So, dear friends, let's begin with the prelude session for today and we are going to have three important topics. The first will be by Dr. Raj Kedar and he'll be taking MRI and characterizing renal masses. The second will be by Dr. Ravi Thapar. So we'll be talking about MRI difficulty and then there'll be a lecture on fetal MRI. So, let's begin with the first topic for the day by Dr. Raj Kedar, Sir is professor of radiology at University of South Florida and radiologist-in-chief at Tampa General Hospital. He is director of body imaging and fellowships as well as MSK faculty vice president of Florida Radiological Society and he has several awards to his credit including the Teacher of the Year Award and also Teaching Award, Chair Awards and Golden Apple Awards. So, thank you, sir, for your kind consideration and your time. Let's begin with the talk. Good evening. It's my pleasure and honor to be part of this course and I would like to thank Dr. Patkar and Dr. Verma for inviting me to talk about characterization of renal masses with MRI. Unfortunately, incidence of renal cancer has increased by 30 to 40% over the last 30 years or so and this is predominantly due to incidental lesions due to increased imaging with ultrasound and CT scan. Although most of these lesions are less than four centimeter, increase in diagnosis has not resulted in better clinical outcome. In fact, the reported increased mortality from 1.5 to 6.5 deaths per 100,000 and this is predominantly due to over diagnosis and surgeries and aggressive management even slow-growing tumors which may or may not show growth over the time. The cost-effectives strategies are necessary especially to identify the clinically significant renal masses that could evolve into life-threatening disease versus the over-treatment of benign or indolent malignant lesions that can be observed. As we know, ultrasound is very cost effective. It is very diagnostic for simple cyst, however it has its limitations with smaller lesions. Patients body have it as characterized in complex cystic masses, differentiating from complex cystic masses to solid lesions and cannot stage the disease. CT scan is very sensitive and specific for renal masses for greater than two centimeter in diameter. However, it does have its own limitations in complex cyst, cyst containing hemorrhage or protein, legion size, intraparent camel legions that cannot be measured accurately as far as harmful density is concerned because of volume averaging and misregistration artifacts. It can be limited with renal function. So that's where MR comes in. MR has got excellent soft tissue contrast due to which we can use multiple sequences and parameters to characterize the liver legions to renal lesions. We do not need ironated contrast. Some of the patients who have allergies can be still scanned with this. In cases of renal insufficiency, now with newer microcyclic agents, we can give IV as even in end stage renal failures. My learning objectives for this talk are to discuss typical and variable features of common renal tumors, how MRI can help as a problem solving tool to characterize the renal legion by which the clinical management, planning intervention and avoiding unnecessary procedures. The plan for today would be to talk about different types of tumors, how we can characterize those with MRI. I'm not going to discuss port query of all renal masses. I'm not going to talk about inflammatory or pseudo renal masses or cystic legions. We are going to briefly talk about renal cell carcinomas and its subtypes, some typical and other typical AMLs, oncocytomas and other tumors. First of all, technique. Technique is very important. Our MR protocol is same for all abdomens.  Post contrast, we typically do all these sequences in the, with post contrast images in arterial venous, three minute delay, five minute delay in coronal. And for all, we do subtractions as well. The many sequences that can really make difference in diagnosing renal as well as liver legions is subtraction in and out of phase and fat set. Remember that for renal tumors, fat is your friend and diffusion-ready images. As far as subtraction technique is concerned, it is grossly underutilized. It drives me crazy when I see outside scans where subtractions is not done. This is very simple. You just have to push a button and machine does it for you. There is no extra table time or patient time. I think it's crime not to do subtraction sequences when it is so easily available and it makes a lot of difference in characterizing these legions. So essentially in this, you are subtracting pre-contrast images from post-contrast images. So it will subtract out the hemorrhage, hyperintensity within the legion and it will just give you a pure enhancement within the legion, which helps you a lot. So for example, in this patient, this is a legion with slightly hyperdensity. There's peripheral calcification following intravenous IV contras. There is no way of measuring how much this legion is enhancing. Same thing with MRI. You can see on T2-rated images, it is slightly, it is hypointains. So this is cystic legion on pre-contrast even. It is markedly hyperintense indicating hemorrhage or protein-ish material with IV contras. You cannot exactly determine whether this is contrast or the hemorrhage within the legion. But when you do subtraction, you can see this ugly nodule within this cyst, which was a papillary renal cell carcinoma, which would have been difficult to diagnose either on the CT images or non-contrast or non-subtracted images. So subtraction technique is very important. Another legion here on CT scan, without contrast, arterial phase, portal venous phase, or nephrographic corticometallia, nephrographic phase. We don't know whether this legion is enhancing or not. But on MRI, you can see that on T2-rated images, there is some heterogeneity within the legion. On pre-contrast images, there is area of hemorrhage. But with IV contrast, we don't know how much of it is enhancing. On subtraction, you can clearly see that it has got low-level enhancement. This was another papillary renal cell carcinoma. This was a 50-year-old patient, shows an ugly-looking bilabilated legion with hyperintensity on T1 pre-contrast-rated images. Even on T2-rated images, the legion looks extremely ugly. But with IV contrast, you don't know whether this legion is enhancing or not. But on subtraction images, you can clearly see that this is just a hemorrhagic legion. There is no abnormal enhancement within it. We followed this legion for three years and you can see that there is hardly change in this legion. There is still some hemorrhage. It is still looking ugly. But there is no enhancement on subtraction images, which saved nephrectomy for this patient. This was a high-grade papillary renal cell carcinoma. You can see that this legion has got extensive hemorrhage within the legion. This area, we don't know what is happening with IV contrast without subtraction. We don't know whether this area is enhancing or not. And on subtraction images, you can see really ugly-looking papillary renal cell carcinoma, which can be easily diagnosed once we subtract that hemorrhage. So subtraction is very important for diagnosing tumors. How about in an autophase imaging? This is especially diagnostic for angiomyelipomas and some of the clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Let's see how we can diagnose those. Angiomyelipomas come in different flavors. They can be very fatty, like this, where you are going to get this indian artifact at the fat-water interface. And this is diagnostic of angiomyelipoma. You can also see that there is fat here, which is going to suppress on fat-side images. Another legion, intraperinchymal angiomyelipoma, is going to show that indian artifact all around it, as well as chemical shift artifact. Some of the legions could be tiny, which will completely show dropout on autophase imaging. If there are legions containing less fat, then that portion of the legion is going to show drop on autophase imaging. However, the problem comes when there is a lipid-poor AML or clear cell carcinomas in an autophase imaging. However, it has been shown that the lipid-poor angiomyelipoma are stained to follow signal of suos muscle in phase, and they will show areas of drop in signal on autophase, depending on how much fat contained is within the legion. Whereas in renal cell carcinoma, they usually follow the perinchymal intensity on in-phase, and on autophase due to intra-cytoplasmic fat, that is microscopic fat, is going to show uniform drop in signal, which is very characteristic of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. This is a clear cell renal cell carcinoma in-phase, out-of-phase. Although this tumor looks slightly heterogeneous, you can see that on out-of-phase imaging there is uniform drop in signal, and that's because of intra-cytoplasmic fat seen in this legion, which is very typical. In lipid-poor angiomyelipoma, again, we can see that it follows the signal of suos on in-phase, on out-of-phase, there are areas of drop in signal within it due to this small fatty tissue within the legion, but it really depends on how much fat is within the legion. This is lipid-rich angiomyelipoma, which follows the signal of surrounding fat. You can see it is getting saturated on fat-set sequences and out-of-phase imaging. It shows areas of drop in signal, typical for lipid-rich angiomyelipoma. How about diffusion ADC sequences? This is especially helpful in differentiating cystic benign legions from cystic renal cell cancers. Can differentiate benign from malignant renal tumors? Maybe helpful in differentiating histologic subtype or grading the severity of the tumor. DWI is also useful in patients if you cannot give gadolinium, and that might be your only chance to grade the tumor. Here is a low-grade oncocytoma, which shows hardly any restriction, whereas this is a clear cell renal cell carcinoma. You can see how much restriction is there and low ADC. So very helpful. This is a busy chart, but let's tease it out. The RCC subtypes are clear cell, which is by far the most common papillary and chromophobic. It's important to differentiate between these three as clear cell carcinoma tend to be very aggressive, depending on its great and stage and sarcomatode changes. One needs to be very aggressive in treating these tumors with nephrectomy, whereas papillary and chromophobic tend to be relatively slow-growing, especially chromophobic. It has got fire survival of 80 to 93%. So the management could be different here. In papillary and chromophobic, you can do nephron-sparing surgery, which will help in preserving renal function, depending on patient's age. So very important to make sure the type of tumor, which you may be able to do with MR, there are four things that you can look to characterize these different types of renal cell carcinomas. One is T2 signal in and out of phase type of enhancement, and whether there's necrosis or cystic changes within the region or not. So depending on this, we can see that in clear cell type renal cell carcinoma, on T2-wetted images, the region tend to be very high or intermediate in signal intensity compared with low intensity on papillary renal cell carcinoma and intermediate signal intensity on chromophobic type in and out of phase imaging. Since clear cell renal cell carcinoma has got that intracytoplasmic fat, it's going to show drop-in signal, usually uniform on auto-phase imaging, which we saw earlier. Whereas in papillary renal cell carcinoma, there is drop-in signal on in-phase, not auto-phase, but in-phase, that's due to hemocidrin or hemorrhage within the region, whereas chromophobic type is usually homogeneous. As far as enhancement is concerned, clear cell type shows avid enhancement, which is similar to the cortex of the region, whereas papillary shows minimal enhancement and chromophobic shows mild to moderate enhancement. Clear cell carcinomas tend to have necrosis within it. Papillary type may show some small cystic changes and chromophobic tends to be uniformly solid without any necrosis or cystic changes. So on auto-phase, you can see here that this is the clear cell type renal cell carcinoma, which is showing avid enhancement similar to the cortex. There are areas of necrosis within it. This is partially exophytic, more than 3 centimeter diagnosis, whereas papillary is relatively hypovascular. You need subtraction images to see the mild enhancement. It is fairly well-defined and chromophobic. It shows mild to moderate enhancement, well-defined, no necrosis within the region. So how does CT and MR perform in characterizing intermediary renal lesions? Margules and his group performed a trisorpsulpecative study of 143 patients with indeterminate renal lesions detected on ultrasound. 