Bakel. Thank you very much for staying this long and for the contributions you've been making over the course of this conference. The idea of this panel is to be slightly less interactive than many of the sessions we've had. But it's for people who've been chairing and presenting to give as reflections of what ond ddim hefyd i'r ddweud o'r ddiwethaf, ac mae'n ddweud o'r cyffredinol yn ymddangos, wrth i'r ddeunydd, ar gyfer hynny'n ddweud, ond dychydig yn ymdweud, ond byddwn ni'n oes ei ddweud Homodd yn ymdweud o'r awdurdod o'r ddweud, nid o'n ddweud yma. Yn oedd ichi adeiladau chywerol – chywerol yswrdd – ym hyfforddiant mewn cyfriferddau cyd-loen ac ynhellfaio cyfriferddau cyrraeddhaf iaith yn yn edrych y gwblid i'r mewn cyfriferddau cyfriferddau yw'r cyfeidio'r cyfriferddau cyfyrdd yma. Yn oedd y fitting sy'n adeiladau cyfriferddau cyfriferddau cyfriferddau rydw i bwysig. Mae yna mynd i gyd-dais am y cyfriferddau, Felch, felly mae'r cyfriferddau mewn cyfriferddau. I'm honoured to be asked to participate on this last panel and I'm relieved to be the first speaker because I have a feeling that what I have to say is so ordinary that the chances are that they're just very obvious concluding remarks at a conference of this kind. But let me begin by endorsing the remarks that John Bell made himself in the opening session of this conference when he said that Cambridge thought there'd been a need for a conference that brought together common law public lawyers and moreover that provided a mechanism for bringing them together again. And I agree with that. We have enough in common to make deep comparison fruitful across common law jurisdictions, but we're sufficiently different to make comparison a source of insight. And I must say we're sufficiently culturally trained to comply with the requirement for 15 minute presentations as well. The common laws are rather odd beast from a comparative point of view and especially its public law subset which is so closely intertwined with politics and the structure of the administration. For decades when the common law was broadly regarded as unified, common lawyers from very different states across the world discussed legal questions as if context was either irrelevant or so similar that it made no difference. I remember participating in a comparative administrative law conference run by Hugh Corder about 10 years ago in South Africa where people from India and Malaysia and Australia and Canada all descended on Cape Town and solemnly exchanged views about mandamus as if we all came from East London. And in a sense we have the same familiarity now when Sir John Laws referred the other night to error within an outside jurisdiction as being the old metaphysics. We all immediately understood what that was all about and fell into our standard positions. But times have changed and in an era when it's fashionable to argue that legal and constitutional systems are converging across the world in a sense common law legal systems are bucking the trend and are diversifying and the diversification continues. We've had numerous examples of that over the last two days and not least in relation to our position on the old metaphysics but also on a number of other matters whether the grounds for review are substantive or procedural, the conception of judicial power approaches to statutory interpretation, the meaning of the principle of legitimacy. I won't drag you through all the points of difference you'll be only to aware of them yourselves. This diversification is partly of course the product of the relaxation of appellate ties setting up the possibility of the various national systems of common law, the common law of Australia, of Canada, of New Zealand and so on. And in Australia this legal nationalism has been further consolidated through insisting that there's a single common law so it's not diverse within Australia, it's just diverse between Australia and the rest of the world. But equally significant I think has been the passage of time as each of these national systems of common law has adapted to the constitutional, political, legal, bureaucratic, supranational, etc. context in which it operates. The how and why of that divergence has been the subject of a lot of discussion over the last few days and there's a lot more to be said about it. But in the meantime I think just in closing it's worth reflecting upon the significance of the divergence. On at least some questions it creates a comparative challenge for common law public lawyers in considering whether the principles and practices operating in one jurisdiction are actually transferable to others and on what conditions. So that for example the extent of deference, judicial deference and the manner in which it's shown is such a question and considering the transferability of those sorts of practices requires attention to be paid to things like the constitutional setting, the structure of the administration and legal and political culture. Where differences between common law systems call for comparative techniques it may affect judicial reasoning as well and there's a link here to that rather irritating debate about judicial references to foreign law that was sparked by United States decisions a decade or so ago. That debate has certainly not stopped what I consider to be a very healthy practice in the rest of the common law world but in at least some states including my own it's coincided with caution on the parts of the courts about references to foreign law. Not to stop them but to encourage the use of comparative method and sometimes to encourage the distinguishing of other common law jurisdictions on the grounds of differences of some kind. Now public lawyers like us can of course help to sort out whatever problems presented by such comparative difficulties. But there's another challenge as well I think and that is to prevent the baby being thrown out with the bathwater altogether. It's helpful I think for us to emphasise not just our differences but the extraordinarily similarities in values, concepts, principles and analytical tools across the common law world. To maintain the mechanisms for cross fertilisation of ideas and experiences even if at the same time we are also taking context into account and conferences of this kind provide tremendous assistance for that I think very important purpose. Let me just make one final concluding remark. The concept of public law as it's been engaged for the purposes of this conference has brought together administrative lawyers and constitutional lawyers primarily. Even there and there that's a very sort of neat combination of public lawyers and many of us teach across both subjects but even there it's been possible to identify differences of approaches between participants depending on which is their primary area of expertise. Notably absent from the programme has been anything by way of specific reference to international law, transnational law, regional law, the globalisation of public law and all those other trendy developments that have featured so prominently on much of the half literature stand at the front for the duration of the conference. And the corollary of that is that there's not too many people here who have expertise in international law except perhaps as a second string to their bow. I've been in two minds over the last couple of days about whether that's a pity or not. In my experience domestic public lawyers and international lawyers tend to talk past each other and while that might be a reason for getting them together it's actually can also be rather counterproductive and annoying. On the other hand those two areas of law domestic public law and public international law are becoming increasingly interdependent and it's important I think that we both engage with each other and that each understands the other's point of view. So this is I think something for organisers to consider in the future. I'm certainly not proposing that the conference be turned into a public international law conference and I bear in mind Richard Hart's observations on the first day that there are already enough conferences for those people. We need one for the domestic public lawyers and this has certainly been the most wonderfully fruitful occasion. But we might perhaps consider having at least a session in which we compare our approaches to international law and the interaction that it undoubtedly has with our own domestic public law systems. So thank you very much Cambridge Organising Crew for this wonderful conference for the wonderful tweeting. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to be involved and I wish you happy recovery time for the next few weeks. Thank you. Well like Cheryl it's my opportunity to thank the organisers of this highly successful conference for inviting me to participate which is a privilege and to congratulate you all on initiating it in the first place. I would say that it's been a particular treat for me because I've drifted into becoming something of a comparative lawyer and like John Bell I'm more accustomed to participating in conferences on the continent. And as I'm at heart an unshakable and unrepentant common lawyer I find myself defending the common law with people who still believe that the English possess no public law and worse still have no constitution and no separation of powers. And it has therefore been a pleasure to relax with colleagues and share experiences with colleagues who have a common methodology and we have a core conceptual vocabulary in which to discuss things and I have learnt a very great deal at this conference. It's been a matter for congratulation too I think to see the global spread of the common law actually personified at a conference. But if I can pause for a moment I can't resist thinking how very much Michael Taggart would have enjoyed this conference and how much I wished he was still here with us. But like Richard Hart I hope that Cambridge will be able to maintain the spread at future meetings and to extend it perhaps. Because it would be very nice to be joined from some of the smaller jurisdictions such as Mauritius which is particularly interesting because it's a member of the Francophonie as well as a member of the Commonwealth. And I've only met one person from the Caribbean so far and delegates from some of the African states north of South Africa would be very interesting. Especially those to whom the rule of law is very important in their countries and they may lack an opportunity to debate it. Also we could perhaps do with more participants from the Indian subcontinent and hopefully a way can be found to help with this very ambitious goal which