for the speed of light, the cloud of dust, and the hearty high old silver, the Lone Ranger. The Indian companion, Tonto, the Lone Ranger fought crime and criminals throughout the western United States. But he did more than bring law and order to a lawless frontier. The man who needed a fresh start in life could always count on the masked writer's help. And from the stories that have come down to us through the generations, we know that he was the greatest champion of justice in the history of the early West. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoof beats of the great horse Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Down to the in front of the cafe at Big Pine, watched with interest while a well-dressed stranger tried to control his spirited horse. Whoa, killer. Whoa, there. Quiet down, bless you. Quiet. Whoa. Having trouble, stranger? There's some horse you got there. He ain't no concreter any. Sure has got a powerful look about him. Need some help, mister? He's all right now. I can handle him.  Killer. Why? Just wondered. Kind of a funny name for a horse, ain't it? He's earned it. Yeah? Cute somebody, did he? Yes. By the way, I'd advise you fellas to stay away from him. Get too close to him, there's likely to be trouble. I won't be responsible for anything that may happen.  Think we don't savvy horses? Not this one you don't. Just what do you mean by that? This is a Montana horse. He doesn't like Texans. Where he comes from, he used to men who know how to ride. Texans just irritate him. Hey, that sounded to me like something plain and certain. Yes? Just what's your handle, stranger? Palmer is my name. Well, Palmer, was you insinuating us Texans ain't the horsemen they are up Montana way? I thought that was well known. Well, I'll be switched. Now look here, mister, you can't... He out of this heat. I'll handle this, smart alec. All right, mister, suppose you explain yourself. Just where'd you get a fool notion like that? So it's a fool notion, huh? Well, I can prove it. How? Montana, there are a half dozen men who can ride killer here. Well, I've been in Texas almost six months and still haven't found anybody who can stay on top of them. What more proof do you want? You ain't found nobody to ride this horse? That's what I said, isn't it? By a Sunday you got any objection to me trying?  Stand aside. But I tell you, this horse... So a little objection can ride the Twitter, huh? Well, I'm going to make eat them words right now. That's talking, Sheriff. Show him you don't know what he's talking about. Ride that horse into the ground for him. Go ahead, Sheriff. Show him what riding really is. You bet I will. I'm warning you. Save your warnings for them as needs are. Stand still, you maverick. Here goes. It's the horse before the sheriff's trample. Hey, look at him rear up to get at him with his horse. Catch him. Hold on to him. He's a killer for sure. Hey, Sheriff, you get hurt? Give me a hand, will you? Up with you. I'm sorry about this, Sheriff. But I tried to warn you. To blaze with your warning. I was through, but I'm still here to say that kidder can be rude. Even if I ain't a fella to do it. I ain't the best horseman around here and I never claimed to be. There's others that'll ride him even if I came. Anybody can talk big when he doesn't mean to back it up. Huh? Who's your best rider in this distance? Is it the best rider? Why, uh, let me see. If you're looking for the best bronc buster around here, that's him coming this way right now. 500 years. Bill Steadman. Bill, hi there, Bill. Well, me, Sheriff? Come here. Well, what's up? Bill, here's a number that says Texans can't ride. I'm admitting this year a horse a year just now proved me. But I maintain and that don't prove nothing. Now, how's about it? You think you can do it? I'd be willing to try. Then climb into the saddle and show him. Sure, I'll ride it. Well? This isn't strictly fair. In the first place, my horse has carried me a long ways today. He's tired. In the second place, he's already thrown one of you. Of course he can be ridden if you're going to have one man after another try it until one of you stays on. Any horse will weaken in time. And what's your notion of what's fair? How about postponing this until, uh, tomorrow sometime? Say, tomorrow afternoon. That all right with you, Bill? Sure. Why not? And, uh, how about making this interesting? In Montana, we're always willing to back up our opinions. Me then just walk. I've got a thousand dollars. It isn't doing anything just now. I'll wager all of it or any part of it that you care to cover on my horse. But of course, if you haven't the courage of your conviction... Oh, I'll blast you. I'll take a hundred of that myself. Oh, I see. There, do you hear that? Yeah. Mr. I reckon you're cold. Or how much? Put up your thousand and I'll guarantee every dollar of it will be covered. Good enough. And the time? Shoot yourself. Any time you name is all right with us. Right now, you say so. Very well. I've got some business to attend to, so the later in the day, the better. How about, uh, five in the afternoon? Bill can make it. It's all right with me. I can be there. I suppose there'll be quite a crowd on hand award. Just everybody in town, mister. Then how about holding this contest on those flats I noticed just south of town? Any objection? Well, that's the breeze I was going to suggest myself. I won't insist this man here has to make the ride. You're free to choose anyone you wish. If he's thrown, I win. If he rides killer, you win. There's no second chance for either side. Fair enough. By tonight, mister, I'll have you bet covered. And by tomorrow night, you're going to know there's at least one jet in Texas your horse came through. Word of the coming contest circulated throughout town, and the townspeople talked of nothing else. Fonto rode into Big Pine to purchase supplies, heard the news, and repeated it to his white friend when he returned that night to their well-hidden camp. You got to look at this fellow who calls himself Palma Tender. Uh, me get good look. He's the same fellow who went under the name of Ridgeway at Center Springs, eh? Not right. Then he must also be the same fellow who called himself Taylor that time over in New Mexico. Not right. I've been thinking back over those stories we heard Kimosabi, and I'm glad we're here for the contest. Why glad? I've got an idea that Palma, or whatever his name is, is up to something more than winning bets. He does the same thing wherever he goes. It's easy to get men into arguments about horses and their ability to ride them, and it's easy to mention bets and arrange a contest. Not right. What I've heard, Palma doesn't always win. He lost that time in New Mexico. But him win other times. Maybe he wins more often than he loses, I couldn't say. But I do know one thing. What that? Every time he stage one of these contests, there's been a hold-up in town. Me not know that. And it didn't occur to me until I started thinking back. It's true, however. Why couldn't Palma arrange these contests, not so much to win any bets that might be made, but to get everyone out of town to watch the contest? Oh, that'd be plenty smart. Yeah, that's what he does. Of course those hold-ups may have been just coincidence, but I doubt it. A hold-up every place he holds a contest is too much to blame on luck. And the fact that he changes his name each time makes it look as though he doesn't want to be traced. He always seems to travel alone, but that doesn't prove anything. He'd naturally not allow himself to be seen with the fellows who perform the actual robberies. That way no one would ever think of connecting him up with a robbery unless they knew what had happened at the other places where he'd been. He's always careful to keep these contests space far enough apart, so there's little danger of that. You tell all? If the sheriff wouldn't believe me, I'd just be wasting my time. And if he did believe me, he'd simply call off the contest and tell Palmer to get out of town. After all, there's no proof against the fellow? Not right. No, he must have a will say nothing. But if Palmer is a crook, we'll attend to him ourselves. The following morning, the cafe was crowded with townsmen and men from the range who had come to town to witness the contest. A lone ranger without his mask but wearing a disguise circulated among them. Keeping watch on Palmer, it was a center of interest. You really think your horse can't be rolled, mister? You sure made a mistake when you bet against Bill Steadman. I've made my bet. I think that speaks plainly enough for the way I feel. You'll be feeling a heap different tonight. Howdy, Palmer. Oh, hello, Sheriff. Your horse feeling frisky today? He's all right.  If you'd known a little more about Bill Steadman, maybe you wouldn't have wanted to bet. Yes. Bill ain't only the best rider around Big Pine, he's one of the very best in the whole state. He's won more top owners at rodeos round and about, and you can cheat and stick at. That's interesting. Thought you'd find it, sir. Nevertheless, I'm not backing out. Maybe Killer can be ridden by one of your men. I still doubt it, however. And even if I were convinced that he could be, the bet would stand. I don't renege. Why don't either do we? I said, what the hell? Bill Steadman's been hurt. What's that you said? Come on outside. Stead just came in and some bum nearly walked in front of it. Bill twisted his back, throwing the fellow out of the way. Bill's right outside now. Well, I'll be blasted. Come on, man. If Bill's hurt, that goes $1,000. There ain't no rider around here half as good as Bill is. Sir, if he can't ride, we might just as well give up. Wouldn't that just be our luck? Wonder how bad hurt Bill is. There he is. Bill, didn't we get this straight? Did you go and hurt your back so you can't ride? Reckon I did, Sheriff. Back aches to beatin' glory. Have you sat in here till the dark can come? How in blazing did it happen? Uh, I guess it was my fault, Sheriff. Ah, who are you? Limp is what they call me, Sheriff. Hobo, huh? Oh, I ain't no hobo. You got a job? No. You got cash? I'm flat broke just now, but I'm looking for... If you were broke and he ain't got a job, then what do you call yourself?   We're going to be out $1,000. Oh, please. My thunder ought to help you. But... Oh, Sheriff, not who it is for. Shucks, he couldn't help it, none. And I couldn't just stand by and watch him get run over. Why in blazing did you get in front of the Steve? Hey, it was my leg, Sheriff. Huh? Well, it goes bad on me every once in a while. That's why they call me Limpie. And, well, it's why I ain't been able to get regular work.  But on a slightly... Well, there goes the contest. We might just as well call the whole thing over. Which is just what I expected. Huh?  