77 had CT, 66 had MRI, and MRI showed definitive diagnosis in 95% of patients versus 78% on CT scan. MRI recommended only additional studies or recommendations such as follow-up only in 1% of patients, whereas CT recommended more than 10% additional evaluation. So MRI was more likely to give definitive diagnosis and less likely to recommend further imaging than CT. So let's go through a couple of scenarios to run through different types of tumors and where MR is going to be helpful in diagnosing this lesion. So scenario one, MR can be helpful to further characterize lesion where initial CT protocol was not adequate. So this patient had CT scan without contrast, and you can see that this patient has got multiple renal lesions, except one probably the rest of the lesions are not characterized on this non-contrast CT scan. You can go ahead and do CT protocol with arterial venous phase. However, still there are going to be some lesions which are not going to be characterized. As you can see on this MRI, that all these lesions look cystic. Some of this lesion, for example, this one is hemorrhagic lesion. There is small hemorrhagic lesion here, which would have any problem with CT scan with and without contrast. But on MRI, we can show that all these lesions are benign, and this patient does not need to follow or any other study. MRI, in this patient at CTA examination, which showed an indeterminate lesion here, we went ahead and did MRI in this patient, and we can see there's this lesion which was not characterized on with contrast is, in fact, an angiomyelipoma. We detected another angiomyelipoma here. These two lesions showed gross fat within it, so there was no additional examination necessary in this patient. So summarizing scenario one, MR can be helpful to further characterize lesions, which are where the initial CT scan protocol was not adequate. So let's see whether MRI can be helpful in indeterminate lesion despite of adequate CT protocol. So here, the protocol is adequate, but still the lesions could be non-diagnostic, because in homogeneous lesion, if there is intermediate change in density, that is, increase in density less than 20-hours per unit, but more than 10-hours per unit, then those lesions are going to be indeterminate, whereas if it is a heterogeneous lesion, then it's going to be difficult to exclude smaller nodular areas within the lesion. So this is a renal mass or renal lesion here. You cannot see it on pre-contrast, but there was 90-hours per unit increase in density from pre-contrast to post-contrast, which is non-diagnostic. So this is indeterminate lesion. We also have to remember that smaller cysts, which are intraparent chymal, in central in location, can give false reading because of partial volumic artifact for those smaller lesions within the renal parent chymal. In this patient, we went ahead and did MRI, and we can see that on T2-rated images, it's a cystic lesion. There's some internal density on pre-contrast T1, but however on post-contrast images, as well as on subtraction, there is no enhancement. So this is a lesion containing mild hemorrhage. So advantage of MRI in such patients is we don't have to worry about pseudo-enhancement. We have subtraction images to subtract out the protein or hemorrhage within the lesion, and we got a very sensitive fluid sequences which can help us diagnosing this cystic indeterminate lesions. There was this study done for potential renal donors, which is very important because we don't want to transplant any kidneys with renal lesions. There were 105 lesions, which were with average size of 1.5 centimeter. 94, all this patient had CT scan with subsequent MRI. On CT scan, 94 of these 105 lesions were TSTC, that is too small to characterize by CT. When they did MRI, in 99% of the lesions, MRI was diagnostic and no further imaging was necessary, out of which 83 were simple cysts, it were protein issues or hemorrhage exist, two were AML. So take home point is MRI can characterize small lesions that are indeterminate with CT due to pseudo-enhancement or partial volume artifact. This was a indeterminate lesion, as this lesion was kind of bi-lobed or trial-lobed, and we can see following administration of IV contras, you can see some separations within it, is there some nodularity within it? So this was at least two F lesions by Bosnay classification. On MRI, we can see this portion of the cyst has got dense hemorrhage. The other portion of the cyst did not have any hemorrhage and is an enhancing nodule, which was diagnostic of early cystic renal cell carcinoma in this patient. So MRI is sensitive for detection of enhancing nodules in cystic renal lesions. It upgraded 73% of patients on this study. It had 95% positive predictive value for malignancy with enhancing mural nodules. How about legions with low enhancement that is difficult to detect on CT scan? The solid mass, which is most likely to result in this conundrum is papillary renal cell carcinoma. As we can see it here, this is the enhancement pattern of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Chromophobe type and papillary type. And papillary type, you can see it shows very low enhancement with IV contrast compared with other two tumors. So if you suspect that there is very low enhancement or rule of thumb is if you have difficulty in deciding whether it is enhancing or not, they consider it to be a papillary renal cell carcinoma because in up to 30 years, patients with CT, this enhancement is undetectable. This legions tend to be hyperdense on pre-contrast CT. So it's difficult to measure the enhancement in many of these patients. This is a patient with, it looks like hemorrhage exist with IV contrast and on pre-contrast images, the density was around 28 harmful units following IV contrast. On cortico medullary and nephrographic phase, there was enhancement of 16 to 17 harmful units. So this was, although the legion size is pretty large, it was still indeterminate. Whereas on MRI, you can see that this legion has intensity similar to perenchyma with IV contrast. You can clearly see that there's some enhancement to be done with IV contrast. You can clearly see that there's some enhancement which on subtraction images, we can clearly see that this is a solid enhancing legion which was papillary renal cell carcinoma. So over half of the papillary renal cell carcinoma did not show definitive enhancement on cortico medullary phase with CT. On nephrographic phase, it did show some enhancement. So nephrographic phase is probably the best phase, but MR did not have any problems detecting this legions at all. So take home point is when reading CT scan for hyperdense legion, nephrographic phase is key. Although you are still going to call some indeterminate legions with this, MR has better sensitivity and specificity for detecting enhancement of low level enhancing legions versus hemorrhagic cyst in these patients. Scenario number three, how about CT protocol is adequate, legion is enhancing, but the diagnosis is uncertain. So in this, the legion is not fully evaluated with CT scan. For example, this patient which was a fat poor AML, but based on multiple sequences and enhancement pattern and diffusion weighted images as well as in an out of phase images, MR can characterize many of these legions. For example, this is a clear cell carcinoma. This is probably typical. It shows hyperintensity on D2 weighted images. It is usually hyper intense on D1 weighted images. It shows enhancement similar to renal cortex with areas of necrosis within it. There shouldn't be any problem in diagnosing this on CT or MR. We can see that on nephrographic as well as carticum medullary phase, nephrographic as well as carticum medullary phase, it's going to show marked enhancement, especially in carticum medullary phase. It is going to show a drop in signal as I showed you before on out of phase imaging which is going to be uniform due to intraceitoplasmic fat which is also pretty helpful. Whereas in papillary renal cell carcinomas which is second most common, they tend to be very cellular. They are hyper intense on D2 weighted images. These are relatively indolent legions so it's important to separate these out from renal cell carcinomas. These tend to be bilateral and are more common in renal failure patients. Here in this patient, there are multiple legions. You can see one legion on right side which shows typical appearance of papillary renal cell carcinoma which is low enhancement and it is low signal intensity on D2 weighted images. Whereas this legion, we could see another legion in the other kidney which had similar features. Whereas third legion which was there was a simple renal cyst. So with help of MRI, we can easily diagnose papillary renal cell carcinoma which may be indeterminate on CT scan and you don't have to have aggressive treatment in these patients, depending on patient's renal function, age and everything, you can do some other type of treatment. So papillary renal cell carcinoma commonly involves in stretch care kidneys often contain hemorrhage or cystic degeneration usually homogenously hypoenhancing. They can show some restriction on D2 weighted images due to their cellularity which doesn't help. But unlike clear cell RCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma is frequently hypo intense on D2 weighted images whereas the clear cell type, there are hyper intense on D2 weighted images. This is one of the ugly looking papillary renal cell carcinoma. We can see that it is hypo intense on D2 weighted images compared with clear cell which are going to be hyper intense on D1 weighted pre-contrast images. We can see some hemorrhage. We don't know what is happening here, but on subtraction images with IV contrast, you can see multiple lobulations, fronts along the surface of this region indicating aggressive type papillary renal cell carcinoma. How about chromophobes? This is probably the least common and more indolent type of low grade tumor. It shares morphologic features and histologic features of oncocytoma. They tend to be iso to hypo intense on D1 weighted images. They show mild enhancement with IV contrast, no necrosis, their enhancement pattern is less than clear cell carcinoma. So there's something in between. So rule of thumb in this legency, there are usually slightly hypo intense, hypo enhancing compared with the cortex. There can be diagnostic challenge in diagnosing oncocytomas. However, with MRI, there are certain features which can be diagnostic. This tumors tend to have central scar. They tend to be slightly hyper intense which is kind of unique for oncocytoma. They are slightly hyper intense on T2 weighted images and they show kind of slightly spoke field type of enhancement with IV contrast in corticomedulary phase. And on the nephrographic phase, they tend to be slightly hypo intense. The another unique feature of these tumors is the scar doesn't enhance initially, but on delayed imaging, this scar will show enhancement which will help you differentiate between the renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma. The central scar, hyper intensity on T2 of central scar delayed and complete enhancement. Now intravoxal fat that is on the outer phase it's not going to show low intensity was 97% specific and 55% sensitive in patients with oncocytoma versus renal cell carcinoma based on these two studies. So very powerful feature to differentiate this from renal cell, clear cell type renal cell carcinoma. Another feature that has been described is segmental enhancement inversion in oncocytomas. So on corticomedulary phase, some portion of the tumor may enhance which gets washed out and then the other portion of the tumor will enhance on nephrographic phase, which is kind of unique for oncocytomas.  