possibly requires funding. Well again to speak personally I've had the privilege of this conference not only of attending some sessions at which the standard of the presentations was enormously high but also of chairing three very interesting papers that dealt with challenges which to me seem to be those posed for administrative law in the future. Post I would say by contemporary and rapidly changing methods of administration and I think developments such as the rapid development of digital administration on which I listened to an extremely interesting paper from Australia. And the accumulation of information about us all in vast and highly insecure and very badly regulated data banks. Regulation of complex and often dangerous products providing some sort of administrative process but also a regulatory process. Risk regulation procedures in areas of scientific uncertainty such as climate change are challenges that we need to be able to meet in the future. So for me these are the areas of administrative activity to which I want to turn my very limited amount of attention and which I think badly need input from public law and public lawyers. So I recommend everybody to think hard about the future. I think it's perhaps important that we should try to leave our comfort zone which is arguments over proportionality versus reasonableness and rationality and learn to grapple with the development of the transnational administrative state. Globalised distributive governance and as Michael Powers put it the risk regulation of absolutely everything. And this I think is enough to keep you going John for a dozen future conferences. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you. I have had a wonderful time and I too would like to thank the organisers for involving me. And thinking about the things that the ideas have been triggered in my what I call my mind over the last few days has been. First of all the first idea is what an extraordinarily broad church we are. We have people here who range from those who are very interested in the public but not dare I say much interested in law from the people who are terribly interested in law but much less interested in the at least the philosophy of the public. And that's I think a good thing. I'm not too worried about that. I'm prepared to talk to anyone. I'm not a snot really. But the range is just fantastic and it made me think about where public law scholarship particularly may be heading. It seems to me that there are two points that worry me actually. And everyone's been very upbeat so far so I'm going to be a bit downbeat and share my worries with you. And in relation to the themes of the conference the first relates to substance and the second relates to process. In relation to substance I think we're in grave danger of having large parts of the public law both nationally and internationally taken over by concerns which aren't really legal concerns. They're concerns about values rather than concerns about law. It seems to me that there is a very important job that public law does and that is to try to stop the agents of the state from doing things in ways that are unlawful and cause serious evils. Now that's a noble task but it does depend on having law and that in my view is an unreconstructed positivist depends on having laws. Things that we can look at and say with a reasonable degree of confidence will allow us to predict outcomes to advise clients to persuade if necessary judges and will allow judges to do things for themselves. Once one gets away from that and starts talking not about rules, not even about principles, not even heaven help us about rights about which I'm profoundly skeptical myself but about values then I'm afraid we have sold the past rather we have given up the hard-aged tools which make public law and public lawyers and their work possible and useful. So I would be inclined to push back from vague notions about for example proportionality and so on towards something which will actually allow us to advise clients and persuade judges and decide cases. It's not about perfect ability public law, we are not a perfectionist undertaking, we are a group of people who in the end are in the job of providing protection against the worst excesses of state power and if we aim for perfectionism then we will lose in the end the ability to do what I regard as our core job. That's my substance worry. The other second worry concerns process and I'm not going to get into the discussion which is very interesting but ultimately I feel unhelpful about what is substance and what is process. But it seems to me that a lot of public law scholarship today is directed to not asking what decision is to be made but how should it be made and perhaps more important to these people who like this sort of thing who should make it. Now as a lawyer that doesn't worry me in the least. If it's a legal question and I think most of the things we deal with are legal questions then we have a duty as lawyers to deal with them and if we're judges we have to deal with them as judges. Talk of deference, talk of variable standards of review or variable intensities of review really are not helpful in that because they hide the fact and it is a brute fact I think that judges once a case is before them will have to decide the case. If the judge says deference, deference I don't feel I am not worthy to decide this case, that is deciding the case. It's just saying you are not going to have a remedy. So we can't escape from the necessity to decide cases by saying oh we're not the right people to decide it. If we're going to be sensible public lawyers we need to take questions about justice ability, deference, varying intensity of review, democratic accountability, political responsibility and so on and say those are all very interesting questions but they are questions for political philosophers not public lawyers. So a great deal of what passes as public law scholarship these days seems to me to have precious little to do with public law as I understand it but then I am an old reactionary fart and the only thing that's changed is that I used to be a young reactionary fart. Now I'm not saying that this is a new phenomenon. It was something that in politics and in law was noted almost exactly 100 years ago by one AV Dicey, some of you will remember the name, who was a very determined lawyer, a public constitutional lawyer and reviewing as he prepared in 1914 the introduction to the 8th edition of his introduction to the study of the law of the constitution, Dicey noted four, you might call them themes, but four areas of new constitutional thinking that had emerged in the 30 years since the publication of his first edition and the four were woman's suffrage, proportional representation, federalism and the referendum. Now it's worth noting that at least three of those remain both topical and to some extent controversial today and at least two of them will be even more topical and controversial tomorrow. But he went on to note two things about these. The first was that these novelties weren't actually novelties, very little real ingenuity had been put by politicians and by education constitutional lawyers into the development of public law in this country during those 30 years compared to the amount of ingenuity that has been put into doing things like developing railways and steamships and such like. What was new was that people were newly interested in them. But the second thing which is much more important I think for our purposes is that we've rather lost sight of the fact that there are two important qualities of law. One is that it should be good or wise and the other is that it shouldn't outrage public opinion. Now he said all those four novelties so called had been devoted to the second of those making sure that as far as possible laws don't outrage public opinion. And remarkably little effort had been put in to the equally if not more important task of making sure that law is good and wise. Now I'm afraid that the type of scholarship which focuses on who should decide and on the processes by which the decision should be made rather than on what decision would be good and wise. That seems to me to be unfortunate and likely to lead to both a less effective and also a somewhat impoverished public law. Those of you who are still awake will have noticed that there's a certain creative tension between my first point and my second. But I'm going to stop and leave you to sort that out. John, you just took emergency measures to cool us off when you got at the front. So I'm well aware that I'm the only person who stands between you and your taxi or you and your beer and in fact between me and my beer. So I'm not going to spend a long time either defending the last 30 years of Canadian and Minister of Law jurisprudence against David or pointing out the contradiction which he alerted us to between saying that we should be lawyers not political philosophers and then telling us that what we should be focusing on is whether laws are good and wise rather than on legal issues. So I'm not going to do that. I will point out although he says that he's not a snob which I believe I did discover during this conference that he's actually quite a violent man. You might recall that in the session where Mark Erinson and I spoke and David presided. He had one point threatened to reach for his revolver if I used the word parliamentary intention again. And I never thought I'd think there was anything in common between you and Joseph Goebbels but that's one thing I've discovered at this conference. My friend Joseph would have had a lot of reasons as well. So I want to go back to the theme that John Law's introduces tension between individual and state and also to the theme that Jerry Mason introduced about public reason. And I'm just going to mention my friend Thomas Hobbes briefly because I do think that it was Hobbes who came up with the first attempt to understand the state legally. That is as an artificial person who speaks through law and when officials speak in the state's name they have to speak in the language of legal reason. And I think this is a very important idea because it fits with the assumption of most of us here. I think that the administrative state is legitimate. We don't think that there's a new despotism out there that has to be combated. But what we want to do is to try to understand its legitimacy which requires us in part understanding how that state is legally conditioned and understanding how it can be understood as a reason-giving institution. And this seemed to me to be a theme although I know it's what I wanted to impose on the conference