Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Ben Goffrey has missed out on the England squad for Euro 2020. Garrett Southgate had an extra place available thanks to an injury to Trent Alexander-Arnold. The replacement has been named as Ben White, the Brighton centre back. He's been called up to the squad for the tournament rather than Ben Goffrey. There have been between White, Goffrey, James Warprouse and Jesse Lingardden. It was Ben White who got the nod. Goffrey made his full England debut in the 1-0 win over Romani yesterday, but he did play it right back. It's a bit weird because obviously Goffrey's versatility, I thought, would have given him a bit of a leap on Ben White, but obviously Garrett Southgate decided to go with White. Ben can have a rest and be ready for pre-season training, which begins in about a month's time. Danny Murphy has been slating Dominic Albert Lewin today over the penalty, saying he should know his place in that squad and be happy that he's in the squad at all. Obviously didn't like the fact that people have been having a go at Jordan Henderson from Liverpool and you know what he's like when people criticise Liverpool, he gets very, very defensive over it. According to Fabrizio Romano, Paris Saint-Germain only won a loan moist key next season from Everton amid reports that Everton won at least £40 million for the young Italian striker. I can't see that happening. I think Everton would either keep him on playing or sell him to somebody else rather than loan him out. Pointless loan and amount of value is decreasing. He's better off staying at the club and playing in the Premier League if that's what offers on the table but maybe it's just PSG trying to test the water with it but I think it's a no-go from Everton because we need them to be sold really so we can get on with our spending given the current rules and Everton's current FFP situation so I can't see that one happening. Former Leeds player Danny Mills reckons that Nuno Espirito Santo would be a good fifth for Everton. Danny Mills, former Leeds player of course, has a lot of plays for Everton. Stanley Mills is in the under 18 set. Things that the former Wolvesman is a good fit. Obviously there's a lot of talk about Nuno becoming the Everton manager although there's also talk he's going to be named as the Crystal Palace manager as well in the next couple of days so I don't know whether he's good enough to do two jobs but there you go. And that's also on the back of the Daily Express report and Eddie Howe wants the Everton job and is now pushing hard for the job. The former Bournemouth manager has been out of work since Bournemouth were relegated last season. Boyard Evertonian of course Howe but wants the job. The manager odds the Leeds better Nuno is the favourite, 8-15. This is with Skybet Duncan-Fergus and second favourite 6-1. Eddie Howe is out in third place at 8-1 although a lot of money has been put on him recently. David Moyes has moved out at 10-1 now. Graham Potter, Rafa Benitez are at 14-1 and Antonio Conti is 18-1. They are the latest odds on the next Everton manager but Nuno looking a clear favourite at the moment so we'll have to wait and see whether that is the case. That is it. Check out the manager update video that will be out. Make sure you check that out soon. Give the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't and if you want more videos join us on Patreon. See you later.


So we're here at the Lenaro connect correct. So my name is Jeff on the Hill. I'm the director of server programs at arm We're here at Lenaro connect, Hong Kong. We're just kind of getting towards the end of a pretty intense week a lot of sessions Discussing open-source software status of the arm echo system and the last day of the event here We have a bunch of demos and this one in particular. We're gonna talk to some guys from cavium They have their Thunder X platform here Which is a arm v8 based server 2015 is really going to be a very interesting year for the server program. We got multiple silicon solutions in market We've got initial tier one platforms shipping the open source software ecosystem is coming along at a real rate And so let's take a look at some of that. So first of all, I'd like to introduce you to person from Cavium He's gonna walk us through the Thunder X board and so see and share some of the details of the hardware We're looking at here and then we'll start to look at some of the software. So person. Why don't you tell us what we're looking at here? It's it's great to see Thunder X sure I'm Prasoon Kapoor. I'm the director of software engineering for platform software for thunder and what we're trying to showcase here is the high performance 48 core Thunder X Yeah, and the main purpose of this demo is to show Virtualization features of the Thunder X SOC and we have a couple of platforms here and a couple of hypervisors that they are Showing running on them. So this one is an internal evil board Which is running the Zen hypervisor and this I think Manish will talk through the details of this demo but the primary thing we are trying to showcase here is the ability of Directly assigning virtual functions to virtual machines And on the other side, we have a KVM demo that's running on our rack mounted 1u platform and this is running KVM and Objective of this demo is similar to what we're doing on the Zen side We are assigning SATA controllers and we make virtual functions directly to virtual machines, which are running different OS distributions All right, so so can we Get a demo of So, hello, so who are you? I will start over there. Okay. So hello My name is Manish Chakli. I'm a technical lead at KVM Networks. Yeah, and I work on Zen hypervisor So They're showing a Zen hypervisor running seven virtual machines So is this illustrating what what happens right now different virtual functions These virtual functions and different SATA rides. These are directly assigned to particular virtual machines And as you can see the blue arrow show the network virtual function PCI pass through and the green arrow show the ATI PCI pass through You're showing different distributions running in different virtual machines. We have a Ubuntu trustee We have my my SQL running in open soosay. We have Open embedded lamp image from the narrow which is running in Apache and we have Ubuntu running ODP applications, which are traffic generating applications. Also, we are running a Twitter application which is getting feeds from Twitter based on different search criteria and Storing all these tweets inside the my SQL database So we have two kinds of network. One is a directly assigned network device and the other is a PV network where you can see in the black arrows So the DOM 0 has the Zen bridge which is giving IPs to different virtual machines using a virtual interface and There is a dhcp server running on this machine in this network and on this machine They're also showing VNC on DOM 0 and these are different consoles as you can see that The excel list which shows all the list of virtual machines running. We have the open soosay Twitter and I can just Show you again the time that's they're running and there's a number of vcps and the memory that's they are showing Right now We have this I just run again All right, and the script is getting So yeah, so each of these windows is showing So basically on right here on this board you're running Seven virtual machines at the same time. Yeah, all right So what's the main purpose of all these are virtual machines and Doing that kind of virtualization So there's this couple of main target areas that we're trying to hit so in in cloud applications where People want to co-locate multiple workloads and also the network function virtualization use cases where a lot of Network functions are going to be co-hosted on a single platform So since this platform has 48 cores and the ability of directly assigning devices to those virtual machines I think this is an ideal platform for Running multiple virtual functions on the same platform. So so virtualization is big deal farm servers So I think it's one particular use case, right? We're gonna see a variety of solutions people using bare metal some people using virtualization some people using containers What we have here is a technology demo that shows a broad spectrum of those solutions Focused on virtualization, but you've seen open embedded You've got open Susie Ubuntu Red Hat KVM Zen You know my sequel and you've got Apache just a variety of components that you would find, you know combinations of those in a typical Solution and so really it's kind of a technology demo at this point So virtualization is a good way to use all the cores and everything. Yeah, it's one way to Achieve I guess full performance entitlement from a machine. You've got 48 cores in there You could which is a giant this is I would say is the biggest I don't know if this is an impressive chair, right? I would say maybe it's the biggest arm processor ever Maybe maybe Yeah, I can't make that claim. It's certainly a big one. Yeah, and so there's also When people talk about open stack and stuff like that Is that also on the virtual or is it gonna be a different kind of way of doing arm servers? No, so open stack is kind of a cloud management framework that sits on top of virtualization So virtualization is a Undepending technology if you will And then it provides, you know storage solutions image services compute So those two things kind of go hand in hand and the virtualization is some something that your future customers are really looking forward to Right absolutely not just future the present customers are also looking for the solution And so what we're showcasing here is the enabler technology for open stack So once we have the hypervisors running robustly on our platform Do those virtual machines can be managed using open stuff. So let's check this out. So hello. So hi So, so who are you? I'm Vijay. I walk with Kavya. I'm basically on the virtualization technologies Here we are to demo the both the virtualization hypervisors type 1 and type 2 supervisors Running here. I'm taking you up. So you have a you have a thunder eggs in here Yeah, this is a thunder eggs chassis board is one thunder eggs in there You have one thunder eggs it has comes with the two socketed board with the 96 course as well So you can have a potentially there's 96 cores in this is potentially this board has a 48 cores And you can come with a 96 course as well. We have that right and here you can see It is booting a host kernel from the USB port And you have all sort of controllers that are running with the different distributions with the PCI pass-through the direct device assignment Yeah, so here you can see All the distributions Running as a test on the first time and the KPM hypervisor and we have watching functions Assigning directly assigning Virtual machines So it runs Ubuntu opens who say And these red ads and a simple busy box application. I thought it could run at the same time or All right We can have a KVM post And Here So everything at the same time Yeah, you're thinking at the same time. And what's the what's the purpose of running everything at the same time? It's just demo. Yeah, this is a demo and that isn't that is the whole Point of having a virtualization you can have all the virtual machines running at the same