Fortunately, these tumors tend to be the percentage of these tumors is less.  The key MR features in this patients is they are dark on T2, unlike renal cell carcinomas which are going to be high on T2. They do show restricted diffusion, which is a problem, but they do not show any necrosis. And they might show some areas of dropping signal on auto phase depending on how much fat is within the region. Sometimes you may not be able to distinguish this from malignancy, and there is no shame in doing biopsy in these patients. Because actually this study was just published last month, which showed that if you see, actually lipid poor and tumor lipo mass on T2D images show this uniform low signal, and they show moderate enhancement on corticomedulary phase. And this is actually, this is diagnosed, actually this was kind of very useful feature in diagnosing lipid poor and tumor lipo mass. This was seen in 83% of patients with, sorry, this was, the sensitivity was 83% and specificity was 90% in this patient. So maybe this feature is going to be very useful in diagnosing lipid poor and tumor lipo mass.  In those patients, MR is also useful because here you can see that this lesion is clearly has similar intensity as surrounding fat.  So MRI confirms AML. Sometimes you might be able to see this pushing of fat into the renal perinchima, which is typical for angiomyeliboma from where it arises. So pretty diagnostic if you see it. So how about MR versus CT characterizing renal masses? This group did a study of 120 patients in legions which were indeterminate on CT followed by MRI. The final diagnosis was based on pathology or followup. 39% of these legions were benign masses such as angiomyeliboma, oncocytoma or hemorrhage cyst. The sensitivity of CT for diagnosis of renal cell carcinomas was 91% versus MR, it was 94%. Specificity for CT was only 28%. Remember these are indeterminate legions, whereas with MR it was 68%. So using MRI in approximately 12.5% of patients with malignant diagnosis on CT could have avoided surgery, whereas 2.5% of benign diagnosis on CT would have been appropriately recommended surgery, which was not done with CT scan. So another study which was published in abdominal imaging which had 63 patients with indeterminate legions which were smaller than two centimeter. And of the 63 patients MR was sensitive 100% of the time that means it diagnosed all those 63 patients. MR was 95% specific indicating benign versus malignant legions of this 63, only three remained indeterminate following MRI. So MR, take home message is MR has greater specificity than CT in distinguishing benign versus malignant diagnosis and fewer legions remain indeterminate after MRI. So wrapping up, MRI is indicated in evaluation of indeterminate renal masses on CT and ultrasound and provide additional diagnostic information which can be helpful in diagnosing and managing these patients. MR imaging is particularly helpful in distinguishing solid from cystic legions when enhancement of renal masses is questionable, especially for those where net enhancement on CT is between 10 and 20 harmful units. So we can either upgrade or downgrade BASNEK 2F legions so that these patients do not have to go for follow-up examination every six months to one year for two and a half to three years. Diffusion weighted imaging and dynamic contrast in NAC imaging can provide specific information regarding tumor histology and staging. MR is especially useful for two small to characterized legions. There are not going to be any legions which are too small to characterize on MRI, legions with low level of any aspect, hemorrhagic legions and complex cyst. And that's all from me. Thank you. Thank you once again, sir, for taking this important topic. In such a-


Hey guys Kevin here Today we're going to work on a printer that the customer brought in so when the printer starts get this 03301 Yeah, we have a collection of apps and error code You can text this number to get a link on your cell phone Just click on it and your cell phone going to bring this page up If you don't have a cell phone Or like your overseas I'll paste the link here. So you have to copy it So we're on this page. Let's search do a search for the error code. It's right here so the error code the meaning is The character returns feels broken CRCM filler So something blow it up and the inside there Seems a lot of writing in there The left side look good and let's take a look of the right side and I can see some ink on the magenta Cartridge and also lots of Writing on the cable. So I'm going to take the print it off and take a look If you don't know how to take the print that off and here's a link I'm gonna put a link above and I'm gonna put a link in the In the description Oh, it's a rather juicy just the way I want it It looks like the connection is all soaked And I don't worry about those scratches. Those scratches is just on the surface that they're not scratching That is just the reflection on the surface Let's check the cable see if there's a short Normally if you have a short it's gonna be on the side that supports the power Okay, it looked like the thing is burnt out. So there's a short It looks like the cable was a burner pretty clean. So I have another video show you how to salvage the cable I'm going to put a link above or in the description And if the printhead is okay, we can just use the water to clean the printhead and the dried But if the cable is burned at this crispy a urillator printhead is gone. Let's take a look So the printhead is not only burn The two pins actually was burned off the base.  So this one is gone. I Hope this information is helpful for your project Visit us at www.pch technologies.com or locally Greensboro, North Carolina. Cheers


Good mental health. I'm your host Matt Kelly. I'm pleased to be joined once again by my co-host, our behavior expert and solutions-focused life coach out of Woodstock, Vermont, Dr. Neil Maranello. Neil is always, it's a pleasure having you on the show. My pleasure too, Matt. I love our topic for today because it feels like it's a natural progression from our other two shows. We started this series with the topic, I am the most important person in the world to me, followed by there is no part of you that is not a part of me. And today's topic is just a natural tie-in, I feel. And that is, each of us lives in our own reality. Neil, why don't you talk about what the thoughts are behind that statement? Sure, sure. Well, to begin with, let's imagine what it's like to be a baby and what it's like to grow up. And you have what I think Locke was the person who called it a tabula rasa, which is Latin for a blank slate. But the truth is that we have certain hereditary characteristics, but the reality is that as babies, we really have very unformed brains.  That data is based on the experiences that we have and the way that we interpret those experiences. I talked to I think before about the fact that every baby has two mothers, the one that feeds them when they're hungry and the one that changes the diaper when they're hungry. The reality is that the experience of the child is very simple, but we all grow up and we all grow up experiencing and interpreting things that happen to us as our brains develop and our brains are very undeveloped at first. The other problem is that what we're told by the giants who control our lives, our parents or the other nurturing people in our lives. It's accepted, even if those giants are wrong in what they're saying to us. And the truth is that we may discuss this at some future time. Another basic precept that I have is that there are no grownups at any rate the supposed grownups who are bringing us up are telling us all kinds of things that we accept the same way a computer accepts what you program it with. And the problem is that if you tell a computer that two and two is three, it not only believes that, it also believes that four and four is six. And it develops from that to 400 and 400 and 600 and whatever other levels, it leads us to, which of course pre-exists to a reality which is not reality. It's not what is things as they are. The other thing to be aware of is that there's an argument that can be made that belief is the most strong force in the universe. And so I gave a sermon at our church one time titled beliefs are us. And I talked about the variety of beliefs that each of us accept as truth as fact. People nowadays right in the present, who are dealing with the fact that that that they're ready to die for beliefs which are not provable as fact, which are even questionable. And so you have the concept that goes with the mental health community of a delusion. And then there's basically a fixed false belief. And, but if it's fixed, it's very hard to mess with by virtue of it's being fixed. So you have this difficulty that if you actually believe something to be true. It controls your behavior and it controls what you what you see as reality. So I follow this through and you know try to relate in my own words how this is important, you know, I'm an amalgam of all my experiences from the time I came to the womb to today. And those experiences color my outlook. To use it maybe even as just a more simple explanation. Someone who's color blind or someone who's blind has a very different reality than someone who has sight or the full color spectrum of their site. Someone who is deaf. Who hears no sound has a very different reality than someone who does hear sound. So, you know when we think about that then then that in essence there are seven billion different realities on this planet that that we inhabit. Yes, yes. In fact, perception is often perceived as reality. And what we perceive may or may not be what is, for example, without even going to the deaf blind examples that you gave, we can say what you see as blue and what I see as blue, maybe two different things. We both call it blue. There's no way for you to know that I'm seeing the same thing you're saying. So, the fact is that perception determines what we see as reality. And this sort of goes back to something that you were talking about in our previous conversation which you know it's perception, but it's also, what did you say I think interpretation, how you significant what you see for example. You know someone may be out there who sees racism at every turn and oppression, whereas I myself I look and I see abundance everywhere. But we may be looking at the same city the same society and yet to very different distinct perceptions and to very different realities as a result. Yes, the two words that apply here are significant, which, as I said is kind of a made up word and projection. So, when you see something. You put onto that something that's coming from inside you, as well as whatever it is that you're observing and observations are very clearly different. People seeing the same thing and describing the same thing doesn't look like the same thing. We talked about that before the Basque concept. But the reality is that that even in science, you have the, the fact that placebos are major determinants of what a person experiences. So if you believe something is going to work, it's much more likely to work than if you don't believe that it's going to work. There's a flip side to the placebo which we call the no sebo. And the no sebo is if you expect something bad to happen, something bad is more likely to happen. Expectation can create reality. I've heard before to the time when you were suicidal as a moment in time when you felt that you were inside the tunnel of darkness, I think was the term. Yeah, tunnel of darkness. That particular way of looking at it led you to a suicide attempt that was very serious. If you looked at it from a perspective of you are not inside the tunnel, but the tunnel was inside you. There's just one thing that one way of perceiving things. And that in fact, there's all kinds of other ways of perceiving things. It probably would have been easier for you to keep from trying to off yourself.  