that did run through the conference. And I was reminded by the session I attended on legitimate expectations of something that a great public lawyer and a great friend to many people here once said to me and I'm of course recording the person that Carol recalled, Mike Taggart. And I think for those to the many to whom he was such a great friend his absence at this conference has been quite palpable. So I was writing with Mike and with Murray Hunt an article about the long journey from a New Zealand case to Vita through an Australian case Teo to one of the major Canadian decisions of the last 20 or so years and that is the Canadian Supreme Court's decision in Baker. All of these decisions are about the effect, if any, that the ratified but unincorporated convention on the rights of the child should have one deportation decisions. And in all three decisions the apex courts of the country struggle to find a way of giving effect to the convention so that the best interests of the children would be taken into account in a deportation decision without stepping over the boundaries as they conceive them of the separation of powers. Now in New Zealand and Australia as I recall the vehicle was legitimate expectations but the fury and scorn that greeted the decision in Australia, Teo, meant that when the Canadian Supreme Court decided it gave its decision in Baker mention of the journey that had got these issues to the Canadian Supreme Court was taboo they couldn't bring themselves to mention either legitimate expectations or Teo. So the court got to its result through a kind of interpretive process which was on the face of it quite different from the legitimate expectations device that had been relied on by the New Zealand and Australian courts. And Mike Cuth thought this was quite interesting. Why? Because what he thought was that if you abstracted from the different routes that the courts had come to reach really quite similar decisions we would find something like a common project in common law countries and that the courts were trying to understand that administrative decision makers should be understood as giving reasons to those who are subject to their power. And what's more reasons that are qualitatively different from the kind of cost benefit reasons that Jerry Mayshaw told us we might want to think administrative decision makers should get away from. So qualitatively good reasons. And this is what all three courts were interested in. Now Mike was far more sceptical than I am both about the prospects for achieving this end, legitimating the administrative state and he was also far more sceptical about the role of judges in helping us to get there. But I do like to think that much perhaps all of this conference has been about the tension between liberty and authority that I think John Laws alerted us to at the beginning and the role of legal public reason, legal public reason. So I think that my friend David and I share desire to focus on the legal here in managing that tension. So that's all I have to say but before you clap for me you've already I think clap for the organisers at the end of each presenters. We've presentation today but I would like you to ignore me now and just join us all in thanking the four people who did so much hard work to make this such a great conference so thank you. It's good. They've been very good at letting you go home a bit early. Can I first thank the participants? In one sense the conference wouldn't work without the participants but you'd be particularly good first as contributors of papers with posting them, giving them to us in advance and therefore enabling others to engage with your work. And to think about it. And secondly your contribution in the various sessions have been really good debates engaging with the issues and encouraging each other to develop new ideas. I think what has come out of this is very much a range of new ideas and as colleagues here have already indicated a range of agendas that need to be taken forward. It's been a broad-ranging conference even within a particular theme or process and substance and there have been wide-ranging discussions on a variety of areas of public law. And the quality of the papers have been well-developed but provisional. I think that's been the neat way that you've come to this conference, throwing ideas in but that are well-developed representing the research you've been doing for a while and yet open to the views of other people before they get finalised in some form of publication. And I think what it does is to reveal the health of public law scholarship as a research field in the academy and if we've done nothing more we can demonstrate that public law in the wide variety that Cheryl was pointing to and maybe there are other areas that we didn't cover is a field of vibrant activity across the common law world. There's been a good debate, as others have said, between the different common law countries but there have been noticeably people here from non-common law countries taking part and observing our scholarship and contributing and that's actually very good because what it means is that common law scholarship is not sort of introverted but actually able to look outwards. And the sort of contributions and debates have been about contacts, Cheryl was pointing to Rick Rawlings and others, have shown that in a sense the common law doesn't exist in a bubble, it interacts in different ways in different parts of the world and that is an important contribution that we make not only to our own jurisdictions but to the jurisdictions which are our neighbours. And I think what people have done by keeping to time is to enable debate with lots of people participating. Our thanks obviously go to Richard Hart not only for the financial contribution but also for helping us to design based on his experience a form of conference that will work. Obviously there are potential issues and we will be very keen to receive ideas about how the conference might work better or what things we should keep and what things we should ditch for the next conference in September 2016. But I think Richard has been a great support and we look forward to in particular the opportunity to publish with Bloomsbury Hart publications a collection of some of the essays. We obviously won't be able to include all, we'll be limited to probably about a dozen but I hope that the quality of the work has been such that even if we're not able to include in that particular publication I'm sure there will be other outlets for the really tremendous research that's going on in the field. My sort of final remarks are for the three gentlemen sitting in the front here. Jason and Mark spent a lot of time conceiving this project. Not merely conceiving it as an intellectual project as a thematic project but very much thinking about mechanics and what they put in place a year or so ago in terms of mechanical structures have seamlessly managed to enable the kind of discussion that we've had across the various panels. And they have put in a tremendous amount of work and I'm very grateful indeed for what they've done. Equally Philip has been a great contributor not only to the academic side but the grey hairs you may be seeing or developing on his hair now are to do with the practical organisation of things like accommodation and food. Which have posed a few problems from time to time. So I think the three of them have done a tremendous job. I've just been sort of back the eminence grease in the background but not actually doing a great deal of the practical stuff that they've done. And I'll thanks also to Anna Julia, Barry, Chinton, Lorna, Nicky Forrest and Shona who've been the assistants who've been seamlessly supporting the conference. I'm making sure that there haven't been too many problems, too many disasters occurring. But can we thank those six for their contribution please. And so my final words are simply safe journey and see you again in September 2016.


As-Salaam-Alaikum, welcome to virtual university. Dear students, up till now the focus of our lessons has been on the development of your reading comprehension skills, but now the focus will shift to the writing of sentences and paragraphs and grammar. In today's lesson, we will look at different sentences, different types of sentences. Now despite the wide availability and use of computers, word processors and electronic communication devices, most of us still communicate with one another by exchanging written and spoken words and we naturally want to express ourselves as well as possible. We want to be able to communicate our thoughts to others accurately, convincingly and of course gracefully. Thinking, speaking and writing are closely related to each other. If you are familiar with the essential rules of good English and think clearly, you will speak and write with confidence. The confidence that comes from a sense of having mastered the rules and conventions which must be followed in all acceptable writing. Now you as a student are interested in writing in English, you will have to learn and master these rules and conventions if you are to communicate your thoughts successfully. These rules and standards keeping up to these standards are important and until you have grasped them well, you will be handicapped for you will lack the tools of the craft of writing because writing is a craft and it does not come easily unless you master the rules and the conventions. Now remember that writing does not come off itself, it is a skill, a skill that is learned, it is a learned skill and it is a specialized skill which needs a lot of practice. Now writing in a foreign language is not easy, even native speakers of that language they find it difficult to express themselves clearly in their own mother tongue. And for you who are foreign learners of English like you and me, it is all the more difficult, but with knowledge of those rules and practice one can learn to write well. Good writing therefore depends on a knowledge of three things and those three things are number one rules of grammar, the rules of syntax, how sentences are constructed. Number two rhetoric and number three composition. Now before we move on you must have some notion of grammar. What is grammar? You studied it in school, you studied it in college and you know you are familiar with the basics. Grammar deals with the parts of speech, with the variations in the form of words when they are used in different constructions and with the relationship between different words within the sentence. So, it is two things, it is grammar deals with the variations in the form of words when they are used in different