Okay, hello, hello. Let's try another stream. I don't know how long or short it will be. Yesterday when we went for four hours, so hopefully it won't be as long. Hey, if you haven't checked binary chaos.com, please go check it out. There's a lot of interesting tools. Well, you might or might not find it interesting. One of the and the two more recent ones, this EEG2 music converter just loaded up. We now, by the way, recording audio, like my microphone and audio from the side separately. So later I can edit those into better videos, maybe. You know why there's not relevant ads showing up. Just have to leave it that because that's controlled by the Google gods. So this one, you can select the channel. It's a 16 channel. The data is from EEG, a neurovista device. There's a link there. You can get the data yourself too. Or just use this tool. So you can automate the volume and duration. Automating volume will obviously look at the amplitude. So when there is no a seizure, it should be lower volume. When there is a seizure, it should in theory be louder. Yeah, so this is soft at the end of the it was that 100 second recording in this case. So if you go in the beginning and put it to a hundred, you could see the whole recording. It's a seizure onset. And that's a quiet time after after the seizure ends. And auto duration will also adjust the audio play a length to the window size. So if the hundred is the longest you can get, you can see the whole data. I think default is 10 seconds. But save you around 14 seconds. So this is the seizure onset might become louder and louder on this particular channel. And it will become softer because there's no the seizure have ended. And we can look at the same thing on different channels. I don't know, 14 from memory sounded more cheery. Yeah, or maybe annoying. So you might too adjust your volume choosing on your machine when using the tool. It's available online for you to try out for free. Free as in freedom, not as in beer or GPT for subscription. So pop this in the chat for you with my streaming onto three different platforms. So if you don't like the current platform that you're watching this on, you can move on to either YouTube, Twitch, or LinkedIn, whatever you like best. LinkedIn is the worst in terms of going live. But this is where most of my traffic is. So kind of have to use it. Right. So this is this tool, yeah, to channel 14 might be too annoying. Let's look at the different channels that look different. The seizures on them are quite different. Yeah, it's obviously the longer the window size, the leggy, the leggy leggy. Yeah, it becomes have to be careful with that. But it's just because loading a lot of data in there. Yes, seven, I think it's default to have the seizure on set and then quiet after the seizure. Yeah, this one's weird one, but kind of same shape. There are eight electrodes on the left side of the head, eight on the right. I don't remember which ones which doesn't really matter for this application. It is something going on post seizure as well. Anyway, you get you get the drift. There's some description at the bottom. Yes, you might get some ads. So for that, I have to pay electricity. And then this control is for wavelet denoising that you can try out as well. So yeah, play around with it, see what you think, note you, how you went. And yeah, show you the frequency spectrum. There's an option to remove the whole spectrum or overlay it as well. You can see the different frequency components. Locked to linear frequency scale, filter order, you can make it more or less aggressive. And those parameters are pretty sure to not affect the music generation. So they actually from another tool, they just affect the view. Or maybe they are. Yeah, the music generation is a whole, yeah, it's this controls here so you can control the volume or set it to auto volume and auto duration that will adjust itself to, so it will play longer notes if you select the longer window size. Let's jump back.  You can go over this as well. So this is the same data set, the same file, same 16 channels, you can select the channels and check your spectrogram. So that should be fun. And you get another not relevant ad. It's probably targeting me. I don't know what I was searching for to get a monopoly ad. Pretty sure. Yeah, a channel ad is a bit weird.  Look the spectrogram. There's description, the whole lot, and also the wavelet denoising, you can actually see how well or not it's performing. You can see the original and denoised signal over there and switch between them for the spectrogram view. Yeah, window size of one, it's not very useful. And yeah, this wavelet denoising doesn't actually do much in this case. It's just an example. You can try different wavelet types, see what difference does it make. And the level of like how aggressive the noise reduction is. The trending just brings the signal to around zero. That should be fun as well. So there's a bunch of uptos as well. Some of them will have to the ones at the bottom will have to get back to them. So we're kind of doing development rounds, trying to make them better. And this is why your feedback is very important. So if you try any of those, please do let me know what you think. So I can improve. Let's say ECG feature extraction as well. Can select your duration of the waveform. The heart rate, which essentially does the same because the more all of a sudden there's slightly more relevant ad, but not quite a segment range would just stuff up the detection. So that's the detection is independent to the way from generation the detector. This case is description there of how it works. But it doesn't have any of the labels just detecting them. There's no references, meaning you'll need to put some references to what type of libraries we use. So yes, it's all a work in progress. So then we have this one of the more recent ones. Yeah, we have another camera will take your face. The face is not actually needed here and will do music generation. So I've been talking about this one quite quite a bit. You can try it out. Yeah, I'm not sure what's that visual gear. And normally you have a lot of, yeah, don't want to mention it. Anyway, you have this tool as well. Go try it out. See some ads, you'll be supporting the project and learning about face and hand detection and music generation and the like. And some might actually normally leave this one during my stream because also doing lots of it can be used for various things like exercise. Yeah, I actually seen someone using it yesterday. They had a lot of fun and trying to dance to it actually, but moving too fast and on a laptop. It was not taking the signal too fast. I'm on a powerful GPU. So it's working much better. But yeah, this is all JavaScript as opposed to other tools that might have back and data processing as well. This is all JavaScript's all front end. So the speed and the quality of how this works depends on your machine, browser, memory, camera and the like. But I'm gonna just leave this one on and we'll start developing unless there's any questions. Check for questions. No, it's nothing. No, I don't think there's anything. Okay, so we have this Flask application. Yeah, when you move to another window, yeah, this is all this browser stuff that I can't a control. I think if I open it separately, might keep running. Yeah, essentially, I'm using it to take breaks, generate some music during the video. Well, I mean, if you if you call it music, most people will not. Yeah, still running.  So I have to kind of it's a good, what's called cell feedback feedback loop where it reminds you well, I will not to do it or especially when I'm recording video. So I know to start again, so I can edit it out in the final version. So this game, it's already available on the site. You can go try it yourself. You meant to click on ECG waveforms that do not look normal. I just don't want to say abnormal because every every time I do the text, the speech to text, never gets it right. Yeah, kind of pretty sure people now when learning English will just optimize for the bots to understand them instead of humans. So sometimes you have to talk like this, unfortunately. Right, so this is what the normal is usually looks like. There is a default noise added to it. So the bot is not doing very well. It's essentially labeling everything as not normal as abnormal. This is how it makes a decision. It's a phatological algorithm that will go into the details of it in a bit. It's detecting the number of positive peaks, negative peaks, raw, just not raw, we used to scale. We used to have raw amplitude and scale like normalized amplitude. Now we only have amplitude. So should remove that raw. But probably if we do it now, we'll stuff up something else and the app will stop working. So we'll actually get the robot to generate the code for us. Probably should have had the robot listening as well. So I don't have to repeat myself 10 times. Yeah, this is the four hour session that we did yesterday. And now I just asked it to update something simple. This HTML description. And it doesn't want to do it. Because I'm pretty sure it's forgot all the context. So I have to go tell it. This is a break. We either have to tell it to look at the specific, tell it to see above for so and so. But considering this was a very long session and there might be, there were some errors that we were getting that are currently not relevant anymore might as well start the new session. So we will just start a new session. It's still listening. I'm trying to transcribe what I say. So it, there is already the context is in again, this HTML description, we should have had another normally have like info file as well, whatever it's called on GitHub. Normally, we will ask it to generate that should have this structure for the application like the folders and files without. Anyway, and by the way, yes, so we were yesterday we reached a point where the pot was actually able to update the algorithm and make it perfectly detect normal and abnormal ECG, but only in the case where the noise is zero. So yes, we could have made some basic a filtering for the machine, but we wanted to look at exactly what the human is looking at. So if the human is getting noise, the machine will be getting noise. So in the current application, we would not be doing any noise filtering or noise reduction. Yes, we're measuring this abnormality score. And when the noise level is zero, most get this perfect, a perfect score for the robot. Yes, so this waveform gets an abnormality score of 0.4 and get a 0.8 for this 1.82 for that one. So it looks good. And this is the normal one and we get an abnormality score of 0.1, which is a big difference. So it's able to distinguish between normal and abnormal ECG quite well. And therefore the score will keep going up. And as a human, I tried keeping up with it. This game will start going faster every 50 points that you make, it will increase the speed and I can, there are videos of me reaching about 1000 points, but it's very hard. Go try this out, by the way, let me know what score you were able to reach. And it's even harder for me to maintain that score. So I get fatigued. It's too fast. I stop paying attention. But the robot keeps going to require food, shelter, I don't know what else. Anyway, but now we will, so a couple of things today we'll be trying to improve. Well, I think generally it's ready to be released. So this will be the next tool on the website. Again, I don't want to say bionicaos.com because the speech to text algorithm always gets it wrong. I need to tune one or myself. But that will be a separate