We all live in our own reality. And that's the question, the nature of reality and you might then just say the nature of reality is really perception and, and, and there's significant gap. There actually are a variety of philosophers and psychologists that can buy into that concept. And there's some science that backs it up. And at the Heisenberg concept when you look at the fact that anytime you, you look at something you change it. There are constructivists in the psychological community who believe that that this wall behind me is not really a wall. Right. It's something that I'm projecting onto it and the and in the sense, you know, as we get down to the, you know, what do we call it the quantumness of reality?  And that's the form that it takes. And there's actually more air than matter in that, in that form. There's more nothing than there is anything. And yeah, and I'm not expecting that I'm going to fall through it, but scientifically it's possible. Even so, I don't plan to walk through the wall behind me. And my expectation is that that until I get to the quantum level of things. The assumptions are real, but then you've got things like like Newton's law of gravity, which is stands up pretty well until you start messing around with with Einstein. Well, and so if we go back again to the theme of today's show again, we all live in our own reality, and it's all subjective. Right. And it makes it I would think quite difficult to try to interact with others who are also in their own reality. Well, that's where to me, I get excited, because everybody has a different reality. And if I can get inside their heads and see the world as they see that see it. They have a chance to actually mess with their delusions have a chance to actually change their perceptions in by by showing them that there's a different way of thinking than that the way they have been thinking. And it's very hard for people to change the way they're thinking, but everybody wants to do their best and if they see that what they're doing is not their best. And that's the things that will enable them to to grow rather than travel. Most people will consider that possibility. And that's the key from my point of view to changing people for the better. Speaking with Dr. Neil Maranello here on Good Mental Health our topic today is each of us lives in our own reality. This is a follow up to our first two podcasts we began our series with the statement that I am the most important person in the world to follow by, there is no part of you that is not a part of me and again, our topic today is each of us lives in our own reality and if again I'm projecting forward, what I see and what I interpret from view as this image in front of me again. It bears no basis in actual fact, I guess. And so in a sense if I'm to actually bring that into me. You know, I think I'm an amalgam of my experiences but that's also not entirely full because I'm also an amalgam of people's reaction to me. And the reality that that reaction creates out in the world. That's correct. Let me see if we can make it a little more practical. I'll give you an example. Back in the old days when I could afford a secretary. I had a new client coming in, and I was sitting in my office finishing off with the previous client. And there was somebody sitting in the outer office with my secretary and with the secretary as the new client came in. And the new client. Looked at the at my secretary and said, it's one o'clock my appointment with the doctors at one o'clock. Where is he. And she said well he's, he's right now meeting with someone he'll be with you in a minute. And she turned to the person who was sitting and waiting for the client I was with and said, that's the only chair I can sit in you're going to have to move. I have a bad back. And the person got up and moved to another chair. And even though I was in a soundproof room I could feel the tension in my office and finished off with the client I was with and I ushered that person out. The new client came to the door and I introduced myself. And she walked in and, and soon as I closed the door she said, she turned into a little girl. She looked like a five year old and she looked at me and she said, do you think I was assertive enough. In my mind, I was saying, you're already so assertive that you're more aggressive than 99% of the people I've run into. At the same time in her mind she was a chicken. In her mind she was a child who wasn't standing up for herself enough. And that's the, that's a good example of the kind of ways in which the way you think about yourself controls how you behave and how other people perceive you. I almost felt like saying to her, without going any further. I think I know one of your problems. Again, we, we look at the question here. Each of us lives in our own reality. For me, I think about it and I see why war can can occur because of the self righteousness of the belief of someone's reality. And you gave just sort of an example of it right there with the female client. Yeah. Yeah, I think that we, what most of us don't realize is that the animal part of our brain operates on a survival level. And that existed long before the cerebral cortex. And on the survival level, you basically have the for what they call the four F's in the textbook it reads fleeing fighting. The fourth one is is mating feeding is the third one. So we have feeding fleeing fighting and mating. That's the way it reads in the textbook. The, the bottom line on it is though that those four things are basically primitive animal things, and they are what we turn to in its most primitive state. And when we feel that something very strongly, it's that part of our brain that's reacting. So the bottom line on it is that we're animals reacting as animals that are looking at feeding fleeing fighting or mating as the primary issue. The reality is that very few issues are that primitive. But we see it that way, and we react that way. On the bottom line that comes down to good guys bad guys that comes down to cowboys and Indians good guys bad guys Israelis and Palestinians blacks and whites whatever other combination of you know, super simplistic way of looking at the world that divides it into into a dichotomous way that has everything is one way or the other, and you're on one side or the other and if you're not on one side, you must be on the other. The truth is that that probably one of the truest things that anyone said was when Abraham Lincoln said the best way to destroy my enemies is to make them my friends. When you in fact understand and get inside the mind of your enemy. You have to realize that there's no real difference between that person and you. And so you wind up then being in a position where you can see. Well, it's like in any in any war, the generals truly understand how each other think, you know, they're each trying to out out and over the other. Right. The only way to do that is to get inside the head of the other general.  For me, if there are seven billion different realities right now, and not, you know, taking into account all the realities that have come before, then life force is having a tremendous experience of itself of these over seven billion different realities that it gets to experience. Yeah, yeah, I think that what makes it a little bit easier is realizing that they're really a limited number of ways of thinking. And so you may have seven billion different experiences of reality, and that is true. But there are only so many ways that those seven billion people can categorize their realities. It has to do with how the brain functions, how the minds function, and the assumption and life force that you're talking about, I would call the subconscious I would call the soul I would call the part of us which is not quantifiable but is clearly there for any of us that operate on levels beyond what is tactile and materialistic. So it's a little simpler than that. Otherwise, I couldn't do my job. In order to do my job, I really need to think the way the person I'm talking to was thinking. And it's basically a curiosity issue but I keep asking questions, and I keep checking out I keep hypothesizing, you know, what I think I'm good at is, if everybody is a puzzle that's 100 pieces. I'm pretty good at if I get 25 or 30 pieces kind of painting and the rest, but I'm always open to the possibility that one of the pieces is doesn't fit the way I have it. And the flexibility that's required to change my perception of your perception is what enables me to hopefully help you. And, you know, I want to again then just bring this back to our general audience here in terms of what why is it important to kind of keep that concept in in the forefront of our minds that each of us lives in our own reality. You know I think I can see why it's important but share with us why you think you know others should try to keep that as as a as a concept in the forefront. Because otherwise you wind up in that primitive part of your brain.   The simple reality is that if you understand that everybody has their perception of reality, and that the real issue is are they hurting anybody that perception. That seems to me to be the cross cut. The truth is that when you really look at the issues of mental health mental illness and that kind of stuff. They're just labels they're just categories. They're just things which need to be judged based on how much of a problem a person is to other people or to themselves. There's something that I realized a long time ago which is that there are many more people walking around the earth with perceptions of reality that are completely different from reality. Then there are people in mental hospitals who are called crazy.  To the extent that you bother other people or yourself. You wind up getting categorized labels and sent into an institution or getting getting categorized in such a way that you wind up not being able to be free to do your own thing. And that feels today like what part of our problem may be is that it feels as though others are demanding that other people accept their version of reality and conform to their vision of reality. And like you said, making the other person wrong for not accepting your framework of reality. Yeah, the whole idea of I'm right, you're wrong. Doesn't make any sense to me unless you unless you determine it on the basis of who's getting hurt and how much. And it's not that that it's not right to hurt people because it is, but my belief is that it's not right to hurt people unnecessarily. If hurting somebody is the only way to teach them something they need to learn. Then, to a great degree, I'm a teacher because I do hurt people who I meet with, especially if they are hurting others or themselves. And that I then again is probably the the tenets of this question here is that each of us lives in our own reality and you're welcome to it and free to live in it as long as it does not harm others or require others to accept your version of truth. Yeah, it's that we talked about it before the concept of laying your trip on someone else. It's your trip. Yeah. You know, people don't don't really understand how much laying their trip on someone else can be a problem. You know, trying to think of a historical example. The pilgrims wound up going into Holland and walking into the bars in Holland and screaming you guys should not be drinking. And as you can do just about anything with the Dutch people except take away their freedom to get stoned. And the result was that they got kicked out and wound up coming over here and laying their trip on the Indians. Excuse me on the Native Americans. But you have this this entire idea of what I believe is what's right. And what you believe is what's wrong and that gives me the right to lay my trip on you. Whether you're Great Britain or whether you're you know the cowboys or whether you're you believe that might makes right. You believe that how wealthy you are determines whether you're right or wrong.  