constructions and with the relationship between the different words within the sentence. You will also discover that the rules of grammar are quite definite and at the same time you will find that under certain circumstances a form of a word is correct and other forms are incorrect grammar. So grammar concerns all the rules of language use. It classifies words into all sorts of categories and describes the peculiarities of each category. Grammar has many categories and specifies each category by a term or a name and you recognize by the name given to it. Now the English language has eight parts of speech. You learned that in school a long time ago and they are the different kinds of words that are used for different purposes in a sentence. You are all familiar with the eight parts of the English speech which are noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Now in addition to the eight parts of speech there are other terms which you must become familiar with in order to understand and write effective sentences. You have got my point? You have to write effective sentences and there are four kinds of words that are two parts of speech combined into one. These are participle, gerund, infinitive and relative adverb. You are familiar with the eight parts of speech. These four that I have just mentioned in addition to those eight parts of speech and you must be familiar with them and what they mean. A participle the first one was participle. It is a verb and adjective combined, a verb and adjective combined. Example the retired headmaster distributed the prices, the retired headmaster distributed the prices. Now in that sentence the word retired it is part of the verb to retire. But it is also an adjective modifying the word teacher which is a noun. Are you with me? In that sentence the word retired is normally it is part of the verb to retire. But over there in that sentence it is functioning as an adjective and adjective modifying the word teacher and hence the word retired is a participle which is over there in that sentence. It is a verb and an adjective combined. The second term is gerund. It is a verb and noun combined and look at the example. She is thinking of leaving her job. She is thinking of leaving her job. Again the word leaving is part of the verb to leave and it is also a noun, the object of the preposition of. She is thinking of leaving. The third term is infinitive. Infinitive is also a verb and noun combined. Example she wished to deposit the money. She wishes to deposit the money. Now in this sentence the words to deposit is an infinitive. Here to deposit is the infinitive form of the verb deposit. But as it is the object of the transitive verb wish it is also a kind of noun. And remember that infinitives always have the word to before them. So it is to deposit. To deposit is the infinitive. It is functioning there as an infinitive. And the fourth word term that you must know is the relative adverb. The relative adverb is partly an adverb and partly a conjunction. Example I was relieved when the program ended. I was relieved when the program ended. Here the word when it is modifying the verb was. Here when is an adverb. But because it joins I was relieved and the program ended it is also a conjunction. Now you must be familiar with these four terms participle, gerund, infinitive and relative adverb. Now besides knowledge of grammar the other two things required for good writing are rhetoric which deals with the choice of words and their effective arrangement and composition which is putting together of parts to form a whole. Words into sentences, sentences into paragraphs and paragraphs into longer units. This arrangement is essential to all writing. The rules of rhetoric and composition which are less rigid than the rules of grammar provide the standards of good writing. It is the rules of rhetoric and composition which are less rigid than the rules of grammar. They provide the standards of good writing. Remember these rules of good English are the result of generations of experiments in the art of using words for communication. Each even messages composed on word processors for instance are texts. They are texts constructed of words and sentences according to the rules and usages of English grammar spelling and punctuation. So writing then is a means of communication as well as self expression. In most cases students are capable of communicating their ideas, knowledge, experiences and opinions. But almost everyone no matter how accomplished in communicating with others can benefit from help or advice in improving his or her communication skills. Now the tools of writing are, let me repeat again, knowledge of rules of grammar and syntax, usage and punctuation that is number one. Number two, knowledge of vocabulary and conventions of use. Now having said all that I would like to remind you that good writing depends upon more than grammatical correctness, so just do not think that if you got a sentence grammatically correct it is effective. Sentences, paragraphs and longer compositions may follow grammatical rules accurately and may still not be effective. So the ability to write well comes down to how well you construct sentences. You can have the cleverest of ideas but if you have no control over your sentences the results will be disappointing. Now I said control over your sentences. Control over sentences means the ability to employ different kinds of sentences, different kinds of sentence patterns or forms. Now our students are generally weak in sentence structure. In the coming weeks you shall have practice in sentence construction. A sentence as you know is a group of words containing a subject which is a noun or a noun equivalent or a pronoun and a verb which is a word showing action or state of being. So a sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a verb in which something is expressed about something else. The sentence is the equivalent in words of the complete thought from your mind and it is with sentences that is complete thoughts that we compose paragraphs and from which we construct essays, letters, reports, books, chapters etc etc. So in order to write well you must be able to construct good effective sentences. In today's lesson you will learn about types of sentences and have practice in all types of sentences. We will give you practice in composing sentences. Sentences can be classified according to the way they are constructed and according to their purpose. There are two ways of classifying sentences. One according to their structure, the way they are constructed and second according to their purpose the meaning that they are conveying. We will first consider sentences according to their meaning. Now to make a statement or assertion or declaration look at the two examples. He is a teacher, it is cloudy, these are statements, assertions or declarations. The second type is to ask a question, what day is it, how old are you, where are you from. Third one is to issue commands, go in, stop this, these are commands to utter exclamations if only it would stop raining, that is an exclamation. To offer greetings and other expressions which have no definite forms, example you have words like good morning, hello, right. Now we look at the second way in which sentences can be classified and that is according to their structure. This is determined by the kind and the number of clauses or statements in them.  They like to classify sentences, divide them up into clauses and nowadays people do not like to use these old words, but I will use the word statements oblique clauses, so you will understand that I am also referring to the word clauses. Now depending on how it is constructed, sentences in English are either simple, complex, compound or compound complex. So we can say that there are four basic kinds of sentences in English, actually it is three you know, but I have also included the fourth one and the compound complex sentences in English. So we can say that there are four basic kinds of sentences. Now we need to distinguish these four kinds from each other, the first one the simple sentence, any sentence however long or short that has only one subject, one subject verb combination and expresses a complete thought is a simple sentence consisting of one subject and one verb example, sparks fly upwards that is one sentence.  Now notice in these two sentences, the first sentence has only three words and the second one has twenty words, but because the second sentence which has twenty words it has one subject, the subject is the word tourists and one finite verb and that is the verb straggled. This long sentence with twenty words is considered is classified as a simple sentence. So it is not a question of the number of words that are there in the sentence. You can have a sentence of two words, a sentence of three words, sparks fly upward three words, but it is one sentence and you have got the other one with twenty words that is also a simple sentence. Now a simple sentence may have more than one subject, it is not necessary that it should have one subject it can also have more than one and take the sentence lamb and haslet wrote charming essays. Another example towels and bedsheets sway on the clothes line. Now here you have two subjects lamb and haslet, two subjects towels and bedsheets, two subjects right. The third thing to remember about simple sentences is that it may have more than one verb, a simple sentence may have more than one verb. Example the children splashed and squealed in the stream, the children splashed and squealed in the cold water of the stream. The second example they were born in the same year 1950 attended the same university and wrote for the same newspaper. Now notice in these two sentences there are more than one verb. In the first one it is the verb splashed and squealed. In the second example you have got the verb born attended wrote. The fourth thing about simple sentences is that a simple sentence may even have several subjects and verbs. It may have several subjects and verbs. Example the sentence every Saturday night Shama, Salman and Minko go to the movies, eat at a Chinese restaurant and play cards at the Jumkhana club. Now notice in that sentence there are three subjects Shama, Salman and Minko and there are three verbs go, eat and play right alright. Now let us practice this a simple sentence. On your screen you have a number of sentences. Complete the sentences by filling in one or more subjects and one or more verbs. Number one, my favorite sport fill it with any subject. You can have cricket but please make a note that the verb is in the singular is my favorite sport so you will have to fill in only the subject. Number two, the batsman the ball here is the verb. Number three, the gave me the ball gave me the bill. You have to fill in the noun you have done close exercises with me so it should not be a problem this is a very easy practice exercise. Number four, a suitcase of the van and into a ditch two verbs fell off the van and you can have rolled into a ditch or any other. Number five, two verbs should not be difficult let us move on to the compound sentence.  