Is the volume on the mic low? Hey, Tane. Why the sound so low?  Because I can't turn it up anymore. Okay, that's lower. Go up here. It's not, for whatever reason, it's fine for you? Okay. Well, if it gets too loud, I apologize, but I don't know what else to do. Let me go to properties real quick.  You've had to refa- hey, zoop, I'm sorry. I got your book back here. That's my glasses. I even read the first chapter on stream earlier today. Sounds fine at the moment. All right. Yeah, I don't know why, uh, I've rewatched the, uh, the witchma calls it, it's the, the Vods. Um, and my voice is hella low on here and I have no idea why it's your piece. What got me was it looks, it looks and reads like a kid's book. And then everybody was asking about the rhino scene and I was like, get playing. Oh, should I turn the, let me turn down the, let's, let's turn down the game some so that it, so that the music's not so loud. If the, uh, if it gets too loud, let me know and I'll turn it down. Talking about my voice, especially now that the, uh, the game's turned down. She keeps doing that. That's the only move I, other than the waterfowl dance. That's the only move I don't know how to deal with. Um, is that one where she leaps towards me and the issue is I can't tell when she's going to do that or when she's going to do a different one because that move, that wind up looks exactly like her other wind up that I have to wait for her to swing with that one. As soon as I hear the clink, I need to, I need to parry. There we go. There we go. That's more like it. Okay. Okay. Whatever. Hey, Jordan. Pull up. It's 3am here. Why are you live? I, I, because I'm trying to beat this, this boss without any help. I've only ever beat her like ridiculously overpowered. Um, and, and with my mimic even hella over leveled with my mimic. I still, she still beats me a dozen times before I get her. I guess your bedtime can wait.  It's not going to be fun to watch. I promise. But the only reason, the only reason I'm doing this live is I want it for, ah, that's it. That's the bullshit, man.  I'm dead. Ah, that's the, that's the king. Stop it. No, ma'am. That's the kick, dude.  Yeah, I know. I know. Leave four pumps. I was in mid-roll right there. That's some big old Booter Cheeks is what that is. I'm also dead if she goes trying, she tries to do the waterfall dance. So, um, I wish I could just practice that one move, but she only does it whenever the hell she wants to.  Okay, that one's fair. That one's fair. And I need to roll into that. I don't need to roll out of it. I have not been able to get her down. She has a whole another phase after this, and I have not been able to get her down to half health. So I don't even know if this is viable, but dammit, I'm gonna try until the DLC comes out. If I use, by this time, if I use my mimic, uh, it'd be over. Oh no! I did three perfects in a row. Yeah, whatever.  But there's a lot about her that's ridiculous.  It's like, oh, y'all think you got good? Here you go. Missing that one.  What? I thought that was the third one. Yeah, I, I'm missing my timing on the other ones. I'll get, oh, I'll get it back. Have you tried not sucking? Yeah, yeah. For three months I've tried not sucking. Yeah, boy, been trying to get good. And this is one of those fights, man. I can fight, I can solo over half of the Remembrance bosses, no hit. Easily.  I have a jump attack too, ho. Go, come on! That move is the end of me. Every single time. Come on, my baby. Come on, my darling. Come on, my ragtime gal. Maybe my farts on fire. If you refuse me. Oh, come on. Okay, just stand there and get hit then.  I honestly don't, man. Clap, damn, I'm trying. I tried to watch the second one, man, but no. Those movies have no redeeming qualities whatsoever. I wouldn't watch the second one. There's absolutely no reason to. Hey, you can love what you want, right? And yeah, we talk about this every time you bring it up, Tony. I don't like those movies. That's the one!  I thought I was done for. Usually when... Train to Besson's good. I like that one a lot. I haven't watched the second one. Yeah, it's something, the Peninsula or something like that. Yeah, and there's even an anime prequel. I'm away from that. I'm dead. What? How am I alive? The second one is like a just a straightforward action movie and then there's the prequel. Oh, I'm still alive. Okay. Yeah, I didn't know I was still alive. Tonight might have been a mistake. I don't know how I'm doing even worse than I was while I was high. And I was doing really bad while I was high. Like I said, that was fair warning. This ain't going to be an enjoyable stream. It's just me trying to get this on recording. And it's easier to save it. I don't have the storage space on my computer to just like record myself playing it. Steals all of your stamina. The kick steals your stamina and then you're just completely open for the next two attacks. And even though I know that, yeah, I can only dodge it about half the time because you can't parry a kick. You can only parry when she uses her sword. But she only has two, well three, two in the first phase and like two or three in the second one that you can't parry. Or aggressive because if I don't hit her, I'm going to be here for the next 20 years. I have that Paprika book somewhere around here. She just spams it when I do well. What you do with that when you always get hit once?  Was I out of stamina?  Stay in there and take it.  It's based on the book, isn't it? That's probably the wrong arter. Arter? Yeah, artist. Yeah, I have the book around here somewhere. Almost! I almost had it! Has kicked over and over again. How you doing, Mikey? I hope you're up for rage, E. I don't even know how far I'm getting against her. Like, I don't know where my farthest is. I don't think I've gotten her halfway yet.  And as you can see, why? I'm bad. I have really, really bad reaction times.  But anyways. And I just, every other, every other boss in this game, I can one-shot by myself. And I think I'm up to... I think it's 10 times. I'm pretty sure. It's about two seconds every single time. Even with a fully... I know you're joking, Zoop. Don't get me wrong. I'm just not in a joking mindset, I guess. So I'm gonna over-explain everything. It would let you get a few extra hits in, though. While she killed... While she killed the jellyfish with, like, two hits. I think it actually kills him with one. But you see what I mean? Like, I'm really good sometimes. And then other times, it's almost like her... Look, an attack pattern changes. And then she has that move that... I mean, I've... Someone even left a comment on last night's video exactly how to do it. And I'm like, I know how to do it. I have to be able to do it. Because when she goes up into the air right before she flies down in attacks, but not before she starts to fly down an attack, you have to run and dodge out of the way. And then the next one is easy. You just roll through her. The next one, she's going to try and go over you. I believe you have to roll backward or forward. It doesn't matter. But the last one won't kill me if I can survive the first two. And that's all I'm concerned with. I'm not trying to do a no-hit.  I was... I don't know why I did that. I should have just completely moved out of the way. That's the kick. If you miss the parry, she goes for the kick. Stop trying to parry after you miss the parry. Over here spamming parry ain't gonna help anybody. Oh, I gotta turn my air down. My goal for tonight is to literally just get her into her second phase. That's literally all I want to do.  That's the kick. Just kill me. Thank you. And cut, didn't she? I don't know why the chat box doesn't work for YouTube. I really wish it did.  I could also be streaming on TikTok now. I'll figure that out some other time. I was sure I got that parry. The game disagreed. But I was sure I got that parry. Because I over-leveled in this playthrough and I want to try and beat her fair and square. So I don't have any armor on. The only thing I do have on is this mask that helps with bleed. That's the only thing. But yeah, I am way over-leveled, as you can see my health bar, but that doesn't matter if you don't have any armor on. Okay, so the attack she just led with, I always think that is a different attack. And it's going to come sooner, I guess.  That's the kick. That's the kick. So I guess the one that I confuse for that other move is the kick, I guess. Because I can't seem to get it right in either way. I can't get either way right. Like I said, I want to beat her fair and square. Like that. Yeah, that's what I normally do. I put on armor, I use my mimic and everything. No, come on, bruh! I only had one more to do! That's what I keep trying to tell you guys. I have beaten her numerous times. Like, I have one playthrough that's on playthrough eight. Eight. Just one. I've beaten her numerous times, but I'm trying to fight her the way that they intend you to fight her, which is just one-on-one. I'm not trying to make the game harder. I'm trying to get good. Mr. Get Good. I'm sorry, guys. Like I said, again, like I said, I'm not really in a joking mood. It's fine if you want to be here, but it's not going to be entertaining. Nobody's done anything wrong. I am just hyper-focused. And when I get hyper-focused, that's all I can do is hyper-focus. Got you. Got you, Zank! That's the kick! Hit the button one too many times! What? She turned a five piece into a seven piece. Just that quick.  So not only is she the hardest boss in the game, but every time she hits you, she heals herself. That's the other move I can't figure out. And that one I just completely whipped. Oh yeah, she's...  But what's she going to do, right?  Okay, she's probably going to do the zoom in and the five piece. She's probably going to do that. But she has so many moves. I don't know how many she has, but she has so many moves. I'm having problems memorizing. Memorizing.  I'm just going to shut up now. That move that I can't... I'm dead. Or not. It's that one. Why is it that move that I can't predict? It's so slow. I think because that's the... It's the same build up as her kick. But on my focus panties, step in one leg at a time. If you don't know the kick, completely steals your stamina and without stamina, you can't... You should do things. All right, have fun with whatever you're doing. Have a good night, Ty.  