That's why you... Because I remember when the bet was made, nothing was said about any one particular person making a ride. I told you you could choose anyone you wished. Even if a man you chose is injured, I don't see why the bet should be called off. Who said it was? You just now suggested that... This is where when a Texan makes a bargain, he keeps it. Later, one of us said we wanted to crawl out of it. We'll go through with it even if we do have to lose. Sure. Well, what do you want? I can ride. I'm a real good rider. You? You call yourself a horseman? I'm real good. Honest, I can... Sellers! Look at what things he can ride a mean horse. Look at him. He can't hardly stand up. But he figures we ought to risk our thousand dollars on him. But please, if you just give me a chance to show you, if I could make up for what I'd done, you said all this was my fault. And so it is. But you've done enough damage already. Then just let me... There's only one thing I'll let you do, and that's clear out of town. But... Didn't you hear me?  Go on. Get going and keep going. You ain't wanted in big pine, mister. All you mean to us is bad luck. You heard the sheriff. Now clear out. And pronto. If you'd only give me a chance... You've got your chance. You better take it before we make you sorry. All right. Limpy. Mister, I didn't mean no harm. Honest, I didn't. I'm going if you want me to. You don't misunderstand me. You say you can ride? I can. I'm a real good rider. You want to prove it? I'll prove it. Sure I will if you give me a chance. Then come with me. You'll get your chance. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. It was at noon that Palmer borrowed a horse and rode out of town. He headed west until he was sure he had not been followed. Then he left the trail and rode toward a small woods in the distance. Twenty minutes later, he drew rain in the clearing. Oh, say, buff. We would just stand out of sight till we were sure it was you boys. But we figured you ought to be coming along pretty soon. Everything's fixed. Hey. Yeah, what time's it to be? At five o'clock on the flat south of town. And you could take my word for it. There won't be a man, woman, or child in town who can leave. Shares all right. What have you got lined up for us? The office of the stage line. I understand this bullion's stored there. Waiting for a special stage to leave tomorrow. We'll clean up plenty on this. The stage office, huh? That's just fine. At five o'clock, we take over. And now then I'll have to be getting back. Boys, when we leave Big Pine, this will be one town that's stripped clean. In the meantime, at the camp of the Lone Ranger in Tonto, not far distant, Limpie rained in Scout. Oh, Scout, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Limpie, you weren't just boasting. You can ride. Him ride, he go. Yeah, I should be able to. I've worked around horses all my life. Scout has never permitted anybody to ride him before, unless Tonto has said it was all right. Well, I don't mind it, and mitten he put up the best tussle ever had with a horse, too. And if you'd asked me to ride that white horse of yours there, well, I ain't so sure about what I'd have had to back out.  Maybe, you see, friend, it was a horse trampling me that gave me him a bad leg. No? My home's over near the Brazos, at least the way it was. Had me place him on over there, raised and sold nothing but horses, and had a lot of tough luck and lost it. I don't like that nickname of yours. Limpie? Yes, what's your real name? Sam Bowers, friend.  Well, we'll call you Sam. Thanks. You think you could ride that horse? Say, you sure don't think he's the equalest scout here, do you? I know he's nuts. Then you just bet I can ride him, and without half trying, neither. Then you will. Huh? With the sheriffs that I have. I know what the sheriffs said, but that doesn't matter. Sam, you're not only going to ride that horse and win their bet for the town's people, you're going to help catch some crooks as well. When Palmer had said that every man, woman, and child would be on hand for the contest that afternoon, he'd not been exaggerating. By hinting that Texans were not the equal of other Westerners in horsemanship, Palmer had aroused the indignation of every resident of Big Pine and the surrounding countryside. Victory became to them a matter of personal pride. Long before five o'clock, they began making their way to the flats when the contest was to be held. And when the time approached, the place was crowded. Chef, where's the chef? Here I am. What do you want? You holding mistakes? Who I am, any objection? None at all. I just wanted to clearly understood that I expect to be paid off as soon as your man has been thrown. You will be, mister, if he's thrown. Only don't be too dog-gone sure about that ahead of time. Maybe you'll get surprised. Steadman isn't riding, is he? Nope, but we got the next best one. Where is he? It's almost five now. I want this runoff exactly on time. He's right over there by your home. Come along, I'll introduce you to him. Lead the way. It's Judd. Yeah, this here's Palmer. He owns this horse you're going to ride. Palmer, meet up with Judd Tabbitts. Howdy. How do you do? Think you can ride killer, huh? Suppose we get down to business. You can tell a heap better when I make my try than you can for many talker do. Perhaps you're right. But according to my watch, it's just five. Ready, are you? Yes, sir. I'm going to go to the bar. I'm going to go to the bar. I'm going to go to the bar. Ready, are you? Just as ready as I'll ever be. Let's get at it. I'll hold killer while you're mounting. That's the only way you'd ever get in the saddle. And, uh... Yeah? Well, all I wanted to say is that you're doing this at your own risk. I don't expect to be held responsible of your injury. Mr. Don't you trouble to worry about me, none at all. Just grab that horse, hold on till I'm in the saddle, then get out of the way. Cause the fur, sure, be flying. Stand back, folks. Make room so you won't be hurt. Judge ready to ride. Get way back, everybody. That's right. Now stay like that and don't get in the way. All right, Judge, you can get me that on this. What's that? Well, I'll be switched. It's a mask, man. A crook. Stand back. Make way for him. He's coming right here. Who's that in the saddle with him? Well, that hobo. I told him to leave town. Hey, rain up there. I'll make your hand cross.  He'll do nothing. I'm the law here. This man's going to ride Palmer's horse. Sam, get out of the saddle. Yes, your thing. Hey, what play? Sheriff, listen to me. This man can ride Palmer's horse. I'll guarantee it. He'll ride the horse and win your wages for you. Why is it under you raise your hands like it was told? Where do you think you'll get off with any such nonsense? I'm not raising my hand. And don't slap brother. That's wrong. You want to move toward your looser again and I shoot. Is that clear? You got me covered, but you ain't going to get away with it. I think I am. Hold on. Sheriff, I protest this. This fellow rides killer, the bets are off. Yesterday you were the first one to say the bet stood. When Steadman was injured, Palmer, the bets still stand. No matter who tries to ride your horse. How about it, Sheriff? Oh, look here. The masked man is right that much anyhow. You ain't going to get out of this, Palmer, no matter who rides your horse. I can't stop this fellow from trying it, so I don't intend to lose out if he can stick in the saddle. But, Sheriff, arguments. You ready, Sam? Anytime you say. Then hold the horse for him, Palmer. You do as I say. I'll do it. I still protest this. Hold still, boy. Steady, fellow. Steady. Into the saddle, Sam. I'm set. Let him loose. Right. But while Big Pine was almost deserted, Palmer's two Confederates, Buff and Osage, rained up before the office of the stage line. This mounted and walked up the steps to the door. We'll make this quick, get the bullion, then make tracks. Right. If we don't go for your gun till I do. Uh-huh. Afternoon, James. Afternoon. Didn't figure anybody to be calling here with all the doons outside town. What can I do for you? All alone here, are you? Yeah.   And what the? Reach. This is our holdup. Crooked. Right. What we're after is that bullion you got stored here. Don't waste time trying to tell us we ain't none cause we know better. It's in that safe right behind you. Now get it out. You'll blast it.  The law will get you for this. You can't rob the stage line and get away with it. Come on, open that safe. Quick. All right. All right. And remember, we're watching you every second. You make the mistake of trying to... What does that? Church, at least you get that gold and get it in the hurry. We're clearing out of here. Steered wildly, Sam Bowers stuck to the saddle of Palmer's heart. But the same shots that Palmer's confederates heard in town could be heard out on the flat. At the sound, the masked man shot it. That's Tato. Can you gather the horse, Sam? I'm his boss and he knows it. Then ride for town, Palmy. Get up there, Palmy.  With the sheriff and Palmer in the lead, the angry townspeople thinking they had been tricked followed in pursuit of the masked man and his companion. They thundered into town and down the main street toward the stage office. But as they kept the masked man in sight, they saw something that surprised them. The Lone Ranger and Sam were joined by an Indian and the three raced on until they overtook two madly spurring strangers. Then they heard the sound of firing. What the thunders going on? Play to some kind.  Come on, now's your chance. We'll catch up to them before they can get started again. Don't look to me as though they're even trying to get away. Looks just as though they were waiting for her. Hold the guns on them first two jets to the sides. What in pleasant is this all about? We'll learn soon. Find out. Stay where you are. We got you. You try to get away and we let you have it. We're waiting for you, Sheriff. Rain up, fellas. We'll keep these off. They're coming for you. These are the men you want to arrest, Sheriff. They just held up and robbed the office of the stage company. You'll find the gold bullion they stole and their saddlebags. But look here, string here. Now they're here fired those shots. You heard a few minutes back. Those shots were a signal we'd been waiting for. It meant these fellas were carrying out the holdup they had planned. Palmer won move an eye fire. You can't. Who do you pick it on him for? He's the man who planned the holdup. Are you a loadout? Are you a night quiet? Sheriff, we knew there'd be a holdup because everywhere Palmer promoted one of these riding contests, there was a holdup in town at the same time. You doubt that? I'll give you the names of half a dozen towns where you can check. And in each one of those towns, Palmer went by a different name. That's not so. Don't believe what he's saying. He's just trying to trick you. No games that, Palmer. These fellas don't talk. It won't take the Sheriff long to investigate and learn the truth. Stay right where you are, Palmer. I reckon we can get at the truth right now. You fellas. What?  