Good morning and welcome to the next lecture in our course on chemical engineering of CVD processes. I had circulated some links for lectures that are in the NPTEL course on advanced transport phenomena. So I hope that you have had a chance to look at these lectures. There was one lecture on the CVD process involved in deposition of tungsten on bulb walls and the other one was on the heart corrosion process. And then there were additional lectures on some of the fundamentals of transport phenomena which we need to understand for the remaining portion of this course. We are going to concentrate quite heavily on the transport aspects for the remainder of the course predominantly. Towards the end we will go back and discuss a few more applications of CVD technologies but before we do that it is important to understand the transport phenomena that are involved. Now in order to fully understand the transport processes in a CVD reactor you have to first understand how these transport phenomena are interlinked in a chemically reactive flow system. Because although the CVD process itself is a mass transfer process, you are taking some material from the gas phase and depositing it on a substrate in solid phase. So it is clearly fundamentally it is a mass transfer process but you cannot study the mass transfer process in isolation. You have to really study it in terms of its relationship to the other prevailing transport phenomena such as momentum transfer and heat transfer and entropy conservation and so on. So it is important to get a full systematic understanding of the conservation laws. So we have mass conservation, momentum conservation, energy conservation, entropy conservation and so on which you have studied in your earlier courses but it is good to spend a few minutes kind of recapping and realizing how they all kind of hang together. In any conservation equation there are four terms as we have discussed earlier. There is a net rate of change term, there is a convective term, there is a diffusive term and there is a source term. So regardless of whether you are looking at mass conservation or momentum or energy or entropy all these terms appear in the equation. Conservation equations are those that apply to all materials. They are not specific to the fluid or system under consideration. Later on we will deal with constitutive laws which are specific for the material that is being studied or the fluid that is being studied or the system that is under analysis. So typically you start by writing the conservation equations and you use your constitutive relationships to obtain a closed system of solutions for the set of equations. So the two kind of go together. So when you talk about conservation laws you have to first understand the assumptions that are involved in framing these laws. So one of the modules that I circulated has a discussion of various assumptions that are typically made when we try to describe flow systems. For example the simplest one is continuum versus free molecular which depends on the Knudsen number. If the Knudsen number is in excess of 1 you have to consider it to be a free molecular flow. If the Knudsen number is much lower than 1 then you consider it a continuum flow where the Knudsen number of course is the ratio between essentially the distance between adjacent molecules to a characteristic dimension of the system. The other assumption that is typically made is incompressible versus compressible. In most flow situations the incompressible flow assumption certainly simplifies the analysis but the requirement for incompressible flow is that density must be constant across stream lines not with time. In fact that is important to understand that incompressible flow density at any location can change with time. However across the flow lines the stream lines of flow density must remain constant at any instant in time. Another assumption is viscous versus inviscid flow which is really described by the Reynolds number. The lower the Reynolds number the more viscous the flow and the higher the Reynolds number the more inviscid the flow and of course as the Reynolds number becomes very high you also reach a transition between laminar and turbulent. So another way to characterize flow is laminar versus turbulent. The other ways of describing flow are based on for example dimensionality. Is it one dimensional or multi dimensional or can we characterize it as quasi one dimensional. So what we mean by these cases is in a one dimensional flow the variations in properties primarily occurs along one direction. So you can assume that the variables are constant with respect to the other spatial dimensions whereas in a multi dimensional flow you have to take into account variables across all dimensions. Multi one dimensional essentially suggests that even though the variability along let us say 2 out of 3 dimensions may not be 0 as long as the variability is negligible compared to the variability in one dimension you can treat it as a quasi one dimensional flow by assuming that the property variations in the other two directions are negligible compared to the variation in the one direction and similarly you have steady state versus unsteady flow. If flow properties are constant with respect to time you call it steady state. If they are changing or varying with time you call it unsteady and again we can we can define a quasi steady state flow where properties are changing but very very slowly. So these are all ways of classifying flow systems and making certain assumptions about how flow occurs. Another example would be Newtonian versus non Newtonian right. In a Newtonian fluid there is a linear relationship between stress and strain whereas in non Newtonian fluid it can be highly non linear and another way to discuss this is in terms of fluid mechanics versus rheology. Fluid mechanics is usually used to study Newtonian fluids and rheology is the name we give for studying the fluid mechanics of non Newtonian fluids normally. Another classification that is sometimes relevant is memory effects. Does the system remember what happened to it sometime ago and also is there an action at a distance effect? Does the fluid at one location react to a stress put up on it at a different remote location? So these are action at a distance effects and memory effects can also be important in certain classes of fluids. So the first thing you need to do whether you are trying to analyze a CVD system or any system is go through this list of how flows can be classified and develop a set of assumptions that you can make regarding the flow. When you start your analysis you can start with setup with this set of assumptions however you do need to go back at the end and validate the assumptions. For example if you have assumed that something is a one dimensional flow but then when you actually do your calculations or your experimental measurements if you find that changes are happening in more than one dimension then you have to go back and relax your assumption and start treating the problem as a two dimensional or higher order problem okay. So that is kind of step number one. Step number two is to define control volumes and a control volume is very critical in analysis because you essentially treat it as a system and everything outside of the control volume you treat as surroundings and you try to solve your equations for the system. So how you define that control volume can have a large bearing on how you actually approach the treatment of the problem and there are essentially four types of control volumes there is the Eulerian or fixed control volume where the control volume is fixed in space and the fluid flows through it. The second type of control volume is called the material control volume or Lagrangian control volume in which the control volume itself moves along with the fluid flow at the same velocity as the fluid. So essentially the same parcel of fluid is contained within this control volume throughout its transit through the system. The third type of control volume is what we call a hybrid control volume in which certain parts of the control volume are fixed and certain parts of the control volume move with the fluid. So it is a combination of the Eulerian and Lagrangian control volumes and finally there is the completely arbitrary control volume which is not fixed in space but which is not moving with the fluid either. It has a completely different configuration and it moves but at a different velocity vector compared to the fluid that you are treating. So these are four types of control volumes and again you have to make the decision of which control volume is appropriate for the system you are studying. For instance in a CVT reactor I would assume that you would want to use an Eulerian control volume because a CVT reactor for the most part is a batch system. Material comes in, reactions happen, deposit forms and the byproducts leave. So this type of system is reasonably convenient to describe with a fixed or Eulerian control volume. However in the case where you have for example an atmospheric pressure CVT reactor where it is essentially an open flow kind of a situation you might want to consider using a material control volume. The material control volume is also more appropriate when there are fairly rapid changes in the geometry of the system which makes it difficult to construct a fixed control volume which can capture all these local changes. So there are some pluses and minuses to both approaches and you need to be aware of them as you formulate your control volumes. So you have looked at your system, made certain assumptions, you have defined your control volume, the third step is to start writing your conservation equations, right. And when before you write the conservation equations the first thing you have to do is define something called the field density. Associated with each of the conserved quantities we have something called a field density parameter which is a representation of its quantity per unit volume of the fluid. So for example when we talk about total mass conservation the field density parameter corresponding to that is the density of the fluid itself rho. If we talk about species mass the corresponding field density parameter is rho i which you can also write as omega i times rho where omega i is the mass fraction of species i in the mixture. And similarly element mass is rho of k which is equal to omega k rho where this is the mass fraction of the kth element which is estimated as omega k equals omega k i times omega i where omega k i is the mass fraction of the kth element in the ith species multiplied by omega i. Then you have linear momentum which is another conserved quantity. So what would be the corresponding field density parameter here can somebody tell me. What is momentum per unit volume? How would you write it? What is momentum? m v right. So m v divided by capital V so it is rho v right. What else? Let us say total energy will be rho times E plus v square by 2 where E is the specific internal energy and rho E is the specific internal energy and rho times v square by 2 is the specific mechanical energy. So similarly for kinetic energy you can write this as rho times v square by 2. Another quantity that we will be interested in is entropy and again this you can write as some rho times a specific entropy