time on a hypervisor with that It's having his own device assigned either Ethernet internet device or Sata device, how many is the maximum to run at the same time? You can run as many as you want as many place complete hardware capability having 48 cores It's a big system. You can run as many as the same time. Yes You can run as many as possible and it's a is it a great way to use the the the multi-core System to have that stuff the whole point of what relation is to utilize the hardware to the maximum possible extent to utilize the hardware all right, so so so How's it been to work at linear with an arrow and getting things optimized and Getting to the stage It's been a great journey We have been a part of linear for a number of years now and we have seen the RPA ecosystem evolve And now I think it has finally reached a point where we can run such complicated demos So it's been a long journey of both software and hardware enablement over the last couple of years It's pretty pretty awesome. And how about for you like the arm V8 was announced three years ago Yeah, something like that. So I've been it on for about five years now in the server program. So it's like I Mean, it's super exciting to get to this point. We've made so much progress We're seeing you know high-end 64-bit systems come to market This week we've seen a lot of activity on the software ecosystem front That's maturing nicely a lot of the foundational pieces are in place as you can see here from the demo So I think we're at that that inflection point 2015 is going to be the year where we'll see first deployments and then 2016 as well I think we start to see that that nice ramp taking off. So yeah, and it's really it's really smooth It's really working out great and the potential is huge, right? Yes, absolutely. And so this is pretty awesome So been talking a lot and working on with and people have been working with emulators and stuff And now they can work with real power. Exactly This let's check out some more you have you have to show here. So this is the trigger applications running So we have a python application which is getting fees from Twitter And this is saving the tweets in the mysql database over a PV network You can see we are searching on the keyboard in there These are the more of feats it's getting and that number of feats. It's like saving a database and we have demo which is showing the ODP traffic generator application This is the receiver application. These are running in different virtual machines. They're dedicated virtual function And they are connected directly This is the apache server which is streaming the 4k video and this is the top So it's not using much of the So it's easy. It's really easy for the Thunder X to do 4k video streaming So that's just one of the things that can happen the streaming video To over here video is stored on a server this for here and a stream to the The PCIe pass through network and this machine is running a VLT that's streaming the video on this And you've been running this the whole week right yeah, you've been showing it using it showing it off and that's very cool


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9.15 p.m. Eastern Standard Time tonight. I have a vintage show, this and that, all kinds of stuff, jewelry and more. This is something that my husband just handed me. This is full of little bit of this and that. Oh, what's in there? We're gonna find out tonight. Hope to see you guys book market. Thanks for watching.


10 to 15 minutes. Everything happened in just 10 to 15 minutes, that's it. That's how long it took for my life to just implode and now I'm slutty girl who shouldn't have been there and shouldn't have gotten drunk and shouldn't have done all the things that everyone says I shouldn't have done. But why is it about all the things that I shouldn't have done? So now I'm that girl. And I don't want to be. I mean, just think of everything we just talked about. Who would you believe? No, I'm really asking, be honest, because I probably wouldn't even believe me, so I'm a slut and a liar to everyone and it actually doesn't even matter what really happened because now no one will know. I'm tired and I don't want to do this and I'm tired of explaining everything to everyone and I get that I should have to. I guess that's only fair, but I don't want my life like this. I don't want it like this.  I'm sorry, I shouldn't have said that. I'm just aware that I'm making their lives miserable and everything that they ever wanted for me. I just ruined that by putting myself in the situation that I did and coming forward actually made it all worse. No, because it'll always be on my record now. No, not actually, but in the minds of everyone who knows about this, I'll just be that slutty girl from high school who claims she was raped and they'll just be these poor, wronged guys, just regular people back on the basketball team, back to partying every weekend, back on the road to those college dorms, right?  I told you that I had said no and that I begged them to stop and that they did it and that no matter what I did, they are wrong.    There's always guys acting all big, ready to whip each other with wet towels or the guys who are all jacked up, ready to throw down right then and there, near the showers. Whatever.   He's that guy.  And that was it.    Look, I'm a black man. And as a black man, this is not what I'm supposed to hear. This is not supposed to be my reality.   I was crashing, man.  And when I went home, my other brother JR, he goes, yo, what's your deal, man? And I told him, which was a big mistake.   He said, you need to learn how to be a man. Men don't let people talk down to them that way.    My dad doesn't curse, so whatever. It's like, I don't play sports and I don't kick it to lots of girls usually. And I definitely don't beat people up.  Whatever. I was on the ground that night. So I went to the bathroom and I took a shitload of pills. Anything I could get my hands on. Suda fed, ibuprofen, Tylenol, aspirin, my little brother's Ritalin, handfuls of pills. And I passed out and that was it. When I woke up, I was in the hospital. They pumped my stomach. My parents were worried but pissed. I would never tell anybody about that day. And I don't like what my dad did, but he was looking out. When you're a man, you deserve respect and I was not respected that day in the locker room. And I'm not havin' that, you know? I'm not riding that train. I'ma get mine, you know? Hello, I'm Adrienne Coteen and I work in the public programs department here at the Brooklyn Museum. I wanna thank Alfonso Jones and Amalia Yu for that tremendous performance. And now I have the pleasure of welcoming to the stage playwright and educator Katie Capiello in conversation with fellow playwright and House of Cards creator, Bo Willamon. And this is, she just took over this role and this was the first time she ever performed it was at the Brooklyn Museum in front of all of you. Yeah, and with the play forever. And I love him and he's a genius. And this is the best, I have the best job ever to work with these guys. Let me just say, I, you know, I, writer to writer, one of my favorite writers living on the planet right now, Katie Capiello. I've had, that's not hyperbole. I've had the pleasure of knowing Katie for several years now watching her develop this work, tackle really incredibly difficult subject matter. I am constantly astounded by what you do, how you do it, the things that you arrive at that I never in a million years could do. It's true originality and fearlessness. And that combination doesn't happen very often. So it's a huge thrill for me to be able to share with all of these folks, you know, a little bit about what you do and how you do it and what it means. So tell us, how did these two plays come to be? Okay, so I am a teacher. It's the thing I am most proud of, I have to say. And I run a theater, youth theater for a social activism program. And my goal is to work with young people, like the two that you just saw, and develop theater around the challenges that they face every day. And so with these particular plays, I was in a room with slut, I was in a room with a group of high school girls. Some were still actually in middle school. And it was story after story after story about the harassment and assault that they were dealing with every single day in their hallways. And I just never seen a play that authentically captured their voice and what they lived day in and day out. And I thought, well, let's share this, like let's, we will be responsible for creating some communal space where we can start that conversation. And then in the midst of touring that play, because you've been touring that play now around the country for a number of years, I was having a lot of conversations with kids of all genders, but having a lot of conversations with young men. And I started to realize, I can talk about rape with high school girls until I'm blue in the face. But if we don't start having conversations about rape with high school boys and middle school boys and sixth grade boys, then we're not gonna get where we wanna go. And so, yeah. And so I invited Alfonso and a couple other guys and a couple other guys that I really admire and trust and I respect their artistry and also their person. And I asked if they'd collaborate or just kind of like get into a room with me.  And they did. And so that's really how now that we're men came about is we wanted to talk about what's going on in our culture, what is happening to boys and to young men that's perpetuating sexual assault and harassment. We have to talk about it. And so that's what we're trying to do. Tell us a little bit how you created this space where, I mean, some of the girls that you were talking to, you know, 11, 12, 13 years old, you know, an incredible amount of trust from their parents but also from them.   