project. We do have something on the website that measures speech rate and does transcription as well using a JavaScript library. We could look at that again. Let me know if interested. I can add it to the mix. It will start populating. I don't know why it wasn't listening. Clear. Might have to have them in separate windows. Yes, sorry for that some organizational stuff. Clear. Yeah, we do we do use before people people start screaming at me for not using GitHub Copa. We do use GitHub Copa. I just find it to be much worse, especially in like generic tasks. Pop this one. We have the code. Yeah, and we will have a GitHub copilot as well, helping us out. So let's start quickly. Let's do it quickly. We have this index HTML. It has a HTML description at the bottom. That's what you will see on the page as well. We hear the waveforms that being generated in JavaScript, just using simple math library, JavaScript library. There's only a bunch of them. So essentially, we have an example of two QRS variations. So they're like, then we have one with no P wave, no S wave, no T wave. And yet the two QRS variations, one of them is normal, and the other one is abnormal. Yeah, we'll have to eventually look at this again and add some more. So once we finalize the algorithm, which we don't want any like too many magic numbers in it, we told the GPT-4 yesterday to be to act like a cardiologist. And it just generated, it just generated the code, the settings for the physiological gradient. I'll go over it and say, probably should stop talking too much. There's any questions? Please let me know. This is what we're doing, these sessions for them and to be interactive. Things commented out that should be fine. It's only like 200, 200 lines of code. And before, and if you play this game and you complain about the robot cheating or something, it does not have access to the labels. Yeah, now it will be hard to convince someone. Okay, we have this for a files of code. Please confirm that you looked at it all. Can you give a quick summary of what it does? We really have a HTML description. We will eventually need to update it. Now, can you explain where the waveforms are being generated? And if the fuzzy logic algorithm has access to the essentially the labels of the different wave waveforms. So that's the fuzzy logic algorithm knows if the waveform is abnormal or not. Can you explain? Yep, just turn off the, I might just keep it on. What you prefer. The code sets up an interactive web based game called cardio quest focused on identifying abnormal ECG electrocardiogram patterns. It's a learning tool for medical professionals, students or anyone interested in ECG waveform analysis. HTML front end presents the game interface with instructions, rules, and a canvas where ECG waveforms are displayed. Waveforms, JS generates ECG waveforms, including both normal and abnormal patterns. It uses mathematical functions to simulate different ECG components, P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and introduces variations to create abnormal patterns. Game underscore logic, JS manages game mechanics, displaying waveforms on canvas, handling user inputs, clicks, scoring based on correct or incorrect identification of abnormal waveforms, and adjusting game difficulty. Python back end, app.py using flask. Processes waveform data sent from the front end. Analyzes waveforms using a fuzzy logic algorithm to determine if they're normal or abnormal. Does not have prior knowledge of waveform labels. It analyzes waveforms based on their characteristics using fuzzy logic rules. Waveforms are generated in waveforms, JS. This script creates both normal and abnormal waveforms using mathematical functions. The generation is dynamic, with random elements introduced to create variety in the waveforms. The fuzzy logic algorithm in app.py does not have direct access to the labels of the waveforms, i.e., whether they're physiologically normal or abnormal. It assesses each waveform based on its calculated features, like peak counts, amplitude, sharpness of our peak, PR and RT intervals. The decision on whether a waveform is normal or abnormal is made by the algorithm based on these features, without prior knowledge of the waveform's actual label. The game integrates front end interactivity with back end analysis, providing an educational tool for ECG waveform interpretation. The fuzzy logic algorithm plays a critical role in autonomously evaluating the waveforms, simulating a form of the eye analysis in medical diagnostics. Do you know why the thing does false detections? When there is no hand on camera, it's still detecting a hand. It measures the distance between your thumb and index finger. If it's small, it does short notes, volume up, volume down, and the other hand is more annoying. It has another musical scale that, well, to my ear, I have to change it. But let me, again, let me know. Maybe it sounds better to you. And yeah, sometimes you have these false detections that might detect the hand on my face and things like that, but that's just a media pipe algorithm. And this is all JavaScript, so yes, we could make it work better in Python, but we want it lighter. This might be, it might mute, yes, it might mute this page. Yeah, if you haven't checked by AnyCast.com, please go check it out. There's a lot of interesting stuff. Yes, it might be, it might be getting an ad or two. It's actually not too bad when it's a Victoria government or something like that. I don't know what the ad was for, by the way. So yeah, this video brought to you by, yeah. Okay, so a couple of things, couple of things in this code. So one obvious one with the noise detection. Yeah, that it obviously doesn't work when you have any noise added to the mix. So it starts detecting an absolute ridiculous number of positive and negative peaks. We can probably quickly fix it. Which part of the code is responsible for the positive and negative peak detection calculation? Yeah, so that's, I get a lot of that from co-pilot, just refuses to do anything useful. I think because this code is too large, it's like 500 lines, might be able to refactor it and remove some of the comments, make it shorter and refactor. We don't, I know, yeah, you always have people telling you to put the comments in your code. But now with LLMs, I don't think that's necessary anymore. Well, there are a couple of things. First of all, GitHub co-pilot doesn't want to modify the code, specifically the Python code, because it's too long. Maybe we can remove all the comments and commented out code. Control I, remove comments. Yeah, it will be doing this forever. Let's move on. Yeah, it did something funny, didn't it? It's still running? No. Yeah, let's use the interface. It's not great. Another good thing about a GPT-4 is that we can upload the images like this. Can you make any suggestions as to how to improve the fuzzy logic decision-making with the presence of noise in the signal? One of the problems seem to be that the number of peaks is getting too high, both for positive and negative. And sometimes it is okay to know what happened. It's still working, we're getting an error or something. No, it's still running. And three positive peaks, one negative peak, as you would expect. So it's actually working well. Same for the second case, three positive, one negative. But I don't think it's still making mistakes. So we are monitoring everything it does. We need to monitor abnormality score as well. Yes, we are. So where is that? It's still detecting all these peaks, quite a lot of them. But then the numbers for the positive peak. Yeah, here it's made a mistake. For example, it detected two negative peaks instead of one. Like a lot of positive peaks, but they're not being shown here. So this is something wrong. It's a difference between peaks detected at the indices and then we have the positive peaks and negative peaks. Those numbers should be... Yeah, I need to explain how the peak detection works. I thought sometimes that's detecting too many negative and positive peaks, but all of a sudden it's working okay. I don't know what happened to try it again. We need to show the noise level in the terminal as well. We can do it ourselves, can we? We don't have to get all the code being modified by the bot. The problem with me modifying the code is that then the bot would not know about what modifications I made. So then I'll have to share the code with it anyway. So I might as well get it to do it kind of thing. I see you've uploaded two images that seem to show the results of an ECG waveform analysis from the game, along with scores for human and fuzzy logic performance. You're asking for suggestions to improve the fuzzy logic decision making, especially regarding the issue of noise affecting the peak detection. Here are some recommendations. Improve noise handling. If noise affects peak detection, you might consider applying a more robust noise filtering method before peak detection. For instance, a band pass filter can allow only the frequency range of typical ECG signals to pass through, which can help in reducing the noise. Adapt thresholds for peak detection. If noise level is causing too many false peaks, you might need to adjust the threshold for peak detection dynamically based on the noise level. Enhance peak detection algorithm. Instead of relying solely on amplitude to detect peaks, you can use other features such as the slope of the waveform or the width of the peaks. Introduce it about. Can you give me more specific stuff to my code that you have? Well, it's code that you generated, but you know what I mean. Open source code, but specific to the current application, to the current session. Yep, no problem. Certainly. Let's dive into specifics tailored to your code. Dynamic thresholding for peak detection. Modify. Modify the detect underscore peaks function in the app.py to adapt the threshold based on the noise level. If the noise slider value is available, you can use it to scale the threshold. In the process underscore data function within app.py, the prominence for peak detection could be dynamically adjusted. For instance, if noise level is high, increase the prominence value to avoid detecting noise as peaks. In the fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis function, you can refine the fuzzy rules based on the actual ECG characteristics. For example, you might add rules that consider the combination of interval lengths and the number of peaks to better classify the waveform. Visual feedback on peak detection. Enhance the front end to visually indicate detected peaks. Modify the game underscore logic, js to draw circles or markers at the detected peak locations on the waveform. Review the membership function shapes and ranges in app.py to ensure they accurately represent the linguistic variables for your use case. For instance, the ranges for, too few, and, too many, peaks may need to be adjusted based on the typical ECG waveform characteristics. Before sending waveform data to the fuzzy logic analyzer, implement a pre-processing step in game underscore logic, js or app.py that applies a digital filter to the ECG signal to reduce noise. Update the front end to show the current noise level. This would involve a simple addition to the game underscore logic, js to display the value of the noise slider on the canvas or as part of the game's HUD, head-up display. Log analysis results for review. Implement logging in app.py to collect data on each decision made by the fuzzy logic. Store the waveform features and the corresponding decision to analyze patterns and improve the decision-making algorithm. Modify