Two or more complete thoughts example Simon wants biryani for dinner but she forgot to buy meat that is one sentence. The second one is his life was not an easy one nor was it eventful now there are in each of these examples there are two complete thoughts and they are joined by a word which is known as a joining word or conjunction. You can use the word joining word you can use the word conjunction or coordinating conjunction. So the process of joining together two ideas of equal importance is known as coordination and the words over there were but and the word nor right a little bit more about joining words in the two examples that you saw the two simple sentences have been connected by using a comma plus the joining words known as coordinating conjunctions that can be used to connect to ideas. You will see a table on your screen and the table explains all the joining words and what they mean what they stand for and means in addition but means however. So means as a result for means because yet means however or is used to show alternatives and nor is used to show a second negative statement right now you will see some examples and look at the uses of the joining coordinating words in the sentence the driver failed to signal and he went through a stop sign the driver failed to signal and he went through a stop sign now over there and means in addition that is the driver not only he failed to signal but in addition he went through the stop sign a very familiar phenomena in our part of the world because people are not very particular in following the traffic signs the second example I was very tired but I still had two hours of assigned reading now in that sentence but over there means however and the meaning is I was very tired however I still had two hours of assigned reading the third one the meal was not well cooked so we sent it back to the kitchen so over here means as a result because the meal was not well cooked as a result we sent it back to the kitchen. Another example she works at home for she wants to be with her two young children the use of the joining word for in that sentence means because it means that she works at home because she wants to be with her two young children and the next sentence my friend loves sewing yet she decided to take up science in college and yet over there means however my friend loves sewing however she decided to take up science in college and the last sentence you can write with us to the stadium or you can go with someone else or in that sentence introduces an alternative choice it means you can write with us to the stadium alternatively you can go with someone else and sorry this is the last sentence and in the last sentence Saad does not eat meat nor does he eat fish now nor over there introduces a negative statement that has been added to the first negative statement and two completely independent thoughts but joined together with the conjunction or the joining word nor it means Saad does not eat meat that is one thought the other is he does not eat fish so the two have been joined together by the joining word nor now note how each compound sentence is punctuated a comma comes right after the first complete thought and before the joining word. Let us have some more practice practice two here use a comma and a suitable joining word to combine each pair of simple sentences into a compound sentence and three words are given you choose from the following three words and but and so the city sanitary workers are on strike sentence number one the streets are littered with garbage it should not take long number two the computer was on no one was working on at it the computer was on no one was working at it join these two by choosing one of the three words given number three a storm was approaching quickly the mountain climber found shelter in a cave you have got two independent sentences join them with one of the three words given you should not be difficult number four dad likes coffee for breakfast mom prefers tea so join them that was practice in compound sentences now we will turn to the third type of sentence and that is the complex sentence as you have already learned a compound sentence is made up of two or more complete thoughts each thought should stand alone as an independent statement a complex sentence on the other hand includes one independent statement or clause and at least one dependent statement which cannot stand alone example look at the example when the century began there were many coffee houses in the city now in that sentence there is one part that is independent right an independent statement which can stand on its own and there is the other part which is a dependent statement and it cannot stand by itself take another example all the many trees were uprooted our house escaped the storm again two statements in one one is independent and one part is dependent the dependent part depends on the independent part now the second statement in this sentence the last sentence that I read is independent it can stand alone as a simple sentence take the first one there were many coffee houses in the city right there were many coffee houses in the city that is independent when the century began that is a dependent statement and in the same way in the second one our house escaped the storm that is dependent independent and although many true trees were uprooted that is the dependent statement now there are several ways in which a dependent statement or clause may be used in a sentence you can use it in the adverbial sense you can use it as an adjectival and you can use it as a noun look at these three examples again when the century began there were many coffee houses in the city now here the independent statement is there were many coffee houses in the city the the dependent statement is when the century began and when the century began that phrase is adverbial it is an adverbial phrase because it is talking about a time period look at the second one you can have dependent statements or dependent clauses of three kinds adverbial adjectival or noun look at the second one men who wanted to meet their friends visited these shops men visited these shops that is the independent part of the sentence the dependent part is who wanted to meet their friends and that phrase is adjectival that is an adjectival sorry an adjectival clause and the third one we know that these gatherings led eventually to the formation of a new political party and over here the independent statement is we know and that these gatherings led eventually to the formation of a new political party that is a noun clause that statement is a noun state a noun clause right now dependent statements also begin with dependent words such as although the dependent clause or the dependent statement can also include a subject and a verb take this sentence although many nearby trees were uprooted our house escaped the storm now the dependent statement although many nearby trees were uprooted the subject of the dependent statement is trees so the dependent statement or the dependent clause can have a subject and it can even have a verb and the verb in that one is were uprooted now look at another sentence as the madman made demands on the phone police surrounded the building this is also a complex sentence one part can stand independently as a simple sentence police surrounded the building that part is an independent statement right the other part of the sentence has a subject and a verb but it begins with a dependent verb a dependent word and therefore it cannot stand alone and the word was as as the madman made demands on the phone the use of the dependent word as has turned that statement into a dependent statement look at another complex sentence see if you can spot the independent and dependent parts of the sentence example the Zala will not sell her old gramophone even if she is offered a large sum of money in the examples that you have just seen the words although as and even if they introduce statements that are dependent there are various other dependent words also known as subordinating conjunctions go back and look at the previous examples again to understand how to punctuate complex sentences look at the first example as the madman made demands on the phone comma police surrounded the building second the Zala will not sell her old gramophone even if she is offered a large sum of money now notice that when the dependent statement or clause comes first it is followed by a comma when the dependent idea comes last it is generally not separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma there is a list of dependent words these are some of the dependent words and you are all familiar with them after although as because before even if even though if since though unless until when whenever where wherever when whether and while right now we will practice so that you get an idea of how complex sentences are written remember that every dependent statements should have a subject and a verb you have got four sentences over there can you fill them up with dependent statements I will give you some time to fill them now the first one is the the cried you can complete the sentence by adding a dependent statement or dependent clause remember your dependent statement should have a verb and a subject you can complete it by in this way you can say did he cried when her son graduated number two although I was too tied to go for a swim now the complete part is I was too tied to go for a swim you have been given the connecting the dependent word and the word is although and you have to complete it with a statement that has a subject and a verb you can write I had finished my work although I had finished my work I was too tired to go for a swim the third sentence because I set because dash I set my alarm for 4 a.m. So, how will you complete this fill it with a dependent clause the dependent word is already given you and the word is because I set my alarm because I had to leave for Sialkot the next day I set my alarm for 4 a.m. I had to leave for Sialkot the next day that is a statement which has a subject and a verb, but it begins with a dependent word and the dependent word