on. It'll make your shadows really pop. I'm also using a Benefit. This is a high brow pencil. Mine is like down to nothing. But because I am not doing a full blown eye shadow look today it's gonna be really natural. I want that brow to really pop. I'm gonna put kind of a big, you know, swath. I guess that's what you call it of that up there on the eye just to give some brightness and some lift right there. And then I'm gonna go in with Laura Gellar's Double-Taked Bake, let's see, the Versatile Powder Foundation. And it's a little bit different because it doesn't have, mine is in medium by the way. It's gonna cover really well, which I love about it because it's a little more full coverage than her original. But it's also going to help me so much since it's been so hot. And it just really, I don't normally wear powder foundation but this is super easy. You don't really have to, you know, worry about it. By the way, this is a BK Beauty brush and I think it is their 105. This is just their big buffer brush and it works perfectly for this. I think I told you guys that this was in medium. So I really have been enjoying this. See, look how dark my arms are compared to my face. So we need to get that face going.  So it really does need a little bit of extra TLC as you're doing your bronze babe look. Really buffing it into the parts where you have a little bit of problems. Like I have a bunch of age spots right through here from sun damage and this just really helps on those areas. The other nice thing about this is it's not going to settle. I haven't found it settling yet because it's fairly light. Even though I look like I'm buffing a lot on, it feels so light because it's a powder. And yet for me, it doesn't really feel like it's drying. So that is a huge thing. Now I did not pick up any of her concealers. If any of you guys have tried her concealers, I did try the one that is a little bit thicker and I really am not a huge fan of it. So if any of you have tried that, well, you let me know and I will try it. I'm going in with my COSIS. This is in 4.5. And yes, it looks like I'm putting a lot on but I didn't dip back down. I have found that doing my concealer like this where I spread it across and now I'm just going to let it sit while I do other things. And while it sits, it just sits down really pretty and I don't have to have that extra layer of color corrector. It's so weird. I just have kind of completely gotten away from the color corrector. This is the ELF Wow Brow and I think this one is in Ashy Browns. I'm not sure. I'm only going to use this today. I'm not going to use any other brow product. I love these little teeny spoolies. My favorite one is from Ulta, but I used that one up and now I'm going to try and use up a few others. Okay, now I'm going to go in with just this mini dampened beauty sponge. This is from a set that I got from Eco Tools of those biodegradable sponges, which I think is so good. So I'm going to go in here and I am just going to pat all of this in now and pay attention. It takes me a while to do this blending part. Not only do I want to bring it out here to lift my eye, but I also want to just really kind of, really give this some extra love because I think this is the area that we get so quick on because who wants to spend a ton of time on their concealer, right? Okay, so now I'm going to use this big kabuki brush that you can get off of Amazon. I will make sure that it's linked below. And I'm using the Laura Geller. This is her baked bronze and brightened. This one is in fair. I'm going to try to stick over here where there's a lot more color because when I bought the fair, I wasn't self tanning again. So I could probably use to go up to medium, but this isn't bad at all. So I'm just going to go up into my hairline and start to bronze everything out. Carve out those cheekbones, bring some of that bronzing down my forehead a little bit. Make sure you go right here on your jawline to define that a little bit. Pull that neck bronzing down to, you know, kind of disguise the little waddle that we get as we get older. This fair color has a little bit of pink in it.  So I do love that about it. You know, I first got into Laura Geller. My goodness, it was probably 20 to 25 years ago. And then, you know, as things come out and, you know, I'm always testing things, I kind of got away from them, but boy, I have just fallen completely head over heels and love with her again. So now I'm going to take the edge of that fan brush with the bronzer again, and I'm going to kind of pinch that just a little bit and I'm going to go into the eye area right there. And I'm going to give that eye just a little bit of bronzing. Now I'm going to go in with, this is a very light color from her. This is considered one of her blush and brightens. However, it's so light that I have to use it as, well, I don't have to. I love to use it as just a highlighter. And it's just one that is really pretty. And I think that it really makes a difference. I will put this onto my cupid's bow a little bit. And I will just pull it across my eyelid just a tiny bit as well. And then I'm going to go in with kind of a bright blush. This is the Sunlit Rose one. I like that because when I'm doing this bronzed look, I do get my makeup to look just a little bit brighter with that color, because