Yeah. I mean, I think theater, it's interesting, you know, where the past week or so, there's been a lot of conversation around me too, right, this idea of me too and everyone's sharing their me too stories. And I think that that's really important. I am a believer that me too is where theater eats, right? Like theater is me too, that's all it is in my opinion. Like the best theater is, you know, it's these three things. It sparks empathy, gives permission and creates catharsis and that's what me too is. And so when you're bringing a group of people together to devise something, to talk about something that's hard, it's just that first step. It's saying what you share with me, I will believe. What you share with me will be uncensored. You are not inappropriate. The things that are happening to you are not inappropriate and I'm here to listen. And once someone goes first, it becomes, you know, there's a ripple effect and people want to share. And so for me, I don't know if there is a more important medium than theater right now for me. That's also what I do, so. I just think there's something about living and breathing in spaces together that we don't do that often anymore and watching someone go through an emotional journey that's just feet or yards away from you and feeling that and leaving with that and processing that and that gives you permission to talk about things that have happened to you or it gives you permission to feel, to cry, to process. And I don't think we have enough spaces like that today and I definitely don't think young people have enough spaces like that today. And so in my dream world, theater would be something that kids wanted to do on a Saturday night. So I get to figure out, trying to figure out how to make that happen. Was there anything, when you first started to begin to work with these children and young adults that most surprised you or shocked you or was it a reinforcement of things that you had already suspected or intuited? I guess the thing, it doesn't surprise me but the thing that haunts me, I guess I would say is how much they feel like they're not being listened to and how much they feel like they can't say the things they actually want to say and that there are no places, including their schools, where they can have healthy conversations about sexuality and sexual dynamics. And so for me, that's the thing that I'm reminded of every time I'm with a group of students, whether it's here in Fargo, North Dakota and LA and down in Georgia, it just doesn't matter where you are. They're not getting the conversations that they need and the adults in their lives are actually standing in the way of that. And so, I guess that's the thing. Tell us about some of the, you performed these two plays, particularly Slut the Play which has been around for quite some time now that we're men is a bit newer but it's been all over the country, a lot of different environments, types of audiences and often you do talk backs afterwards. And we'll invite the actors, it's kind of extraordinary. You'll have like a dozen teenage actors on stage having a really thoughtful and informed conversation. I've seen it in a room of 2,000 people where there might be like a senator sitting there as well and parents who don't understand it with the same nuance that the kids do. So can you give us sort of a sense of what the different types of reactions you've gotten in those talk backs? Yeah, so we do a talk back after every show. So when you're presenting material like this, so Slut is about the rape and of a teenage girl and the community fallout that ensues and how she fights to continue to move forward with her life and now that we're men is about masculinity standards in the weeks leading up to prom. And when you're bringing this type of material to audiences of any ages, I think you have to be responsible and you have to provide a space for a conversation after. So it's not like the lights come up and you're like, good luck. Good luck, I hope you can figure out what to do with that. Because we can't and the parents can't, educators can't, we can't. We need to have those communal conversations. And so we did a talk back recently with, so we go to a lot of schools, so we travel around the country, we visit universities, we visit high schools, we go to community centers and sometimes it's an audience only of high school kids and then sometimes it's an audience of, it's a mixed audience, maybe like this. And we went to a high school recently up in New England and we're doing the talk back and this kid had raised his hand and he stood up and he was sitting with the whole basketball team because he's on the basketball team there and he asked a question about consent and it was just a pretty basic question, you know, what does consent look like? What is your opinion on affirmative consent? So we had a little back and forth about that and then after he was hovering and I could tell he was waiting for his friends to leave because he needed to have a conversation. And so his friends wouldn't leave, his friends wouldn't leave, he didn't want to say all this in front of his friends.  And I'm thinking to myself, I'm looking at my student who's also in the play and I'm thinking he's gonna tell us what he did. So we're gonna have to just take a deep breath and we'll figure out what we do next when we're done. And so he comes over and he starts telling us about how he'd been hooking up with this sophomore.   He said as a joke, ha, ha, ha. And this is how he said to me, ha, ha, ha. I have like consent right. And the girl froze and said, and shaking, I don't know. And so we're sitting here thinking he's gonna tell us that he did it anyway and he looks at us and he's like, I said, so what happened? And he said, well, I talked to her about it and then I got dressed and I left and he starts crying. And I said, yes, yes, yes. And I'm like, that is fantastic. I think you did the right thing. I thank you for listening to her and hearing her and my student who was standing with me is like, I just wanna tell you with someone who's been through this, I, you know, this is what I wished, that's what I hoped someone would have done in my situation. And I said, well, why are you so emotional? He said, because I could have not asked. He's like, I was this close to not asking. And I was so, and he goes, I can't sleep at night because I keep thinking, what if I had done this and what if I had done that to that girl? And he's like, I can't think of how many friends of mine I have that went, that didn't hear that, that didn't ask. He was, and I wasn't asking because I'm a good guy. I was asking because I was making a joke. And I said, well, you're not gonna, now you're always gonna ask, right? And he's like, oh yeah, I'm always gonna ask. He's like, because if I feel like this haven't gone well, I don't wanna imagine what would have happened. So that's just it. And another example, I'll just tell you to go along with this Me Too thing that I think about every time I go somewhere is we took this play to Fargo, North Dakota. And given our politics these days, it's these conversations get politicized and they don't need to be politicized. You can go to a red state and have a conversation about sexual assault.  And so we're sitting there in Fargo, North Dakota and we were thinking that we were gonna get there and it was gonna be like picket signs and no one's gonna wanna come see our play because it's called Slut. And we were wrong and every show sold out and we are sitting there at the theater after the play and there is a 15 year old girl sitting in the audience and she's really having a hard time and she's got her two friends with her and they're like holding her hands and they're rubbing her back and they're really there for her and she's, you know, and I'm about to start the talk back and I'm opening up to questions and comments.  And so the whole audience just starts having this empathy and this catharsis and this moment together and a 65 year old woman in the audience stood up and she says, well, I was raped too and I'm here for you if you wanna talk.  Let's have a conversation after. We can create a safer place for all of us here in this Fargo community if we have more conversations like this.  One of the things I so admire about both the plays but let's speak about Slut the Play for a second is that you really tackle the gray areas head on. The complexities of how a family might not be supportive. They can love their kid more than anything in the world but they aren't necessarily the best resource. How friends and family and peers and kind of all interweave and get mixed up with one another and also people not fully understanding their own actions. I mean, one of the most powerful lines for me in that play and we heard Amalia do it beautifully is they were my friends and they violated me. That those two things can exist side by side. Can you talk a little bit about tackling those complexities because it's a really hard thing to do and I mean you're able to do it in like an hour and a half in ways that I haven't seen before. Yeah, you know, it's interesting. We've been talking, I've been talking about this a lot with the kids of just the challenge that we have I think is a culture to not want to deal with people's contradictions. The idea that you can be a good kid in your classes and you can be the star of the basketball team and you can be nice to your mom's friends when they come over for dinner that you can be the type of kid who is thoughtful in other aspects of their life and still also be a rapist. We have to make room for that. Like the myth that that kid doesn't rape people is wrong. The myth that the guy who was everybody's dad in the 1980s can also, by the way, be a rapist, you know. Someone who makes movies that we love and admire and you know, it's a successful person and probably really loved his mom and you know, has three daughters, gets to be, is also, not gets to be, is also a rapist. And so the challenge for me is to break these myths. The idea that rapists look a certain way, that we identify them in a certain way because until we're able to sort of get it in our heads that they're the people that we're sitting next to and the people that we ride the subway with and the people that live in our houses, we're never actually going to be able to move forward with a healthy culture because we can't hold people accountable. And so for me, it's the same thing with Joey, with that character, she's not a perfect victim. We want rape victims to be who we want them to be. We want to moralize them.   And so for me, the theater is an interesting opportunity to humanize those two things. It's yes to make rape as humans so we can start to identify them in our own communities and they're not just a caricature, but it's also making victims and making survivors human of saying that these people get to be complex and layered and they're not going to be just, you know, the straight A student, girl next door, a virgin, you know, like that's not what they look like. And so, yeah. Yeah, I mean, which leads to another vast complex subject, which is these young women, particularly in Slut the Play, where you see them at the beginning and they're cheerleaders essentially, they've created their own group called the Slut Squad and they're proud of it. And they are discovering and establishing, defining their sexuality in their teens at a time also where they're incredibly vulnerable to these sort of incidents happening. And you do a lot of work in trying to make it okay, like say, have the conversations okay to be sexual, it's okay to discover your sexuality, it's not an either or. And can you talk a little bit about that and both in terms of your work and the kids that you've spoken to? Yeah, I mean, I think there's this, you know, you ask any of your, I don't know, I see some younger people here, if you ask most middle school girls and high school girls what sex ed looks like for them. It looks like periods and how not to get pregnant basically, right? So it's like reproduction and if you're not careful, this bad thing can happen to you, so you better like, you know, think about that.   And so girls are not having a space in school where they're really talking about interest and they want to experiment and they want to explore their sexuality helpfully and safely. And so, but I know that that's true because I spend all my time with teenagers and they talk about sex a lot. And I'm glad that they do. I'm glad that they feel like they have a space where they can do that because those spaces don't exist.  