Now, do you want to tell the truth about this? Or do you want me to turn you over to these fellas here to deal with the any way they want? We ought to string them up. Allegean parties. That's what they got coming. No, no, no, no, no. You've got to give us a trial. It was Palmer planned to show you. We was working with you, man. Give us a fair trial and we'll testify to the whole thing.  Hold on to him, man. I got him. He makes a great prayer down to Trillium. Take him over to the calibou and lock him up. There's something else to it, Sheriff. Well, what's that? Sam here has told me his story. He hasn't been able to get work because no one would let him prove he could handle the real job. I think after the ride he gave Palmer's force today, he proved plenty. Besides winning your bets for him. That was as fine a piece of riding, Mr. As I ever seen. Do you think maybe somebody'd give me a job, Sheriff? I'd work real hard. You got a job, Sam, with me. You're hired right now. Get your horse and saddle and come out to my place. But I ain't got a horse. I had to sell it a while back. You ain't got a horse? What's the matter with the one you were riding? But this belongs to Palmer. And where he'll be from now on, he won't have no more use for a horse than I'd have for a plug hat. Sam, that horse is yours. And I'm apologizing for the things I said to you yesterday in town. Gosh. I've just heard of the copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


Russia's future is looking amazing. Why? because It was a question mark two years ago with NATO Waging war on Russia. Russia stood its ground. Not only that as soon as Russia was kicked off the Swift, right? People had their eyes on Russia to see what would happen to Russia. Russia didn't economically collapse Not only that Russia's a resource superpower the Country with the most amount of resources in the world. It is now becoming a manufacturing superpower Geopolitically it has influence around the globe now and connections around the globe, right? It's made allegiances that are so solid right now It would it protected Syria from collapse. It has now Allied itself with Saudi Arabia and Iran. Just imagine China stepped in brought these two together, which have the United States has been feeding off them their animosity, right? With the help of Israel, right? Israel never wants Sunni and Shia to come together. China and Russia just brought them together My wow, right? so Russia's influence geopolitically is probably the best regarded country in the global majority Than any other country. There's no doubt But Western for get Western Europe their clowns forget Canada, United States, Australia, New Zealand clowns forget Japan It's just a puppet regime, right? in the rest of the world Russia is Highly highly regarded because they got some of the best diplomats in the world They made trade agreements with so many different countries, right? They've proved themselves to be militarily untouchable untouchable. They've proved That technologically they are way more advanced than anybody gave them credit for They've proved that they are untouchable for at least two decades, right? It's gonna take a long time for the Western world to catch up to Russia militarily and The West that used to control much of the world is Losing power. Look at what happened in Niger. Look at what happened in Mali Niger and Mali just kicked off France Done Bye bye Right? Who's there? Russia Thank you very much For the twitch prime sub Lob Shorn Salute Salute They've subscribed for nine months currently on a one-month streak Salute brother or sister, of course


The purpose of this course was to teach junior researchers how to distinguish between critical and creative thinking and to practice and enhance their critical thinking skills. Additionally, the course aimed to help them display innovative thinking by providing them with creative solutions and insights. Finally, it sought to encourage them to critically evaluate evidence in research and to think imaginatively, actively seeking out new points of view. This article was authored by Luati Soto de Laredo, Marie K. Norman and Doris Rubio.


South Dakota's educational effort to raise awareness about the importance of soil health continues. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service entered into a cooperative agreement with the South Dakota No-Tel Association and IGRO South Dakota State University Extension for delivering these seminars with the latest soil health and productivity technology to South Dakota farmers and ranchers. Thank you. Somebody asked me when I was speaking and I said right after everybody leaves. So that's usually what happens when you're the last speaker. It went from being too cold and too hot and we're pretty fast, so I don't know. The Coal Lake Research Farm is east of Pierce House, Dakota. We have over there Gated Dry Land. We're going to talk a little bit about what we do. I'm going to talk a little bit about where what we do started. A lot of you may not know that we actually started a lot of this in the Denver Valley. The James Alley Research Center east of Redfield, we ran that for about eight years before we went to Redfield. And the little bit about the geology here is it's the La Custry and Lake Dakota Plain. And what does that mean? It's an old glacial lake. That's why it's flat. It's very similar to the Red River Valley.  Glacial time, this is a big lake, very large lake. And then the first thing that settles out is the sand and then you get layers of silt and clay. And then next year you get another layer of sand and then silt and clay comes out later. So you have this Oreo looking thing.  The layers are called barbs. And what barbs do is they make it very hard to make water go vertical into the soil because it has to saturate that clay layer before the water will move into the sand. And then once it moves into the sand it lets up that next clay layer but that has to saturate before it moves into the next one. So it's very slow infiltration rate. But what we found when we started no tilling is we got macro pores that took care of that. But if you want to run a vertical tilling machine across the top of that thing you're going to plug that channel just like everybody's been talking, Ray and everybody else. You plug that channel and then that macro pore doesn't function anymore. So all this silliness that's happened since I left here when we first brought no till here. When I started at Redfield there's 1,900 acres of soybeans and spanking brown honey combined. And I almost didn't get my PhD because I made this statement. I thought we could grow corn and soybeans in different valleys. We just quit doing tillage. But we're not quite doing it right. So I'm going to talk about some of that today and why we're having trouble in there. Short-term studies are not accurate in evaluating treatments such as tillage or rotations which have long-term impact. Too much of what we do is based on short-term stuff now. A farmer manages ecosystems and takes sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and makes them into products to be sold. Everybody gets hung up on being, would you turn me down?  We get hung up on being corn growers or wheat growers or soybean growers or cowboys or whatever. The thing we have to sell is sunlight. Period. That's what you're doing. You're harvesting sunlight and some water and the carbon dioxide. Nobody's sending blood nitrogen and all those things, right? And we manage these ecosystem processes. The water cycle, the energy flow, the mineral cycle and community dynamics. These are the things you're managing, not corn and soybeans and whatever. Those will do fine if you're doing fine with these. Does rain feed plants and recharge groundwater? Does it run off because erosion and water quality degradation? You get the water to go in the ground and feed plants. If you don't have plants there, then it goes into groundwater. Drain tiles are great for getting salinity out of somebody's field in North Dakota and going to the Red River Valley which runs north and goes into Lake Winnipeg and screws up somebody's lake cabin. That's a serious problem. If you're going to put in drain tiles, figure out where you're going to put the water.  Go make research work. Begin to use the first low disturbance. Low disturbance, no-till cover property to control runoff under center pivot. I think Mike Cronin's probably still in the room. These were Dan Cronin's pivots at one time and he wouldn't work well because that's what everybody told him to do. And they put the water on and ran back into the river. And then when the price energy went real high and they wanted to use low pressure sprinklers, they couldn't do that anymore. They had to find a way to handle water better. We now could put on two inches of water in nine minutes and have no runoff. And if you've never been to Dakota Lakes in the summer, so you can walk behind us when we're irrigating, walk behind those irrigators and not get your feet muddy, you need to come and do that. But we did the same thing at Redfield, known as the Custron Soils. Exactly the same thing with the same irrigators basically. The reason is we have this surface residue, we have these macro ports, and those take the water into the soil. Here, mine isn't as good as Ray's. Ray showed a picture of this that was nice and clear, but this is Ileane Cladifco. This is where you got those pictures from. And they threw latex on some soils and then traced. This latex comes in and then hardens and then they dig it out. So these are earthworm burls. Here's earthworm burls. And the water comes in there and then soaps into the soil sideways. So if you've got barbed soil, there's no pictures of barbed soil that are done this way, but you have these layers, and the water soaps in sideways into those layers.  