Tell her what's poppin It is We are on twitch. We are not live, but you can come maybe to like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells, man Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK It is documentary Monday Yes, sir. Got my Little snack Britain's most dangerous prison for documentary this is the Something right on beautiful wise quotations you to enjoy These two men were the ringleaders behind Britain's most notorious and violent prison riot 25 years ago Nearly 2,000 inmates broke out of their cells and took over strange ways prison in Manchester The world's media caught every moment of the rooftop siege But what made strange ways remarkable Was a cameras had already captured the brutal conditions that existed inside the prison Oh, so you knew that what they was doing this for you knew why they was rebelling.   I know I know I know It did some bad stuff to get here But you got to have certain standards and certain Level of cleanliness and certain things have to be had there like So I chose the longest one to do first because my baby is in the room sleep But you know the grind don't stop So this will be a two-part series So if she wakes up Anytime before 30 minutes I'ma continue part two straight through uh part one Is until she wakes up or until 30 minutes strange ways prison in Manchester And so into a barred and unnatural world of 900 male prisoners and 140 male officers A world without money or women or liberty You don't understand that the people who were trained in you Probably joined the prison service just after the second world war And they were trained by people who joined just after the first world war Well, they were trained by people who joined after the world war So the standards that applied were the standard military 50 60 70 Perhaps a hundred years ago. What were those standards there? Discipline Simple as that. My job was the same as any other officer, especially young ones Keep your mouth shut. Listen, watch and learn Prison officers had to be there seven o'clock in the morning not one minute past seven If you didn't appear properly dressed, then you could be disciplined It had so even officers in this reputation along with ones with us sort of being the last bastions of discipline in the service Strange ways was Britain's largest jail A dark star hidden behind vast Victorian walls in the heart of Manchester So either the prison was designed on a Victorian design Okay If you were to look right down from the top of the rotunda, you would see the prison centre Which would be the hub of the wheel Of that centre Were the five wings a b c d and e And those wings would house All the inmates on four different landings a one a two A three a four Making sense so far exactly the same with b wing c wing d wing And e wing okay, you can stand on the centre of the prison and look down every wing and see everything that's going on kind of This is life in the local prison as it actually happens today In 1980 The hidden world of strange ways was revealed when a documentary team filmed life inside the prison So this is in the 80s this the documentary There's a mammoth silver please imagine going to jail with a haircut like this For the first time In this big-ass jail like this.  I ain't gonna lie Look at this kind of Dickensian For a young boy, you know 15 and a half 16 years of age. It's it's quite gruesome Slip on shoes Blue jacket pinstripe It was 20, you know A small young they getting all that they get the click-clackers and a pinstripe jacket That's not dinner retire at the fanciest restaurant.  Okay, that's intake.  It's frying in as well I'm trying It's a former prisoner. Okay.  No, this is inside gotta be We work in an institution and I found out to be very Satisfying but strange ways was struggling to cope with the rising tide of prisoners coming through the gates Built for 900 men Strange ways now housed one and a half thousand Prisoners outside the prisoners and tensions of him prisoners. That's that's that's the first That's the first reason why I should be going left on prisoners overcrowded Are increased when two or three men share this living space a cell devised in the victorian age for one man We had a previous governor who uh, once labeled it as A human warehouse It's right really was a human warehouse three inmates had to share The toilet facilities in a cell which was a chamber pot like a plastic bookie Right with the lid on if you're lucky where you're shitting your piss and it's in your shoulder It wasn't very nice if you if you're wanting to defecate And you sell mates, you know in the cell and he has to experience the stench of that So Seems absolutely barbaric But in those that's all prisons, but like the bucket thing is tough that's that a bucket an actual bucket I'm gonna leave it as tough Stays that was that was normal and you just accepted it and got on with it as a way of life Prisoners were allowed just one hour's exercise a day For the other 23 hours the men were routinely locked back in their cells Tension anger frustration The added problem of overcrowding rising to alarming proportions has also increased the threat of insurrection There's mess This is a Victorian prison In 1990 that's still acting And treating people like it's Victorian times This place should be closed down because this nick is run by the screws But I'll tell you something this place will go off and when this place does go off the roof will go Miding on the wall Into this powder keg stepped an idealistic young governor Brendan O'Freel He had a reputation. Is this like the warden modernizer When they say governor, they mean like the warning of the prisoner The big issues were we had far too many prisoners and not enough cells things for them to do It makes people very depressed very morose It makes them very angry Brendan O'Freel was a remarkable man A man of deep convictions of real spiritual experience and a man who cared The new governor was quick to spot the simmering tension that existed between prison officers and prisoners You know, I was a bit of a bastard to say the least sometimes, you know, I was volatile and explode You know man, and I was hard work for them and sometimes what sometimes you don't even have to do nothing Say like the 200 officers in strange ways I'd say there's only sweating them that were really bad. The others were all right. They were decent staff They just went about the daily jobs and above the no one but out of the sweater the bad apples The bad apples make make the prison So just like any system the bad apples stand out way more Because if everybody's doing cool, it's doing cool and it's going cool. They're expecting you as a bad apple You've made a name for yourself because everybody else is cool. You know what I'm saying? You walking in there. You the bad apple like damn. They come this much effort. You know what I'm saying? Like dang There's already animosity towards you every day We're a little firm and they used to come around beating people up There's no abuse Simple as that No physical I know verbal It's I know Simple as that pull up There's no abuse. Oh, he was one of the bad apples simple. He was one of the bad guys there. He's lying Simple as that. No physical You're lying. I know verbal It's Hannah weevil she know evil. He was we've You know I know it Someone's prisoners on occasions can be extremely difficult Extremely objectionable and staff Are rightly on occasions very cautious about prisoners and sometimes get very crust about them But alfreol also discovered a culture amongst some prison officers That had no place in his prison We had a club a prison officers club immediately outside the gate, which regrettably served alcohol at lunchtime So while on a job they getting lit and then going in Already with that shitty ass attitude Now i'm drunk It meant that in the afternoon there was the danger that some staff would return to duty having been drinking And this would have two effects one is it would probably affect their judgment a bit and certainly would aggravate prisoners Well, yeah, they used to use me fists at times But when that wasn't working because he used to have their battens and stuff like that We used to have a piss pot.  I constructed that all those symbols be removed You can remove the symbol, but the next steel races they should have fired the uh That sort of behavior would not be tolerated He looks familiar all of the prison officers Male a situational frail soon remedied I remember my first day at strange ways and I was allocated b-wing And I was just stunned at how many prisoners there were just unlocked at the same time Marching down so disciplined It's illogical to our female staff looking after male prisoners We certainly had buddy definitely was a bad apple bumps and bangs as we introduced Change like that you always do but overall the the effect was quite remarkable If there was tension on the wing if prisoners were going to fight sometimes the females just being there calmed it down Unlike previous governors Brendon made it his business to get to know prisoners crazy thing to start so it was a little bit different He'd openly chat to a prisoner if a prisoner came to him and said something it He would actually chat to them on the sensor Which as officers we found a little bit strange I must admit I knew about Brendon a free letter the conversation with him on the central ritz under one day Just by chance he was passing and I engaged him in conversation I was trying to persuade paul that there were opportunities for him to go to work because he was a sentence prisoner And I was trying to get all the sentence prisoners in the main prison Doing some sort of activity for at least half a day Okay Paul Taylor was serving three years for checkbook fraud and handling stolen goods I grew up in Birkenhead until the age He was like a scammer and my mother had to break down and From the age of seven and a half. I was in care homes He'd been in and out of prison since the age of 15 Now nearing the end of his sentence Brendon O'Friel was keen to prepare Taylor for life outside It's where I come to contemplate life The rocks in Birkenhead Park I like schooling You know the power of the written word This is a rock I imagined when I'm sat on those rocks over there But this is a lecture hall and that this is Aristotle or Plato or Socrates giving me a lecture Well, he's strange ways first of all the governor of strange ways today admitted He'd initially been daunted by the arrival of prison inspectors, but his fears were largely unfounded O'Friel's approach began to pay off Strange ways got a good report from the chief inspector of prisons When it came out I was extremely pleased because he did the two things I wanted first of all He praised what we had done so far, but he also pointed out we had a very long way to go And we were in serious need of major capital investment Dear Despite O'Friel's progress Strange ways was still taking in more and more prisoners In February 1990 Alan Lord a convicted murderer with a fearsome reputation in the prison system arrived at the jail Alan Lord was a life sentence prisoner and as a life sentence prisoner you always treated these people warily um Because they were in for a capital offense. They did not care Lord had been moved from prison to prison I knew him because of his history a violent prisoner bodybuilder Potential to be very dangerous Lord knew strange ways. He'd begun his life sentence there And he bought what kind of prisoners name is strange ways. That's like Did they change that name by now because that's due to have some issues obviously Yeah, I'm in prison strange ways.  