It's just it's a real issue is that what's right is what your gut tells you was right. That doesn't hurt yourself or other people. And speaking with Dr. Neil Maranello, our topic today is we each live in our own reality. The topics are picked from tweets that Dr. Neil Maranello posts on his Twitter page you're welcome to follow him directly at coach Dr. Neal. And you know why don't you wrap up our session here today with your final thoughts on the topic. And how you know we can apply that to our everyday lives and use it to move us forward in our everyday lives again the the topic is each of us lives in our own reality. I think the basic idea here is to accept that your perception is not reality. But to the extent that your perceptions give you permission to harm yourself or others, you need to re examine them that in any situation you either grow or shrivel. If you stay the same. You're, you're dealing with the most important prayer that anybody ever developed from my perspective, which is the serenity prayer. And that is someone wants to ask me how do you do what you do how do you see as many people. As many problems as you see and still stay in a positive space. And my answer was, I think I understand the serenity prayer. I accept what I can change I change what I can, and I'm smart enough to know the difference. Not always, but I do the best I can, and everybody is doing the best they can. So, if you want to do the best you can be aware of the fact that your perceptions are not reality. And I love this because it segues right into our next week's conversation, which is no one is better than anyone else, and you sort of just touched on it there. And I just I love the way that our conversations go because they naturally continue and and follow into our next topic. I think that good mental health we do this each and every week if you have a question of Dr. Neil Maranello, you're welcome to ask the question in the comments section. We also invite you to subscribe and like this podcast and join us next week. On behalf of Dr. Neil Maranello, I'm that Kelly wishing you good mental health.


The Deep South is a cultural area in the southeastern part of the United States. Atlanta, Georgia is part of the Deep South. According to culture and folklore, there are three sisters of the Deep South. They are Charleston, South Carolina, Savannah, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana. We have covered both Charleston and Savannah on this channel. I have a lot of heritage in Charleston. Charleston and Savannah were both mostly settled by English settlers, although Charleston did take in a few French Huguenots who were trying to escape the brutality of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. New Orleans, however, was a French outpost. These three sisters of the South are described as followed. Charleston, South Carolina is described as the beautiful sister of the South. Savannah, Georgia is described as the dirty sister of the South, and New Orleans, Louisiana is described as the wicked sister of the South.  But before we go any further, you know what to do. Please hit that subscribe button and give us a like. As always, a very, very, very special thank you to all of our producers and our Patreons here at Esoteric Atlanta. Without you guys, we could not do what we do. If you would like to join our Patreon community, there is a link down in the description box below. Welcome to Esoteric Atlanta. My name is Bryce, and today on our first episode in our new series on New Orleans, we are going to be talking about the Casket Girls. As I said in the opening, most of my personal heritage comes from Charleston, South Carolina. I myself was born in South Carolina, and that's where my mother's family lived for many, many generations. My mother's mother, my maternal grandmother, the Stroms, immigrated into what was then Charleston from Germany in the 1600s. Our low country lineage runs deep. Well, according to my father's mother, my paternal grandmother, I also have heritage in New Orleans. You see, the state of Georgia that I live in today was at one point a penal colony. Before the United States won its independence from Great Britain, Georgia was a land mass that England was sending its prisoners to. Once America won its independence, we started to see the colonization of Australia under the same purpose. Well, the only grandparent that I have that is actually from Georgia is my dad's mother. She grew up in South Georgia, closer to the Florida, Alabama state line. And again, according to her, her ancestors came up through New Orleans. They themselves were not prisoners, but rather were French and decided to take their chances on the New World. In fact, that whole area from Mobile, Alabama to Biloxi, Mississippi to, yes, New Orleans was all French territory. So that makes sense to me that her line, her family, would have come up through this port eventually landing in South Georgia, where my great grandfather ran a dairy farm. You can even see the validity to her claims by the way her maiden name was spelled. Now I'm not going to say her maiden name just because she's my only grandparent still alive and I don't really want to dox her, but her maiden name was said in a very English way, but its spelling was incredibly French. The folklore around New Orleans is so legendary that most people all over the globe know about it. Vampires, ghosts, voodoo, and a very, very high case of men and missing people. But where did this all begin? Well, for starters, like everywhere in the deep south, the terrain here is really, really harsh. I've spoken about the weather a lot. It is so freaking hot down here in the south here in the summertime that honestly I have no idea how the settlers survived in their long dresses and petticoats. We also have a lot of Swampland. Swampland does exist along the coast of Georgia. We have the Okevenoke swamp here in South Georgia as well as in Louisiana where it's called a Bayou. There's a famous quote, man versus nature, nature will always win. And the Bayou is a force to be reckoned with. It's the home of alligators, of poisonous snakes, dangerous spiders, and the ability for someone to go missing whether they want to or not. This harsh terrain of the Bayou was one of the reasons why our story exists today on the Casket Girls. Now, if you've been on this channel for a very long time, you know that a few months back we took a look into the French court and the French aristocracy. I have linked those videos down in the description box below. Now we know that all the royal bloodlines allegedly dabble in Luciferianism and Satanism. However, it seems that the French royal bloodline and the French aristocrats, the elite, if you will, were a little bit more open about their practices. And it seems from my research that they brought these practices into the new world with them. Now, of course, the French aren't solely responsible for this. We have a fair amount of voodoo and hoodoo also in Charleston, but it seems that they were the ones who opened up this portal. Now before we go into these stories, as I say a lot when we cover different states, different countries, and different cities, I'm not talking about the average person. New Orleans, I believe, is one of the funnest and most fantastic cities that we have in this nation. I have nothing but love for the city of New Orleans. I have a lot of friends that are from New Orleans. And they are wonderful, wonderful people and come from wonderful, wonderful families. Once again, I'm speaking about a very specific elite group of people. And these heavy players in this elite group of people and the stories we covered over the French aristocracy also, also come up in the history of New Orleans. Now there's a lot about our history that we're a little bit unsure of. Before this great awakening, we pretty much believed the history books. Now I'm not saying the history of America is completely wrong. Yes, as people of European descent, we do pretty much know when our relatives came over because our relatives kept notes and told the generations and the stories were passed on, as such. However, the whole story of the white man not coming to America, to this continent, until Christopher Columbus is completely bunk. Yes, again, we acknowledge that the Vikings were here first. But there's also some interesting claims about there being Roman architect found here, as well as a lot of artifacts from Egypt, including the possibility of allegedly there being mummies, Egyptian mummies in the Grand Canyon. So a lot of the beginnings of this country I now take with a grain of salt, we don't really know what happened specifically. Remember, the powers that be are the ones that write our history books, and they only tell us what they want us to know, regardless of whether it's true or not. But according to the history books, of course, this land was Native American land for about 1300 years before the white man stepped foot into the bayou of Louisiana. At this point, once again, the French government had three outposts in the new American world. You see the French government all the way over in France was really more concerned with what was happening over in Canada. We know a huge part of Canada still is French speaking. But their interest in coming down to the deep south, as we call it today, had a lot to do with the fact that England and Spain were gaining ground on this area of the new world. The French Royal Court was more interested in closing off the Mississippi River from the English people. And so they came down to this area and they set up three ports. Again, this was Biloxi, now we know Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and of course New Orleans, Louisiana. In the year 1698, the then King Louis XIV of the House of Bourbon picked two brothers to lead the expedition in to Louisiana. These two brothers were from the French-governed area of Montreal and what is today Canada. This was Pierre Lamoye-sur-Devenville, who was 38 at the time, and Jean-Paptiste Lamoye-Devenville, who was only 18 at the time. They officially set up camp on what would turn out to be New Orleans on the 3rd of March of 1699. As we move forward in the story, we are going to refer to these brothers by their first names, Pierre and Jean-Paptiste, just to make it a little bit easier, mostly on myself than on anybody else because my French is horrific. Now the thing about Pierre and Jean-Paptiste is that as explorers, especially as explorers of a European descent, a.k.a. white men, they had a better way of handling the Native Americans than other explorers at the time. This was because they had had experience with the Native Americans up in Canada. Many of the explorers were quite brutal when they came in to conquer this land. Now a lot of people liked to harp on this and as sad as it was, it's no different than anything else that's happened in the history of mankind. Since the beginning of time, different communities have gone in and invaded other lands and taken over. This wasn't just specific to the Europeans. This is just a human quality, not an ethnic quality. But Pierre and Jean-Paptiste, because they already had dealings with Native Americans, they knew that in order to succeed in creating this outpost for France, that they needed to make the Native Americans their friends and not their enemies. They decided that in these different ports they were setting up for the French government that they would regulate these ports to be trading posts. They told the Native Americans living in the area that they wanted to do business with them. By explaining that they wanted to do business with the Native Americans meant that they valued what the Native Americans had to offer. And because they approached the Natives with value, the Native Americans respected them and gave them dignity in return. The only problem was that the Native Americans knew how to handle the elements of the Deep South, where these two little French boys who were living up in