Why do you think you're clearer on the sun you want to raise than the man you would be? It's the message right here.  Because I just want to build with you. Black girl tell me how you really feel. I want to keep it real with you. I want to live better, eat better. I want to love better, sleep better. Yeah, I want to feel so aligned. I think we are an oversexual culture. I think you can argue, particularly our women. And the only reason I say that, I have a friend of mine, he runs an Instagram page with 640,000 women. Yeah. I'm not a part of that group. No, but what he was telling me was like, when I post some regular posts against engagement, when I post business posts against a little engagement, when I post something about sex, he said the comments, the likes, like it's crazy. Where we're super sexually curious, over sexually inundated, motherfuckers are doubling down on their sex appeal because similar to what you said, subconsciously they might feel like that's the only thing or the best thing that they have to offer. And even to the point where, in your friend's case, she's willing to jeopardize a good man who could potentially be a good father for a man who just pleases her sexually. So why do you think that is?   I don't know, maybe it's the feeling they get. Sometimes that feeling can overpower what they want to feel outside of sex, if that makes sense. Like, a woman wants to feel loved and sometimes men don't know how to properly love them outside of being in that type of environment. Because when you're having sex, it's supposed to be passionate and it's supposed to be like, you're looking in their person's eyes, all of that, and you only feel that at that moment, right? So you get finished, next day comes up, and it's like, you get that cold feeling, again. So it's like, we're only in that magical moment during that time. So women probably have processed of, that's the only time I can feel like I'm getting what I'm supposed to get out of that person during sex. Could be. I don't know. Me personally, like, I'm to the point, I want a connection outside of that. Like, because if we can do that, and if I can roll over whatever the next day and talk to you the next day, like, whatever, then I'm like, what do you get for? Like, you know. You want to know my theory? What's the theory? I think one of the consequences of female empowerment, the sexual revolution, is it's kind of minimized the importance of vetting a man based on his ability to be a potentially good father. As like the main gatekeeper to whether or not I'm gonna have sex with him. But with contraception and condoms and plant bees and all that stuff, now it's just vetting a man for his ability to sexually please me, whatever that might be. And unfortunately, what that ends up being for an uncomfortable number of our women is things that are reminiscent of their trauma.  The type of sex, the roughness and this, this, this and that, it comes from some shit that might have happened to you when you were five. Please don't choke me. No, no, not just, no, not just to choke, but you know what I'm saying? Like, and a lot of those things are being celebrated. And sometimes what separates guy A from guy B might not be something objective like performance, but it actually might be that he reminds you more of the trauma that you're familiar with. And it goes the same for not just, you know, in sex, but in partnership choice. A lot of times we just pick partners that remind us of our neighborhood or remind us of our comfort zone, essentially. So like, how do we move forward from that? Because the other thing I've been telling women is like, y'all have more at stake.  And that's the best, you know, because ultimately, like I say, I say this to women all the time. If you're not willing to potentially die to clone this man, why are you fucking? Because that's what y'all have at stake. Actually, I could run away as a man. One of the things that my cousin told me a long time ago and it stuck with me. It's still to this day, which you were just saying about the baby thing.  Regardless if you married to that person, you're dating that person, whatever the case may be. And that stayed in my mind. And my whole 32 years of life, I'm still sticking by that code. It's fast.  We're having fun. But would you be somebody I would want to share a kid with? Like, even if it was co-parenting? But see, and I take it a step further. And I had an interview with a mom's group the other day. I don't think they liked this at all, what I'm about to say. Okay.   So that child now reminds you. Not just that. Genetically speaking, because we talked about nature versus nurture in the whole night. There's a very high likelihood he's going to be just like his dad. Right. That's what I mean. Just like you. So do you admire this man enough to clone him? Right. See, that's, you know, and we have a lot of people that's like that. You know, I had this child and, you know, and baby, let's just like him and just like him. Never met his dad, but he just be just like him. Tell us. Yeah. All right.   You want to know like why my child is doing it. Swansea. Oh, because this is on your side of the family. You know, I don't even want to bring it. I can't say that because my mama probably watching this and she'll be pissed. But I say it's very important to know, like, regardless of if you're raised biologically by somebody, adopted, whatever, it's important to know all of this. Sickle cell trait. Everything. Bipolar, you know, why, why, why do I have this? Like, you know, it's important to know.  So I'm like, if I'm with you and I'm trying to be rich, I'm going to ask the question, show, does this run in your family? Show, this, this happens in my family, you know? Just so you know, it's not me being funny or whatever. I'm thinking about the next generation. The natural question then becomes why is it that a lot of our women wait until their clock is running out for the ability to even have children to start prioritizing these important things and these important questions?  But that's the thing, you will be able to do that. You know, but women can't do that. So I would think I would hope the female delegation would be a little bit more protective of our younger women and be like, yo, you say, hey, hey, hey. So why is that not the case? Once again, it's the ideal. You know, I see stuff all the time. People be like, um, my child's going to be 15, 16 years old, 17 years old. When I'm this age, wow, y'all people that's awaiting going to be whatever. I think sometimes it's like people have that idea of I need to be at this certain stage by this certain time. And they rush. And when you rush, you don't take your time and do what you're supposed to do. So you just pick in anybody to do it with if that makes sense. Having babies and stuff like that. You just pick anybody. It could be one of the things about, oh, it just happened. But me personally, I'm okay with being 40 years old, taking my child to kindergarten. 45. That's how I feel right now. Like I'm totally okay with that. If I have, like I said, if I do decide to have a child, marry with my partner whoever, if I'm 35, 36, I pray healthy enough to do it, carry the baby. But like I said, if I choose not to do that, then I'm okay with that too. I just don't know. Like, I don't know. I don't know what the reason is. I don't know if it's, it could be one up on somebody, oh, they show baby daddy. Okay. He fed me my baby daddy. Oh, let me have another one. Let me one up on you.  