value S. So once you have defined these appropriate field density parameters it is actually quite easy to write the corresponding conservation equations. So in general as I said the format of this equation is an accumulation term plus a convective term equals a diffusive term plus source term and by the way when we talk about control volumes you know it is important to realize that let us say that you know this is a control surface. Control surface is essentially the outline or contour of your control volume in 2 dimensions. So what is contained within this is what we call the control volume right. So by convention when we talk about the convective term here we take it as an outflow. So convection in its with a positive sign is denoted as material leaving the system and diffusion by convention again is always has a negative sign associated with it because diffusion is encountered as an inflow term. So convection is regarded as an outflow diffusion is regarded as an inflow diffusion and of course when you have net consumption of a species the source term then becomes a symptom. So the source term can also have a plus sign or a minus sign. So now that is the general equation. Now you can write conservation equations in 2 ways you can write them for integral volumes I mean you can write the conservation equation for the entire control volume in which case it will be an integral expression or you can write it for a small differential volume within the control volume. So you can either have an integral equation or a differential equation and typically conservation equations are written as differential equations because our methodologies for solving differential equations is fairly well developed and also writing it as a differential equation enables us to track changes that occur within the control volume instead of treating it as a black box. So there are certainly several advantages to treating to solving this set of equations in a differential control volume rather than a macroscopic or integral control volume. So in a differential control volume this would typically have the format of del by del T of some quantity plus divergence of another quantity equals minus divergence of a quantity plus a source term which is typically written as you know let us call it some S and it will have units of per unit time per unit volume okay that is the general formulation so you can take any conservation law and write it in this form. Now what goes in here are these field density parameters okay so for total mass this would simply be del rho by del T plus divergence of rho B so the field density parameter will go here the field density dot B will go here and at the diffusion term will have different forms for the different types of conservation equations and the source term again will have different forms for the different conservation equations. But in general the left hand side of the equation once you have defined your field densities then the first term is simply del by del T of the field density parameter the second term is the divergence of the field density parameter times V which is a vector by the way you know what is divergence right have you now in the case of total mass what will be on the left on the right hand side in this conservation equation when you are doing mass balance total mass balance it is 0 plus 0 total mass cannot diffuse and total mass cannot be created or destroyed unless you have achieved light speeds or something and you are transferring mass into energy and vice versa but under normal conditions total mass cannot be created or destroyed and total mass cannot diffuse only the components of the total mass can diffuse okay let us say let us take this equation now the species mass conservation equation so this will be del rho i by del T plus divergence of rho i times V equals now what do you have on the left hand side on the right hand side would you have your terms yeah because species can diffuse and species can be created and consumed so you will have a minus j i dot double prime which is a diffusive term plus r i dot triple prime which is the source term now this is what we call the diffusive flux of species i it is a flux so this dot represents per unit time the double prime represents per unit area so that the diffusional the species mass conservation equation can simply be written in this fashion now where do the constitutive laws apply where do we apply the fluid specific relationships this and this the diffusive flux term for species mass as well as the chemical reaction term for the species involve constitutional relationships for example the source term requires knowledge of chemical kinetics so you obtain that reaction rate term by applying chemical kinetic laws and similarly the flux term the diffusive flux term involves knowledge of flux laws for example in the case of species mass flux you need to know thick diffusion flux laws right so the constitutive laws are typically applied on the right hand side of the conservation equations in order to obtain a closed setup solutions okay how about element mass how would this equation look so again the left hand side is fairly simple del rho k by del t plus divergence of rho k times v now which terms will be on the right hand side for chemical total mass we said nothing on the right hand side for species we said both the diffusive and the source terms will be there for element mass which will be the terms that appear can element mass be created or destroyed unless it is a nuclear reaction right but can can elements diffuse yeah so only the j k dot double prime term will be there but again remember that in a CVD system an element cannot really diffuse by itself it is somewhat of a fictitious representation when you talk about element fluxes it is basically a weighted sum of the fluxes of all species containing that element right so j k dot double prime that we have written there will be the summation over i of omega k i times j i dot double prime so you take all the species diffusion fluxes weight them by the mass fractions of the element in the corresponding species add it all up that is what gives you the total species or total element mass flux and as we saw in the in the last few lectures when you are depositing a certain film like in a CVD reactor this is the most important quantity because this has to satisfy the stoichiometric requirements for example if your the deposit has let us say silicon and let us say there is a composite deposit of silicon tungsten carbide right what this would mean is first you calculate the diffusive flux for Si as an element calculate the diffusive flux of tungsten as an element the ratio of those diffusive fluxes of the molar fluxes has to be the same as their ratio in the stoichiometric compound otherwise you will not get a stoichiometric deposit. So the thing that we are really going to focus on mostly is how to calculate this but to get to that point you need to be able to do everything else you need to be able to calculate all the other quantities that we are interested in and then home in on this particular quantity and how you calculate it and so on okay. So let us see let us get back to completing our discussion of conservation equations how do you write the let us say the linear momentum conservation equation so following the same format del by del p of rho v plus divergence of in this case rho v v equals now you have a diffusion term for momentum I mean how what is how does momentum diffuse it is clear how momentum gets convected right it is basically as something flows there is a flow velocity and there is a mass so you multiply by 2 you get momentum convection but how what is momentum diffusion how does momentum diffuse any idea in other words supposing we write minus divergence of something what should it be and what is the source for momentum you know is there a source term when we talk about diffusion remember that we are talking about something that occurs around the contours or boundaries of the control volume you know around control surface so when you have momentum that is acting on this control surface we know that it can be transported in 2 ways one is by convection the other is by diffusion so diffusion necessarily must be a surface process so it is essentially related to surface stresses so the term that you use here is called pi, pi is a combination of viscous stresses and atmospheric pressure so you write pi as minus p times the identity vector or matrix I plus what is called an extra stress operator tau which is actually viscous stress operator so that is where the viscosity term comes in so essentially momentum is dissipated or diffused by building up a stress along the surfaces that the momentum comes in contact with okay. So what is the source term in this case the source term arises because of the body forces that are acting on the species that are present in the system so this term is given by summation over i of rho i g i it is a summation of all the gravitational body forces that are acting on the species that are present in the system okay. Again I am kind of going at this at a very high level just catching the highlights if you want to understand a lot of this in more detail I mean you are certainly welcome to take my course on NPTEL advanced transport phenomena which I think devotes 10 lectures to each of each of these you know mass conservation momentum conservation energy conservation and so on or you can also welcome to read the textbook that I had given a reference for very early on transport phenomena in chemically reacting flow systems by Daniel Rosner but I think for the purposes of this class the CVD class I think as long as you have a good overall understanding of how various quantities are conserved and particularly we will focus more on their interaction effects later on in this course okay. Let us talk about energy then how would you write the conservation equation for energy. Again the left hand side is you know reasonably obvious del by del t of rho e plus v squared by 2 plus divergence of rho e plus v squared by 2 times v equals now you have to have again a diffusional term and a source term. Now one of the diffusional terms is can be written simply as minus q dot double prime which is a diffusive flux of for heat and there is also a volumetric heat source term which you can write as q dot triple prime. So these are essentially heat sources and heat fluxes which are present in the system for example this heat flux is what you would write as you know the Fourier law of conduction right and there is another component to it as species diffuse there is an accompanying heat diffusion that happens because of the enthalpy of the species. So the heat flux term we will see later actually has 2 components to it one is the simple molecular thermal flux and the other is the heat flux that is associated with mass flux right and the q dot triple prime term is you know it is any volumetric source of heat for example it could be a radiative heat that is present in the system or it could be because of interaction between cosmic rays and chemical species that are present. So we try to consolidate within that term all the possible volumetric sources of heat. Now but what are the other terms here that we need to take into account also. For example these stresses that are developed are doing some work right so