It's like... Okay, so I'm sure this is the adaptive AI of this game. But the AI realizes what moves I can't parry or what moves actually land and she does more of those moves. So unless I get really good and I'm able to block or dodge all of it, I don't have a chance, man. That's unfortunate. I just realized... I realized way too late what the hell she was doing. I know how to roll through the... I know how to roll through all of them. I already said all that. I'm repeating myself at this point. Get good square. That's what I'm trying to do. I'm trying to get good to the umpteenth level. Because I know... I mean, they're already talking about how the... One of the DLC bosses are twice as hard as millennia.  Where did she go? She over there still fighting nothing. They're the dudes... The guy panic rolling in the background.  Probably in the middle of a waterfowl dance. It takes so long when she does that. Kick again, see? It's the ones... It's the ones that I don't... That the one... Whatever she hits you with is whatever she's gonna come with next. She's like, Okay, nothing else is working. We need to change up tactics. So maybe I need to mix up my parries and dodge rolls. I don't know. I want to see if I can knock her out of the waterfowl dance.  So guys, seven more minutes before I can take a break. I mean, I can take a break now, but... Scooby-dooby-doo, where be's you? We've got some work to do now. Excuse me? Now she's not letting me get a certain... A certain move off at all. This is interesting. That's the longest I've lasted, but she kept hitting me, so... I'm starting to get the dance down, though. What I need to dodge out of the way of and what I can parry. So quickly, that every time I look up, it's been 58. Now it's 59 minutes in, but... I died like four times at that 58 minute mark. At least that time it took me 40 seconds to die.  Oh no, I gotta count in the run back, too, which is like another five seconds. I'll see you in about 15 minutes. Hang on, I'm trying to find my on break picture. It's literally called on break. Okay. All right.  You need to stay over there, homie. Hey, you are so majestic, sir. Just glitching through your arm there, sister. Been better, Chad. How you doing? I'm not here being entertaining. I'm just trying to... And the whole reason I'm streaming is because my computer... I want to get this... If I manage to do this, if I manage to beat her, I want a record of it. I guess I could have made the video unlisted, but... A lot of people would like to see me. That's the one. I look at Chad, right one. So I'm way overleveled, and I'm trying to beat her on her terms, one-on-one. The only way I can do that now is to take off all my armor. So there's a reason for it, I promise. Keep the aggression up. Maybe I can get her to second phase. It's all I'm trying to do tonight. Hopefully until my... Well, not hopefully until... I'm going to be playing until my gummy kicks in. I just took it. It takes about an hour, an hour and a half. And I've beaten her numerous times at least 10 times. But I've always been overleveled. Anytime I only get a partial parry, it throws me for a loop. I'm like, why didn't that land? But of course, being more aggressive means I'm getting hit more often. And that's what I'm trying not to do. The way she just stands there afterward is worse than any mocking that can be done. She just stands there like, is that really it? Time I'm doing good. It's the one little mistake. And you just can't make any mistakes. There's always one little goof on my part that just sets me back. This is possible.  Okay, okay, I got stunlocked. I got hit by the first one. It is super defeating to watch her health go back up. Into that attack. Into it. Get it again. I rolled into it that time, but I waited too long.  Never mind, never mind.  But dude can do that jump attack. At least see me do the parry like a full two seconds too early. And she just sliced and diced me. Because if you roll into it, the sweep of the blade is so long it hits you anyways. All right, I tried that before. Never mind. If you don't get out of the way of the first one, all three of them are going to hit you. That's the one I'm having the most problem with is the slower swing. Well, it's not slow. It's a slower wind up. So I know certain attacks really, really well. And then the other ones are just maybe I will get it eventually. So why you zoomed over there to grab me? I've been dead. You over there flying, fighting ghosts. If you do too well, she does the move you're not good at dodging or parrying. For her to spam that lunge attack twice, she does it every single time I'm doing well. Oh, I'm alive. Oh, you haven't given me that one.   When she does the clink, I have to roll forward. It's her slowest move. Her slowest move keeps hitting.  Input reading. All the way back up to progress. And it that's progress over halfway, over halfway. Let's go. Let's go. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on.  That's crazy.  Winging.  Shit you can do. My thumb has an indention in it. From holding this thumb stick. Hey, I got it. I got it. It's like every third to fifth time I do really, really good. And it's probably just the AI, the RNG letting me win or something. I don't know. I keep pressing the thumb stick too hard and end up crouching. And when you're crouching, you can't run. Can't roll. Can you? Yeah, you can. It's delayed though. You hear the difference? And then up. Yeah, it's automatic when you're standing up. It's delayed when you're crouching. And she sliced me right up to A.  I don't even know how she got behind me. That's impressive. That is definitely impressive. I gotta take a break. Gotta get above my butt. This is the last time I go and take a break. And we come back and we'll fight this heavy. I'm not even sure who said that. Is it you, Chad?  I did really good that time though. Did really good that time. I did say one more round. I'll do one more. One more, then I'll go and break. Oh, well, you tried. Hey, Luke. How you doing? I just want to get into the second phase tonight. That's all I want to do. All right, let's do this. Let's go, Luke. Okay. Input reading. It's like you cheered me on and I automatically got slaughtered. No, keep the cheering on. It might help. I don't know. I don't know. We got this. We got this. Let's do this. Oops. Oops. Yeah, sometimes you just need to restart.  But you saw where I landed, man. I'm going to go take a break when I come back. If you leave, that's fine. But anyways, I need to take a break so I can kind of ease myself down. I'll be back in about 15 minutes. Mutation. Just a couple more. I'm not a couple more. A lot more tries. I think I got another hour in me. My gummy ain't fully kicked in yet. Let's go. Give yourself care. Thank you, Luke. But this is my stress relief. All from soft games are my stress relief.  I'm not worried about bills. I'm not worried about family. I'm not worried about anything other than this game. For a time, my head is empty. My head is quiet. And all I have is the reaction to this game. That is it. This game is my therapy. Used to be bloodborne, but now it's this one. Hey, Joe. Yeah, second oil will give you high blood pressure. That's for sure. How long am I going to dodge into the attack? Oh, no, no, no. Almost had it, man. I almost had it. If I can out-distance that first one, I got the timing down. I rolled too early in the third one. But oh, I have a chance. Oh, I got a chance. I have a chance. She keeps spamming the same one, man.  Here, I even survived the waterfall dance. Waterfowl. Waterfowl dance. I even survived that. No, it's because I'm overleveled and I want to fight her at a regular level, so I'm giving myself a handicap. She did the same move twice, back to back. And I got caught in both of it. I got caught in both of them. Wrong time. I might have survived that. I might have survived that. I would have survived that. But I was doing bad that entire run. I'm making it. I'm surviving a lot longer than I was. It's giving me faith. And I'm going to get to phase two tonight. That's a one, man. Yep. All right. Okay. All right. All right. All right, all right, all right, all right. I'm sorry. I bow before you. I apologize. I didn't mean to disrespect you like that. I know you were like, Mitch, really? And I was like, yeah, I rolled way too early. I disrespected your space. Completely disrespected your space.  Isn't it super, super early where you are? I was on the other side of her, cuz. Oh, oh, never mind. I don't know why I thought she lived in the UK. Yeah, she waited all that time. She waited all that time. You're on the East Coast, right? If you're on the East Coast, then you're an hour ahead of me. If you're out West, then you're an hour behind. Yeah, Eastern Standard Time, I thought so, yeah. Yeah, you're an hour ahead of me.  Are you kidding me? Then she has the disrespect to just like walk around. Oh, not both of us. It looked like I'm sniffing my fingers. I'm not. I'm just kind of like, I guess I am sniffing my fingers. But not on purpose. Are you kidding?   Yeah, cuz I'm getting fucked. Never mind. I can't risk my gaming streams getting demonetized to videos and live streams get demonetized. The only thing that doesn't is these game streams.  But YouTube's fucked. It is what it is that he's starting to believe I, I am, I am.   Man, I wish I think that's the longest I've survived. That isn't the farthest down I've gotten her. But that is definitely, definitely the longest I've survived.  You don't know me like that for real? Oh no, you're too, too early. Time I start giving myself compliments. Every time I start believing in myself, that happens. Stay cynical, eat. Stay cynical, cut.  Stay cynical, cut. The only one I don't, I don't know how to, I knew better than to heal there, cuz she can do the, the poke-y poke.  Usually I get better on the third to fifth try. And thank you for the encouragement, Joe. I appreciate it. Let's go, chick. Oh ho ho! Call from soft games if you go in and get hit first. It's just over. Anyway, nothing you can do about it. You know what? Strong facts. Strong facts. Man, it's like the boss is like, ooh, we got him on the run. Worst part is I gotta try and stay at full health after halfway. Because if not, she's gonna do waterfall dance and I'm out of here. That was supposed to be my punishment time. I'm rolled. Why did I spam roll? Why did I? I'm trying to break myself of spam rolling. That's a worse habit to break than cigarettes. Oh, the gummy's kicking in, y'all. The gummy's kicking in. We're gonna have to go for round three tomorrow. Not tomorrow. Uh, Wednesday. I have until June 21st to beat her. That's what I'm giving myself. That was a really good round, though, until she pulled out waterfall dance. That was a really good run. Joe, I'm starting to believe for real, cut. Starting to believe. Come on, you can do this. You can do this. You got this. Mouth dry as hell, but that's okay. Come here. That's the one. Oh, she changed his direction. That's it. Hi.  