Hello everyone and welcome to our webinar offered by the European School Education Platform. Today we will discuss about a very interesting topic on involving parents in inclusive education, education on special education. And we have our expert here, Ingevan Depute. Her expertise lies in supporting teachers and special needs coordinators. And her studies and her PhD, her ongoing PhD if I'm not mistaken, is also specialized on this field. So before I give the floor to her, I would like to remind you of some things. As I told you, this session is being recorded and we will have some evaluation forms, which we will share with you by the end of the course of this webinar. Furthermore, I don't know if you can see my screen. Can you see my screen? Okay, I'm in the slide with the online course. Can you see it? Yes, we see it, Marielena. Great, great, great. Thank you. Thank you very much. So I would like to remind you that there is also an online course that was launched a week ago concerning this topic and you can find it and register on the link that we have provided you. You can click on the link right now if you want and you can explore the course later. This course is relevant to educators and everyone who's interested in enhancing their understanding and skills in creating inclusive classrooms through effective parent-teacher partnerships. So I can now give the floor to Inge if my colleague doesn't have something else to add. So Inge the Florid is yours and thank you very much again for being here with us. Okay, thank you. It's nice to see how international the audience is. First of all, I'm Inge van der Putten. I work at the University of Ghent. English is not my first language, it's my third language, so it needs some warming up, yeah. So but it will be fine. I work at the University of Ghent where I teach the lessons diversity and inclusion. There I also do research about children with disabilities. So my perspective is a lot about children or parents of children with disability or with special needs. And in our disability studies group, we have a lot of attention we give to the voice of children and parents. And it's very important because a lot of the times we are experienced is that it's it are the missing voices. So it's important to be very active in how can we collaborate with parents. I also work at the parents movement and that's parents for inclusion. Movement for parents to become stronger, to know their rights about inclusive life and inclusive education. And also to have some peer support between parents to take up their role as a parent of choosing an inclusive trajectory. In Belgium, yeah, we had the ratification of the UN Convention for people with a disability. So we need to develop a more inclusive system, a more inclusive education system. But that is not a reality. In the reality we see that choosing for inclusion is not the norm. We still have around Europe, we have a high percentage of children who go to special schools. So it is something we need to do very active, we need to do it very with a lot of attention. And one of the key factors is working with parents, collaborating with parents. Because one of the things is that we can see that the expertise around inclusive education, around inclusion, a good facilitator there are parents. They show us the way how we can make an inclusive trajectory for their son or daughter. So you know a little bit more about me and the person that is presenting this. Yeah. I first want to have a reflection question. When you think of collaboration with parents, what word comes in mind? And maybe you can just reflect on it or you can use the chat. I will give one, two minutes that you can answer this question. So what word comes in mind when you think about collaboration with parents? Thank you for being very active in the chat. I can see some words that pop up collaboration. It also has to do with teamwork. Sometimes it's very difficult. It's a challenge, different opinions. How do you work with those different opinions, respect? So it says something about the collaboration that it's not that easy. And what I wanted to do in this one hour course is that I will bring in the perspective of parents. And because of we did a lot of research that parents give on some golden keys. What is very important in setting up in that collaboration. But therefore I will start with a testimony of a parent and it's Ilse, the parent of Clara. And I think last year I met her and she explained, she talked about inclusive trajectory of her daughter. And she started and she said, my daughter is like a barracuda. When she wants something, she really goes for it and doesn't let go. And she gives the example that in the period of the corona epidemic, there were a lot of rules. And for example, in Belgium in that time, in April 2020, we couldn't go out. Or if we went out, it was limited with three, four people. And Clara, it was her birthday and she became 16. Yeah, it's a very important age. And at that time she said, but I wanted to do a birthday party. And she heard on the news that in the church, you could meet with more people. So Clara said, not a problem. I will give my birthday party in the church. Then I can have more people. You can see something about how creative Clara is in her way of thinking around the world. Clara grows up in a family where they are really dressed very fine. You know, their trousers and their sweater, it's in the same color. There is a lot of attention. And Clara went to a school in the city in Antwerp with a big diversity. And of course, if you have a big diversity, you also have more dressing styles, what people wear. And on one day Clara came home and she said, I wanted to wear a leather jacket.  That's not what I had in mind. But as she first had a lot of resistance, but after a while she said, this is also inclusion. Inclusion is about developing your identity. It's also adapting in the environment that you live in. And I found it in that testimony. I found a lot of important things that tell us something about inclusion. But it also tells us something about the important role parents have to play there. They can teach us. Although I know that collaboration is at some moments not that easy. But I think we as professional can learn a lot of parents. And I just want to mention some points. And if we look at it, we can see that inclusion is about values. It's not about a place, but it's about values. It's about belonging. It's about how you stand in life. Clara wants a leather jacket because she wants to connect with her peers. And a lot of the times we have professionals. We think about maths and language and all those subjects. But if we talk about inclusion with parents, we can see that they bring in more the values about belonging and connection and having a place in a school. And if you are not there, you are missed. So I think we can learn a lot when we talk with parents. We can learn a lot about what inclusion is. Another thing is that inclusion is also a pedagogical choice of parents. It's a way how they look to the world. It's a way how they want to support, to educate their child. And we live in a neoliberal society. You need to be an independent person. And there we can see that parents make sometimes different choices, choices that go into that neoliberal idea. For example, Ilse, the parent of Clara, she said, I found it so important that she can ask support to her peers, that she can ask support to the teachers. So it's not about being independently, but it's about I'm living in this world and what is the support? What are the resources that are there and that I can use? Can I use my smartphone? Can I ask questions and so on? So we can learn from parents about what is inclusion about values. But we also learn from parents that inclusion is about a pedagogical choice, a way of how you want to develop your child. Another thing we learn also in the testimony, we can learn that the representation of their child, they do it in a way that it's very recognizable. For example, Ilse is not telling that Clara has autism, but she's telling my child is a barracuda. She uses a metaphor in a way that we can understand that there are some thinking ways of Clara that is very rigida, is very rigid and that it would be that she takes things very literally. For example, with the corona epidemic and the party in the church. But she brings also a view of Clara that is very recognizable. In a way we can see that it's about a girl that is becoming 16 and she wants to have a party. That's not about a child with autism, but it's about a girl from that age that wants to do the same things as her peers. So we