it is that a little bit more on the pink side. It does have some gold in it, as you can see, but it's got a lot of pink in it. And I'm a pink person. I mean, pink looks better on me than the oranges and the corals. Now I'm going to take that brush and I'm once again going to run it across my eye just to give some contour and dimension with two different colors. I think that that's a pretty look as well. And then she has her original foundation, but in a glow. And this is the Baked Balance and Glow Foundation. And this one is in medium. And I'm going to actually use this to set my under eyes. This is so close to the ethereal powders that Hourglass has. It doesn't have a lot of glow in it, but it sets down really pretty. And it's not a ton of powder. And I think it's really a beautiful powder to set your makeup down with. I have got the weirdest line on my face right here. It must be a sleeping line. So cute. And then I wish I had some of her eyeliners. I need to order some and try them out, but I didn't. This is from Tarte. It's the double-ended eyeliner. It's got a, if this one isn't brown, by the way, it's got the brown on the one side, which I'm going to just use for the bottom liner. And since I wanted it to be an understated kind of nude look, I'm using what's the L'Oreal, this is their lip liner, and it's called Matt's It. And it's number 110. I did not choose a lipstick because I thought I would just do this. I'm just going to take some of the blush that's in here and I'm just going to pat it across to make it look a little bit like a matte lipstick and tie the whole look together. Great trick for when you're in a pinch and you don't have a color for your lips that matches maybe the look that you're planning on doing. And then I'm just going to take Milani's, keep it full in champagne, and I'm going to pop this in the middle of my lips. I'm going to take the other side of that Tarte liner and I'm going to do my eyeliner and my mascara off camera and I'll be right back. Okay, I lied. I want to show you this mascara. This is from Honest Beauty and I had never seen it before, but it's a dual-ended mascara. And the first side is a primer. I've been working with this for a few days now and I'm really liking it. So the second side is the regular, it is not a natural bristle brush, it is the silicone brush, but it's just a plain brush and it really does help to have that primer on there. I am really enjoying having this. This is one that I was shocked at because I've only tried a couple of things from the Honest Beauty line. I have tried their cream blush, which I like. And this, and I can't remember what the one other product was, it seems like it was an eyeliner and I didn't care for it, but this really gives some pretty lashes and it defines them. So there you go, there's the final look. I got everything on. I really do love this new Honest Mascara. I love that it has the primer built into the tube. I really do like how it separates and holds my curl all day and it doesn't smudge or flake on me. So I've really been enjoying that and I will make sure that I link all of the brushes that I used. I think I only used two brushes, maybe three.  So sign up for her text messages and her emails and you will get in on some really good sales. Most of the time she has 30% off no matter what, which I think is fantastic. And right now I'm going to throw up another video that you can go look at right now. I think I'm gonna put up here some tips and tricks for you guys. You guys love to see those or it might even be a dupe video. Let's do a dupe video right here. I hope everybody is doing really well. Take care of yourselves. I love you so much and I'll catch you in my very next video. Goodbye my friends.


I think one of the main characteristics and good things about this project is the people that we have in here, it's very, there's lots of things to do, lots of complex things that we have to solve every day, but one of the main and important things that make people's days is that we have a really good team and it makes things easier every day. So at the moment I'm working on the Gorgon project which is one of the largest natural resources projects in the world, so it's a very interesting and challenging experience. It's easy to live here because they give you the opportunity to learn and to improve regardless whether you are or not Australian, so that's a fantastic thing. It's something that's very rewarding because you don't feel like you don't belong, you are part of the society and you have the same opportunities that everybody has. It's very simple that you finish your work day and then you can go to the beach because it's very close, so you can just enjoy the day after you finished and just walk by and enjoy it. It makes you relaxed and it helps you to organize your ideas and as well it makes you feel more focused on what you want to do, so I usually try to go there once in a while to get a bit of a clarity on what I'm doing, how's my life going and what I want to do next. This is a great experience where you can learn not only from a professional point of view but also it's a personal experience, it's a great life experience and you will receive lots of things in fact that you never expected. If you can do it, go for it. Living in Australia is really an amazing experience.