If you've got lots of worms in termites and whatever that are making little macropores up here, and the transient burrowing worms do that, you get this kind of effect, and then the big ones have you going down in there like that. How much sunlight strikes green leaves and makes food for the ecosystem? What we're really trying to do is capture energy from the sun and turn it into this source of energy for the soil biology, which does all of our work for the ecosystem. And how much falls on dead vegetation and bare ground? If it falls on dead vegetation and bare ground, then you start getting the saline seed problems. So we use cover of 4-inch crops to bind to crop rotations, increase carbon capture, sequestered nutrients, fixed niters, and do a bunch of things, encourage these friend lakes. And Dan Ford, he calls them. The predators, we haven't had to use an insecticide in over 12 years at the Code Lakes because we have all these predators that eat things. They're bugs that show up there. We have to learn better ways of seeding the cover crops. That's a challenge in this area. This, we had a German intern this summer. He went somewhere that's really pro-Tilly to get a German intern. He's pretty damn sure I was totally nuts. The first thing we did, right, Jay, is we sent him up to Jay's cures in North Dakota for a tour with a bunch of guys from Nebraska that were coming through, and they gave him a brain transplant. That was the first thing we did. And then his job that I gave him was to make clay seed balls. Now, if you've never heard of clay seed balls, go home and Google one straw revolution. There's people in this world that farm without ever using a machine that cuts open the ground. They just throw these seeds that are coated in clay and peat and whatever so they'll grow on top of the ground. They just throw them out on the ground. So they throw them into their wheat before wheat harvest and the cover crop starts to grow.    But we keep focusing on these little tiny things so we're going to do more work with you but that was his job at some point. Crop rotation allows time for natural enemies to destroy the passage into one crop while the only related crops are grown. When I came to Redfield in 1983, some of you weren't alive, quite a few of you weren't alive, in 1983, we had a big problem in general revaling with Hessian plot for you old guys. You remember that. We had all these Hessian plots just growing up our spring week and we had breeding programs and insecticide programs and we're going to get rid of Hessian plot. You ever hear about Hessian flying more? Now, we started a rotating. One of the reasons that three soybeans in is it fixed the Hessian fly crop. But we've been spending all this money in SDSU to try to kill the Hessian fly or to have resistance to it and all we had to do is go away and let the Hessian fly die on its own. Sequence is only one component of a rotation. Corn after beans is one sequence. But if you just do corn, bean, corn, bean, corn, bean and your interval is always one year, then you get extended dipositor and ruber beetle like they have in water town. Right? So, proper rotations, proper intensity, adequate diversity, stable, sustainable profitability. Proper intensity means using the water.  That's a good thing. But if you don't use that water, makes the water go in the ground, where it falls, if you don't screw around the map before, it gets more of it in the ground. But if you don't use it beneficially, then it gives you trouble. And what we've done is we're not really using that water like we should, so our intensity isn't right. Adequate diversity, you need enough diversity so you don't have all these weed problems. We should not have resistant weeds. It doesn't make any sense that we have resistant weeds. And stable and sustainable profitability. Native vegetation is the best indicator of the range of intensity which is appropriate for our location. This is a tall grass prairie. The Jim River is a tall grass prairie. So is the Red River. Both be growing these big, tall, warm-season grasses with root systems that go 10, 12, 14 feet deep. Most of plant growth problems blame the no-till as a result of inadequate diversity or improper intensity. It's not no-till fault. You just haven't gotten the rotation right. You put this water you saved with no-till to work. Now what we do with it is try to grow crops, first of all, and then if we do this with more high-water use crops, cover crops, and double crops is the second thing. So we use more high-water use crops. So you used to grow spring-leaf-barry, spring-leaf-barry, spring-leaf-barry in Jim River Valley. Maybe a little slacks on this. Can't grow corn. That's why they were going to build a canal from the Missouri River all the way over to Jim River to grow water here so you guys could grow corn and beans, right? The Wahee Project?  But I almost didn't get my PhD because I said, I think we don't need that. We probably have enough water here if we use it better. Don't have to build that thing, whatever it was.  But we can't always do it just with high-water use crops. Corn beans, that's okay, but they're only three months of the year. We need these cover crops and double crops and also need to go back and put some other lower-intensity crops. And their proper intensity reduces your rest. Are the nutrients available for plant use or environmental services? Or have they been leached? You wrote it or transported from the landscape? Well, leached means they go to saline seeds, right? He wrote it, they run off or transport it from the landscape.  What's in a saline seed? He told you, it's a quiz. He just got done telling you. Calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate. What's the common name for those? Lime and gypsum. They have to be boys who sell those to you. Right? The number one thing there, though, is nitrates. They'll sell you those, too. And phosphates go out in saline seeds. They'll sell you those, too. But why not keep them there? What's in saline seeds is fertilizer. Don't say it's salt, say it's fertilizer. If they're thinking of it as fertilizer. Ecosystems that leak nutrients become deserts. Saline seeds indicate leakage. Decreasing pH indicates leaking. Somebody asked today, do you use lime? You have to use lime, it means you're losing lime, because you're not cycling it well. A unit train, another way to lose nutrients is you ship them out. A unit train of soybeans contains one million pounds of phosphorus. How many unit trains of soybeans go out in South Dakota every year? Everybody's saying we need more trains to get the grain out of here. That's shipping phosphorus. We need more cows and chickens and pigs to eat the grain here, so the nutrients stay here. Okay? And maybe those cows should be on the fields. So here's just like the last speaker. Rainfall comes in, if you're not using the water up here, it's going to seep out down here. Covered forest crop provides this opportunity to increase its intensity and add to the diversity and situation for production of grain crop would not be possible, would be unprofitably excessively risky. You can't grow a crop of wheat and crop of soybeans in the same year as Aberdeen. There's not enough time. Not enough moisture. Even with irrigation, you couldn't do it. Not enough time. Okay? You couldn't do it well. So that's where cover crops come in. We were growing cover crops at the Redfield farm. Every year, when we harvested wheat or barley, we had forage sorghums and those kind of things followed. That was a standard operational procedure. That was almost 30 years ago. In human environments, callgrass, prairie or wetter, which is here, the goal should be to have something growing at all times. In areas where women are growing season like here, it's where they require the use of cover crops or forage double crops. And I like to term forage crops, and that's what we used to call them. And that's really what we think they are. In sub-human, like we are, semi-arid at peer and arid environments, cover crops can be utilized and increased organic matter and biological activity. We don't use them as much. Under Island out there, because we're pretty marginal and rain sometimes. Okay? I stole this in Jeremy Wilson. Every time I say this, I credit you, by the way. I don't send you money to just say this. Can't you release nutrients? I saw him do this a couple of years ago. I just walked up after he gave me a talk and said I'm going to steal that. And that was it. So here we look at the irrigated corn by previous crop that wheat, wheat, corn, corn, soybean, soybean rotation we use under irrigation. And we had a graduate student that was doing some work there, and we did some cover crop with Reynolds-chickling vets turnip after wheat harvest going to corn. And we had 12 tests, 108 pounds acre nitrate nitrogen, yield goal 220 bushels acre, which is pretty okay. With zero nitrogen, about 176 bushels with 36 pounds of nitrogen, we got 236 bushels. 80% of the air you breathe is nitrogen. And if we work at that, we can get nitrogen into the ground. We don't have to have it made with fossil fuels. Now, if you're going to sell your soybeans to China, you have to replace that fossil. Right? Because it went away. But the nitrogen comes back in the air, so you can sell nitrogen and bring it back in with your do the legumes and things right. And it didn't do us any good to add any more nitrogen. If you get stranded in a rain in the back 40, do you drive home across the killed field or the pasture? Everybody said, oh, no till is too wet. If you have good soil structure because you're doing no till right, you can actually drive on it if you can kill the ground. Trust me. Weeds and diseases are nature's way of adding diversity to a system that lacks diversity. And what we do and what you should do is counter this by adding beneficial diversity. And again, cover crops can play a role. Cover crops are tools. They're not in the end. We want to see at least three crop types. Long intervals of two to four years are needed to break some disease is a two crop monoculture. Corn beans doesn't have enough carbon. The native prairie here was 80 some percent, 90 percent grasses. High-residue crops. You can't put in half beans, half corn. They're just not enough carbon there to drive your system. And then you start shrinking the carbon capacity. So let's say that we look at a resistant weed issue. Something like water hymn. What happens with different crop rotations? You're doing a two way rotation like corn bean and you control it one year out of two. You look pretty good till about year seven and then you have 10 million seeds. If you do a rotation that's two years out, wheat corn beans for instance 10 years out of three it doesn't blow up on you. If you're low disturbance no till. You're high disturbance till whatever then nothing works. If you want to be half something then two in and two out is better. So let's say wheat wheat corn beans is better for wheat resistant type weeds it doesn't blow up till about year 15.  