My name is Laura Tanna. I am 22 years old. I was born in Kurdistan, but I originally am a Musa Potemian. What brought me here was the NGO that I co-founded. It's the Middle East Sustainable Peace Organization. We devote for minorities and for peace generally, and we're all Middle East. When I was born, I was declared dead. And for some reason, one random nurse comes by and slaps me a couple of times, and my parents hear me crying. I believe that Iraq is kind of dead now, and it kind of needs the same slap that the nurse slapped me. I think my role is to be that nurse. As long as others can't do it, then we will do it. People have said that there is no more hope in Iraq. And when I see myself empowered enough to go all the way from Erbil to India to meet His Holiness, to know what were the steps and strategies that He followed so I could follow it, I think it's possible. If I can do it, then everyone can do it. I want to go back to my nation, tell them that we're not the only ones who are fighting this fight. I want the minorities in Iraq to know that they're not forgotten. I truly wish that my next year, when I watch this video again, I would be smiling and saying that, yes, we didn't just say that we will, we actually did.


Ladies and gentlemen, the railroad hours. And here comes our star-studded show train. Tonight, the Association of American Railroads presents the charming Gilbert and Sullivan Comic Opera, the Pirates of Penvance, starring Gordon MacGray and his two guest stars, Clark Dennis and Lucille Norman. Our choir is under the direction of Norman Luboff, and the music is prepared and conducted by Carmen Dragon. Yes, tonight another great musical success is brought to you by the American Railroad.  And now here is our star, Gordon MacGray. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Well, sir, we're off to that delightful world of nonsense and charming improbability that was fashioned by Gilbert and Sullivan. I'll be the very model of a modern major general. Clark Dennis will be Frederick, and lovely Lucille Norman will be Mabel, as we bring you the Pirates of Penvance. Have you ever wanted to be a pirate? Well, I have. Quite confidentially, just between you and me, I often lock myself in my study, pull out a wooden cutlass, and sing a rousing pirate song. Oh, better far to live and die play flag, flag, I fly then play a sanctimonious part with a pirate head and a pirate heart way to the teething world go you where pirates all our world to do but I'll be true to the song I sing pirate king I'm a major general, a paragon of respectability and the father of eight daughters, all girls. Meanwhile, off on the rocky coast of Cornwall, some real pirates are having a high old time. One rocky coast of Cornwall, please. Thank you. And now let's hear from a real pirate king. Oh, oh, King of Pirates, Harry Bill, oh, King of Pirates, well, the plenus rises from indenture, bleed from his arm and pirate down with thee. He won and a full-fledged ensign. Pirate king, I thank you, but today I leave you forever. But why, a keener hand never scuttled a canard or a ship-to-hand spike? Whatever that means. I was apprenticed to you, and it was my duty to stay because I am a slave of duty, but it was all an error. An error? What error? I cannot tell you, it would reflect on my nuts. Nay, dear master, better have it out at once. When Frederick was a little lad, he was so brave and daring his father thought he'd friendship him to some career deep-faring. I was a lad, his nursery mate, and so it fell to my lot to take and bind a promising voice of friendship to a pilot. A lad, not bad for a holly lad, so sure did not, to make your boy a pilot. And I did not catch the word, so right through being instructions which within my brain did gyrate. I took and bound this promising voice of friendship to a pilot. A lad, not bad for a holly lad, so sure did not, to make your boy a pilot. They still are, but at midnight my obligation ceases. I must say we haven't much to offer, Fred. We don't seem to make piracy pay. I'm sure I don't know why. It's because you're too tender-hearted. For instance, you make a point of never attacking a weaker party than yourselves, and when you attack a stronger party... We always get thrashed. Then again, you make a point of never molesting an orphan. Of course! We are orphans ourselves. Yes, but it's gotten around. Now everyone we capture says he's an orphan. The last three ships we took were manned entirely by orphans, so we had to let him go. And all I don't think much of our profession either, but contrasted with respectability, it's, um, um, comparatively honest. Meanwhile, my eminence, the very model of a modern major general, accompanied by all eight of my daughters, were off for a picnic. Where? The rocky coast of Cornwall. A beautiful mix of the sky, the glass is striking very high. Can't you find a hope that they are near the bank? But yesterday, tomorrow, it'll be hard. Oh, Father, I just know something exciting is going to happen. Well, it always does about this point in a comic opera.  We will, Father. It's such a beautiful day. A beautiful mix of the sky, the glass is striking very high. Can't you find a hope that they are near the bank? Shoes off, girls. Drop, ladies. Stop. Don't remove another shoe. Alas, I am a pirate. Ladies, ladies, don't be afraid of me. Tonight, I am renouncing my profession. Oh, how wonderful it is to see you. Up until now, the only woman I have known is my nursemaid. And so I thought all women looked 47. Oh, handsome he is. And how pitiful his story is. Oh, it's one maid. A major general? Yes, gentlemen. Permit me to introduce my son and major general. I've information, vegetable, animal, and mineral. I know the kings of England and I quote the pysistatical for marathon to water, lure, nor a categorical. I'm very well acquainted to with matters mathematical. I understand equation for the simple and for radical. Above, I know milty, and I'm peeming with a lot of views. Now, let's see. What rhymes with news? Maybe needs a new pair of shoes. And, uh, oh, I have it. Very cheerful facts about the spread of the hot news. Very cheerful facts about the differential calculus. I know the scientific names of the very model of a modern major general. I'm ethicist, the reeking of the sense of paradox. I answer hard across the cyber-pity taste for paradox. I quote an illy geeks, all the crimes of peely gavelas. God, I second floor peculiarities for fabulous. I can tell and doubt a rabies, and garros, thousands of themies. I know the poking porous from the frogs of Baristophanes. Then I can hum a fugue of which I've heard the music's dinner. Four. We have now. Four. Dinosaur. And whistle all the air, some light and fertile nonsense. Pinnacle rider, washing bill and Babylonic uniform. And tell you every detail of Caracacus's uniform. And short and mad is vegetable, animal and mineral. I am the very model of a modern major general. I have some idea of what's going on. You mustn't do that. This is a picturesque uniform, but I'm not entirely familiar with it. What are you? We are all single gentlemen. Yes, I gathered that. Papa, they are pirates. Now, wait a minute. I object to pirates as sons-in-law. And we object to major generals as the fathers-in-law. Ah, an idea. Gentlemen, have you ever known what it is to be an orphan? No, Dashelaw. Here we go again. Gentlemen, I am an orphan boy. Then our rules protect you. You may be an honorary member of our band. What do you suppose they'll do when they find out? I'm the only orphan in the British Empire who still has a mother and a father. At this time of national crisis, Americans remember that this is not the first Christmas season during which our country has faced a grim and crying future. 173 years ago, General Washington's army encamped at Valley Forge, lacked food and fuel and arms and clothing, lacked almost everything, but tremendous spiritual courage and a strong faith in the righteousness of their cause. And that strong faith in the new ideals of liberty and freedom of opportunity inspired our young nation to win through to final victory. Today, with Christmas only two short weeks away, our country faces another sobering crisis. And as we make our Christmas preparations, we cannot help thinking of the many thousands of heroic men in our armed forces who will not spend Christmas Day with their families. Men who'll spend this important season on the frozen snow-covered battlefields of Korea fighting to preserve the same ideals of freedom and liberty that fired the souls of Washington's army in that winter at Valley Forge. And today, thinking of these men of our armed forces, we know all America is determined that they shall not want for anything we can give them that will strengthen them in their valiant fight against overwhelming odds. The railroads of America are deeply dedicated to the achievement of this goal. They are making full use of all the improvements to their plant and equipment installed since the end of World War II. Since the start of the Korean War, the railroads have greatly expanded and speeded up their program to meet the ever-mounting transportation demands of the country. And for the future, they are determined to provide every rail transportation need of our armed forces, first, fully, and without delay. Starring Gordon Macrae as the Major General, you see a Norman as Mabel. Rick, help me. My poor father is so sad, so unhappy. Major General Stanley, tell me, why do you sigh? My boy, I have escaped from the pirates by lying to them. And when they find out, what will they do? It is midnight and I am no longer a 21st birthday has arrived. I am free to join you as we march against the pirates of Penzance. Are not your national police here to help protect you? Oh, they are indeed. I should call them. You know in America they have an expression for this. All right, Louis, drop the gun. When the foreman bears his steel Tarantara, tarantara We uncomfortable feel Tarantara And we find the wisest thing Tarantara, tarantara To slap a chest and sing Tarantara, we're the mutants. My nursemaid. We have a piece of news for you, my lad. Tell him, Ruth. But you were born on the 29th of February in at least a year. But I have just reached my 21st year. Yes, but you were a predestined was until your 21st birthday, which will occur early in 1980. My goodness. That means I'm about five years old. I don't feel five years old, especially when I look at you, Mabel. Don't go back to the pirates, Frederick. Will you wait for me, Mabel, until 1980? Features of their liberty and all that. Great is any honest To be done, to be done The policeman's lot is not a happy one. Happy one. When the enterprising burglar's not a burgling. Not a burgling. When the cut throat isn't occupied in crime. And listen to the maddie. When the cost has been his jumping on his mother. Asking in the sun. In the sun. Or take one consideration with a happy one. They're sneaking up on us like burglars in the night. Listen. Where will the father be? Take the notice. Frederick has told us of your deceit. You are no orphan. No, but if you kill me, all my daughters will be. I'm sorry.  Silence.  