can learn a lot about how parents represent their child. We can learn about it. How do they do that? Because we can use that in our connection with other professionals. For example, the teacher of the next year. I can give a representation that is very rich. Another thing is that it's also about working together. In the story of Ilse, she connects a lot with different people. She connects with the teacher. She connects with the peers. She connects with the supporter. What we see is that parents have a network or they can think in a network. They can think. They already experience that inclusion. You don't do it alone. You need a lot of other people to make it work and that we can also learn from parents. So I think it's important to see that in our collaboration with parents that although we are the professional that we can learn a lot of parents about how they experience inclusion and how they make inclusion work. So I just want to ask you the question again. You can reflect on it or you can put it in the chat. Do you have a representation in mind of how parents present their child in a very rich way? Why do I give this question? It has to do with if we are talking about diversity and we have a lot of categorization. We talk about children with a different background with a diverse background or who are multilingual or who have special needs and then we sum up the different labels. It's important to have a more recognizable idea view because in that recognizable representation there you already can see how you can support a person and who is that person. If you say Clara has autism I don't know what that means in that context but with the little example I just gave you know that you have to be very careful in the way you talk about things because Clara will take it very literally. So that is also one of the things we can learn from parents what inclusion is but we can learn a lot about how they take up that representation of their child. So I already took a lot of words inclusive education and it's already very clear that it's not a place it's not about children who are very diverse who go to a regular school. It's much more it has to do with values and it has to do with things I wrote down here. For example it has to do with that regular schools will adapt their infrastructure, their organization the methods they use, the teaching material all those things they adapt. For example for Clara she didn't do a classical examination but they look at the evolution of Clara throughout the year. They had very clear goals and they looked what is the evolution of Clara but she didn't do any examination because we know that it's very difficult for Clara that it would be a very high barrier for her. So that is important to see what they did because she didn't participate on the examination at the end of the examination. One of the things is that Clara made soup and together after the end of the examination they drank their bowl of soup and it was a way that there was belonging because the parents said what I experienced at home because she's not participating in the examination that she's also isolated. So again parents can give their experience but they also can think about what is needed. Thank you, Yasna, for your reply. It's on the ground floor. Another thing is inclusive education. It's not only about adapting but it's also a springboard for inclusive society. What we see is that the students who grow up with Clara they can collaborate and they know that support is something very natural. For example Clara at the beginning of the year she gave some explanation about her needs and the way she likes to have support and it was a very intensive moment because after the presentation of Clara there was a dialogue with the peers they were telling but I also need some support or I also have some difficulty with languages or with reading and you could see that there became a very positive climate because this is what inclusive education is doing that we get inclusive society. Another thing is that it's important that there is support support for teachers and for principals I think what is very important that we give teachers space to collaborate and that we give teachers space to reflect on their practice. So they know what is meant with the quote that Yasna is telling that the needs are on the floor because it's a student in a wheelchair. What does it mean? What do I need to do differently in my organization to make sure that there are no obstacles anymore? So I think it's very important if we think about in terms of need support for teachers that we think in terms of time for collaboration time for reflecting on your practice and to be the architect again of your classroom and in being an architect of your classroom it's also important that you make your education very accessible, accessible for all the students who are in your classroom and we know that principle of universal design for learning and if we still have any barriers there then it's important that we have reasonable accommodations we can look at it from how can we have solutions that the barriers are going down. So inclusive education is not one definition but it's a process and in that process the collaboration with parents is very important to think about how can we adapt how can we make sure that we have a springboard for an inclusive society that we can support each other in that searching process and that we make the adaptations that are there are there for all the children. I have another quote of a parent and it's Dana it's a parent of Wacht and she said in the collaboration I experienced that in the meeting everyone is there but it's still a puzzle where everybody takes a piece of it and in my feeling they don't get the whole puzzle we miss something in that overview in that taking that shared responsibility and what we found is that parents are a very important figure there are the first and the most important figure in the lives of children and it's very important to be aware that we as professionals we are passing by we come one moment a year maybe a little bit longer but the parents are the one that have the first and the last taking up the responsibility for their child and in the collaboration it's important that we give that responsibility for parents another thing is that parents have important perspective and they have local knowledge we call it local knowledge because it's knowledge they created in working with their child we work for example I'm now working with a girl that is 12 years old I need those parents to have an idea of what do you know that works what is your experience, what is the interest and so on so that is the local knowledge the expertise I need as a professional and for example if I refer again to Clara Clara she has autism but one of the things is that she doesn't have a problem if there is change in her teacher is sick and there is another teacher that's not a problem for Clara but when it's now in Antwerp we have now around 20 degrees it's just okay to have a light you have a t-shirt then you need to make sure that Clara that she take off her sweater that's something very difficult for her when it's the moment when you take off that sweater that is the way we can see that she that she stays in that structure of a trouser a sweater and I put it on when it is 20 degrees Clara we don't do it anymore and then she's not flexible anymore so it's important that we take up that knowledge of parents they know those things when Clara is in the spring a little bit grumpy we now think oh it's too hot hot and she is still wearing her sweater it is that local knowledge that we need from parents parents are also very important in the decision making process what we see is that we inform parents but it's important to take up partnership to have teamwork and that they are part of that decision making process and one of the things that we found in our research is that it's very important that we give an idea of how the classroom is working how the classroom is organized how is their child participating actually parents don't know that and if they don't know that they cannot think with us or they give advice or ideas that are not referable to a classroom a classroom is still working with the group so what we found in our research is that we need to take into account there is a very important role for us that we give a view of what is happening in that classroom how is your child participating and not in a way of it's not working or there are a lot of obstacles but just showing how a classroom and a group is working and we can do that with pictures we can make a little video if they found