I was coming out fighting I took him already in there for life. No matter what cello was in smash hell out of that cell And never an own comforts never had a bed frame and never had a mattress I lived in an empty cell slept on the floor Dang Because it's me taking control inevitably Lord was sent to d-wing segregation unit for difficult prisoners Back in the main prison And a no-friil pushed on with repairs to the aging jail And a bird It was like a menagerie in the evenings and nights because we got birds that got through Broken glass etc It was becoming an issue That can drive you crazy birds in the middle of the night and you can't go nowhere escape You can't drown them out with no type of music can't put nothing in your ears Oh 20 tons of scaffolding was erected through the jail's central rotunda Creating a vast climbing frame That rose up to the fourth floor. Oh, wow Made it difficult to see into the wing even though those electric light it still made it dark And I felt that those this this darkness was reaching everyone within the prison That month even more prisoners arrived Strange ways was bursting at the seams We had 900 or so places we had 1600 1700 prisoners That was the reality day in day out That is Tiny cells For paul taylor Prison conditions were now intolerable I'd written to the home office an 18 page representation The prison service was negligent In addressing its Duty of care to address prisoners problems And didn't feel I was getting anywhere taylor's frustration boiled over I feel like you don't get this until you talk openly of revolt Oh, yeah, I wanted personally to demonstrate to prison officers and prison governor in particular That prisoners had reached the end of their tether Taylor was you've got to know man. You got to treat them with some type of respect because it's like a 1700 of them. There's not 1700 prison guard. It's simple. The numbers are just against you every day every Center the segregation unit to cool off It's gonna make me more angry. It was there that he first met allen lord During their one hour Of daily exercise we were able to walk side by side We just magneted towards each other that I went on the same way wavelength We said that people have to stand up for the rights because this cannot be the situation in this century Together they hatched a plan And I said the 24 hour protest in the chapel would be great If everybody stuck together The chapel was the one place in strange ways where large numbers of prisoners were allowed to gather I was going to make a statement on the stage And if prison officers came in in force to try and break it up We might retaliate It was very quiet. It was a eerie that night Quiet before the storm When I was doing my rounds the occupants were wide awake just laid on top of the bed Which wasn't usual, you know They're usually asleep It's like christmas night. You're christmas eve. I'm waiting Prisoners were talking about what they were going to do the next day and We was going to go to the chapel and have a peaceful protest Any type of rebellion in the any type of rebellion in this situation Is a threat to the guards, uh, but I'm guarantee they handled it very wrong Sunday 1st April What they thought it was April 4th John, huh? On the sunday I was late for the first time in my life When I arrived the senior officer said to me we're short staffed Uh, I'm putting you in the chapel. I has extra staff So I thought well at least I've not got a roll of king The challenge for church It'll be better clean than we have to do And um Line got on line for church By 10 o'clock that morning More than 300 prisoners had filed into the chapel That's that's ridiculous 300 prisoners at any place at any time is a load That's a lot. That's a lot of trust When the prisoners came in there was a certain amount of tension I was seated at the back Because I was on the punishment cells So the punishment cells and the categories we all sat together at the back Well, no one started the service and uh Everything was going sort of pretty well I was enjoying the service I was invited to an army chaplain and And I enjoyed his testimony I think it was I think it was preaching from st. Paul's gospel something like that And he was calling them all sinners and I thought just just get off mate, you know quick suddenly Paul Taylor got to his feet and ran from halfway up the chapel down the steps And rushed to the where the choir had their microphone And grabbed it and and began to harangue the audience Home And god's area you all decided to do this. I get it.  This is not the way to behave He started pulling on the microphone lead to try and disconnect us I pulled it too hard that I hit myself in the eye with it and give myself a lovely black eye I know you're still bleeding from it on the top of your head I saw an inmate put a balaclava on take two chair legs It was jeans and I thought Get him on here we go And then he just said right less we've heard enough and the whole place just Turned up Everyone just started going mad There'd be anything that could have got damaged was getting damaged If he was in the pile in the middle kind of thing Like a bomb fire He's paid back time And I'm not saying it's right.  You sort this out I remember putting the priest out Forgive me lord for talking about his bleeding head one colleague out by his Trousers and he said they've got me keys Unless I forget your keys, mate. Let's just get out And I said I'll have those keys and we opened the back of the chapel doors And we flooded out onto the landings And prison officers went up for the fights No, they just reached it retreated Of course they went back to the pub and got another drink In strange ways All cells were opened by all that tough shit was out the window A single set of keys Paul Taylor now had access to the whole prison I opened up all the prisoners who were still locked up in their cells Saying exercise You know slop house My test now was go to the rotunda where there was construction going on with the scaffolding From the ground floor up into the top of the roof, which was 83 and my testing was down the roof So I managed to scale across to the end And then eventually when I got to the end just stood up And don't forget at this time there was a documentary documenting all of this. So this is all on film. They picked the perfect time It was like wow Look at this or they had just done a document. It looks either way it's camp televised Oh, it's beautiful. It's a beautiful place, Manchester It was so happy to see the Andale the CIS building This was like me now being released the form on the roof here. I feel safe I happened to see the bell So instinctively I went I'm getting the bell down But smashed a lot of it put a lot of dints in it and when I've had me fun with that bell I threw it off the roof. So there's your bell back You can see him down there. I remember shutting down. He's got your prison now. I've got your prison News is coming in of a major disturbance. Crazy, man.  That's uh, not king kong. Um Donkey Kong when he goes up those the bear less. That's a terrible comparison How could all of that lack the short staffed Somebody that works the prison doesn't normally work it 300 people y'all didn't think about that like damn. There's 300 people here.  Nets of the prisoners reaching the roof The riot had become a national event Rushed up to the gate and discovered I couldn't get in because of these hails of slates that were coming off the roof They were throwing the tiles just like frisbees They were throwing them at stuff. That's free work now. You don't got to get the roof Taking off that's how the job done. You just got to get a read down You know They were trying to injure sir. There was a few stuff I could have swore they said peaceful protest. This is Not peaceful from the jump. There was no peace ever tied to this right badly injured Number one stuff all negativity piece of slate through his job Damn there was chaos going on Because prisoners were just frantically letting off steam Oh, they were pushing coping stands off the top onto the control center So what did they all in hd this thing hd this is like 240p But the cameras couldn't see what was happening inside the prison Housed on e and c wings were inmates charged or convicted of sex offenses Oh Okay, this is where it gets interesting what the hour they're um Rioters ripped doors off their hinges to get to the men Yeah victim number one saying these annonces.  There was a cupboard that was like a freezer And they'd have them in there and they'd have them locked in there and they were bringing them out one at a time I've seen a few of them it with iron bars It was just like a wild pack Doing things and people were just joining in I want to locate a particular prisoner who had come in that week for attacking a six-year-old girl attempted rape of a six-year-old Now you two I don't condone any of this But a year old girl And we went up onto that landing and we found a cell that he was in and we hinted at cell and I did punch him twice and prisoners set the bottom of sticks and he dragged from the cell and his face was pushed into the railings And then he was picked up and thrown over the railings He grabbed over the railings and so intensely That it required, you know, hitting his fingers with a stick for him to let go Tables chairs everything went over Don't condone it but listen listen we're all enjoying it and getting off in it and so was your pair No one felt bad about that at all Buddly injured and fearing for their lives Prisoners drug themselves to safety This inmate was actually thrown out at the end of a wing onto the stone steps He'd been beaten up in such a way maybe his private parts or whatever. I thought he was in such a state His blood all over the place When that prisoner was lying on the floor in the state he was he was still being bombarded by other inmates off the roof That afternoon worried relatives joined by standards flocking to strange ways desperate to get messages into the prison I want him to get out because there's going to be a lot of kill-out and feel it in me bones Listen Jeffrey Whatever's going on in there don't have to feel it in me bones listen Jeffrey Of course they were the same name as me that's crazy You ain't got to warn me shorty. I got this I got this. I'm holding on Yeah, I got a pink sweater on but I'm holding mine Whatever's going on in there don't have nothing to do with it at all You just get yourself to the nearest door and get yourself out of there laddie It's impossible if you don't know what you're talking about by the end of the day 1,000 men had fled the riot and surrendered As we started to see that the numbers inside were dropping We thought it was time to explore Whether we could get any of it back I then met Brian Nicholson Who was taking control of the situation? Brian was immense in stature an immense in character Is a Yorkshireman and you could always tell a Yorkshireman, but you can't tell him much My assessment was it was very serious indeed and it was going to be a very very difficult complicated job Taking this prison back This is something like out of a movie boy This is crazy. This is like a movie scene. I feel like I watched this in a movie somewhere They had to have make a movie about this Oh Well, I've made it to 30 minutes. So tlo. Leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells, man Let's get ready for part two. It's coming immediately. So


Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem and As-Salaam-Alaikum everyone. Welcome back to corporate governance. Today we are going to go on another journey and this journey is very important. We are going to talk about the Securities and Exchange Commission Code which basically emerged in 2019 and is basically for listed companies. This is a very important code because this is about the future of corporate governance and we see that it has changed radically and also for the better and we see that the role of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan is also enhancing, is also being implemented through a very professional approach and we see that through different matrices, through different frameworks, through different regulations and through different contextualization of global corporate governance we see that SECP is emerging as a facilitatory and regulatory body for corporate governance in Pakistan. The Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan has gained great credibility through a very non-discriminatory, unbiased and professional approach. Today we're going to talk about the SECP code and it's going to be part one. We divided this in two sessions and in the first one what we see is that on September 25, 2019, SECP issued the Listed Companies Regulation 2019 under the powers conferred under Section 156 of Companies Act 2017. The 2019 code is based on a comply or explain approach which is a new governance regimen in Pakistan. Just like I was saying, it is radical, it is positive, it is progressive and it is facilitatory giving the companies space but yet also ensuring that they do not tend to go out of control or tend to excessively exploit their own business concerns and business products. So we see that this is a very good positive healthy development which has taken place in the corporate governance sector within Pakistan. We see that in the past, 2002, 2012 and 2017 codes were based on the mandatory approach. The flexibility allows organizations to think out of the box as an alternate course of action could be followed while ensuring transparency. So again, let's like I was mentioning that there is flexibility and within that flexibility there is also this insurance that there should be transparency and this has been greatly appreciated by the corporate sector especially the listed companies to which this tends to apply. It should be the responsibility of board of directors of listed companies to use, comply or explain principle wisely. Responsibilities of investors to assess differing company approaches thoughtfully. 2019 code is applicable to listed companies only. There are three types of provisions in the code, mandatory, non-mandatory and recommendary. So again, what we see is that more empowerment has been given to the board and the board basically has to ensure either compliance or has to explain why it is not being done, what are the basic reasons and then we see that there are certain things which are mandatory, non-mandatory and there are recommendary and we'll move on just to see that what are the different mandatory provisions. The number of directorship, the number of independent directors, female director inclusion has been made mandatory, executive director is there, the audit committee, very powerful committee. We also see that the terms of appointment of the external auditor have been more clearly emphasized upon, the rotation of auditors is very important, the compliance statement and auditor review is very important. We see that the penalty is limited basically to mandatory provisions only and there is a relaxation from requirements of 2019 code. So again, these developments have taken place and they are all mandatory provisions. So again, ladies and gentlemen, we see that through this particular code, the listed companies have been given flexibility, have been empowered and again, the board can either comply or they can give an explanation for that. Many new dimensions have emerged, some are mandatory, some are non-mandatory while some are recommendary. But overall, this is a breath of fresh air in the corporate governance sector of Pakistan. Thank you so much.


Okay, I think we are online, very welcome everybody for this evening's keynote lecture. My name is St. Caroline, I work for the Centre for Boarding at Scandinavian Archaeology in Slesvik. And tonight I have the pleasure as a moderator for this keynote to present a focus lecture which will approximately take some 40 minutes. But before I give the word to our speaker tonight, I would like to introduce Falka Hillback to you with some short dates on his career. Falka was born in 1967 in Marburg and he studied pre and proto-historic archaeology, historical auxiliary sciences and medieval history at Philips University at Marburg. In 2001 he received his Ph.D. for a study on the migration period Bofibrilus from Missouri in Poland, a German titling, Masurische Bügelfiebeln, Studien zu den Fernbeziehungen der völkerwanderungszeitlichen Brandkreberfelder von Daum und Klan. In 2002, the year afterwards, Falka received a university reward of Marburg University for outstanding doctoral studies. This thesis was published as Volume 9 in the Schrift des Archäologischen Landesmuseums in 2009 in Slesvik. The same year 2002, Falka became research associate at the Archaeological State Museum, Archäologisches Landesmuseum at the Slesvik-Holstein State Museums Trust at Gotthof-Karzel in Slesvik. In 2004, Falka became in charge for the Museum's archives and in 2015 he became the deputy to the acting director as well as the curator for the medieval collection. As a scholar, Falka has an impressive scientific output of up to today six monographies and he published additionally 54 papers in periodicals and anthologies. Falka had teaching engagements at Kiel University, at Orhus University in Denmark and Bruno University and the Czech Republic. Falka is a member of the International Saxons Imposition, a member of the Commission on Research on Archaeological Collections and Archives of Northeastern Europe at the Stiftung Frössischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and he is also a Slesvik-Holstein delegate at the German Numismatic Commission, where he in between 2004 and 2014 acted as secretary. Falka has been on two advisory boards, at least I'd say between 2009 and 2013. Falka was at the advisory board for the World Heritage Serial Nomination Project Viking Monuments and Sites that was the first attempt to turn HEDABEW into a UNESCO World Heritage Site. We'll hear more about that in a few minutes. And Falka was also between 2016 and 2018 on the advisory board of the Research and Excavation Project Vikingenborn at Curie on Zeeland in Denmark. As a researcher, Falka has been dealing with HEDABEW for almost 20 years by now. Since 2002 he was responsible for the field research in HEDABEW, starting with large-scale geophysical surveys and metal detecting. In 2004 he contributed to the Special Exhibition Current Research in HEDABEW at the Viking Museum in HEDABEW. In between 2005 and 2010 he was the PI to the Pithaus Settlement Excavation in HEDABEW. You notice maybe five years which really set high standards for a high-resolution archaeology you might say. That excavation was conducted in cooperation with the Archaeological State Service of Schleswig-Holstein. In 2009 to 2010 Falka contributed to the permanent exhibition, the new permanent exhibition at the Viking Museum in HEDABEW. In between 2012 and 2015 he was the PI in the Volkswagen Research Project between Vikings and Hensiatek period continuity and change at HEDABEW Schleswig in the 11th century. The project was applied in cooperation with Kiel University. Since 2019 Falka is preparing a special exhibition titled AD 1066, Demise of the Vikings, the North on its Way to Medieval Europe, which is scheduled for 2024. Most importantly maybe Falka just concluded a manuscript to a quite comprehensive monography on HEDABEW AD 983 2066, Demise of a Demistrating Center in the Late Viking Age, a manuscript which comprises some 780 pages, Falka told me. This thesis will be published as volume 19 in the publication series Ausgarung in HEDABEW. Tonight I have the pleasure to introduce Falka as a speaker on the first and recent archaeological UNESCO World Heritage Site in Schleswig-Holstein, which is HEDABEW. He will give his keynote on the title research and Viking period HEDABEW from Nazi investigation to UNESCO World Heritage Site. Falka, the floor is yours. Thank you, Sven. And good evening, ladies and gentlemen and dear colleagues. First I would like to thank the organizing committee of the EAA of this year's annual meeting and especially Merck Medieval European Research Community for the invitation to this keynote lecture. And yeah, in the next approximately 40 minutes I will go. I would like to present to you the Viking period site of HEDABEW as I do know, of course, that due to the pandemic we are all participating only virtually to this annual meeting. And I would like to give you an overview into this huge research project and a better understanding. And we are starting with the inscription of HEDABEW and the Dana Wirke as UNESCO World Heritage in summer 2018. In the justification for the inscription it is stated that both HEDABEW and the Dana Wirke are outstanding testimonies to the cultural traditions of northern Europe in the Viking Age. So between the 8th and the 11th centuries AD they have become due to their rich and well preserved archaeological materials and features key scientific sites for the interpretation of historic developments in Viking Age Europe. Both HEDABEW and the Dana Wirke represent a significant cultural, political and economic phase in the history of northern Europe, reflecting the specific nature and the development of borders in connection with the formation of states in Viking Age Europe at that time. The landscape is a unique case study for the development over centuries of the architecture of fortified boundaries in conjunction with creating centers which are strategically integrated into their natural environment. So you have already received a lot of information, of essential information about the nature of HEDABEW itself and if we look on this aerial photo from the northwest you are looking inside an area