Yes, they said it and they talk about all these things. You know, I just read an article that the word clitoris is not even a word we should be using in sex ed because it really has nothing to do with reproduction. No, you're right, it doesn't and that's the problem. It does have to do with pleasure though and that's kind of important. And so, yeah, I like depicting girls who are interested in pleasure. I do because I think maybe one of the ways of curbing sexual assaults in this country will be talking to boys about girls' pleasure and not via porn via actual conversations. And so, yeah, I mean, and it's very interesting. Now that we're men in slut, mirror each other in an interesting way. With slut, it starts out where it's like these girls are in this locker room and they're just being, I think, fantastic, but just as offensive as it gets. I mean, and I love it. And they're just talking about everything you could imagine and you know, now that we're men is similar. It starts out with a group of boys and they're doing the same thing.  And when the play is being performed, no one laughs when the girls do it. No one. And at every talk back, someone raises their hand and like, that was a very offensive. That was a very dirty. And I actually had a freshman boy at one of the high schools say, I just know for a fact that girls do not talk like that. And I'm like, how do you know? What have you been in a girl's locker room? You haven't. And then the other thing, and then with now that we're men though, right? These guys, we talk about this every time.  And the audience is dying. They're dying. They're clapping for the crude things that these guys say about girls' bodies. So it's just a way that we sort of, girl's sexuality is not their own. Boy's sexuality is not only their own but girl's sexuality is theirs too. And so I just, I can't stand it. And so I really love bringing these plays to schools and I have to say teachers tend to really like it too because we get to have the conversations that they're not allowed to have with their students. So, yeah. Let's talk about ethics and responsibility for a second. One of the characters in slide, I forget the character's name, forgive me, her, Joey's best, one of her best friends, her brother is one of the people that assaulted her. And she has to grapple with that. I mean, she has a responsibility to her friend or responsibility as a person on the planet and she has a familial bond and love for her brother who she feels is not an evil person. That's a lot to bear and I think it really speaks to the grayness of a lot of this stuff. A crime is committed but then there's someone like her in the middle. Yeah, I think the grayness is where everything is. I think the black and white is hard for me and I think it's really hard for kids. So when you talk with young people, or really I guess any of us, right? Like when you talk with young people though, when you talk about it in black and white, they feel really conflicted because these people are their friends and these people are their siblings and these people are people that have status in their community, which is actually what we're all experiencing right now in the media over the past couple of weeks with the revelations of what's been going on in Hollywood. So I think we have to, I think accountability is something that has to be taught. So I think conversations around like talking to young people about what it means to hold each other accountable, I don't think it's happening enough and talking about it in a nuanced way where you are acknowledging that that's hard. So in the play what happens is there are two boys that physically assault this girl and one that watches and does nothing. And everywhere I go with this play, there's a line of boys waiting to tell me that they're that guy. They're the guy that watches and does nothing. And they don't know what to do with that because the reality of the situation is like, what if they're, it's all these what ifs, which I think are valid. Like what if they're misinterpreting the situation? But everyone's kind of drunk. So she's drunk too and they're drunk, but she's drunk too. And what if like I like ruin this person's life and who am I to speak for her? There are all these things where speak for him because we know that the people of all genders are assaulted. So I think that's the gray area in the nitty gritty that we're not getting into, which is just acknowledging that these are not easy things you're asking people to do. I think sometimes as adults we're like, come on boys, just step up or come on girls, like step up, speak up, come on, let's go. But we're not even telling them how. And we're not acknowledging that that is not an easy thing to do when you're 15 and status is at play. And I think it's okay as adults for us to acknowledge that what we're asking them to do takes courage and what we're asking them to do probably is going to come with some serious social sacrifice. And it would be nice of us to acknowledge that what we're asking are helpful is probably the better word. Now I know you said this is territory that doesn't need to be politicized. But real things are happening in Washington and state legislatures, real policies being changed. You've worked hard aside from the theater, simultaneously on the political front and advocating for what I think probably most of the people in this room would consider progress in the right direction. There are certain things that are under assault right now that might be taking us backwards. Can you give us from your perspective, lay the land, what you're most afraid of, what you think people should be focusing on, where people can make an impact beyond the theater? Yeah. I mean, we're in Brooklyn, so I feel like we got it pretty good here. But I would say, I think if you ask any kid, I would say sex ed is everything. I know we could have a big conversation about Title IX and I guess we could do that, but I don't want to. So I just would rather, I just think that's like down the line, right? Like wouldn't it be better if we were having conversations about this in fifth, sixth, seventh grade so then we don't actually, we have less sort of, we can have less conversations around Title IX, right?  What are the preventative steps?   So I'm, you know, it would be really awesome if the PTA could say, hey, I heard you're not saying clitoris, let's start saying that or something. Or something. So to me, that's my area, like my passion and what I, what means the most to me is getting these people the education that they deserve and the conversations that they deserve. And that means as adults, we need to step in and help them and start like really getting administrations to stop being afraid of protecting their students because they're afraid of phone calls from parents, right? Or they're afraid of an article in the post where the post is exposing the fact that like some schools having sexy talk, like let's, you know, like let's not do that. That's that, and I would also say, you know, getting behind, you know, continuing to, I just feel like really cliche, but continuing to stand up with Planned Parenthood. I think that's really important. The majority of my students is like, this is where, this is where, you know, this is where they get condoms. This is where they get birth control. This is where when they're afraid, maybe something, they have an STD, this is where they go, male and female, all genders. So that to me is a big thing that we all should be doing and I feel like probably if we're here, we probably all are, right, so. So you've tackled sexual assault and abuse from young women's perspective, from young men's perspective. Are you thinking about ways to tackle it from yet another perspective? You know, I know that this isn't the only subject matter that you write about. Where are you right now as an artist? I just finished a play about masturbation, so there's that. I did, I did, because I think that's also something we should be talking about a lot more. And female masturbation, so stay tuned. We'll let you know where that's gonna be next. I did send it to Lincoln Center, I don't know. Does it have a title yet? Does it have a title yet? It does, the title is Joy. I love that. Yeah, yeah. So we're, I'm figuring that out. I am really actually excited about that play. So that's where I am as an artist. I think, I mean for me, I'm just always sort of trying to figure out what's the conversation we're not having, and in particular because I love young people so much and they're my, that's who I just, that's the important audience to me. You all are too, but they are really everything, really to me, is that what are the conversations, what are the things going on in their lives that they, where they're not getting to sort of crack it open, you know?  And so I'm gonna keep, that's what I'm gonna keep doing. And as issues come up, we'll keep tackling them. Like we just did, I run a theater for social justice class on Wednesdays. And we are doing a play, we're devising a play right now where the entire play takes place during a high school lockdown because there's an active shooter. And this of course came out of recent events after what happened in Vegas. We had class the next day and the kids were like, we all had lockdown drills this week. And that's a lot. And so we decided we create theater out of that and out of that fear. And so all the scenes are, how do you come of age in tight little spaces in the midst of a lockdown? So that's the play. So we're working on that too. So yeah, and there's a workshop tomorrow. I have to plug it because we're gonna be here. There's a workshop tomorrow for high school kids and I will be there and Charlotte will be there and our other amazing teammate Marquise will be there and we're gonna devise some theater. So if you know any kids, please send them 130 to 430. We'll be here, here in the museum. Okay. So Katie, I mean I could talk to you for hours about this and I'm sure these folks would love to hear more but according to our countdown clock we've got about a minute left. So is there anything I didn't ask about that you wanna say to these wonderful people? No, but I do wanna say this about Beau. Beau is the president of my union. Beau is the president of the WGA and Beau sent an amazing letter and as a woman and as a writer and I'm really grateful that the president of my union sends out a letter addressing what's been going on in Hollywood and as an ally said that his goal would be to do everything in his power to make sure that we all felt safe and I think that that's really important and not only felt safe but would do the hard work of listening to and doing what needed to be done in order to make sure that everyone's getting to work in healthy environments and so I'm really grateful. But. Yeah. Thank you, but it's nice of you to clap things but actually it's our duty. It is. So it's not a clapable thing. No, but it's why I'm saying. No, but. We're having a thing now. I just have to say. Whatever personal impetus I have to address that issue largely inspired by you. I mean, what I've learned from this woman over the last several years from the first time I saw your play and being able to see many productions since and talk to you at length as an artist, as an activist to educate me as a person, a citizen is that's how it works, one conversation at a time and you have this extraordinary gift to be able to reach thousands and thousands of people and have those conversations over and over again in ways that open people's minds. That's what it's all about. It is. It is.