the front end to provide instant feedback on whether the user's click was correct or incorrect. This could help in learning and also provide a sense of progression and challenge. Review and possibly refine the calculation of our peak sharpness in app.py. You may need to adjust how the width at half-maximum is calculated or the scaling factor used to derive the sharpness score. Feedback mechanism for learning. If you want to move towards a learning system, consider implementing a simple rule adjustment mechanism where the system can tweak the membership functions based on past performance. Use PR and RT intervals more effectively in app.py. Ensure that these intervals are contributing to the decision-making process in the fuzzy logic rules. For these changes, you will likely need to modify both the JavaScript code for the front-end dynamics and the Python code for back-end analysis. Each suggestion requires a careful approach, ensuring that the changes are tested and do not introduce new issues. If you need code snippets or deeper explanations for any of these suggestions, please let me know which ones you're interested in. We need to add the noise level as well into the terminal, into the bugging. At the noise level, we have it in HTML as well. It actually removes the comments. I don't know what did it do. Something is broken. Yes, once we add the noise, the back-end doesn't know about it, which is fine. Yeah, we can make sure when it's finding, actually, the positive and negative peaks finding even with a presence of noise still working okay. No, it's not. Yeah, we can make sure it's not picking up, say, consecutive points as peaks. Yeah, like here, for example, let's try getting a copilot to do it. I can make sure that the peak finder is not labeling points that are too close to one another as the peaks. Looking at this specific code made a suggestion to include the minimum distance. And the minimum distance is the minimum number of samples you want between peaks. So we need to define that. Why is it 100? We can check the length of the... Yeah, I want to check the length of the whole waveform and say divided by like four or five or something. That would be more reasonable. Can the minimum distance be the whole length of the waveform, the number of data points in the waveform divided by say six? Looks good. And print minimum distance as well. And we'll sort out the negative peaks in a sec. We have to run the application the way we want it to actually work. In case we had a minimum distance of 133, then we had a number of positive peaks at four where it should be three. And now it's three, which is correct. It's four when it should have been. Yeah, how many peaks do we... Yeah, but then they can be close together as well. So that won't work with it. Should be minimum distance or maximum distance? Yeah, three is correct. We also, because of the noise, we want it to be as certain. Yeah, that prominence value might need an adjustment. Oh yeah, the minimum distance. Yeah, maybe we... Oops. Just give it a certain magic number so we can avoid magic numbers. Keep it to something small. Yeah, 21. It's not right. So mad is the median. Median absolute deviation. Which way? Let's print this prominence value, prominence value of 15. Yeah, that's not... This looks like high enough. 17. Yeah, we might do a double or something. I mean, yeah, we do have those magic numbers, but eventually they have to make sense. So currently the prominence number is still 14. What? That's 24 multiplied by 10 for a sec. Yeah, we have two positive peaks. Prominence number 70. Yeah, we don't like magic numbers, but unfortunately, we can't get rid of them. We could get rid of them if we scale the amplitude from zero to one. Isn't the amplitude scaled? Yeah, we have scaling. Yeah, we have this scaling here. This is the absolute amplitude. Okay, we print amplitude here as well. Yes, we have 360, then 0.6. Okay, but that's correct in noise, in some noise. So we have two negative peaks. Why aren't we using prominence and negative peaks? No, we are using prominence and negative peaks for finding negative peaks. And this is scaled. It should be fine. Now the main question, one thing before we can hopefully publish this is the fact that for the only normal ECG waveform that we currently have, the score, the abnormality score is still too high. Yeah, so this one is okay. It's abnormal because it's missing one of the peaks. Six is okay. Yeah, we missed it. Yeah, for this one. And let's see, it's positive peaks, negative peaks. Now that's wrong. Well, that, how fast we just fixed it? Obviously not. Yeah, three and one. It's still abnormal. Why? So that's one, okay, 0.8. This one, okay, 0.8. This one is we have three positive peaks, one negative peak, wrong, 2.58. Our peak sharpness of 0.4. Right, now those PR intervals, they seem to be too low. Yeah, all the PR intervals, all the intervals seem to be too low. Clear. Clear. All the PR and RT intervals are too low. The numbers are too small. I remember messing around with it yesterday, and we must have stuffed something up. Can we check the gold? This is what I currently have. Based on the updated information and the code snippet provided, it seems there are some issues with the PR and RT interval calculations resulting in values that are too small. Let's address these issues. Check interval calculation logic. The calculate underscore intervals function is responsible for calculating the PR and RT intervals. Ensure that the peak detection for P, R, and T waves is accurate. If the detected peaks are not corresponding to the actual P, R, and T waves, the intervals will be incorrect. Normalization of intervals. It seems like you're normalizing the intervals by the total length of the waveform. Total underscore length equals then, waveform. This might be causing the values to be smaller than expected. Consider if this normalization is necessary or if it is being done correctly. Proper scaling factor. If you decide that normalization is required, ensure that you're using the correct scaling factor. The current normalization by the length of the waveform might not be appropriate for PR and RT intervals. Yep, yep, yep, yep. Waveform length consideration. Clear. The problem is that the calculation is wrong when there is noise, so it's okay. It's perfectly fine when the noise level is at zero. When there is noise, we did fix how we find the number of positive and negative peaks, but by not looking at to close samples, by setting a distance between samples to a minimum of 100, I think. But now the PR intervals and RT intervals, a measurement, doesn't seem to take that into account. And here is the code again. Given the details you've provided, it appears that when noise is introduced into the ECG signal, the calculation of PR and RT intervals becomes unreliable. This could be due to the noise affecting the peak detection process, leading to incorrect identification of the P, R, and T waves, which are critical for calculating these intervals. Here are some steps you can take to improve the robustness of the interval calculations in the presence of noise. Revise peak detection with noise consideration. The minimum distance parameter seems to be a fixed value, e.g. minimum underscore distance equals 10 or 100. Instead, this value should be adaptive based on the noise level. You could make minimum underscore distance proportional to the noise level, which you can pass to the process underscore data function as a parameter. Refine PR and RT interval calculations. The normalization of PR and RT intervals, PR underscore normalized and RT underscore normalized, by the total length of the waveform may not be appropriate. Typically, these intervals are measured in milliseconds, moes. If the sampling rate of the ECG is known, e.g. 300 samples per second, you can convert the number of samples between peaks to time. For example, if PR underscore interval is 30 samples, and the sampling rate is 300 samples per second, the PR interval in seconds is PR underscore interval 300. Validate peaks. After detecting peaks, implement a validation step that checks the validity of the peaks based on expected ECG characteristics, such as the expected range of intervals between peaks. This can help filter out false peaks caused by noise. Implement filtering. Apply a digital filter to the ECG signal before peak detection to reduce the impact of noise. Common filters for ECG signals include low pass filters to remove high frequency noise or a band pass filter to retain frequencies within the typical range of ECG signals. Here's a more concrete example for the process underscore data function where we use an adaptive minimum distance for peak detection. In the analyze underscore waveform route, you will then need to extract the noise level from the request and pass it to process underscore data. Please adjust the logic and parameters according to the specific characteristics of your ECG data and the nature of the noise present in the signal. Okay, the whole idea of this application is that the machine is seeing exactly the same signal as the human does, so if there is noise in it, we will provide it to the fuzzy logic algorithm as is with the noise included. We actually want to see how worse the machine performance is with increased noise. Now currently it seems to be working okay when the noise level is at zero. We want to have the noise at like a good dynamic range where it's where the performance of the algorithm worsens as we increase the noise. So we need to select a good dynamic range for the noise level, but the back end, which does all the fuzzy logic calculation, doesn't know what the noise level is. It shouldn't have any, obviously, labels of each waveform, and remember that we are processing each waveform PQRST complex one at a time, so we don't have any RR intervals. Understood. If the back end is processing EGECG waveform PQRST complex independently without considering the noise level and there are no RR intervals involved, then the PR and RT intervals would indeed be calculated on a per complex basis. Given this setup, here's how you could approach the problem. Peak detection robustness. The peak detection algorithm in process underscore data should be robust enough to handle noise without adjusting for noise level. This means that the algorithm parameters should be tuned to work under a variety of conditions. Interval calculation accuracy. Since you're dealing with single complexes, the PR and RT intervals should be calculated within each complex. Make sure that the detection of the P wave and the T wave is accurate to calculate these intervals correctly. Algorithm tuning. You might need to revisit the parameters used for peak detection, such as prominence and distance. If these are set too low, noise spikes might be detected as false peaks, but if they're set too high, real peaks might be missed. You could use a more complex algorithm that accounts for the expected morphology of EGECG peaks. Use of physiological knowledge. Incorporate physiological constraints into your peak detection logic. For example, you know that the P wave should occur before the QRS complex and the T wave should follow it. Use such knowledge to distinguish real peaks from noise. Dynamic range for noise. To set a good dynamic range for noise levels, perform tests of various noise settings and observe the performance of the fuzzy logic system. Identify at which noise level the system's performance begins to degrade significantly. This would be your upper limit for the noise range. Visual debugging. If possible, create a visual debug mode that overlays