Canada had no idea how to handle the dangerous natural elements that exist down here in the South even to this day. We're talking yellow fever, malaria, insects, alligators, all sorts of stuff that really hindered the growth of a new civilization. Pierre, being the oldest brother, understood that he really needed the help of the French court if they were going to survive. He took many voyages back and forth to France, begging for more help and more supplies. Unfortunately, though, it appears that the Royal Government of France wasn't super interested in making sure their citizens were safe. They just wanted to block the British from being able to get any further into the new world. The new world was quite a lucrative place, full of products that would make a country wealthy, and at this point the French government was starting to find holes and leaks in their financial prosperity. The full extent of their financial issues wouldn't come into play, however, until Louis XVI and the French Revolution. Any colonists they did get coming into New Orleans at this time from France did not last very long, and it came to the point the only people living in this area were people that kind of had to be there, like French soldiers. Unfortunately, when Pierre took his fourth trip back to France to once again beg the royal family for help, he was drafted into yet another war. Pierre then lost his life, leaving his little brother Jean Baptiste alone in this new world. I can't imagine how stressful this would have been for Jean Baptiste. After all, he was considered the man in charge, and all of his people were getting sick, and because of the desperate times, desperate measures were happening. The colonists, the soldiers were starting to fight amongst themselves. They also had the pressure of being surrounded by enemy troops. We had England on one side on the east coast, and Spain on the other on the west coast. In 1712, they tried to solve this problem by making the territory of Louisiana like a proprietorship. For example, having landlords and tenants. So try to, again, go with this idea of it being a business. But even under this, they could not get people to stay in Louisiana. So they did what the English did. They started to send prisoners. In the year 1718, Jean Baptiste gave their territory a name. He called it La Novella de Hollines, or as we know today, New Orleans. Jean Baptiste also created an 11 by 7 square block rectangle that was going to be the plan for this new city of New Orleans. This area is called the French Quarter today. As the colony kept failing, a man named John Law stepped in. This was the first big boom for the settlement of New Orleans, and even though it was built kind of on a pyramid scheme as we call it today, it did give New Orleans the push it needed. You see, John Law was a Scotsman, and he had been sentenced to death in London for participating in a duel. Needless to say, I guess he won the duel. Well, there's two different stories about how he got out of his sentence. One story claims that he escaped, and he escaped to France. Another story claims that because of his family's good standing within the British Empire, that they were able to negotiate a deal to let him loose. The most important message to take away from John Law's story is that this guy was a wild man. After his release from prison, he ended up in France where he got very, very wealthy from gambling, and he decided to set up the company of the West. This would become known as the Mississippi Bubble. Basically, he got people to buy stock in his company, and with the money that he collected from his company, he would pay people to then move to New Orleans. But paying them wasn't enough. He decided to do his own little fake news or propaganda. He put up posters all over France and other parts of Europe claiming that this area in the bayou was like a second paradise. How alluring was that for people in Europe. They'll pay me to move to this new world that's almost like the Garden of Eden. Are you kidding me? And here I am in this war in Europe where the Protestants and the Catholics and the monarch are constantly at each other's throats. Hell yeah, I'll take you up on your offer, John Law. Give me the money, put me on a boat, and send me to this paradise in the new world. In 1721, Law even got a bunch of German settlers who were really good at farming to take him up on his offer and move into the French territory of the new world. FYI, the French and the German colonists in the Louisiana territory would end up being very, very strong allies later on in the story of New Orleans when Spain took over. This Ponzi scheme of John Law's introduced the word millionaire into the French language. But like all Ponzi schemes, John Law's Mississippi bubble popped. Investors started to get nervous when they heard that this was not a paradise but indeed a terrain of living hell. They pulled their money out and the whole company flopped. After this, once again, John Law fled town. In 1722, the capital of the French territory in the new world moved from Biloxi to New Orleans. And even though the company of the West and John Law's pyramid scheme had brought in new fresh blood to the colony of the French in the new world, they were still short on women. To solve this problem, the French government decided that they would now send female prisoners over to the new world. These were typically women who had been arrested in brothels. Once these women got to the new world against their will, a lot of the men in New Orleans did not want to marry them. They wanted good Christian women, specifically young women who would be healthy enough to deal with the elements of New Orleans and bear them children. The leaders of New Orleans knew that the French government had provided these young women to other colonists under French rule before. And now they were asking for the same thing. They were asking for casket girls. During the French settlement of Canada, the French government sent an order of nuns called the Ursuline nuns to help the French government establish a civilized society. They taught Christianity to the natives. And when the French government started sending over these casket girls, the Ursuline nuns were there to help them get settled into their new homes and to find the suitable husbands. You see, the word casket originally comes from the French word that means a trunk or a suitcase. These were girls that were contracted to come over to this new world to then be married off to another man. Basically, this is like the 15th and 16th century version of a male order bride. In 1704, a group of these casket girls were sent to Mobile, Alabama, although they called these girls the Pelican girls because they came over on a ship called the Pelican. And in 1719, while Biloxi was still the capital of the French territory, a group of casket girls were sent to Biloxi. But now into the 1720s, New Orleans being the new capital of the French territory and the leaders of the city wanted their own batch of women. Before the French government would send over these casket girls to New Orleans, they first sent another group of Ursuline nuns just like they had done in Canada. The Ursuline nuns came to New Orleans in 1727. These particular Ursuline nuns were sent from Rouen, France. And a year later in 1728, they received their first group of casket girls. As time went on, the Ursuline nuns built their first convent in 1734. And then the second convent was built in 1751. This is the convent that you can still see to this day. And it is technically the oldest building in the Mississippi Valley. Well over the years, more and more groups of casket girls were sent to New Orleans. The Ursuline nuns at this point had the reputation of being the saviors of the city. I have my doubts that any high-ranking Catholic has been the savior of anyone. Legends of vampires were already known throughout Europe. And we know from previous videos that the French royal family and its aristocrats participated in vampiric activity, if you know what I mean. And many people believe that it was in one of these shipment of casket girls that the first vampires were released into the American continent. Late one night, a ship coming from France ducks in the port of New Orleans.  They were there to marry men of New Orleans. Except for these women seemed quite odd. Their skin was really, really pale. They themselves were very, very thin. And their caskets or suitcases were much bigger than that of the girls that came before them. In fact, these caskets, these suitcases, could have held a body. The size of these suitcases started the tongues of the town wagging. Why were these suitcases so big? Did the king himself send these girls with more clothes? Clothes that were more adaptable to the environment of New Orleans? Or perhaps did these girls come with a dowry? And that dowry was why their suitcases were so big. Another peculiar thing is that nobody knew who these girls were. Most of the girls that came before them came from good families or from convents or orphaned themselves and taken care of by the French court. They had paperwork. They weren't strangers. But these girls were a complete mystery. When they got to the convent, these strange and peculiar looking women told the nuns to place their trunks into the attic and to make sure that their trunks and the attic stayed sealed until the time came for them to be opened. After a while, some of the nuns got curious about these strange suitcases and so they snuck up into the attic just to see what was in there. Once they got into the attic, though all of the trunks were open and empty, the nuns believed right away that what the girls brought in with them were vampires from Europe, possibly vampires sent by the royal court. The nuns immediately had the window sealed up with nails that apparently had been blessed by the pope, although I don't know what kind of blessing a satanic pope can give. Two different stories started to emerge. One that the girls themselves were not vampires, but were associated with the cargo of vampires brought into this new world. They acted as agents for the vampires to bring them into this city for nefarious reasons in homage to their god Lucifer. Other people believed that the girls themselves were vampires. That's why they looked so sickly and so skinny. It is said that even to this day, the attic windows and the Ursuline convent are still glued shut. However, in my opinion, the damage was already done. Do I believe something nefarious was brought into New Orleans with these casket girls? I actually do, because the idea of the casket girls was not a new one. And for one batch of girls to come in that was quite odd to still be talked about to this day meant that something really peculiar happened. However, I don't believe the girls themselves were the vampires. I believe the first theory that the girls were associated somehow with these vampiric families and were sent to deliver this curse to the new world. I believe the girls themselves were probably married off, but marriage again wasn't their first priority. Their first priority was to do the deeds of Lucifer, of this religion that drinks the blood of humans. Does it matter that the convent boarded up the windows? No, because these ancient creatures very easily could have found a new home. Legends of vampires still move throughout the city of New Orleans to this day. And in our next episode, we're going to talk about two of the most feared vampires in New Orleans. Alright you guys, let me know your opinions down in the comment section below. In doing research, I found a group of people that were descendants of these casket girls. For all I know, I could possibly also be a descendant of the casket girl. I have no idea.  I hope that you're all having the start of a really, really wonderful week. Thank you again to Josh Peke for doing our music. If you would like to purchase the opening song once more, there is a link down in the description box below. And thank you to Todd Roderick for helping me get this video out to you all today. I'll talk to you soon. Bye!