It seems like, I don't know. Are women's standards too high? Because the reason I asked that going back to Kevin Samuels, one of the things he was saying and really critical about was that, you know, you would be married or you would have better outcomes if you weren't, if you didn't have your nose up to good quality men because he wasn't tall enough or he didn't make six figures.  Somewhat, yeah. Going back to me and my best friend, like we have conversations all the time about dating people that were not used to dating. Like, you're, I'm used to dating, not me, like just saying in general. You're used to dating somebody that's six-one, that's Bill, that drives a nice car, has a good job, you know. But where has that gotten you? Versus the man over here who's five-eight, five-nine, you know, he makes decent money, whatever. He don't have a twenty-twenty-two, but he got a twenty-seventeen. And guess what that thing paid off is? Okay, you know. Getting outside that norm. That's where that person is. Because then you're starting to see quality and traits in this person that you haven't quite tapped into because you're so worried about what this person got, makes sense? Okay. Like, damn, I didn't know I, I didn't know I had a thing for it. But because of this person and brought it out, you done missed it because you're so worried about this person. So, you know, I hope you're successful in your pursuit for Boaz. There might be a title, too. But, um... She would ask, she would ask.  Describe in as much detail as you can the type of son that you want to raise. Um, a respectful son, loving. I want my baby to know he was made out of love. Not just your hair, just because you're here. You were made out of love. Um, I want to raise a son who's not afraid to show his emotions. Tell me what's going on, what happened. Who did it, you know? I don't want him to be afraid of anything, anybody.  It's crazy because, more, I think about him like, dang, I could really be raising a man like that. Um, I just, I want to raise a son that's like, he would know the type of environment he grew up in, parents wise. Um, that he's loved, that love is in the home. Um, like I said, to be respectful. Um, to be goal-driven. Um, to be aware of surroundings. Um, I don't know. I can, I can do that. I can put that into him. He has to take it in though. Why do you think you're clearer on the son you want to raise than the man you would be? Because I think I know that, there will be something that's coming from me. I have a part in it too. You said versus the man that I would want to be. Oh, because it's coming from me too. Like, that's the man that I want to be like, that's, that would just be that. But the son that I would want to raise, I know that some of my characteristics and traits that's in that too. That makes sense. It makes sense. And, you know, the reason I asked that particular question is because, um, I'm curious to see if there is consistency between the hypothetical man you would be, the men that you've been in fellowship with and the son that you'd raise. That should be the same guy. It should be. However, I didn't raise the man that I would want, right? So it may be some stuff in there, trickling along that I don't know anything about. I may not ever see it. It may not ever come out or it may come out at a time that I'm like, whoa, but my son, hopefully I would be able to be there for every little thing that happens at transpire. The man that you're asking me about, I don't know what that man has experienced in his past. There should be some foundationary principles, you know? So even if he's experienced some stuff, there should still be, you know, he's punctual. That's something you mentioned that's important to you. Oh, yes, Lord. That'd make you, whoof! Sorry, why are you late? Like, you know this yesterday, we was going to be doing this, like, yeah. Well, it's all I have for you. Really? That's it. That's it? That's it. I need a grill. No, it's not a grilling. That's not my ministry. I don't grill.


I was in UK for two months and I didn't know that there was a water problem and I came home three, four days ago and my sister told me that she told me don't use the shower, use the bucket of water. Tamil Nadu and its capital city are struggling to meet the water demand of its citizens. Bengaluru once called the city of lakes is expected to become the next city to run dry. The Indian farmer they say is born in debt, lives in debt and dies in debt. The rivers in India are in a serious condition. Almost seven months in a year, Kaveri doesn't reach the ocean, it dries up. Today it is 46% less than what it was 40 years ago. Your children or maybe their children will not know what is Kaveri. The biggest concern is not even water, the biggest concern is soil. India has 160 million hectares of arable land. Of this 104 million hectares of arable land is under distress, soil distress. This means this country is going to have serious problems about growing food in the next 15 to 25 years. There is not enough organic content means you can't hold water. 96% of our rivers flow only with rain water. If you have vegetation, our ability to hold the rain water is enhanced. For the last 30 years we have been using the remote sensing satellites to look at why on our land we are not able to keep that water. There is a close connection between the trees and the ability to keep our water for our use. The land is very fast becoming sad. So with more and more pre-covers, more humors will go into the soil and increase the organic content of the soil. Increasing the forest cover is out of question with the kind of population pressure we have to the only ways to transit them into agroforestry. We have converted literally over 69,670 farmers in Tamil Nadu. Their incomes have gone up 5 to 10 times in a matter of 8 to 10 years. Making the farmers to switch over to horticultural crops or tree crops, which will allow rain water to go down into the subsurface system, will actually make fresh water available to the people. It could revitalize the entire farm-level economy and reduce significantly the kind of economic distress that today's the majority of horticultural households are facing. Right now in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka we are launching what's called as Kaveri calling. We want to convert one-third of the Kaveri basin into agroforestry. We are looking at planting 242 crore trees. This is not that we are going to plant everything. The farmers will do it in their land. All that government needs to do is give an incentive. So to see that this is facilitated in the initial stages at least, we are in the process of creating large tracts of land to raise saplings. So we are asking the public crowd sourcing the fund, forty-two rupees is one sapling. So this needs to be facilitated. If you do this, the 46% depletion that's happened in the river waters will come back. River will flow once again. Farmers will be rich and well to do. We have a board of people responsible board. This entire Kaveri calling fund is going to be managed by an internationally reputed auditing firm under the edges of this board. And we are also bringing in few more people from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to be a part of this management. This project is called Kaveri Calling because she's been calling. Can you hear is the question? Kaveri is calling.