time before the preliminary exams how to approach the ancient medieval part and next decision we will discuss about the modern part in this how in the short span of time you could concentrate on ancient and medieval some says give importance to ancient and less to medieval but do not do like that since we knew very well of that UPS is always unpredictable even why not last two years they are asking question more equal number of question from medieval India also. So, do not consider as such but how and what method you have to approach that differs definitely no doubt at all why normally medieval is not at all studied by many is they considered medieval as the political pure political yes no doubt you have to study Chola you have to study Rastavuta how to study all the file delete Sultanate and sultans of nearly 10 to 15 names and then 6 Mughal rulers in between that shares and Shivaji's political but they are not asking of about the political aspect this is what many importance to the political aspect and they are thinking that questions is not at all come definitely questions would not come if you study just to political alone you cannot expect it. So, in medieval try to give importance to society societal aspect try to give importance to administration admin and the medieval part try to important to the culture culture and heritage that is shortly called the art and culture this part also very important but normally previous experience students would study of this but no doubt at all it is somewhat lengthy one bulky one it would take time but you cannot expect question from this. So, study of society admin and administration culture and the heritage part this part is very important before before coming into this ancient and medieval the core thing what you should know is chronology without knowing chronology never enter into ancient and medieval. So, you first of all you should know chronology for example, ancient if I start ancient with the pre history if I said pre history continuously you should know up to the period of Harsha Vartan with minimum gap then you are good likewise in medieval if I start with Rajput the age of Rajput if I start is to Aurangzeb the continuity political continuity you should know if you knew this political continuity studying these things are very easy for this purpose alone you are studying the political activity apart from that questions from political activities of rare because many are thinking that if you studied Alauddin Gilji if they study Ashwaga or Samutra Gupta they are thinking that ancient medieval is over no that is wrong what you have studied it not history you studied just a political history that you studied just 5 percentage of the history that is 5 percentage of the people these people are the rulers no what is the real history is you have to study the history of the ruled that is the common man common man constitute 95 percentage of the history that is what if you just to study political and do not say that I studied ancient and medieval part. So, concentrate on this other than political, but prior to the political part the society administration and culture part political part is important today in this session Shata Svita what we are going to discuss is in ancient medieval at first what are all the chronological order then how you should study about that if it is possible somewhat topic we will study you take just times of taking better to just listen you will have it in the case of ancient if it starts with the priest if I say prehistory automatically you should know of this one is the palaeolithic mesolithic neolithic another is what one is the chalcolithic and you should know the age definitely you should know the age approximate not exact thing approximation is more than enough for example the priest itself would go for lengthiest thing it will start with the philac BC and it would extend up to 2000 BC the major part of the prehistory history constitute the prehistory that we ancient part the ancient part itself is philac BC and I start and up to the philac BC and up to 750 AD approximately it if I some says 8th century B. A. D. one and the same here in this the prehistory part philac BC to 2000 in this prehistory palaeolithic mesolithic neolithic and chalcolithic these four parts are more than enough what you should know during the palaeolithic during the mesolithic during the neolithic and during the chalcolithic period what happened that is enough important sequence important changes are there for example it was during the palaeolithic period fire so fire human knew how to use the fire you cannot invent the fire you cannot discover the fire so art of making fire that is right that is very important thing of this of the palaeolithic that to the last part of the palaeolithic only key they came to know of this so fire you should know if it is a mesolithic what is the concept of mesolithic is pastoralism pastoralistic society one step ahead that they hunting and gathering but here along with hunting and gathering pastoralistic and here only fishing fishing activity they did it and the most important part of the mesolithic is the painting the mesolithic painting are very very important magnificence of the mesolithic painting once it remains question so definitely you should know that the example of the painting is the rocket place in the bimbatka only the rock shelter it is not manmade it is a nature it is a rock shelter in that nearly 150 such a small small shelters are there in this you could see such a painting so fire in this pastoralism fishing and painting if it is a neolithic three important thing one is the agriculture activity one second thing to store the agriculture activity you need pottery so pottery first second time and third thing is to move the surface from one place to another place what is essential is the transport that led to invention of the weave even today the number one invention is these kinds of human activity is important even this may be asked even chronologically and last in the case of charlotte chalco means copper actually it is the metal each in this completely stone alone was used but here metal stone metal never replaced the stone all together even metal was used just a minimum level 10 or 15 percent alone it was used it so this kinds of information you should know and another thing after charlotte is that is a different in the neolithic pottery was invented but here painted pottery so likewise more related to the societal aspect you have to concentrate this may be asked chronologically so it is a first unit first unit is this the prehistory part second unit if you come down to second unit proto history the proto history is also called industrialization are also called harpens utilization otherwise simpler first urbanization any kind of question or any kind of topic may be considered the following statement about first urbanization or industrialization or IVC are simply called the proto history so this is very important part because either this part or the next part that is very kids every year they are asking because no other choice of this so in this they are asking that is a second unit if you see roughly even though historian differs it roughly 3000 BC to 1500 BC but you can't see the urban element throughout the 1500 years if I draw a graph of like this around the 3000 BC only it started to write it reached the peak actually this alone is the urban after that started to decline after 1500 BC you could see very this phase is the mature actually whenever you are studying about citadel or doctor or what are all the features harpens utilization it always denotes this mature phase so this phase is the early phase and this phase is the late phase even in book you might have early harpens town late harpens town this alone the harpens town whenever you say harpens town it shows that mature phase great bath great granary great bat and so on so so on so all would come this just for 300 to 400 years span this concept you should know in this normally a student would concentrate on architecture wise yes not out IVC people is known for architecture this great civil engineer not out at all up to this but here other aspect you should know of this IVC one is repeatedly asking about the religion religious belief here coasting whether they the agna or the Vedic age any fire altars were there yes you could see in at your place you could see the fire altar Agni gundha to perform rituals so from that they did some kind of ritual but what purpose we don't have concrete evidence this is important and another thing is what kind of religion they practiced don't know from later part we interfere in for that that is the Hinduism but what kind even we do have that terracotta figurine it is called mother goddess but what kind of that goddess which religion exactly different interpretations are there mother goddess another thing in a seal it's like one person in a ship sitting that we always push and over that certain object of protruding so from that the extortion came to know male god male god so this itself is one's question the IVC people worshipped both male god and female the goddess that's a mother goddess so these kind of approach more towards the society you try to study if it is the religion in it's the one second thing they are asked may ask is the trade because IVC people are well known for trade especially for the long-distance trade especially for long-distance trade they had it they had a trade with the contemporary civilization harappa had a comp trade with contemporary civilization like the mesopotamians Sumerians in Iraq egyptian in Africa even they had a trade with the greek yeah we do have evidence what kind of evidence we do have is the greek people purchase the cotton item that cotton item they call it at sundan that's one this greek people use it to call it as that indus cotton or sundan one second thing the mesopotamian this is important the mesopotamian called indus region as meluha so this may be as meluha is another region another name of indus valley civilization so this is the importance of the trade we we got the evidence from them not from ours was from their source one second thing is through the seals through the availability of the seals their seals they are excavated in our sites harapan harapan sites seals were excavated in the mesopotamian and Sumerian cities for example harapan seals were like square or rectangular shape but Sumerian mesopotamian and egyptian their seals were cylindrical and circular shape at a place called lothal such a cylindrical shaped seals were excavated it denotes that two-way communication and trade was maintained with the contemporary civilization in this contemporary civilization no doubt harappa was in india oldest civilization but not worldwide worldwide the oldest civilization was considered as the mesopotamian it date back to around 6000 or 5000 pc so this is another extra information where architecture wise i presume that all people knew very well of this this is important of the trade wise so and another thing they may ask is writing is that even till the date it's yet to decipher about it so probably questions may not come from that part these are concrete definitely they would ask only once they ask about the horse but itself what kind of answer provided itself is the various sources give different explanation about the horse no doubt they are contained with the horse or not it's itself is a questionable some book says no some book says yes but later part one of the harapan site the excavation of the horse bones remains of the horse were was excavated but if not necessarily to belong to the harapan phase this phase it may be later harapan phase so this is the second that is proto that is arbitration whenever it said harapan civilization it denotes only the mature phase okay first is prehistory second is proto history and third third one is the vedic age