that's okay with privacy rules and everything but there are a lot of ways we can show and we can make it very visible how their child is participating then they can take up a share to responsibility then they can take up thinking about the decisions they have to make and so on so another testimony of a parent or a quote of a parent is I wear all those different hats I'm a psychologist I'm an expert I'm a therapist and yes I am also a parent and what I wanted to show is a video a little fragment a little clip of the video we made it's a video inclusive it's from Ellen Vermeulen and we made it in a research project where we filmed from the perspective of children and we will see a little bit of Nathan and Nathan is a boy who is in secondary school and Nathan has his own goals he's working on his own trajectory and he is telling us some things and we will listen to it Enge, can you hear me? Excuse me? Can you hear me? Yeah, I can hear you but I don't see the video Yes, I will share my screen I will stop sharing the presentation I will share my screen and we will see the video Thank you Can you see my screen? Yes Perfect, thank you I know that my voice is very loud but far away I have to say that I am different and different and so on For me, it's a bit loud and it's a bit... Yes A fever thermometer What is a fever thermometer? A short thermometer Yes, a short thermometer Let's try I'm going to take a bikini I'm a badawan I'm a landscape I'm a photo apparatus Let's see how well... Let's hear him in the distance So what we can see is that or what we can hear is about Nathan who is telling what the role of his parent is in the beginning of the year giving some explanation about the needs of Natan That is not so easy It puts parents in a role that is very vulnerable also because they have to talk about their child How do you do that? With a classroom of pupils They are 16, 17 years old That's not that easy So that is what Mohammed is telling from all the different hats he is wearing On the other hand we could also see at the end of the video clip Nalta is telling what his dreams are Maybe he wants to go to university and I know when the teachers heard his desire there they said it's not possible It's not the right perspective It's not okay But when we talked with the parents they said there are two things One of the things is that he said I don't have any dreams First of all we think as a professional we need to work with Natan You need to have dreams and so on But the parents told us the brother of Natan when he saw the movie he said actually Natan is a very chill person He can be in this moment He's very mindfulness He's not worrying about the future So when we got that perspective of the family that how Natan looks to the world we could see that is also something we can take into account and it changes our idea of the Alarambels who went on from old Natan doesn't have a perspective and the perspective he has is not the right perspective It's not possible to go to the university So I think I also read it in the chat We see a lot that we say that parents have a wrong perspective but I think it's important that in our collaboration we go in communication very deeply to know what do they mean and what is their idea of living For example the parents had already had contact with higher education to look at what are the possibilities What we want is that Natan could learn that he has a long life to learn I think it's important to know that is the perspective and one of the things is we need to give time to parents From our perspective of a professional I'm the teacher of that grade and I need to give that advice But most of all we see that it takes time to develop a pathway that is not a standard pathway So I think in working with parents we need to give parents time Sometimes that's difficult when you have a transition to another school because there needs to be some testing I also understand that there is some tension in it But I think there is still some space that we can give parents time to develop a pathway an idea of what is possible For example I can say Natan is already he's still learning in a higher education because he has a passion for music and he's also working in a library where he knows everything from Bach to Mozart So he's a very valuable employer there So I think it's important that in our collaboration we have a tension for those different hats parents are wearing and sometimes they go in resistance or they don't collaborate because of there is some tension between those different roles or different hats they have to put on So I just want to know what is your strategy of bringing in the expertise of parents into your classroom practice so that you can better address the needs of the children You can share it again in the chat or you can think about it What are strategies that help that parents can bring in their expertise their local knowledge how can they do that invite them to school a very important one I will go to the next slide and we put together the strategies that teachers are doing and that parents says that is very helpful to get a partnership where there is awareness of the very different there is awareness of our parent role we are not the professional So it's important to invite them to school One of the things is a strategy to have involvement of parents is engaging actively in connection and I think also open days for parents are very important again giving an idea of how a classroom is organized we did some research with parents who are not familiar with the Flemish educational system and the experience of schools was that there was a lot of resistance of parents they didn't want to collaborate and so on and one of the things is that actually they didn't have a clue of how a classroom was organized how their child was participating so actively involving parents connecting with parents is very important times that parents can collaborate in a school and then they can share their experience for example another thing parents also say is providing a bridge figure they say it's a figure it's a person that can be the bridge between school and the home context but also a person that when we are working with a lot of people we can make sure that groups come together that there is an agenda when there is a meeting and so on but always somebody who checks with parents are you aware of what is happening what are your points that you want to discuss what are the points from the school we want to discuss and so on so I know it takes a lot of energy we want to have collaboration with parents it will be very important to make sure maintain an open communication we had a lot of we already did a lot of research with parents and one of the things they give us they say we notice when there are obstacles or where there are things not spoken they know it so making sure that you have an open communication and in an open communication you also say that is working well and that are the obstacles recognizing the parents expertise making sure that we know their local knowledge that we can collect that we can use that so preparing actively working on that involvement secondly they say it has to do about this child in this school it has to become very personal and therefore parents say listen to the anecdotes the little stories from the home context for example for Clara if I think about it she can go in a stress level and gets very angry but the mother is very good in using humor and just doing that it makes sure that Clara is calming down so knowing what is that mother doing can help us the little anecdotes are helpful another thing is that parents say setting up an interaction and I see that somebody is telling making lessons both with students and parents it could be that you do something together that there is an interaction if I work around for Natan for example we have to work around Mozart what are the things you already could do at home to listen to Mozart and so on what was he telling what was his idea and so on be loyal to their choice of inclusive education it's maybe a very hard one but it's important if we look at inclusive education it's a way of life it's a pedagogical choice we need to take into account and to respect that choice also the needs are central I think I already said it has to do with making sure that you have a very rich representation of who is this child listen to the parents very carefully and being open to new things sometimes we need to search for a solution a solution is not there on one day we need to search for it so being open to new things exploring for example the teacher of Clara she said I never done it all my students