the detected peaks and intervals on the waveform. This would allow you to visually assess the impact of noise and the algorithm's performance. Signal preprocessing, even though the back end does not adjust for noise, preprocessing the signal with a band pass filter could help improve peak detection. This does not mean adjusting to the noise level, but rather ensuring the signal is as clean as possible while retaining its diagnostic features. Machine learning consideration, as an alternative to manually tuning the fuzzy logic system, consider a machine learning approach where a model is trained to detect peaks and calculate intervals. The model would learn to handle noise during the training process. Remember that any changes should be thoroughly tested to ensure they improve the system's robustness to noise without reducing its accuracy at lower noise levels. The goal is to maintain high performance across a range of conditions without specific knowledge of the noise level in the back end. Sure, I can help you refine the code. Looking at the process underscore data function, you're detecting positive peaks with skippy, signal, find underscore peaks using the calculated prominence value and minimum distance. Then you're doing the same for negative peaks. It seems like you're not detecting peaks more than once, but you're processing positive and negative peaks separately, which is necessary because they have different criteria, one is looking for maxima, the other for minima. Here are a few specific suggestions for your code. Dynamic distance for peak detection, you've hardcoded the minimum underscore distance to 10 for the positive peaks. If you want to avoid detecting peaks too close to each other due to noise, you might want to make this dynamic. Use a fraction of the expected distance between peaks in a normal ECG, which is usually determined by the heart rate. However, if you're processing single complexes at a time, you need a different approach to set this value, perhaps based on the width of a typical QRS complex. Refactoring calculate underscore intervals. This function assumes the order of peaks as p, r, t which might not be always true, especially in noisy signals. Consider validating the peak order or incorporating a check to ensure that the detected peaks make physiological sense. Dealing with noise, to make your system more robust to noise, consider implementing a preprocessing step that filters the noise. A common approach for ECG signals is to use a bandpass filter that passes frequencies typical for ECGs, roughly 0.5 to 50 hertz. Visualization, you have commented out the plotting section in the process underscore data function. Visualization can be very helpful for debugging and understanding the performance of your peak detection, especially when dealing with noise. Code duplication. Currently, you have separate but very similar blocks of code for detecting positive and negative peaks. You could create a single function that accepts parameters to detect either positive or negative peaks to reduce redundancy. Normalization. You normalize amplitude by dividing by 600, but it's not clear where this value comes from. Ensure that such constants are well documented and justified in the code. Peak redetection check. After the initial detection of peaks, you might want to check if any peak is being detected more than once. You can do this by analyzing the intervals between successive peaks and ensuring they're within a reasonable range. Here's an example of how you might refactor the peak detection to avoid duplication and to ensure peaks are not detected more than once. Make sure to test thoroughly after any refactoring. Remember that any change to the code should be justified with either physiological knowledge of the ECG, empirical evidence from your data, or both. I see the issue you're mentioning regarding the detection of peaks. In your code, you indeed have two places where you detect peaks, within the process underscore data function and within the detect underscore peaks function. If detect underscore peaks is being used elsewhere for different purposes, it's fine to have separate implementations as long as they're justified. Here's what you can do. Determine the necessity of each peak detection block. If the detect underscore peaks function is not being called anywhere else, you can remove it to avoid redundancy. If it's used for other processing steps, consider if you can unify the peak detection to use the same function to keep the code dry. Don't repeat yourself. Centralize peak detection logic. Create a single function that can handle both positive and negative peak detection. This can help avoid duplication and make the code easier to manage. Clarify the code. Comments and documentation are critical. Each function should have a dock string explaining its purpose, inputs, outputs, and any side effects. Refactor. If there are other similar blocks of code, combine them into single, well-documented functions. Improve error handling. Make sure that all potential errors are being caught and handled appropriately. For example, if no peaks are detected, how should the code behave? Here's how you might refactor the peak detection. By creating a find underscore peaks function, you avoid duplicating the logic for finding peaks, then you can also remove the separate detect underscore peaks function if it's no longer necessary. For refactoring the intervals, you can create a function that will be called within process underscore data instead of having a separate calculate underscore intervals function, unless you need to calculate intervals outside of process underscore data. Make sure to test the refactored code thoroughly to ensure it behaves as expected. Refactoring can introduce new bugs if not done carefully, so validation is key. Recording, if you want to record your music, simply start the recording feature. Once done, you can save your career. Here's an example of how you might refactor the peak detection to avoid duplication and ensure peaks are not detected more than once. Yeah, we're having a major problem that this code is too long, considering we're using another level, I'm thinking just removing all the comments. So we can manage it. So GitHub Copart can manage it. It can do it on short snippets. That's okay. Let's stuff something up. Yeah, we need the structure of the whole thing. Hey, can you remove all the comments and refactor? Yeah, the inline thing is really funny. We'll really stuff something up one way. So when there's no noise, it's working fine. Yeah, we'll get a point one, a abnormality score for the normal ECG waveform example. That's good. Yeah, we're having all sorts of issues when there's noise. None of the bots seem to be able to solve for us. Yeah, it's all the membership functions. Don't need stuff like that, do we? It's still a robot. We have the rule, the normal rule, abnormal or amplitude, potential abnormal for sharpness, abnormal based on the interval lens, and the rule for mixed indicators. So it's hard for me to, it's Copart refractoring the code. That's some funny business, but yeah, we don't look at the frequency anymore. It takes so long. Didn't actually do anything. Hey, can you delete comments and delete comments and refactor? What on earth are you importing stuff here for? It's really bizarre. We're having trouble refractoring this thing. Try it last time. Right. This is better. I don't know why I didn't want to do it for that function. We have no problem that the GPT-4 was trying to solve for us where we have the big finding in multiple places. That's what I was hoping a Copart to solve for me, but it's having trouble with the whole code because it's too long. Yes, it's freaking out when you give it a whole thing in two different places at the moment, which is not good. Well, maybe it's okay. I don't know. Hey, can you review this code again? There are a couple of things that I want you to pay attention to. First thing is the number of times that we use the sci-pi signal find peaks function. There's some reason for all of them, instead of just the two for positive and negative peaks. Now, when the signal is noisy, another problem is that when the signal is noisy, the PR interval and the RT interval are totally messed up. It's working okay when the noise is at zero level, but when there is presence of noise, the intervals are way too small, meaning they are being calculated between the different peaks being detected that are not accurate detections. These not accurate detections are not using the minimum interval between peaks that we set in the code. Can you check? Yep. Yep. Yep. Yep. Yep. Yep. Yep. Yep. By the way, I'm only talking to the robot because there's no human available. All right, let's walk through the code and pinpoint areas for improvement, especially in terms of the peak detection and interval calculation under noisy conditions. You're correct at the ski-pi signal find underscore peaks function is used multiple times, potentially leading to redundant peak detections. This is happening because process underscore data and detect underscore peaks both find peaks but with different threshold criteria. This could be a design choice if different peak detections are required for different analyses, but if they're intended to be the same, they should be consolidated into a single function called to prevent redundancy and errors. Noisy signals can indeed cause incorrect peak detection, leading to incorrect interval calculations. To address this, you should increase the prominence or threshold value during peak detection to ignore small afflictuations caused by noise. Implement a noise filter prior to peak detection. A common approach in ECG analysis is to use a bandpass filter that passes frequencies typical of ECG signals but blocks out noise. Consider other features of ECG peaks, such as width, to distinguish real peaks from noise. Validate detected peaks against expected physiological ranges for heart rates, e.g., it's unlikely to have a heart rate over 200 bpm or on the 30 bpm. Unify peak detection. Merge process underscore data and detect underscore peaks into a single peak detection routine that handles both positive and negative peaks. Filtering, if not already implemented, apply a bandpass filter to the data before peak detection. Robust metrics for PR and RT interval calculations, consider additional checks to ensure they fall within a physiologically reasonable range. Debugging info. Provide more detailed logging when noise levels are high to understand how it's affecting peak detection. Dynamic thresholds. Adjust prominence and distance dynamically based on the noise level if possible. Here's a conceptual snippet that incorporates some of these ideas. For the current issue with intervals, you need to ensure the minimum distance between peaks is maintained even on the noisy conditions. This might involve dynamically adjusting the minimum underscore distance based on the noise level or ensuring that your calculate underscore intervals function is only considering peaks that are appropriately spaced apart. Here's a brief pseudo code outline to adjust the interval calculation based on noise. And remember, refactoring code is an iterative process. Make changes gradually and test extensively after each change to ensure functionality remains correct. Lastly, ensure your Flask app is prepared for production if it's going to be used in a real world setting. This involves error handling, security checks, and possibly a WSGI server like Gullicorn for deployment. Breaking down the code into separate modules is an excellent approach for maintaining