So yeah, I've always had a passion with the water. I've always lived on the coast. I loved scuba diving for the first time. It was amazing, very surreal. It's just the colors and all the creatures, the corals, everything's amazing under there. So yeah, high school, I didn't go very well. I've gone into the workforce in an apprenticeship as a mechanic. In about halfway through that, I ended up going up to the Great Barrier Reef and doing scuba diving and from there, I kind of got a passion or reunited a passion for the marine environment and I was kind of at the point where I was like, I might test this out. I'm young enough still to test it as a career pathway. So I enrolled myself into uni and now I'm a part of the New Condo Plane Scholarship. So I'm currently studying a Bachelor of Marine Science and Management at Southern Cross University. This here is one of the campuses that costs half of the Marine Science Centre and it's where, part of my degree, I get to do my last year here and we're focusing a lot more on your practical skills, a lot of the marine environment. So I chose to study in the Pacific for the New Colombo Plane Scholarship because I have Vanuatu Heritage, part of the islands out there. So it was really important to try and get that cultural experience for me, for my personal development, but also to learn a bit more about coals. So first arriving in Fiji was a bit of a cultural shock. I expected to be a lot more laid back, but because I arrived in Suva, the capital of Fiji, everything was hectic there. There was lots of buses and taxis, people peeping their horns at each other. Getting used to that was a bit of a big step. So both Fijians, they're very welcoming and I invite you to play sport with them. I'll invite you back to their villages to have dinner with their family. They're very, I like getting people involved, making it sort of a family environment. So that was quite interesting and exciting. So I chose the University of South Pacific to try and get a bit more out of my comfort zone. But the most valuable thing is learning about it from a different perspective. You're not going to get that from just staying at one university in one country. So a lot of my career goals are aiming at doing research. So doing my PhD and trying to do a lot of coral research and hopefully make a mark on what's happening with corals. So I'll be interning with Reef Explorer on the Coal Coast of Fiji. So part of that will be doing research as part of uni as well. So I'll be researching possibly the larval stages of coral and the spawning. And I'll also be looking at impacts of coral restoration on fish communities. Yeah, I'm very excited about the research. Like I've always wanted to do research. I never thought I was smart enough to do research, but here I am now. I'm about to do it. Scholarship just keeps opening doors that you don't even know is there really. I applied to getting the scholarship. I was currently only one real pathway for me. Right now I've got the scholarship. There's just been a lot more doors open, especially internationally. So yeah, I want to use my success as a new one-boat plan scholar and as a researcher to help motivate young Indigenous kids to follow their passions. Even though they don't think they're smart enough or got grades. If they push themselves, there's always other doorways they can access. Hopefully strive to achieve themselves.


Mmm, dun-dun. It's good to hear that theme song back so much Yeah, Star Wars Hey guys, this is my review for the first four episodes of Mandalorian season two I'm really slow to catch up and the first episode after finishing it I was like maybe I'll review it I'll just watch the second one just to be sure and then before I knew it was at the end of the fourth episode So I'm just gonna do the first four so far this season's production value somehow got even Better than the first one. It's quite amazing to see a television show just have more Star Wars flavor appeal and obvious love for the genre that it is in then the big high-budget Movies that Disney produced at least in the last two so it's kind of surprising just to see how fun This is it really kind of takes the bad taste out of your mouth Especially from rise a Skywalker and I think that was why I was so hesitant to watch it because I was still on that train of From that film this story is following the Mando as he's trying to find where the child should go He's trying to find Jedi other beings like him all the while He's going on these different little adventures in each episode and this season really follows so far the layout of a video game And the terms of hey, you've got to go here once he gets there It's like hey, I'm looking for someone well I think I know the idea you're thinking of but you need to help me with something so he's just on this internal Side-quest array before you can actually get to the main quest funny enough though that actually doesn't bother me It's very akin to that of the Clone Wars animated series in terms of each story Was a one-off, but they were always fun and every Story in the first four episodes is fun I loved seeing Timothy Oliphant as what you thought was Boba Fett and Him taking on that that's our like King or the whatever the big giant snake thingy That was awesome in the production value of that was incredible I couldn't believe how good the creature looked and when they started flying and shooting at it I thought holy crap this just keeps getting better in the second episode where they go into that ice planet There was such a great space chase followed by a fantastic battle of weird cosmic spider things which creeped the shed out of me But it was super super cool And then the third episode where they meet Bo Katan from the Clone Wars series again played by Katie Stack off and I like how that episode also talked a little bit more about the division of the Mandalorian creed and how There are some who follow the very very old ways Whereas she is actually the kind of the heir to the throne of Mandalore and she's trying to get it back But she also has adjusted to times There's also that really great Fight scene on the spaceship and the the Titus actor the guy from Bosque He's just in it for well like 10 minutes, but he's still a pretty cool villain in that episode Everything is so fun. And then the fourth episode that was directed by Carl Weathers so Bizarrely weirded out that Carl Weathers directed that episode It does explain why so much of it is on him through that whole chase scene And I do like how there's mystery in each episode the theme song is Continuously overplayed, but it doesn't matter because it's such a good theme song I feel that this is just the start of something great like they have Touched on the story just so lightly that you are still engaged But enough that there's still so much mystery to be had with this season and I enjoy it so much I think that it definitely has a much faster pace than that of the first season It doesn't have as much of a build-up as like a heavy story influence as the first season did but Again, they're going off of what Dave Fionni helped make so Prominent with the Clone Wars in terms of how the stories are structured just fantastic Fantastic dedication and love to what Star Wars is. I'm actually enjoying the episodes immensely There's so many different internet memes that were coming at me the guy in the hallway Yoda eating the eggs which by the way, what what was the rage about that?  We can disassociate from that, right? It's a joke. It's supposed to be a joke. How did any of you get triggered by that?  