Now just a minute, King. Just a minute. To gain a brief advantage, you can thrive. But your proud triumph will not be long-lived. Don't say you're orphaned. To Virginia, East, it was Ruth and to our entire company. Gilbert and Sullivan's Pirates of Penn's Anse was dramatized for the railroad hour by Lawrence and Glee. You know, back in the days of World War II, I remember what a thrill it was to go home for a visit. And I know thousands of veterans will remember what it meant to save up the dollars for that trip. That's why it's good to hear that this year the railroads are again offering special reduced rates for military personnel traveling on leave during the Christmas holidays. From December 15th until January 15th, our men in uniform can make a round trip in railroad coaches for about two cents a mile. And now here again are our guests, Norman and Clark Dennis. Well, it was a real pleasure doing Gilbert and Sullivan with Norman and Dennis. Hi, it was fun, Gordon. Tell me something, Gordon. Is there really a place called Penn's Anse? Well, there certainly is, Clark. It's a famous British seaside resort. It's, well, it's like saying the Pirates of Palm Springs or the Pirates of Pismo Beach. Where are you heading next week, Major? Well, Bonnie Lass will head into Scotland for the magic of the lovely musical hit Brigadoom. And Mary and Bell and say, looky here, Clark Dennis will be our guest. Well, we'll be listening. Well, what am I saying? I'll be here. Good night, Gordon. Good night, folks. All aboard. Well, sir, it looks as though we're ready to pull out. And so until next week, goodbye. The Penn's Anse was presented by special arrangement with the Tams Whitmark Music Library. Gordon McRae can be seen starring in the Warner Bros. production, The West Point Story. Our choir is under the direction of Norman Luboff, and our music is prepared and conducted by Carmen Dragon. This is Marvin Miller saying goodbye until next week for the American Railroad. And I'll keep you into your Monday night...


What the heck Ladies and gentlemen welcome back to the channel. I have a challenge for you today So I'm here in sunny, Florida was in town for a wedding Wes our lead producer at Guggen squad. He was getting married all of us. We came down here We had a good time. We went to the wedding. It was beautiful and wishing Wes on his merry way him and his wife I find myself here. I have a little time Before I have to go to the airport. I have a reel That is all I have. I need a rod. I do have line on the reel actually here in Florida. There are so many ponds Fish in every single one of them. So it's a beautiful situation for any bass fisherman coming down here Right now. I'm walking to a sporting goods store I'm gonna go get some stuff from scratch bring it back here and fish this little community pond This has catch and release only I guess the first part of this challenge is actually getting to the store It's 1.6 miles away. I just dropped a battery I am scooting here, and I'm literally passing even more bodies of water to fish as I'm getting to the store Look at this. They're everywhere Florida you're awesome. I love you. This one has a fence around it. That means it's probably really good Almost there and we are passing a huge huge pond right here with some Drainages on the sides. There's a big purple hose. Not sure what that's for and this looks pretty good right here doing a little investigation Besides the trash Okay, I need a rod. I need some lures.  That is a Guggen squad combo. It's an all-purpose Multi-species just really strong tough Parabolic Bend rod and all I have is the reel. I couldn't pack the rod because I was flying on an airplane the carry-on pond the lights Here we go three eighths ounce Chargers and white Willow and Colorado tandem cannot beat that 399 we'll give her world Okay hooks hooks hooks. I am going with a weightless bait because I'm I'm using a soft Rod so we need like an open exposed hook probably go with like a wacky rig situation 99 cents for a hook for all these hooks We're good to go Not even gonna lie that walk. It's kind of a doozy So I called an Uber come pick me up. It's like a 30-minute walk guys. Well, that's a tiny one Go fishing man Got me a pole got me some blues. I just had a itch. I had to scratch To go fishing every now and then ladies doing you're not winning any style awards on this one This is just a emergency dangle. We've got our Guggen squad reel beautiful bright green brown and Black rod which doesn't make sense and is definitely not pretty We have found it It happens to be back here in the deep woods though with the gators and such Man, I have been strolling Literally strolling with my bag here For about 0.7 miles, so I'm just ready to sit down and oh no way this says no fishing Get the hell out of here. It's probably really good then. What the heck? My gosh, this looks beautiful. I know it says no fishing, but please don't tell anybody This is where I'm going to get some fish For sure Let's sit down here and get myself a little profile. Oh, there we go. There we go.  Caught right by a no fishing sign. Hmm.  Okay, buddy. Got you unhooked Seeding you on your way Man, he just gobble-gurped it to Florida sniffs, baby Came down here. I was able to acquire some equipment At a local sporting goods store and we're getting it done right now. I'm walking around This place is a big pond and it's beautiful Fish just should be spawning somewhere too So I'm kind of giving a little peek over the side to see if any fish are like right on the edge I'll bet it up, but I think I'm gonna stick with that little weightless bait since it is so clear Maybe switch colors go to a black and blue color that I got as well.  You know what I mean? You guys are basically just looking at a bush right now, but The lure is about 30 feet out there Working it trying to try to dodge the trees Wow Wow This is a very difficult angle here in this foliage could make a little color switcheroo here I'll go with the classic Florida Junebug dark purple color You see the way I'm rigging that not just going through the exact middle of the bait kind of Going through the the side and coming out.  Oh my that is some wind That's a fish. Oh, yeah. Oh, he had it little guy though Little guy gobbled it. It's what you call a young squirt right there young squirt Didn't really make a splash. He wanted that Junebug though All back now come on back. All right, so I've had a lot of bites in this area I don't know if there's something going on here Good structure around the way But I've had three three bites. Oh Got it right there. Oh shoot. Oh Come off Okay, I got my third fish out of here feel good about it Log stuck in my wheel on my luggage I'm going to start walking towards The main highway and go fish over there some of the ponds there Um, I think it might rain it rains almost every day here in Florida So Could become an issue I've got uh About three hours left until I've got to go to the airport So I've got plenty of time to catch some more fish but Found this one even though it said no fishing That's always the best places to go my opinion There's looking like 100 chance of rain over the course of the next hour So this is not going anywhere. This is tough. I'm ready to catch a few more Give them some good solid sniffs Give back to good old Tate house. See my girls. I'm missing them Okay after a little rain delay Paw number two now Much bigger and wide open when you come to these ponds it's You never really know like where where the fish are going to set up Usually though it is close to the edge There's usually just uh Stuff like built up around the edge of the pond rather than out in the middle They're not very deep. So there's not any different. Uh Oh, there's a bite Got him Thumped it hard. Oh my gosh. That's a good one. Here we go. Oh, yeah, baby Heck yeah I thought he was a lot bigger But he just it was like a hard smack. Thumped it good Heck, yeah second pond fourth fish Wabam That's the kind of bite I like Just a thump Get it good Oh, there's another one Same size Maybe a little smaller When you're feeling like a tap tap Most of the time it's one about that size And then you know two three pound bass I got no problem just sucking in a a plastic like this Just one one pump Maybe this rain has helped turn them on a little bit Oh, there's one he's got it. He's got a little one You have to turn the drag down on this reel a little bit Smoking them. Heck yeah, there's three fish and three minutes here at this next one next little hoad They're not big honkers Hit the like button for honkers going back in Right there. Here we go.  I just threw that off fish is completely going to eat that one Wow Must have a little soft spot on that one Didn't have the audio section there. It's rolling on my other camera, but there is a nice Nice fish did not expect to get that one Well, I was trying to get a photo with that guy, but he decided he didn't want to be on camera So he flopped himself back in I'm seeing a lot of kids around here Just fishing these ponds now just really enjoying fishing So many opportunities here as a kid to just have access to fishable waters And be able to go bass fishing. It's awesome. Man. I love it. So, uh, there's there's a father son down here Jazz about fishing. He's running back and forth from the bait to the water like I could just tell he's super excited So since I can't carry this rod with me Uh, I think I'm just going to give him the whole combo and even the lures that I'm catching them on just to tell them You know, I jazzed them up over there in that corner. I've caught so many fish y'all There just comes a point where you want to pass it on especially now being a dad Like I love teaching people how to fish and helping them out around the lake That's one of the reasons I started making youtube videos in the first place. So I'm gonna walk over there. I'm gonna give them this combo here and uh Hopefully they'll enjoy it catch the fish on it and then I gotta get on one of those guys Hey, how's it going? I was gonna give you my fishing pole But yeah, if you want it I'm heading to the airport So if you if you want, uh, if you want an extra rod Yeah, man, I'm sure I got plenty. My name is Justin Jason, by the way Um, I was catching them on that purple worm on the other in the other pond 20 30 feet out from the bank Over on the other one, but yeah, y'all have a good one I was trying to track down that father and son To give them that combo and then they were leaving and I couldn't catch up to them Uh, then I spotted more people on the other side and it was actually a father with a couple of his daughters So it was actually more fitting for me. I think to uh to give it to them But I came up at a terrible time.  I believe uh, just that select ones I wanted everyone that was my plan was to go get one here since I didn't have a fishing rod with me And then, uh, show you guys the whole thing my uber is going to be here any minute ladies and gentlemen And I'm going to be heading back to texas. Thank you for coming with me on this adventurous Dangle and I will see you on the next one