clean and modular code. It enhances readability, makes it easier to debug, and facilitates unit testing for individual components. Here's how you construct your application. App.py. This will contain only the Flask application and roots. Signal underscore processing.py. This will contain functions related to signal processing such as peak detection and interval calculations. Fuzzy underscore analysis.py. This will include all the fuzzy logic related functions and analysis. Here's a simplified outline of what each file could look like. Each py file will be a module, and you can import the necessary functions in App.py where they're used. Make sure to handle the imports correctly, for example. This modular approach will make your codebase much easier to maintain and understand. It also aligns well with Python's design philosophy of having explicit and readable code. For lighter projects, you might even want to package these modules into a Python package, but for now, this structure should suffice. Remember to adjust your project structure accordingly and test each module individually to ensure that they work as expected when separated. Certainly, here is how you could split the existing script into separate modules. For the sake of clarity, I'll provide the full content for each file, but keep in mind that for the signal processing and fuzzy logic parts, the functions are lengthy, so I'll truncate the repeated parts and focus on structuring. Now, let's summarize what each module will contain. App.py is your Flask application entry point, where you define roots and use functions from other modules. Signal underscore processing.py contains all the signal processing logic, such as peak detection and interval calculations. Fuzzy underscore analysis.py contains all the fuzzy logic definitions and analysis computations. Make sure that after restructuring, you test each module individually to ensure they're working correctly. You may need to handle module imports and package structures if you move to a package-based approach. This modular code will be more maintainable, and is a step towards best practices in software development. Certainly, I will create a separate Python script for the data processing part, which we can call data underscore processing.py. This will include functions for handling the raw waveform data, detecting peaks, calculating intervals, and any other processing tasks. This file will be used by your main Flask application to process the waveform data. Remember to remove these function definitions from your app.py file to avoid duplication. You will import these functions into app.py like this. The rest of your app.py file remains the same, except you remove the function definitions that have been moved to data underscore processing.py. When you split your code into multiple files, make sure each file is in the same directory, or set up proper Python packaging if they're in different directories. This way, you can easily import functions from one file to another. Sure, we can split this script into three separate files, one for the Flask application, one for processing the ECG data, and one for handling the fuzzy logic analysis. This modular approach will enhance the maintainability and readability of the code. Here's how you can organize it. This file will contain the Flask application setup and roots. This file will include functions related to processing the ECG data. This file will handle the fuzzy logic analysis. Make sure all three files, app.py, ECG underscore processing.py, fuzzy underscore analysis.py, are in the same directory. Import functions from ECG underscore processing and fuzzy underscore analysis in app.py. You might need to adjust the imports and function calls based on your specific requirements and the structure of your project. This structure should allow your application to function as intended, with a cleaner and more organized codebase. Remember to test thoroughly to ensure that everything is integrated correctly. Absolutely, let's refactor your original script into a more modular structure. The app.py file will primarily handle the Flask setup and roots. The other functionalities, ECG data processing and fuzzy logic analysis will be transferred to separate modules, ECG underscore processing.py and fuzzy underscore analysis.py, respectively. Here's your revised app.py. In this script, process underscore data and fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis are imported from ECG underscore processing and fuzzy underscore analysis modules, respectively. The Flask app handles the web roots and uses these modules to process the data. Next, you'll create the ECG underscore processing.py and fuzzy underscore analysis.py files, which will contain the specific functionalities extracted from your original script. You'll need to ensure that these modules are correctly referenced and that the necessary parts of the code are moved into them. This approach will help you organize your code better and make it easier to maintain and understand. Certainly. Based on the functionalities related to ECG data processing in your original script, here's how you can structure the ECG underscore processing.py module. This module will include functions for processing ECG data, calculating R peak sharpness, detecting peaks, and calculating intervals. Process underscore data function process is the raw ECG data. Calculate underscore R underscore peak underscore sharpness calculates the sharpness of the R peak. Detect underscore peaks detects peaks in the ECG waveform. Calculate underscore intervals calculates the PR and RT intervals. Make sure that this module, ECG underscore processing.py, is in the same directory as your app.py file. You might need to adjust the function definitions and parameters based on the specifics of your ECG data and the requirements of your project. Certainly. Based on the fuzzy logic analysis part of your original script, here's how the fuzzy underscore analysis.py module can be structured. This module will include functions for setting up the fuzzy logic system and performing the analysis. Fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis sets up and runs the fuzzy logic control system. Define underscore fuzzy underscore variables creates the fuzzy variables, antecedents and consequence with their respective universes and membership functions. Define underscore rules establishes the rules for fuzzy logic system. Calculate underscore memberships computes the membership values for each category. Ensure that this module, fuzzy underscore analysis.py, is placed in the same directory as your app.py file. You might need to flesh out the define underscore fuzzy underscore variables and define underscore rules functions with the specific details from your original script, telling them to fill your application's requirements. Absolutely. To create a fuzzy underscore analysis.py script based on the fuzzy logic related parts of your original code, we'll focus on the functions and components that deal with setting up and evaluating the fuzzy logic system. This script will handle all the. Absolutely. Based on the fuzzy logic analysis part of your original script, I'll create a separate fuzzy underscore analysis.py module. This module will encapsulate all the fuzzy logic related functionalities. Yeah, obviously. Open the ID, they have the CEO leaving again or something. This site is really struggling. Surprisingly, I haven't hit the limit yet. Certainly. The fuzzy underscore analysis.py module will contain the fuzzy logic analysis functionality extracted from your original script. This module will define the fuzzy sets, rules and the fuzzy logic controller, finalizing the ECG data. Should be just a simple copy pasting task, but doesn't seem to want to do it. Just doing example of one of the variables. Yeah, I'll have to, well, we'll have to copy paste it first, but then go over it again. The rules and the membership functions and the fuzzy rules. In this module, fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis function handles the setup and execution of the fuzzy logic control system. Calculate underscore membership's function calculates the membership values for each fuzzy variable. Make sure that this module fuzzy underscore analysis.py is in the same directory as your app.py. I'm not sure what the problem, the linter is not showing any problem, but okay, so we broke down the code into the fuzzy, the flask application being a standalone file and just 50 lines of code. Then we have our ECG processing. Surprisingly, seem to have generated the whole code. We'll have to double check, but it's about a 70 lines of code. So what is it? 120. Then we're missing another like, like 300. So it doesn't want to do the whole thing. Make sure we have the same number of functions. So obviously we have the copy of the original one. In the original one we had, okay, we did something wrong. Yeah, we had nine functions in total. And the flask application is currently calling fuzzy analysis ECG processing. So the ECG processing interior is complete. So we have a process data function, calculate our peak sharpness, detect peaks, calculate intervals. That sounds legit, except let's go from the bottom quickly. Yeah, so it's copied this one correctly. Detect peaks. We have it once here, the function and the calling of it. It could have refracted the comments and everything. It's probably did F.5 above one. That looks legit. We're returning peaks and properties. A calculate our peak sharpness quickly. There's nothing to refract. I should have just copied it as these returning sharpness core. Yes, that looks legit. And then we have the process data, which is the main a function, react prominence value. Yeah, we're printing some stuff. We don't have to do it. No, actually, we do want to do it. Don't we? How does that work when troubleshooting a different Python files? How does the printing works? We'll sort it later because we will obviously face some more problems. Now the problem is with this fuzzy analysis, a Python code that has all this missing bits in it. It has four functions that define fuzzy variables, define rules, a calculate membership and the fuzzy logic analysis. That's okay to refract it as well. Yeah, so this is our main a main bit logic. Yeah, one GPT for to just do this. We want this code. We want you to take this code. We want you to take this code and generate the whole fuzzy analysis, Python file script that works with no errors. What can do? Certainly. To create the fuzzy underscore analysis dot py script, we'll take the relevant parts from your app dot py that deal with fuzzy logic analysis. This script will define the fuzzy logic variables, sets, rules, and the control system for analysis. Here's the complete fuzzy underscore analysis dot py script based on your provided code. It still has missing bits in it. Place this fuzzy underscore analysis dot py in the same directory as your app dot py. In your app dot py, import the fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis function from fuzzy underscore analysis import fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis. Ensure that all required libraries numpy sk fuzzy etc are installed in your environment. This script should now handle all the fuzzy logic analysis for your application. Remember to test it thoroughly to ensure it integrates correctly with your flask app. It's better it's a bit longer, but it's not the whole thing. How many functions do we have? Okay, this is not right. Okay, the code is not complete. Can you generate a whole script required to run the file? Absolutely. I'll provide you