was because number four awesome did some research in the library right. So, use a dependent statement to complete that and you can use any of the dependent words given in the list you can say awesome did some research in the library before he wrote his term paper you can have the word before he wrote his term paper right. Now, let us do another exercise for practice sake here you combine the first two sentences into one sentence and combine the last two sentences into another sentence that is you have been given four sentences combine the first two into one sentence and combine the last two into another sentence and you can use any of the joining words and dependent words mind you you have been given two sets of words there is one set of word which is known as joining and those are words like and but so and the other is dependent words which are words like after although because when now take the first example it had rain for many days the sun finally came out the children wanted a picnic the ground was too wet combine the first two make one sentence then combine the other two the last two and make another sentence I can give you a hint you can use the word after to combine the first two sentences after it had rained for many days the sun finally came out and for the second the last two you can use but to combine the last two sentences the children wanted a picnic but the ground was too wet right. Let us look at sentence number two sentence number two again four sentences are given you combine the first two into one and the last two into one I can give you a hint use although to combine the first two and use because to combine the next the last two sentences let us look at the last type of sentence and that is the compound complex sentence this consists of a compound sentence which consists of two or more independent statements or clauses and at least one dependent statement or clause look at the following sentences which are samples of compound complex sentences look at the first example the Ravel Lake was impressive but Shahid thought that Lake Sefal Maluk was really more beautiful than he had ever seen look at the next one the crowd of laborers had been standing patiently in the water for three hours and a great shout of relief arose when the rescuers finally appeared now these were two examples of compound complex sentences you can have two compound sentences and one dependent statement notice in both these sentences there are two compound sentences right the Ravel Lake was impressive but Shahid thought that Lake Maluk really more beautiful right and this is a compound joined by the word the joining word but and the dependent clause is then any other lake he had ever seen right now you can do the same thing for the next one now let us recap what we have learned today in today's lesson a number of statements are given you you have to choose the correct one this is a simple test for you in a compound sentence the statements clauses are joined together by and you are given three choices which one is the correct one just go over the lecture we said in a compound sentence the statements are joined together by a dependent word a common adjoining word or a semicolon the correct answer is B number two a statement a dependent statement or clause includes three choices a dependent word B comma and adjoining word C semicolon the correct answer would be a dependent statement includes a dependent word the choice a is correct number three which sentence out of the three given you is a simple sentence a the fire alarm sounded B when the fire alarm sounded she was in bed C the fire alarm sounded and they evacuated the building you have to choose the simple sentence and over there number a is the simple sentence number four out of the three sentences given you which one is a compound sentence look for the joining word and you will have the correct answer a b c out of those three it is number a and you have the word the joining word and the room is painted yellow and it has a big window right and number five which sentence is a complex sentence jack a jack did a u turn B when jack did a u turn his bike skidded see jack did a u turn and he fell off the bike out of these it is sentence B which is a complex sentence now the last one which sentence is a compound complex sentence and you have four a b c d look at them carefully which one is a compound complex sentence and it is number D now in today's lesson we worked on different sentence types and we did some practice and I am sure you made the right choices when you were asked to do so and we looked at different kinds of sentences and what is it that makes them different I hope you you would be able to recognize sentences as simple compound complex sentences when you come across them in your reading and it will also help you construct more effective sentences Allah Hafiz and see you next time.


Right. Good morning everyone. Welcome to the session. Let's begin this time with a word of prayer and let's thank the Lord for this new week that he has blessed us with. Then we'll get into our teaching. Let's begin this time with a word of prayer. Father, we thank you so much for this new week that you have blessed us with. We thank you for yet another wonderful opportunity where we could just come together and study and learn your word of God and we pray Holy Spirit that you will speak to our hearts even as we learn these principles of Godly living of God and pray that we will stand on these principles. We'll begin to learn and grow and walk at these principles. Thank you Lord for everything that is ahead for us. We pray that you will minister and speak to each of our hearts. We commend this time into your hands and Jesus name we pray. Amen. Amen. Alright so let me just present the notes. We did up to chapter 14 if I'm not wrong. Right. So we'll get into chapter 16. Customer relationships chapter 15. We'll look at it if we have time towards the end but I just thought we'll focus on this you know the important chapters here. So chapter 16 challenges and tough times. Now when we talk about challenges and tough times it doesn't matter what season or what phase of life we are in. Right. We will all face challenges.  We can't hide from it right. We can't hide from challenges and tough times but we must understand that as believers as God's children God sometimes allows us to go through challenges and tough times and other times we we know we put ourselves through challenges and tough times knowingly or even unknowingly. But today let's talk about how in the workplace you know when you join an organization initially the first few months are you know you would say you're just getting into place the managers are very good to you they try to teach you they train you this is how you do it but as time moves on as time goes by right things change and there will be challenges that will be put your way the bosses who are very kind and sweet have now become very stern and you know they expect you to do things and get it done quickly so it is not it's not a place where we blame or we point fingers and say okay because he did this but we must understand that with time and with working organization challenges tough times will come but here are a few pointers that we can put in place we can apply it in our lives when we face workplace challenges and number one mountains can be conquered we talked about this briefly right every mountain when we say mountain it only basically means challenges right it's called times Matthew 1720 so Jesus said to them because of your unbelief for a short way I say to you if you have faith as a mustard seed you will say to this mountain or you can say to this challenge you can say to these tough times move from here to there and it will move and nothing will be impossible for God for you right so there will be mountains along the way every one of us will face these mountains it will be sometimes it may not even be in the workplace it may be in your own personal lives maybe a project that has come into your hands and then we keep doing this project but then all of a sudden you feel that it's too difficult or it's a huge mountain that I cannot conquer but remember what God's word says if you have faith as a mustard seed say to the mountain to move it will move no matter how high the mountain is one way that we can stay anchored in the goodness of God is to have faith in God when you and I are putting our hard work when we are working sincerely when we are working hard when we are looking to God trust God have faith in God we as believers walk by faith we don't visit faith now I know that sometimes we may just crumble down in fear which is natural but you stand up again and say God I will walk by faith I will not walk by sight look at this mountain in the natural when you look at a mountain you see its beauty you see its majesty and you see how big it is but climbing a mountain is not an easy task people have trained for years and years and years to even get to a certain limit to a certain height of a mountain so many of them have lost their lives trying to go above a certain limit so it's not easy that's in the natural but in the spiritual there will be these mountains but remember that mountains can be conquered when we have faith in God so stay anchored in the goodness of God in every season in every situation find something positive that you can praise God for and that's what the next point is maintain a positive attitude be thankful 1st Thessalonians 516-18 be sure for no matter what pray at all times thank God no matter what happens this is the way God wants you to belong to Christ Jesus to live now when you look at a situation there may be 9 things that are going wrong maybe one thing that is going wrong okay one thing that's good looking good hold on to that one positive thing I know it's very easy to look at the night because they're just jumping at you these 9 things are just attacking you it's coming to your mind it's attacking your thinking your words your actions everything is being attacked but that one thing which is good or a positive thing that's happening in a situation we try to push it away rather what you and I can do as believers is to be sure for no matter what happens so it may look like these 9 things are wrong but you hold on to that one thing God I want to thank you I want to thank you and if there's nothing to thank God for in a situation this thank you for the gift of life if you are at home thank God for that because there are many of them who are sitting in the hospital they've been sick in hospitals for years for months and years but you're at home you're at home maybe going through a