What's up guys and welcome to one take. I'm Gil and today we're talking about Raised by Wolves episode 10, the season finale. This video will of course have spoilers for the entirety of Raised by Wolves season one and there are some big questions this week.  What were those cave paintings all about and what's with the Neanderthal skull? We'll get into all that and more but first some overall thoughts. Overall I felt pretty mixed about this finale. When I watch a season finale there's basically two things I look for. On the one hand I want to get some sense of closure or at least hit important points in a character's arc that serve as a good note to end on. Then on the other hand I want to see some signposts of where we're heading in the next season. I'd say this episode definitely delivered in the latter. We had some pretty intriguing developments with the mystery and some pretty clear setup for the conflicts coming up in season two. On the other hand I didn't feel a great sense of closure. I do think that characters like Paul and Campion reached important points in their character arcs but those moments didn't quite land for me because I felt like they depended on groundwork that I didn't really think was there but I'll get into the details of it as we jump into the episode. Either way I enjoyed the season as a whole I'm really glad we have solid sci-fi on TV especially sci-fi that's willing to ask some pretty interesting questions so I'm very excited for the second season but let's not get ahead of ourselves. Let's dive into episode 10. First just a quick reminder if you're enjoying these videos to go ahead and hit that like button, hit the subscribe button and hit the bell icon so you get notified the next time we do a video. First let's talk about Marcus slash Caleb. He's still alive after the end of last week's episode but he's not exactly doing well. His face looks all veiny and bruised. He also has that hallucination of Hunter and it's unclear to me if that's truly a hallucination just from a broken mind or if it is some kind of vision from soul or whatever intelligence has been communicating with Marcus. The one thing that makes me think it may be more of a vision than a hallucination is the presence of that serpent where you see Hunter's arm replaced by a snake. Considering what happens at the end of the episode we know that the serpents hold some kind of importance so the fact that they would appear in his vision tells me this might be more coming from soul or the intelligence. Then at the end of the episode, the atheists arrive on another ship one we didn't know about. I love that reveal because I think it's great setup for conflict next season. It should be pretty interesting to see what happens when mother and father inevitably reunite with the children and then they clash with the atheists because in theory, mother and father should be on the same side as the atheists but the children are another story. They already have a sort of split allegiance between mother, father and the Mithraic. That's only gonna get cranked up when you introduce this additional army of atheists. It'll also just be another window into the current state of humanity, something I've been very curious about. How much of humanity has actually been wiped out? How much has survived? This should give us another window into that. I will say I hope they can do more with the Caleb Marcus character next season. I found him very interesting until the last two or three episodes when he went into full on believer mode and turned on his family. I found him a lot more interesting when he was still sort of struggling between his old Caleb self and having to blend in with the Mithraic versus where he is now where like I said, he's fully embraced his new role.  It's hard to forget the gruesome face cutting scene where he kept saying, I know who I am. So I'm hoping next season some of his old self crops back up and we get more of that great internal struggle. Now let's talk about mother discovering the human emotion of jealousy this episode. Basically she finds out that Campion is jealous of her new child that might have superpowers. She also finds out that father is jealous of the fact that she has mated with some other being. So mother discovering emotions has been one of my favorite dynamics this season. Amanda Cullen is just doing such a great job of creating that mix of feeling some human emotion but having that enjoyed confusion over what am I feeling right now? And she definitely continued to sell that this episode. This also leads into another great confrontation between mother and father, which I've always said those are the moments where the show really shines for me. And he's basically in the same boat as her. He has these emotions he doesn't quite understand. He even says he feels anger towards mother. He tries deleting the thoughts but they just keep coming back. Later he decides he's going to delete all of his memories of her and Campion and basically do a factory reset.  And father says no, they'll live on with you assuming you haven't deleted them. So the reason these scenes work so well for me is that I understand where both characters are coming from. Mother has gone through an experience that to her feels spiritual and very important. She mated with this being because it felt like the right thing to do. At the same time you fully understand father's jealousy, anger and pettiness here. So in terms of character arcs paying off in the finale, this is one that really did land for me and really worked. There's also an interesting line when mother reveals to father the true nature of their mission. Basically the fact that raising the Gen 1 children was just a trial run for raising the child she's about to give birth to. Father tells her one thing I've learned is that our mission is for us to determine. So I think what's going on here is after the loss of the Gen 1 children, fathers realized that they're really crafting their own journey here. They took it upon themselves to raise these new children from the arc. That wasn't part of their original mission. But mother at least at this point is still sticking to their original mission in an almost spiritual way where she is just determined to follow the original will of their creator. Now you might say, and I think mother would agree with you that she's not being spiritual here. She knows her creator. He was a physical biological person that she knew. So there's nothing spiritual or religious happening here. But at this point, I think mother has so far deviated from the original mission she was sent on. The Gen 1 children have all been killed except for Campion. So at this point, they're so far into uncharted territory that to rely on the original intent for creator is not exactly logical. At this point, I think father is right in saying, we need to craft our own journey. We need to make our own mission. You can't just keep clinging to some devotion you have to someone who could not have foreseen what we're going through now. I will say that before we got to this confrontation when father decides he's going to delete his own memories, we got one scene of father in the woods alone where basically he makes a bunch of stick figure children and then speaks his whole dilemma out loud, saying, I need to take care of my children, but whenever I'm around mother, I'm too angry. What am I to do? He basically monologues the whole thing. And I have to say, I really didn't like this scene. It came off as totally inauthentic to me because I don't think father to think all this through would have to create stick figure children. I don't think he would speak out loud. It felt basically like a shortcut way for the show to take the subtext of this dilemma father's going through, not really knowing how to communicate it to us. So instead they just have the character say it out loud even though that's not something which would happen in real life. So for me that took me out of the show a little bit and I feel like you could have deleted this scene and we would have understood the entire dilemma just based off mother and father's confrontation which came next. So I didn't love that scene but I did love the mother father dynamic in this episode overall so I can see past it. Now let's talk about Paul. He goes through a pretty interesting journey this episode. He loses mouse again but this time mouse leads him to some cave paintings. And the fact that mouse was brought back to Paul by soul or whatever intelligent force is manipulating our characters makes me think that soul or that intelligent force wanted Paul to see the paintings. And what exactly did he see? So I tried looking at all the different symbols on that wall and interpreted it as some kind of a story. The way I see it, if we start in the upper left corner we see a humanoid figure next to a large circle full of swirls. Now that large circle has three smaller circles around it. So that makes me think it's Kepler-22B. The three circles around it are Kepler-22B's three moons and the swirls might be a reference to the serpents that we know resided on this planet from all the bones we saw. The humanoid figure might be a self-portrait of the people who used to live here, possibly humans. And when I say used to live here, maybe they still do live here and are just sort of dormant or as we learn later, maybe they are devolving. Next to that we see a large craft leaving the planet which seems to be piloted by two people and it has nine circles inside of it. Now the tails on the craft make it look partially biological, which is an interesting look and the two people up front have spikes coming out of their head, which is similar to how Mother was drawn in Ghost Tally's rendition of Mother Kissing Campion a few episodes back. So that makes me think the two people piloting this craft are necromancers or something in that ballpark. Above that we see something which to me looks like a constellation or maybe some kind of a map. So possibly that gives an indication of where that craft is heading and I think where it's heading is Earth. If you look in the bottom right corner, we see a large sun and then above that we see a bunch of circles, which to me look like our solar system potentially. That larger circle in the middle I think is enlarged because it represents their destination, Earth. If you look next to it, we see one smaller gray circle. So I think that's showing us this planet Earth has one moon as opposed to Kepler-22B's three moons. So pulling all this together, my first thought was that the nine circles in the back of the craft represented nine embryos. That perhaps they were bringing to Earth in order to seed human life. But that doesn't feel right to me since later in the episode, Mother makes direct reference to evolution. She talks about Neanderthals. So it does seem that there's a record on Earth of humans evolving the way we understand evolution. Maybe whoever came from Kepler-22B arrived on Earth a very long time ago and did help evolution along. Now, one way or another, I don't think it'll turn out that humans independently evolved on both Kepler-22B and on Earth. So I think there has to be a link somewhere along the line and I believe these cave paintings are hinting at it. I also have to say, I can't believe they decided to put a shot of these cave paintings in the first trailer released for this show back in August. The other big moment for Paul this episode is that he shot Sue. Now that was one of the moments that didn't quite land for me. I understand why Paul did it. His faith is very strong at this point and it's been further strengthened by the miracle of Mouse's return and the voice he's been hearing. So when the voice tells him the truth about his mother, he's going to listen to it. But similar to Marcus, it just feels like you've got two extremes.  