Okay, I want to share with you first the picture I took this June. I mean this actually is not a June this March when I was in China and I was vetted in the nursery all those are grafted the watermelons and That was me And you see the scale there as this part probably about a million or more grafted watermelons just from one nursery so This is in China and you can tell that you know, they are really working on it It's in you know, most people here are small farmers and I don't think you can you can use so many Watermelon in transplants in our farm And they do make a lot of money too Okay, I usually go with some pictures first before I get to the real real stuff. Well, this is real as well back in 2010 I was able to Vitted Lesbian Portugal when I was with the International so horticulture Society of Congress and we went on a tour now that's in the in one of the greenhouse is hydroponic culture of tomatoes and if you look at carefully here, they are grafted and I asked manager why you wanted to do this. They said, you know, there are several reasons number one reading is the yield and You know, they can produce much much more and the second reason was You can see this is a single plant tomato plant You can one two three. This is actually three liters usually for the greenhouse production of tomatoes We only do one liter But if you do grafting and if you choose the right rootstock, you can actually keep up to seven that's according to the manager even though I Don't recommend this but this can keep two liters and This one was taken back in 2010 again in in Gainesville, Florida in the greenhouse setting You know in Florida that are large farmers. This is big greenhouse operation I don't know if you can see the picture really well and but on the left those are grafted ones on the right Those are non grafted ones. You can see here is pretty clean, but on the right side There are a lot of plants dying and they were caused by the Phoserium wilt disease so that's one big disease for Tomatoes is a soil-borne diseases and Here a picture showing some of the vines Tomato vines are dying or yellowing or declining in growth and if we dig this out You see a little, you know, this is normal pretty much This is not normal. There are root nematodes in there Okay, how many of you here are from Missouri? Okay, you know in this region we used to see we are we were zone 5 or You know if you go further those don't fight be me for for for be so we don't worry about the root nematodes Because we tended to think nematodes cannot survive in the winter But if you go south of Missouri Root nematodes can survive in winter However, you know, you've been watching the news the soup, you know the super storm Stanley Attack the east coast really badly and a lot of people blame that Was because the climate change so Well, this is just I'll come back to later to this later. So You know, whether you believe or not, you know, it's getting warmer USDA released the new cooler harness zoom map So if you look at this, you know, here is Columbia area around here and we used to be 5b or 5a not become 6 annb which means we are much warmer and if you come back to Your root nematodes in this kind of weather they can survive So we do have a trouble with there with with root nematodes in the future or we already have that and if you are not a real farmer and you do Gardens in your yard or you have a small farm you do garden in your on your small farm and You have to pay attention to this because Couple years ago, we did a survey Almost every single community gardens in the Columbia area in the Kansas City area were affected by nematodes So by doing grafting this is research done by Dr. Joff from University of Florida You can see this and grafted and this is a grafting on multi-fold multi-fold is one Roots that variety and this is self grafted and don't ask me why we do this because you know for publication We have to graft on yourself. Otherwise, they said a why you didn't have this control So anyway, if you can see the number I'm grafted is four point six self grafted 4.4 and the none grafted one is zero to zero point eight and the higher number the Severe the root the nematode infection. So Grafting is one way to fight with root nematodes And you know this morning the keynote speaker talk about sustainability So no matter what we think the definition of sustainability is if you cannot produce You cannot make money and you cannot sustain So grafting can add a one useful to to your small farm operation So you can have a better crop especially with especially with tomatoes and this picture is from a dr. Wayne fish and This field of water maligns were infected by by by for Xerium will disease and it can be disastrous and Usually if we see feel like this will just tell farmers plow everything you cannot make any money anymore so This picture was taken this year in China. They grafted all those Water maligns that was back in March. They use this tunnel low low tunnel and a low tunnel And then the plastic mulch to do those watermelon production their game their Objectives to target May 1st market, which is International Labor Day By doing this protection the help with the watermelon plants however One trick for them to be able to produce and to sell by May 1st. This is back in in March is grafting of water maligns so Back to this one Dr. Fish did some research and I'll show you a picture later by doing grafting you would be able to Have a clean field and the disease free And I've even mentioned this to this disease problem for a couple of times now and we used to have The mess of bromide right that's that's got a band because the greenhouse gas release So we used to be able to firm a few me gets the soil but now we're not able to and The new product to mess of bromide is coming out in the market But we don't know exactly how they will be did would be doing to our soil and to our environment So grafting is one alternative for fumigation Again, this is back 10 is back in 2010.  