That's right And we gotta start this fast now. Let's get it cranked up like I said earlier in the week Like I said the other day that start fast man. No matter what happened last week It's all about this week, but it's these mothers in the mouth They don't want to play physical games with his dog.


At Audiology Associates of Prestonsburg, you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing. With 40 years of being in the hearing care industry, you'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. Mennonite Central Committee held a red ribbon cutting at Elkhorn Community Church on Wednesday, May 10th in celebration of the additions added to the church where volunteers working with MCC will be housed. So today I hope to just give our community some information about who we are, what we do, and what we hope to accomplish here in the county. We will be doing a special celebration ceremony to recognize the volunteers that have committed their last several months to making this place what it is. MCC, Appalachia Swap, is a non-profit that addresses substandard housing needs throughout eastern Kentucky. What we hope to do is we address substandard housing needs. So these are people's homes who are living in unsafe, unwarm and very dangerous conditions, whether it's a result of the flood or whether it's just a result of problems that sustained over time. So our hope is to address those needs through utilizing volunteers that will come here to this place and stay for weeks at a time to address those issues. The event held by MCC on Wednesday not only rung in new additions to the church that will house volunteers coming into the area to help with housing issues, but also served as a venue to shine light on those who made the project possible. For Mountain Top News, I'm Kelsey Dean.


Call all hands, speak to quarters. Turn by this towered battery. One broadside into it, if you please, Captain Bush. Point to some targets. Limps tops ready. At C.S. Foresters, Indomitable Man of the Sea, a ratio hornblower. Even there in the Westin. We've taken two Spanish fortresses, destroyed a nest of privateers, and gained security for future convoys making use of the Monae Passage. No wonder my new friend, Bush, now second-aid command of the renowned, stood grinning to himself there on the quarter deck as he applied his eye to the ship's telescope. Morning, Mr. Bush. Happy New Year. Surely I'm right. This is New Year's Day, despite the temperature. Hornblower, happy New Year to you too. I hope we both deserve it. You look happy enough. What are you trained on? Here, on the sea. The second fort here at the harbour mark. Our party's leaving there. Boat's putting off from the landing right now. Yes. There'll be some fireworks any moment then. Oh, not till they've got a little farther off. Tell me, um... does Captain Buckham seem at all, um... related to you, Bush? Not particularly. No. Well, to me, it's strange, isn't it?  Heaven and the Nose, the hands are pleased enough with the five shillings they'll collect. Perhaps he's only thinking of the fourth private here we had to see. I don't suppose I'll ever understand that, man. Two Spanish fortresses taken. One of them already destroyed and... The party's safely away. No more do Spanish guns rule the entrance to Samana Bay, you know, Jesus. Fountains of smoke and flying masonry. I haven't two tons of gunpowder. We're quite sufficient, aren't we? We should be losing sail now, anyway. As soon as his nib sends up word from his cabin, huh? Well, with four ships, three prizes, and we ourselves, jammed full of prisoners and their women, at least our voyage to Jamaica won't be boring. Mmm, the women must be watched, I'd say. Coming aboard, I thought the men seemed tractable enough, even resigned. Probably had enough of that weird island here. Tropic heat, rebellious natives, yellow fever. Some of them have been stationed there in Garrison for years, but they're sullen wives and daughters. If baleful looks could kill, they'd have withered every man of us. They don't mind showing, they can hate, do they? Well, separating them in the way we have ought to take care of that. Only about fifty women and their children batten down in our midshipman's berth, and marine sentries always on guard, remember? They're in its fixed and muskets loaded. Well, and all four hundred of their men stood on our lower gun deck. Every hatchway guarded by prisoners aboard each of the three prizes, too, remember? Yes, but not as many. And we've got good men of our own aboard those prizes. Look, there goes Elphan's now in Captain Buckman's gig. He's boarding the one they call Lar Gaddy Turner. Yes. You shan't as if I still hadn't convinced you. I'll be convinced once we're safely in Kingston Harbor. And that's a full week away. We'll have to let them up, you know, for exercise and air. Conditions down there are no better than doing a slave ship. Oh, I'll grant you that. Look here, hornblower. If I'm being a bit more cheerful, will you? You'll have to give me nightmares. Oh, well, isn't sending word this time our captain comes himself? Lieutenant Bush. Captain, it looks as if the damage ashore is complete enough, doesn't it, sir? Yes. Well, get underway just as soon as the shoreboat's hoisted in, if you please. Aye, sir. All hands, stand by to get underway. All hands, stand by to get underway. Aye, aye, sir. Of course, that shoreboat landed on India. She was entitled to feel satisfied, I suppose, as one day followed another without event. There we were, a small Armada, one British ship shepherding three Spanish prizes, four specks alone and tiny in a vast sun-wrenched sea. On the renowned, we were left short-handed, both as two officers and men. Although each of the prize crews was small enough in all conscience, this fact produced no crisis. Watch seceded watch and all was calm. The tight and proper routine seemed to have been established. Yet I still couldn't avoid a slight uneasiness. Exercise period beginning? Yes, the regular hour after um, no doubt. Bush, look, am I seeing things again or am I right? That woman over there by the hatchway beside the sentry. She doesn't look exactly sullen. No, she's fine. Sure, she's fletching with one of our Marines. Sergeant Billings, come here, please. Sit down, gentlemen. Sit down. Thank you for coming.  Ah, certainly not. I haven't tightened up too much on sailing orders during the voyage, so long as we could keep the three prize ships under surveillance. But now that we'll be entering a British harbor, some changes are called for, I think. Changes, sir? Yes, Mr. Bush. You can't have those Spanish vessels struggling along in any fashion. Simply won't do. Must keep at least a trim formation. Understood, gentlemen? Yes, sir, of course. But may I respectfully suggest, sir, that in this instance, well, appearances aren't really as important as... No, Mr. Hornblower, you may not. And listen, if you please, to my instruction. Yes, sir. Mitchamon Brown will replace Mr. Hornblower temporarily a second lieutenant of the renown under Lieutenant Bush. Mr. Hornblower, this afternoon, well before nightfall, you will transfer to the first of the privateers, like Aditana. Yes, sir. From there, in consultation with the other prize crews, you will pre-organize a more efficient disposition. Bring all three into port in an orderly manner. Sir, um... May I be permitted to point out that... Well, we've already shorthanded aboard renown. I don't know why it is that certain officers feel called upon to offer me advice when I don't ask it. Very well, gentlemen. That will be all, I think, for the moment. I'll leave myself. Once aboard Gaditana, I set about hoisting signals to our other two prize crews, pursuing Bucklin's instructions as best I could. Bush told me his story later. I was able to piece together pretty clearly much of what had happened aboard the renown in my absence. It was a dark and lovely Caribbean night under bright stars when Bush completed his last evening rounds. He was dog-tired and soon asleep. Chip's sounds did not disturb him in the least. But sometime after midnight, Bush became suddenly awake. His ears told him that something was amiss. There were loud cries. There was a rush of feet on deck. A woman screamed. Then there was another rush of feet. Bush had leapt from his cot, snatched his sword and fistles to my back against the cabin bulkhead. He scrapped his sword radar. He fought to tear it from their grip. Struck wildly at the pressing mob. Kicked out of his bare feet at the attackers. Bush struggled to rally them. A few more of the crew of the renown fought to his side. And suddenly he found himself strolled on the deck. He was struck down. He was bathed in blood. His own and that of others. His head swam. He was weak beyond belief. And then the two might seem to die away. Bush, sir. Mr. Bush. They've come from that there Spanish prize. Who's come? I do believe it's Mr. Renown, sir. With his prize crew. That's right. All your reliance will still walk this way. He's fair trampled, too. Oh, they do not. I'm glad to say it. Thank God that you and a few others held him off till we got there. They never reached the quarter deck. Where's Captain Buck? Well, they took him prisoner while he still lay a bed. Oh, he's all right. We released him as soon as we got the Spaniards under control. And he... Bush. Bush. Yeah, man. He's unconscious again now. Lift him gently now. Gently.   In gratitude. Hmm. Lemonade? What is lemonade? Bumbug from shore has already been alongside. Bought some lemons for you. That was all. I didn't mean lemonade, you know. Last night I... Well, this is no time for you to talk. How are you feeling, anyhow? Movement not very easy, eh? I should think now. Clive tells me he had to close a lot of gashes in your body. Oh, fifty-three is to choose from, Blaire. Fifty-three?  That'll mean some mending up in base hospital ashore. Not bad. I hear they feed you quite well up there. I... Rather envy you at the moment. Things are going to be slightly difficult aboard. Was I dreaming last night? Or did you tell me that they'd taken Captain Buckland to his bed? Oh, it's true enough. They bound him with his bedding, and he let her help us throughout the battle for the ship. I...  