Whether it's turning on your own family like Marcus or with Paul shooting his own adoptive mother. I would have liked to have seen a little bit more internal struggle for Paul because although this Sue is not really his mom, he has been with her for a long time. We don't know exactly how time works in the simulation but he might have experienced in at least 13 years with this person as his mother. So I would have liked to have seen more struggle with shooting her or at least I would have liked more build up to Paul as the firm believer willing to do anything. For example, a few episodes earlier, we saw Paul help Campion escape from the silo. If we'd seen Paul become very militant in his faith and refused to help an atheist, then maybe I would have accepted this moment a little bit more. That's just one example. They could have pulled this off a number of ways but just for me personally, Marcus and Paul's transformations haven't been super interesting to me. I would like to see more internal struggle and hopefully we see some of that next season. Now we'll get to the Neanderthal school, the giant serpent and all that crazy stuff in a couple of minutes but I wanted to touch on Campion first. This is another area of the episode that didn't quite work for me and not to keep beating up on the show but this again felt like a character transformation that was pretty rushed. So at one point in the episode, Father tells Campion that he's becoming something of a warrior and that was a moment where I sort of scratched my head and said, is Campion becoming something of a warrior? I understand the logic of it. Campion hit Father in the head with a sling. Clearly he's become good with a sling but I don't think we've seen a whole lot of Campion of the warrior or a whole lot of Campion becoming good with a sling or becoming good at hunting, for example, to earn Father telling him that he's becoming a warrior. So that moment didn't really land for me and then even worse than that, as Mother and Father are about to sacrifice themselves by going into the pit, they basically say that Campion is going to become the leader of the remaining humans. And then we get a great shot where Campion looks up from the pit after screaming, witnessing Mother and Father's sacrifice. He looks up from the pit and a few of the characters give him a sort of nod. And visually to me, this scene is saying that Sue, Hunter, Tempest and the others are acknowledging that Campion is going to be a leader. Visually the scene also looked great to me but in context, I don't really feel like Campion has earned that leader role. It felt like the scene was depending on groundwork being laid that would show us little hints at Campion learning what it takes to be a leader starting to get into that role and then we get this moment but I don't really feel like we got that groundwork. It reminded me a little bit of another show and spoilers for Game of Thrones coming up, fast forward about 30 seconds if you haven't seen the finale to Game of Thrones. But in the last episode, there's a reveal that Bran is going to become the king. Why do you think I came all this way? That is what this moment felt like to me. I know that Campion's going to struggle in this role and of course he's not fully matured, he's not fully ready for it but I don't think we've even seen the prerequisite and hints that he should even attempt to take up the mantle. I think Tempest for example, could be a better leader.  So she seems a little bit more ruthless, a little bit more willing to make tough decisions but we'll see, maybe that'll be some of the conflict next season. This question of who should really be leading the remaining humans.  First, a hooded figure attacks mother, she easily kills it. Then after father joins her, they remove its mask and see an almost human looking face under it. More interestingly, they find that it's carrying on the Anderthal skull. So my first thought in that moment was wow, that's crazy, that's interesting. Then I kind of hated the next line when father says, perhaps the creatures are evolving because that's not how evolution works. You don't just blink and then primitive creatures overnight have become more advanced creatures. But maybe he's saying that there's something on the planet causing a sort of rapid evolution but I'm not clear why that would be your first thought. My first thought would be we see these primitive creatures running around. Oh, it looks like there are also more advanced creatures that we just haven't bumped into already. My mind wouldn't first go into this some kind of evolutionary link between them. Then mother and father realize there are no humans around so maybe there were humans that are now devolving. In the next scene, mother tells father that given what the children have been eating, we probably shouldn't tell them about this discovery implying that the creatures we've seen, the creatures that the children are eating are somehow devolved versions of human beings. So there were a few things about the reveal that I thought were clunky but overall I thought it was a pretty intriguing one. And I love when father says that line, something along the lines of this planet has a history, I feel we are dangerously ignorant of. That was just a chilling moment. Also, mother says she needs to have the baby here. She feels stronger here and it's hard to know exactly what that means but maybe this area is a source of dark photon energy which is needed to take the birth to fruition. Now going back to the hooded figure that attacked mother, I assume it's not the same one that we've seen a few times this season. The one that Marcus came in contact with, the one that grabbed the tarot cards and ran away. I assume it's a different one because that other hooded figure seemed a lot smarter and more athletic. As opposed to this one that just uselessly charged at mother before getting killed. Now, when they removed the mask from this hooded figure, like I said, it looks somewhat human but clearly not human. I'm not sure if we're meant to think it is a Neanderthal or if it was just holding on to a Neanderthal skull but if it's not a Neanderthal, it might be something else from earlier in humanity's evolutionary change. Definitely let me know in the comments if you have any thoughts on what that being was meant to be. Now let's talk about one of my favorite scenes from the finale. Mother gets a close up look at the thing we saw in her vision a week ago and I did not expect to see this so soon but basically mother walks into a cave and sees what looks like the remnants of the structure that that thing was sticking out of. Then she sees its head on the ground and first thing I want to point out is I loved the score in this scene. I think the score is one of the things that's been consistently good throughout the season especially in moments like this where it just gives that feeling you're seeing something bizarre, strange but also very significant and that's the feeling I got during this scene. So like I said, the vessel or the container looks broken up, the head is lying on the floor and when mother picks it up and rips the helmet off we saw something I didn't expect to see which is a very human looking skull and that seems to trigger her birth or perhaps it coincidentally happens at the same time but before we get to that, a couple of takeaways from this moment. First, the container did not look particularly old so mother's vision might have been something that happened very recently. When I first saw it I assumed it was an event that happened long ago in this planet's history but that might not be the case. Now as to what exactly this thing actually is it's probably something I need to give more thought to and potentially do a follow-up video but at the moment my initial reactions with all the talk from mother and father of evolving or devolving, I'm leaning towards this device being part of some kind of advanced genetic experiment. Maybe it's supposed to create rapid evolution to a hired powered being but it backfires somehow causing de-evolution which is maybe what resulted in those creatures we've seen, the ones that the children are eating. Also in the vision we saw this thing through its snout spitting up a sort of white fluid. The only other white fluid we've seen is android blood so that makes me think whatever experiment they're doing, whatever they were doing with this vessel, it's somehow connected to the necromancers and it's somehow connected to dark photon energy but hopefully we get some answers in season two. Like I mentioned before, this leads into mother giving birth in one of the most horrifying birthing scenes I've ever seen. So again, hats off to Amanda Collin where she really sold the turmoil of this scene.  That was an incredible moment and then it ends with her basically vomiting up this floating serpent and latching onto her like a parasite. Ultimately mother and father try to kill it by flying into the planet's core. Then it looks like maybe they get spit out. So if there is a higher intelligence at work here on this planet, call it soul if you want to. Maybe decided to spit the lander back out because it wanted to save the serpent which means also saving mother and father. They end up in an area that looks different from the ones we've seen previously. So I think they end up in the tropical zone. Then the serpent now very large flies away and that's the end of the episode. A few thoughts on this. First, I suspect that flying into the planet's core actually ended up helping the serpent. Maybe there's a power source there. Maybe something again related to dark photon energy by going into the core. They actually gave it more energy which allowed it to very rapidly grow into what we saw at the end of the episode. I also just have to say I love this reveal because the best reveals are the ones that are shocking, surprising, but don't feel like a cheat and that's exactly how I'd describe this one. If you were to imagine what mother's going to give birth to, probably the first 10 things you imagine are some form of humanoid thing with superpowers. Not once did I think it was going to be a giant floating serpent. But if you paid attention, we see the serpent bones throughout the season so we know they play some kind of important role on this planet. Also the pits have played an important role and I suspect that the serpents are somehow related to the pits. Maybe they're the ones who made them. We have some evidence for that back and I think episode one, when father goes into the pit, he finds something that to me looked like the skin of a serpent as though they shed their skin like we know snakes do on earth. So the serpents and the pits have been significant. Mother's about to give birth to what we know is going to be an important thing on this world. So the fact that it's a snake, it's surprising but not entirely unearned