did an examination so it was for her very difficult to take that step to see how can I also make sure that I can monitor the evaluation of Clara but it doesn't need to be in an examination so being open to new things taking that share to responsibility that is your responsibility as a teacher or a supporter take up that share to responsibility and last of it parents say the strategy of co-creation and in that strategy they say listen actively to each other and sometimes we need to brainstorm to make new ideas to develop new ideas another thing is what parents also say give support rather than advice a lot of the times parents also say give us time give us perspective give us maybe connection with other parents so that you can see what is needed and I just want to give an example of my own trajectory of one of my sons he has dyslexia and one of the things is I found it so important that he could read because I think it's a whole environment a whole world that is now locked up because he can't read but in interaction with other supporters and other parents I can see that there are a lot of resources that in this world maybe it's not that necessary or there are a lot of resources and it will change my idea in what is needed to develop or what is needed to support him and shares successes inclusion can also can only work if we also share successes and maybe it are very little steps but what is working can we share that can we explore that why is it working and one of the things is keep in mind that there are power relationships we want to have an equal relationship with parents but parents are in their very vulnerable role it's about their goals their child so we need to take into account that there is a difference in a power relationship and for example parents say if I come to a meeting then parents then there are a lot of professionals and the first thing they ask is can you tell how it's working at home or can you take the first worst or can you give your perspective sometimes it feel not secure for parents because that has to do with the difference in power relationship it's only it's almost an impossible task to talk a lot and to take you into strategies that can work in collaboration with parents in one hour so I hope that I inspired you and that now I will leave some time to have some time to have some questions thank you very much it was indeed a very interesting webinar so I saw a comment earlier like a few comments sorry I saw comment firstly from Natalia she said that parents are undoubtedly important in the lives of their children it's true in the decision making process however quite often their perspective is not right it is affected by their own expectations what do we do if they are not willing to modify their perspective despite the attempts of teachers to give them an idea of what is going on in the class yeah I think I want to thank you I think it was Natalia yeah to thank you that you already do a lot of yeah that you want to go to collaborate with parents what I think is important what I said is it has to do also with time because one of the things is what we say is it is influenced by their own background and their own values and their own perspective but that is normal that is with each of us that way so I think it's important that we give time to parents and that we listen very carefully in what is the value that they think is very important for example for my son I think it's very important that he still has a very good self-image it's not because of the reading is very hard that it also has to affect his self-image so sometimes with parents if you can discuss what are your what are the things you are worried about if you can explore that then sometimes you see it's not about the discussing point of his reading for example but it's about the discussing point of the warriors that parents have the things there are just the way they are very vulnerable about it so I think we need to make time we have to listen very carefully and maybe it's maybe not the right answer but not to think in terms they have a wrong perspective but they have a different perspective and maybe that also can make more connection between the the two diverse perspective thank you very much I would like also to highlight another comment I saw from that the relationship with parents is the key to success and also I see some the recommendation of some extra curricular activities in which parents and children students and teachers could maybe interact and participate all together yeah that's it was a comment it wasn't a question it was a comment but I think it's a very important comment we need to make sure that we don't divide the context of school and home that we divide it very that there is a distance but it's a challenge how do you do that when parents have to work and they cannot come to school from in Belgium it is 830 till 3 for example so I think we need to search how can we do that and for example I saw it in the chat that a person said I create lessons together with parents I think one of the things I saw what was very interesting is if you invite parents at home, at school and it can be in the hours that it's possible for them that they also can experience what is it to be a student here yeah it was a school where they worked very independently and they didn't give any scores anymore but they give stars you have one star or four stars and the parents were very worried about it what does it mean will my child get a good qualitative education so therefore in working together with the parents they notice what experience their children have and that it was very qualitative education so I think it's very important that we bridge those two worlds but that we also know that we need to adapt what is possible for parents indeed, thank you very much for all the fruitful information and all the comments and thank you everyone for participating I think we have reached the end of this webinar I have shared with you a short survey it would be really helpful for us to have your feedback you can find the link to the survey on the chat thank you again for presenting this webinar with us and everyone thank you very much have a nice evening and we hope to see you soon again in another webinar yep, thank you have a nice day


I'm Sally Granskorsh, I'm the Director of Facilities Management Environmental Policy and NACUVO, which is the National Association of College and University Business Officers. There are about 4,500 colleges and universities in the United States, about 2,200 members belong to us. And we're serving to train, advocate and do research on behalf of colleges and universities, the business offices. And we're here today because it's really important that colleges and universities have stepped up to the plate and are doing renewables, are doing energy efficiency and are both training students as well as being mentors and models in the community. All of these examples here, and I hope you get a chance to pan them, are fantastic examples of how renewable is working. Behind me is George Mason University, which is actually, it's grown by 46%, but at the same time it's only increased its energy 20%. Bowdoin College actually has more, it's seven times larger in solar collectors than any other place in the state of Maine. That's amazing for a small little college to make that kind of endeavor. Up here I need to point out the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh. A public university has used funds to both do biodigesters, both wet and dry, geothermal, solar and wind. And they are literally going to be off the grid soon on their consumption. I love talking about Arizona State University in that there's 76, 78,000 solar panels and 76,000 students. These guys have more solar panels than students. You can talk on and on about what you've done at Berkeley, Westchester University, University of California, Irvine and UCLA. All of them are doing amazing stuff in water savings and energy efficiency and renewables. A lot of campuses are starting to do combined heat and power, which also serve not only their own campus but also the community at large. It's amazing what College of the University is doing and here's the problem. A lot of people don't realize then, a lot of people don't connect the dots. And through benign neglect sometimes legislative actions don't include us and that's a really important piece that they should be including us in their endeavors. So we need help. A lot of us have done the low hanging fruit. And what we need to do is we need to get the higher, deeper, red energy retrofits and renewables because we can be a service to the community at large.