So there is no pre-rolling that. You just gotta make sure you don't spam roll. That move alone is, well, probably waterfall dance, too, is meant especially for people who spam roll. Pick up my zero souls. Wow. I missed time that three times. I was, you saw me lurching forward. I was about to, I didn't get into my eye frame.  I'm going to give it, I'm going to go at midnight, I guess. It hit first. It's just over anyway. Nothing you can do. Man, definitely getting good trades and no, she just cheats, obviously. I mean, yeah, come on. Every time she hits me, she gets health back. I would have been through this fate. I mean, everybody says this, but I mean, she's a hard boss without that. Nonsense. I didn't mean to do that. I didn't want to heal yet.  Oh, my foot's not my foot. My finger slipped. I have an idea. No, I have an idea. I have an idea, Joe. Joe, I have an idea. I have an idea. I have an idea. I have an idea. I have an idea. I have an idea. And it's beating her legitimately. I'm going to do no buffs, cheese or anything. I have an idea. Input reading heffy. I couldn't get my idea off. I was still getting hit by some of her moves, but I have an idea. I'm changing, I'm changing it now. You notice I have my shield on my back. Is it way too late? I realized it's super, super late. Starting to see it. I'm starting to see it. That whole time I was just doing parries. I was barking up the wrong tree for real, for real. I'm going to keep on killing me there. I was doing so goddamn good. It's working. It's going to take me a gang of time to beat her like this. But yeah, deserve every bit of that. Clearly died. Fair enough. Chance to hit you. Enough's enough. I have taken my beating over and over and over again. Thank you all for hanging out. Thank you for the support. I hope you guys have a good night. But until next time, I have an E. You've been E. This has been me banging my head up against millennia for the umpteen-


Well, hi there! I'm Sandy Allnach, artist and paper crafter here on YouTube, and I'm going to be making some circlet tags as well as the circlet cards from Art Impressions. For I think a couple years, Art Impressions has made these circlet sets, and they have all different themes to them. They do them all year long, but these are two of the Christmasy ones. They have three stamps in them, and you make a card that has three panels in it. So it's like a brochure type thing. You stamp one of these on each one, and the front two are die-cut so you can see through a little window. But before I get to that, I want to reintroduce the MISTI. I've gotten so many questions from people saying, what is that notebook you're stamping in? So clearly I have some people who are not experienced stampers and I keep forgetting to mention the MISTI. So with a MISTI you open it up, you put the stamp on the clear plastic thing, and then you hold your paper down with magnets because that base is magnetized. There's small magnets, large magnets, and there's a million uses for these. Just look up the MISTI and MISTI, and there are tons of people that have way more creative uses. I just use it because I can stamp something over and over and over again and get it right because I'm a terrible stamper. You can also get paper inserts for them. These are little pads, and you can use the grids to help line things up, or you can just tear those off after they get dirty, that kind of thing. I just wipe down the black foam plates with a baby wipe and call it done. So for the circlet cards, I am going to first start by scoring my card stock. There's directions on the package. If you buy these, then the directions tell you it's three and five eighths, and you just do three and five eighths from each side. So you have three panels that make your little tri-fold brochure style card. So this is going to go in. You can get a little tiny envelope for it, but I just put them in a regular A2 size envelope. And if it doesn't close completely, you can always shave off a little slice off of one so it tucks in nicely, depending on how perfect your scoring is. So I'm going to show you how I use the MISTI to stamp these. The directions on the package tell you to first stamp the outside image on the front of the card, and I'm going to start off, of course, with that. I'm going to use a tone-on-tone ink because I wanted to see if that would work with these. And I used for this MFT's Grout Gray ink, and it's a really light ink when you're talking about doing this on a colored card stock, like my Nina Desert Storm, but I can stamp it a couple of different times to get it on here dark enough that I can see it. And I used the MISTI magnet, actually, to help me line up the die that's going to go on here, because I find that dies kind of flip and slide all over the place, but if I put it on top of that magnet, the magnet holds the die to the paper so I can just kind of nudge it around until I'm ready to tape it on with some washi tape.  You can see how light that line is. I actually recommend not using this for this particular technique, and you'll see why in a little bit. I'll talk about that more. But the second one then, normally the instructions tell you to trace the opening that you just die cut, and then you can use that to line up the second panel. So if you don't have a MISTI, you can follow their instructions. But all I had to do since I have a MISTI is to line it up on top of the stamp itself. And I turned it sideways so that it would fit in the platform. This is the larger of the two MISTI's. And then I've got the center one that's all ready to go.  You can kind of see how it grabs on. It's a really strong magnet. But it holds it in place so that while I'm fussing around with it and noodling with it, it doesn't go flying all over the place. And then I have two hands free to add my washi tape and then just peel it up from there and run it through my die cutter. And the third panel then, all I have to do is add the stamp on top of the other image so that I get it all lined up, stick it onto the cover, and then open the card so that I can stamp this last piece on the inside. So this is just one of the uses for the MISTI that is really helpful in making these circlet cards. So if you get any of these stamps and die sets, it's really helpful to be able to use the MISTI. You can make a whole bunch of them at once. Just make all the fronts, stamp all the fronts and die cut all the fronts, do all the second panels and all the third panels, and then you don't have to keep resetting it up every time. Now my finished cards, what I did was color them in white. And that is one of the reasons why I said I would probably recommend using a darker color because I had to make up parts of that in order to color that. But it came out really pretty anyway. I think it's super soft. You'll see more carefully more of the image, but one is a sleigh ride, the other is a nativity set, and they're both really sweet. But what I also decided to do was realizing, you know, these are really cute images that could stand alone. There's some of the circlets that couldn't really stand alone. There's just not enough in them. But as tags, these are going to be really cute. So I took out my white pencil, and this was the same process I used for the cards, but I stamped it in darker ink. This one is in craft ink this time. And I used the white pencil to make some of the white, and then I added details in a white pen, which is more intense white. So it's going to give me a little more of a bright look to some of the highlights. And what I was doing there with my finger was taking some of that wet ink that I put on with the pen and just kind of brushing across it to blend it a little bit while it was still wet. So again, I can put a little star in the middle of this. You can leave space so that on the top you can write the person's name to and from, or you can just put it on the back of the little tags. But this requires very little coloring. And once you figure out how to color one of them, you could make a whole bunch of any one of these and do them really quickly. They're super easy to do, and they don't require much in terms of supplies. The Desert Storm paper does come in a pack of 25, so you don't have to buy a full ream of it or anything. And it really works nicely for something like this, where you can add just a little bit of white detail onto things. And on this particular one, I'm going to add tree branches with my white pen just to add a little bit of laciness to it. And look how bright that that little wreath becomes once I add some of the white pen to it. I'll add a little bit more snow on top of the fence and a few, of course, snowflakes. Because me and my white pen are inseparable at this time of year. Next up is the little sleigh. And when I was coloring it with the lighter ink, I had a lot of trouble figuring out where all the parts stopped and ended. So that's where I said it was a little challenging to use too light of an ink. And using an ink that's a little bit darker like this works, you could do it in black, but it's a little easier to work with it when you're talking about a tone on tone thing. The black is going to be covered by the white pencil in a way that might make the black look like it's going gray in some areas. But when you're working with tone on tone tan colors like this, that works quite nicely to mask that effect. The finishing up of my tags was actually a super easy part. I have a couple different circle punches that I used to punch out the circles themselves that I had just colored and then a circle that's a little bit larger. You could also do that with dies. And I inked the edges with some Lawn Fawn Yeti pigment ink and then put a little string on them. It was really fun to work on both the cards and the tags and I would highly recommend the process of trying to color with white on a craft paper or on a desert storm like this because it's just really relaxing. It helps you to focus on just coloring some highlights and keeping it light and easy. I will see you again in another video very very soon. Take care. I'll talk to you later.


y so he left walking down the street when he realized what happened I told the manager I'm going to call the police oh you were just shopping so they caught him down the street and arrested him I mean what is that public drunkenness maybe conduct exposure I mean if they really want to throw the book at him if there was like a child within 50 yards of where that happened that could get that could get you that could get you on some on some sexual predator list or something like that I had to gut the produce cool hose down yeah that's a lot of work there what time of day was night?