with a complete fuzzy underscore analysis dot py script, which encompasses all necessary components for the fuzzy logic analysis based on your original code. Here's the full script fuzzy variables and sets the script defines fuzzy variables positive underscore peaks negative underscore peaks amplitude etc and their respective membership functions fuzzy rules it outlines rules that determine how the inputs influence the abnormality score control system it includes a fuzzy control system that calculates the output based on the given inputs membership calculation the get underscore membership function computes the membership values for each input place this script in the same directory as your flask app app dot py in app dot py import the function using from fuzzy underscore analysis import fuzzy underscore logic underscore analysis ensure that numpy and sk fuzzy are installed in your python environment this script should work seamlessly with your flask application handling the fuzzy logic analysis component make sure to test it thoroughly to ensure proper functionality and integration yes so we should okay let's do it ourselves the port is not helping well it's helping but not quite so we have calculated memberships and yeah we could split this fuzzy logic analysis and we don't need process data because we already have it yeah we don't need that one surprised we even still have it but we still have numpy no we do need it yeah we don't need the the flask that's part of the flask business and that should be actually it we did it by ourselves could have split the no way yeah we have two functions calculate memberships and the fuzzy logic analysis should split it further but it's a good start close that don't save such a processing fuzzy logic analysis this one is running on port locally try it out surprisingly it's still running it's calculating the scores and everything let's see if it's running for normal a no noise a reduced noise to zero see if it's still running let's let's stop normal 0.8 and that's wrong that's wrong decision of normal for a normal scg okay so we yeah refracted the code started fresh and split it up so we now have the flask application on the what are the 40 40 lines of code the ecg processing a we want to keep it to the minimum because we essentially don't want to do anything fancy we want it to be as close to what the human does as possible so we have those functions for each processing and then we have the fuzzy analysis and we have two functions in it and I suspect this is being called incorrectly here the membership functions it's not why it's a refractoring it in a funny way like that no that that function has been called internally and then we have the fuzzy logic analysis being called over there in the main file in the analyzed waveform and we spit out the results so I don't I don't actually have anything in the terminal because everything that you need should be just displayed on the front part now yes that's wrong so that waveform should have had a much lower just quickly yeah that's the original code and let's check get the amplitude there's something wrong with the amplitude number that meant to be normalized shoot that's sweet here is the division by 600 that's in process data still there number is not not right once on the abnormality score a being printed by saying something's very wrong now that's okay yeah the first thing that jumps out is that the raw amplitude should have been a normal as to be between zero and one and that's not the case I have to double check but we already streaming over two hours so it might take a break continue this next time I didn't notice any questions well now in theory we should be able to use a github gop pilot can we say bye bye to the viewers and summarize the code and the different files what do they do and how this application could be possibly useful and who the target audience might be and how do we get the cardiologist to collaborate on this or any anyone who is specializing in ecg a time series review data analysis if you got anything funny and you want to go for it just go for it but keep it relevant to the subject at hand all right let's wrap this up role serves as the main entry point for the web application it handles web requests interacts with the user through a web interface and coordinates the overall functionality key features it includes routes for displaying a homepage and analyzing ecg waveforms to ecg underscore processing dot py ecg data processing role handles the processing of ecg data this includes finding peaks calculating intervals and other preprocessing steps key features functions for peak detection our peak sharpness calculation and interval measurements three fuzzy underscore analysis dot py fuzzy logic analysis role performs fuzzy logic analysis on the processed ecg data to evaluate cardiac abnormalities key features fuzzy variables and rules set up and computing the fuzzy logic inference to determine the abnormality score this application could be a valuable tool for cardiologists medical researchers and healthcare professionals specializing in cardiac care it offers a quick automated way to analyze ecg waveforms which can be helpful in preliminary assessments or in settings where expert cardiologists aren't immediately available to enhance the application's reliability and clinical relevance collaboration with cardiologists or ecg specialists is crucial they can provide valuable insights on interpreting ecg data and refining the algorithm to align with clinical standards data validation helping in validating the accuracy of the analysis feedback offering critical feedback on the application's interface and usability in clinical settings conferences and seminars presenting the tool that medical conferences could attract the attention of potential collaborators academic partnerships collaborating with universities or research institutes specializing in cardiology professional networks leveraging professional networks like linkedin to connect with cardiologists and healthcare professionals pilot studies conducting pilot studies in clinical settings to demonstrate the tool's utility and gather feedback imagine this your app not only reads ecg's but also predicts the patient's reaction to their cardio report excited nervous surprisingly chill a little humor could lighten up a cardiologist's day so there you have it a smart efficient and potentially life-saving tool wrapped in a neat package of python scripts ready to make waves in the world of cardiac care remember the heart of this project pun intended lies in its collaborative potential bringing together tech and medical expertise for better healthcare outcomes and with that we say goodbye to our viewers keep those hearts beating and those codes running of course the heart of this project ah this is so bad that it's good wow keep those hearts beating and those codes running of course let's delve into perspective that a cardiologist or ecg specialist might offer regarding this application understanding the application one scope and functionality as a cardiologist or ecg specialist it's designed to process ecg waveforms identify key features like peaks and intervals and apply fuzzy logic for an initial assessment of potential abnormalities two ecg data processing the apt ability to process raw ecg data and extract clinically relevant metrics such as r peak sharpness positive and negative peaks and pr rt intervals is crucial these parameters are fundamental in diagnosing various cardiac conditions three fuzzy logic analysis the incorporation of fuzzy logic offers an innovative approach to interpret ecg data in real world clinical settings ecg interpretations often involve dealing with uncertainties and variations in waveforms fuzzy logic can handle such nuances potentially providing a more flexible and nuanced analysis than binary algorithms potential benefits and limitations benefits rapid preliminary analysis for quick screenings and initial assessments this tool can be quite useful especially in settings where immediate expert analysis isn't feasible educational tool it could be an excellent resource for medical students and junior doctors to understand ecg interpretations research applications the application could be valuable in research settings for large-scale ecg data analysis limitations not a replacement for expert analysis it's important to remember that such tools or supplements not substitutes for professional medical interpretation accuracy and reliability the algorithms accuracy needs to be thoroughly vetted against a wide range of ecg data including rare and complex cases ethical and legal considerations in healthcare especially with tools that might influence clinical decisions there are significant ethical and legal implications to consider future enhancements algorithm validation collaborating with healthcare institutions for clinical validation of the algorithm user feedback incorporating feedback from medical professionals to improve the user interface and functionality continual learning implementing machine learning techniques that can improve the systems accuracy over time with more data input integration with healthcare systems ensuring compatibility and integration with existing healthcare systems for seamless use final thoughts as a cardiologist or ecg specialist i find this application to be a promising step towards integrating technology in cardiac care while it shows potential its real world applicability hinges on rigorous testing validation and responsible usage within the framework of medical guidelines and ethical standards with these considerations in mind this tool could be a valuable asset in the realm of cardiac health absolutely let's adopt a skeptical cardiologist viewpoint on this application skeptical overview of the application one automated ecg analysis from a skeptical standpoint while the idea of automating ecg analysis is appealing i would be cautious about its accuracy and reliability ecg interpretation is complex and often requires nuanced judgment the machines may not replicate accurately two processing and analysis limitations data processing while the tool processes key ecg metrics there's a concern about the oversimplification of complex waveform patterns which can be crucial in diagnosing certain conditions fuzzy logic analysis the use of fuzzy logic is innovative but i'd be wary of its ability to handle the wide variability seen in real patient data there's a risk of oversimplifying or misinterpreting data leading to inaccurate conclusions three clinical application concerns diagnostic accuracy ecg interpretation requires a high degree of accuracy a tool that's even slightly off could lead to misdiagnoses with serious implications for patient care dependency risks there's a risk that less experienced clinicians might over rely on the tool potentially undermining their clinical judgment and learning recommendations for improvement extensive testing the tool needs to be tested rigorously against a vast and diverse set of ecg data including rare and complex cases that validate its accuracy clinical collaboration active involvement and continuous feedback from experienced cardiologists would be vital to refine the algorithm user training users should be trained not only on how to use the tool but also on its limitations and the importance of corroborating its findings with clinical judgment final thoughts from a skeptical perspective as a cardiologist while i appreciate the technological advancement and potential utility of this tool i remain cautious the stakes in cardiac diagnosis are extremely high any tool no