Why don't you get mad about that? But so far I would definitely say that Mando season 2 is looking to be a better Version of season 1 while the story again is not as heavy so far. It's just Tapping in to that Star Wars lore so hard. It's even tapping into Legends and then the freaking bombshell that they drop at the end of the first episode such a cool Easter egg while I think it's probably who I think it is. It could also be someone else It could be someone else from the Clone Wars maybe I don't think so but There I'm leaving it open to interpretation. I'm willing to be surprised But out of the way, I would definitely say that the first four episodes of Mandalorian are fantastic so far They're all Solid five out of sevens. I guess if I were to say anything five six out of sevens. They're just very enjoyable the production value is Incredible the action is very very good. The pacing throughout every episode is pretty fun It's just a very very enjoyable Star Wars experience and that's something that we haven't had in a while So I would definitely say check it out and then like, you know cool down on the egg then I guess anyways guys It's all for me. I hope you enjoyed this video I will start to review each individual episode from here on out because this is gonna be fun I kind of want to watch Supernatural out of my mouth. Anyways, that's all for me guys I hope you enjoyed this video. See you guys next time. Thanks for watching the video My name is Nits and you might remember me from the animated cult classic TV show undergrads It's been a while, but I'm happy to say the click is finally getting back together in an all-new movie Thanks to a successful Kickstarter campaign But we are still asking for your support to see any and all updates about the upcoming undergrads movie Be sure to check out and like the bring back undergrads Facebook page and with any luck. We'll see you guys soon


So, we have so far been discussing the physics of electric field in a dielectric medium. And with this lecture today, we will be completing our discussion on electrostatics. And I wish to briefly remind you about what we are doing in the last lecture. We had talked about polarization. If you recall, we define polarization as the dipole moment per unit volume of a material. Now, what we had seen is that when I have a polarized medium, there are charges which we have been calling as the bound charge which are there. And these are not fictitious charges, but these are charges which arise because an external electric field might separate the positive and the negative charge centers. It might also arise because the molecule has a permanent dipole moment, so that there are positive and negative charges. And we have seen that how these could be aligned so as to produce a surface charge or even a bound charge density within the volume. And what we had seen is that the surface charge density of these bound charges is essentially given by the normal component of the polarization vector. And the bound charge density is given by negative divergence of the polarization vector. So, when you describe a dielectric medium, you have to talk about two types of charges, charge densities, one charge density on the surface and the other charge density which we call as the volume charge density. Now, let us look at what this does to our Maxwell's equation. If you recall, we had seen that the divergence of the electric field is given by rho by epsilon 0, where rho is the charge density. Now, when we are talking about a dielectric medium, the charge density has two components. There is a free components which are the type of charges we had seen when we are talking about electrostatics in a vacuum. And now there are these new charges which are the bound charges. And since rho is the net volume charge density, what I have is that the divergence of the electric field is given by rho free plus rho bound divided by epsilon 0. Now, it is sometimes convenient to define a vector called the displacement vector or most physicists and electrical engineers prefer to call them just by vector D. The vector D as we had seen is defined as epsilon 0 times the electric field E plus P. And this E is the net electric field on at whatever location you are talking about. Now, let us look at what this vector D represents. Now, if you take the divergence of D, you notice that del dot of P then becomes epsilon 0, I am assuming epsilon 0 is constant. So, del dot of a constant time and electric field, so epsilon 0 del dot E, which is nothing but this rho by epsilon 0 plus del dot P which is minus the rho bound. Now, when you add them up the bound charge density is cancel out and you are left with del dot of D equal to rho free. So, in other words D is a vector which arises out of if you could imagine that the real charges could be separated from the bound charges in a medium, then the electric field for which the responsible agent is or the actual free charges and that gives rise to the displacement vector D. Now, recall that there is a difference in the dimensions of the two in the sense D and E they do not have the same dimension. And so therefore, del dot of D instead of being like electric field rho by epsilon 0 it is actually rho free and where rho free is the real free charge densities in the medium. Now, just as using the del dot of E equal to rho by epsilon 0 could be converted into the integral form of the Maxwell's equation E dot d s equal to total charge enclosed by epsilon 0. You can use the same thing here and get that the surface integral of the displacement vector D dot d s is just the free charges enclosed within that surface. And notice that there is no epsilon 0 on the other side, so it is just the total free charge that is enclosed. Now, this is the integral form of the Gauss's theorem for in general case whether there are there are a directed medium or not if it is not there then of course, we know that D and E are simply related. Now, the other problem which we started talking about last time, but did not have time to complete I will briefly sketch and this was I have put a uniformly polarized sphere in an external uniform electric field which is acting in the z direction. So, the electric field at far distances is E 0 times z which obviously, has arisen from an external potential v phi external equal to minus E 0 r cos theta. We have assumed that the problem has azimuthal symmetry, so that only the theta cosine theta is there. Now, we had seen earlier that when you write down a potential you can do an expansion in what we call as Legendre associated Legendre polynomials which are basically expansions in powers of cosine of theta. Now, in this case what we have is that external electric field being E 0 the external field potential at large distances is minus E 0 r cos theta. So, notice that whatever general form of the Legendre polynomial I write that has to be such that that at r as r goes to infinity namely at large distances it must give me minus E 0 r cos theta which implies that when I write down the potential expression in terms of the Legendre polynomial I only need to retain powers of cosine theta and not powers of higher order cosine theta cosine 2 theta 3 theta etcetera.  