and that's why I loved this reveal. Now having said that, I did find it kind of funny just how quickly mother and father decided that the only way they can kill this thing is by sacrificing themselves. Basically father suggests they throw it in a pit. Mother says we can't because it can fly and then they decide they need to fly into the planet's core. But aren't there a couple of other things you can try in order to kill it besides throwing it into one of the pits? For example, I might try stomping on its head or stabbing it or throwing it into Paul's trap for example. So I thought that was a little bit odd but putting that aside, like I said, I was a fan of the reveal overall. Now a few questions I have about this thing, I believe there is some kind of intelligence at work on this planet. It whispers to Marcus, it appears as tally and it spoke to mother in the sim using older campions face. Ultimately it used mother's body as a vessel to birth this serpent. So was that the end goal? Does this serpent represent some kind of achievement where maybe it's a higher life form of some kind? We know that in the sim the intelligence wearing older campions face told mother that whatever she's about to give birth to represents the future of humanity. Is it not just an animal like a snake or is it actually intelligent and sentient? On the other hand it might be a tool, it might just be a weapon that the intelligence is going to use to serve some grander purpose. Anyway, I thought that was a really cool reveal to end on and a great way to close out the season. So I'm excited to see where things go next and how this mystery on Kepler 22B further develops. I'm also excited for the interesting character dynamics they've set up for season two. Paul is sort of on his own now but maybe with his more militant faith he might go back to Marcus. We have the new group of atheists and mother and father will be a sort of wild card in all of this. Also the season may be over but we are not done talking about raised by wolves. So make sure you're subscribed to keep up with everything that's coming. We know that a second issue of the comic book is on the way which is meant to bridge the gap a little bit between season one and two. So we might get a few tidbits before season two comes out. Also I'll probably go back and rewatch some of these episodes with the finale's reveals in mind to try and piece things together, try to theorize and come up with some interesting predictions for next season. So look out for some analysis and theory videos on this channel. I also wanted to just quickly plug another video I put out earlier this week. If you're bummed out that season one is over and you're craving more Ridley Scott-esque sci-fi content last week I did a sort of dramatized recap of the raised by wolves tie-in comic. I had a lot of fun doing that and I decided to give the same treatment to another comic series called Fire and Stone which traverses multiple eras across the Prometheus alien and predator franchise. So I took the first issue from that series and did a sort of dramatized recap with music and sound effects. I had a lot of fun with it so I recommend checking that out and it would make me very happy if you did. And if you enjoyed this video please go ahead and hit that like button, hit the subscribe button and hit the bell icon for more videos like this one. Every time somebody likes or subscribes it is a huge help to the channel and personally gets me that much more motivated to do the next video.  So thanks for watching and see you on the next one take.


Hey everybody it's Hari Swaminathan from Option Tiger it's Wednesday Feb 12th you're looking at our earnings reports trades today we are going to close Google and this earning season has been fantastic so far including this Google $2500 profit we are I think we are crossing $12,500 and we also have a great trade developing in Shopify let me go show Shopify so Shopify what we did was we had a bull call and then a bear call behind it taking into consideration the expected move and so now it's sitting right in front of this tent here so we already up about close to $1400 but the potential is to make about $4,300 so and then we added some a bull put and and this bear call here and that just gave us a little extra premium but basically it's sitting right in front of this condo structure and so this might actually become a blockbuster trade and of course we're also waiting on Nvidia to report and once that happens we've also got a similar structure going on there but Google we are closing today $2600 profit and Shopify is going to develop so this earning season we've closed I would say about 10 trades now so far and the total has gone over $12,500 make sure you watch out for the next earning season a trade service that's going to come in the middle of April and look forward to seeing you there thank you


Hello my friends and welcome to the 17th episode of Patterson in Pursuit. I am your host Steve Patterson and today is going to be Another interview breakdown. I'm gonna do things a little bit differently this time. Usually when I do an interview breakdown I'll cover several interviews, but this time I just want to cover one because I thought it was so good And I have so much to say. It was my most recent interview with Dr. Timothy Williamson at Oxford University We're talking about the question. What is logic? You'll have to forgive you can probably hear a little chirp in the background That's because right now I'm kind of in the middle of nowhere and the crickets are unbelievably loud So you'll just have to act like this is philosophy in the wild and before I start I really want to give a special shout out and thank you to a few new patreon supporters who are helping to make this show Possible they are actively helping to create a more rational world view that includes Kenneth Brown Maggie and Alex Timofayev Sorry, if I ruined your name if you enjoy these you can also go to patreon.com Steve Patterson and help support the show. Okay, so let's talk about my favorite topic in the entire universe logic All right, so one of the first questions is what is logic in the first place You ask a lot of different people you get lots of different answers, and I really liked his response here from my point of view as a philosopher the the most Fundamental part of logic. It's really just concerned with very very broad structural Generalizations about how things are so it is just as much concerned with with reality as any other kind of investigation But just at this very abstract structural level So I really like this answer. I think it's very accurate that when we're talking about logic We're not just talking about the rules for reasoning or some arbitrary human convention. We're really trying to discover the most Fundamental truths about the nature of reality itself What I like to say is that logic is the rules of existence, which means that all Existing things by virtue of them being things play by logical rules These rules are something that aren't optional They are inescapable and that's what the study of logic is and most people so far that I talked to aren't willing to take Such a strong position But I think Dr. Williamson's position on this is as close to my own worldview as anybody that I've spoken with So naturally the next follow-up question is to ask about whether or not there are different Logics out there if I have my logic you have your logic another culture has their own logic and what you would expect Is that if logic is something that has to do with the rules of all existence then there would just be one Ultimate logic out there historically this idea that there are multiple logics out there has been called Logical pluralism which I asked Dr. Williamson if he's sympathetic to I'm not a pluralist about logic it seems to me that the The questions that the most fundamental questions that we're asking have have right and wrong answers and If two people are giving Inconsistent answers to a question then at least one of them is wrong Now again, I agree with this answer But keep it in mind because my own position is somewhat of a radical Aggressive one where I so strongly agree with this that I'm willing to say if people claim that there are Multiple logics. It is certainly the case that they're mistaken. I'm not just confident that there is only one logic I would say I'm certain of it And that's what the subject of my upcoming book square one is going to be exactly about and though Dr. Williamson is sympathetic to the idea He certainly isn't willing to take a strong a stance that there is certainly one logic as will be revealed as we go farther into this interview And so I asked him about kind of the most popular modern Philosophy that incorporates the existence of count contradictions into their logic and that's called Dialetheism now dialetheism given the fact that it actively incorporates the existence of contradiction into its claims I would say refutes itself and therefore is not a rational position to take. Here's what dr. Williams and things Yeah, I'm not a dialetheist. I I think that When somebody contradicts themselves something is going going wrong I Think dialetheism. It's an it's an interesting view because it's not just a completely irrational sort of reaction. It's it is a way of Attempting to to deal with with certain kinds of paradoxes which result where apparently very plausible principles lead to contradictions and the the dialetheist idea is that Those contradictions are really telling us something and and that that's where in reality. There are simply are but if you like black holes of Contradiction now this is really interesting to me because throughout this interview. He's very polite. Dr. Wilson is very polite very respectful very open-minded But there's a saying that goes it is essential to have an open mind But not a mind so open that your brain falls out now Of course, I'm not implying that dr. Wilson is stupid by any stretch of the imagination But I do think that intellectuals have to be honest We have to be genuine that some ideas are good some ideas are respectable some ideas aren't and I am not willing just for the sake of politeness to give this polish of Respectability to a set of ideas that is certainly wrong and what I would say is ridiculous Now the list of ideas that I qualify as being utterly patently openly self-evidently ridiculous It's very small very very small list. I'm willing to listen to the people who are considered Crazy by society standards. This is a true story several years ago I was living in upstate New York and every Sunday there was a guy that came out on the sidewalk with his own guitar and He would sing songs every single Sunday about some religious thing. Everybody can call them crazy Well, I'm interested in those people. I would like to hear what they have to say I find them interesting and it's certainly possible that maybe they're right and I talked to him at length at one point He had a little handout that he gave me and his argument was essentially look I was in the bathtub one day and an angel came and spoke to me and told me that Actually in the Bible everything's kind of backwards because the devil is actually Jesus and Jesus is the devil and Therefore