All right, cyber traders good afternoon and welcome on back here this Monday July 11th shortly after 2 30 p.m Eastern time welcome on back here for our afternoon meeting great to see Leda Steve Norman and the likes of all of us here inside The cyber group room great to see you all great to so great to see us all back on social media Facebook live or YouTube here You know markets beginning to pull back down things were looking all right at least heading into the you know Mid-afternoon just after like one o'clock the spy started to make a nice little squeeze back up then You know, it was like really flat after 10 10 30 ish and then you know right now beginning to take a dip back down So there's actually a couple of good short opportunities that we were calling out recently just before the meeting started on Shopify and Neo But there's a couple of things making a nice move up right now right so to begin the kspn at least on the screen It's up. God knows how much percent already right up over a hundred eighty two three percent and counting So this right away we'll put on our watch list. It's still very active at this point It's certainly much closer to the highs compared to its lows compared to any other stock that we're really looking at right now I'd say aside from MREO right, but kspn here at least it's still holding pretty strong All right, maybe not for long, but that's what I said be careful So right now it seems like we know where resistance is or was from earlier I was gonna say 715-720 was pretty strong resistance at least going into 2 o'clock But yeah just held there pretty nicely and had a massive shake back down So I know a couple of us were just in and out on that trade a moment ago Robert just got out right now. He was in from 689 got out at 719 right before the shake smart move Now Robert is more of a scalper, right? He'll take several trades across the day And some like decent for like, you know 30 cents 50 cents But you know his intent is at least to like get to a certain point profitable and just get out get in get out quick So you'll see him take a lot of trades post them in the room But you know, that's his goal for the most part So he got out right in the right in the nick of time right at the right price right right at the right time nasty shake after so Unfortunately, this might be the turning point for this thing Let's watch support going into this meeting right around that 625 ish 620 ish area That you happen to see there on the five-minute chart I was also going to say given how much this stock popped and then dumped off going back into the beginning of last year in 21 you could see on the daily chart, you know We've been seeing this so frequently lately where you know for these stocks that make these like big drop-offs over a period of time You know whatever news came out on the stock It's just to say like you know if this can make a fraction of the type of squeeze It made back in the beginning of last year, then that's that's a home run That's exactly what we would want to look for here. And it's already doing that already did that So, you know, we're gonna put this on our list still At some point you knew that you know This is gonna make a bit of a shake back down whether it be right here Whether it be at 315 in the afternoon whether it be at 345 in the afternoon or close to the you know market close So Kspn hopefully this picks back up But we'll you know see where this is at at the end of this meeting We'll put this on our list to at least begin Now with that in mind we are continuing the phase one stock course leader on this afternoon right at 305 Eastern time It's like you're listening to me rich He is of course I appreciate him doing that very very timely for that matter post the link right in the chat board right there for all This like Norman and Robert and Brian etc. If you're looking to join the phase of phase one stock course class You know just later on coming up in the next 15 20 minutes Make sure that you click the link. We'll begin that class officially right at 305 All right, so of course Kspn on our list to begin hopefully that picks back up But the PLRX was really the star of the morning right this thing was you know a huge runner in pre-market Leading into the open and it's to say though They know hey for this stock to make the run that it made you definitely want to be more cautious than anything at the market Open and wait to see you know what happens if this makes a big drop-off and pull back That's actually expected given how much this was up leading into the open Well, this ended up making a huge pop right out the gate obviously right ended up getting halted within the first couple of minutes So I really want to take the time to go over something like this in tomorrow's traders talk workshop No more so like how to react to a stock that makes a very unexpected move after the open You know and I say that from my point of view But that's the point of view that we kind of preach here for a stock That's up as much as PLRX was leading into the open You know just to say you would expect a little sell-off little profit-taking and then perhaps the big slingshot the big pop after So how do you react to that? Once it does the unexpected once it actually makes a huge pop right away and throws you off So we'll talk more about that from a to z inside our traders talk workshop tomorrow But yeah, this thing ended up making a huge run up afterwards ended up pulling back then running back up pretty nicely But for right now, I mean hey, it's still like Active it's shaking around a bit, but in the grand scheme of things It's already made its big move on the day unless if this really explodes by the time the meeting ends here Then I'm not going to be too interested in it. You know what I mean? LJPC this thing is a buyout. We're gonna skip over this for right now. I doubt that's making a move if it is I'll be shocked Let's keep it going though.  I don't know, you know, if there's anything in particular from our side list That's down big Actually, that's a lie. That's that's that's a lie. I'm sorry How could I forget about my neo right neo is actually down over 8% near 9% right now So that is one that is on our side list that is actually down a decent amount Dwhack and fun were on the morning watch list at least to begin, but they're both duds You know neither really made a great move unfortunately TblT same thing. This just kept us like, you know, just teased up until 10 15 10 30 Eastern when we started class It ended up, you know, trying to make that break over the opening print one more time like right off of 272 Then from there ended up failing to break higher a tanked and then obviously from that point You know, I'm not too interested in in it here If it suddenly makes a giant squeeze off 250 then again seem to be said here as I just said before in the You know PLRX All right, so MREO MREO, I'd called out right before the meeting started here So, you know at the time it was pushing up pretty nicely, right treating 2.1 million shares at the time I called it out. It was trading about like, you know, nine ten thousand shares a minute If you wait too long Right So this was looking good at the time I called it out Right ended up making nice little squeeze off 150 Even if it pulled back at the time from when I'd called it out Then you'd look for 150 to be a cleaner support level So it actually did a pretty decent job just lifting right on up But you know for right now though I wouldn't be surprised if it does make that pull back closer to 150 before a potential squeeze up higher It does have an order on the S that Norman called out at 159 for about 32,000 shares Yeah, I mean that for right now that I would definitely expect to be resistance It peaked at 160 then on the pullback that order came in So, you know, I would definitely look for that pullback here on the MREO trade But just more of a level one stock, right? It's it does not hurt us to put this on our watch list at this point Might not hurt us to put Viru on our watch list at this point ended up making a nice squeeze up early this morning Ended up, you know dropping off held under and over from 14 and then made a nice gradual trend back up So easily enough, I'll put this back on our list. Just peep the daily chart This thing is getting pretty close to breaking above some, you know historical resistance back from April May June So for the last several months has been kind of holding right around this range year around 1550 16 ish So if it breaks that I mean geez I mean, we know this thing ended up running back from the end of 2020 into 21 when we first started following this trade So, you know, you would have to go back there to see where the next you know, big historical level is But more importantly, we would have to look at level 4 book map or level 3 if you have it Otherwise, you know, we're teaching that more this week and next week than anything in the classes So, you know, we'll be digging more so into level 2 today and more level 3 over the next few classes So Viru here will put on our watch list either way in hopes of this making a new run up here into the close See what else we got here and got OCFT. It's like up like near 7% It's actually at the highs of the day, right? It's like kind of right there The stock we ended up trading from last week. That's why I clicked on it at least here before jumping over to loser side This thing ended up making like a weird little push-up at the time So I wanted to see similar to the Viru to get break above those, you know resistance levels above those highs So I'm just gonna shoot from the hip here and say 220 223 223 being the close here back from the 6th Yeah, I'd say that would be pretty strong. I mean, that's It's not weekly close or any of that, but you know 223 I mean, that's a daily close and then the next day closed. I think same price 24 It's there right now So I would look for a pretty strong push on this trade now the issue on this stock Norman issue on this stock It's only trading about 3000 shares a minute. That's not really a whole lot for what I want to look for and at this point So that's where I was thinking MREO is trading more volume per minute.  You don't want to chase it Bli took a huge hit here today. It is shortable. It's at the lows But really flat not a whole lot happening right now over the last like several hours. So I'll pass on it DOC and I was gonna say docusigned but digital ocean holdings ended up dropping off earlier today This thing is down big. I mean it's starting to make a nice little dead cat bounce right now as we speak FSL why fast fly we followed this one in the past two. I just looking a little lackluster right now From my liking it's only trading about like five fifty five hundred shares a minute You've seen better Peloton how about Peloton here? Peloton all right. This is at the lows. It's a little slow right now But you know, it's hovering over big support off of nine dollars. I would assume that's all time All right, so give me a quick sec So all-time low is back from like a week or two ago here from like 873 874 If it doesn't break it today, I'm just saying it's still very interesting of a trade to follow Especially if the markets continue to stumble off here into the after afternoon. So the Peloton trade I don't mind just putting on our list here. It'll be a little slow of a move not not expecting like a giant fast You know 40 to 50 cent drop-off in like five ten minutes if I get it God bless But you know if this ends up, you know, just breaking below support at nine That's the first step here Just got to skim up here on the loser on the loser side See if there's any other familiar names that look good laser maybe tal maybe but I feel like tal's gonna be too Slow of a short. All right, let's go over go over some of the sideless stocks here And then if there's anything else perhaps making like a big you know run up, you know by any chance Let me know Definitely not impossible today AMC was going up pretty nicely before Moving with the S&P to a great level topped off right the same time as the S&P did in the spy You know pulled back pretty gradually so nothing too special about this trade at this point But we were calling it out from earlier today the AMC trade going up I've been Neo trade this thing is just flat as can be it was down big early earlier today We're calling it out right out the gate this morning like I told you Unfortunately, I did not get the trade. I personally want it So I wish I could tell you I jumped in short right away and ran it down I ended up getting a short leader on off of 21 by still left some money on the table But just to say this stock was pretty nice earlier today right now. I Don't know you tell me I'm just goes to show I'm not gonna you know fall in love with the stock here, right?  