They love heat. They don't love cold and then they prove the yield and quality Significantly, I'll show some pictures later and the more important increased disease resistance and I was there and you know, it's funny how they do those smaller icebox type watermelon and We just cut it open. It's really the best watermelon ever tasted It's not a child just right from the field in the high tunnel wonderful and Dr. Jal from Florida and she's been doing some research on melon grafting and if you look carefully those are grafted and And the cucumber it's not a you know cucumber is not as important here Even though we love pickles. However, those green house or Chinese type green Chinese type Cucumbers are not a popular in this country However, the English greenhouse type cucumber those there's a burp free You know, there's no bounce on that you can see that the grocery store and the very expensive Those have a market and it's good way to graft them. However back to this picture. I'm telling you this is June 2018 the plants were actually planted in August or late August or early September the year before They done look this tall However, just think I'll show a picture later, but think about they've been grown from September to June and still producing and one trick to that is the grafted them And you see this one maybe not clear to you and there are one farmer there. You can see the production part For the water for the vine is about this tall They produce him and down there the vine just piled here it could be three four five meters long and I'm about one point a half So it's very long and you to keep the vigor to keep them producing you have to do something so grafting is one way to do that and here this one grafted Watermelon I'm not melon cucumber. This actually is from a squash. That's rustic. Those are cucumber leaves And I can show you by choosing the variety This is the same variety grafted on two different rootstocks and this one you cannot really see well had a really good quality and This one is normal So by doing grafting by choosing carefully a right rootstock you can enhance the the the quality and they do Eggplants You know, we have two large cities in Missouri, Kansas City and St. Louis There are large population from Asia and from Africa even European peoples. They love eggplants and those plants actually are grafted If they don't graft them you could not expect a large crop for Eggplants Because they just cannot grow really well in winter time. This picture was taken in February Think about the use of solar greenhouse and no heating produce Eggplants in winter time It's amazing and that's some of the topics been working on Try to introduce the solar greenhouse to this part of the the nation But I've been facing some difficulty with the city code with it university regulation all those it hasn't happened yet Okay, so Those are the picture to a little tour for to give you some thinking about the grafting and Here I want to touch base is that the grafting X was really old technology I'm not a good good to a lot about history And on my wife always say you talk about these past that you're getting old I say I am getting old but the history is good as well So anyway, it's you know that this starts in China in 5th century the commercial grafting started in 1936 in Japan, you know, Japan is it's basically a big island. They have a very limited land space not like here So the the the grow watermelons a year after year in the same plot no matter what they do Eventually the disease problem got them. So one farmer just was so smart so smart He grafted watermelon into squash and he was successful Of course, you know, we always think farmers are smarter than scientists like me I agree with that You know, they try different things and later the the technology was spread out in Europe because European countries also have a Well, we will not have the advantages we do here, you know, think think about here 150 acres is a small farm Right very small, but if you have 150 acres in China in Europe, you will be rich So so in Europe they've been doing that and now in this country I think tomato grafting is on its way and North Carolina State is was the first the university started to do this. Dr. Murray Pete is she started this and Now there are several universities working on the big Especially crop research initiative grant. They are they are targeting Sorbonne diseases the targeting insect pests and also targeting virus So we don't know what the research is going to come out yet But I want to tell you one thing is we are behind the Asian country and the European country on vegetable grafting and the reading behind that is you know, the South Korea Japan China They publish a lot of good stuff, but not in English So and we tend to think we're number one. So we ignore them for so many years Okay, this some data showing that the in South Korea for watermelon cucumber and orange to melon 90 over 95 percent are grafted and Some others, you know, this is not reported but still if you think about greenhouse production for those crops You'll find out the majority of them. Actually, you know, it's this is back to