we need to change our theology accordingly. Well, I don't agree with his ideas But I'm willing to at least take them seriously. I don't find them Self-evidently certainly false right it might be the case that this guy could be a prophet for all I know Well, I listened to his argument. I wasn't persuaded by it, but at least it's possible and how it all sincerity I'm not exaggerating. I find the man on the streets arguments to be more Plausible than dialetheism i.e. any worldview which actively incorporates logical contradictions is Certainly false and deserves no shred of intellectual respectability It is aggressively Anti-intellectual so I am myself personally Extremely open-minded, but not to the point where I'm willing to entertain this idea that somehow you could have a true contradiction We have a full clear conception of what a contradiction is you can have Certainty that there could be no such thing as a true contradiction. Okay, so what's also interesting about his response Is that he very clearly grasps the severity of what the dialetheists are claiming? He's saying that they're not just claiming Language is contradictory the dialetheists are trying to tell us something about reality that in reality you can have Actually existent contradictions that you just kind of have to deal with he calls them black holes and my position is that's far too polite What I would say is it's certainly not the case unbeknownst to the dialetheist that they can claim anything about reality because reality cannot be Contradictory so to the extent you think that something is and is not at the same time You don't understand the meaning of is or is not these two things are Certainly mutually exclusive and to put them together is just revealing of your own conceptual confusion their their view is that if you're willing to accept a few contradictions you can actually get a A nicer theory overall than than if you avoid contradictions, but in all these cases it is in fact possible to avoid contradiction So when that answer comes from a professor at Oxford University with a nice British accent It sounds at least remotely respectable, right? Oh, well the dialetheists claim that their vision their understanding of reality It's a little bit nicer if you incorporate contradictions than one where you don't incorporate contradictions and my position is no It is certainly not the case that any claim that incorporates a logical contradiction can be somehow more Poutable than a claim which does not incorporate a logical contradiction I would say in all sincerity the guy on the street playing the guitar singing about how Jesus is the devil because an angel told him while he was in the bathtub is Closer to truth than the dialetheist it is the most base level confusion that one can possibly have To entertain the idea that there somehow could be a true contradiction you literally could not be further away from the truth It's a denial of the existence of truth. It's a denial of the existence of reality It's a denial of the importance of rationality and consistency It is the furthest most anti-intellectual position that one can take but of course if you are in the academic world and Grandpriest is somebody that you interact with and people are gonna listen to this interview in your professional circles You can't say that you have to take a much more mild position. So my guess is that dr. Williamson actually believes what he says I don't think he's I don't think he's lying or just saying what is Expedient for his career, but I do sincerely think that the way that he and nearly every academic treats the supposed plausibility and Respectability of arguments is mistaken now if Graham Priest who is kind of the creator of dialetheism If he weren't a professional philosopher He was just some guy some guy outside of academia I haven't forbid and he would make the claims that he makes people would laugh at him They would deride him. They would say you are an anti-intellectual.  I'm not claiming That we shouldn't listen to the arguments of grand priest I'm not saying that we should close our ears when we hear people claim that contradictions exist Quite the contrary we should certainly listen listen to them because it helps us understand the use of language better It helps us understand how people become confused. It helps us understand the profundity of logic Which is essential for creating a rational worldview is to just fully grasp How incredibly profound the nature of logic is That we can understand the most fundamental rules of all existence is incredible phenomena and by grappling with the dialetheist Arguments it helps you gain a deeper appreciation for that So I'm not saying we should laugh them out of existence prior to hearing their arguments I'm just saying that you can ultimately know beforehand that their argument is flawed by virtue of the fact that they do the one thing That you're not allowed to do in intellectual discourse, which is explicitly contradict yourself and think that that's okay Okay So I asked him then about the Liar's paradox, which is as I've said many times Arguably the most popular paradox that comes up when talking about these issues people try to claim the existence of true contradictions It is ultimately inevitable that the Liar's paradox comes up the Liar's paradox is simply this sentence is false There's many variations of it, but that's kind of the one that I like So what he says is look you can resolve the Liar's paradox simply by understanding Language better the resolution isn't something that there's a contradiction in reality It's just look you're using language in a way that we actually can't use it though at first glance it appears You can't I agree with this the Liar's paradox tell us some tells us something about language doesn't tell us something about reality But the Dialetheists do something else what the Dialetheists do is Rather than making their revisions at the level of how we handle language they they revise the Very basic logic, which is a logic that is used in all theorizing whatsoever So for example all over the the natural sciences and in mathematics people are Using logical principles. I mean they're They're reasoning with logic because When they come to an inconsistency then they avoid then they do something to get out of it and and so on and and so what What the Dialetheists are doing is is forcing us to to complicate Fundamentally all the reasoning that we that we do because they say that absolutely basic laws of logic have to be revised whereas If if you go the classical way You can you can just keep the standard laws of logic. They don't need to be revised at all And so we don't need to mess with Normal mathematics and normal physics and so on we all we need to mess with the principles That we use in reasoning about language about the way that we apply the concepts of truth and falsity to sentences Okay, so I have two things to say about this So I kind of like the way that he's framing what's going on here, right? We had the classical route is to say okay. Lyres paradox has to do with language the Dialetheist route has to do they say Oh, no, it actually says something about reality Here's my analogy. I like to give it's as if somebody has written down on a piece of paper 2 plus 2 equals 5 and They say oh my gosh We have a contradiction 2 plus 2 equals 5 and therefore da da da da da da da da They say reality is contradictory and we know that because 2 plus 2 equal 5 and so on they build their worldview off of their little formula 2 plus 2 equals 5 and somebody else comes along and says well hang on hang on I think you've actually made a relatively simple error here 2 plus 2 equals 4 it doesn't equal 5 I realize that you've written that down and maybe it looks like 2 plus 2 equals 5 because you put it in a formula But you've just made a very elementary error So not only is that error wrong, but all of your conclusions your very very dramatic conclusions which have followed from 2 plus 2 equaling 5 all those things are mistaken you don't need to go there all you Need to do is take an eraser and understand you've made a very simple mistake That's essentially what's going on with the Lyres paradox Look you just wrote down this sentence is false You don't realize the nature of language it's a relationship to reality which you can and cannot do with words the concepts of truth And falsehood and they take this air and they go oh my gosh reality is contradictory We have proof of it. We can't know anything our mind is flawed blah blah blah blah blah I think that's ultimately what's going on here But what I disagree with is this idea that it's somehow Respectable that oh you it could be 2 plus 2 equals 5 it could be 2 plus 2 equals 4 or maybe the dialect is to right Maybe they're wrong. We can't be so arrogant as to just dismiss the idea the 2 plus 2 equals 5 or that there are Contradictions in reality because of the Lyres paradox what I'd say is no 2 plus 2 equals 5 I the Lyres paradox is an elementary fundamental error that stems from a confusion about existence a confusion about language or maybe a confusion about mathematics it is Juvenile naive silly embarrassing Anti-intellectual to think that you can create all these radical conclusions based on such an elementary error Okay, so the other thing I want to say about this is something that is so far been universal in all of my Conversing with professional academics and indeed a lot of people in the general public and it has to do with what I'll Not so nicely call a group think mentality even in the way that we're talking about something like logic Let's say well Classical logic is used in physics and it's used in mathematics and it's used in chemistry It's used in all these areas of thought Therefore we probably shouldn't throw it out because we use it everywhere else This reminds me a little bit of the conversation I was having with dr. Westcott when I started this series where it's kind of this Communal search for the truth that people are making progress here So we have to respect that they're making progress They're using some something and if all these different people are using the same thing gosh That probably means that that thing is true. I completely reject this. I think it's totally wrong I don't think that the pursuit of truth should be a communal thing It needs to be an individual thing and it doesn't really matter if everybody is using Classical logic and all these different areas. I mean, that's nice if you understand what logic is you'll understand why that's the case It's because those are the inescapable rules of all existence So of course you would see the application of Classical logical rules in all these different areas of thought at least the sensible ones But that doesn't give it any more plausibility than what it has by itself if Nobody had ever had discovered classical logic and if everybody was using some kind of mystical Logically contradictory way to arrive at their conclusions. It would make no difference to the matter whatsoever Those people who are the mystics who believe that a and not a is true They're wrong even if it's the entire field of academia or the entire group of religious leaders and churches and your entire community to the Extent they