My favorite story has to do with ALS resistance pursuit. Way back years ago we finally got pursuit for soybeans worked great. And then they made what they called at that time imicorn which we now call clearfield corn. And then the young producers say oh I don't have to worry about rotation anymore Dwayne because I've got imicorn and beans I can break pursuit every year every year I won't have wheat. And I said well you'll have resistant wheat. So I got a letter threatening a lawsuit because there's no evidence there's going to be resistance to ALS herbicides. Think about that. 1994 meeting in Denver I predicted round up resistance. Monsanto never sent me a letter I think they already knew in 1994 they didn't admit it until the late 90's. Here's a wheat field that we never sprayed with herbicide and we left to skip. We don't spend a lot of money on herbicides. Not because of the rotation work well. But you need diversity you need diversity and seeding aid to do this. You also want diversity in the rooting pattern, the root architecture to make your soil structure right you want diversity in the residue type you want diversity in these insect pests wheat suppression microorganisms, harvest aid beneficials etc. So let's talk about some rotations guys. And I've actually got a paper on our website so you can go get this paper and explain so we'll go through them past it's called winter wheat corn, winter wheat corn canola that kind of thing where it's the same sequence and variable every time winter wheat always follows canola corn always follows winter wheat that type of thing it's simple it's one of the number of crops to manage the market but all corn is behind wheat and all winter wheat is behind spring wheat makes you vulnerable the extended dipause corn rootworm will occur because there's always an interval of one year between corn crops what happened in the eastern corn belt they have resistant corn rootworm too resistant to corn soybean the pregnant females in Illinois pregnant rootworm females who apply from corn fields to soybean fields to lay their eggs called the soybean vermin I call it the blonde corn rootworm beetle one time got in trouble well the blonde one was a smart one she flew over there if we put all our corn into wheat stubble we would get poor rootworm beetles that flew to wheat stubble to lay their eggs if everybody did that rotation with perennials and this is the one I think you need to bring back grandpa did these this would take care of your salinity problem and that's where you do three or four years of perennial and then you can do a stupid rotation if you want to because corn bean, corn bean, corn bean and by the time somebody catches on you go to alfalfa for a while or go to perennial grass for a while now the problem is the good thing is it's still simple it's an excellent place to spread manure it can produce more soil structure and annual crops especially if you're using grasses and biomass crops may hold potential they're going to make ethanol a lot of something it should be out of the perennials not out of annuals not out of corn stocks that's just degrading the soils even more okay so we could do that it's difficult to manage enough acres of land and perennial that lets you graze it but you could graze that perennial faith that'd be great if you want beef let's learn how to grow beef that way harvesting 40% of your farm as forages is tough and lets you graze it you got 40% of your land in alfalfa just do not even get done if you use less perennial then maybe 40% it's going to have the same impact and this marketing thing is an issue you got to get the farm government program to not honey shoot for doing the right thing compound rotations what we do is we take a rotation like spring wheat winter wheat corn soybean which is a simple rotation and corn soybean which is a simple rotation and we stick them in the end okay I call this my mother-in-law rotation spring wheat winter wheat corn soybean corn soybean half my corn is in wheat stubble half my corn is in soybean residue my mother-in-law comes to visit in June I show her this corn find the soybean it looks really good in June don't harvest corn in June but but it looks really good June if she comes back in August at pier I'm going to show her this stuff in wheat stubble because it's going to look better it's going to have more moisture but it spreads the risk of wet dry years right give you some diversity soybean's way behind corn that's okay winter wheat in the spring wheat that's good and you've got this big long break from corn and soybeans kind of clean things up and then you do the stupid rotation corn soybean corn soybean for a couple years and then come back still have only three types of crops to manage it creates more than one sequence crop types like the wheat in the corn you still have like three wheat workload days complex rotations where we start doing barley instead of spring wheat we got different crop types sunflower and soybeans and peas and all kinds of things we can really create a lot of conditions with all the different crop types lots of opportunity it requires a lot of crop management, marketing and skill but that's why we're paying farmers a big bucks crop management and marketing we don't pay a farmer to be a good driver you got autosteer right any damn monkey can drive a tractor now so you're not going to pay for being a good driver and this is the one that's most interesting to a lot of people because they like to name factory rotations it's an adolescent male thing but what we do is we take two wheat two corn two soybeans why do we do that well it creates a lot of diversity even though we as humans look at it and say it's very predictable but to a bug it's not and there's a lot of things that happen there it allows this sufficient time for pest pressure to decline and that's really the goal is to leave these four year breaks in there right we keep the pest population diverse or confused because corn rewarder some of the corn is corn on corn some of the corn is four year break it doesn't know we can't get in sync with it right next in law a long and short residual oversight program first year corn I put two pounds of hatches in now don't have to worry about carry over second year corn I go ahead and use roundup ready well at least I'm not using roundup ready two years in a row same way with the soybeans I can put down a long residual thing like the old scepter and some of those real cheap old guys and in the first year because it's going to go back to soybeans again the next year right and it really is going to take care of resistance biotype changes it gives us a two year break between the last corn and the first weed if you're worried about headscarf it gives you that two year break between the corn and weed when you do your first weed it reduces this risk of developing biotype resistance and it reduces the cost of herbicide programs a bunch when I wrote this I said not well tested I have quite a bit of confidence in this right now in that double weed double corn thing in the Gettysburg beer area on their dry land and then throw in one broadly again they want to be inconsistent of both sequence and intervals when you look at a rotation other nature figures it out if you're consistent in either your sequence or interval ok here are some other rotations I have this one I always like to laugh about because I was in Kansas doing this one time and one of the extension guys said well I hope we've got a farmer he does weed weed weed until he gets during boat grass and then he starts planting sorghum and plants sorghum until he gets shatter paint and then he plants sunflowers until he gets white mold then he goes back to planting weed and then everybody laughs and I say well that's smarter than the guy in the corn bell doing corn bean corn bean corn bean and calling up Monsen or so here's something that we use we got weed weed corn usually sorghum first but can be corn or sorghum in another corn and then one broadleaf this is one of our better rotations 80% grasses high residue crops we throw some cover crops in when we get a chance if we have one that's real low residue like this one half broadleafs it fails irrigated we've got a field that's been in corn since 1990 we've got a field that's been in corn soybeans since 1990 if you haven't been there to look at the soil difference in those two fields you need to come and as soon as you do that you'll see why you shouldn't do corn soybean okay and then we have these more diverse ones like these and these are our best best rotation there's no separate recipe or best rotation individual fields may need different treatment due to the difference in soils or location or proximity or history of an animal or ownership you got to understand how to do this stuff but to show you the importance of the rotation here's that low residue wheat rotation in a dry year where we have half low residue crops this wheat followed peas which followed corn in both rotations the wheat followed peas the peas followed the corn because in this rotation we have a soybean before the corn so a soybean corn peas wheat dry year 2006 and there's the same right across the road winter wheat same variety of winter wheat here this is behind peas that was behind corn that was behind wheat but it's wheat corn peas not that extra broad even there so it's 66% higher residue the other one is 50% there's it looked like from the air there you'll pose so here's the yield 2006 dry year 60 bush a week in that high residue the whole residue of that extra soybean 29 we had 7.9 inches of rain from the time we harvested the peas until we harvested the winter wheat that year the next year 2005 or the year before 2005 we had 23 inches in that little over a year 92 versus 57 and in 2002 56 versus 28 on 6.4 organic matter makes a difference look at some irrigated stuff corn soybean rotation 2013 we did not just historically increase our soybean yield by 7.3 bush a acre where we put cover crop behind corn going to soybeans this would be a winter cereal we didn't have any non-cover crop stuff so in 2013 soybeans with cover crop was 62.9 we would have expected about 55 without the cover crop and then in this rotation corn corn soybean wheat soybean first year soybean yield notice that we've got this two year break in here this is important no cover crop 73.6 bush a second year soybean which is this guy 82.1 look at the difference in yield just by slapping that rotation apart a little bit soybean, reading our trouble with soybean you've got them every other year if you read the book when you're in a drama school it should be any more often than every poor so cover crop crops increases the yield 7.3 bush a bit more diverse rotation increases by 15.9 right 62.9 versus 78.8 when I averaged those two years of soybeans in this rotation averaged this one and this one so how about