some sense I mean, basically 20 by 2005 data, but now, you know, they're most of the greenhouse type Warm-seed vegetables are grafted and If you look at this though, you'll see that you only see it, you know Tomatoes melons and other stuff here. This is the cucurbits You don't see tomatoes there. Those are all warm-seeding high value of vegetable species. You don't want to graft Broccoli or something because you know not make money And it's not a sustainable Okay in North America About 40 millions in the British Columbia area and Mexico has a lot grafted watermelon tomatoes And also watermelon as well because the disease problem here the for the real disease and in this country, especially and you know, I haven't seen a lot of farmers try this and The one thing surprised me I actually have seen a lot of must gardeners home gardeners they try doing grafting and I show you how you can do that at home That's the very end if I still have time This is the van is basically the by doing grafting you have the advantage of using the resistance to these two sorority disease of rootstock and then Usually the graphic plans will have a it will be more vigorous and we will have enhanced yield and the qualitative to most cases and The other thing is coated hardness, you know, the high high tunnel equipped program from ARCS has become such Strong program in Northwest so people are using high tunnels for season extension and the coated hardness is It's getting more important. So grafting actually can enhance that part and some rootstock actually can Transfer the heat tolerance and you know, we have been hurting enough about a heat and dry when I was doing my Slides last Yesterday, I was using some of the old Printations I give and in there I said extreme hot and dry Year in 2011 I removed that apart because this year actually made a new record So so this is one example from dr. Sally Miller from Ohio State She did some research and trust match, you know, this is just different to middle varieties and maxi fort is a roof stock You can see that this is resistance here at the TMV the tomato tobacco mosaic virus C5 is leaf mold V is Venticillium F2 is a for zero wheels research 1 and 2 and FR is for the crown and the roots rod Man in this the root limit is and the key is a corky roots rod So by tuning this one you actually can transfer all those resistance to your to your sion and if you don't know what a sion is you'll know it in a few minutes and Just think about that, you know, if you have heirloom tomatoes, you know, this is the way to do Okay, and you know like everything else is disadvantaged there and I always tell people and I'm kind of smart, but I'm short I Was stealing the fact Well, not the smart part Anyway, the cost, you know, you'll be added the cost because you have to use rootstocks and Then you have to physically graft them So there might be some grafting compatibility issue which I did research on with tomatoes If you don't have time to go to my talk the evening afternoon, I can tell you I tried a 21 heirloom varieties with three roof stocks Is the all they were they all took very well, so it should be okay And then sometimes, you know, the food quality may be down This is more more true for a cucumber like cucumber melon watermelon, but tomatoes seem not to be affected Okay for the added the cost dr Revered from from a canvas He used to be a PhD student in North Carolina the state working with dr. Mary Pete who Started the first vegetable grafting almost in the land grinding University. So for tomato plants grafted and non grafted transplants The production cost brought the 59 cents versus 13 cents in North Carolina and the $1 25 For grafted and then and the 51 in Pennsylvania. I don't know why Pennsylvania was Doing that. So there were added the cost to seedlings, but if you break down the cost I apologize if you cannot see really well the majority cost goes to seed Which is your rootstock seeds and then you added 24% of the labor so for the added the seed and labor That's about the four or fifty seven percent so if you can bring down the seed cost and Improve your skill in grafting or you don't even mind because you just do it for fun If you have a high tunnel, you know the maximum is 300 plants you can do it easily So you reduce the cost the cost significantly But others the heating and transplant labor, you know, that's just typical to Regular transplant production as well. So for water myelin dr. Fish did some research non grafted ones about 28 cents per piece grafted ones with 75 cents So he put a new acre about 1500 plants. That's about $700 more per acre However, if you have maybe 50% of your water myelins, I mean actually 25% affected by Phoserium wilt disease and then you have a 12% 3.6% return and You know for new field. We don't expect the sorenborn disease to be a trouble, but you do if you do have a If you if you do have a planted water myelin year after year and you don't have enough land to Rotate you do have trouble and you know if you have Phoserium wilt disease in your soil, you cannot really do water money really well. So His research showing that all his recommendation was yeah by doing grafting you can expect some return If you have disease problems in your field So that was his recommendation so Now comes to what is grafting? Part and I usually use a tomato by this time I use the cucurbit and if you look carefully You should see one two three four there are four piece of cotton landings and you know cucurbit is die-cut That means the two piece, but why is the four but you look more carefully