vedic age 1500 up to 600 this is broadly split into two one is the early vedic age another is the later vedic age so chronologically if you know it's very easy early vedic age is up to 900 that is 1500 to 900 and remaining 900 to 600 is the later vedic age simple you just to derive it you'll get an idea in this early vedic age simple the saptas in the origin here later vedic age gradually migrated and started that's what so here in this basin here gadgetic then question is what forced them or motivated them to move towards the gadgetic basin that to east of deli region that is eastern uterper desi region so here only one thing is around 1000 bc in this here around 1000 bc the iron iron implements iron was started to make and iron implements were used at large scale that led to deforestation deforestation of the area in this area deli and the eastward when deforestation was done gradually started to migrate because of the availability of agricultural land even before that deforestation was done but they used to the copper cutting with a copper implement was slow it's you have to put more human effort but iron it's very easy to cut even one of the brahmana said sattapata brahmana sattapata brahmana says that one of the ruler started to set fire and the fire destroyed everything and he was going on moving on up to behar region actually it's not fire rather than cutting sattapata brahmana says of this so this is what the reason between early vedic and later vedic region so around 1000 bc the iron implements this you should know and the next thing of the vedic age is all would have studied about the social political economic rajah and so on so would have definitely studied in this what is important is vedic vedic literature how indus valley is known for archaeological evidence vedic age is known for literary evidence we have plenty of the literary evidence with that use chronological of of vedic literature some people little bit confused with this if it is vedic literature it's just vedas no absolutely wrong vedic literature constitute five actually all are called vedic literature in that first is veda itself consists of four rig a jur sam adhirvana and the second thing is brahmana and third is aranyaka and fourth is ubanisad and last is vedanga vedanga all this five constitutes the vedic text so you should be very careful whether the question is related to veda veda means this alone if it is related to vedic text you should note it down all you should know the basic of the five even from here question may be asked rig sam yajur for what it's saying that well known thing we come to the brahmanas so what try to say actually vedas are more or less abstract but in this what brahmana tried to say he tried to explain each veda for example rig veda related one or two brahmana text yajur veda to explain about that one or two brahmanical test text sam veda to about that one or two so likewise how rig veda was interpreted how yajur was interpreted brahmana here interpretation is more or less ritualistic basis actually if you touch the brahmana more important thing is ritualistic that too it's called ritualistic explanation ritualistic explanation about the vedas simple for for example here aitriya brahmana kaushittaki brahmana and one of the explanation yajur veda one only that is satabdha brahmana so you should give importance to this that's a brahmana that's a ritualistic explanation and they come to third part that is aranya ka aranya ka also explain they also explain about the each vedas rig sam yajur but its explanatory part is interpretative part is somewhat different both ritual as well as knowledge it didn't completely exclude the ritual ritual as well as knowledge so likewise many aranya ka's were there one or two explain about the rig likewise so this part is important ubanisath if come to if this is completely based on knowledge knowledge each one explain rig sam yajurva so in that only mudha gobanisath mandudskaya ubanisath kena ubanisath brithadaranya ka ubanisath even the famous flow and satyavema jahitha is there in the mudha gobanisath only this is the method of studying the quick one and bedanga if you come to last and before that i should complete with one thing ubanisath actually this is the source of indian philosophy source of indian so most important why not the many bhakti reformer took it if you want to know adhvaita if you want to know vishistha adhvaita or shuddha adhvaita you should know the fundamentals of ubanisath idea this ubanisath ideas were later explained and led to the foundation of the bhakti not only bhakti indian philosophical part at the end of the class i will discuss of ancient i will discuss and vethanga vethanga are of six kind siksha kalpa nirukta vyakarna chanda all to the six six important part this may be asked if it is chanda chanda system is thematic right vyakarna grammar nirukta etymology kalpa ritual likewise i to say one thing this may be asked in problems this is important thing of vedic text so early vedic later vedic definitely you know and only one thing in this this rigveda alone that sorry rigveda alone was composed during early vedic age that is why that the edic age is also called rig vedic age all other sam yajur and remaining were composed in the later vedic so this kind will be useful to study because without this textual sources we cannot actually study both early vedic as well as the later vedic parts so this is important and and next year yes so first we studied the pre-history next to proto history next to vedic and the fourth fourth topic is very very important is the sixth century sixth century bc or age of buddha or age of maha vira or maha janapada maha janapadas so why here sixth century bc is carefully listen in the sprees i said the the vedic the very case was between yes 1500 to 600 bc and the next thing is 599 next is 598 98 and it would go on up to 500 it means that 600 to 500 this week just time continuously 600 to 500 this is called sixth century bc that is what here i mentioned sixth century bc it means that 600 600 to 500 bc this part is very crucial this will be helpful for ancient for both the ancient purpose both for prelims as well as for means especially the religion age of buddha as well as maha vira both for ancient as well as for art and culture yes maximum question concentrate on this two part please never leave this part at any cost even you could concentrate on this buddhist philosophy jain philosophical what all the parts added by maha vira what were already there for example if you see the age of maha vira that's a maha vira history already that history philosophy you could do because everything were propounded by buddha but in the case of maha vira already the jainism was there he was the last dirtangara the concept pancha maha buddha pancha maha buddha all together five principles were there you have to follow in that only last brahmachryam that alone was added maha vira already the four four were already added the last point of the brahmachrya continents that alone was added by maha vira one is killing that is agimsa non-stealing for property other okay so these kinds these kinds were already propounded by others the fifth one brahmachrya likewise another principle is anekantavadha anekantavadha anekant anekana side many sidedness before giving inference you have to look into a object in many side not only an object you have to look into the fact many side and then only you should come to the inference even at the single if you have the first site itself you can't come to this you have to repeat it in various way if if not why why not what what not and at last you should come to conclusion that is called the anekantavadha actually this is pure knowledge oriented it's more logic oriented like such a philosophy you should know as there is no other go philosophy wise you have to understand of this nearly four or five philosophies are there you should know of this studying buddhist philosophy is as much easy very easy in this buddhist philosophy one famous philosophy is madhyamika madhyamika philosophy of naharjuna otherwise it's also called sunyavadha sunyavadha this is important and the last thing is maha janabhada the sixteen maha janabhadas and the rise and fall once they ask question how did they ask question is buddha maha vira actually both were concentrated who was elder buddha buddha was elder engar was maha vira at the same time only great maha janabhada rulers were there with this they asked question whichever the following places are associated with buddha for that you should know the entire movement of the buddha simultaneously what were the maha janabhada even sometime they ask they may ask the king if you see buddha's activity major activities of the not major complete activities of the buddha was confined to only this part especially present day bihar and lupi so he never crossed beyond this buddha maha vira both were contemporary but never met one second thing is when buddha and maha vira were preaching at the time only great ruler ajat chitru was there his father bimbisara then ajat chitru as they so linked political with the religious part what's a question early question is which of the following maha janabhadas were associated is they have given maha then so on so but simultaneously they have given avanti so avanti is located here buddha never visited this place so if you know where the avanti is definitely you could eliminate you could come to conclusion so while studying about this part gave much important first thing second thing while studying buddha and maha vira who were the political contemporary this will be helpful and next unit 50 units unit number five is among the 16 maha janabhadas various maha janabhadas were then maha da kosala avanti gandhara buddhas so so many maha janabhadas were there among that then maha dhan alone started to rise under various dynasties so first hariyanga second decision aha nanda and reached big during the mauryan during mauryan period it reached big yes if it is so the maha dhan empire itself start with the 6th century 6th century bc and itself consists of four hariyanga second is susanna third is nanda fourth is maha da each consider one century 6th century 5th century hariyanga 6th century to the 4th century made 4th century in because susanna nahas and and nahas are small and 4th 4th to 2nd century bc is the mauryas bc is the mauryas so if you know this we will have a clear cut idea always go for chronological first I said maha janabhada 6th century in that one of the maha janabhada maha da that maha da were ruled by four literally so in that empire it is was done by the mauryas understood yes simple at the time only even hariyangas were ruling India India witnessed the foreign invasion actually this country is the first foreign invasion where the first foreign invader is the persian sarsis darius campuses these kinds of people invaded even during the hariyanga period so keep it in mind hariyanga period persian invasion sunghas period not that much nanda period that to dhanananda period that from here from here alexander invader alexander invader up to pancha so hariyanga period persian invasion nanda period alexander invasion that to dhananda period but no fact that's different story so try to link this contemporary sources it's very useful and last are the mauryas if you come down to come to maurya simultaneously you should know southern polity because when maus started to rule and expand in asokan encryption itself it's mentioned that in the south chehra chola right sathya buddhara use the word chehra chola paandi sathya buddhara so here at the time itself that's tamil king started to rise even asoka inscription uh second major rock inscription uh 12th and 13th major rock inscription explained mentioned about the southern tamil king kingdoms i send the medical missionary to such a kingdom likewise he mentioned so first you study then you should know