that has to be accounted for in your energy conservation equation and similarly these body forces that are giving rise to force terms are also doing work. So these 2 terms also have to be accounted for in your energy conservation equation. So you would then write this as plus divergence of pi dot v which is the work done by the stress operators plus summation over i of rho i v times g i by the way g i is not necessarily gravity say any volumetric body force most likely it is a gravitational force but there can be situations for example in a centrifugal reactor the body force term can be much higher than gravitational force. So these are the 2 extra terms that are added for the energy conservation term and what else okay entropy we will write as del by del t of rho s plus divergence of rho s dot v equals minus j s dot double prime plus j s dot triple prime where j s dot double prime is again the diffusive flux term for entropy which is again associated with both mass flux as well as energy flux. They both give rise to an entropy flux as well and similarly the entropy source term includes all volumetric contributions to increase in entropy of the system. Now these are conservation laws that are used in transport mechanism studies how do they relate to thermodynamics I mean can you restate some of these equations as thermodynamic equations obviously there is a relationship you know energy to work conversion how about entropy what is the thermodynamic requirement for system entropy should be the source term must be positive right. So we can rewrite this equation as an inequality to say that for a system to be thermodynamically feasible the source term in entropy must be greater than 0 which means that if you go back to this equation these 2 terms plus the diffusive flux terms if you add them all up it must be greater than 0. So it is a self-consistency check you know when you are doing analysis of a C V D system you have to verify not only the thermodynamic validity and the transport validity but also the entropic validity to make sure that the C V D film that you are trying to achieve is feasible and will happen if one of these 3 is violated it would not happen. So it is important to consider all modes of conservation and do a comprehensive calculation for the system as a whole okay. So these are all the various conservation laws again kind of in a nutshell and you know you can certainly write them in different coordinate systems we have used Cartesian you can use cylindrical coordinates spherical coordinates so you know depending on the geometry of your C V D reactor you will have to restate them different ways and wherever possible actually if you can apply an integral formulation of these equations and get away with it fine because it is simpler to solve the integral equations and the differential equations in terms of numerical complexity and so on. So the next thing that we want to focus on is on the right hand side of this equation you know assume that the left hand side is something we know either how to measure or how to calculate I mean you can certainly look at the time rate of change of mass by various analytical techniques you can look at time rate of change of species mass element mass momentum energy and so on. So the left hand side of these conservation equations is not too difficult to either calculate or measure but the right hand side of these equations is where the challenges are because they require specific information about the fluid at hand or the material at hand or the system at hand for example if you want to calculate in energy conservation you want to calculate this heat flux term you have to know the thermal conductivity of the system right and similarly if you want to calculate momentum diffusion you have to know the viscosity that is prevailing if you want to calculate the diffusional flux you have to know the diffusion coefficients that are prevailing. So quantities such as mu viscosity k thermal conductivity and d diffusivity are the very key properties that either you have to be able to estimate from the molecular properties of the system or measure based on well designed experiments and for these constitutive coefficients either approach is considered valid. So the three primary types of constitutive relationships that we deal with are equations of state for any fluid you have to be able to write its equation of state so that you know what its prevailing state is for a given temperature and pressure and essentially what the phase diagram looks like what is going to be the composition of the system what is going to be the solids fraction liquid fraction and so on. So the equation of state is the most fundamental constitutive relationship the second most fundamental at least for chemical systems is your kinetic rate loss whether you assume that thermo chemical equilibrium applies or you assume that it is kinetically controlled you still need to know the corresponding rate coefficients. So the rate coefficients themselves as well as the actual formulation of the kinetic model are also very important aspects of the constitutive relationships and again in a CVD reactor you will realize the complexity of this because even though the overall reaction may be quite simple you know SiH4 going to Si plus H2 the actual steps involved the actual reactions involved can be many many and to obtain a kinetic description may be the most difficult part in closing a CVD problem and then the third important constitutive relationship is the diffusion loss how does mass diffuse how does energy diffuse how does momentum diffuse and so on. So without a good understanding of how to write the constitutive loss you cannot really proceed very far I mean it is great to be able to formulate the conservation laws I mean that is clearly the it is an essential step but not sufficient. Once you have written down the conservation laws you know you are kind of halfway across the well but you still have to take the other step to the other side of the well and that is to be able to write the constitutive relationships to be able to estimate these parameters you know how do you estimate viscosity of a fluid or thermal conductivity of a fluid and especially diffusivity is particularly complicated because every species can have a different diffusivity right so you have to be able to estimate diffusivities of individual chemical species that are present in the system some of them are dilute species and some are present in higher concentrations and the equations for deriving the diffusion coefficients are very different as the concentration of the species gets higher the diffusion of one species can affect the diffusion of the other species. So these types of coupling effects have to be taken into account so in the next lecture we will spend a little bit of time particularly talking about the constitutive relationships focusing on the diffusive loss that apply for mass flux okay any questions on what we have covered today okay see you.


I think it is more important now that we do try and personalize our education and make it so that students are engaged more in what they're doing because I find if you make things more interesting, you're more willing to learn. We're pretty proud of the sort of multitude of opportunities that we have for students. If you're a student of various interests, we can offer you something in the trades, offer you something in traditional academics, we can offer you something in the arts, in the fine arts. So we're pretty fortunate to have that smorgasbord of opportunities for students. And for those students who are wanting, we're able to provide and we're pretty fortunate in a small community to be able to do that. And certainly we have a wonderful relationship between Southpeace campus and Central campus where we know those kids when they're coming into our building, we know what their needs are. I think this project based learning is a great idea because in certain subjects, well especially ones that you aren't really interested in because it's definitely harder to learn and focus on a subject if you're not interested. I find it a lot more fun and I'm not good at art but I'm good at this kind of stuff like I'm not good at drawing and stuff but I can do stuff like this which is just tracing images kind of thing. Because there are some classes where you can incorporate lots of projects but then other classes like math and even physics. You could do a lab in physics every now and then but it would be kind of nice if we could move it more like to a real life experience. This team over here found that evidence first. We've created this CSI project based around multiple subject areas so we have science, socials, English and math. I like that a lot. I like how all our subjects are incorporated. One goal is to basically solve the crime using all the different subjects and all your skills and things you've learned. That's really cool. Some of the classes that we have are based through the computers that they put the courses online. I think if they take that and let the teachers communicate, like they have email, yeah, but maybe like Facebook for school or something like a social network that the teachers could all go on to and share what they're going to do. And then with the whole Skype thing, when we were in our elementary schools last year, we did that with Mr. Kolke. Like he Skyped our entire class kind of thing just and talked to us about coming to Central. Our nonfiction books don't go out near as often as they used to. Our fiction is still doing very well but kids when they want research or information they head to the computers. There's a lot of obviously project-based learning going on and that facilitates needing the computers and the technology much more. Right now I'm on the BC team for speed skating. It really seems that when I'm not active, I'm not in very good mood and I'm not open to anything. But when I move around and I get tired on a daily basis, then I feel like I'm more open to learning new things and I can focus more on my schoolwork. I play on all girls hockey team. I've played hockey since I've lived here. Doing like sports and other school activities, I find it keeps me more focused and healthier. It puts me in a better mood and I don't know, I'm just able to focus more. I dance and teach dance. Being able to kind of go from school to dance kind of, I can see, I start to notice like things that I can bring from school to dance or especially teaching. We have dual credit programs taking place here on campus with our esthetician program, AST, heavy duty mechanics programs. We have a partnership with the city of Dawson Creek. So we have joint use agreements for local rinks and that sort of thing. And that also provides the city an opportunity to use our facilities as well. We also have in Dawson Creek secondary school at Southpeace campus, our Chaga Hall. And every year we have a huge music theater production that takes place. There is around 40 students in the play and they do everything. They make the sets, they work on the costumes, they act, they dance, they sing. We are doing promotion together so it's a big, huge project-based education piece. So many of my students are really passionate about what they do here. And it helps them to come to school every day. It gives them a positive, safe place to be.