use a flawed methodology. They're wrong It doesn't matter how many of them do so and if there's only one person if you're the only person who has Discovered the inescapable rules of existence. You're right You have discovered something which is certainly true and you can say from your perspective that everybody else is wrong Now if you take kind of the more group think mentality, you're not allowed to do that You can't say oh, well, I'm the one person. That's right. Everybody else is wrong. I have to say Oh, well, everybody else is probably right and therefore I'm probably wrong if you've read any of my other work You know this is very consistent with my discoveries of the mainstream conclusions of academicians Not only do I think it's methodologically flawed to take a group think perspective I think in practice, it is Demonstrably flawed that you get these ridiculous ideas like the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics. You get dialytheism You get Keynesian economics. You get all kinds of Catastrophically flawed ideas that are arrived at by large groups of supposed intellectuals my kind of lone wolf Solo philosopher approach. I think is a much more accurate method of Discovering truth then the alternatives it might not be as popular people might think that you're a jerk or a crazy or something like that But I am convinced that it is a more accurate way of careful reasoning and building a logical worldview then being very sympathetic and kind of giving default respect to anybody or any groups idea just because they happen to believe a certain thing even if that thing is Self-evidently explicitly logically contradictory So I kind of indirectly told Dr. Williamson that that's my idea that these ideas really aren't even Respectable the term that I use I think accurately so is coherent My point is to say that not only are these ideas really not respectable. They're not even coherent They don't even make sense and this was his response It's too extreme to suggest that that dialytheism involves total intellectual anarchy where just anything goes I mean dialytheists they do have Some principles of logic that they adhere to and you know if you don't contradict They it's not that they have avoid contradictions, but there are various other principles that that they adhere to so You know there is some discipline to the way that somebody like Graham Priest talks there is discipline I think certainly that is the case in this sense that they sit down and write books and Formally try to develop a theory, but what I'm what I'm trying to get at is Can it be that a theory is Internally coherent if it's not internally consistent can have code like Can you say yes? I fully understand This subject matter even though within my understanding there's a contradiction. Well, of course, I think it's I think it's It's wrong to say that because if there are no true contradictions on my on my view, but if if by incoherent you mean something like a theory that just totally collapses then That is not the case for dialytheist theories So again, I just have to disagree here I mean what I would say is what we mean by a theory collapsing is a discovery of a logical contradiction It's not even an empirical question that whether or not you can have a some worldview or proposition that might be respectable and contradictory It's that the criteria of judging whether or not an idea is Consistent respectable or collapses on itself is whether or not it meets the first requirement, which is not to be logically Contradictory. Okay, so that's enough about dialytheism. I want to talk about two more things one's very quick I've mentioned before on this podcast and in my writing that I think a great cause of what I call Irrationalism that is the acceptance of logical contradictions into your worldview and whatnot Comes from of all places Mathematics the treatment of infinities in mathematics our understanding of the metaphysics of mathematics Largely stemming from the work around the turn of the 20th century in the foundations of mathematics I think that modern math is based on inaccurate foundations and what's interesting is that in this conversation about talking about irrationalism talking about logic Dr. Williamson brings up the fact that we had to really revise our Thinking around the turn of the 20th century with the work of George Cantor in set theories in his supposed treatment of Infinities so listen to this exchange. Well the case of infinity that you mentioned before is that's a case where We've developed theories or Cantor theories which have become a part of absolutely standard mathematics Which do contradict things that people regarded as self-evident before I mean for example that it in some sense the the part of a thing Can be the same size as the whole thing and and and so You know, we've we've had to to revise our ideas about what's really obvious Why wouldn't you conclude then that it can't it was wrong? Well, I think the the success of Of modern mathematics is it's pretty clear indication that the Cantor was was not On the the wrong track. Well, what do you mean by success? Well, it's But both it's it's role in you know providing the mathematical framework for the the rest of science and It's it's never Cantor's Set theory when once it's rigorously developed does not involve any contradictions and you suddenly nobody's ever found any Contradictions even something like a part being the same size as the whole you'd say is not a contradiction There's no cut. There's no contradiction there because it's not it's not of the the form something is the case and it's not the case And there you have it I mean Dr. Williamson is somebody that I seem to agree with on a vast majority of things as it relates to logic But his position is oh well you that we have finite logic and then we have Infinite logic and infinite logic is this amazing thing that plays by different rules And and when the infinite world you can have a whole be the same size as one of the parts of the whole and what I Would say is no you can't when you understand the meaning of the term part and the meaning of the term whole It is certainly not the case that the whole can somehow be the same size as the part the responses Oh, well, it's just counterintuitive. That's the way it works right I ask him well Why wouldn't you conclude character was wrong and his response is the universal response in academia? And that's well mathematics has been very successful six but successful of course by their own metric because you don't need Infinities in mathematics. You don't need infinity in physics You have the finiteist school of mith several finiteist schools of mathematics That make absolutely no use of infinity and yet still get the job done But for whatever historical quirk of a reason Cantor's counterintuitive work Still finds itself at the bottom of modern mathematics But that's a good transition to talk about what I thought was really really interesting in this conversation We start talking about the metaphysics of concepts metaphysics of numbers My position is something like this that numbers are not something that's out there in the ether They don't exist in some non-spatial world separate of our conception of them to the extent they exist their ideas their concepts The number seven isn't some entity that's floating out there seven is a concept It's like the term several you can't have several that's just floating out in the ether several is just a concept It's just an idea. So here's his first response. There are ideas and there are what the ideas are of and I mean, there's there's the number one and there's a concept of the number one, but those are those Distinct, I don't think they are I think that that is the presupposition of Platonism that one is out there Separate of our conception of it. I don't think that makes sense Okay, so that's the central issue and I hear this all the time when talking about the foundations and the metaphysics of mathematics There's the concept of one and then there is one just like there's the concept of a horse and there is the horse itself But my position is sometimes the concepts don't have an external reference Sometimes the concept or the idea is the whole thing. Here's the example. I love to give the analogy I use just you know where in England is Harry Potter, right? Does what is the the ontological status of Harry Potter? Well, if nobody conceived of him, he would have no existence He's no no existence out there and to the extent he exists It's only as a product of people thinking but JK Rowling's any down and writing, you know thinking about him He exists in the conceptual world and we can say things like Harry Potter has circular glasses Yeah, that's a true statement, but we have to Bracketed and say in terms of the mental world if nobody can ever conceived of him That wouldn't that wouldn't even make sense the same is true I think of numbers numbers have the exact same type of existence as Fictional characters they they do not exist when we're not thinking about okay, so that's my position listen very carefully to his response but there's a there's a difference because it would be ridiculous to try to use the fictional character of a Harry Potter to explain What happened a million years ago before JK Rowling you ever wrote the books? but in the case of mathematics we we use numbers in Doing physics and we use them to explain events that happened millions of years ago These aren't arbitrary concept. I would say they're conceptual, but their grounding is in logic One is a logical concept amount quantity is something that is a logical concept that can have an actual direct Reference to existent phenomena in reality So if I say there's one you know microphone here that means something very very Concrete that we can we can and we can abstract from it. So we can say Oneness is nice to think about in the abstract you can apply it to all sorts of different areas even a million years in the past But it doesn't exist when it's not being conceived of it's a conceptual logical tool Okay, so his point is to say look we can use mathematics to talk about Astronomical events that happened a million years ago. We can't use Harry Potter to do the same thing therefore Harry Potter and numbers have some different type of metaphysical existence some Conceptions some ideas have External reference when I'm talking about my feet I have the concept of my feet and I have actual feet, but some things do not have external reference So when I'm talking about Harry Potter or Pegasus these things don't actually relate to anything in physical reality They're just concepts. They're just ideas those things have an existence which is entirely Consumed by our conception of them which is not the case with my feet if nobody were to ever conceive of my feet They would still exist if nobody were to ever conceive of Harry Potter or Pegasus those things by their nature wouldn't exist I claim this is also the case with numbers if nobody were conceived of four Four wouldn't have any type of existence However as a concept it can certainly relate to reality you can have four of this or four of that But this conception isn't just totally capricious like making up a fictional character is let me give