Today is the day. It is the big reveal of my version of McCaul's <IP_ADDRESS> that we have been sewing together for the past week. I cannot wait to tell you all about it, but real quick, if you're new here, hi, I'm Lindsay.  Be sure to introduce yourself in the comments so that I can give you a formal welcome. And for everyone watching, be sure to like this video so youtube will know that it is awesome and suggest it to other people. Videos highlighting my makes and sewing pattern reviews go up every single Monday. I have dozens for you to watch already on the channel if you want to binge. So check out the playlist in the top right corner of your screen. It opens in a new tab so you will not lose your place here in this video. All right, let's get into McCaul's <IP_ADDRESS>. The pattern is this really adorable moto jacket. And I know a lot of us pass this one by in the catalog because of the sample version they made. I know they're trying to attract a younger demographic, but this fabric was really alienating to the rest of us. But if you look at the line drawings, you will see that there are some really great details in this jacket. And all things considered, it's a pretty classic design. That's why I'll always show you guys the line drawings and not the sample makes when we vote for our sew along patterns. It is so much easier to see the actual design when you're not distracted by the fabric and the styling and the location. And all of that. The website describes this jacket as a biker style jacket with welt pockets and back shoulder flange. Which is accurate, but only scratches the surface of what this jacket has to offer. In addition to those details, it also has a rolled collar, front and back yoke, asymmetrical zipper, bottom bands and sleeve zipper detail. Sewing this was quite the experience. You guys really know how to pick them. But ultimately, I'm glad you guys chose it for the sew along because there were so many challenging steps. I hope the sew along was able to help you get through them easily and that you love your jacket as much as I love mine. For my jacket, I used a brushed cotton from Joanne. I fell in love with the plaid more than anything. Thinking that the preppy vibe of the fabric juxtaposed with the hard edge detailing of the biker jacket would be a fun pairing. I don't think that biker jackets all have to be some kind of specialty fabric like leather or pleather or suede. I think you can have a lot of fun making them out of, you know, more traditional fabrics like denim and corduroy. Aside from the print, the fabric was really easy to work with. The edges did fray with the slightest bit of handling, especially on bias curves. But I was able to manage it just fine in spite of that. It held up really well to pressing and did not require any special handling or notions. I used a size 80 universal needle throughout. For the lining, I used Joanne's posh lining. It's 100% polyester, but a little more structured than some of the other stuff that they sell. I like it a lot for jackets and coats. I did have to switch to a size 70 universal needle when sewing the lining and probably could have even gone to a size 70 microtex needle. Zippers were just standard polyester zips with plastic teeth, nothing special. I considered metal zippers, but in the end decided that they would be too heavy weight for the fabric. For interfacing, I used ThermoWeb's mid-weight woven. It is a literal dream to work with and I have never had issues with the like outer fabric bubbling or the glue coming undone when I use it. It does not require steam to adhere to the fabric, which prevents a lot of those problems. And it also prevents the interfacing from shrinking up on me during application. If you've never tried ThermoWeb's interfacing before, I've linked it in the description box. It's easier to buy it online from them than it is to find the right stuff in the store. But I think you will love it and maybe never go back to the other stuff. Fitting wise, I didn't make a ton of alterations, but I did shorten it by about two inches all the way around. The way the jacket is drafted, the top of the bottom band would hit at your natural waist. I knew I wanted a crop jacket and this one was going to hit at my high hip, so I took up all the pattern pieces, including the lining to achieve this length. I also shaved off about a quarter of an inch from the shoulder seam at the sleeve side. To reduce some of the ease in the arm side and get kind of a better fit through there. You can learn more about my thought process in fitting this jacket in episode zero of the Sew Along. I've linked it in the top right corner here. So as I was sewing this with you guys, I did uncover some questionable construction choices. The most notable were the neckline stay stitching and also the lack of interfacing in critical areas. So we were not instructed to stay stitch the neckline until we were actually sewing the collar. This means we were handling the neckline through the entire front and back construction before doing anything to prevent those seam lines from stretching out. In the future, I'm going to stay stitch my neckline immediately right after the interfacing goes on before I even sew anything on the jacket. And there were a few areas that were not interfaced that I think should be the bands and the lower sleeves. There are zippers in each of those pieces and I think some interfacing would have gone a long way to reinforcing those seams and preventing any waves or bunching. You can kind of see my hems are just the slightest bit wavy. Obviously, that's also due to the kind of fabric that I use, but a little bit of interfacing there would have really helped no matter what fabric you used. I am not 100% sure if there is another version of this jacket in my future, especially my immediate future, mostly because it was just so much work. But that said, if I do decide that I need another moto jacket, this will be the only pattern I need. It's classic, well constructed and it came together perfectly. I just need to work up the motivation for all the focus that it takes to sew this again. And then maybe. So time heals all wounds. So maybe in a few months or a year or so I will be jonesing for another moto jacket and this will be the one I use. Before I go, I want to take a quick second to thank everyone who sewed along with me this week. These types of videos and series are so much work on my end, but it makes it so worth it when reading your comments and answering your questions. I've seen a lot of progress photos with some gorgeous fabrics and I cannot wait to see how they all come together. Continue to tag me and make your way through your workbook, I cannot wait to see your jackets. I've got a ton of links in the description box, including the pattern and all the supplies I used. I've also linked to my most recent pattern review for the petite stichery rimmy sweater here in the insulate. So if you have not seen that video yet, click on the bottom right of your screen and it will take you right there. But that is going to do it for me today. Thank you so much for watching. I will see you all very soon. Bye.