I do all right on it day-to-day But this is not looking too good in either direction up or down All right, so let's see folks anything else that's looking good here on the percent gainers or losers list From trader K says sky K worth watching or worth having on a chart watching the level 3 I think they're saying all right, so let's say Yeah, it's up like 30 31% so that right away peaks my interest a bit. It's just got a thin book Nothing truly standing out there Maybe a strong blast over the VWAP, but I don't like the five-minute bar that we saw here where it ended up blasting over Three then it made a really big shake back down that leads me to think it's just gonna kind of stumble into the close And if it does if it does pop then I would expect three to be resistance Maybe 305 on a false breakout then for it to slam back down But I'm not gonna put this on our list just yet the order books a little too thin for my liking if it was more liquid then I'd definitely give it a look just given how much it's up percentage wise, but If there's no big money to follow and if we were if our whole MO is to follow the big money It's kind of tough, right and try like that's what I say to myself Like seriously when I'm trading I'm like, all right Well, this book maps hard to read or this order book is hard to read and like all right Well, shouldn't I be following something like that's easy for me to make money on so that's all All right, folks, I think that just about does it Px. Oh, no, that one's not even trading enough volume Let me just sip my sip my Benzinga Pro here a scanner just for a quick moment. Just got to filter it out really briefly Fun veeru TBLT none of these really make a good move right now latest says suppose O-R-M-P going anywhere. All right that one at the end. We'll see This one looking a little bit more liquid at least on the order book. It is pushing up pretty nicely You would really want to see the volume continue at least from over the last like two three minutes If it continues to wane down like it was off the last spike that we had then I'd only expect for this to dump off But I mean it's you know making a nice little move. I'll keep it on our side list for right now It's not up or down a whole lot percentage wise That's like, you know one of the things that I want to follow something that's up more down more where there's More eyeballs on that stock or if it's trading just a lot of volume across the whole day You know one of the top volume trades just you know, that's something that you would see a lot more people look to scan for So that's where we base it off of you know, this could just be a great sideless stock tradable Also, it's shortable. So if it ends up crapping out going the complete other way just saying that could be a pretty interesting trade then, right? All right, so folks I'll tell you I think that I like the list as is we got four stocks on there the kspn the veeru Mreo and pton those four at least to begin And hey, you know we got plenty of time So let's start this list for right now then at like three o'clock or even like 255 ish in about like eight or so minutes You know if there's anything else that looks pretty good Then we'll look to re-scan the market at that point rich will jump on the mic You know from three to four for those of us not joining me in class and then you know We'll see if there's anything else moving with the market perhaps at that point going forward All right for all of a sudden Facebook live YouTube How about this if you wanted to join our live trading room for tomorrow's? Exclusive workshop traders talk that's our weekly live Q&A that we host every week inside the live trading room I say that now more than ever because we came off our morning class earlier today kind of just going over the basics as a newly On-boarded enrolled student just to say you know every Tuesday We do our live traders talk workshop inside the cyber group room So of course that goes for all of us, you know there in the room right now all of our members and students alike If you can hear my beautiful voice then That traders talk for tomorrow. So any questions that you have send over via email Josh at C2 trading calm But even more so now than ever that goes for all of a sudden social media If you wanted to join for tomorrow's workshop Just go right down to the link on the yellow banner below to sign up But any questions that you have any trading related questions that you have about our callouts icebergs level four send it over Josh C2 trading calm and we'll be sure to break it down all at the top of the hour at 11 o'clock come tomorrow morning All right for all of us in the room right now. Just give me a quick moment I'm gonna post and tweet the pics then we're gonna repost the link for class I'm gonna I'm gonna just click on that link pretty early myself So I'm all squared away with the tech and audio and I look forward to seeing all of us there. Take care Come a cyber group member today Just click the link below and receive all these amazing products and a world of knowledge We're just nine dollars do it today


Okay, so we've been using phase diagrams to talk about immiscible liquids or partially miscible liquids, liquids that may be miscible at some temperatures, but if I cool the temperature down low enough below this consulate temperature or critical solution temperature, then the two liquids become partially miscible, become immiscible below that temperature, and I have a phase separation between two different liquid phases. There's some more to understand about this phase diagram because we know of course that when we heat a liquid up to higher temperatures that liquid can boil. So we not only have phase equilibrium between two immiscible liquids, liquid-liquid equilibrium, but if we heat the system up to form a gas or a vapor, we can have equilibrium between the liquids involved and their vapors as well. So that's the next thing to understand is how does that work when we heat up these solutions involving partially miscible liquids. And we already understand liquid-vapor equilibrium, so it's just a matter of combining two things that we already know. So first thing to recognize is that for any mixture that has immiscibility between the two liquids, that's going to be a system with positive deviations from Reld's law. So this would be something like, for example, oil and water, which phase separate because they don't mix well, and that's because the interaction between the two types of molecules, the heterogeneous interaction is going to be weaker than the average of the homogeneous interactions. And as we've seen when we talked about ideal solutions, that's a situation where we're going to get positive deviations from Reld's law when I mix the two solvents together to make a solution. When A's are surrounded by B's, they're held into the liquid less strongly than when they're surrounded by their own type of molecule. So they leave the liquid phase more readily and go into the gas phase. We're going to have positive deviations from Reld's law. Or if these solvents are interacting strongly enough, deviating strongly enough from Reld's law to form an aziotrope, then we're going to have a minimum boiling aziotrope. So if I combine that information, these solvents will form a minimum boiling aziotrope with what I know about the liquid-liquid phase diagram. Then we can have what we know about aziotropes. So I've just drawn an aziotrope on this diagram at temperatures above the temperature where the two solutions become miscible. So if we heat the system up to high enough temperatures, the solution will boil and become a gas. That boiling happens over a range of temperatures. So these are two-phase regions showing the coexistence of a liquid phase and a gas phase, just like we've talked about for solutions and for aziotrope forming mixtures. So that's one thing that a phase diagram can do if I have partially immiscible liquids that form an aziotrope that the phase diagram can look like this. This would be a case where the boiling point of the aziotrope, so this point right there, this temperature that is the boiling point of the aziotropic mixture of those two solvents, I've drawn this phase diagram so that that aziotropic boiling point is above the critical solution temperature or the consulate temperature. That's not necessarily the case. That's true in this case for this amount of deviations from Reld's law. But imagine that the interaction between the two solvents causes even stronger deviations from Reld's law or even a lower boiling aziotropic mixture. So in that case, when the solvents are even more ideal, I'll draw another version of this phase diagram. So again, there's some phase separation between two liquid phases at low temperatures. But what I want to draw now is the case where this boiling point of the aziotrope has dropped low enough that it's below, actually below the critical solution temperature. So with roughly the same boiling points for these two pure solvents, if the boiling point of the aziotrope was dropped way down here, then I can draw curves corresponding to what that aziotrope mixture would look like. But now the aziotropic liquid vapor equilibrium curves are going to intersect the liquid-liquid phase equilibrium curves, and I'm going to get a phase diagram that looks like this. Essentially this is just a version of the phase diagram where the aziotrope has dropped below the point where the solvents become admissible. So notice what I have here. Again, the high temperature phase is the gas phase. I can boil these liquids if I raise their temperature high enough. I have a pure liquid phase over here and a pure liquid phase over here, but they're no longer part of all the same liquid phase. This is the liquid phase here. I can have liquid phase that's enriched in A, nearly pure A, or enriched in B, nearly pure B, and I can get from one side of this diagram to the other. Here I have two different phases. As with this diagram, I can drop the temperatures where the A-rich liquid and the B-rich liquid are not admissible with one another. So here's my A-rich liquid phase, and here's my B-rich liquid phase. Now not only are they not admissible, but I have no path connecting the two of them. So I essentially have two entirely separate phases. The B-rich liquid exists at compositions that don't overlap with the compositions of this A-rich liquid phase. I can be at particular points on this phase diagram. Let's say I'm at this point in the phase diagram in this liquid vapor coexistence region. If I prepare a system at this composition and this temperature, I'll be in this liquid vapor coexistence region. The tie line at that temperature tells me that what I actually have prepared when I reach equilibrium is a mixture of a liquid that's at an even more B-enriched composition than what I prepared and a vapor that is less B-enriched, more A-enriched. So coexistence between those two phases. Likewise, I can mix two liquids together. The one special case that appears on this diagram that hasn't appeared on any diagram we've seen before is this point right here, which is a triple point. If I prepare the solution at exactly this composition and exactly this temperature, the temperature, this flat line where the azeotropic curves, the bubble point curve has begun to intersect this liquid miscibility diagram. At that temperature in this composition, at this point I have coexistence of three different phases. I have the B-rich liquid and the gas phase and the A-rich liquid all coexisting with each other. The tie line right here tells me I have this phase and this phase and this phase all existing with one another. The gas at the composition I formed as well as an A-rich liquid and the B-rich liquid. So qualitatively, that phase diagram is a little bit different than this one, but the features are generally the same except for the addition of this triple point. And this gives us a way to understand the interaction, the very non-ideal interactions for an azeotropic forming pair of liquids that are also not fully miscible at all temperatures. So now that we understand what happens up here in the vapor phase, there's a few more things to point out about the consulate temperature, the temperature at which these two solvents become fully miscible. And we'll do that in a separate video.