difficult situation maybe we're crying and praying and you know thinking God are you even listening to me but find that place of comfort and be thankful how can we do that we can just say God I know the season that I'm going through is very bad nothing looks right but Lord I want to thank you for the gift of life there are many of them who've lost their lives there are many of them who are in hospital hanging on to their life but you've given me good health you've given me good strength and I know that you know one day I will overcome this mountain so you know when you focus on the things that have been good and positive things all of a sudden these mountains which look like mountains it doesn't look like anything sometimes we think hey why was I even worried about this it's nothing to be worried about because we are focusing on the positive you know as pastors we go through a lot of funeral and it's a reality check for us because one day we know that we're all going to pass this we're going to all be there we know that we cannot run away from it we cannot hide from it but many a times I have said to myself God I want to thank you this life that we are living is a gift may not be that everything is going the way I want it to go but life itself is something that we must be grateful for so find things that you can be positive about don't be focusing only on what's going wrong focus on what God can do in your life then don't lose your confidence Psalms 41 to 3 I waited patiently for the Lord's help then He listened to me and heard my cry He pulled me out of a dangerous pit out of a deadly quick sand He set me safely on a rock and made me secure He taught me to sing a new song a song of praise to our God many who will see this will take warning and will put their trust in the Lord now here again David is writing and he's saying don't lose your confidence I think David is somebody who can really say this with all confidence because he had many many situations where he could have just said okay God I'm losing confidence he had Saul running after him he had enemies attacking him from every side he was hiding in caves and it's very easy for him to lose confidence but he did not negative thoughts I see this negative thoughts like fear anxiety or depression remember fear anxiety depression they destroy faith they destroy it so don't lose your confidence stay strong in the Lord stay anchored in God sing a new song to the Lord and one of the things we can do is we can just say to the Lord and say God I know that I feel weak I know that I'm losing confidence but I know that I can also put my trust in you and you are a God who will work in my life so here's what Psalm 42 11 this is what David is saying why am I so sad why am I so troubled I will put my hope in God once again I will praise him David is speaking to his own soul his own emotions as a human being David he's going through all of these difficulties but he's seeing it first hand but he's speaking to his own soul and he's saying why are you sad why are you so troubled you know when I was a shepherd boy probably he thought of all this when I was a shepherd I killed a lion and I killed a bear with my own hands when I when all the armies of Israel was afraid of Goliath I was standing then I killed Goliath by God's hand the help of God God was with me so now why am I sad why am I a trouble am I afraid I know that God is with me even though I don't see it I don't feel it I know God is with me so I will put my hope in God once again I will praise him look at that he just he just turned his he spoke to his emotions to his soul and he looked to God so don't lose confidence in yourself number one and don't lose confidence in God because we know when God all things are possible there's nothing that he cannot do but he also expects us to be confident in him right to stab into empowered efficiency Joshua 2310 one man of you shall chase a thousand for the Lord your God is he who fights for you as he promised you now humanly speaking practically one man cannot outdo a thousand people but in God's kingdom it's different there will be situations you'll have to work alone there will be situations where you may be given a task where 10 people must do that task huge huge work especially when organizations when you look at the corporate sector suddenly what organizations do is they downsize so maybe 500 employees 200 employees so you got 300 people working who have to do 500 people to work the managers are going to put a lot of work on you now this is not uncommon this is something that happens even now it's extremely stressful it is challenging but here is where under these situations you tap into empowered efficiency God has promised I will give you the spirit of wisdom and revelation step up to the task and deliver right don't look at how come they are not doing how come you know in my team I am the one who's doing 10 people's work but nobody else is doing that person is doing only five people's work but I'm doing 10 people's work how come this is not fair we can think of all of that but remember if God is putting these things on you you can tap into empowered efficiency tap into the spirit of God ask him for wisdom ask him for direction and you know he will give you success he will give you success remember we talked about Nehemiah now quite a few chapters back we talked about the leadership attitude that he carried huge task he had no people he had the people he had was regular Jews who had no experience in building a wall but when Nehemiah saw this he took it up for himself he said I'm going to tap into God Nehemiah was a cup bearer he had to just this or he had to just come and you know present why you know just be there being stable he doesn't have any certificate in structural engineering or anything but he tapped into empowered efficiency he said I'm going to do this what about Daniel same thing he tapped into empowered efficiency he knew he had this spirit of excellence and at a young age he said okay I'm going to follow what God has asked me to do and opportunity I'm sure you know it didn't come easily to become an administrator in Babylon I'm sure the kings would have given him so much of work so much of tasks to do but he was excellent and the Bible says they could not find anything wrong with his work but only if it is God that they could trap him so you tap into God's power you tap into that efficiency rather than grumbling rather than complaining and murmuring you tap into that you say God I know this is a season you may have to put in 12 hours of work you may have to sacrifice sleep time but remember it's a season it'll pass by and God will reward you for that season and also I would like to say that sometimes you know reward may not come you may feel hey I did all of this but I'm not even rewarded it's okay remember God is your boss so don't worry about bad bosses or unfair employees God is your boss now Paul is writing to the Ephesians he's talking about bond servants and how he says to be obedient to your masters not with eye service but as men pleasers and not with eye service as men pleasers but as bond servants of Christ doing the will of God from the heart so basically he's saying see you're a servant you're a believer you believe in Jesus but you're working under an employer you do your work not not with eye service but you're doing it because you love God and God is the one who has placed you there and you do the work with all your heart the moment we have this we have this understanding in our heart that will change our perspectives we say God this organization for example this organization has hired me they are paying myself we are going to reward me for the things that I do well ultimately God I am working for you and I am going to work sincerely and I know God that you will reward me so help me to walk in integrity help me to walk in honor help me to focus on you and God did that for Jacob, Jacob's story is wonderful right Jacob and Levan's story is really wonderful Genesis 31.4 through 7 you know through this story we can see that when we focus on the Lord we can expect his intervention right the boss cheated him and changed his way this 10 times but God bless Jacob more than he could imagine so always remember that when we work for the Lord God intervenes and he can speak to these unfairly unruly bosses now when it comes to ministry we may not you know have unfair or unruly bosses and leaders but when it comes to the corporate sector I am sure there will be their names maybe you know John leader Andrew they may have Christian names but the way they work may be completely opposite so during those times during these seasons ask the Lord to intervene in your situations bouncing back when you are put down Proverbs 29 and 26 many seek the ruler's favor but justice for man comes from the Lord look at that this is Solomon writing he's a ruler himself he's a king seek our favor but justice for man comes from the Lord many times you know this word people can position to manipulate things and displace you manipulate and displace you think of these two words manipulate sometimes leaders you know can manipulate you can say you do it like this if you do this report this way then you know it'll be good for you you'll be able to you know we'll give you a promotion or they may displace you they will say hey this person did it you know you may be working sincerely but they may not even look at you they may take you out from your current role and put you know put false accusations on you such things happen in organizations now I'm not saying it's not good to have favor from your boss remember Daniel when he was the governor the Raias king that Raias came and the Persian king and he had favor from King the Raias Daniel had favor so it's good to have favor from the manager so but then when it's good to have favor but it's also remember that he is the one who will fight for you don't fight back don't retaliate don't go around speaking ill of your boss or your manager keep your eyes fixed on Jesus and with God's help you'll come back strong you'll come back diligent you'll come back with great results look at these things these are very important the initial reaction is to fight back the initial reaction could be to retaliate or if you can't do any of these two just go around speaking speaking is not going to cost you anything fighting back could cost you a lot of work to get down retaliating can cause a lot of work but you can also speak ill which but don't do that keep your eyes fixed on Jesus look at Daniel they signed the petition those who don't bow down this idol will be thrown into the limestone Daniel did not fight