matter how advanced should not replace the nuanced judgment of an experienced cardiologist it should be used judiciously always in conjunction with a thorough clinical assessment the tool is promising but it should undergo extensive validation and continuous improvement to prove its worth in the highly nuanced field of cardiac care based on the information provided and the image you've uploaded it appears that there is an issue with the raw amplitude output on the front page of your application the raw amplitude is not normalized correctly to be between zero and one even though you've mentioned dividing by 600 which is supposed to be the maximum amplitude value here's what could be going wrong incorrect calculation the calculation might not be correctly implemented in the code for normalization the code should ensure that it takes the absolute amplitude i.e. the peak to peak value and then divides by the maximum possible value 600 in your case data type issue if the amplitude value is not correctly cast to a float before division integer division might be occurring leading to incorrect normalization let's troubleshoot by revisiting the process underscore data function in your python code where the amplitude should be normalized ensure that this part of the code is indeed executed and that np underscore data contains the correct data before this calculation if the amplitude exceeds 600 due to any reason such as noise or a spike in a signal the normalized value could be greater than one which would be incorrect based on your specifications you might want to add a check to ensure the raw amplitude does not exceed the expected maximum or if it does handle it appropriately perhaps as an outlier or artifact if after this check you still encounter issues i would recommend adding debug print statements or logging to track the amplitude values at each step from the raw waveform data to the final normalization the pinpoint where the discrepancy arises as a tech savvy cardiologist with an affinity for gaming and machine learning i'd be quite intrigued by an application that marries the precision of computational analysis with the nuanced field of ecg interpretation here's my review first impressions user interface the front page is straightforward presenting key metrics such as the number of positive and negative peaks which resonate with the gamer in me it's like looking at a high score on a leaderboard but in this case it's the vital statistics of cardiac function feedback system the immediate feedback on hits false alarms great rejections and misses gives it an almost game like feel rewarding precision and penalizing inaccuracy which can drive better user engagement and learning machine learning integration the use of fuzzy logic is an intelligent choice unlike rigid binary systems it allows for a more human-like interpretation of data with varying degrees of truth this reflects the real world scenarios where ecg readings aren't always textbook perfect normalization of data the correction to the amplitude normalization issue shows responsiveness to feedback betrayed i deeply appreciate it demonstrates the robustness of the system and its ability to adapt and improve algorithmic transparency displaying the raw and normalized data provides transparency into how the system processes information which is critical for clinical trust and understanding preliminary screening for a cardiologist time is of the essence a tool that can quickly screen and triage ecgs to detect abnormalities could be a significant asset especially in high-volume or emergency settings education and training the application could serve as an excellent training tool for residents and fellows the gamified feedback can make learning ecg interpretation more interactive and engaging integration with the EHRs to be truly useful in a clinical setting the application would need to integrate seamlessly with electronic health records EHRs systems collaborative features adding a feature where clinicians could input their interpretation and compare it with the machine's analysis could foster a collaborative environment for machine learning models to learn from real world expert inputs continuous learning implementing a system where the application continually learns from its hits and misses and improves over time would be the ultimate goal this could be done through deep learning algorithms that refine their accuracy as more data is processed a welcome addition this application is a welcome addition to the tech forward cardiologists toolkit it's a step towards the future of cardiac care where machine learning and human expertise work hand in hand excitement for future developments i'm excited about the potential of this tool and eager to see how it evolves with further development especially with the incorporation of deep learning and broader data sets in conclusion as a cardiologist who's a gamer at heart i appreciate the application's blend of data science with a user engaging interface it's a progressive step towards a future where technology and medicine co-less to enhance patient care in the two ecg examples provided it appears that the addition of noise to a normal ecg waveform is causing the fuzzy logic algorithm to incorrectly classify the waveform as abnormal as a cardiologist with an interest in technology here are some reasons why this might be happening fuzzy logic systems are designed to handle uncertainty but they're only as good as the rules and membership functions that define them if the system is too sensitive to variations that mimic pathological changes noise could easily be misinterpreted as an abnormality two overfitting if the fuzzy logic system was trained or designed with a data set that didn't include examples of noise it might not be able to recognize and correctly classify noisy but normal ecgs the system might be identifying features within the noise that it has learned to associate with abnormal conditions for example a sharp spike in a noisy signal could be mistaken for a pathological qrs complex the rules set in the fuzzy logic system must account for a range of normal variations including the presence of noise if these rules are too strict or too lenient they can lead to incorrect classifications the shapes and thresholds of the membership functions determine how input data is categorized if these functions are not calibrated to account for noise they may assign higher membership values to abnormal categories in the presence of noise in ecg interpretation baseline wander or drift due to movement or breathing can create artifacts that resemble ecg abnormalities a system must be robust enough to distinguish these from true pathological changes from a cardiologist's perspective while the application of such technology is promising these examples highlight the importance of including a diverse set of data in the system's design encompassing various noise levels and artifacts this inclusion ensures the system is robust against false positives due to noise to mitigate this issue we would look at expanding the training set including noisy ecg samples and the training set to improve the system's ability to discriminate noise from true abnormalities post-processing implementing filters or signal processing techniques to clean the ecg signal before analysis clinical context integrating the ecg analysis with clinical data to improve decision-making for example a noisy signal in a clinically stable patient is less concerning than the same signal in a patient with chest pain lastly a cardiologist with a gaming background might suggest debugging the system as one would troubleshoot a game or a complex piece of software iteratively refining the system until it performs robustly in the chaotic environment of real world clinical data as a technologically savvy cardiologist with expertise in fuzzy logic system design i would approach adjustments to the membership functions and rules with the following considerations precision ensure that the membership functions for variables like positive underscore peaks negative underscore peaks amplitude r underscore peak underscore sharpness pr underscore interval an rt underscore interval accurately represent the clinical data distribution and the ambiguity inherent in ecg interpretation overlap adjust the overlap between the membership functions to allow for better handling of borderline cases this is crucial for variables like amplitude and r underscore peak underscore sharpness which can vary slightly in a normal ecg clinical validation validate the membership functions against a diverse data set and refine them based on expert feedback and clinical relevance two rule refinement sensitivity and specificity modify the rules to balance sensitivity and specificity for instance the rule underscore normal should be stringent enough to confidently classify normal ecg but also flexible to account for minor variations that are clinically insignificant complex conditions introduce additional rules to handle complex conditions that may not be well represented in the current rule set this includes conditions that have subtle ecg changes noise and artifacts incorporate rules that account for noise and artifacts as these can significantly alter the system's output three addressing noise given that noise can have a significant impact on the analysis i would add rules that help the system distinguish between pathological changes and noise induced anomalies for example if the noise underscore level variable if available is high this should influence the decision towards a likely to account for potential false positives four real world data application dynamic ranges the ranges for positive underscore peaks and negative underscore peaks might need to be extended or dynamically adjusted based on real world data variations normalization for amplitude r underscore peak underscore sharpness br underscore interval and rt underscore interval i would review whether the normalization process could be impacting the sensitivity of the system and adjust the membership functions accordingly five outcome correlation established correlation rules that link the input variables to clinical outcomes for example certain combinations of br underscore interval and rt underscore interval might be indicative of specific conditions and should be represented in the rules considering incorporating additional variables such as patient demographics medical history or other clinical findings that could refine the fuzzy logic decisions implement a feedback loop where the system's performance can be reviewed and adjusted periodically based on its accuracy and the evolving understanding of ecg interpretation as a cardiologist with expertise in fuzzy logic i would focus on ensuring the membership functions and rules are reflective of the clinical realities of ecg interpretation here's how i would adjust the membership functions and rules adjust normal to have a wider range as the number of positive peaks can vary slightly in normal ecg's due to artifacts or minor variations broaden the normal range slightly for similar reasons as positive peaks include a buffer in the high category to account for occasional spikes that are clinically insignificant modify normal to cover a broader range reflecting the variability in normal r wave morphology adjust normal to account for the wider normal range observed in healthy populations align normal with gomenati interval variations seen in clinical practice allow for slight variations in the normal rule to prevent false positives due to minor artifacts account for extreme variations that are still within a potentially