of approximately 25.5 hectares and embraced by a massive rampart, a semi-circular rampart. You can see it here quite well, it's hidden underneath the trees and you can see that these are green meadows so it's not settled any longer since this enigmatic year 1066 and you see here two inlets, these water areas are inlets of the Schleifjord which you can see over there in the east and the Schleifjord is open to the Baltic Sea. So after 22 nautical miles approximately 40 kilometers you are reaching the open Baltic. In this aerial photo and comparing it with such a modern digitally reconstruction of how HEDABEW may have looked like in the middle of the 10th century AD you can see that due to massive research since almost 120 years we have quite a good picture of this place. And this is the basis for the inscription of this site and the adjacent Danawerke Asunasco World Heritage. When as a basis we have to take into consideration that the site of HEDABEW presents all elements of a large settlement complex. So we do have settlement remains which are especially near the water, near the harbour to the east provided with well preserved wooden building remains. You can see here the remains of a house and so the streets coupled with wooden planks surrounding the house. You can see on the right photo an older photo from 1930 when they were excavating the 520 to 560 meter long trial trench through the whole settlement complex inside the same circular rampart. So you can imagine until today we have a high amount of settlement features stemming from the Viking period but it's not only a settlement it is connected with the defensive system of the Danawerke which already starts in pre-Viking age which is still in use after the Viking period in the Middle Ages and it served not only as a border from Denmark to the south but it also controlled the traffic on the smallest part of the Traplandic Peninsula. So you see here to the left the North Sea and to the right the Danish island so that's the Baltic and here the smallest part of the Traplandic Peninsula is the Isthmus situation the Danawerke controls but it also allows the traffic from one sea to another. The next element which is quite well known from the Hedabee research are Hedabees or is Hedabees harbour and the Viking and many evil shipwrecks so we have had large scale excavations in the harbour when the remains of this Viking longship were excavated in 1979 they could enlarge the excavation area and we could get a good view into the building activities of Hedabees harbour and by the way my colleague Sven Kalmring has analysed this excavation in a very sorrow and wonderful PhD thesis which has been also published as a very huge book in the Hedabees series. I think most of you who are dealing with the Middle Age with medieval archaeology know this one quite well. Next to settlement and defensive system remains to the harbour structures and the shipwrecks we also have a high amount of early medieval burials of both inhumations and cremations from the 8th century to the 11th century so until today over 1200 graves have been excavated in various areas all over this complex this settlement complex and most of them have been published in 2011 but there's another smaller excavation led by Sven Kalmring in 2017 and unfortunately you couldn't visit the museum we have a museum nearby at the Viking Museum Hedabee which opened in 1985 we opened with a totally new exhibition in 2010 and which attracts thousands of visitors until today and even since Hedabee and Badana were UNESCO World Heritage there are so many visitors it's really incredible. We also have a small open air museum in the historical area and so if you visit these facilities you may ask so what's behind this Hedabee settlement complex what's behind this Svenesco nomination or which factors influence this basis and how developed the research at this place and that's what I would like to present to you this evening first I would like to strengthen that we have a uniquely rich historical tradition we have a high amount of written records from several parts of Europe we have Old Norse and Old English records we have Latin records from the Carolingian and later the East Frankish Empire's kingdoms we have so this gives us gives us a very good impression about this place so from a historical point of view the time Hedabee's time frame is between 804 AD until 1066 when for the last time this place was plundered and destroyed by pagan West Slavonic tribes and afterwards the Danish kings when Estes must have decided to transfer the harbour and the settlement and the population to the north of the Schleifjord into the medieval city of Schleswig which you can see here surrounding the Tessitho. So that's the historical background and the archaeological background is provided by an extraordinarily long research history which goes back to the 19th century and due to the two runestones found in the vicinity you have seen them two slides before where a place named Hedabee sorry as mentioned Sophos Müller from the National Museum in Copenhagen identified the area inside this rampart as the Viking period town of Hedabee and our museum started in 1900 for the first excavations I already pointed out that we have a favorable position that the whole settlement totally shifted during the middle of the 11th century so it's an open area and it's perfectly fitted for other archaeological prospecting methods like geophysical prospections or systematic surface surveys beginning these surface surveys were done next next to the huge settlement excavations in the 1960s and we started them in the early 2000s with with metal detecting so all these investigations provide us with a huge amount of material so that's behind this settlement complex and we are going further into detail about this fascination of this place so when our museum we started the excavations in 1930 the people were already still impressed by they had their pictures in their minds so on the left you see a small leaflet written by our director Gustav Schwantis so a guide through Hedabee with first information given from the new excavations but relying on the for older excavations between 1900 and 1915 respectively 1921 and sorry to the right you see that just six years later the picture of Hedabee emerged so it really developed further on and on and you can see here that's a publication on Germanic prehistory published by a company producing things to clean your shoes. Erdahl is named in Germany and so this company they published this book and you could when you bought these these things to clean your books you can collect these little these little picture cards and you could put them into this book and you see that also Hedabee played a role at that time and the picture developed further on and on and if we go into the public image and understanding of this place in the 1930s in Germany you can see that the people were really fascinated about the situation that historically known town or city as it was the bishopric since 948 that such a medieval town totally banished and was destroyed and totally shifted away and archaeology was able to refine it to to bring through investigations through archaeological digs totally new information and you see that it's also beginning to to develop into a sense of a German nationalism and you will see quite soon what happened after 1933 but i'm kidding a bit because the two last headlines are not from the 1930s they are from the 1960s from newspaper from Göttingen in Lower Saxony and you see from from the style of of the information given it's closely comparable to the public view of Hedabee in the 1930s so not so much this there's not such a difference in between so when we are coming to the excavations of the 1930 i've already mentioned that with the restart of the excavations in the 1930 the Hedabee research was really an advantage situation so the logistics were growing more and more and the new political situation after 1933 led to to an increase of archaeological research in Hedabee but also at other places so a closely comparable picture but a totally different excavation the Steller's Stellerbork Hill 4 in Goodmarschen and so these pictures are closely comparable to each other and that were the archaeological excavation techniques at that time throughout the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein and throughout Germany but Hedabee is in a special way connected with one archaeologist with one archaeologist and this is Herbert Jan Kuhn Herbert Jan Kuhn who participated for the first time when he was 25 years old and when he was still working on his PhD at Berlin University and so Herbert Jan Kuhn was next to Gustav Schwanzes the thriving scientist in the Hedabee research and due to his development to his affiliation with the Nazis and especially with the SS of Heinrich Himmler also the Hedabee research was developing on an immense scale so when Herbert Jan Kuhn decided to be an SS member in 1937 this had a very positive effect on the further development of the excavations there because Heinrich Himmler and the scientific organization of the SS which was headed by Wolfram Siebers they were much interested in this place and Herbert Jan Kuhn could offer a promising project to the Nazis and especially to the SS and the SS which was the elite in Nazi Germany they really put a lot of effort so here you can see the main excavation area of 1935 and the aim of the settlement excavations at that time were to obtain a precise layout of Hedabee's urban center in this area near the harbor characterized by this wooden preservation as you can see it here on this slide and this aim or this strategy was still in use in the 1960s so up to 1969 archaeologists were excavating to obtain more and more information about a precise layout of one of the oldest urban centers in Northern Europe so on this slide you can see this is the old huge excavation area of the 1930s and when Kurt Schietzel took over the Hedabee excavation in 1963 he had to excavate down to the deepest layers and then he continued to make new large scale excavation trenches to obtain these aims of finding a very precise settlement layout of a Viking period town when we are looking at the excavations budget and the development in the 1930s we can do this quite well for the years between 34 and 39 we can see that after a decline in 1937 there's a massive increase in 38 and 39 and this has to do with the fact that the SS Arne Erbe took over the financing of the Hedabee excavations in 1938 so Herbert Jan Kuhn succeeded with his plans to have the Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler as a leading figure in for the Hedabee research at that time and when we compare it with the total budget of the Arne Erbe for this year 1938 consisted of 700,000 Reichsmark we can see that they spent about 10 percent for the excavation department and about 40 percent of the excavation department's budget was used for the Hedabee excavation so really an immense amount of money and the Hedabee research profited and especially Herbert Jan Kuhn profited it is often thought that for his efforts in