Now, inside the dielectric I obviously cannot write anything which has a power of 1 over r because inside the dielectric the origin is included. So, as a result the potential inside the dielectric is a 2 r cos theta and nothing else because I need up to cos theta, but I cannot I do not have 1 over r or any of its power because then at r equal to 0 the fields would diverge. So, these these have been the basic points which enabled us to write down the 2 potential expressions. Having done that what we notice is that since the potential form at large distances minus e 0 r cos theta if you compare these 2 expressions namely phi 1 with phi external this tells me that a 1 must be equal to minus e 0. Likewise I have the following thing that since the potential is continuous on the surface of this sphere irrespective of whatever value of cosine theta we take these 2 expressions these 2 expressions must become equal when I put r is equal to a at any theta. So, that theta will cancel out and I will be left with a 1 which is minus e 0. So, minus e 0 a plus b 1 by a square equal to a 2 times a that tells me a 2 is minus e 0 plus b 1 by a cube. So, I have got these 2 expressions and let us now try to find out these remaining constants I have already found a 1 I need to find b 1 as well as a 2 the. So, there are 2 conditions which we need to talk about on the surfaces we have no free charges. So, that tells me that the normal component of the d field is continuous and let us use them to find out our remaining constant. So, therefore, normal component of the electric field is minus e 0 because the dielectric function outside the medium is e 0 the vacuum permittivity and this times d phi 1 by d r that is the normal component at r is equal to a and that must be equal to the from the side of the sphere. So, it should be d phi 2 divided by d r. Now, recall that I already have an expression for e 1 and e 2 just to recall for you my e 1 is this expression which is the phi 1 is this expression a 1 r cos theta plus b 1 by this. So, therefore, if I differentiate with respect to this I am getting minus epsilon 0 a 1 plus epsilon 0 differentiation of that b 1 by r square that gives me 2 b 1 by r cube and since I am putting r is equal to a that is by a cube and that is equal to minus epsilon and d phi 2 by this the d r which is equal to a 2 and that gives me that recall that a 1 is e 0. So, I get a 2 is equal to minus. So, there is a minus there. So, I have got a a 2 this e 2 a 2 is equal to a 1 which is minus e 0. So, minus epsilon 0 by epsilon e 0 and then I have got a minus epsilon 0 by epsilon again 2 b 1 by a cube. So, that is one relation and therefore, it tells me if I connect this with the previous expression that I had given you and that was a 2 was equal to minus e 0 plus b 1 divided by a cube. Now, I need to equate these two and if I equate these two I get immediately an expression for b 1. You can immediately do this rather trivial arithmetic and what I get is b 1 is equal to epsilon 0 a cube times epsilon minus epsilon 0 divided by epsilon plus 2 epsilon 0. Well basically I am equating these two terms and just doing a simplification. Remember the definition of the dielectric constant which is basically epsilon by epsilon 0. So, I can rewrite this expression in terms of the dielectric constant as well which will be e 0 a cube and dielectric constant kappa minus 1 divided by kappa plus 2. And if you now plug it in into this expression for a 2 you will find a 2 is equal to which is minus e 0 plus b 1 by a cube just put the b 1 into this expression you get this is equal to minus 3 times e 0 divided by kappa plus 2 times well that is it and that tells me that the function the potential phi 2 which is equal to a 2 r cos theta which is simply given by minus 3 a 0 by kappa plus 2 r cos theta. And so this is my potential and the corresponding internal electric field is simply dividing this by taking d by d z of this and which will be simply given by 3 e 0 by kappa plus 2 as is written here. So, what is the effect what does it all mean? Notice that we said there is an external electric field which is uniform given by e 0, but when we calculated the electric field we found that it is given by e which was minus 3 e 0 by kappa plus 2. So, what it means is there is a reduction of the strength of the electric field by an amount e 0 minus e which is e 0 minus the value of e that we just now calculated which is 3 times e 0 by kappa plus 2 which is equal to kappa minus 1 by kappa plus 2 times e 0 kappa is the dielectric constant.  Now, what I want to do is to relate this to a field produced by a dipole. If you recall that the field of a dipole which is located at the origin and if you want to calculate the field on the equatorial surface if you like it is given by p by 4 pi epsilon 0 a cube. So, what we are trying to say is this? What is this equivalent dipole? Remember we have just now calculated the reduction in the field that is the additional field that is produced by the because of the fact that I have a dielectric medium is given by kappa minus 1 by kappa plus 2 into e 0. So, what is the effective? What is the effective dipole moment? Now, you have seen that the electric field on the equatorial surface due to a dipole of strength p is given by p divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 a cube. So, therefore, by effective p strength of the dipole is given by 4 pi epsilon 0 a cube times this reduction that has been produced namely kappa minus 1 by kappa plus 2 into e 0 and this time let me put a direction namely the unit vector z. Remember again that the polarization vector p is dipole moment per unit volume. So, it is p divided by 4 pi by 3 a cube which is the volume of the sphere and therefore, this is equal to 3 epsilon 0 kappa minus 1 by kappa plus 2 times e 0 times z. So, therefore, the field in the dielectric is given by which we had seen is given by minus kappa minus 1 by kappa plus 2 into e 0. If you now relate this to the dipole the polarization vector that we have produced that is simply equal to minus p by 3 epsilon 0 should be minus p by 3 n and epsilon 0 should be p by 3 epsilon 0. So, look at the picture of the electric field that is there at large distances I expect the electric field to be parallel to the z direction and so notice that the field lines come and sort of approach from the side this side. So, obviously, this edge is going to become positive and the field sort of go like this and the field inside is uniform. So, we are talking about the reduction in field due to polarization let us look at that little more. Suppose, I take a point charge in an infinite isotropic dielectric having a permittivity epsilon and let me put. So, which means I am considering a huge sphere of some radius let me put a charge q at the origin and clearly by symmetry the electric field must be radial and symmetric and by Gauss's law I know that 4 pi r square times d must be equal to the charge that is enclosed and the only free charge is q which tells me that the d is q by 4 pi r square times the unit radial vector and since the dielectric is uniform the electric field vector E is just d by epsilon. So, which is 4 pi by epsilon r square r remember that when we had empty space it was essentially the identical expression accepting for the fact that instead of the epsilon in the denominator I had an epsilon 0 in the denominator for E. So, which means the electric field is actually reduced because epsilon is greater than epsilon 0 it is actually reduced by a factor which is epsilon by epsilon 0 namely by the dielectric constant. So, dielectric constant is essentially a measure of the reduction the factor by which the electric field is reduced inside and I must qualify a linear dielectric medium if it is not linear then of course, we have to worry about that what it does, but nevertheless qualitatively that is what a dielectric function of the medium if you want to say it is not constant, but it is a function. So, this gives me the effective factor by which the strength of the electric field gets reduced because of the polarization of the medium. Now, so let us look at that what happens to what is my polarization now. So, polarization vector then which is D minus epsilon 0 E which is epsilon minus epsilon 0 times E and that is simply given by this expression that is I have simply replaced for the electric vector the q by 4 pi r square etcetera. And so this gives me kappa minus 1 by kappa times q by 4 pi r square because the electric field is 1 over 4 pi epsilon r square and epsilon by epsilon 0 is my kappa. So, therefore, if I now look at a spherical if you like Gaussian volume now the polarization is given by this. So, I can calculate how much is the bound charge in that medium because bound charge is minus