you an example Take the sentence Everything that exists exists. Okay, so that Sentence is something that would not have existed if I didn't just create it right the words don't exist out there in the ether I have created a sentence, but that sentence Applies to everything in reality not just in the present but also in the future and in the past So I've come up with a concept But the nature of that concept is such that it is logically certainly applicable to every feature of reality at all times This is true with mathematics 2 plus 2 equals 4 is a formula that I've come up with in my mind Yes, but if you actually understand the meaning of the concepts that formula applies at all times In the future in the present and in the past so sometimes our Concepts are some things that don't have reference sometimes our concepts do have reference sometimes our concepts are capricious Sometimes our concepts are logical But I don't see the need for positing the existence of an entity that is the number four That is somehow separate of our conception of it Just like I see no need to posit the entity of Harry Potter outside of our conception of him or the entity of the Sentence everything is a thing outside of our conception of that sentence So what do you think about the existence of of when we're talking about Harry Potter? Does he exist? There's a fictional character Harry Potter who was Created that is not a part. It's not a boy But is a kind of control construct that was created by J. K. Rowling. Yes What is its existence where if nobody would have thought of that construction? Well, then it would have been a merely possible fictional character What is the status of a possible fictional character? What is the actual status of one? Is it existent or not? Depends what you mean by existent, but it's it's self-identical Yeah, but it's not it wouldn't be anything it would be it would be something it would be a possible a possible fictional character So so would you say that all possible fictional characters have existence? In a in a Thin logical sense of existence. Yes So this kind of took me off-guard and I'll just keep playing this particular Exchange a little bit because I thought it was so remarkable. It was such a clear Difference between the the ways in which we're thinking about these things So that the books that are written a million years from now with characters that we know nothing of they have some type of existence to them Yes But you'll have to understand that that existence doesn't have to be in space and time So you say you think that future concepts that have never been conceived have a non-spatial existence all future concepts Yes Now if you're listening to this and you're as surprised as I am do leave a comment or send me an email or something Is it the case that this doesn't strike other people is? completely nuts to think that Future concepts that have not been conceived and won't be conceived for a thousand years have an actual Existence prior to their conception. I just think this is so muddled and incorrect and it posits so many Additional entities that exist that I have seen I see no reason to see they exist It seems much more streamlined to say Concepts don't exist until they've been conceived and they do not exist after they've been conceived by their nature a Thousand years from now somebody who reads the Harry Potter books and they misread them and they think Harry Potter has square glasses that concept of Harry Potter with square glasses that nobody would ever have thought about Prior to that conception of it even if it's ten thousand years and take any misreadings of Harry Potter that particular concept with one little The shoelace is tied differently that still has a real non-spatial existence what a misreading is Something that happens and that was it was a possible misreading all along It was a possible misreading all along I think there was a bit of a miscommunication because my point isn't to say that the misreading happened although he even said It was a possible misreading. I don't think I agree with that But my point is to say that concept that somebody gets after the misreading So they read something it sparks a concept in their head of Harry Potter with square glasses or the the shoelaces tied differently whatever That concept that sparked in the head after the misreading has some type of real existence prior to the misreading and he says yes Okay, so just listen to this final exchange. So that is one theory, but don't wouldn't you find it much more? Persuasive or or comfortable to say it is not the case that all possible concepts have any type of existence that Concepts do not exist prior to their conception and they do not exist after their conception They are entirely dependent on our active conceptualization of them Yeah, but if you're saying there are some concepts that don't exist. Is that is that what you're saying? No, I'm saying at the at the point of conception That concept exists. So so it's like there is no concept which exists Separate of it being conceived. That's what I'm saying by virtue of what we mean by a concept. I would say No, I don't think I think that's That's not not right. I mean it a concept is something that can that It's a way it's a way of conceiving something like the concept the the concept of London let's say it. I mean it's a way of thinking of London. Yes, but there's no ways of thinking of London without The mind right so you wouldn't have the concept of long London without Thinking of London it was still there was a as with the Notional possibility of thinking of London Was there all along in a real metaphysical way has some type of real existence? Yes So I think that metaphysical idea posits the existence of a heck of a lot more Metaphysical entities that then I am comfortable positing namely every single concept that anybody has conceived from the beginning of time until forever Has a real existence independent of our conception Those concepts which are never conceived have some type of real existence that is never realized So that's one theory or it might be the case that Concepts by their nature have a dependent metaphysical existence There is no such thing as a concept prior to its conception or a concept after its conception that seems to cut down the number of entities in the world by Some unfathomably large number, and I don't see what explanatory power gets lost in the process But that's all I wanted to talk about today. I've got a lot more to say on this topic I hope you enjoyed the interview breakdown and if for some reason you didn't get a chance to listen to this whole interview Make sure you go back and listen to it because it really is one of the favorite Conversations I've had with anybody so far and I have a great deal of respect for Dr. Williamson I've got a lot of exciting other things coming up. My wife and I are resuming some of our travels in the States We are heading to California tomorrow Then we're going up to Canada then we're going to Michigan then we're going to Boston so hopefully in the next month or so I'm gonna be getting interviews at everywhere from Stanford to Berkeley and Harvard so a lot of really cool things coming up. Make sure to stay tuned. I hope you guys have a fantastic week


So closing day one, thank you for joining us. Let's reflect on the day of programming. The keynote, the first keynote Dr Randall Clark, the president from the American Society of anesthesiologists. The role of innovation in patient safety was the topic and he talked about overcoming obstacles of applying high reliability principles in health care. And he reflected on his own pastime of being a pilot. In fact, I think he was in the military as a pilot as well. And so he looks at what the air industry have done to make flying so safe as it is today. And reflected on all the items that we have in the air that lets people reflect on mistakes or errors that occur because they're reported early. And everybody knows about them this transparency in the air industry, things that we can learn from in the health care industry, so that people will speak up when they make a mistake. And we can look and see how did that happen. How did that human error occur. So we all can learn and we can eliminate it from causing harm again in the future. So the aircraft industry, airline industry have got way ahead of us and we've got to catch up and get health care into the same ballpark. We had commitment announcements. Thank you very much from all of the hospitals that made commitments. We had a networking break that's very important to us because you can meet with some of our sponsors and hopefully some of our speakers do. And we had a second session embracing the science of human factors to unleash safety innovation in health care. And we had a keynote innovation doesn't have to be glamorous or expensive from European Society of Anesthesia and intensive care president Eduardo de Robert. We had the Helen Haskell presenting the Lewis Blackman Award Lewis was her son who died unfortunately from a preventable medical error. And Helen has been a long term advocate of patient safety, trying to improve the safety in the hospitals around the globe. And she's put hours and hours of hard work into this. So we had another networking break, another important break. And then we had the keynote from Dr. Dingar Neelum talking about strategic global opportunities and what the World Health Organization initiatives are in patient safety across the globe, which is from everything from the well off countries to the medium income companies, countries to the very poor countries where, you know, health care is a real challenge for them because of the lack of resources. And I think that's where the World Health Organization have really been focusing on looking at how they can help them this last two years with COVID and getting COVID vaccinations out to them. Thank you the World Health Organization. We had another session session three on patient advocacy, a compass for innovation. We also had the announcement of the recipient of the Joe Keane humanitarian award. Joe who's the founder of the patient safety movement foundation and a great humanitarian. And he presented it to President Bill Clinton, who's been supporting the foundation, almost since his outset. So thank you President Clinton well deserved. And then we had the keynote from our founder Joe Keane, bringing momentum to patient safety. And that was a passionate talk about his views on what will make our health care system safe. What key measures we have to put in place so that hospitals clinicians will follow evidence based best standards of care that will prevent errors taking place. And so thank you Joe so much for that great talk. So we look forward to seeing you back here tomorrow to learn more to interact more and join us at eight o'clock Pacific time. And whatever time it is in the globe. Please set your alarm so that if it's the middle of the night you can join us because this is really a very special summit. We all learn a lot. The presenters learn the listeners learn. We need to put it all together and come up with a solutions so that we can reach our goal of zero preventable deaths, zero preventable harms by 2030. Please help us. Thank you.