the excavation campaigns Herbert Jan Kuhn worked together with official we mean with other official institutions of the Nazi government like the Reichsarbeitsdienst or even with prisoners but as every single bill is still existing we do know that from 1930 up to 39 when because of World War II the excavations were finished that they were only working with local workers and day laborers mediated by the employment office in Schleswig so on this photo you see here in the center Herbert Jan Kuhn and the other archaeologist Eckhart Arne and here is Winter Haseloff surrounded by the local workers working in the Hedabee excavation so that was very typical and also directly connected with Herbert Jan Kuhn because he had made he could rely on good relations with these local people and therefore he wanted them to to participate every single year in his excavation but if we look in the publications and if we are relying on Herbert Jan Kuhn's influential book about Hedabee which was published in its first edition in 1937 we can see that he is he's connecting Hedabee especially with the German history and with the German or what they thought at that time the German king Henry I the Atonian king the first Atonian king of the East Frankish kingdom we know today that in the 10th century as the German understanding didn't exist so not to compare with the Danes known already from written records but the people they felt like Bavarians like Saxons living in East Frankish kingdom but not as Germans but in 1937 and later on Herbert Jan Kuhn directly linked it with the first German kingdom and if we go the last the last chapter of his book we can count 25 mentionings of German history of Henry I of the German northern March of the first German Baltic harbor and so on and so on so the Hedabee research in the interpretation of Herbert Jan Kuhn is directly connected with early history of the first German empire so the first Reich and they were living and and working in the Third Reich so that's very important to know and from this background we can relate it to other SS projects like projects like the project already inter already functioning in the late 1930s in the Quedlinburg where this King Henry I was buried in 1936 and the SS was excavating for King Henry's burial but they never succeeded in finding this but Heinrich Himmler like his important not relative but he was aware of a certain of a certain relation to the first German King Henry the first because Heinrich met Henry and he built up a special cult in Quedlinburg around this supposed first German King and also a project like Hedabee was of some importance as we do know from written records that Henry the first was in 934 at the northern border of his kingdom fighting against the Danes and making them tributes to his kingdom and it is supposed that he also had seen Hedabee and the people at that time were convinced that he was at the place like the officials of the Nazi government too if we compare or why Hedabee was of such an importance for the SS we could easily compare with other projects of that time just take the whole Michele excavations in in Baden-Württemberg in southwestern Germany so Gustav Rieg from Tübingen University he excavated a huge tumulus of the of the early Hallschlatt civilizations of the area so of the era before Christ more connected with an early Celtic speaking population as they saw it at that time and also these excavations were not published before 1962. Another project run by the SS Arne Erdbe dedicated to the supposed oldest work of German architecture was the maudoleum of the Osberg of the King Theodoric in Ravenna so this project was was made in 38 to 39 and it was also published in 1971 by the German archaeological institute so both of these projects were were qualitatively high standard projects of archaeological or architectural research of that time so we have to take also this into considerations and we have to distinguish between pseudoscience and real research projects on a high scientific level done by the SS Arne Erdbe and Heidelberg was one of these research projects on a very high scientific level at that time when 39 World War II came and the Nazis were invading most parts of Europe the excavations in Heidelberg stopped and Herbert Jan Kuhn was switching to new perhaps even more promising projects like for example the Operation Matilda project so an investigation of the famous Bayer tapestry in 1941 where he compared functioning of the early Norman state with functioning of the Nazi state and they took a lot of effort in photographing and drawing the Bayer tapestry and they planned a three-volume publication and so Jan Kuhn was engaged as you can see on the left side in several in several of these of these special assignment projects during the war not only in France but also in Norway and in the Soviet Union it's a lot to discuss about these things I'm quite aware of this but for the Heidelberg research project and its development it's at this at this point enough to give you the information that even after 1939 Herbert Jan Kuhn's career was developing further on and on and in 1941 he was appointed to a chair of prehistoric archaeology across the university and besides he made the career as an officer in the Waffen SS in in the war and the whole finished in 1945 as you all know so some some Nazi officials and people were punished for their crimes like Boy Fransie was the head of the SS Ahnenerbe was the only one of the Ahnenerbe who was sentenced to death in the Nürnberg trials others like Herbert Jan Kuhn were denazified and you can see that during he was in a prisoner of war camp in Ludwigsburg the scientists they organized the university and they gave a scientific lecture so Herbert Jan Kuhn was talking about the actual state of the Viking research at that time so the period after 1945 to 49 is characterized by a second career for Herbert Jan Kuhn he was denazified but he had problems in finding a job and as you can see here up to 1956 he had no that's quite typical for German archaeologists of this generation and of that time that some of them really had problems in finding their way back to professional archaeology but Herbert Jan Kuhn succeeded in the 1950s and he was appointed to a chair of archaeology at the university the time in between he used to work further on what has been achieved so far in the excavations but on a more integrated level as you can see here on the right side so he wrote more papers dedicated to the to the to the development between the harbour like Hedelby and the harbours in the north sea and in the Baltic sea or here the papers especially on the question of the development of the Frankish and Frisian trade in the Baltic in the early Middle Ages but he also prepared new fieldwork campaigns starting on a very low and small level and after he was he was elected as chair of archaeology at the Viking University he restarted these activities especially by excavating with his students in the so-called southern burial ground and the southern settlement and you can see here on the photo so behind the excavation had a hyposteuer we see Herbert Jan Kuhn and they were discussing features of their excavations and the old publication by Herbert Jan Kuhn so his book on Hedelby was revised in several editions and the last eight edition was published in 1986 and only a part of the foreword had to be discarded from the new edition and you can see it here on the slide that this was two national socialist thinking and that's why they cut it out of the text but it was still in use and the main excavations were led by new people by a new generation so by Kochizl who came to the fieldwork and we started with the fieldwork in 1963 and but also still Kochizl was still working on the verdict to have a precise layout plan in Hedelby's urban center so you see as I already told you they were enlarging more and more the excavation areas to get a better understanding of the layout of that huge settlement complex so we can ask today is it still of any significance to discuss this misuse of an archaeological site during the Nazi period and with this slide I would tell you yes it is you can see here an article published in September 2021 you could think that it's good advertising for our Viking Museum Heidehu Perle and their further but it's published in the journal Deutsche Stimme of the National Democratic Party of Germany and the only researcher named in this article is Herbert Jan Kuhn and the fact that the SS Research Fellowship Deutsches Unerbe was making these investigations so an article just some days old and we still have to enlighten the people about the history of this place and what is in between so today we are able to distinguish five different phases of research strategies I have put them on this slide and I will I would like to present to you that after 120 years of investigations we have collected a huge amount of information as you can see here 44,000 constructive timbers only from settlement excavations over 2,000 constructive timbers from the harbor and 1,641 post holes in the harbor circa 170,000 pottery shirts we have about 6,000 fragments of millstones weighing over 1,000 kilograms and so on and so on and you can believe me that until today it is we can find quite astonishing things in our in our magazines and this happened quite recently so some weeks ago my colleague Schmerke informed me that he wanted to sample whale bone fragments to have better um determinations of the species behind it and then we realized that in the whale bones collected in the archaeo-seurological collection there were also worked parts of whale bone which were totally unknown for us um here you see these two bones the smaller fragment is weighing over a hundred cram and these two parts of work whale bone are belonging to these enigmatic early Viking period whale bone plaques and the decoration on the little piece is closely comparable to these three plaques from northern Norway you can see the distribution on the map to the right so something totally new and totally unknown until two weeks so you see also on this map that we have other places Wilka, Jeebe, Dublin so also the central places for trade and production of the Viking periods could provide objects pieces of objects like this and I'm looking much forward not only for the determination of the whale species but also for the precise fine circumstance of these two objects because they must come to the level to the horizon of the coordinates from the Caron-Lynchian period context and yeah that's very typical for the work with such a huge research topic so Hedibi belongs to this complex topic of of the early medieval trading settlements the so-called Vicks or Emporia so Hedibi is connecting the North Sea Basin network with the Baltic Sea Basin network and is therefore of such an importance for the for an answering of these questions this research topic is characterized by a huge amount of scientific studies and by a very rivet discussion of of the of these places of these early urban centers and so in the last years for example the development of these sea base Emporia have