those those skier These two big piece of cotton landings and this one and these roots that's from Roostock and then this one It's the cucumber or watermelon you cannot tell the difference. This is called a scion. So basically your scion only provide The top part of a plant or van or vine and and the lower part And especially the roots are from your Roostock So now you know what is the scion? What is Roostock and by doing those things join those two pieces together We call it a grafting and Later, this is called you know become the graft union. I guess if you have a grafted Tree throat before you are familiar with this the technology actually is very similar But people just worried about how we'll do it because it's so tender. I can squeeze it easily However, because they are herbaceous so they are very easy to Recover so I'll show you a picture in the future in the in the next few minutes So later this plan will grow like this So this is your watermelon and this is still your your Roostock could be a squash could be a bottle gourd This is how I did I found out doing I did this quite a bit in China when I was in China But I I always have a have a good luck with tomatoes, but not really good luck with cucurbits Because cucurbits have trouble to recover once they're getting older Okay, so through something here. I just want to know that Grafting of vegetables is really easy. You know, you just don't be scared It's very easy to do for some of you who have a down this you you can you can concur with what I said It's pretty easy to do And it's very easy to be successful to for terminal grafting if you have never done that before and the and the follow What I told you or you know, I did some workshops before you can easily get a 70 70 percent Survival and for me I can get at least 95 So it's very easy to do so, but you do have to have some extra stuff like in Well extra cost and there are different Messers to do those and I'll tell you in a few minutes and also if you have a high tunnel and Or greenhouse and you want to grow tomatoes or or melons or cucumbers Grafting can help you reach your goal Especially for for farmers who produce for farmers market You want to use heirloom tomatoes? I think I think you you may want to think about a grafting and And this one here is commercial roof stock only available for tomatoes, which is not a true anymore There are some seed companies you carry a watermelon or cucumber roof stocks usually you can share roof stock species between cucumber melon or Watermelon, so there are there are seeds companies carry commercial roof stocks for cucumbers not only for tomatoes anymore and the roof stock for tomatoes can also be used for grafting Eggplant and and the pepper Because they are in the same family Okay, this is a full chart actually this is from dr. Jaw Well, I modified it first step you before you do grafting you have to do some work to choose the right side on roof stocks And then you plant seeds you schedule the best time to graft You because you do apply some physical damage to the plants and then you do the grafting you more into the healing process Acclimatization is very important. I'll show you the picture and then once they healed really well You can plant them or manage them as regular transplants So I'm going to go to a specific variety. I mean masters now The the the this table shows you the roof stock varieties Here I listed the bill for it maxi for it this and released. I think some roti for it you know from different companies and I tried a bill for it before beautiful maxi for it if you if you look this It's our means resistant and as means susceptible so for TM way corky roads For the removed with the same real real disease and the root nematodes selling blight This is a very severe disease for a selling part of a Missouri Because those can stay in soil for seven years or more so you can see that that bill for the maxi for it are doing pretty well and For this one the RST oh for 105 which I tried this year. They had all those three distance So if you buy a commercial available roof stock variety, there will be numbers I mean there will be letters in there telling you resistance, so choose more resistant treats and use that as your roof stock maxi for it is very powerful very vigorous Tomatoes and it's like a cherry tomato most of those are like a cherry tomatoes If you want to do maxi for it you actually can keep two three liters in the greenhouse or high tunnels bill for it is big medium vigor and This one I haven't really done a lot with the yet But this just give you some example that the seed companies Do have some information available for you when you choose a roof stocks and this picture was taken back in 2009 this is you know you see all those Plans pretty much were dying because of frost But your maxi for my max force is growing really well very strong and My bill for it is okay as well. So they are very vigorous varieties And they do produce cherry type yellow fuzzy Frote and I tasted them. They were not so tasty Yeah But I'm still alive So people always ask me can I use those again? My answer is probably not but if you are not a commercial farmers You can see it says then people saying I didn't do research I just people said the second generation still works really well especially for home gardeners Those are frost damage here those are just old Yeah, so it itself does show the vigor and the some frost tolerance His questions is this the frost damage or or something? Yeah This is the this is in your handout I this was from dr. Revert and About a