Just I you guys looked a lot like Indianapolis today I think that you ended the first half with five consecutive third down stops It's a different world for you guys in that situation, isn't it? Almost definitely man once you can get once you can get off the field off third down man It changed the whole game. I know last time we played and we was like There was 10 for 14 against us and you know, you can't really win a game if you're not getting off the field on third down We won last game, but you know Put more emphasis on getting off the field on third down and it was a big it was a big change Luke Malcolm as you guys are currently in first place at the division and are looking to finish this season out strong These last three games, but what's the attitude in the locker room like surrounding that? And what needs to happen in order to end the season where you want to be?  So that team that you got from the second half against Cleveland, you know That's what we hope to present throughout the rest of the season You've gotten off of Sorry Arden that you've gotten off to a fast start this season. You're already at nine wins with three games left Do you feel almost like though if you can't finish it off the false start or excuse me the fast start would end up being sort of meaningless?  It's not enough nine games. It's not enough in this league Especially it's so competitive. So just got to keep grinding and just keep working hard and believing in believing in the team John Glennon You Malcolm look like you were marked up primarily with with shark today How much do you enjoy the challenge of you know, moving and traveling with the receiver and How did you feel like you're fair to look like your numbers were excellent today? You know, that's what I do, you know, I like that I like the challenge I like to take on the best of the best, but whatever coach tells me to do. That's what I'm gonna do but I owe char You're home from from what? from the pants Great player though. Good young player, but you know, whatever coach tell me to do. That's what I'm gonna do Cory Yeah, it's gonna ask you Malcolm It looked like for whatever reason Glennon looked like he wanted to come your way and you looked more than ready for it Most definitely, you know, I kind of Had some ups and downs against the Jaguars. I made it my business To come out here and compete and you know, play the best I can especially after, you know, the Cleveland game when we Displayed a bad performance. So, you know, I locked in a lot this week wrote down a lot of notes Can't remind myself what I need to go out here and do what the team need to do and be a leader and lead by action So it worked out this week And I think your offense has put up over 30 points in like four consecutive games now Yeah, but you guys feel like if you can play with some consistency on defense, you can absolutely get where this team wants to go Most definitely you said the key word. We just got to stay consistent and we got to find out who I density Had who we are we got to find out who we are You know, you're gonna have ups and downs, but for the most part we got to find out who we are You stay on stay rising instead of, you know, going up and down like a stock market So we just got to set the tone on that and It should be good to go, but you know, you can't predict the future Emily Hey Malcolm, you had a second chance at the interception and hold that one in What was your thought when you saw the ball in the air knowing that you had to get that one? Um, I just know I had to get it, you know, the off the the sound was Um Behind me, you know, the first one the sound was in front of me, you know, I mean, I'm thinking I'm gonna get a tip And both for the defender in the wire received the miss ball and he just ran up on me But you know, he's just got to catch the ones they throw to you know, there were coach always says so Um, I'm glad I can come away with the third one of the year And just real quick How important is Derek Henry to the defense when when he can gobble up all those yards and take all that time How much easier does that make your job? Um, pretty easy, you know, we get to sit over there relaxed Uh, we're wearing their defense out We're keeping their offense off the field And when we get out there, we rest it ready to go Burning the clock and making the game go a lot faster Um, you know, he a big key of this team But you know, I don't think he'll be able to do it without his teammates But Derek Henry must definitely play a key role in this team


Hello everyone. Good evening. Today we're going to speak about one of my opinion. Fast-developing application or technology, the smart home. So from the beginning I want to clarify one thing that artificial intelligence system, it's not when someone is speaking with us when we are shaving in the morning or preparing some breakfast. Don't be confused. Don't confuse the system with your wife or girlfriend. It's something different. So a smartphone was created for only one goal is to make our life easier. To help us when we're coming back from job and to save our time. So So it was a demonstration of the first application of a smartphone. So you can realize it's a sound sensor. Yeah, it's a sound sensor that can recognize the sound of my clips and can switch on or switch off the light in the room. So let's see what the structure of the smart home is. So you can see the smart home made from sensors. It's a huge amount of sensors inside, like in the sound, water, light, temperature and so on. It's a lot of sensors and all the sensors they connected to the computer with a CPU and memory inside and all this computer have a software that can make some decisions, can switch on the water when we outside from the home. If there are some disaster inside or can send information inside, outside from home to emergency services and from other side we can connect to our smart home and we can see what is going on inside. Some cameras or if a coffee is ready so I can go home. So this one is generally about a smart home. So today we're going to speak about four applications. That means based on these sensors we have applications in a smart home. So today we're going to speak about evolution, not this evolution. We will go to speak about evolution of four applications when we are using it every day in our house and our office. So it's a heating, smart heating, refrigerator, toilet and washing machine. So the first one we will start from the bottom and we will go to the top of all these applications and we will see from where we started and what we have now. So the first heating system it was open fire as you can see even our ancestors they use it to heat, to cook for everything. This time people started to go to caves or to build some houses maybe wood made houses because it was the cheapest material and to have an open fire inside it can be very dangerous. So they found that it can create some kind of great or fireplaces inside. It can warm inside the house or room. The third step it was hot water central heating system was created in 1777 by French engineer Mr. Bonemann. It was much more safety. It can save the place and the structure is warm water circulating inside. So the next step it was smart heating and smart fire. So I want to separate between them because it's actually two inside, two parts inside. We have smart heating. That means we have all the heating systems mounted in our floor that can save place. We don't need to have something in nearby so it can be under the floor and it can save the energy because it's controlled by the computer when going outside. So it's not heating the house and then when we are sleeping and so on. From other side we have a sensor of movement and blood pressure. So IBM created a very interesting system. It's a gravity space. From one side it can recognize our movement inside of the room. It can create a picture of every day movement inside of the room and can predict what we are doing. For example, if we are falling and we are not coming so something happened, it can send some message to emergency service. The same it can measure blood pressure measurement when we are for sure without shoes and it can predict some heart diseases. So the next one we will speak about refrigerator. So the first step to prevent the food for a winter time. It was drying. Actually people found that drying it can save better products for a long time. And the next step it was conservation by salt or sugar. So in this step we have much more fresh fruits. It can save the taste of fruit or mushrooms or vegetables. Third one it was a root killer actually. So people described that in underground earth can retain actually the warm and cold and in the winter time we can put inside some ice and it can save just fresh vegetables, fresh food, fresh fish inside in underground or in this case of small root killer. So it was like in a first step of refrigerator actually. So when we have a center of electricity, it was the first refrigerator electricity refrigerator. Actually in 1923 made by company refrigerator and so you can see that we don't need some root killer outside from our home. It will be inside. We don't need to go outside. Let's speak about smart refrigerator. So it's actually the same. It's have two parts smart screens and smart refrigerator. So let's speak about smart screens. Smart refrigerator has smart screens. That means all the sides of refrigerator have the screens and it can be some software inside. For example, it can