Okay, folks, thanks everyone for being here, especially being the last of the lightning talks. Well, my name is Santiago, I work at Zeppelin, and today we're going to discuss a bit about EVM packages and how to reuse code directly on-chain. But before we move into that, we should talk a little bit about proxies and the proxy pattern and how we use it at Zeppelin OS. Basically, the idea for the proxy patterns is to decouple the execution code and the storage layer when we work with a particular contract. So we end up having what we're calling the logic contract, which actually holds the code to be executed. And we have a proxy that actually keeps the storage and the state of the contract we're interacting with. We call it typically the upgradeable contract instance. So any client typically just interacts with the proxy, well, even knowing it's a proxy, this contract keeps track of all the states that we're interested in and simply delegates all the logic back to the logic contract. So for instance, let's say we have a typical ERC-20, which implants a transfer function, the proxy just keeps track of the implantation address of this logic contract. So whenever there is a transfer code, let's say it's simply delegated to the ERC-20 contract. For those of you who know about this little opcode, this basically allows us to execute code from here while retaining the state and the context from here. Okay, so a nice benefit of this besides the gas savings, for instance, is that this allows us to update to a different implementation. So let's say we find a bug or want to improve or whatever it is on the ERC-20 contract. We simply deploy a new logic contract. We update the implementation address on the proxy contract. So all subsequent calls are delegated to the new implementation while retaining the state here and retaining the address that all of our clients are interacting with. Okay, so now let's move into EVM packages. So going back to the example we had just a couple seconds ago, let's say we have a new ERC-20 and let's say we want to actually deploy more than a single proxy. We want to have multiple tokens. Okay, the thing is we don't need to deploy more than one logic contract. We only need one copy of the code that's actually going to be executed. This allows us to spin up multiple proxies, each of these representing a different token, all of which will be delegating to the single implementation contract. Moreover, all the proxies can actually belong to different projects. They can be managed by entirely different development teams and they all can rely on the same single implementation contract deployed on the same network. And furthermore, the implementation contract can even manage by a fourth by a different team. So we could have a team that works just deploying implementation contracts for standards such as ERC-20s and 21, whatever you prefer. And then you have the users or the clients of this code that can be completely different teams that will just deploy their new tokens pointing to this particular implementation. Mind you that while these contracts are upgradable, this one is immutable. This one is fixed. So this means that if any project wants to work with a new version, they simply need to point to a new one. So basically, what we are doing is we are standardizing this concept into EVM packages. EVM packages are a collection of related contracts that are deployed on chain for other projects to connect to and reuse directly on chain. So this is basically a form of code sharing entirely on chain. So in case the owner, the developer of this particular EVM package, again finds a bug, an improvement or whatever it is on ERC-20. They only need to deploy a new version and then it's up to the project, to the users, to the clients of these logic contracts to decide whether they want to upgrade to opt-in to this new version that is being deployed. So one of the first EVM packages that we are pushing is OpenSupply in EDH. This is basically a fork of OpenSupply in Solidity that's built as an EVM package. For those of you who don't know, OpenSupply is a set of reusable smart contracts. We have implementations for some of the most common standards such as ERC-20s and 21 and a handful of utilities as well. So what we're offering right now, but not intended, is basically an implementation on chain already for ERC-20s and 21 and also a couple of goodies for token vesting and splitting payments. All these contracts are already deployed on chain. If you go to Mainnet or to any test network, it's Robstein, Rinkaby, Coban, whatever it is, you can link to these contracts. You can spin up new proxies pointing to these implementations. And you don't need to redeploy the code for your C20 or C21 every time you want to deploy a new token. You basically delegate the development of these standards to the development team behind OpenSupply. And you just act as clients of that code directly on chain. Of course, this package also has all the contracts from OpenSupply and you know and love and are already set up to be used in an upgradable context. And yes, these are all the contracts within OpenSupply. So how do you actually use this from a user perspective? This is where Zeppelin OS comes in. Zeppelin OS basically leverages the proxy pattern for providing a predictability and also cold sharing using the EVM packages pattern. So Zeppelin OS provides a handy CLI in which you can specify which EVM packages you want to use as dependencies. You use the link command for specifying that. And this is basically going to gather the information for OpenSupply and allow you to create new upgradable instances or proxies directly from the command line specifying whichever initialization arguments you're interested in. For instance here, we're creating an ERC-20 instance named MyToken with big decimals and giving this address 100 tokens to begin with. There are other ways for interacting with Zeppelin OS. We're providing JavaScript libraries as well if you don't want to play around with the CLI, but this is by far the easiest way to integrate with. Okay, so to recap, EVM packages basically is a new standard that allows us to share code directly at the bytecode level by having the code already deployed and having the users just linked to it. This allows for gas cost savings because you don't need to redeploy the implementation contracts every time and make it easy for upgrading to a new version. You just delegate to the developer of the package and you choose when you want to work with a new one. And we're providing Zeppelin OS as an easy way to both publish and consume these EVM packages. And one of the interesting things is that OpenSupply 88 is not the only EVM package going around. We have a lot of very wonderful teams also working on their own EVM packages. Some of these are already available on Mainnet. We have packages for Oracles, for TCRs, for Multisig, for a handful of things. We'll be releasing even more and partnering with more teams as time goes by. So thank you all. Hope you enjoyed the talk and sorry I have to say this. We are hiring. Look for us, any of us with a Zeppelin t-shirt. We are a distributed team. We are growing. Please, if you're interested in this, let us know. We'll be happy to have you on our team. Thank you.


stalk හ් බෝඵරායිනල මෙ coraçãoරා noises taking stagnation quantities is h plus the velocity v square by 2 the dynamic and with the aid of a perfect gas or an ideal gas as the system which obeys the ideal gas equation of state that p is equal to rho r t and for an isentropic process as you know p by rho to the power gamma gamma is the ratio of specific is at constant we derived the ratios between the stagnation temperatures t zero by t is one plus gamma this is this recapitulation of the earlier thing mac number square of the mac number where this mac number m e is defined as the flow velocity divided by the acoustic velocity or speed of sound which is nothing but root over gamma r t this is also for an ideal gas as the system of the flowing medium similarly for a perfect gas p zero by p the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the local pressure is given by gamma minus one by two m s square to the power gamma by gamma minus one and rho zero by rho the ratio of density stagnation density to the local density is one plus gamma minus one by two m s square one by gamma minus one so this have been derived with the aid of these two questions so constants for these definitions are like this the flow should be isentropic that means the stagnation temperature stagnation pressure not stagnation in stagnation temperature isentropic is not important but for stagnation pressure and the stagnation density the flow should be isentropically brought to rest okay now let us realize this situation physically for example if we have a large reservoir for example the flow commences from a large reservoir if we have a variable area duct the flow takes place through a variable area duct let this is the direction of flow and if this is a large reservoir a large reservoir and if this duct and the reservoir is insulated both are insulated that means q is equal to zero there is no q heat interactions neither comes out nor goes in and if we consider the flow to be inviscid flow that means the fluid flowing is in inviscid fluid that means free from frictional effect then this flow is an isentropic flow then for this kind of isentropic flow the conditions at the reservoir where the fluid is at rest are typically the stagnation conditions that means temperature corresponds to t zero the enthalpy in the reservoir when the fluid was at rest corresponds to h zero the pressure is p zero and the density is rho zero and the most important thing is that at any section where the pressure is p temperature is t corresponding density is rho and velocity is v the ratios are given by this this is the energy equation which is valid if there is no heat flow out or into the system the enthalpy plus the velocity head and the reservoir v is zero has to be constant so there is no restriction whether the flow will be reversible or not the frictional effect will be there or not so therefore this equation for this equation only constant is the adiabaticness of the flow that means the flow should be adiabatic and with the head of the perfect gas equation we can derive this equation this is because for a perfect gas we know h can be expressed as c p t plus some constant arbitrary constant c p times the temperature so c p times the temperature enthalpy specific enthalpy ok so with the help of this we can derive that so stagnation temperature does not require the condition for isentropicness but stagnation pressure and stagnation density must require the condition for isentropicness so stagnation properties as a whole are defined those properties which would arise if the fluid were brought to this isentropic that means in the flow situations in an isentropic flow the fluid where the fluid is at rest the situations or the parameters referred to stagnation parameters these are the stagnation parameters we can find out the velocity for example v square is 2 h 0 minus h or v is equal to root over 2 h 0 minus in a simple condition that means by virtue of the enthalpy difference for a perfect gas we can write c p t 0 minus t so therefore at any section the velocity v is achieved by virtue of its change in this stagnation temperature stagnation temperatures are simply the index of the energy or the enthalpy in case of an ideal gas ok another very important condition arises in this isentropic flow is the sonic condition that is another important condition what is meant by sonic condition that means at any section in the duct the flow situation be such that the velocity of flow becomes equal to the acoustic speed or velocity of sound at that section corresponding to the particular properties prevailing at that section that means the local properties of p t rho the velocity of sound velocity of sound is given by root over gamma art so the local section or the locality where v attains a is known as the sonic condition they are the mach number of flow becomes equal to 1 so sonic condition is a very important condition and sections where the fluid flow achieves the speed of sound with mach number 1 and the properties at that location is are referred as sonic properties and they are usually are conventionally denoted with an asterisk as the superscript for example p star is the known as sonic pressures so pressure p star that is the sonic condition sonic pressure what is meant by sonic pressure that is the pressure at the section where the sonic velocity is reached similarly t star similarly rho star just like p 0 t 0 rho 0 with 0 as the suffix conventionally represents the stagnation properties asterisk with a superscript represent the sonic properties that means these are the properties at the section where the sonic velocity that the velocity of sound is reached by the velocity of the fluid so to derive an expression of those quantity this is very simple that if we put m a mach number is equal to 1 that means if we put mach number is equal to 1 then the t correspond to t star then what is the value of t 0 by t star we can find out the ratio then then we can find out t 0 by t star becomes equal to if you put mach number is equal to 1 2 plus gamma minus 1 that means gamma plus 1 by 2 so simply it becomes gamma plus 1 by 2 because mach number is 1 it is free from mach number mach number is put 1 so similarly for a perfect gas we can write p 0 by p star is gamma plus 1 by 2 raise gamma by gamma minus 1 similarly rho 0 by rho star is equal to gamma plus 1 by 2 to the power 1 by gamma minus 1 so this defines the sonic properties the ratios of stagnation to sonic properties where the flow velocities has