tubing grafting I I forgot to bring the tubes with me However, if you go go do a tube tube graph graph into you will find the information How they look like but actually I have that and this is the tube here So for tubing grafting those tubes were designed specifically for this Basically, you you you grow your plant you cut it. This is your rootstock I'll have a more picture later. You can cut it above the cotton landings or below it I recommend it to cut it below it if you have enough if a taller plants and then you put Otherwise you have a suckers grow out from this two pieces of cotton landings you put a tube on it and then you cut your your scion You you just slide it in and then make sure the surface contact It's pretty easy to do I have a more picture to show you and The most important thing is not about how you do it is after you're doing it how you keep them alive Because there isn't physical disconnected This it is there's no connection and the plants still I need water. So this plant will wilt So during that heating period you have to keep high moisture. I found out The moisture is important for tomatoes The cold temperature is even more important last year. I did some demonstration for some school kids and Then I had to go somewhere to for a meeting away from my office for a week So what I did is just showing to my through those In my office without a covering anything my office was cold in summertime about 70 Inside my office. So when I came back seven days later, they all survived So that made me thinking maybe the temperature is as important If you know if not more important than the humidity when comes to Healing the tomato new grafts so so if you do that in the greenhouse and have a sound sunlight and your your tunnel or your Healing chamber can be easily Heat up and that will reduce the survival rate of your grafted tomatoes so basically for D1 or 3 we can man we recommend close to a 100% darkness and an above 90% Relative humidity your temperature shouldn't be beyond 25 degrees Celsius, which is about 72 degree Fahrenheit if you go above 80 because the The higher rates of transpiration your plants me those water so so quickly and your plants will die and then From day four to seven slow reduced darkness and then and then keep out keep this about 75% relative humidity and Then after after week as long as you avoid direct sunlight You'll be okay because the usually takes seven to ten days I would think seven days is good enough for them to grow together and there are research showing The anatomy over there. Yes, but seven to ten days. You can grow together Here's some of the latest things you need to do You have a roof stock sion razor blades, you know, whatever is sharp for you is fine And you can use clips like this or tubes And for the tubes there are two types is 1.5 millimeter And 2.0 millimeter. We're talking about the diameter of the hole Especially here so if you want to buy buy 2.0 because Those will handle a little bit of larger tomato seedlings and you can for the growth chamber or We can also call it an incubator You can just build some frame and cover with some black plastic and Then another layer of transplant transparent plastic to keep the humidity and and the light off You know, it's pretty easy to do and if you want to add it you can spray on the side of your chamber with a sprayer or you can put An humidifier, you know, it's pretty easy to do unless you are serious nursery man And this is good enough for you because you don't want to grab a lot plants at the same time and Next show some pictures. That's what I use. You know, my technician built this frame and this cover is plastic and we have a black above the The the white ones or transparent ones because later we just remove those ones and some people build the kind of a arch type frame so the cover is this and in China they just do this, you know bowls and put some cover Put some cover on it plastic cover Inside the high tunnel, you know, you can see all those grafted transplants there is pretty easy to do. Actually, this is not a grafted ones But you can you can do whatever you need to do and the for farm for home gardeners I can actually see people just cover with with some whatever container you have. It's pretty easy to do This is different method for clap for tomato is the second method is called a cleft grafting To do this you need a clips and you can also buy them cleft graft cleft grafting is more suitable for for eggplants and and the pepper because the the grow slow and They cannot recover really well by tubing because two tubes were designed for tomatoes However, you can also use for use them use this method for tomato grafting Actually, this one works really well if you didn't have a time to To graph them when they were small you can wait until they grow a little bit larger to do the cleft grafting So you do if you miss the first window you can still do it Okay to do cleft grafting your your rootstock need to grow list the three to five two leaves And then you cut your rootstock you make a vertical cut on the stem It's all this is also in your handout and then you cut your your scion in the v-shape So you just put this in you can see this gear and put a clip on it and Move them to the head to the chamber and afterwards they will grow It's very easy to do it is similar to cleft grafting method for Your grapes or other by the tree fruit. It's very easy to do and From here, I'm going to show you pictures how we do In the ground in my greenhouse to do for my research purpose Step-by-step you see here is actually