corn I've got a feeling it's been a continuous corn since 1990 interesting 203 bushel corn soybean in 2013-2017 the average of these two was 235 the second one's about 217 the first one is more up in the 250s so if I did 5000 acres of continuous corn I'd get a million bushels of corn I'd also have beets on by lots of trucks big dryers and all those things so I'm going to have a million bushels of corn if I did corn soybeans I'd have over a half a million bushels of corn because it's better yielding I have this many 157,000 bushels of soybean if I did this one on 40% of my acres I'd have almost half as much corn here because you'll get that and my soybean yield is more it's the same see this is interesting 40% of my acres give me the same yield or more yield than 50% of my acres here see and I get this wheat creep so let's look at it we had 2000 acres and put numbers on it I can't remember when I did this but I just took out a number about $4 corn at that time so it's not that good right now the difference is the same 1.5 million on 2000 acres corn soybean I get 1.5 million on 2000 acres actually a little less than here but the costs are a little lower probably if I do this rotation I get 1.7 million on 2000 acres and this one I get 1.6 so these two are making me more people I can't do wheat doesn't make as much money well I don't find that that's not what I'm finding and these are cheaper corns and beans to grow okay now if I really do it right I can only do 2,000 acres of corn and get it done in time that's 1.5 million 1.6 million I can do 4,000 acres of corn soybeans because I've got different windows so that makes 3 million versus 1.5 if I do this one I can do 5,000 acres because I've got this wheat I can plant so that's 4.3 and if I do corn corn soybeans wheat which is another one we do it's 3.4 or 3.5 so saying you can't grow wheat because it doesn't make any money it does versus if I give you a chance to do cover crops and really do some things okay how much per acre? Continuous corn average 7.99 grows per acre corn soybeans 7.73 this rotation 8.72 and this rotation 8.73 but these are on way more acres so I have a lot more Vegas money years ago when I first started going to Argentina they did 7 years of pastures and 7 years of cropping years ago when I was a kid my grandfather and father used to put perennial sequences in their crop rotation and grazed and made hay and did that kind of stuff and then put it back in crop production and the Argentines did that and then the rotation when they did crop they usually had cover crops in there this was without and this was with but this is what the soil looked like when Ray talked about cottage cheese if you talk about healthy soil I mean talking about healthy soil like talking about beautiful women we can't really define them with word but we all know one when we see one right? so this is one and then they outlawed the sale of the export of beef in Argentina can't export beef anymore so the guys had to quit doing cattle on that extent because it couldn't export beef that's the only reason our beef prices are so high and so they had to do, I'm sorry growing soybeans on soybeans with just a little more now and then that same soil that same spot now looks like this and that was in 2010, this was in 1996 2010 organic matter makes a difference with all the taxable groups is organic matter increased from 1 to 3% of elbow water capacity approximately doubled when organic matter content increased to 4% and then it comes from more than 6% of total available water water capacity soybeans are mining organic matter your water holding capacity is going down so when you get a big rain your bucket is smaller than it used to be when grandpa broke this ground in the Timber Valley a problem with a 7% or 8% organic matter now what do you have? think of this number here so instead of holding water in your soil you're now holding 6% so when you get a big rain your wet and salt come to the top and all this stuff you've got to build that organic matter that bucket back up again grandpa mined it now we've got to fix it a bit the other thing is where you have the perennial sequence is you suck the water out flowing down to 12 or 14 feet in a dry year so when you do get a wet year there's a place for that excess water to go right now you're running with water tables at 3 and 4 feet all the time as soon as you get a wet year you're wet you don't have any room that's been sucked out down below when soil water storage capacity is low much of the rain that falls during extended periods of precipitation is lost or caused a problem in contrast to combined with the affected capture of rain and snow melt with macro pores over the fall winter in springtime the port of cops or extended drive period could have a big bucket so this is an Argentine drill we've got a really good opener we're making that into a real drill but look how low disturbance that is and as this crop dies and feeds nutrients to the wheat that grows it's captured a bunch of nitrogen that's going to feed the wheat and when I have time it means trade delegation there they say well that means you don't need to use fertilizer and I say well yeah I do if I'm going to sell you the wheat I need to replace that phosphorus unless you're willing to go into your sewage and load some containers of poop up and send it back and they got this reel once it translated translated it all like this you know and also boy I'm not going to go in the diplomatic corps and then also they thought about it and they all started making shoveling things and laughing because they understand that in China in old times in China if you went to somebody's house for supper the plight thing to do was to go to the bathroom before you left because you're going to take nutrients home with you and you need to leave some to replace the ones you're taking home was this true why? they did it in Korea too when they were there in the 50's okay see all tillage tools destroy soil structure all tillage tools increase water, you don't care vertical tillage whatever the hell you want to call that stuff all tillage tools reduce organic matter and all tillage tools increase wheat tillage is to agriculture what fracking is to petroleum tillage is designed to do is to increase the speed and extend the nutrient removal from the soil just like fracking increases the speed and the extent that you can remove oil from shape and it leaves the resource degraded so if you're in the mining business tillage is good and that's kind of what grandpa did he came to native stuff and he's minded but then he put perennial back in and built it back up again and then he built it back up again and then he minded again and what we're doing is we're just mining continuous low disturbance no-till the combination of diverse rotation and cover crops is a biological biological problem we look backward when we do tillage we look forward when we're doing no-till thank you put nitrogen and I didn't show the data but the only way to put nitrogen on corn is to place it three inches to the side and that's the same depth as the seed when you're planting it's cheaper to put your planter to do that than to buy an air seeder I know but you're going to wear it out faster it's just not even close I can show you all kinds of data it's at least 20 bushel difference I've done this over and over and over again 20 bushel difference if I put fertilizer three inches to the side versus anything else I do it you're on the seeder over do they test it again putting it three inches to the side because the other thing you do when you're just broadcasting or going out and putting it out in the fall it's the wrong time first of all you can get lost but the other thing you're doing is you're feeding the weeds one of the big keys to our weed control being cheap is we're putting our fertilizer on so it doesn't our crops get it but our weeds don't so you're feeding the weeds and they go out okay I can kill them but you really can't kill them anymore but yes what about side dressing well side dressing is okay other than I'm in 20 in throws and that's tough we still want that starter on corn plant to get the big corn in June to get it off to an early start because one of the problems with no-till is that the nitrogen doesn't come free as fast and the no-till is cooler which is good because it comes free later but we've got to give it a stop start and that's that's why we get that big difference but on our irrigated ground we just put the nitrogen on some of it with the corn plant that goes for the irrigator which is basically side dressing but on dry land we put it all out in planting time what about foliar spraying plants have a root for a reason Mother Nature never fertilized the only place for a foliar is to try to to ding up your raise your protein on spring weeks and stuff like that you can modify you can do some things with foliar on spring weeks to try to bump their protein up a bit but that's the only one that I think makes any sense you've got healthy roots see one of the things with bad rotation you've got shitty roots so you don't really explore yes way back in the back 3 inches is over that's pretty much your sweet spot well 3 inches is outside the 2-1.5 inch depth wheel the planter goes so if it happens that single disc fertilizer opener happens to peel up a little bit of mud or something you're not getting it on the depth wheel and it's far enough out you never really have any dink so I can go as high as I want to on the urea urea ammonium sulfate stuff that goes in there and goes as high as I want very good raising it and get really high well okay and weed it's a different thing so that 5-inch off is the right answer for weed because if you give too much nitrogen to weed early it makes too many tillers and if you ever look at a weed plant when it's mature the first head is big and the next head smaller and the next head smaller yet so Ruth ran away on me Ruth did her master's degree free stuff at redfield starting this high yield weed thing where we we plan heavy advantage of nitrogen to try to keep from tillering and all that kind of stuff and she started that there and we had people that continue it and that's kind of how we manage the nitrogen is to try to try to 5-inch it off is about right put it in the sea trench put it in the sea trench probably is not a good idea put a little postures in the sea trench but not nitrogen you gotta get it off the side yeah and if it's too close if it's 3 inches it's too close that weed gets it too fast and still tillers quite a bit corn's bred not to tiller and you can breed you can breed wheat not to tiller but we don't have any of them in the United States they have them in Europe they're called unicorn weeds