back Daniel did not retaliate Daniel did not go about speaking ill of any of his leaders what did Daniel do he went back to his home open the windows look to his Jerusalem and look to God what he did as usual he did and God fought for him he came back strong actually to see Daniel it didn't bother him that people are trying to bother him because there's no account of him getting angry or upset nothing changed he was too deep in God that didn't affect him at all and that's how we can be say things to you say you know you are this you are that you may now get the promotion that you deserve keep your eyes on the Lord look to him he will he will give you the opportunities don't stoop down to the level of gossip and organizational politics now there will be gossip there will be politics in any organization unfortunately this is the truth workplace gossips politics will be there as believers don't stoop down to their level that's why I love I love to have this picture of the eagle you don't see the eagles with the crows you don't see them mingling with crows you don't see them if crows try to come and you know there are eagles flying and then sometimes the eagles choose to fly low and then when the crows come and they try to you know trouble them or something the crows the eagles are not going to fight the crows I'm not seeing it happening what are they going to do they're just going to fly higher and they know the crow cannot reach there just go up I don't waste my time you know if you think of the eagle the eagle is thinking I don't want to waste my time fighting against the crow because I know I can finish him off eagles are designed to kill snakes and they design they have such great eyesight they're able to you know pick up things from such great distances but the crow is nothing they don't stoop down to the level of gossip or politics tell yourself you know there's this picture that Safari showed me once long time back how many of you have seen those dog races right and there are these fast running dogs so they usually have this like these competitions and then so they thought okay let us see if we can put a leopard to run against these dogs so what they did is they put one leopard and about nine or ten dogs and this is a true story that really happened and the person who took the photo of this was you know he really touched his life as well like he understood so much and about nine dogs these are like really fast running dogs really fast and they were trained to run they put a leopard there inside they said okay when the gunshot goes all the animals will run but to the surprise the leopard was just sitting inside it chose not even to run and the you know the picture said choose your battles wisely the leopard is not bothered that the dogs are running because the leopard doesn't have to prove to anyone the leopard will easily defeat those dogs the leopard is it's a very very fast animal it's not designed to run with dogs not at all don't go down to gossip politics see you can't take away the gossip and the politics but you can choose to fly above it you can choose to conquer evil by doing what is good sorry I think there was a problem in my network the internet just dropped everyone can hear me okay okay sorry I don't know when I lost sharing the notes okay so as I was saying we were talking about the whole aspect of God being your defense against false allegations then resolving business conflicts among brethren Matthew 18 15 through 17 says if your brother sins against you sure we know this was right go to him show me a fault but do it privately between your own yourselves but if he does not listen take another person and if he does not listen to that as well tell the whole church if he does not listen to that as well then you can just let it go or just treat him as a pagan what is shown here so sometimes conflicts may arise among believers engaging in business together but it's very important that we learn to solve these matters in a healthy way only go to legal proceedings as the last option and Paul writes in 1st Corinthians he talks about this right how can you drag your own brother into the court and then when you do that what are you doing you are what will the people who are outside what will gentiles think what will they think that being the same family they are fighting against each other so Paul was very stern with them right so there will be times among believers there will be these challenges but as a last resort you take it as take it as take it up legally right don't let male chauvinism or prejudice shake you meaning this is a note for women right now in situations in a workplace sometimes you know men will feel hey I'm stronger I'm better women may look maybe look down inferior right remember women that you are equal in God's eyes you are not lesser you have the same Holy Spirit you have the same gifts of the Holy Spirit you have the fruit of the spirit right so don't let all of these you know because he's a male don't let prejudice shake you because he's a man so only he can be a manager only he can be a CEO stand your ground continue to demonstrate your value that you are bringing to the organization if things don't change move on there are other things in life you can always you know ask God to grant you some favors so don't let those feelings of you know because I'm a woman I may not get the opportunities that a male gets it may be true in the workplace but to God we both men and women are equal and so we stand with that we understand that God gives us the same opportunity the same Holy Spirit the same wisdom and we can raise up to greater levels right say no to male sexual advances and requests now in the workplace women again there will be men who will give indirect hints right and it's not something that is new there will be these things happening take precautions stay wise be sensible run away from things stay say no to advances right that may come to you in the workplace now I'm not saying this is only in the corporate it could also happen in ministries we've heard of ministries where men and men of God have you know advanced towards women and taken advantage of them so say no and protect yourself I don't give into pressure and sometimes because oh what if I lose my job what if I don't get another job so we give in right don't do that right say no stand your ground you are God's child your God's property you cannot be you know a loving men to come against you in this way and stay away from the woman seducer don't play with fire so men there are sometimes women who will lure you they have habits of you know for favors sexual favors sometimes they you know women try to direct your attention to someone else or to or even if you know in the workplace there are many times if open of people where women have men have left their wife and probably their children beautiful children beautiful family why because of a woman in the workplace right just luring them stay away from them and don't play with fire remember that God is watching you God is watching us we need to be careful on how we stand our ground right if you are ridiculed for your faith stand strong knowing that you are blessed again you know we will be ridiculed at times and for our faith hey this guy is only talking about Jesus Sunday he is not going to come for you know playing football or playing soccer because he goes to church or he is always praying and he is always doing the sign of the cross or he is always doing this he is always preaching to us people will ridicule you and that's a fact they have done it to Jesus they did it to his disciples they did it to the early church they will the enemy will keep doing it till the end of time it will be ridiculed right but continue to do your work again as we said right stand strong focus on God know that you know it's such a blessing that people are ridiculing you for your faith it's a blessing that means you are doing something right you are working in you are standing with godly principles if you are not being ridiculed for your faith sometimes you can say hey am I being a believer in the workplace if you are being ridiculed it's alright that means you are standing around that means you are standing with God's principles and working with godly principles right wisdom answers to nepotism a wise servant will rule over a son who causes shame and will share an inheritance among the brothers a wise servant now nepotism is basically when a boss may have a son or a daughter and they've been just given the role of a manager or senior manager even if they are not capable of performing the work right and it's very easy for us to say hey because your father is a boss so now you become the assistant manager how can you do that and it's very easy but remember respond with wisdom we'll get you noticed and give you access I was reading an article you know we were talking about the Pharaoh and during Moses' time Moses was scheduled to be the next Pharaoh because this history proves that he went he won many wars he was the strongest Egyptian commander during that time he knew either Hebrew the Pharaoh knew that he is not Egyptian but you know he was able to show it by his work so wisdom will get you noticed and give you access wisdom is greater than nepotism so I'm not saying nepotism will be there but you continue to work in wisdom there are two things here one is sometimes we will have to let people go part of the organization and other times people will want to leave the organization maybe for a better job or for their own personal reasons in both of these situations do it in an honorable way if you are getting somebody to request them to leave the job be honorable try to leave in good terms be friendly be honorable and maybe you can help them plan for the next step if a person has already got a new job and he wants to move from the current job to another job bless them don't fight to them say you have to stay you know what I spoke to I mean I provided for you for so many years how can you leave we release them honorably let them go remember that stay yielded to God his purpose he will work all things for good but especially when it comes to letting people go it's hard we may have to do that we have to do it in an honorable way remember challenges and tough times can be conquered and we conquer it through mountains can be conquered so if any of us are facing a mountain like by the personal or in the workplace wherever we are remember to maintain these attitudes right we'll take a break we'll just take a little bit of an extended break we'll come back at 11 and we will go to the next chapter we'll be able to complete the next chapter thank you