my rootstock here is my scion and I have a two Well in this research I did a two scion variety wanted heirloom one of these German pink The other one is an anus an anus norer And I have a three or four. I think I think this year I had the four different rootstocks you can see those You know to save me some time. I actually planted in the same time. Usually you want to plant your rootstock To the three days earlier than your scion But I can do that Just because I didn't want to plant in different days So you can see those really be taller, but it's okay because this is the scion you can just get a top of it So the most important is about the size of your your rootstock and Then it is a close shot of how the My rootstock look like I know this is actually the the the scion but your rootstock should be just like this as well So you want a little bit longer Stem this is not really a stem if I use that strict term so this product need to be a little bit taller and the strong and You cut it you don't you don't want to do one by one you you do a tree by tree Because it's save your time of course when you first do it You may want to cut it maybe three or four just give it a give it a shot and see how you do it get a feeling of it Of course, you have to be careful.  So you put them on it. This is what I did and Then you collect Your sion it's not a wood sign is the seedlings and make sure You don't mess them up because you know it's really easy to to to say because you cannot tell difference the all tomato seedlings So make sure you label them really well because this this is a one mistake people can make It's you know, it's it's it sounds like stupid, but people do make mistakes like I do that, too so for I Want to go back here You can see here.  So by doing so will save you a lot of money. So you collect your Sion and you know by doing those you don't it doesn't really matter anymore because you don't you only need a part of this you can cut At a higher upper level or lower level. So but my My experiment this year is you cut it from here eventually there there are two Branches going out you can still use them if you don't want to with them you can still use them or If you cut them a little bit higher You could be even better because you'll grow a little bit faster if your seedlings are tall enough So there are a lot of tricks you can play with to save money and also save your time because it's still faster than Then grow the growing from with from seeds. So Actually if you If you want to use those sion like heirloom tomato here This will come out exactly similar size to letter branches. It's very interesting to do To see that so here's my associate and my technician I think Catherine is there. They are doing grafting for the first time this year and it did a good job So this is how you do it. So you put it on there You cut your you know, you cut this way or cut that way It doesn't really matter because you as long as these two surfaces match each other is it'd be great So you can work with your sion to match The diameter of your rootstock So if this is too big you should cut a little bit higher because to me the plants are very easy to grow so This part is more critical, you know, it doesn't really matter if if it's not exactly matched to each other We can grow up really well for this case You actually see this surface is is covered But my rootstock actually is a bit bigger than the than the sion so it's still work Okay, so when you grab them, you know, you start with several cell packages Those will start to show some wilt symptom. Don't worry about it. They'll recover Yeah, wait until you finish every single one of them move them into a chamber This is my chamber and you know, these look really sad But give it a couple days. They'll come back So don't worry about it. The most important thing is when you move them don't Try to avoid those being touched because they are not connected.  So if you don't bother them, they'll be okay so when you transfer them be gentle and then Once the you know after seven ten days you move them out and they are as healthy as new and What you can do though, and you don't see those tubes You don't have to remove the tubes as plants grow They will fall themselves and what you need to do to collect them Store them and reuse them. Okay, so this is my plants. They grow really well so That's that's about the method that we used for for a tomato in turn in terms of tubing grafting when when you have made Successful grant grafted tomatoes and the plant them in the field you do have to piece some Specific attention to that number one when you plant them you probably need to plant your Your plant with the graph union about about one inches above the ground at least above the ground So don't bury them. Otherwise, they'll the the roots will be developed above the grafted union and will lose the beauty of rootstock and Then you have to remove the suckers and the lateral bus that Grow from your rootstock. You tell them you tell the difference when you real grow them And then if you the high tunnel setting you can keep one or two liters or seven three liters And if you keep two actually you'll save Your seeds on your sion, you know, especially the hybrid seeds is very expensive And the other management will be this will be similar to normal tomatoes However, because rootstock usually have a really strong root system We have been doing research on that We think we cannot see for sure yet because it's not a research based yet The plants may need less water and less nutrients So we'll be doing research