recognize the time of the day by night. It can show some moons or stars or when we have an empty refrigerator it can show some movie that some mouse is running inside. Something like that. Moreover, it can have a touchscreen and the internet connection so we can find some recipe in internet and we can prepare food very helpful. From other side we have product scans. So inside of refrigerator we have a lot of scanners. They can scan the fruits because when you go into the supermarket of the fruits they have barcodes actually. So when we put in inside all the food it can calculate how many eggs, onions, everything we put inside. In this case if I want to create some good diet for me based on fish and I don't know eggs. So it will all time calculate how many inside and when I have a very low level of it, it will send a message to supermarket and by this evening I will get a package close to my door with everything, with food. So now we're going to speak about toilet. I think the first one it was like in a you know people what they need to do. They need to to make it so they go outside from the village or from the town to some forest and they coming back. So the first public toilet was found in 3,000 years before Christ. It was in Mesopotamia. It was a public. Everyone can come and can do what he needs. And the second one you can see it was a private one. It was a small one. It can be wood made or something like that. Actually all these cases one of the biggest problems was the bad smell. So all kind of toilets is people they just constructed outside from villages or towns because the bad smell you cannot stand it actually. That is one of the reasons why people cannot create a high levels buildings like in the skyscrapers because you can imagine if you are living in the 5th floor and they need to go to toilet. You're running down and then you're doing what you're doing in the back. It's not realistic. So in the 77 Thomas William Dwight Ford he found very similar actually thing, but now it's so common. I think everyone have in his house this kind of toilet. It's called waterplug toilet. It was the two important things. It's the first one. This one can save the smell inside of the main tube and can refresh all the time the water. I'm just a little bit information about a mass production. Unitas in some countries they call to toilet Unitas and actually it was the name of Spain Company. They started to create a mass production waterplug toilets and translation from Spain it's actually unity or unit just for information. So we have a lot of shapes and types of smart toilet, but it's all times the same system. It's a waterplug. So let's see what we have now in our smart toilet. We have sensors. They mounted inside. It's a lot of sensors. We will speak about only three of them. So the sensors can found some blood. So it can predict dysentery in our body or it's have shape. It can measure the shape of our stuff. And it can predict it as biosis or for example by the color of it can find a gastric ulcer and can send some message to our doctors that something can be very dangerous for us. So let's speak about washing machine. We know the people started to wash, to use the soap or some kind of soap in 600 years before Christ. So we can see it from this picture. By the time people found that a mechanical movement of water can wash better mud and dust from our clothes. So the people went to the rivers these kind of places. And you can see from 1851 James Kink he created a manual washing machine based on the same technology until today we have the same but made but with electricity engine inside in 1930. It was created for a lot of a lot of companies doesn't matter just a picture to realize but now we will go to smart washing machine what we have now inside. So in our clothes we can put some wire chips in places we cannot feel it for example here that when we are putting inside of machine all our clothes machine can recognize can read all the information about type sensitivity color material of our clothes and it can alert us can warn us that white and black it can be disaster in this case and they can send for example some message to our to our smartphones that done finished or it can just help us to find an optimal program. So generally now we are we finished to we just finished to see the four applications actually it's a lot of applications in smart home you can you can see so nowadays we have a lot of smart we have smartphone we have smart cars watch home smart city someone can recognize this one Okay, it's a smart weapon Yeah, it's a smart weapon. I will not discuss about this now It's a presentation not about this we can speak about this later I will just give you a little bit about smart city. It's a two new applications what I found nowadays is developing. It's a wireless charging of the bus so you can imagine buses coming to the bus stations charging going forward and someday our city will become green without fuel or it's a smart street lightening that everything communicated to the to the main house for example can send some information about traffic jams about pedestrians and so on so on so um by the end I personally believe that smart home will become as a part of our daily life then we will come home we will have smart home and when We will create the buildings when we create the houses it will become a smart houses Smart buildings and smart offices. So there's only one question. What is the next smart? Thank you for your time Questions So, thank you. Nicolai So, uh, in the usual system any questions from anybody?  It's maybe just uh tomatoes, but You know, it's like any concept that it can do It can create it's a prototypes. They can run now and nowadays. It's no problem Everything but is it really necessary? It's your choice, you know, we have it It's your choice to use the smart home a smartphone. Sorry or to use maybe an okay one is a small one, you know Just we say calling functions, but it's your choice what to choose Okay, thank you question Can I ask questions specific to the smart toilets? Oh, I like it. Yeah So does the sensor which which I use with the smart toilet is coming contact with the stool and the urine for sure So, how often do we have to change it? Uh, you know, it's coming to help. Yeah, I will try to explain it's coming to help us Yeah, it's coming to help us to predict Some illnesses. Yeah, it's better to have it than not And the question was more the sensor itself because of what it's in contact with How do you clean the sensor? It's the same what you for example have in your car You have airbags, but you're not using it every day in Specific case it will work. Yeah I want to use it too I I want to Get it in one time with my stool and my urine. So how often should I change it when you push in the bottom? You're going outside. You you are caring about what is happened there. No, so it's just like that But it's don't worry. It's a private information Any non-toilet questions So what's about the security of your system was I speaking about smart home So the question there is what's that? How does the security work more generally across the you know, it's everything software Everything software it will be encrypt by by software and you know It's the question is car to car communication models need to be encrypted everything all the communication you can Um, you can go inside. So you need to be careful. So it's encryption only, you know by software something like that It's uh, yeah, I understand that it's need to be private But we have it and now it's becoming to be very common in the round. I I'm sure a lot of companies working on it One more question here I heard that wash for example, it's like investing a lot of money to use this currency later for Smart systems So the question is about a smart currency called yota Link links to smart homes. I have some example, you know amazon, you know, you know the bottom from amazon if you're buying Food for your cat. Yeah all times the same time the same package. So when you see it's becoming to be just Finished you just push in the bottom and sending information to amazon. You will receive it after two weeks The same it's the same actually made of the same Concept Um, for sure it's becoming very very common now and it's going like in a snowball, you know bigger and bigger and bigger Oh, they're doing a lot of investment on this millions people millions Okay, thank you. Any other questions? Oh no, please. Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you friends. Thank you


I mean education is important in any facet of life, it's how it's what you build on to make yourself better. So the nice thing about Erie University as a whole is it has a whole bunch of different options in the way that it presents its education. So you've got the online piece, you've got the in residence piece. Not only that, you have the formal education that you're used to with the SOS, ACSC, you've got Community College of the Air Force, all those more official ones, but you also have a lot of professional development education where it's not required that everybody has to go to, but they give you the ability to learn what you want or what you need when you need it. So you don't have to wait till I'm eligible for ACSC. If I need to learn about this leadership stuff now, I have those things available to me to learn when I need to learn it. It is the knowledge base of the past that we are learning in the present to build the future. And that's Erie University.


From Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Covering VMworld 2018. Brought to you by VMware and its ecosystem partners. Hello everyone, welcome back to the live CUBE covers. This is day three of VMworld 2018. We're live in Las Vegas, it's CUBE's special coverage. Our ninth year covering VMworld. Kicking off day three, we've got two sets. Our next guest is Brian Reagan, who's the CMO of Actifio, CUBE alumni, great to see you. Great company, doing some great things on the marketing side. You guys taking a different approach than others? Let the product do the talking, let the solution speak for itself, welcome to theCUBE. Thank you, John, it's great to be back. And Dave, it's always a pleasure and it's great to be at VMworld. So you guys taking, I don't know how to say different approach, but you're here at VMworld. There's a lot of pomp and circumstances, a lot of big booths, a lot of glam, a lot of attention getting. You've got to kind of do that, but you don't want to overspend on that. You really want to just be in the community. What's your strategy? How are you as a CMO going into a world that wants more content? They want more data, they want to get solutions built. They love the glam, but meat and potatoes is what they want. So Monday night we had an event at Topgolf and I was talking to a couple of customers and they basically were all saying the same thing to me, which was I come to VMworld rather to basically collect squeezy balls for my kids. They're going back to school, I'm going to collect a lot of toys, I'm going to do the solution expo. Great, great opportunity to really break through from a swag standpoint, but no one's coming here to necessarily research the company that they want to disrupt or transform their business around. So what we believe for VMware and quite frankly, just in general is this is a great place to engage with customers, they're all here, this is the IT, this is Comdex, you know, 2018. So we need to be here, but we don't necessarily need to be in a solutions exchange where it's just an arms race about swag. What's your relation with VMware? How do you guys fit into the ecosystem? What's the value proposition? What is the Actifio relationship to the community? How do you guys walk that line and how do you deliver those solutions? Yeah, so as pretty much throw a rock and you'll hit a vendor out here who has a great VMware solution, right? We are no exception, everyone does VMware. Quite frankly, it's actually really easy nowadays and there's zero differentiation. I hate to say it, but everyone does VMware the same way. So there is really no disruption in this marketplace because everyone does VADP, everyone does snapshot. So quite frankly, what we major on and what we focus on is actually the workloads that are franchise critical to businesses which really are databases. So yeah, they might run into VM but oftentimes they run in physical machines. So let's focus on databases if they happen to be VMware great. You know what, we like everybody else has a great VMware solution, but it's easy. Let's focus on the hard stuff, which is databases which run the business and DX is all around databases and applications that run the business. That's where we major on. That's where our value comes in. That's where our customers see the most value from Actifio. So my takeaway is five, 10 years ago was all about integration and that was a differentiation. Who could get the SDK fastest? Exactly, right, yeah. And you get to see what's there. We own them in a net app right there, okay, fine. That's done. Yeah. Okay, so fast forward to 2018, what's your perspective on VMware, what they're doing, the market momentum? You mentioned databases, you see them with Amazon bringing database now on-prem. So a lot has changed. What's your perspective? So I think VMware is really, so you talk to any CIO, any IT leadership. I mean, VMware is a critical part of the conversation. So I don't mean to in any way diminish the value that VMware brings to the enterprise. And actually they are enabling cloud in every enterprise today, whether it's private, whether it's hybrid, whether it's I'm going to do public, but I'm going to do public VMware in the Amazon cloud. So VMware is table stakes in terms of running mission critical applications. What we believe is the next level of integration is what's the app running in VMware, right? What is it Oracle? I'm running Oracle Rack inside of VMware. I'm running SAP inside of VMware. That's the next level of integration that becomes the differentiation and quite frankly the value creation in a lot of these enterprises. So how do you guys differentiate? Tom was talking about all the glam and all the noises. There's a lot of noise. There's tons of noise around data protection. You guys pioneered the whole copy data management space. So where are you seeing growth? Where's the momentum? Maybe you can give some examples. Two thirds of our business is now actually leading with DevOps and cloud. And the real lever there is time. People want more time back in their day and they want more time back because whether it's, there was a great article that search IT operations published about Etna where they have, you know, multi, tens of multi-terabyte databases. And quite frankly it breaks every piece of infrastructure that they had but they want to be able to serve those multi-terabyte databases out to their developers within minutes as opposed to weeks or months or however long it takes traditional operations. Let's serve that need. Let's solve the time problem and all of a sudden digital transformation becomes a reality. You know, DX and continuous integration, continuous development is really easy when you're talking about megabyte sized JSON files. When you talk about 100 terabyte databases it becomes really hard. With Actifio we solve that problem. And so now we're enabling DX at scale in these large enterprises and it's really a time problem. So Etna's a customer obviously. We heard a similar story from Live Nation. It was another customer, but go ahead John. What's the drivers on this? Because this is a unique thing because databases as we say on theCUBE here in our analysis, the battleground in cloud. On-premises in cloud, databases is a crucial thing. Look at Amazon, they're going after Oracle, RDS, their relational database service on VMware, on-premises, Amazon's never done that before. Clearly the database is a hard nut to crack one, two. It's super important. So it's the pacing item on all migrations, all activity, what's driving your business? Because you're targeting that, that's just trying to improve ease of use, but what's the market force? Migration, developer scale, what are some of the things that are driving your business? So yes and yes, right? So help me collapse my cycle time. So typically the time to actually get a copy of data for a developer is measured in weeks or months. In the old way. In the old way. And CICD is talking about daily check-in and daily check-in weeks and months, it just doesn't jive, right? So if I can actually collapse that down into yes, no matter how big that database is, I can give it to you