the idea of chronologically deriving of entire ancient this is what so remaining maurya three rulers and so on so that's not at all a matter and next thing is this disintegration part is very important during the period of asoka asoka ruled of afghanistan up to here up to here he ruled here he ruled but after the death of asoka weak successor started to disintegrate in this result the core part sungas and then replaced by kanvas and here in this the urti successor satavanas dekan and this part india witnessed foreign invasion he considered as a too because already we discussed portion and alexander considered as too in that itself four different that too chronological first is indo greeks next is the sakas next to the part n last is the kushana if you know this studying art and culture is very easy architecture painting music whatever it is from pre-history gradually you derive during vedic age what happened during maha janam what happened in the maha janam the harayanga period any culture maurya period any architecture and here and last one if you come down here which was not conquered this age witnessed age called the sangha bridge so this is what post maurya map map of india so earlier whatever i draw in different color is the mauryan this is the post mauryan this is the lengthiest nearly 300 bc to and up to 300 ad so keep it in mind here only we are entering from ancient to the medieval part sorry bc to ad part attention to medieval bc to ad part we are entering this holistic idea one two three four one side is karikala chola was ruling other side india witnessed the indo greeks harsa sakas are part in invasion other side here pusha matra agni matra that people were ruling here is satakaranis were ruling so this is called mapping concept if i said samudra gupta immediately his territorial extent should come immediately mapping should come if i said shershah empire what was the extent of shershah empire 1540 1545 who were the other consumer ruler you just keep it don't want to write it as such it means they would not ask if you know this for studying society culture is very easy chronology is important this is what the post maurya actually this post maurya is well very known for art and culture this part is very very important why why this part is very very important is it passed during this period the great schools of art was started oneness gandhara school here in this area gandhara school second is matura matura school was started here second so i'm i'm imposing i'm imposing the political and the culture and the third satavana satavana period that is the america school if you just to go through it's very easy gandhara matura and ameravadi gandhara it may be indogrix sagas or partenarkushana if it is madhura it may be outsiders or the sunghas and convas and ameravadi no doubts at all this satavana period so great school of arts was started in this period and last sangham age sangham age is well known for literature they are not in problems but frequently they are asking inmates of a tenmark question about the significance of sangham age so never ever missed this topic in the case of asoka maurya period is well known for the architecture that to the buddhist architecture wise maurya period is well known here stupa vice it's a very famous pillar vice this is all very famous but here is art art forms another thing is literature so please concentrate us this political and cultural imposition map is very important over imposition okay now this place is called post maurya we need number i think six six or seven and the next thing complete political disintegration happened again integration can happen in under the leadership of the guptas guptas happen this called guptan age again 300 to up to 600 years guptan age unit number seven i think okay guptas didn't rule the entire parts no doubt they ruled major parts but unlike the maurya they didn't have vast empire building activity why they were challenged by the others particularly here is the presence of the strong vakatakas vakatakas were there below that small chalukyas palavas here palavas but very famous is the vakatakas vakatakas that's our remaining is the gupta in that only you could be chandra gupta samutra gupta marched up to here and left this is another so this age is called the guptan age and guptan age is well known for few things in that entire ancient guptan age is called the golden age not particular ruler okay the entire age is called the golden age why why it is called golden age mean some reasons were there it was during this period the concept of temple architecture so it was during three kind of temple architecture nagara vesara dravidian so don't study separately of this nagara vesara and third one is the dravidian stale was started nagara stale was started by gupta i never said by gupta it is a guptan period dravidian stale was started by palava here and vesara stale was initiated by the chalukyas that's why i'm saying if you know the political structure it's very easy so guptan period is called golden age one is temple architecture that's a culture part what kind of nagara stale dravidian the vesara stale it's important so definitely a question one second reason is it was a classical age of sanskritra so sanskrit age please try to give more importance to this also this too this is main question but anyhow they may ask 2014 or 15 they ask question what is nagara vesara dravidian that's all what's the answer is temple architecture yes now you come to this sanskrit age it's peak of the sanskrit because so many sanskrit kavyas kavyas were written during this period many scientific works were done no then for example the great kavyas kali dasa the stale example vishagadatha these people are very important writers during this scientific wise we do have ariyapatha varahamigra palakapya okay these two other reasons are there for the golden age and the other reasons are trade flourishing trade third and the fourth peace prevailed so these are all the other reasons but for prulims the major one is temple architecture and sanskrit you here you have to buy heart it's even once it's a question what kind of question is in that kali dasa work there is a work called malavika agnimitra malavika agnimitra with the day as question malavika agnimitra is the work of kali dasa is related to which of the following dynasty okay simple malavika agnimitra that's a love story the agnimitra was the ruler of sunga dynasty and sir is sunga dynasty that's all so malavika agnimitra of kali dasa is related to which of the following dynasty is the sunga dynasty so which dynasty what is the main theme just to go through don't no need to study the short story of each it seems to be interesting in this because in the classroom but it would not be helpful for you in the last minute okay again what happens after the guptas started to disintegrate and that is the last part eight is the post guptas post gupta period again it witnessed disintegration and here also three to four started to rule in this in north that's harsha and here chalukya extended and in south palava these three are notable apart from that here are also there here a famous ruler sasanga here the baskar varma amarufa that's a present asm but here notable is harsha chalukya and palava otherwise here they are called pushyaputish because harsha belong to pushyaputish so what's the harsha dynasty pushyaputhi mokari in that pushyaputhi yes this is the political structure you should know and this part around 600 to up to 750 this is what logical division of entire ancient with syllabus wise if you know the syllabus of ancient 30 percent or 40 percent is over with this you just to concentrate on society you'll get a exact framework about this for example with here after if i say during samdra gupta period this happened if you just to come go through definitely your mind would go to that 300 to 600 AD it's a gupta gupta map was like this in the first ruler chandra gupta second rule is samdra gupta okay around 300 or 400 AD 400 AD what about the indian society right for this purpose this political will be helpful now i open one topic just you imagine of this i say you just to think indian philosophy in india indian philosophy as i said ubanisath already contained the fountain head of the philosophy of ubanisath indian philosophy was started around first century bc now i say first century bc immediately your mind would go to that whatever the first century bc of political map just imagine and just close your eye and think it if you consider definitely this map should come out this map so in the first century bc because post moria first you should know first century bc it's a path of the post moria 300 200 bc to 370 in this okay complete disintegration because after that the washwaka disintegrated in this far in invader one among them itself for sunghas khan was here sattavagana and here sangameh okay in this the first century is this method okay during this time only indian philosophy was started in and out why i'm saying is next time going to discuss of a very beef of the indian philosophical aspect so this is odd man out nowadays they're asking 2014 question 16 or 17 question is the philosophical okay indian philosophy are of two kinds one is astig astiga philosophy another is the nastiga philosophy even you used to call athigan athigan okay astiga philosophy nastig pluser what we do define now is different what is astiga now we do whoever believe god consider astiga who don't believe god nastiga no that's a now early is whoever and whatever the source accepted the authority of veda called astiga rejected the authority of veda called nastiga it may be in course of time this itself might have later into into astiga believing god nastiga not believing god but indian connotation ancient time astiga means those who believe the authority of veda those who disbelieve the authority of the reject authority of veda nastiga this nastiga are of many but three are important buddhism jenisam another is charvaka if i say buddhism jenisam means immediately six is in the bc mahavira bimbisara ajachadru your mind should go there okay jenisam okay 24 titangara before that overall the 23 titangara in that way you have to go to the historical thing then only you could easily link all and third are these two philosophies and buddhist and jain philosophy charvaka it's also called loka etha philosophy it's also called it's completely related to happiness actually this is completely odd man out in ethics it's called hedonistic hedonistic that's a right oriented then duty oriented duty oriented are called the deontologist but here hedonistic are called right oriented understood and this astiga consists of six so astiga six nastiga three well defined is this this philosophies are very important oneness vaisesika vedanda mimamsa yoga nyaya philosophy nyaya philosophy not necessarily to be one that's why i'm writing in random not first samkhya not first mimamsa and not first the nyaya these roll the six philosophical parts so astiga and nastiga part just to go through this part a separate nc at the syllabus unit is there for this so among that once goes in odd man out they have history along with that they clubbed this charvaka philosophy answer is charvaka right and this philosophy six philosophies are called darshan so question may be a switch out the following is not part and parcel of darshan indian philosophical or astiga philosophical is this in doubt please go through this one last minute this will highly helpful for yes with this you study architecture for example a studying architecture pre-history what's architecture any architecture part no keep it in mind bimbatka adham the that all the natural case it's not man-made a cave you can't club it into the architecture part end of of ancient medieval is very simple to discuss about this the medieval medieval part is 750 to 1707 80 because political part you have to reduce