on it When do my time ends? Do I finish 10 30 or I mean 11 30 45? Okay, okay This is the picture I took from a neighborhood, you know, I'm a holiday carerist when I take a walk I said I took to my wife. Do you see that there was the what's wrong with this tree? She would say no nothing wrong. I think you see this is different because those are rootstock and those are sion So my desire you need to chop them off Same thing for your tomatoes. So, you know, this is It's a team of rainbows here Okay, this is from your field. I Thought you were not here. That's why I named you Sorry about that. Oh, it's my field then so we're supposed to remove the suckers Otherwise to grow into a jungle. This is one very easy mistake people will make You if you don't remove the sucker because the the plants the vines from your rootstock Grow so vigorously We can take over so you just harvest all those little tiny not a tasty cherry tomatoes This was what this this there was this was me pretending doing something In my high tunnel We we keep we remove the suckers not only rootstock, but also the the sion just keep them going straight so what do we do is keep this one one One leader and you see this all from my my sion not from a rootstock rootstock will be down here and if you just imagine if if you have a The suckers or you call I call it lateral shoes come out You can grow really tall and produce in cherry tomatoes through from rootstock. So yeah, pay attention to those It's not working. I'll be too bad. Sorry about that. Let me fix it. Okay It's working This is watermelon grafting I have a 15 minutes 10 minutes, so I go through this quickly and If I didn't finish I would try to add something to my afternoon talk But you are not obligated to my talk go to my go into my talk Watermelon grafting. This is a time schedule for cut grafting Basically for insertion method you can follow this time frame I Don't know if I have that in the handout. I guess not because that will be in the third part of the article Basically you you you for this cut grafting if you use a bottle gourd as your rootstock or pump in your stock You have to do different strategies You you you'll sue your sign a little bit later than your rootstock and After you know if after seeing your sitting your Your sign on it takes about a week or so to do those grafting method We just give this one so this is what a Chinese do they pre Germanate their seeds. This is this is the broader gourd seeds and By doing pre germinating you make sure one cell has a one living plant so that's what they do they plant into the cells after pre germinating and They grow into those rootstocks you grow like this age The earlier the better, you know But they had the two piece of cut grafting has to be kind of flat and your first two leaves need to be small This stage they can take very well when you do grafting the other thing is when the two curbs grow bigger The hollow they have a you know, their stem will not be a solid piece anymore Okay, so for your water money says this is the insertion method You can actually put plant a lot in one single tray You know, this is how they germinate in the sand we can do that in different soil medium I don't recommend people to do this much But you can if you do a lot of grafting you can do this This is how they do because they're from nursery what I do I just go in different rows You know about they may be an inch apart for this and this Doesn't have to be in the cells. It's just a really shallow flat Put some soil media and put in your seed in there They grow because all we need to use is the top part and when they are small It's better We for insertion method.  I use I used to buy the What's the name of English name?   So this is a nursery setting. We actually have You know a lot of plants there. They have a different design for for heating part You know, that's how they do and you can also do the same thing in your high tunnel or greenhouse After graph them you can just cover with one one layer of plastic mulch Now do it of course before that you want to spray with some water Then I have to be sterilized water, but I cannot be dirty water And you know, that's what they do and you know below that they work really well You can also move to the chamber. I just show you with terminal grafting put in there And they work work really well and for insertion method is For the first time to do it you may have a you may have a less survival But you know once you work out the way you think is better for you. It's it's pretty easy and Still I think I could get up to 90% The some will die This is how they look like, you know, this is very small and This standard really well however, they grow into a watermelon Transplant this is two piece of the I think this this is a border guard Okay for cucumber you and watermelon you can use a ton approach I'm going to show this very quickly because I'm running out of time basically You grew your root stock into this size and you cut it You know further for your root stock you remove the the growth tip and then make a cut You know, it's easier to cut this way.  