His hand dog look this morning. I'll capture you to sleep in bed. I suppose you'll never live that down. Will there be a court of inquiry, do you imagine? Oh, it was bound to be. You see, Bush, you are lucky to be here. Whatever happens, it's going to be embarrassing. Oh, Blower, how the devil hit those prisoners' escape. Come in. Oh, it's you, sir. Nice of you to stop in and see, Mr. Bush. Afternoon, Captain. Good afternoon, Mr. Bush. Thought I'd just look in on you for a moment before going ashore. You were... You're going ashore to make your reports? Yes. Well, it's... It's a beautiful afternoon, sir, so far as I can judge, and you do look most impressive, sir, those spotless white trousers and uniform coat and your sword. I... Oh, yes, I've dressed with the utmost care and my finest so I could find. I've carefully prepared my reports, and I wish to heaven I would get. Oh, sir, I... I don't say that, sir. I wish I were.  Thank you, Mr. Brown. Nice to be up in a moment. Aye, aye, sir. Yes, remember the Spanish prizes, Captain. They'll bulk very large to the gold braid ashore. Oh, well, I... How in heaven's name did those Spanish maniacs escape? Well, it must surely have been due to the, uh... Well, carelessness of the Marine guards, sir. Certainly, it was well planned. Perhaps none of the women, well, quite sold themselves in exchange for a portrayal, but if they're seeming complacency, it must have led some of our men to leave a hatchway unfarced. Yes, I... We must institute an investigation at once. Sergeant Billings has already reported, sir. He seems quite certain, after much enquiry, that two Marines were responsible, and both of them died in the fighting last night. Oh, well, at any rate, I want you gentlemen to know I've treated you well in these reports. For instance, Mr. Hornblower, I've given you full credit for what you did at IED and for boarding the ship when the prisoners rose. Oh, thank you, sir. It's more than I deserve. Well, I'll be off. Good fortune to you, Mr. Bush, if you've been taken ashore before I'm back. Oh, thank you, sir. And good luck to you, too, sir. I'll ashore.  Yes. Well, get some sleep now, if you can, sir. I'll attend to my other duties, and then we'll see that you get ashore. In Buckland, off, there was much else to be seen to while we were waiting for the stretcher-bearers from Kingston. Meanwhile, up on deck, I asked Sergeant Clive about Bush. Hmm, yes, Mr. Hornbrode. His condition is rather serious. Serious? Well, you didn't tell me that this morning. He's grown feverish, and with so many wounds, both large and small, I fear infection. Oh, well, he's not in such a bad shape as those three seamen who stood with him. Don't worry. They've a really excellent naval hospital here, I'm informed. Ah, I do believe that's the hospital lighter now. Am I mistaken? I think you're up, Miss Second Doctor. Dawson, stand by to receive those stretcher men from the boat coming alongside. There should be stretchers for six men in all. Delighted enough. To be honest, Bush, sounds a bit blinding, isn't it? Hornblower, I knew there was something I had to ask you. What's that? Kept coming back, too, to bother me all morning. When you recaptured the renown last night, you came all the way from the garrison. Well, yes, naturally. How did you know that anything was wrong? You were so far away. I heard a couple of musket shots at first, and then I saw the renown come up into the wind, and that seemed aimless and peculiar. So you collected all three prize crews together. Was that his? Yes. The thing that puzzles me, stripping all three of our seamen, weren't you afraid of losing the prizes? Hornblower, they all carried prisoners aboard. Better to lose the prizes than the renown, Bush, besides. Besides what? Well, I had every sheet and halyard cut in the prizes before we left them. I took them so much time to read new ones that we had no trouble at all retaking them. Oh, so that was it. And you had to retake them. Yeah. By the holy, you had a busy night all in all. Well, yes, rather. Into the boat with them now, men, and watch those slings. I saw it. Bush, oh, goodbye, Hornblower. Good luck, and carry on. Goodbye, Bush. We'll be waiting for you here in the renown. Starring Michael Redgrave is based on the novels by C.S. Forrester. Music composed and conducted by Sidney Torch. Produced by Harry Allen Towers.


In the beginning was an idea. I love this phrase. The beginning of every new project, every new adventure, every new everything starts with an idea. But this phrase is missing two important words. In the beginning was an idea and then. The end then is essential because it moves us from idea to action. Ideas aren't just something you have, they're something you do.  Execution is everything.


I am Marcelo Zufu. I am a professor at São Paulo University Brazil. I teach embedded computing design for my electrical engineering students. And I'm John Maddell Call, I'm the president of Linux International and I'm a consultant for Leno, helping them with various projects. So what have you been talking about this week? Well, we've been talking about a series of things, projects that are going on, ways that the university could tie in with Leno and their member companies and lend their specific expertise to projects that maybe these companies don't have the people in hand to do, maybe researchy types of work and things like that. So people don't understand a lot of times that you do research and then you do advanced development and then you do production engineering. And the professor has about 16,000 PhDs and 100,000 students at the University of São Paulo, so it's a perfect thing to do that with. Really? Well, for me it was a big discovery, this conference, because I teach embedded computing for years and we know that open source has become a major trend in this industry. And for me it was the first time that I visited this conference and I was delighted with the energy of this community. And I really believe that it will be the future for young students that have a great on electrical engineering and computer engineering. So open source, collaborative design and cooperation in industry, in these topics are a major trend in my point of view. And this is not a trade show, this is not a conference per se, this is actually people working together on real projects that are going to be delivered next year as products into the industry, or even this year as products into the industry. And this is being done in September. No, the beauty of this conference is engineering confidence. So we can have a face to face discussion with engineers that really face the real problems. And for a professor in design, that's a marvelous opportunity. So how many different things are happening in this world of embedded arm? There's lots of stuff happening, right? Well, the maker movement, the standardization of low cost developing boards, they spread out of embedded computing in all domains of human life, IoT. So the industry is coming to a given direction where I believe the only way to sustain this developing future is in this kind of approach that Linares has. There's a big opportunity right there for Brazil in the future. There's a lot of opportunities right there. Well, it's not only for small boards and embedded systems, but it's also for large server farms. Brazil has one of the largest hydroelectric plants in the world, Taipu. And they have an active program to try and cut down on the amount of electrical usage to keep electrical usage as low as possible so they don't have to build another Taipu. And so the work that's being done by Linares in power management and power reduction and things like that, they still have a high-performing system with low amount of heat generation is very important. What do you think about arm? Well, that is what John pointed out. Energy, you became a major trend in the future of embedded computers. So reducing the energy footprint in these embedded computers is a very promising technology for the future of computing and future of the embedded computer. And again, open source is also another part of this equation. So with the dissemination, the basic dissemination of embedded computing in human life, open source will be probably the only way to face the question of the design gap, I mean the distance between hardware and software development. And Linares doesn't work just on the kernel of the operating system. They also work on the tool chain, which means improvements to the compilers. It means Lava, which is a testing system. I saw a demonstration in here of network defined virtual networks being managed by the Lava system, which I found really fascinating. Another point that is interesting to mention is about innovation. In all talks that I see here, people are talking about designs that are affecting half a billion people, 1 billion people, 1.4 billion people. So it's engineering conference, but with a deregulation for people's life. I mean, we're doing things here that can affect people's life everywhere in the globe. So it's just about ideas and making them real, optimizing and releasing lots of new, crazy, world-changing things. Optimizing, collaborating, open sourcing, establishing new trends, focusing on open standards. So that's my first time in this conference, and I really feel a strong sense of community in this conference. I was upstairs just a few minutes ago at the elevator coming down here, and this young man comes up to me. He says, Mad Dog, I met you in the year 2006 at the Ohio Linux Fest. He says, today I'm working in a small company. We have six shareholders in the company. We have 15 employees. Most of our shareholders are in France, so he's working in a worldwide company that's solely working on free software, Linux support. This makes me feel good. This is the type of thing that can happen when you have open source, that people can look at it, study it, learn from it, and then contribute to it. Can you talk about some of the examples of the things you are working on and what you have some examples of some... Oh, yeah. IoT. We have appliance here from common life, like washing machines to...