one seed gives you one head just like corn and that's why they have the real high yields in Europe too you gotta get the same thing with those and things like that do the same thing with those yeah what kind of the starter will use either a map or a mes you know a mes is the one that's got the zinc in so for corn 1034 yeah 1034 is the other one where you put the zinc with it and that's the other one you can do the reason the mes is better than using a zinc sulfate in the starter zinc sulfate just wouldn't have enough particles you have a particle here and particle there and particle there where the mes is a little bit of zinc in every particle and there's 40 rocks got the same thing it's not just the one people that make it there's more people that make it what about fertilizer with the seed in plant corn when we plant corn we put a little bit of phosphorus with the seed but not the nitrogen but if all you're doing is just the phosphorus with the seed that doesn't give you the pop you get your response in long-term no-till you get your response from the nitrogen not from the phosphorus it's really interesting Wayne what do you think about you know all by theory we have a lot of trouble getting a lot of growth out of our cover crops on a cow to drive us tonight what would the variance be in a year where we're just going to be practicing farming the crop if we if we just decide to go a full season cover crop when he asked what if we just do a full season cover crop one that we did with Cronin Farms and Mike Cronin's here we did one last year as part of that Buffett thing where they did OSP early after hay and then they did pearl millet and German millet together Mike and then some kind of a broad link and they're supposed to have as your second crops you have two four-inch crops and then they swath that that second crop and they swath grates that and and what they were supposed to do was they didn't do it they're supposed to bring the oats back out put them across you put the bales this way and then you use the bales to hold your wires as your frontal grates you stick the bales in post in the bales and then put your wire across and then all you have to do is move to the next row of bales and you expose or a half a row or whatever but you expose some bales and just keep moving to the next row of bales with your wires so you have a balanced diet out there oats and peas and hay millet the cow always kind of like that right Mike the swath grazing yeah they were the ones that were supposed to move put the bales out there they didn't like that part but I mean that those kind of approaches the Canadians do this a lot so it's not they can't do it where the weather's bad because and the reason that they did it before we were doing it is because they had the BSE problem like an old cow in Canada is worth a dime a pound they really can't sell them I think they're getting so they can now but ten years ago an old cow there was worth ten cents a pound for dog food and that was it so they had to figure out some way to take a lot of cost out of their cow cap operation they do it with swath grazing and bales grazing if you've got salinity in the low ground and you can put a cover crop out there or whatever and then bale up swath or bale up swath the high ground bale up the low ground and take that salty bale from the bottom and put it on top of the hill and then do this kind of thing so now you've got your salt going back to the top of the hill where it came from right? so that one makes a lot of sense and if you've got salinity put in perennials that's going to fix it pretty fast put in four or five year perennials fix it but it's been fun thanks for watching


We're directly communicating, we are in heavy states of emotional distress, but it's not apparent to them in our voice and how we look, and so they don't take us seriously. It can be quite difficult, you know, and perhaps it might even get to the point where the only time where they can like take you seriously is like, you're having a meltdown, you're just completely overstimulated and that's when they sort of step in and help. A common rhetoric in the autistic community is that you cannot spot if someone's autistic, you cannot tell from the outside.  Well, today we're going to have a look at an interesting video from the Aspie world, talking about five strange physical traits of autism. Now off the top of my head I have seen some research and things of that nature around this topic. However, whenever I have seen people in the community talking about such topics, it does very much seem that like people have a lot of things to say about it and that sometimes this can actually be not a good thing. So I'm going to approach this video with an open mind. It's not really something that I've dealt with too soon much. So I'm not necessarily going to have all the answers, but I think it would be good to to watch this video and see if it's something. So if there's anything that I can sort of draw out of it. So here are five of the strangest autism physical traits. Oh, yes, we're talking physical. Guys, welcome back to the Aspie world. My name is Dan, I have autism and ADHD, and I make weekly videos, all of this stuff. So if you want to continue this journey with me and learn more, make sure to hit the subscribe button down below to make sure that you don't miss a video. OK, guys, what is going on? Oh, God, man. OK, a lot of people think that people with autism have no physical visible of disability issues. They may think that because autism is classed as an invisible disability, that there are no physical signs or traits. This can be further from the truth. There are many physical things that will be apparent within autism. Now, I'm going to break five of the most interesting ones and probably the most strangest ones with you right now. So buckle up. Let's get into it. OK, guys, the first one is looking younger. Now, this does sound a bit odd, but one of the things that's really common in autistic individuals is that they will look younger than the actual age. Now, I'm 36 right now, and a lot of people think that I'm like in my early 30s or my mid 20s, which is really interesting, because I'm in my late 30s. But it's not just me that comes across as I come across autistic individuals all the time, like a good friend of mine, Chloe Hayden, who is in the Netflix show, Heartbreak High in Australia. You know, she comes across as someone very, very young. You know, she's in her mid to late 20s, but she comes across to somebody who could be in their teens because she looks quite young. And there are many people like this. It's not just me. Most autistic individuals I speak to, they come across as being a lot younger than they actually are because of how they look. Very strange, but very prominent. OK, number two. Interesting, like whenever I've sort of met people at the gym and they've asked me how old I am, like they think that I'm like 18, 19, 20, like obviously the beard kind of adds some level of age to like anyone's face. But definitely when I shave off my beard, I do look like a teenager, to be honest. Now, is that related to my skin care regime? Probably to like a little bit of an extent. 100%. But I think there might be some reason for this. I think someone was talking particularly about connective tissue. There is somewhat of a correlation between autism and what's called Ella's Danlos Syndrome. I don't know if you guys have heard of it. Sometimes autistic people can have hypermobility quite often. And this is kind of somewhat related to EDS and it's related to sort of the collagen, sort of the structural kind of parts of your body, like related to your your tendons and your ligaments and even the stuff that kind of binds your skin together. And some people with Ella's Danlos Syndrome or autistic people can actually have a lot softer skin, which may sort of be related to that due to the like the sort of the elasticity of the collagen in their skin. You know, you have EDS, you have hypermobility, hypermobility, chronic pain, which that would that would somewhat make sense, I suppose. I mean, I think I think something something else like with the SP World's example of Chloe Hayden, like I really love her her dress sense and her fashion sense and things like that. But she she doesn't tend to sort of follow the like the social normative kind of fashion trends. I don't think I think a lot of autistic people aren't really held to these like social norms, which are related to maturity. So when it comes to fashion, when it comes to like what we want to dress ourselves in, is not really dictated by like the people around us. Like it could just be something that that we like. And we might just have always dressed that way and we just continue to dress like like that into adulthood. That could could possibly be a reason for it, maybe. Another aspect to it, particularly in that example. When people say I look young, it's a joke because of my vampirism. I was heavily bending my teens and twenties. Yeah, EDS is so common. And now I have lupus, another connective tissue or to mean disease. I'm sorry to hear that. Well, Tommy, you do way. I don't have hypermobility, but I do have like apparently I do have extremely like soft skin from what I've been told, even though I do go to the gym constantly and like have calluses on my hands. My skin is very soft. And whenever I used to do Taekwondo, like when I used to compete, I used to train like two hours, three hours, four hours a day. And in Taekwondo, when you kick, you're like the foot that's sort of connected to the floor.  And I used to have so many issues when it came to like developing really sort of deep calluses on my feet, which were extremely painful. I think it was also related to my weight and my height and stuff as well. Like it's not particularly a sport that you see a lot of quite sort of heavy-boned people play, to be honest. Number two is tip toe walking. Now, really strange, people in the autism spectrum will walk on their tip toes. It's more it's like a sensory thing because it's more of a you don't really notice it, but people will kind of bounce also to people will bounce on their toes more than walking like heel to toe, heel to toe, heel to toe, they'll be like pointing up on their toes. And tip toe walking is super common. And now, I guess if you're apparently watching this, please give us a thumbs up if you've seen a child on the autism spectrum work tip toe walking. Yeah, I mean, I've heard about it a lot. I think I probably used to do it as well. I actually I don't walk like that. I don't think that's necessarily like how humans walk like heel to toe, like I'm pretty sure like from from looking at, you know, you have like these these sort of trends. So when it comes to footwear, we have like barefoot individuals, like people who like wearing like very flat, sort of close to the ground, very thin sort of shoes, you know. And that's basically to promote sort of your more natural sort of walking style, because actually we're not we're not necessarily like the way that we walk is not supposed to be heel to toe. But it's just because we have these big wedges under our feet at the back. It kind of allows us to be cushioned in that way. And it feels a lot more smooth.  