New World, the New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda. The term originated in the early 16th century after Europeans made landfall in what would later be called the Americas in the Age of Discovery, expanding the geographical horizon of classical geographers who had thought of the world as consisting of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively now referred to as the Old World A.K.A. Afro-Eurasia. The phrase gained prominence after the publication of a pamphlet titled Mundus Navus attributed to Italian explorer Rodrigo Vespucci. The Americas were also referred to as the fourth part of the world.


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Too much pressure on Bateman first question came from my guy Jaylin. He said, what's up in gravy and hope all is good with you and the family. My question is, do you think there is too much pressure being put on Rashad Bateman with the lack of proven receivers at least unproven for now. It seems that the entire faith in the passing game is being put on how good he can be as the wide receiver one. If he's great, it changes everything. But if he's just okay or decent, then we're back to the square one where if we can't run the ball in the playoffs, then we're screwed. And it's back to finding Mark Andrews or throwing a deep ball. Thank you for your time. I appreciate this question. And it's a good question. But is it too much pressure on Rashad Bateman? No. I don't think it is a lot of pressure on Rashad Bateman. And I would love if they got somebody else to sort of alleviate some of the pressure. But this is what he asked for. And this is what he said in the studio 44, the interview with Marlon Humphrey. He said, Hollywood was his brother, but it's his time now. So he's accepting it. He's taking it on head on. Like straight up. He's taking everything that's coming his way. And yeah, it's gonna be pressure on him and Lamar to really have that connection to make some stuff happen. But he ain't running from it. So I wouldn't say it's too much pressure for Rashad Bateman. I think we just hope that he lives up and he delivers to the pressure. We just hope that everything works out and some for him. And whoever the Ravens have that wide receiver, whether it's going to be the guys that they got right now, whether they add some people, whatever it's going to be, we just hope that it all works out. Rashad Bateman last year when we did see him play with Lamar Jackson, he looked good. He looked good. He looked the party showed a lot of promise and it was like, okay, there we go. We see him. We see Rashad Bateman and the Ravens, they showed us from jump how much they really believed in Rashad Bateman because his first game out there, they had him on the field a lot, a whole lot.  So I wouldn't say it's too much pressure. You know what? I said, maybe it's not even quite enough. Next question came from my guy, Gold Morano. He said, engraving sad notes. Number one, the Sean Watson will return just in time to play against the Ravens. So we'll have to see him twice. I wouldn't say that's a sad note. I mean, for different, for off the field reasons, I could understand why, but for on the field reasons, just for the competition. No, no, you want any team to be at their best. So with the Sean Watson, he's going to just make the challenge that much harder. But at the same time, we don't know when he's going to come back yet because I'm recording this on August 4th at a 517 p.m. And the NFL either today or yesterday, they decided they were going to appeal his six game suspension. So we'll see what happens with that. But anyway, he said number two, Debo ended all speculation over the possibility that the Costa might swoop in at the last second and make an offer that Samuel in San Francisco couldn't refuse. I mean, so DK on that list too. But anyway, he said making it five, well, four and a half years that Lamar will have played without that proven future Hall of Famer guy at wide receiver. Hopefully Bateman can be that. We'll see. He said my concern number one, if Ronnie Stanley's injury is determined to be irreparable or if his level of play declines, EDC will likely go back into the first round of the 2023 draft, looking for a left tackle. Again, instead of drafting that sure handed ballhawking, 64, 232, I mean, 230 pound, four, four and a 40 yak master of a wide receiver with the physical and mental makeup that will change the outcome of games. That's a really good point that you make, not even about the wide receiver part, but about Ronnie Stanley. Because depending on what happens with Ronnie Stanley, it would not only have an impact on the Ravens right here right now, but it could have an impact on them for the long term future. So we just hope not only that Ronnie Stanley comes back and he's healthy, but also that his play doesn't decline. So appreciate you bringing that out. He said my question. I hope that I'm wrong, but after reexamining the schedule, I just don't see how we surpass a regular season of 10 and seven Cleveland Cincinnati Miami will not be pushovers without that beast across from Bateman. I see two more losses to since you this year and at least one loss to Cleveland, possibly both. Again, I hope that I'm wrong, but those teams include Miami are stacked. Do you believe that Lamar's heightened motivation for a huge payday, the return from injury and the improvements made by EDC will be enough to reverse the damage that Cincinnati inflicted on us last year? Or will we need another year of draft picks and free agent upgrades before we are ready to put up the 40 plus points necessary to beat the high powered offenses in the AFC on a consistent basis? What is our fate? And that's a really good question, especially when you put it like that. When you talk about the 40 plus points necessary, hopefully, I mean, you can't expect the defense to be locked down every single game because they're going to be games with a defense.  I mean, we hope there wouldn't be, but it happens. It's in that fail.  So, can the Ravens put up a bunch of points with who they got? Yeah, they can. Trust me, I would love for them to get another proven guy alongside Baben and whatnot and Andrews and how it's seeming like likely he's going to be. Seeming like he's going to be something, but we'll see. Got to go against opposing defenses now and show it. But I would love that. But if not, then we'll see. 10 and 7, though, I would still say what the Ravens have right now. I would still say 12 and 5, especially because Lamar Jackson. And of course, I still want there to be less on his plate. But Lamar Jackson is such a difference maker, as we all know. He is the difference maker for the Ravens. He also said, and why is it that the Shawn Watson played in Houston and got to throw passes to a future Hall of Fame wide receiver gets into hot water, goes to another team where he'll have yet more elite talent at wide receiver waiting for him while Lamar continues to get no new toys. That's the question. That is the question. I mean, I say it likely, though, but as far as wide receiver and he used to play wide receiver, but he's a tight end. And the two positions are not the same. They both catch passes, but it's just different. But we'll see. The guys that Ravens have, they got a lot to prove. And that's the guys that they've drafted, like obviously Bateman, Pro Shade, DuVernay, Wallace, and the guys that weren't drafted, Benjamin Victor, Shamar Bridges, Makai Pokes, Bowden, whoever it's going to end up being, they certainly got a lot to prove. And just Ravens as a unit, they got a lot to prove. Like you mentioned, other guys coming back from injury, they got a lot to prove. So man, we just got to see how it plays out. Next question came from my boy chef Carter. He said, thanks for reading my message. I really like what I've seen at the Ravens practice. I really want the ball. I really want to pass the ball 60% of the time and run the ball on second and fourth downs. No more run first team. We really can run the ball. Then that doesn't mean we have to run the ball all the time. Let's open it up. Let's also talk about the DBs who are starting. Who's your nickel and dime package of players? I really like Geno Stone. I think he's a secret weapon. If we really start to play him a lot more, I will really like to hear you talk about the defensive depth at safety, corner, etc. I mean, they got a lot right now. That's why they're going to have some tough decisions to make come cut downtime because you can't keep everybody. And we'll see who makes the official roster. And then of course, the practice squad too, because it's going to be tough. He said, give me your starters on offense and defense given healthy. Also Benjamin Victor, he looks ready for the NFL this year. I hope I'm right. Anyway, sorry for the long question. I really appreciate you. Thanks for being a Raven fan and someone I can really look at every day and watch good content. I mean, I appreciate that man. Let's quiet the haters this year and let's see Lamar have another MVP season and let's see what if the goalposts get moved to now. And like my guy Hollywood Brown and Baltimore, I'm out. And then he said, PS, please pay Lamar before the Miami Dolphins guarantee him 300 million. And anyway, man, Benjamin Victor, we'll see about him too, man. Again, at wide receiver, it's big competition right now. And then especially as of right now, Devin Duvenay being out of practice that gives everybody else an opportunity to show their stuff. Everybody else an opportunity to step up. And back to the DB conversation. And the starters at defensive back and safety and stuff. Ravens, I love the depth right now. I love the depth. Like right now, our