been emphasized for example by Pistus and by Franz Therius in two seminal papers published in 2020 and relying more on the relations between these coastal developments and their surrounding inland regions the interactions between these regions and bottom-up developments which were at the start for this urbanism in these parts of northwestern Europe but you see also I have encircled on this map in Pistus's paper Hedibi and not Hedibi because Hedibi is the older place for the 7th and 8th century Hedibi had a totally different functioning and if you would like to understand the development in southern Scandinavia we have to go to Heber which is directly linked via the Warden Seas Zone with these developments around the southern North Sea area. Hedibi is the younger place but as you have already seen on earlier slides Hedibi is taking profit from its better locations than Heber in a paper published in 2007 Michael McCormick stressed the significance of the location for the development of the Carolingian economy with two places Venice in the eastern in the eastern in the Adriatic Sea for the eastern Mediterranean area and Hedibi for having access to the Baltic area so I try to to put it on the map that you can see it so both are lying in border situations and both are connecting the Carolingian empire with further worlds apart the eastern Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea and looking into the materials from Hedibi we can see and clearly understand due to new investigations of the last two decades the Carolingian influence at the southernmost part of Scandinavia so Hedibi is the place in Scandinavia where we have these continental influences for the large for the for the strongest visible in the archaeological remains and some years ago Søren Zindbeck he made such a network representation for pottery vessels in over 150 settlement sites in the North Sea basin and the Baltic basin and you can see that Hedibi is really located in the center so that's the the impact of its topographical location at the narrowest part of the shutlanded peninsula and between Scandinavia in the north and mainland Europe the continent in the south when we are coming to the development of the archaeological research questions it is clear that today we are not working any longer only on a precise layout plan in Hedibi's supposed urban center around around the harbor but we have switched our interest more to questions related with the Anatomian history of a site with S. Hedibi against the background of its power political and economic background so since 2002 we are dealing more and more with a temporal subdivision of settlement development taking into consideration that Hedibi wasn't the same place in the eighth century more in the ninth or in the middle of 11th century so now it's we have brought to light that we do have an oldest horizon of pre-wiking periods date and which relates this place more to a farmstead than to a trading emporium so apparently when Liebel was the trading emporium of the Danish king or a Danish king in the western part of the southern Scandinavia Hedibi was apparently more the farmstead and developed not before the early ninth century into a trading town into such an emporium due to the archaeological materials found so for example the Chateau coinage of the eighth century which is so well known in Liebe and its environments so we have about I think it's about 250 Shethers in Liebe and its environments and in Hedibi we only have two but later from the eight twenties onwards we have an own coinage minted apparently in Liebibi and in the late ninth century we could testify we could we could verify a building in Hedibi's harbour and in the building of wooden harbour chates we are also connecting more and more aspects of trade with new aspects of processes of production as it has been pointed out last year by Steve Ashby and Søren Zindbeck so since some years we also try to collect more information not only connected for a typochronological identification of the objects which is still the basis but to invent more material analysis and connected with the process or with the different processes of production and the social agency of technology and of things how Ashby and Zindbeck called it also within materials from Liebibi so this is a typical typical map of an important object found in Hedibi so these are small 12 to 14 centimetre long bronze coon rims where we have an overwhelming amount found in Hedibi and we can see on this map that it's really linking the North Sea with the Baltic Sea and also the continent with Scandinavia and behind this picture is Hedibi's research over the last 20 years we could now connect the old excavations so that's an old excavation before the First World War with modern geophysical surveying in Hedibi itself we can compare the materials from these old excavations with materials from the large settlement excavations of the 1930s these well preserved coons are from the harbour excavations and if you look on this slide you can see here we also have not only the mould fragments from workshop areas but we also have a lead model which was used for the production of these enigmatic bronze coon rims which we have until today in at least four to five different variants so the next step in this research would be to go further on with material sciences to understand better the production of these objects and if these bronze coon rings could really be connected with Hedibi the last aspect which I would like to stress in my paper this evening is that Hedibi presents the opportunity to do metal detecting in an urban environment and not in a rural environment on this slide you see a typical 11th century sword shape to the right from Hedibi and to the left from a tiny little village in northeastern Lincolnshire named North Omsby and you can see that these two shapes are really really very similar both are for metal detecting the right one from Hedibi is from an urban context the left one is from a rural context and from such a rural place like North Omsby we have a material which is very typical which you can find all over Denmark today and which we can also find in Hedibi itself and due to doomsday book and to a will which is recorded a bit later we also know more information about this tiny little place named North Omsby and some years ago Julian Richards and Dave Heldenby they collected these what they call diagnostic artifact categories of Viking and Anglo Scandinavian activity in Yorkshire and this is a material which we also find all over Denmark but especially also in Hedibi and this is a totally new material horizon of late Viking period Hedibi and this place offers a wonderful possibility for an early urban centre of the 11th century and that's something really unique which stands behind this digital reconstruction of Hedibi in the middle of the 10th century which you have already seen at the beginning of my lecture and I would like to finish with this slide so even if we have started about 20 years ago in developing a better picture of different distinct phases during Hedibi's existence from the 7th to the middle of the 11th century we are still developing a new research agenda agenda for Hedibi and its hinterland so together with the centre of Baltic and Scandinavian archaeology the state archaeological department of the state of St. Stekholstein and the institute of pre and proto historical archaeology at King University we are engaged in developing further research questions and research topics for the future and even if these efforts were a bit hampered due to the pandemic since last year so that's what I wanted to present to you this evening and yeah I hope you have enjoyed it and thank you very much for your patience and your interest thank you thank you very much Falka for this brilliant lecture which I enjoyed very much Katka told me that we have to bridge some some seconds before the audience can come in with comments and questions to your lecture and I would like to make use of that possibility to once more congratulate for this incredible balancing act between presenting this fantastic site and all the insights and possibility it brings combined with a overview about its dark history also and its abuse in Nazi Germany so that was really well done the first question I would like to ask or the audience which is maybe not so acquainted with Hedibi as a site you mentioned Heiterbuu you mentioned Hedibi you mentioned Schleswig how is this connected I know that it's confusing for some younger scholars which haven't dealt with Hedibi before yeah I have to admit then I deleted the slide so that was the slide to explain the name I'm sorry about this so in Q2 to a root stone found nearby and where the place is named Heiterbuu but in the accusative form Heiterbuu and so the German name or the the name used in German language is Heiterbuu in Danish it is Hedibi and in English we call it Hedibi and due to the different written testimonies we do have we know that the different peoples speaking different languages use different names so in old Norse languages it is named in the early middle ages Heiterbuu or Heiterbuu in old English it is at Heiterbuu or of Heiterbuu so it's relating to a settlement on the heath and in Latin records from first the Carolingian period and realms and later Frankish and developing German kingdoms it is called first C-Storpe and then Ciaspech and we do have a written account of the late 10th century the elder man Ethelwirt's chronicle and in the chronicle Ethelwirt said that the opidum capitalis of the Engels because the Engels Saxons were aware that their ancestors were coming from the areas surrounding Heiterbuu that this place is named by the Scandinavian Heiterbuu and by the Saxons yes and in the late 11th century Adam of Premen is reporting something comparable and that's what the name is in between so that's what's what's behind the story of the different names. Thank you very much Falka we have a part from congrats and thank yous for your nice presentation some first questions here in the chat and I would like to lift the first question by Sophie Wigeline is it possible to link the burial place in different practices with different faces? So the different burial places were all in use for a longer period we have to take into consideration that Heiterbuu is developing also in space so at the beginning the cemeteries are lying on the higher slopes to the west and the settlement is crashing along the seaside and then the settlement is developing further to the west on these on these slopes and so there are areas which were first in use for graveyard for a cemetery and they were then reused for settlement purposes and we also have in the south we have the different situation that we have the oldest parts of the settlement which were later used for burial grounds so it's more that we have to think that the different burial areas were used for several generations but it's of course depending and it's also as used when it's perfectly no comparing it with the situation in the hill for that's also one of the one of the research questions which we still