But what he's talking about, like the input, it's related to proprioceptive input, the awareness of your body in space. And perhaps something related to like some antisensory, like touch, touch related input, mechanoception, so pressure related things, possibly walking on the tiptoes. You know exactly what I mean. Oh, and if you haven't already, guys, I've got a free Autism Wife Hacks PDF book. You can download right now at autismhacks.net. OK, so the next one I'm talking about here is monodone talking. Autistic individuals who are verbally able to communicate will talk in a monotonal type of conversation, which is that physical trait? Is that a physical trait? I don't think that's a physical trait.  Right. I'm not saying that as a thing. I'm just saying that that's what I expected the video to be like. So I'm sort of pleasantly surprised a little bit. But the mother's own voice, the vocal monotony, what they call it. There's a word for it. I talk about a lot. I can't remember. I don't think that's a physical trait that it's definitely a thing. You can sort of perhaps hear it in my voice as well. I do tend to announce it quite a bit and go up and down of my tone. But there is always this kind of droning kind of background kind of aspect to my voice, which I think some people find it quite relaxing. And it's why a lot like a lot of people, whenever I speak or whenever I go on lives or like do a podcast or do a live stream, they're like, you should do ASMR. And I'm like, OK, maybe not ASMR. Maybe I'll do like some affirmations, you know, flat effects. I think that's more related to flat effects, more related to indirect communication, like your facial expressions and such. I think I think it is a vocal monotony, which means that there will be no inflection up and down or excitement in their voice, typically. Now, I'm using a type of acting to create videos because I'm trained in acting, but when I'm talking to somebody, there is more of a monotone talking position going on. And the reason for this, because the brain of an autistic person is processing and simulating so much information and data, it's taking away from the ability to show excitement and inflection within the typical conversation flow. It's very monotone or flat and the conversation will deviate from this vocal line. When you're talking to somebody on the autism spectrum, that's kind of what you'll experience. OK, I think I don't think it's necessarily related to like other stimulation, like an input. I think it's more related to how we naturally speak, you know, I mean, I got made fun of for sounding monotone when I was younger on a few occasions. Yeah, Tom and CeCe, my previous comments. Now, let me have a look. Irene is looking. Oh, Irene's in hospital. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. That's not good. I hope you guys are understanding when I when I don't necessarily read and reply reply to your message. I'm not I'm not necessarily doing it on purpose. So just it's quite hard to like react to a video and then like keep track of everybody's voice. Voice comments, messages. I love his honesty about about him acting.  That sounds a little bit narcissistic. You guys have the ability to see like me talking for like four hours. Like I definitely can't mask for four hours straight. Like I do have I do have inflections and sort of I suppose like emotion in my voice. But this is how I actually speak, you know, it's not it's not really like I'm not like putting anything on, you know, but I understand what you're saying. Like I think where anybody who does who is sort of online, I think that there is sort of a tendency for us to sort of put on like a little bit more of like a prevent presenter-ish kind of way style of communicating. You know, I mean, because it's not really a natural kind of setting. You know, you can't really it doesn't really translate one to one my real life, like for sure. But I don't think this is the same for neurotypicals either, to be honest. Irene says she's having an operation on her jaw. Oh, dear. Tone and quality of voice. We're supposed to sound happy or certain certain situations, but it may not come naturally to us. Yeah, and it actually brings a lot of difficulties to us. Not because of the fact that we are monosome, but it's people don't necessarily, neurotypical people don't necessarily take us as seriously if we don't express things in our voice. You know, I know I don't know about you guys, but when I'm feeling incredibly overstimulating and finding things very difficult, my voice tends to become more and more monotone as I'm struggling. Do you know what I mean? And, you know, usually when I'm sort of asking the help or exclaiming that I'm not doing very well, my voice is particularly sort of monotone. You know, yeah, some people find your voice calming, Edwin. When people say mass, the song costing price that's playing in my head. I don't know that song. It's the same with same with flat affects as well, related to facial expressions and body language. People don't people don't take us as seriously, which is a big issue, actually, because, like, you know, we're directly communicating. We are in heavy states of emotional distress, but it's not apparent to them in our voice and how we look. And so they don't take us seriously. Can be quite difficult, you know, and perhaps it might even get to the point where the only time where they can like take you seriously is like you're having a meltdown. You're just completely over stimulated. And that's when they sort of step in and help, you know, being constantly criticized for my tone for not being correct. OK, number four is sleep issues. Oh, diddly do.  I cannot just stop for a second to relax. I have a hard time relaxing. My version of relaxing is watching an educational documentary or learning something to brighten up my experience of understanding life. I can't not learn. So this is a big issue that does impact many people in the autism spectrum. So autistic people usually bad sleepers. Sorry, guys. OK, number. Yeah, again, I wouldn't necessarily that's a say that's a physical trait of them, you know. But yeah, 100 percent. I mean, autistic people do struggle with sleep. Although what he's describing, I can't really relate to. I feel like that's perhaps a little bit more. I don't know if anybody in there like perhaps is a little bit more related to ADHD, maybe. Like, I definitely have difficulties when it comes to falling asleep. That is for sure. But once I'm asleep, I'm like out like a light, you know. I don't think I've had a good night's sleep. Oh, dear. In number five, we kind of correlates to and coming from the same issue of sleep. This one is speed talking. Autistic individuals, me included, will talk very, very fast. A lot of people tell me to slow down in my videos because my brains, the autistic brain is moving so fast to try to push so much data out because the speed of the mind versus the speed of the conversation is completely off. So we're trying to catch up with the mind all the time, the jet. And it becomes a big, very fast wrap, almost, to get every single word that you want to talk about out. It's very difficult to slow that down because you're so used to your brain going so fast and you want to get that information out.  Those things are so apparent. Now, those are the top five strangest physical traits of autism. And I'd love to know. I think as well, this one, like this feels like more of an ADHD thing. You know, I don't mean to be to be purposefully contrarian in that sense, but it does it does somewhat seem to be like from my understanding, more related to ADHD, like the fast talking, like, if anything, I feel like most autistic people that I come across who who are just autistic, they don't have an ADHD diagnosis. They're usually quite slow, slow speaking, you know. Now you feel that too, Adrienne. Interesting, I'm trying to think of some some like actual, like physical sort of traits and signs. I suppose you could consider like stemming to be like a physical thing that people can see, maybe. Um, you know, ticks, maybe, physical ticks. Hmm. He could be odd. You know, he's old HD. He's old HD. Yeah. I think maybe like physical neurodivergent traits would be probably a better title, but, you know, when our animals help me sleep, but people prevent sleep. I can't sleep at all on a plane or a airport or a hotel. Yeah, 100%. I really struggle when it comes to sleeping on transport. I think it's I don't think it's more more like the fact that people are there. I think it's just like I get paranoid.  Like you basically voluntarily comatosing yourself for a period of time. Slow, sometimes with delayed processing. Exactly. Exactly. But I feel like most ADHD is that I come across. They tend to like respond extremely quickly. They don't necessarily have that delayed that the sort of the processing delay that perhaps that's I experienced quite, quite intensely. But they do experience that, but they sort of process as they're speaking, like as they're applying the sort of available processing, if you know what I mean. Interesting. Yeah, I suppose it's this. There's a speech problem, I think, called clustering. Sometimes I spit out a few words as if it's one word. Yeah, I do that as well, Tommy. I think I think, yeah, I haven't heard of clustering. I have a motor mouth and motor movement problems at times. I think it can be somewhat related to like speech related things, because your actual voice, how you talk, you are using muscles. So sometimes it's related to like coordination. I can imagine that would be be a thing. Do you guys have any like knowledge of like physical signs? Isn't that partly stress that interferes with talk with thinking? I think I think stress definitely does have an impact on my processing delays, 100%. Interesting. Well, that has been the SP World's five strange physical traits of autism. I'd be interested to know down in the comments, do you have any like physical things that have been talked about or researched in the literature that you can share or things about yourself that you would like to share too? Please let me know down in the comments, like a subscribe and do all that lovely stuff and I'll see you later.