it chronology alone is enough but you have to study more on the the societal and other parts in this political or the entire medieval can be split into three all together it can be split in one is the early medieval age another is the delhi sultanate another is mughals that's all over medieval part is over early medieval is 750 to 1206 delhi sultan 1206 to 1526 mughals 1526 to 1707 that's all but within that you have to know the mapping that alone would take okay a brief a brief of this everything is based on last minute you will you will get a paka political idea now first part that is a early medieval if i say early medieval or harsha already we discussed here here yes this is a end map this is the end of the ancient how this transition happened from that itself i would start so again i i redraw the map once again from that you will start harsha chalukya pallava okay how here disintegration and led to others this harsha empire himself has itself was started to disintegrate and small small dynasties started to rise here here and here one big and here we already discussed sasa in the in the sasa was replaced actually here that one big is prathihara prathihara and here the successor of sasa that is a palace now harsha empire was disintegrated and meaning prathihara is even extended up to here and another here the notable in gujarat region solangi chalukya chalukya solangi it's very important because without knowing that you can't study the nagara style nagara style of architecture solangi's play a vital role here rajavut this part many many climbed as rajavut rajavut chandelas so and so chaukhans so rajavut this is what the the spate of end of the harsha empire now we come to chalukyas who gradually replaced the chalukyas is the rastakutas rastakutas and here palavas were replaced but later extended with a great empire here is the chalukya now you will get a clear kit idea of this okay if it early medieval medieval india 750 to toll not six these are all important rulers apart from that you should know one thing outside in this part in this part mecca and medina gradually rise of islam here also gradually here and entered into here from afghanistan and from arabia when india witnessed the arab and the persian invasion in this so this is in india outside india is the invasion from here muhammad bin qasim he was earliest simultaneously you should know and 200 year later from here one person repeatedly invaded around 1000 to 1025 muhammad of ghazni over this is ghazni later from a place called gori one person annexed that is muhammad of gori moisuddin muhammad bin sam just i said one unit 750 to toll not six this much of political mapping should know history through mapping is very easy actually how many map i have drawn how many rounds how many dynasties so this is what of early medieval a brief idea but here again they would not ask political structure they would ask the other than political if they want to ask political means they may ask about the choilas chalukyas the contribution in architecture beyond that they would not ask is this people vessera state this people is the dravidian state this will be asked and the unique which is the navy navy another thing is ticket pottery system locally called kudavoli system ticket pottery system these three alone are notable apart from that not that much so political structure here architecture part they they may ask at the here this so long is these people promoted the nagarashtri especially the chandelas chandelas are important bundelkendrijan it was they constructed the gandhari mahadeva temple at gajudaho play a light so this is important of early medieval and next this 1206 to 1526 in this all to the five very easy slave by hat it 1206 to 1290 till this 1290 to 1316 tubulaka 1316 to 1414 say the 1414 to 1451 and last is the low these 1451 to 1526 simple so this this five dynasty keep it in mind while discussing about delhi sultan architecture this will be much helpful to discuss about this delhi sultanate much helpful to study about this in this highly notable one or two rulers alone but you you are that familiar about this one or two ruler about the delhi sultanate so here not that much only one things you should know during the tubulaka period one is the gyasudin to another is muhammad bin tubulaka another is tubulaka it was during muhammad bin tubulaka exactly 1313 in south in south two kingdom were started one is the bahaminis and far south is vijayana so you have to study since the period of muhammad bin tubulaka then first tubulaka then then sayat then lo this well they will they were ruling in the northern part the south was under the bahaminis and vijayana and they were remain in power till the period of aghubar even delhi sultanate over babar humayun aghubar even shajahan period these kingdoms were there okay the history of bahamini and vijayana itself would run for 300 years for example 1330s to 1660s both both extended at the time delhi sultanate was over and at the same time mughals was also started so this is what about the delhi sultanate and last what you come to the mughals in this muhal part very easy 1526 to 1707 all to the six babar humayun aghubar jahangir shajahan and six is aurangzeb this alone in this only two things you the contemporary of the humayun shersha shersha 1540 1545 and temporary of aurangzeb shivaji shivaji so this is what you should know of the contemporary political contemporary and at last the map map of the mughals consider this a rough one not exact to the scale this is Afghanistan if it is related to babar babar from Kabul region he occupied so his empire was only up to this but the humayun period somewhat extended but humayun lost it to shersha and at last minute he regained his empire and it was during aghubar the real founder the real founder of the mughal samraj and he occupied up to here up to this northeast i never touched it this part i never touched it because it was not at all part and so during aghubar period this much of big after that jahangir added few portion shajahan added few portion aurangzeb added few portion most it's it's related to southward southward expansion is witnessed during the remaining part so always keep the political so that it's very easy to study about culture last time question taan saying it's lived in the kothaf aghubar if whenever the question is aghubar now immediately 1556 to 1605 so if you know political the other part is very easy to study about the culture and heritage i think this will be helpful for you people to just to go through about the political but this politically you concentrate on the the administration and society and last thing is while discussing about the society with this assumption and entering into the society part in the society part don't give much interest to the jadi don't give much interest to the varnah system not women position so and so then what kind they they are asking is religious aspect religious aspect is very very important without knowing the religion you can't touch the art and culture itself this is a base in the case of ancient we already discussed about the buddhism and jainism definitely that should be a question about buddhism and jainism otherwise in the vedic test and the evolution of the hinduism itself and in the case of medieval part you should know very well about bhakti bhaktiism and second thing is the sufism sufism and third is Sikhism rarist of rare they are asking Zoroastrianism they are asking anyhow why should we take chance you just to go through what the Zoroastrianism the temple their early textbook the practice even one case recently I think so are some issues in Zoroastrian religion itself and even one important thing is after the death they would not bury the body rather than they would keep it at open so as to eat it by the body would be eaten by the scavengers scavenging birds so just to go through among that no compromise on these two vaktiism and sufism if I started alwars and nayanvars ramanu jacharya you have to continue to study up to mirabai at the 16th century okay if I said ramanu jacharya he was the contemporary of witch ruler definitely you should know ramanu jacharya was the contemporary of klautanga too tulsidas 15 16th century if I said tulsidas contemporary no need of him said contemporary of either sikandar lodi or ibrahim lodi that's enough because with this one's question one's question is sikism sikism that's a question and bhaktiism also what's the question is political and religious what's the question actually is when babar attacked india that is the panipatwan the political and religion when babar attacked india who are the contemporaries they have given all the three religious reformer one is gurunanak yes another exactly I forgot it and a third thing they have given belong to tyagaraja tyagaraja we call it a tyagaraja bhagavadhar that's a 17th and 18th century the great bhakti reformer as well as the musician and one of the founder of the karnatic music they asked it so definitely here tyagaraja and the second definitely not but who was the contemporary gurunanak so gurunanak babar why this question is accidentally going through that you find that babar mentioned himself in the book babarnama tujiki baburi he mentioned that when I was attacking of this one person was spreading the mystic religion in that way he mentioned in his book autobiography that is tujiki baburi that may be the reason they have given so give more importance to bhaktiism and even nc at 11th insert is more than enough there are lot of information and if you want to go beyond the nc at you study not political aspect I think political aspect whatever I have given is more than enough and whatever sobhan sir is given in the class notes that's much more enough and give more importance to this because without knowing that even state question from here and this is the part will have be helpful for the culture and heritage because if you don't know Sufism you can't study what is varga if you don't know Sufism you can't study hindu sani music what is ghazal what is kaya kawali who invented sitha or tabla all originated from here and if you don't know bhaktiism you can't study temple part so always first to concentrate on society that too in the religious aspect and the third third part is the administration sometime they are asking sometime they are not at all but don't go on to buy hot all the administrative terms as such 2009 recently mir bhakti mir bhakti is associated with allowed in this if you just to study medieval definitely you would put that statement as wrong because mir bhakti is the term always used in mughals in the corresponding military department in delhi sultanate is divani aris these are basic terms just if you open the delhi sultanate and mughal you could see in levent inside itself apart from that that they have given so many terms but problem is there definitely accepted what kind of terms how to buy hot and what you have to discard that's a biggest definitely accepted for that only you just saw made have given some terms you come and attend frequently attend that test in the test only what we have not given in the class the notes if it is important we have given it okay that kind of terms are more than apart from that I openly accepted so many terms are there in the administrative part itself so you keep this as the least since already has been questioned we can't expect question would not come next year because we can't predict it yes so this is what related to the study of ancient medieval in this political part always have it in mind but don't go in depth the study useless when in history optional I used to take it never concentrate on the political aspect except two or three even if it is optional where what about the GS chronology if you know that's enough okay with this I think I'll conclude it we'll have an idea how to overlap the political society religion right I hope you thank you you