safety's got Chuck Clark, we got Marcus Williams, got Kyle Hamilton, you got Geno Stone, you got Tony Jefferson. You got like a sort of a mix like a hybrid guy with Brandon Stevens, because he could play some corner to get a mix sort of a hybrid guy with Art Darius Washington, even though he haven't heard anything about him yet. Man, yeah, they haven't heard anything about Art Darius Washington yet this off season. So I don't know. I don't know what's going on with him. But they have a lot of depth right now in the second and then of course that corner as well. And especially once Marcus Peters comes back healthy, they just have a lot of depth. So it's nice to have a lot of depth because you know, the seat is a long season and you need that depth to come through. They drafted Damarian Williams and Jaylen Amor Smith. So that helps them that much more giving some young guys. And it's just they signed Kyle Fuller, Marlon Humphrey. He missed a chunk of last season, but he's obviously healthy now doing his thing. So we got a lot of a lot to look forward to in the secondary, a lot to look forward to. I wish the Ravens could like keep everybody. So that would be the ultimate stay ready. So you ain't got to get ready, but unfortunately they can't. Next question came from Thomas Gamison. He said, I ain't great. I hope you're in a family well before I begin. I'm sorry, it might be a lot for you. Honestly, feel we need a physical guy out wide. We have a speedy receiver in Pro Shade and Duvenay. Pro Shade, not a speedy receiver. He got a little faster though. He ain't a speedy receiver though. He said a receiver with hands like digs and Bateman and Wallace, but we need a physical receiver like Moss and Evans. Randy Moss wasn't physical. Mike Evans is Randy Moss wasn't physical though. Randy Moss was speedy. He was just, he was crazy though. That dude could jump out of the he was crazy man. Anyway, he said, but who would you think would be that physical guy out of the remaining free agents? Thank you and have a great day and big trust all the way out of the remaining free agents. Out of remaining free agents. I can't think of nobody outside my head out of the remaining free agents as far as physical. If I had to, I mean before it would have been Julio, but because Odell Beckham Jr, he's not like, he's not physical. He's more finesse, but I mean he's a really good receiver, but he's not physical like that. T.Y. Hilton is not physical. Who else is out there? Yeah, I can't think of nobody off the top of my head, but this is why my preference was always for trading for somebody. The conversation. Next question came from my boy, Rodeo. He said, my guy good to see you doing what you do best. Haven't seen a question maybe two or three months, but you know I'm still locked in. Keep being you and carrying the flock. Oh no, the flock would be way too heavy for me to carry. So I couldn't do that. But anyway, he said, now before we have this convo, I have to say that there is no hate here. Just trying to have an unbiased, clear mind and find answers. Oh, and I'm sorry. Oh, if he started off like that, let's see what he about to say. So we pretty much always say that the success of our Baltimore Ravens start from the top down, right? Well, if this is indeed true, why don't the, why don't the praise recently a subactive harb should be let go if we fall short of the Super Bowl? Why is that the first thing we think of? Why isn't it? How much would another Super Bowl ring enhance Harbaugh and the Baltimore Ravens legacy? Here's the thing, everyone, and I mean, everyone in the world has flaws. No one is perfect. With that said, we cannot continue to give one man praise when there are approximately 52 on the on the team, about another 10 or so on the practice squad. And who knows how many in the front office? Again, no hate. Lamar is the engine of this team. We all know this. We go as he goes. But that's essentially most teams, especially the top 10. Imagine no Mahomes, no Brady, no Rogers, no Burrow, no Stafford. Like literally, what was Bengals and Rams record before they got those two QBs? But that's back to the point. As I said before, while an engine by itself holds value, you still need the rest of the parts to complete the car. While Lamar Jackson gets disrespected for just about everything he does, he also receives all the praise for everything Baltimore does. Again, I know he is the MVP of the team, but most QBs are the leaders and the most important position. Like I mentioned, if it all starts from the top, then we should start there. Not just with blame, but praise too. The question I would prefer is what would a Super Bowl win mean for Baltimore? We know what a loss would mean, but let's dissect the positive. First, we'd have to credit Steve Vashati, EDC, and the rest of the staff for putting together a Super Bowl winning team. Hobbes would have done it again and would rightfully deserve his credit. Whether we agree with his play calling or not, he would have done something right and led his team to the promised land. Good ol' Greg Rowan would have almost made it back. And the same applies, he must have put the offense in the right position to succeed. Then our MVP and the player should be acknowledged for putting forth their best effort in delivering the chip. As I said, if it starts from the top down, not only blame, but praise has to as well.  EDC has to give Roman and McDonald the playmakers they need in order for those coordinators to succeed. If the coordinators have all the tools they need, it's no excuses, which would then only help and make Hobbes' job easier. Hobbes would then have to learn from his mistakes, but also continue to be himself. He should get the final say and his experience should lead him the right way. If all these components are aligned well, then coaches, coach, and players play. Our players would then have to execute the game plan. It's that simple. So, going into the season and this season only, I ask the flock to have a clear mind, give this whole organization a fresh slate for this one season, and hold everyone accountable. We went together, we lose together. And he said flock on three. One, two, three. So, that's a fun question and a fun conversation. And everybody, there's so many different moving parts when it comes to a football team.  It takes every, and especially to win a Super Bowl because we know it is extremely hard. It's extremely hard to win a Super Bowl. We do talk about a lot of stuff like you mentioned. Lamar, he gets a lot of praise. He gets a whole lot of praise. You are a thousand percent right about that. And with hardball, there's a lot of critique that happens with John Hardball. But I think one of the biggest reasons that that is for is for how Lamar was ushered in and how it went down. Because with hardball, we know it wasn't looking good. He's getting ready to be on his way out. And then Lamar came in and hardball was like, thank goodness. We did it and we got one. We got one. And then so Lamar Jackson came in and he saved John Hardball. He saved the Ravens. But it did take the coaching staff. Obviously, Lamar just didn't walk in the building. He wasn't alone. And he wasn't just like, hey, I'm doing this thing that I'm going to do with my way. Y'all coaches don't bother me. I ain't got nothing to listen to y'all for. Y'all leave me alone. I got this. Obviously, he wasn't doing that. The coaches, they came up with, they changed their whole game plan in the middle of the season. They became this like crazy run team and it was just wild to see. And they did that thing. So it takes everybody. But I think where a lot of the frustration is, is patterns, is patterns. And again, is John Hardball a bad coach? No. He's not a bad coach.  Everybody got their flaws. But a lot of it is one of my questions is, and I love how you talked about accountability, because I love that. I love that. We had a long conversation early, going into this offseason about accountability, everybody needing to be held accountable from the top to the bottom. I forgot what the video was called, but I will never forget it because we talked about Steve Bishadi, we talked about EDC, we talked about Hardball, we talked about Lamar, we talked about Greg Roman, we talked about previous defensive coordinator, Wink Martin, that we just talked about how everybody needs to be held accountable. It is so important in order for anybody, not just the Ravens, but anybody to have success in whatever you're doing. If you have things that you do great, awesome, great job, keep doing those things great. But if you have things that you know you need to improve on, fix them. Do what you can to fix them. We're never going to quite fix everything because we're imperfect people. But do what you can. Try.  Take accountability is very important. So I completely agree with, yeah, everything starts from the top to the bottom. It does. But we just, we want there to be no excuses for anybody.  