have to solve about the dating of all these barrels about 50 barrels on the hill for and yeah there's still a lot to do. Thank you very much and there's another question by Jerome Baumeister why has the settlement been abandoned and one might add when has the settlement been abandoned because we learned it's in discussion the 1050 event as well as the 1066 event. So Hedibi was abandoned after the events of in the middle of the 11th century so 1050 the Norwegian king Harald Sigurzon keep Planda Hedibi and in 1066 the Abathurids and the Wends were also plundering this place and apparently it was the Danish king Sven Espersen who decided to shift the place from this area to the north of the Schleifejord so the town the city of Schleifejord developed it was only 10 hectare or 10 to 12 hectares in size apparently this was enough but from the 1080s onwards when the harbor was growing more and more they also had they also had to find new land and they met new investments in the harbor area but apparently it was a smaller place in another area on a new crown was better suited for a modern for a modern urban center so for a Christian city pass the problem is that until today we do not know of any Christian church so in 948 at least nominally the Atonian kings direct the bishoprics in Liva Orhus and in Svierslich and we do not know if these where where bishops church was built if it was already built at that time and even in the late 10th century or from the early 11th century when the Danish kings were also kings of England these were Christian kings and the elites and larger parts of the society they were Christianizing more and more and the people they had to bury the dead on Christian graveyards and we do have in the latest graves indeed indeed we do have a Christian graveyard but until today no remains of the church has been found that's another of these riddles which we have to solve for future research. Right thank you for that at the moment we have no more questions if there are more questions to Falka please write them in the chat and we will lift them up and Falka will surely do his best to to answer them accordingly we can wait some more minutes if some more questions will come in and I could try to rephrase the question you just answered Falka why has the settlement been abandoned you could also ask maybe why did the settlement survive that long seeing that Kaupang ends in around 970 and Birka ends in 975 why or how does how do we succeed to survive a hundred years longer than the other Viking towns in the north? That's due to the geographical situation of this place so it's a it's a best location for connecting the transport or the communication from the continent to Scandinavia from the north to the Baltic so that's really the favourable geographic position at the nose part of the Chaplandic Peninsula directly here at the Schleswig Isthmus that's why Hedibi and later Schleswig was of such an importance from the 9th century up to the 12th century up to the Middle Ages. Right okay thank you for that I don't see any new questions there's one coming up two actually we maybe can start with the question by Katharina Bottich have you done any dendrocnology for precise dating of construction phases? Yes we have done a lot of dendrocnology and especially my colleague now I have to point to which way to this direction sometimes when he worked on the dendrocnology of the harbour excavations and my colleague Joachim Schulze on the dendrocnology of the settlement excavations but the research for the dendrocnology of the settlement excavations is not has not been finished yet so it's still a lot of work waiting. Thank you for that and then we can continue now questions are coming in by Barbara Ambruster did the last 20 years of excavation and research bring further information about the origin of raw materials more precisely of metals? Yes it has done hello Barbara nice to hear from you yes we have had since 2012 a research project by the Fox Farm Foundation and we work together with the German mining museum in Bukheim so Steven Merkel wrote his PhD on here to be silver and for our for our project or for my here to be publication print for next year he was also analyzing the base metals and we can much better understand how metals were coming from for example Central Asia via the Dierham horizon into the Baltic and also to here to be but also via other objects and when it was later replaced so from the third quarter of the 10th century was replaced more and more by metal coming from Central Europe so from the from the heart in the east up to the Sauerland in the west so Steven Merkel already published some of his results in his PhD monocraft in different articles and you will find it on academia dot what is it you do yes yes exactly on the United States sorry yeah and you will find this information there or I have published from the from a conference in Bukheim some years ago the paper on the metal on here to be metal supplied in the white in here relating to these questions thank you Falka we have two more questions one by Zofi Hügelin once more do you have remains of ships or ship building well we do have four ships found until today in the harbour the long ship wreck one has been totally excavated wreck three is the largest until today the largest known cargo vessel of the Viking period built after 1023 we have another ship wreck of mid 10th century they built in a what is called a Slavonic tradition so using wooden wooden nails and not the iron rivets and we have an what's in the Danish terminology early medieval ferry boat of the 1130s but boat houses as far as I know are not known until today or do you know one span in the harbour area not from head of neither workshops boat boat building sites they are not known in the small area excavated yeah I mean she is we get the same so yeah yeah okay and then there's one last question by by Matt Edgeworth do you think that Hightable provided a kind of model for the layout of other Viking settlements such as the long port sites in Ireland yeah that's an interesting that's an interesting question perhaps we can think in this way I do not I'm not quite convinced but I think it's quite interesting to note that apparently the relation between Hedabee and the the the Viking activity zones in the west so what will later be the Bane law or even the British Isles and Scandinavian influence or several parts of the British Isles were in a much closer contact than thought before so that's the new material which points in this direction and I was also thinking about these possibilities so yeah it could be we we have to to compare it further on a good question but a good idea to to think about it okay thank you very much the it is eight o'clock p.m. and I think we can round off this lovely keynote of yours Volker with the question of mine maybe I can take just this privilege as moderator in the presentation we've heard that you just concluded your manuscript on the late Hedabee Hedabee 89 83 to 1066 and 780 pages and I'm very curious to hear what was the most exciting or astonishing result of your thesis you'd reckon I would say that how all these things fit together so for me it was absolutely astonishing which active role Hedabee is still playing in the first half of the 11th century and especially with in these events coming up after 2012 when the Danish kings conquered England so it's really absolutely amazing to see these connections between these two parts and now it's it's we can much better understand um not only Hedabee's development but also Denmark's part in these political and economic affairs and what fits very well to the situation is just think from Hedabee to the Harz mountains it's about 300 kilometers so the supply of metals which were needed in a huge amount and they could have been brought quite easily to Hedabee and that's the other aspect the astonishing new aspect especially for the first third of the 11th century that we really have a strong influence from the East Frankish German Kingdom so not only from the Harz area but also from the Cologne area so that was what um yeah attracted me most mm-hmm thank you for that um I thought around after this the session but there's one last question coming in and since we avoided to address one of the main part of your topics the Nazi interactions with the with the site of Hedabee the Nazi research which I was happy for actually I must really honestly say that the focus was on the Viking evidence and as a Viking scholar of course I'm very happy to to focus on this what is close to our hearts but since this is also part of your topic Micheal Neiss lifted an important question which maybe can be answered to conclude this session did Scandinavian scholars interact with the Jan Kuhn and Co at all and how long did those corporations last um yeah a good question thank you Micheal in June or July 1939 the director of the Danish National Museum Paul Merlund he wanted to visit the excavations so just some weeks before the Nazis invaded Poland and from 1930 onwards Scandinavian archaeologists did um participate in the excavations so from all over from Denmark from Sweden not from from Norway and uh really have at Jan Kuhn he was inviting colleagues and he was also inviting colleagues from Finland for example so Holger Achtmann was there Helma Salmo was there Roas Coleman was excavating was taking part in the excavations then I'm retired now perhaps you can help me Sven the Swedish archaeologist too excavated in Ziktuna he um it was um what's what's the name I can have a look to my to my books behind me but unfortunately I couldn't get too far away from my computer so several people were engaged and participated actively but of course there were also sharp discussions discussions already in the 1930s and Herbert Jan Kuhn he was what we would say he was the true archaeologist he was really a convinced archaeologist and he really um he divided between archaeology and these other politically emphasized things so for example we absolutely have only photos of archaeological features there's only out of thousands of photos of the 1930s there's only one photo with someone in a unicorn so he they must have taken care of this aspect thank you for that and michael is helping us with a name from Ziktuna the researcher Floderos yes Eric Floderos thank you Mr. Pollock yes um okay I would like to close the discussion now and maybe ask one final question how long did it take to for head of the research to to make it back into the international community and into the discussions of the world war two polka I think it was not changing before Herbert Jan Kuhn uh sorry before Kochi took over in the 1960s of course um I know of correspondences of Herbert Jan Kuhn with with other researchers in Belgium for example um so um he was still engaged but there were countries where he was not welcome in Norway for example quite clear and um yeah it was more in the in the later 1960s and 1970s and even later with uh researchers like Michael Miller Miller and Klaus von Karna Bornheim that uh the head of the research um was more or less fully integrated into um international research but that's also quite typical for the last decades of archeological research as you all may know as you all know okay thank you polka very much uh I would say a warm row of applaud uh we weren't digitally for your thrilling keynote tonight and um thank you for once more for taking the time for presenting her to be both as an archaeological site and also in terms of his its history of research so well done polka thank you very much and everybody in the audience polka told me and before that he is happy to uh to address further questions uh if you would send him an email polka had his email address in his presentation you can find it either in the program ea program or else at the home page of Schloss Gottorf itself and please feel free to to stay in touch to get in touch with polka thank you so much for joining us tonight and I hope you enjoy ea and the upcoming days thank you bye bye