the divergence of P and P we have just now seen remember most of these are constant. So, they will come out. So, P is kappa minus 1 by kappa and q by 4 pi r square also I will bring it out 4 pi I will bring it out and left with minus del dot of unit vector r by r square which means del dot of r by r cube. This I can easily calculate because it is divergence of a vector multiplied by a scalar. So, I must have this I am just calculating this I must have gradient of 1 over r cube dot with r plus 1 over r cube times del dot of r. Remember that divergence of a scalar times a vector is grads of a scalar dotted with that vector plus that scalar multiplied by the divergence of that vector. And this is minus 3 by r to the power 4 dot r vector and if you recall del dot of r is just 3. So, therefore, it is 3 by r cube and this is of course there should have been a unit vector r here. So, therefore, this is exactly equal to this vector r dotted with r is just r r by r 4th is r cube. So, this is equal to 0. So, therefore, the volume bound charge in density is 0. So, what am I left with the only thing that I can have now will be the surface charge density. Now, the surface charge density we have seen is p dot n you remember that I have a sphere, but then the dielectric medium is inside the sphere and the. So, surface normal is not along outward radial, but along inward radial. So, therefore, it is minus p dot r and this is equal to minus well p dot unit vector r. So, therefore, it is kappa minus 1 divided by kappa times q by 4 pi r square. So, this sphere dielectric sphere that I have got with a charge inside does not have any volume charge density, but has a surface charge density given by this. Which means that there is a net surface charge which is included which is which appears on the surface of the sphere and this is simply obtained by multiplying this with the radius of the sphere namely with 4 pi r square which is which gives me simply minus kappa minus 1 by kappa times q. This is a negative quantity because kappa is greater than 1 which tells me that the effective charge in the of this situation is my charge which I put in. So, let me call it q effective. The charge that I have put in plus the bound charge which is negative which is simply equal to q by kappa. Now, this again emphasizes the point that I was making that the effect of a dielectric is to provide a measure of the factor by which the electric field strength is decrease or decreases. Now, this tells me that the you can also look at it another way by saying that this means that the though you have charged a put a charge q, but real charge q the effective charge which a test charge you will experience is as if there was a reduced amount of charge namely q by kappa. Just to continue with the same application let us consider a this is a situation which is known to you from school that is what happens when you put a dielectric inside a parallel plate capacitor. So, basically you are aware that what happens is the capacitance increases, but let us look at it from our new you know whatever we have learnt now. So, what we say is this we have just now agreed that if you put a dielectric inside a capacitor or in any medium the electric field inside will be reduced due to the polarization of the medium. Now, what I have done here is to have a parallel plate capacitor with a charge plus q on the left hand side and a minus q on the right hand side.   Now, remember the d field is easy because I know that there is real charge on the parallel plates capacitors in this case I have taken my Gaussian volume which is a rectangular parallel pipe to be enclosed about the negative plate. So, d dot s and if the area is a which is equal to d times a a is the area of one of the surfaces and that amount that is enclosed is nothing, but the amount of charge q on an area a of the capacitor plate. So, d times a is equal to q and so therefore, d is equal to your q and just I have emphasized q free by a. So, these are the free charges which are in the capacitor plate and in the next expression what I have done is to write this d as a form of a vector. Remember the magnitude of d we have calculated here is q free q free is the same as this q that I have written on by a I have put a minus sign because the dielectric medium is to the left of this and this is the outward normal is n. So, the n on the inside will be minus of this and so therefore, the electric displacement vector is given by q f by a n and the electric field is d by epsilon which is then given by minus q f by epsilon a n. Now, I can calculate how much is the potential difference from the electric field which is nothing, but multiplying the magnitude of the electric field with the distance between the plates and this gives me that remember this was my definition of q by c. So, if you now do that multiply this expression with d you find that the capacitance expression is given by kappa times a epsilon 0 divided by d. So, it tells me the effect of a dielectric is to increase the capacitance of parallel plate capacitance. Now, let me slightly shift to another important point. Now, let us suppose that I am looking at a dielectric medium and consider them as a collection of molecules and let us suppose that there is a field in which all these are n which I am going to call as the macroscopic field. Now, if you consider a gas collection of gas the molecules of the gas are well separated. So, I assume that when a collection of molecules is put in a electric field the each molecule experiences an electric field at its site which is equal to the average macroscopic field that is there in the medium. Now, you see if you are considering a gas where the molecules are well separated the there is this is a very good description because the average macroscopic field which is felt is can be considered as e and how much is that remember that the polarization it can be written as epsilon 0 chi e which is the susceptibility times the electric field and e is the macroscopic field. Now, if you consider however a dense medium where the molecules are packed close then if you consider a particular molecule then the electrons in the vicinity of that molecule they will be polarized of course and they are responsible for producing what we can call as a local field at the location of the molecule which we are considering. So, as a result what will happen is that the. So, number 1 the applied electric field changes as the charge distribution. So, this will mean that these will polarize the molecules that will there and now when I am considering a particular atom it will see now a local field and this local field that it sees will be written as the dipole moment is equal to alpha times the local field. We assume that the dipole the amount of polarization is linear in the field and this alpha is known as the atomic polarizability and I know that the dipole moment per unit volume is my polarization p. So, I have multiplied this with the density. So, therefore, the polarization p is given by n alpha times e local, but there is small problem. So, I have considered what the neighbouring atoms do, but I know that an atom cannot exert a force on itself. So, therefore, I must subtract I must subtract from the average field the field due to the atom. So, if I consider my atom to have a typical volume 1 over n then the at the electric field at the due to the atom is minus p by 3 epsilon 0 which is minus n p by 3 epsilon 0. So, therefore, the local field is not e, but e minus the e atom. So, which is given by e plus n p by 3 epsilon 0 and I know that induced dipole moment is proportional to the local field. So, therefore, I can write this p as this. Now, I can do a bit of an algebra and the algebra is this that p if you recall is epsilon 0 times susceptibility times e which is epsilon 0 kappa minus 1 times e. So, local field is e plus