This is why for me, y'all know how I felt about the whole, the Y receiver thing and not even just this year, but for years. I'm like, hey, let's really get Lamar something, something. Let's get him something, something special, something significant. Let's get him something so we can really see the best Lamar with the coaching staff. It's like, Hey, I feel like the coaching staff, they get a lot of excuses. There's oh, injuries, COVID, this, that, third. But I feel like with Lamar, a lot of people look at him and they don't give him excuses. They don't give me excuses. So, oh, no, Lamar, that's it. And it's like, he, he can only do so much. And again, another thing too, and this, I know there's kind of going left, but even with the money is people saying, oh, Lamar, he should, he should take less. He should take less money. Lamar, not the GM. Look, Lamar is not the, the cap manager. No, that ain't, that ain't his job. His job is to get his bread. His job is to get his money. So why should he suffer financially for a job that ain't, that's not even his? But that's, that's just a little, a little sad note. But it does, it does certainly take everybody. So nobody is blameless. Nobody is not at fault. Everybody shares some, some type of blame somewhere. But we just, we just want better, man. That's it. I think when it comes down to it, we just want better from everybody. But not everybody has the same level of power as other people do. And that's where I think, that's where it's sort of, the sort of blame and the praise it differentiates because not everybody has the same power. Not everybody can call the same shots as all the people that you named. So I think that's, that's where stuff starts to sort of separate a bit when it comes to the blame and the praise. Next question came from my guy BB. He said, as we are watching all of this unfold with Deshaun Watson, I applaud the NFL for pushing the decision to further punish for detrimental behavior. The judge even said that it was predatory behavior. With that said, Deshaun will be made an example of in the past, leniency for offenders that violate other than Ray Rice have had it easy when it comes to punishment for their actions. These 1% athletes are role model spokespeople and representatives for their highly touted organization. They have a responsibility outside football also. I hope to see justice for not only the victims, but also for us fans that just want a clean NFL. Thanks again for the channel fam. And like Deshaun Watson won't be week seven against the Ravens. I'm out. That is um, that probably you said, uh, you just want a clean NFL. Oh, that is a, that's tough. That's tough because NFL is a very dirty business. Um, but you just, you just want people to do the right thing, which I can understand. You want people to do the right thing. Uh, you want people to make good and better decisions. Um, because yeah, they, they are players. They are in a public spotlight. The owners and the GMs and not so much, not as not nearly as much as the players because the players have like put on front street, but the owners and the GMs and whatnot, um, in the coaches, coaches, they can get put on front, but the players are the ones that are out there on front street the most. Um, those are the ones that are in the public item most. Um, but everybody, uh, you would hope everybody would do their part to do the right thing. Uh, but unfortunately not everybody is like that. Next questions came from my guy, man, you will see what's up in Graven. Shout out for Mexico. We're all wondering when Lamar will sign his contract to get his money. And even though I made a vid on it, joking about it, it seems that until it's done, we will know. But what if Lamar takes less, let's say 35 mil for eight years? Oh, he would never 35 35 mil in college. It's got 46.1 for eight years. Well, yuck. That's a nasty deal. But he said, let's say 35 mil for eight years under the clause that if in two to three years, the Baltimore Ravens must give Lamar Jackson weapons or they have to give him the rest of his money fully guaranteed. So man, so this 35 mil for eight years wouldn't even be fully guaranteed. Ooh, that would be that would be a yucky contract. Yucky. He said another question regarding Mr. Jackson, when he is paid, what do you see the media saying about him more slander or well earned cash? It all depends on what media you're talking about. But the slander ain't going nowhere. That's never going to go anywhere for Lamar Jackson. That is going to be with him his entire career from start to finish. It ain't going nowhere. And that's that's the sad truth because nothing that he does is is ever going to be good enough. Nothing. But the other question was about the dogs in a wide receiver room. Is the game is the game against the saints? So we need the first down to get the drive for a winning touchdown going. Bateman has double covered a man juice dropped a crucial catch that would have given us the first down on in 15 instead is fourth and eight and on from our 30 Lamar says I'll go forward a minute 30 left in the fourth quarter and one time out open formation. He throws to a 64 200 pound wide receiver that catches the ball through a defensive PI and gets us the first down and gets out of bounds. Everyone celebrates the catch and the announcers doesn't believe that Benjamin Victor did a vet play. Not even hardball. The saints think Oh, it was a fluke. Was it? He does the same catch in the end zone to win the game to place later and no one believes we have dogs in our wide receiver room. Pro Shares won Wallace, Devon Williams, Duvenay Bateman, they're all hungry to prove they are it and just want the shot to prove it. Bringing in the vet can help but who is out and doesn't get reps. Lamar knows he has some dogs at wide receiver but there's Greg Roman, there's hardball. Do us Ravens fans know we have them. If you don't think so then channels 3, 7, 13, 16, 81 have something to tell you on the field. And we're going to see. We're going to see. They certainly got a lot to prove. Like you said, we'll see if they end up suiting up to prove it. Next question came from my guy Isaac. He said, ain't great. Hope all is well with you and the team keeping clean. I got two questions but I'll keep the first one brief, which came first. Project Pat the fullback or the defensive lineman? Defensive lineman, he was transferred to a fullback or converted, whatever you want to see. Number two, there's been talk of lots of players to switch positions in a similar way of Pat Ricard likely could be a wide receiver. Malik Harrison could be an outside linebacker. Brandon Stevens could be a nickel cornerback guy. My question is whether or not there is precedent for Harvard and his staff converting players positions. And do you think any of these changes could actually happen? Or is it all just some smoke to keep us entertained through the wastelands of what the offseason was? No, there's there's validity to all of this stuff. Like Malik Harrison outside linebacker. Yeah, because they got such little depth outside linebacker Brandon Stevens. He was all over the field last year. He was as safe to use that corner. He's doing all that. So yeah, I don't think that it's it's not just talking. That's all real. This question came from my boy Ferdinand Winsky. He said, what's good? I hope all is well with you and yours as always. I was hoping to meet you at the practice. I couldn't find you though. LOL. Got my Lamar Jackson Jersey sign. That was sweet. But hot take. Everybody hates Lamar and blame him for everything. But I feel some players that left will find out the grass is no where he's greener. Could Hollywood and OBJ make a Ravens return after finding out things aren't what they sing? No, I don't think Hollywood will ever be back with the Ravens. And I don't think Orlando Brown Jr. will be either. They both wanted out for different reasons. Orlando Brown Jr. because he knew Ravens weren't going to pay him. They just paid Ronnie Stanley. Hollywood, he was not a fan of the offense.  He said, we all know Orlando Brown Jr. said publicly he owes Lamar some money when he gets paid. But everybody in NFL saying Orlando Brown Jr. isn't what they thought he was in KC aside from the money. I think Hollywood might fall into that same place in Arizona but that's just me. Not unless Kyler makes a huge ridiculous jump. Also, another year of being so close but D-Born DK signed so it's over. Soon we will hear in a few weeks how we were one pick away from getting both of them.  And like OBJ will be when they don't give him that LT money, I'm out. Next question came from my boy Matthew. He said, they ain't great. We hope you and your family are well. I've noticed a lot of fans as we know are anti Greg Roman. Mind you, I have my doubts too but they seem to also have their mind made up that Lamar is anti Greg Roman too. I don't think that's the case. It's almost assumed in the fans eyes like Lamar don't like Greg Roman system in the way wide receivers or the media don't. However, Lamar has never criticized plate calling, never called out the system and never argued with Roman. No, the thing that he said was they know our place. They know our place. And then when asked about Greg Roman, he said Greg Roman was cool. And by the body language, it looked like Lamar was just I'm gonna just say this and whatever. And then he's like, he's cool, but it's up to the people upstairs. But anyway, continuing, he said, I think this may shock people, but I think Lamar loves Greg Roman in his offense. He won an MVP, had the number one scoring offense in the past and had it tailored to him. I don't think it was tailored to him, it was tailored to running the football and tell it to Greg Roman. But anyway, he said, maybe we need to accept the fact that while we can add new wrinkles with T Martin and the new coaches, Roman is here to stay and mainly because Lamar wants it that way. And he said, don't shoot the messenger. Who knows, man, who knows what goes on behind the scenes, how Lamar really feels about Greg Roman, if he's feeling him or if he's not feeling him. I just hope that this offense this year, they get the most out of everybody that they really maximize the talent that's on his team, whether it's proven talent that we know about already, or it's talent that is unproven. And I just really hope they get the most out of everybody and just play people to their strengths. Well, that's my homie, ain't that right engraving?