reached the acoustic velocities now what is the flow velocity v v star is equal to a star and is equal to gamma r t star all star or asterisk whatever you call we call it a star so with a star at the superscript means the condition where the mach number 1 has reached so at that condition the velocity of the fluid flow and the sound speed at that condition is also given as a asterisk mark star a star is root over gamma r t star alright so we can find out this t star is t 0 2 by gamma plus 1 so we can also write in terms of this stagnation property t 0 t star is t 0 into 2 by gamma plus 1 so one can express also these are little algebraic manipulation the v star or a star becomes equal to gamma r t 0 2 by gamma plus 1 so when the mach number 1 is reached the sonic properties are defined like this as a ratio of the stagnation properties like this so these are known as sonic properties now after this any question so after this we will see the very important thing will come to an important deductions or important problem that effects of area variation effects of you write this is the topic of the day effects of area variation which is very important and interesting area variation on flow properties on flow properties on flow properties in an isentropic flow in an isentropic flow in an isentropic flow effects of area variation on flow properties in an isentropic flow let us consider a general situation of an isentropic flow like this that means the duct is adiabatic and we consider an inviscid flow that means free from irreversibility that is a reversible adiabatic flow isentropic flow where the area is varying this is a varying area duct so we consider an analysis for one dimensional flow where velocities pressures all are functions of the direction of the flow but is uniform across uniform across a section so now you see that in this case if we write the equation of motion equation of motion equation of motion for an one dimensional inviscid flow simple equation of motion that is your Euler's equation Euler's equation which is the equation of motion for inviscid flow equation of motion for inviscid flow in one dimensional can be written in a differential form d p is equal to minus rho v d v in a differential form we can write rho v d v so this is the inertial term and this is the pressure this is the pressure this can be found out by making a force balance p p plus d p and taking this is the inertia force and this is the pressure force that is balanced by inertia force is equal to pressure force because there is no viscous force so d p is minus rho v d v if you recollect it is the differential form of your Euler's equation for one dimension flow that means the equation of motion for an inviscid fluid minus rho v d v now if we divide both the sides by rho v square we get d p by rho v square is very simple deduction is minus d v by now continuity if we write the continuity equation continuity means the integral form of the continuity not differential form the bulk continuity equation that is the bulk bulk form bulk continuity equation we can write the rho density into area into velocity that means we are considering the one dimensional approach that means at any section the velocity is uniform across the section area is the cross sectional area at that section and rho is density this is equal to constant this is the bulk continuity for a one dimensional flow that any section rho a v v is the uniform velocity at that section rho is the uniform density and area of cross section the product of this three is constant that means the mass flow rate this implies the mass flow rate now in a differential form this can be written d rho by rho plus d a by a is very simple deduction d v by v is 0 from continuity equation in this differential form we can substitute d v by v from here and we get d p by rho v square is equal to minus d v by v is d rho by rho plus d a by a that means d rho by rho plus d a sorry by a ok all right and next we can write this d p by rho this we can write d p if I take this d rho by rho d a by a d a by a in one side we can write d p by rho v square minus d rho or we can write d a by a or we can write is equal to d p by rho v square we take as common d p by rho v square into one minus v square divided by ok so again we can write d a by a or is equal to d p by rho v square now what is this value d p by d rho in an isentropic flow a square very good that is this is equal to a square and v square by a square is mac number square all right again we can write another equation or in terms of v d a by a this is d p by rho v square d p by rho v square is minus d v by v you see from the equation of motion d p by rho v square is minus d v by v so we can write so minus d v by v so this two equations are very very important equation this two this two this two equations these two equations are very important equations in compressible fluid flow so what do these equations indicate you see now these two equations indicate that when mac number is less than one that means subsonic flow subsonic flow when mac number is less than one that means in case of subsonic flow you see that d a and d p have the same sign d a and d p has the same sign and d a and d v has the opposite sign that means for d a greater than zero d a less than zero for example d p less than zero and d v greater than zero or d v less than zero d a greater than zero d p greater than zero and d v less than d a greater than zero means d v less than zero what does it mean that means when m a less than one is subsonic flow when area decreases that means d a less than zero d a d p is positive that means d a and d p are the same sign when area decreases that means area less than zero d p also less than zero that means the pressure also decreases but velocity increases similarly when area increases that d a greater than zero then pressure also increases and accordingly these two are the opposite signs so accordingly the velocity decreases and it is the usual happenings that we already know which takes place in case of an incompressible flow so this qualitative trend with which we are which we are acquainted with in case of incompressible flow remains the same in case of subsonic flow when Mach number less than one but what happens in case when Mach number is greater than one from this we can write when Mach number is greater than one when just the reverse you see when Mach number is greater than one that is supersonic flow supersonic flow you just see from the equation when Mach number is greater than one we see that when d a is less than zero d p is because this is negative Mach number greater than one so when d a is less than zero d p is greater than zero that means when d a is less than zero d p is greater than zero d p is less than zero because this is negative similarly when this is negative when d a is less than zero d v is greater than zero that means d v is greater than zero and d v is less than zero I am sorry d v is less than zero similarly when d a is greater than zero just the opposite from here we can write but again we see when d a is greater than zero so it has to be positive this is negative d p is less than zero so d p is less than zero and d v is greater than zero that means it is just the reverse when area decreases the pressure increases and the velocity decreases well when the area increases then what happens the pressure decreases and the velocity increases just the reverse from that of the subsonic flow let us then see that in therefore we see that the change in area in case of subsonic flow and supersonic flow has the reverse effect has the reverse effect now we know the device nozzle what is the nozzle by definition in the flow of a fluid in the fluid flow nozzle is a device where d v velocity increases d v is greater than zero and d p is less than zero where the pressure is decreased and velocity is increased now in case of a subsonic flow we see the nozzle action in fluid flow takes place that means the velocity increases and pressure decreases when area decreases that means a convergent duct that means a convergent duct a convergent duct this is the in case of mach number less than one that means subsonic flow that means in a subsonic flow a nozzle is a convergent duct where d a less than zero this is a convergent duct convergent duct but if you make a convergent duct for a supersonic fluid will not act as a nozzle in case of a supersonic flow you see the nozzle action that means the pressure decrease of pressure and increase of velocity will take place when d a is greater than zero that means in case of a sorry in case of a supersonic flow that means when m a m a greater than one this is the direction of flow a divergent duct a divergent duct a divergent duct act as a that means in case of supersonic flow act as a nozzle therefore we see that while a convergent duct act as a nozzle in case of subsonic flow a divergent duct where the area increases act as a nozzle in case of a supersonic flow the reverse happen in case of diffusers diffusers are those ducts where the velocity of the fluid decreases and the pressure of the fluid increases that means d p greater than zero and d v less than zero this is the process of diffusion where the pressure of the fluid increases while the velocity decreases and the duct where it happens so is known as diffuser now in case of a subsonic flow you see that the increase in pressure and decrease in velocity is associated with an increase in area that means a diffuser is a divergent duct in case of a subsonic flow that means this is the direction of flow that means in case of a subsonic flow subsonic flow subsonic flow so a diffuser is a divergent duct divergent duct where d a greater than zero here it is also d a greater than zero so d a but in case of a supersonic flow you see that process of diffusion where d p is greater than zero and d v is less than zero is associated with d a less than zero that means in case of a supersonic flow this is the direction of flow that means when m a greater than one that means in case of a supersonic flow that means in case of a supersonic flow d a less than zero is that means a convergent duct acts as convergent duct acts as a diffuser so therefore we see as our convention for the incompressible flow this holds good equally for a subsonic flow that where a convergent duct is a nozzle and divergent duct is a diffuser but for a supersonic flow a divergent duct act as a nozzle and a convergent duct is acting as a or acts as a diffuser convergent duct act as a diffuser in case of a supersonic flow so therefore we see for a supersonic flow if we have to have a nozzle that nozzle action then we have to have a divergent duct now a situation where the fluid has to for example increase its velocity continuously from a reservoir a stagnation condition continuously up to the supersonic region that means initially the mac is equal to zero if i want a fluid at stagnant from a stagnant condition to reach a supersonic velocity that means continuous increase of fluid velocity takes place with a continuous decrease in pressure then what happens in the subsonic region to make the nozzle action we will have to make a convergent duct but when the fluid velocity will reach sonic after that if we want still expansion that means decrease in pressure and increase in velocity we will have to provide a divergent duct because we know that in case of supersonic flow in case of supersonic flow a divergent duct for here acts as a where it is here acts as a nozzle in case of supersonic flow nozzle is a divergent duct in case of subsonic flow it is a convergent duct so therefore from a very low velocity or from exactly zero mac zero v almost zero if we want to continuously increase the velocity up to a supersonic level that means a greater than one we will have to provide both convergent and divergent duct in the convergent portion here the subsonic nozzle it is subsonic nozzle subsonic nozzle where subsonic nozzle where mac number is less than one and this is known as this is subsonic nozzle this is known as supersonic nozzle where mac number is greater than one and the area in between which is the minimum area where the area remains constant and becomes minimum this is known as the throat of this nozzle throat portions where mac number is equal to one is reached mac number is equal to one is reached upstream of this side the convergent duct where the nozzle action takes place that means d v greater than zero and d p less than zero which is the subsonic nozzle and the downstream of the throat sections the mac from mac number one the mac number increases this is the mac number less than one region that means supersonic flow here also d v greater than zero and d p less than zero so this type of duct where fluid at a velocity very low that means mac number much low corresponding to subsonic region it may be even zero from a stagnation condition or situation increases continuously up to supersonic velocity is a convergent divergent duct and it is known as convergent any question you can ask convergent divergent and it is known as divergent nozzle d p greater than less than zero d v greater than zero I am sorry d v greater than zero very good d v greater than zero here yes all right this is known as convergent divergent nozzle this is sometimes known as d level nozzle this d level is the name of a scientist who first introduced his name is carl g p d level so carl g p d level is the man or scientist d level who first introduced this type of nozzle in relation to a steam turbine it was first used according to the late nineteenth century he introduced this so according to his name this is known as d level nozzle or convergent divergent now this section throat section where the area remains constant the sonic condition is achieved how we can prove