normal range account for extreme variations that are still within a potentially normal range reevaluate the definition of high and low sharpness to reduce oversensitivity reevaluate the definition of high and low sharpness to reduce oversensitivity update to reflect a more nuanced approach to interval abnormalities introduce complexity to handle gases where multiple indicators suggest pathology but are not conclusive with these adjustments the system should be better calibrated to the subtleties of ecg interpretation improving its clinical applicability these changes are proposed to reflect a more conservative approach prioritizing specificity to reduce false positives and acknowledging the natural variability within normal ecg readings i understand the concern balancing sensitivity and specificity in a fuzzy logic system especially for complex physiological signals like ecg's is challenging the goal is to minimize both false positives and false negatives with alterations to the system can sometimes have unintended consequences if the adjustment said to an increase in false detections we need to recalibrate here's a more conservative approach to refining the membership functions and rules positive and negative peaks retain retain original boundaries but increase the overlap between categories to allow for a smoother transition between normal and abnormal tighten the range for high to reduce false positives due to normal physiological variations narrow the normal range to decrease the system's sensitivity to minor fluctuations adjust the normal categories to be more inclusive of borderline normal values rule normal make make the conditions for a normal reading more stringent only consider extreme amplitude deviations as likely abnormalities consider high or low sharpness as potentially abnormal only in combination with other factors focus on significant deviations in intervals before determining likely abnormality use a combination of indicators to identify possible abnormalities these changes aim to fine-tune the system to reduce false detections the system should be iteratively tested and adjusted with real ecg data and expert feedback to achieve the desired level of accuracy when deciding between fuzzy logic and other machine learning techniques like neural networks or independent component analysis ecca is important to consider the nature of the data and the problem you're trying to solve here's an overview of when and why you might use each approach for ecg analysis use case fuzzy logic is suitable when you need to model human-like reasoning that can handle uncertainty and imprecision it's particularly useful when you can define rules based on expert knowledge advantages it's transparent interpretable and can be easily modified by domain experts this is important in medicine where understanding the reasoning behind a decision is as crucial as the decision itself limitations it might not capture the full complexity of the data without extensive and meticulous rule setting it also doesn't inherently improve over time with more data use case neural networks particularly deep learning models are powerful for pattern recognition tasks like classifying complex ecg waveforms especially when large-level datasets are available advantages they can model complex nonlinear relationships and improve with more data they're great for capturing subtle patterns in high-dimensional data limitations they require large datasets to train effectively and can be seen as black boxes providing little insight into how decisions are made which can be a significant drawback in clinical settings use case ecg is used for separating a multivariate signal into additive independent non-guessian signals it can be used to filter out noise or artifacts from ecg signals before further analysis advantages effective in denoising an artifact removal without relying on large training datasets limitations it's more of a preprocessing step rather than a classification tool it doesn't classify or recognize patterns on its own data availability neural networks require more data if you have less data or expert knowledge fuzzy logic might be the way to go interpretability if the ability to interpret and explain decisions is important fuzzy logic has the edge performance if you have a lot of data and performance is the only concern neural networks might perform better complexity and resources neural networks are resource intensive and complex to train fuzzy logic systems are simpler and less resource demanding in practice a hybrid approach can sometimes offer the best of both worlds for instance you could use ecg to preprocess ecg data apply neural networks to learn complex patterns and then use fuzzy logic to interpret the network's output in a clinically meaningful way in conclusion the choice of technology depends heavily on the specific goals available data and constraints of the ecg analysis task at hand each method has its strengths and the best solution may often involve a combination of approaches tailored to the application's requirements yeah please do go check out finallykills.com if you haven't done so already there's a lot of interesting tools on it and don't forget to provide your feedback and everything we develop now will become available on the side as well see you next time bye


Hey, I'm Paul and I'm Surma. Now season three of Super Charge is about to start and we thought this time we do things a little differently We thought we'd ask you what you're trying to get done. Have you tried to add a service worker? Have you Done something with Canvas or SVG. What is it you want to do? How do I do X and we will try to help you solve X live on the live stream? We'll do some live coding and whatever so Submit your ideas in the comments below or to me on Twitter as at erotwist or him as dasurma And we'll see you in season three. You done with the picture?


I'm excited about this work program because I believe that the world needs to reduce the existing poverty and inequality in the world. You can only do that if you transform economies, if you promote inclusion, and if you make sure that your development path is sustainable. First development takes place. The economy moves from being a low productivity economy to a high productivity economy. People move from jobs with very little remuneration and outcome to better jobs, more income-paying jobs. Inclusion is both social, political and economic. Inclusion is about how marginalized groups get included in the overall development process. It's one thing that development takes place and is positive on average, but we need to have everybody on board. Development economists have to be helping, have to be engaging on how the world shifts from the present high intensity CO2 emitting development path to a path where much less CO2 emission takes place for the energy that poor people need for their development process. We also have three concerns. Africa is first on that list. Africa and development in Africa is a key UN concern. It is a concern for wider as a research institute. It's well recognized that the development challenges that Africa is facing are some of the most difficult ones in the world we see today. The reason a bold outbreak is just one illustration of this. I believe that development economists have to address the issue of gender equality. Gender equality is not just a question of human rights. It's also a question of human rights. But gender equality can lead to the unleashing of the productive potential of women. And this is the way to make sure that the development process gets dynamic and forward moving. The architecture of aid is changing. There are new actors, new countries, new donors, but also private agents are now playing a big role. Mobilizing own resources is the end goal of any development process that you are capable of generating or mobilizing resources within your own country. Aid can support that process. We want to try to find out how a best support that process. In addition, there are some countries still suffering war, destabilization. They are what we sometimes refer to as the fragile countries. They cannot at this stage generate their own resources. They need external support to help mobilize and move forward. There is an international research institute that tries to address key issues. Wider has to try to come up with an ambitious forward-looking program where we can hopefully generate information and advice for our key stakeholders. Our three core audiences including researchers, including policymakers in developing countries who are really at the forefront of the development process and the international development community at large.


The end of an 18-year journey is finally here. There have been some days where I was absolutely ready to sign out and be done with the military. Then there are other days that would inspire me to stay. Now reaching this milestone, I'm glad that I stuck it out and I couldn't ask for a better job.  There weren't many hopes for my outcome and when my mother married my stepfather, he absolutely fulfilled every role that I think a young boy should have. My dad was a seabee in the Navy. He was the guy that kept me out of trouble, showed me the right path and he's absolutely the reason that I joined the Navy. There have been chiefs my whole career that have led me up to this point. My wife's grandfather is actually a Pearl Harbor survivor. He had joined the Navy shortly before the onset of World War II and was advanced to chief in four years. And I think he is honestly my biggest sense of pride with making chief. To the chiefs in my family, my grandfather Milton and my dad Richard, it fills me with a sense of pride to know that now I am part of a fraternity that they belong to years and years ago. However I know the journey from this point forward is probably going to be even harder and more trying, but I'm absolutely thrilled to be here today.


A community that is committed to remaining loyal to each other, friends to each other, and that sense of community I think has been a hallmark of the college. The Gustavus community is just an amazing welcome in space. I feel like when I walk around campus and had problems, somebody was always there to give me a foot up, or a professor I could just go into their classroom and walk in and get help right away. Professors know you by name, they care about you. If you need help, they're available. It's a very, very caring community. The community becomes more and more evident the longer I've been away from the school and the more I appreciate it. The community extends well beyond your four years on campus. Any time I run into Augusti from a different year, there's that shared experience that always creates that instant community. The Gustavus community is an impassioned group of individuals that just want to do the best in the world, in their college, and in their families. The Gustavus experience is one of unlimited growth and potential for students who decide to come here. The Gustavus network is also one that's a professional one. When I'm in a situation and I know that somebody is a Gustavus person, we immediately connect and there's a sense of willingness to share things at another level that might not normally happen. What you really learn here is how to analyze things, how to think critically, how to create an argument, how to present an idea in a really thoughtful and articulate way. And I think that's really unique about Gustavus and that's something that regardless of what you do or what career you end up in, you can really take with you. You're going to feel at home here.  Thank you.