Is an industrial engineering degree worth it? That's what we're going to be talking about today, but before we get into that, make sure to gently tap the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm. On this channel, we talk about personal finance, college degrees, careers, and opportunities that are going to lead you to success. And we also go over how you can avoid some of the common traps that so many people end up falling for. So if you're new here and you haven't done it already, go ahead and hit that subscribe button and ring the notification bell so that you never miss out. And with that out of the way, let's jump right into it. Let's talk about what industrial engineering is. So industrial engineering is all about the optimization of complex processes usually within an organization. Think about the complex process of creating an iPhone, for instance, there's the people who create the software, the hardware, all the different materials that go together, all the resources, there's energy, people, money, knowledge, information, all of these things come together in order to create an end product that somebody wants to use. And the creation of that product is basically a process. And if companies can make these processes better than they can create better products, they can create them faster and more efficiently. Now, there's around 5500 graduates with an industrial engineering degree every year. So next, we're going to talk about salary or earning potential. With industrial engineering, you start off making 68,000 a year and 111,000 in mid career pay. You can compare this to a really high paying degree and a low paying one and you'll see that it's definitely on the higher side. You might end up becoming an industrial engineer and they make around 88,000 a year. You also might become a cost estimator and they make around 65,000 a year.  You can become a health and safety engineer, an industrial engineering technician, industrial production manager, logistician, or a management analyst. Now, according to the US Census Bureau, engineers over a lifetime will make around $3.5 million. And of course, it depends what career path they go down. But overall, they make quite a bit more than your average degree. Now, industrial engineering isn't one of the higher paying engineering degrees, but I think you do have opportunities to move into different positions that you might not have if you went into a different degree because of the fact that it combines that engineering skill set with a business skill set. I think it opens up a lot of lanes that some of the others don't. So with that being said, engineering degrees tend to score really well when it comes to salary or earning potential. I'm going to give this one a nine out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about satisfaction. And I like to break this one down into job satisfaction as well as meaning. Now, when it comes to meaning, that's how much you think the career that you went into positively impacts the world in a significant way. And with industrial engineering, you'll see here that the meaning scores around 45% on pay scale. That's above a really low one like plastics engineering technology, but not nearly as high as something like radiation technology. If you look at a career you might go into like industrial engineer, for instance, pay scale has that at a 48% meaning score and then 70% job satisfaction. So as you can see here, when it comes to the meaning score, it's kind of on the lower side, maybe mid at best. However, when you look at job satisfaction, that does tend to be on the higher side when you compare that to one that's really good and one that's really bad. Now, when you look at the least and the most regretted majors out of all the different types of degrees that you can get engineering is the third least regretted type. Only about 15% of the people who got an engineering degree regret it. And the reason was because the best jobs sometimes require an advanced degree. However, one of the great things about engineering degrees, and I've mentioned this many times before is let's say you want to become an industrial engineer, you get into it and you realize it's not for you. There's a lot of degrees out there where you'd basically just be SOL, like there's nothing you can do about it. But with an engineering degree, you can pretty much move into any other type of career in any industry and work for just about any company. Engineering degrees are very flexible and I would say especially industrial engineering with the extra mathematics and business skills that you're going to learn is pretty good when it comes to being flexible and being able to switch careers. So you do have to factor that into the equation as well. But with that being said, satisfaction is totally subjective. One job might be a nightmare for someone and a daydream for someone else depends on a bunch of different factors as well, the industry you work in, the business you work for, your co-workers, where you live in the country, etc. But with that being said, I'm going to go ahead and give this one a score of 8 out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about demand and by that I mean what jobs are going to be out there for the skill set that an industrial engineering degree is going to teach you. Now, if you want to become an industrial engineer, for instance, there's 295 jobs available right now, and it's growing at 10%, which is much faster than average. That means over the next 10 years, there's going to be 30,000 new jobs that are created. That's actually really good, especially for an engineering career. Now, based off of a study from 2019, engineering is one of the least likely degrees for people to be unemployed. Of course, I don't know how true that is anymore. You know, a lot of things have happened since then, so it could potentially be that that's not true. We won't know until all this is over and there's studies that come out on that sort of thing. But I will say that this is one of the most versatile engineering degrees because it's not as specialized as a lot of the other ones. Engineering degrees are really good because of the fact that it teaches you how to solve problems and it's generally just really well respected overall. And so you might end up getting hired for a career that you didn't even think you were going to go into. And the reason for that is because hiring managers and business owners love to hire engineering grads. But with an industrial engineering degree, you're combining that business skill set with an engineering skill set. And so you're going to have a lot of doors open to you that even the other engineering degrees might not have. People might not be looking specifically for an industrial engineer, but because of the fact that you have that engineering degree and you've got a little bit of a business skill set as well, it'll be much easier for you to sell yourself. Now, one test that I like to do is to look up the keyword on monster.com or indeed.com. Either one is fine, but look up industrial engineering degree. If you do that, you're going to see that around 3100 jobs pop up. And again, you can compare that to one that's really good in demand and really bad in demand. And you'll see there that it's not as good as you would expect. It's definitely not going to be as good as some of the other engineering degrees. But like I said, just because they're not specifically looking for an industrial engineer doesn't mean that they won't hire you if you apply. One survey where they sent out a bunch of questionnaires to companies and asked them what degrees are they hiring, what degrees are they looking for, should the engineering was the number one degree. So because of the fact that it's an engineering degree, which is already really highly respected and it's pretty flexible, I'm going to go ahead and give this one a nine out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about x factors. And this is basically anything that we didn't go over before. I like to focus on skills, automation, outsourcing, and that sort of thing when it comes to x factors. Now, when it comes to x factors, engineering degrees tend to score very, very well. So for instance, engineering over a lifetime, you're going to earn $3.5 million in all different types of majors and all different types of careers that is much higher than the average with all the other majors, which is 2.4 million over a lifetime. And it gets even better depending on what career path you go down. So for instance, if you work with computers or math, you're going to make around 3.7 million over a lifetime. And then if you go into management, it's 4.1 million. But really, it doesn't matter what direction you go in with an engineering degree, they tend to do extremely well, even people who get into art, those who graduate with an engineering degree and then become artists earn 3 million over a lifetime, which is much higher than just about any other type of degree that goes into an art career. So there's something about engineering degrees when it comes to x factors, especially over a lifetime that tends to make them extremely financially successful. Now, if you look at zippercruiter skill index, the skill of industrial engineering ranks around 61 out of 100, which is definitely on the higher side if you compare it to a really good one, or a really bad one. Now I would say the one knock here when it comes to the skills that an industrial engineer can learn is that you can get into industrial engineering as a job with a bunch of other engineering related degrees. So for instance, you could get a mechanical engineering degree and then become an industrial engineer. However, the skill is still very good, definitely above average. And I think it's especially good because it combines business skills with kind of practical engineering skills and engineering is basically just practical problem solving. Now when you look at the likelihood of automation, I think it's very low. So for instance, if we look at one career path, you might go down, which would be industrial engineer, there's only a 3% chance that they're going to be automated. And this is sort of to be expected. If you think about it, engineering requires a lot of just intelligence and creativity. On top of that, depending on what career path you go down, you might be working with your hands. That's not something that's going to be automated anytime soon. And you're sort of just the middleman between a technician and a scientist, you're somebody who sort of understands both sides, the practical side of things as well as more of a theoretical side. On top of that, I don't think industrial engineering jobs are going to be outsourced either. Most of the career paths you're going to go to, you'd have to be in person talking to people in order to get things done. Sure, there are some things that you can do over zoom. I mean, especially with everything that's happening in the world, we've seen this.  