It needs some background. It is a fact that we have the most evolved neurological system compared to a worm, insect, bird, animal, anybody, anybody. But we also have a psychological process. Whatever your psychological process, your thought and emotion is only happening because of a certain amount of information that you gathered, isn't it? Or you think she is a wonderful person, so certain kind of thought, oh, you think she is not nice, another kind of thought, oh, you think this is somebody else. With all this information, whatever you have gathered, whether it's right or wrong, it doesn't matter. The type of information you have gathered determines the type of thought and type of emotion that you have, isn't it? This is one thing. If you teach human beings to understand, your psychological process is entirely your drama. It's got nothing to do with reality, is it so? Your psychological drama has nothing to do with the reality here. Hundred people can be sitting here and everybody in their own psychological space and they are in hundred different worlds, they are not in this world. So I have an empty head, nothing. So I'm in this world. So because I'm only in this world, I'm paying attention to everything. I have nothing going in my head. If I sit in one place, you know, once in a way, when I take a break, for five days if I close myself up, I don't have a single thought in my mind. I don't read, I don't watch television, I don't write, I don't do anything, I don't even look out of the window. I have a single thought in my mind because psychological process is just a small drama which has gotten magnified simply because you've gotten so identified with it. It's like this. People always come up to me and say, «Sadhguru, I want to meditate but thoughts are coming. I ask them, see I will teach you another kind of meditation where your kidney function will stop, your liver function will stop, your heart function will stop. Are you interested? No, no, no. Then what? You only want your brain function to stop, why? See when you sit and meditate, your kidney is functioning, liver is functioning, heart is functioning, you have no issue.  Yes? Why is that? Because you are not so identified with your kidney function, but you're super identified with your thought process and emotion. Because you're so identified with it, you think it's you. Because of that, now it has obliterated your experience of life. Tell me in twenty-four hours time, how many moments are there beyond thought you looked at something? For most people there isn't a single moment, some people have few moments. I have just a few moments of thought. Rest of the time I'm just like the sky.  Tell me properly, are you really life? Yes, your life, isn't it? Because I'm life, I have a body, I have a thought, I have an emotion, I have a home, I have this, this, this and so many things. All accessories, but you're experiencing the accessories. But is there experience of life on a daily basis? Your misunderstanding, your psychological drama as life, isn't it? Your psychological drama is your drama, maybe badly directed, but see when it's badly directed, people suffer it is when it's well directed, they enjoy it, isn't it? Hello? So your psychological drama is yours, you can play it, nothing wrong with it.  Right now with this game you're not able to stop. Just imagine, suppose you started playing tennis and you can't stop, twenty-four hours, how you would suffer tennis, that's all that's happening right now. Your psychological process has become unstoppable, it's simply on and on and on, so the simplest solution for this is, don't try to stop it because you're not trying to stop kidneys and livers and heart and whatever else that's happening, you're all fine with that. Only with brain function you have a problem because of the identification you have. You have misunderstood your thought to be you, isn't it? Whatever your thought is, you think it's you, but your thought is coming from a certain information that you gathered from outside, isn't it? If I wipe out all the memory in you, will you have a thought? No. It is only coming from the type of information you gathered. What type of information you gathered is not all by choice. If you walk in the street, everything that you see, hear, smell, taste and touch gets recorded in your mind, you can't help it. What goes into you as information is not all in your hands, isn't it so? Ninety percent is not in your hands. Simply it's happening all the time because everything that you sense through fives and sorgans is just getting into you and recorded. There is no good, bad, ugly in this, it's just information. Now by your recognition, you say, oh, this is nice and it becomes good. You say this is nasty and it becomes bad. You say this is horrible and then it becomes ugly. This is your doing, but information is simply pouring in and record it. What you gather, whatever you gather, it can be yours, it cannot be you, isn't it? Hello? I can say this is my chair. But if I say this is me, you will think I've gone crazy, isn't it? Right now that's all that's happened. What you gather, you start thinking it is you. Let me go a little more basic. The body, this body, were you born like this? Now you came like this and now you became this much. How did this happen? Just the food that you've eaten, isn't it? Or it's just the earth that we're walking upon which became food and now it's like this.  They were also smart people. Where are they now? They're all topsoil. So will this become? Yes or no? Yes your friends bury you real deep fearing that you may raise from the dead. Otherwise, this will also become topsoil. Well, we don't want to go today, but inevitably we go, isn't it? So this is just the soil which turned into food. We consumed this food and made it in this body. Or is it true that this body is an accumulation over a period of time? Hello? It is. What you accumulate can be yours. Can it ever be you? Whatever you accumulate, at the most you can claim it is mine. I will not dispute that right now, a day will come. But you cannot say it's me, isn't it? Whatever you accumulate can never ever be you. If this becomes a living experience for you, that what you have accumulated in the form of food and in the form of information. You clearly know this is not me, then you will become like me. Simply looking at life as it is, without being influenced by anything. Without being identified with anything. Simply life. Is that true?  Then you gather a certain body, so we called you a man. Then you gathered some kind of stuff in you, so we called you this, that and everything. But essentially are you just life? And is that the most important thing right now that you are alive right now, is the most important thing in your life? Is that so? Hello? Yes. But unfortunately that's not in focus. Today what I am thinking has become more important than me being alive, isn't it? Hello? Yes. My little emotion has become more important than that I am alive right now. See today morning sun came upon time. Hello? Yes. Now you are thinking it's some, okay what about it? You know, sometime ago we were flying a helicopter in Tennessee, it was a nice warm day.  We went up there and suddenly hit a cold front. All that happened is sun got really blocked out by cloud, so it became extremely cold. So cold we had no control, you know, our hands are not steady on the control, so we decided to come down. As we're coming down we're just debating, suppose sun doesn't come up tomorrow, what will happen? Maybe in three months this will happen, six months that will happen, we're just guessing. Then I just came and did a little bit of research. If sun does not come up tomorrow, in eighteen hours everything that you know as life on this planet will be gone. Except a few, microbial life deep down in the earth, everything else will be gone in eighteen hours time. Just now I gave you a fantastic information, sun came upon time today morning. I want to hear appropriate noises at least. It's fantastic, it came upon time and planet is spinning on time. You don't think it's good. No accidents in the solar system, one planet did not clash into another, all are sticking to their lanes. In the entire universe, not a single accident, everything is going fantastic in the universe and in the larger cosmos.  Everything in the cosmos is going great. One nasty little thought, ah, it's a bad day, isn't it? The problem is we have lost perspective as to who we are. In this cosmos, this solar system is a speck, yes or no? It's like a speck. Tomorrow morning if the entire solar system evaporates, nobody will notice it. In that speck, planet earth is a micro speck. In that micro speck, Los Angeles is a super micro speck. In that you are a big man, that's a serious problem. This is your psychological drama, exaggerating things to a point where you think if you have one bad thought the whole world is ruined because we've gotten identified with the thoughts that we generate, with the emotions that we create. Not understanding, it's our prerogative to create the kind of thought we want, the kind of emotion we want. If you created the kind of thought you want and the kind of emotion you want, would you not do the best sort of thoughts and the best kind of emotion that a human being is capable of? Yes or no? Then you would function at the peak of humanity. Right now, our own intelligence has turned against us. We don't need any external help. We're just doing fine by ourselves, yes or no? Simply sitting, standing, rich, poor, every kind is suffering. You ask them, childhood, big problem, diaper problem. Adler, big problem, lot of mischief.  Tell me which time of your life is fantastic. The problem is not anywhere else. The problem is just that we have lost control over our psychological drama because the existential drama of life is not in our experience. Our psychological drama is like a cloud blocking up the sun. We don't experience life. We only experience thoughts, emotions, ideas, prejudices and all the rubbish that we can generate. Instead of living in the creator's creation, we are living in our own petty creation. That's the big thing. I didn't create anything, so I am here in this world.