p by 3 epsilon 0 which is e plus kappa minus 1 by 3 e which is this expression substituted add it up it becomes kappa plus 2 by 3 e and how much is p? p is n alpha times e local. So, just write down this n alpha times k plus 2 by 3 times e and that is equal to this expression because these are just two different ways of writing. And so, if you do that that gives you an expression for the atomic polarizability which is n alpha equal to 3 epsilon 0 kappa minus 1 by kappa plus 2 what is this relation? Notice this is relating the atomic polarizability with the dielectric constant of the medium. The dielectric constant of the medium is more an average thing because we have said it is an average effect, but what does it actually do to an atomic polarizability and this relationship is known as Clausius-Masuti relation. We will bring this discussion of electrostatics to a close with a discussion on what happens to the energy of the charge distribution. If you recall the energy of the charge distribution when we work it out for the case of free space that is I have a collection of charges. What we did is to assume that initially my charges were at infinity and I bought charges first I brought one charge put it somewhere said no work. Next time I bring in a charge they I have to do some work because the charge which has already been there has established a potential I have to bring this additional charge in the field of that potential. So, as a result I assembled the charge distribution bit by bit and I will not go through the same argument again, but if you recall we had shown that the work done which is stored as the energy of the electrostatic field in case of vacuum was given by 1 over 2 integral of rho x which is the density at the point x times the potential at the point x d cube x. Now, it is not very clear that you can use this expression when you have a polarized medium a dielectric medium because in case of a dielectric supposing I am assembling the charges bit by bit the work that needs to be done in addition to putting the charge wherever it should be that is locating the charge bringing them from infinity and putting them in their place. I also need to do or take account of some amount of work to be done in polarizing the medium because I have to produce certain amount of a state of polarization of the medium. Now, what do I do now let us suppose let me give you a general expression suppose I have a charge density distribution already established I have a dielectric medium and how it has been established let us not go into at this moment. Now, suppose I have a charge density rho now let us say that my charge density rho changes by an amount delta rho. So, rho goes to rho plus delta rho now the amount of charge density changes slightly phi of x is the potential due to charge density which has already been established remember that as I am bringing in a bit of charge I do not assume that the potential has already adjusted itself. Now, so therefore, the if phi of x is the potential due to already existing charge then what I have is this let us look at I know that del dot of d is equal to rho. So, therefore, my delta rho is del dot of delta d. So, which means that the work that I am doing I have an additional work is necessary now and that is given by how much is the additional work let us look at that this will be integral. Now, you have to be careful let me first write down the expression e dot del dot of delta d d cube x how do I get this expression let me let me come back to this firstly you notice that I am now doing an additional work in changing the density charge density from rho to delta rho. So, therefore, my delta rho delta w is integral delta rho phi of x d cube x why is there phi factor of half missing here the reason is if you recall what is the origin of this factor of half the factor of half was introduced because that. So, that I do not do a double counting between charge number 1 and charge number 2 in this case I am simply bringing in a charge additional charge delta rho. So, therefore, how much work is done now this is nothing but this delta rho we have seen is del dot delta d times phi of x d cube x now I can simplify this by doing an integration by parts. So, delta w is equal to remember I have got here delta divergence of delta d phi x d cube x. So, what is my integration my integration will be let me show both of them together my integration will be integral of this part which is nothing but the. So, I will do this phi of x times the integral of this part. So, therefore, I will write this as phi of x delta d now in some limits the limits will be you know the you are bringing things from large distances. So, therefore, I know that the potential has to become 0 at large distances. Now, minus integral of integral of the first part which is delta d times the gradient of phi, but minus this minus which is there and the gradient of phi will give me an electric field E. So, this minus will become plus and I will be left with d cube x. So, this is the expression that I get this term will vanish this term will vanish because my fields at large distances they are 0. So, this is my delta w which is integral delta d dot E d cube x. So, what is my total energy? So, my total energy E would be now remember that this is a small displacement vector that I have produced and in principle what I require then is to bring from 0 that is when I did not have any charges to the state which actually exists. In other words I need d cube x integral and this delta d should go from 0 to its full value which means 0 to vector d and I have got if you like E dot delta d. Now, this is actually the correct expression for calculating the energy of the electrostatic field is not a very easy expression to calculate. However, if you take a linear dielectric then I can write remember linear dielectric means E and d are linear I can then write E dot delta d as equal to half of delta of E dot d because E and d are parallel to each other. So, d is some epsilon E which is epsilon times E square and so differentiation of E square gives me the factor of 2 that is why this factor of 2 is there. So, this then would give me then this integration is easier because it is no longer E dot delta d, but it is delta of E dot d and you can now do that integration and get w as equal to half of integral of E dot E d cube x E dot d d cube x. Now, notice this expression w is equal to E dot d d cube x which appears with a slight mistake on this is the expression from which you can get back the original form of integral rho x phi x d cube x half of that, but in getting there you need to assume that my dielectric is linear. If the dielectric is not linear then the right expression is this and the reason is that as you are bringing in charges as the medium it getting polarized there is some history which is being built up and this effect is known as a hysteresis effect. This is this is included here in this expression certain amount of hysteresis is included. So, this expression is valid for a linear dielectric this is of course, always valid and starting with this expression I can go back to the other expression that we have talked about. So, all these days we have been talking about the physics behind electrostatics that is primarily a discussion of the electric field and its effects when we consider static charges. The only thing that is important to realize is that static charges can give many many effects last few lectures we have been talking about the medium how it is affected you know it medium gets polarized and so far we have been talking about static effect of charges. In the second part of our talk which will begin from the next module we will be talking about what happens when these charges are allowed to move and that will open up another part of electromagnetic phenomena that we have so far not touched.