this this very simple we can prove please ask any questions if you want to ask please what what happened any question please you ask me now if you see that from this equation it is clear that when mach number equal to one d a by a is zero so now from this equation it is clear that d a becomes zero when mach number equal to once or when d v equals to zero that means there is no change in the flow velocity so mach number essentially becomes one when d a is equal to zero that means the from this we can tell that in case of a convergent divergent nozzle this is the section where mach number one is achieved associated with this d a is equal to zero this is the section but at the same time we see that this d a zero may be achieved without the mach number becoming one that means mach number may be less than one greater than one when d v is equal to zero achieved what is the physical significance of it that means a throat area may be there even without reaching the mach number one but satisfying the condition d v is equal to zero these are these these are very simple things let us consider completely a supersonic a subsonic flow with a convergent divergent duct a convergent let us consider a convergent divergent duct convergent divergent duct in a subsonic flow in a subsonic in a subsonic flow that means m a less than one so this is the flow direction so if we see the graph for m a you will see like this let let this is the m a is equal to one line m a is equal to one so initially the velocity increases in this duct that means the mach number initially increased the mach number this is one the velocity increase then what will happen the velocity will reach its maximum here mach number and then it will go on decreasing that means it is either the graph of mach number or velocity to a scale so this is the qualitative trend of the mach number so mach number will be always below one so this convergent divergent duct will act as a nozzle come diffuser that means the velocity will increase and decrease what will be the pressure just the reverse pressure will first decrease if we draw the pressure graph so pressure will decrease and reach the minimum value and we will increase like that so this is the pressure graph so flow velocity and mach number will follow like that that means it will the convert first convergent part the first upstream convergent part will act as a nozzle so this part is the nozzle where the velocity or the mach number increases and the pressure decreases mach number is not necessarily reaching one entirely it is a subsonic flow then the maximum velocity is attained at the throat that means dv is 0 is associated with d a is 0 well and then the rest the last rest downstream part which is the divergent duct the velocity decreases and the pressure increases this typical section is known as when churimeter this is also the name of the scientist who first devised this type of duct in measuring the flow of fluid in a fluid circuit you know the venturi meter is one of the very accurate flow measuring instruments so venturi meter convergent and divergent duct the similar thing happens in case almost in case of a convergent divergent duct for example a convergent divergent duct convergent divergent duct in a supersonic yes well in a supersonic flow where a me greater than one please yes here here this figure previous case where deliver nozzle yes one that is yes yes yes no it cannot flow in the subsonic region that I will come afterwards so whenever the mach one is reached then if you apply a divergent duct then from mach one a divergent duct will always expand that means the velocity will always increase that means from mach one it cannot reach other way in a subsonic region that means you want to tell why not from mach one it will go to the subsonic velocities that means it will act as the diffuser it cannot go like that it will be because mach one is reached here when the mach one is reached here mach one is reached d a by a is 0 so when d a by a increased from mach one it goes into the I will discuss that afterwards in isentropic flow calculations you will see it cannot come back again to the subsonic region it will automatically go to the supersonic region it will automatically go it cannot come back again to the subsonic region when the critical condition is reached it depends upon the pressure here if you put the this pressure will be such that it will go on expanding that means this pressure will be less than this pressure always in this case because this will be designed in such a way that this pressure will be less than this pressure and it will go on expanding that means the pressure will go on decreasing and the velocity will go on increasing this will be made clear afterwards when I will discuss the isentropic flow situation it is a good question understand but whenever the critical condition is reached then if you apply or if you provide a divergent duct the flow will be always reaching the supersonic supersonic situation there is no other way out it cannot go back to again to the subsonic region this will be clear when I will discuss the isentropic flow situation then what we are discussing well then convergent divergent duct in a supersonic flow when m a is greater than 1 this is also very simple that means if totally the flow is totally the flow is m a is greater than 1 in the then the flow direction is like this then it will be like this if m a 1 is this line m a is equal to 1 the flow is initially what will be there though this will be this will act as a diffuser that means the velocity will be decreasing and this part will act as a nozzle that means this will be accelerating. So, initially there will be a decelerating flow this is the Mach number graph let this is the Mach number and this is the Mach number graph. So, velocity will decrease initially and then a divergent duct velocity will increase entirely in the subsonic region because this is the Mach 1 supersonic region I am sorry supersonic region and similarly the pressure will follow like that when this velocity will increase initially the pressure decrease the pressure will increase because initially it is a diffuser and then the pressure will decrease. So, this is the for example, this is the pressure. So, this is the pressure graph so that it is not necessarily that in a convergent divergent duct the critical condition has to be reached at the throat here d a 0 is associated with d v 0 d v 0 or d p 0. That means the maximum or minimum of the velocities are achieved depending upon whether the flow is subsonic or supersonic similarly the minimum or maximum accordingly just with the river sign pressure is associated with, but when the flow is changes from supersonic to subsonic then d a is equal to 0 is associated with m a is equal to 0. That means the Mach number reaches its maximum there that means the Mach number is equal to 1 not reaches its maximum I am sorry the Mach number is equal to 1 sorry d a is 0 the Mach number reaches 1. That means its well the sonic condition yes the interesting question is that it always when you go give a divergent duct depending upon the design pressure maintained here it will go on that you will be clear when you will be dealing with the isentropic flow that entirely depends at this pressure that is known as the design pressure when the back pressure this critical condition corresponds to certain pressure here you understand. So, to make the flow through it this pressure is very important so this pressure cannot be more than this. So, this pressure is less than that and this pressure has to be set in such a way that there should be undisturbed expansion or undisturbed acceleration in the supersonic region through this duct there is no other way out it cannot go to a lower velocity or in the subsonic region this will be clear I will discuss this in discussing the isentropic flow well any question please. Yes no so definitely not minimum area again I am telling this from mathematics. So, minimum area where d a is 0 the throat corresponding to again I am telling this is a very important concept that at the minimum area throat section which is associated mathematically with d a 0 this is achieved when either mac is 1 or d v or d p is 0 well either mac is 1 or d v or d p is 0 that means at the throat section either mac number will be 1 either mac number will be 1 that means fluid is completely accelerating that means from a very low velocity it is totally accelerating that means in the initially it is acceleration in the subsonic region then supersonic region in between at the throat mac number 1 or it is total diffusion from a supersonic flow first in convergent duct the diffusion takes place that means a deceleration takes place then mac number 1 reaches then deceleration takes place in the divergent duct in the subsonic region with mac number 1 at the throat this is one situation that corresponds to the mathematical condition that d a is 0 associated with m a is equal to 1 otherwise d a will be 0 without achieving or attaining m a is equal to 1 either d v is 0 d v d p is 0 either not both d v and d p will be 0 simultaneously. So, this is the case when mac number is not 1 that means either it is less than 1 or it is greater than that means in case of less than 1 subsonic flow the throat area is associated with the maximum velocity or minimum pressure that is a typical venturi meter first acceleration then deceleration nozzle and diffuser or in case of a supersonic fluid is just the reverse it is first diffuser and then nozzle that means first deceleration and then acceleration with the minimum velocity or maximum pressure at the throat that is the situation mathematically that is the situation that refers mathematically to the situation that d a is equal to 0 achieved when d v or d v is 0. But the most interesting question that I will explain to you while we will be deriving the isentropic flow equations that with a convergent divergent duct and the concept of choking that is the very important thing then it will be clear that mac number 1 if you reach from a subsonic flow through a convergent duct mac number 1 at the throat that means at the minimum area then if you go on increasing the area it cannot go to the subsonic fluid it will always go to the supersonic flow. Any question? Thank you.


Today is the 7th of November, it's the first day of the COP. This morning we had the opening of the 22nd Conference of Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. We had a formal handing over from the French Presidency, who remained President from last year up to today. The French Environment Minister, Ségolène Royale, handed over to the Environment Minister of Morocco, who has now as of today become the President of the COP and will be for the next one year, including the next two weeks here in Morocco. As I am an advisor to the least developed countries group in the negotiations, and that will be one of my major tasks here is to advise them, particularly on the issues related to adaptation and loss and damage, I'm going to take this opportunity to tell you a little bit about this group and its history. The least developed countries are some of the poorest countries in the world, there are 48 of them, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa, but also some in Asia, including my country Bangladesh. And they constitute the poorest countries in the world, who also happen to be some of the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of their geographic location in Asia and Africa. And as a group of vulnerable countries, 10 years ago in COP 6, they came together as a group. They started negotiating as a group. And from that time onwards, I and my colleagues in IID, International Institute for Environment and Development, have been helping them, supporting them, building their capacity, explaining technical issues to them. We run a series of workshops prior to every COP to bring them up to speed on the issues, enable them to be more effective in the negotiations by having coordinators for different topics who can then follow those topics and others can then learn how to do that. We have had a series of chairs of the group who have increasingly been very, very effective chairs. The current chair is Mr. Tosia Mpanu Mpanu from Democratic Republic of Congo. His predecessor was Mr. Giza Martin from Angola. His predecessor was Mr. Pausman Charju from the Gambia, who is now a senior minister for the Gambia and is one of our political leaders in the LDC group. So over the years, the LDC group has become a formidable negotiating group initially focusing mainly on issues to do with adaptation, being a vulnerable country on finance for adaptation, now increasingly on loss and damage. But most importantly, and last year in Paris, really punching above their weight in terms of getting the long-term temperature goal of one and a half degrees from countries like the annex one rich countries who didn't want to do it in even the large developing countries like China and India and others who were not amenable at the beginning of the Paris COP. But in the end, at the end of the Paris COP, all countries agreed to having a one and a half degree long-term temperature goal. And that was a major achievement of the vulnerable countries, namely the least developed countries grew small island states and the African continent. Here in Marrakech, two of those issues are going to be very important. One of them is the long-term temperature goal. Implementing it, getting it on paper in Paris was a good achievement, but implementing it is going to be even more difficult and getting implementation and read here. And then the issue of loss and damage, which is an issue in the negotiations in Marrakech, and I'll speak about that in another one of my video logs.