It just, it doesn't really make sense. Those people would have to be in the same room so they can see the product, they can touch it, they can feel it, and they can just go over every aspect of it. I'm sure part of it could be automated, part of it could be outsourced, but the core skills that you learn that are so important to a company's success, I don't think that will ever be able to be automated or outsourced. Now on top of that, speaking of the fact that engineers earn so much money over a lifetime, I think one of the big reasons, besides the fact that they do earn a good salary, don't get me wrong, it's really good. But I think one of the big reasons that they tend to earn so much over a lifetime is because many of them end up becoming entrepreneurs. In fact, engineering did come in as the number one degree that creates the most millionaires. And I don't think it's just because of the fact that they earn a lot of money in their normal jobs. I think engineering teaches you practical problem solving, which is the core of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs basically just solve problems that people have in the form of a product or a service. And becoming an engineer teaches you how to do that in a practical way. Engineering is basically where you have an idea and then you make that idea exist in reality. Now that is not an easy thing to do, and you'll see if you look at the most difficult degrees you're going to see over and over again the engineering degrees are going to come in at the very top. Some say that industrial engineering is one of the less difficult types, but I think all of them are going to be pretty hard. You're going to be taking a lot of the same core math and science classes. So that is something that you want to keep in mind. I know that when I was young, when I was like 18 years old, I don't think I would have been ready for an engineering curriculum. Or at the very least, if I did decide to go into that, I would have taken less classes. But with that being said, when it comes to X factors, I'm going to give this one an 8.5 out of 10. So some of the pros here, the salary is really good. Most of the engineering degrees you're going to make pretty good money. I think this one is going to have a good satisfaction rating, especially if you consider the fact that if you're not happy with it, there's all kinds of different career paths that you can go down. You're going to be able to find something that you can be happy with. Another great one here is you're not going to have to wait forever to make pretty good money. There's a lot of good entry level occupations. And I really like this one because of how flexible it is. I think that's maybe one of the most underrated things. Some of the cons here are that it's not one that a lot of people are looking for. We saw when we did that test, looking it up on monster.com that it wasn't very impressive. It's not going to be one of the higher paying engineering degrees. There's some engineering degrees where the average person is going to make over 100,000 a year. This one's in the 80s. But that's only if you become an industrial engineer specifically. There's quite a few jobs out there where you can make more than six figures a year and you don't have to go down the engineer route. Overall, I'm going to give this one a score of 8.625 out of 10. This is an excellent option for the right person. I always urge you to do your research. Make sure you reach out to people who are industrial engineers, if that's what you're trying to go for, ask them what they recommend. Look at different forums online, Facebook groups, Reddit, etc. Figure out other career paths you might go down with this degree and then do the same thing with those. If you want more help doing research, I created the college degree ranker. It's in the description down below on my Patreon. If you guys don't want to wait for all the videos to come out and you want just an easier way to compare all of them, I am making that college degree ranker. It's not done yet. It's on version 1.1 right now. I plan to update it in the near future once things settle down a little bit in the world. If you haven't done it already, gently tap the like button. Be nice to the like button. Come on guys, hit the subscribe button, ring the notification bell, comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms, etc. Sharing the video helps quite a bit. If there's anybody else that needs to know this information, definitely share it. And before you leave, check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you.


What if you didn't need a lie detector? What if your knowledge of psychology and human behavior was enough to tell if people were telling the truth?  Others study and practice for years before they can call people out under this honesty.  Here are 10 of the most obvious signs. Evasiveness One study on lying found that evasiveness was one of the biggest signs of this honesty. But what is evasiveness? Basically, when people are lying, they are less likely to be specific. They might say, I don't know, or I don't remember. In terms of lying, this is a massive red flag. Inconsistency Liars can't keep their stories straight. That's basically what psychologists mean when they say inconsistency. And studies have proven it's a big sign of lying. This is a common tactic used by police during interrogations. They ask the suspect to repeat their story again and again, hoping to poke holes in it when certain details are inconsistent, simulated facial expressions. Although this is another huge sign of lying, it's very hard to spot. Why? Because some liars are just really good at acting. One study showed that only certain facial muscles are activated when people are experiencing genuine happiness. These muscles are called the orbicularis oculi, otherwise known as crow's feet. But you'd have to be a serious expert to spot which muscles are being activated in the face. They can't tell their story backwards. If you ever doubt that someone is telling the truth, ask them to tell their story backwards. Studies have shown that when people are lying, they have trouble telling their false version of events in reverse. When people are lying, they have an increased cognitive load. This basically means that liars' brains are working much harder than those who are telling the truth. When you ask a liar to tell their story backwards, this might push their cognitive load over the edge, leaving them unable to keep their story straight, not maintaining eye contact.  Eye contact is linked with truthfulness, and multiple studies have linked lying with the inability to look someone in the eye. Although this has been explored by research, it only takes a little bit of common sense to see why this is true. Once again, it goes back to evasiveness. They can't handle unexpected questions. Like we've mentioned previously, liars are using their brains much more than those telling the truth. Honest people don't have to think too hard about what they're saying. They're simply telling the truth. Liars, on the other hand, are inventing entire stories and situations purely out of their own imaginations. Sometimes, they plan out their responses and stories long in advance. That's why when we ask them unexpected, random questions, it often catches them out. It's another technique that police often use.  Microexpressions This is another sign which is incredibly hard to spot. Research has shown that facial expressions linked with genuine emotions might only last a few milliseconds. As a general rule, shorter expressions are usually real. Longer, drawn-out expressions have a higher chance of being fake. A liar is essentially trying very hard to show everyone what they're feeling, as opposed to genuinely feeling these emotions. The problem is that these genuine microexpressions are very hard to spot. Sometimes, they're impossible to even see because they're so quick, blinking. But there might be an easier way to spot what psychologists refer to as masked emotion. Just take note of how often someone is blinking. Research has shown that frequent blinking is linked to masked emotions, a clear sign of lying. Their facial expressions and their emotions don't match up. This is something most of us are familiar with. Sometimes, people just give us a strange vibe. Often, this is because their emotions and facial expressions seem totally disconnected. They might be smiling when their body language seems sad, or vice versa. Studies have shown that this is a major red flag when it comes to lying. Play devil's advocate. Now we're getting into expert territory.  Let's say someone says that they love roller coasters. But you have a sneaking suspicion that they're actually terrified of them. All you need to do is play devil's advocate. Talk about how scary you think roller coasters are, and situations where you've been terrified. They'll probably agree with you on some level. Now all you need to do is compare that statement with what they initially said about loving roller coasters. Which statement seems more genuine? The answer should be pretty obvious. This is a technique which has been packed up by quite a few studies. Tell us about your stories of when you caught a liar. What were some of the signs that made it obvious? We hope this helps you in getting the truth out of people in the future. What did you think of this video? Does it help you spot a liar? Comment below and tell us which of these tactics you use to catch a liar in the act.