Democracy. Of course, democracy as a political system, I think, has its origin in ancient Greece, particularly in Athens, where some of the citizens could vote on political decisions. Democracy is the idea that we vote on stuff, that the majority dictates the outcome. Curell, thank you. I'm not sure how much money that is, but it's got that kind of a color that suggests it's not in a significant amount. So thank you. He writes, Richard Wolff is a six-man, excellent debate you're on. Thank you. Democracy is the idea that the majority rules, the majority's decisions as voted on are what should guide political or other decisions. It is the elevation of the majority as the unit of decision-making, of the unit of what do you call it, power. It has no respect for individual rights. It has no respect for the individual, whatever the majority decides, the majority decides. And it's interesting that people on the left love democracy on economic issues. They want democracy in the corporation. They want democracy in politics. They want as broad a democracy as possible in politics over economic issues only. But the fact is that when it comes to, let's say, issues that they're passionate about, abortion, some of them free speech, they're not interested. They don't want democracy to determine whether a woman can get an abortion or not. Some, where they're on their issues, they become quote, principled. So it is curious because even they instinctually understand that democracy doesn't guarantee truth, that democracy doesn't guarantee justice, that democracy doesn't guarantee good decisions. On the contrary, the majority is usually wrong on important issues. The challenge with democracy is that most people don't understand what it actually means. Most people think what we have in America is a democracy and what we have in Europe and other relatively free country is democracy and therefore they associate freedom with democracy. And Richard Wolff has done this. He didn't do it so much in my debate, but I've seen him do it in the past. What? Are you against democracy? Do you want to go back to feudalism or whatever? Yes, I'm against democracy to the extent that democracy represents majority rule in pretty much anything. What we have in most Western countries is what you'd call limited democracy, limited by a constitution in the United States, limited by tradition and certain other restrictions that exists, whether constitutional or otherwise within European countries and other relatively free countries. A court that upholds rights even when they're not listed in a constitution like in Israel, for example. Kind of a sense of a basic law. And that's what people think democracy is. And that's why I don't come out and say democracy is evil, democracy is bad, because it's not what people think absolute majority rule is the rule of the mob. It's the rule of any 51% and then they can do anything to the minority. And the minority could be 10%, 40%. It could be one, just one individual. America was founded to protect us. It was founded as a free country. And one of the things that was founded to protect us from was democracy. The founders were very clear on this. They knew of the evils of historic democracies. They knew how democracies collapsed. So they limited voting, the expression of democracy, the people's expression of a majority, to choosing particular political leaders, the house members, house of representatives, the president, but even there, some limitation was placed on majority rule. And that's why we don't choose a president based just purely on majority rule. We still vote. We still have, it's so representative. It's still true that within a particular state it's democratically chosen, but a president is not a full majority rule, democratic choice. What makes America unique, what makes it, has made it in the past at least, particularly free, is the fact that it wasn't very democratic. Is the fact that it resists the democracy. One of the great evils today is that it's becoming more democratic, partially by electing senators directly, and partially by the fact that the Supreme Court will not throw out things that are clearly unconstitutional if they believe that people will it. And these are often conservatives. You know, Justice Scalia, who was revered by the right, who was loved by conservatives, did not believe in individual rights. He has a number of statements where it indicate that he thinks individual rights are, in Bentham's words, nonsense on stilts. And he was an advocate of some level of democracy. In spite of being an originalist, he always took into account in his rulings, and that's why he supported a lot of very, very bad rulings, the will of the people, the will of the majority. So it's, so you have to be careful with democracy. We're against unlimited democracy. And America is not a democracy. America is a republic, a constitutional republic, in which we have a constitution and a bill of rights to shrink the scope of democracy, to shrink the impact of democracy, to shrink the power of democracy, to make it so our politicians have very little power. So what we vote on does not affect every aspect of our lives. Now that has all gone out the window, sadly. That has all gone out the window, sadly, as America has abandoned its democracy. Sorry, its constitutional status and embraced democracy, become more democratic. All right, I just want to throw that in there. Democracy is not that good for politics. The idea of democracy in the workplace is ludicrous for a lot of reasons. That being among them, but it's never been true. The truth was the standard by which majorities functioned. The majority thought it was a flat, majority thought it doesn't matter. Once somebody discovered its round, reality its round, the majority thought matters is truth. On any one of those, any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content. And of course, subscribe, press that little bell button right down there on YouTube, so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who already subscribers and those of you who already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.