So just different options different directions So you do that you make a cut here and it cut there you cannot see really clearly, but you on this one you can see You put into it together and put a clip on it and then you plant The finish the product into a cell or a little pot and call it down And when you plant them you have a two options number one You can have a two root systems all planted at the same time By doing so your plans will look in will be looking so well because it does have a rose on it and Later, you know after seven after eight days, you may want to cut the root stock or cut the sion roots You know, it just goes through one more time or You can just cut it here, you know, for example, this is your sion Roots root the root system cut it and then plant them by doing so Your plan will be looking a little bit sad Because the roots got cut. However, after seven to 80 days, whenever they take they take You know, they will be successful if you use the first method you cut it some of them probably will not make it So either way will work So this is how you do it and this is the timeline for you to do the ton approach and I my Recommendations you better use the in searching method. It's hard for you to do To do to do the ton approach. However, ton approach methods always have a higher survival rate They'll keep that in mind. So eggplant grafting is it's actually cleft cleft grafting This is the timeline Again, if you one of my presentation, I think it's gonna post them in YouTube or You can email me our email PDF version and my email address will be listed at the very end of my talk so this is the roof stock and This is your grafted sitlens and You for cleft grafting just like a tomato cleft grafting method the plants have to be a little bit larger About three to five pieces of the true leaves and for tomato for eggplants. It grew about 30 to 35 days they grew slow and Then it's pretty easy to do you got that you cut it here and you cut your Sion it just like the cleft method on tomato to put it in and put a clip on it And it would be you'll be done. So all I have told you about was the Manual method. I don't think any of you here be interested in purchase those kind of a grafting robots cause about 30 to $50,000 a piece So but I just want to tell you that there is there is other options there are and There is the USDA as Scientist from Florida. He actually bought one piece so Didn't get I didn't get to see it However, it worked for him and so how many of you are actually farmers not really serious I mean the the home gardeners are Feel hope so. Okay, so I'm including this one here I Got a question asked, you know, do you think the farmer, you know, the mass gardeners home gardeners? Community gardeners can use the method. My answer is definitely Sure, why not? You're trying something new to begin with right and then you can you can be very creative doing something different like this You know Starbucks produce this double delicious apples you can do in the same thing and Donna Effingberg from Cape Gerardo. She actually organized the Workshop they grabbed they grabbed they didn't use real rootstock.  So it's always fun to have that so So what do they do?  They did some work. They are very creative and and This is how they they did it. They just ask I'll read this really quickly I still have about five minutes So we had every participant bring a dark colored storage container In which they place wet paper towels and the tap any air hose Those that brought clear storage containers lined the inside with the black black trash bag so can be creative and then After the plants were grafted they were placed in these containers and take home taking home They were instructed not to open it for about a week and then they could Climate them from there. So those are exactly the email text she sent to me So I put it here and then most participants who reported back had anywhere between 25 to 70 per 5% the survival rate and We were really surprised, you know, I wasn't really surprised we didn't see the number 25 But I can tell you, you know, over 70% survival rate is really needed to access to be, you know, to get I Just wish we could would have had a better growing seeding. You know, they were talking about the 2011 seeding So they use the different varieties in the cherry and maxi maxi for it. I think I give them some seeds So basically if you want to try it, even your farmer want to try this method You can do it. You need this, you know, you need those kind of a tricks You can you can start with your own graphic transplants and there are some local Nurseries already Sold some graphic tomatoes this year. So they're not cheap and By coming to this session, I'm pretty sure you know you can do it so Here's my email. I do email pretty well Because I travel all the time if not all the time So email me. It's my first name dot the last name at the linking you Dot edu. It's also in your handout So email me I'm usually return my email within 24 to 48 hours usually within 24 hours, let me see I Guess I can take one question Yes, ma'am Her question is where to get those clips, you know the material used for grafting or if she can come out to something on her own I think the you you if you go go the grafting tube It can come out a lot places. They sell this one if you if you deal with Johnny's Johnny's they sell that and And and for the creative part if you want to do something yourself you can use Some grafting tape especially to the parafilm the stretch ball parafilm It's a it's very stretchable and the kind of transparent you can use that but just Say it again a coffee stirrer Hello, okay Yeah, I'm not familiar with that so but remember if you use a tape You have to and tape them we need to take If you really wrap them really well, they cannot grow You know in you know later So I'll be around today and I'll be doing another talk for for for small farm forum at one o'clock You're welcome to my session and if you have other questions catch me when I'm here. So Thank you for staying with me