in a 15 minute, 30 minute SLA. The speed of matching that mist, so the mismatch between data pipelining to the developer need is a gap, huge problem that you solve. What are some of the consequences if that's not solved? Well, so what do people do to compromise the time problem? They subset, they give their developers a, it's 100 terabyte production database, they give them a terabyte or half a terabyte of actual subset of data. So they run their queries in development and they work great and then they roll them into production and all of a sudden they break because 100 terabytes is a different animal. And it could be a terrible experience for the application where data has to drive all the value. So speed of data insertion to the application is the critical cloud native and to our developer needs. It drives quality, it drives customer satisfaction, it drives, quite frankly, in regulated industries, it drives compliance. I feel like the Geico commercial, everybody knows that, this is a problem. Why aren't people doing this? Is it just too hard? I mean, this is a- It's hard. All right, so what do you guys, what specifically do you guys have for IP? What makes it happen? What do you guys do? So 57 patents later, we have cracked a code on how to do really application native virtualization of data and the ability to serve it up through workflows, through automation in some of the largest enterprises in the world. So we are enterprise tested, battle tested and quite frankly, the applications and data that serves the largest enterprises, that's where we shine. What are some of the value points you can point to anecdotally or publicly around? The value your customers have gotten from having the ability to have data addressable almost in real time for developers because there's got to be some new experiences or new capabilities that they're realizing. Can you share just some of the things that come out of this? So an IT leader in a major bank that you've heard of said to us after we went through the initial phase of deployment, you've just given me an extra quarter of development in every year. So that- Extra quarter of time. Extra quarter of time. Okay. So we've collapsed down and we now have five quarters of development cycles as opposed to four. And that quite frankly, if you put a dollar value on it is measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars. So developer productivity. Any like new cool things that have happened, top line revenue growth, any impact to applications? Yeah. I mean, do you think about what is the battlefront now? Whether it's online banking, whether it's retail, whether it's healthcare even, what is the battlefront? It is your app, your phone, your mobile device. And it is the ability to self serve content, information and transactions. And so all of that is happening because people are transforming the way they're doing business around applications. Many customers going to eat this up. They saw them made the holy grail problem. I mean, it's so obvious to us, but getting data in real time, having speed and scale and relevance is super critical. How do you guys compare with the competition? Are you guys ahead? How do you guys compare versus other solutions? Are there anything like you guys? What's out in the marketplace? Share your perspective on the landscape and how do you guys compare? Right. So you're asking a marketing guy, how do we compare to the competition? So of course, I have this very convenient chart that shows us being the leader compared to everybody. The reality is 3,000 customers, 37 countries, nine years in the marketplace. We have been there and done that at scale in the enterprise and we, five of the top global 20 financial institutions. Four of the 10 energy companies in the world. Four of the 10 top retail organizations in the world. We have done it for the largest companies in the world and we continue to deliver value at scale in the enterprise. I love your saying. You said for hundreds of millions of value. That sounds like a lot and people might go, oh, well, how do you do it? So your cloud and your DevOps, which is all about agility and speed. If you take a net present value, a discounted cash flow, a break even or whatever curve you draw. And I think I heard three months. You compress that by a quarter and then look at the numbers. That's the value, right? So if it's $200 million in revenue, do the math. If it's $10 in revenue, okay, it's not going to be as much but you're talking to the companies that you're talking about the industries, talking about big, big projects and a lot of revenue associated with them. So you talked about cloud and DevOps. How was your business model sort of cloud and DevOps? Can you talk about that in terms of the way we do business, customer to activity? So increasingly, cloud has been for us a place where all of these use cases are executed. And as a result, the business model has been BYO, right?  More and more we're seeing a mixture of marketplace transactions plus the traditional sort of- Cloud marketplace? Cloud marketplace and you mentioned Live Nation. They are in many ways way ahead of the curve in terms of just going wholesale. I'm out of the data center business, I'm all in on cloud and I'm just going to buy everything through the marketplace. But increasingly we're seeing marketplace transactions becoming a relevant part of our business and the fact that we've integrated with the top six public cloud providers and increasingly we're going to expand out to Huawei and Oli cloud and more is it's not just a destination to conduct a use case, it is becoming a platform to conduct transactions as well. And a really important channel. Yeah, absolutely. Brian, great to hear from you. Congratulations on your success. Love the business model. We've been sitting on theCUBE so many years. Data's at the center and the time to get the data from any database or a database into the application speed is critical. That makes great value. So thanks for doing that, appreciate it. Thank you guys, always a pleasure to be here. We had it, Tiffy. Of course we're bringing the data to you in real time here on theCUBE at VMworld. We're live in Las Vegas. I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante. Stay with us for more after this short break.


with Amit Dekel and we continued this to another project with took some of our results and wanted to do some more things with them but unfortunately both Michael and Amit quit the field and so I have I had to recruit other collaborators who are Diego Ciancanelli and Eduardo Vescovi but you know and we're all are curious to see whether they will meet the same fate but we have your counter example on the second line that not all of my collaborators leave the field. The there is a big invariant of of this topic and that is that I always promise that this paper is coming in the next month it has been an invariant for over a year now so let's let's try to break this invariance soon. So let me start with some background and I'll get to the topic and the most beautiful nice supersymmetric object and n equals four super young males is the half BPS circular Wilson loop. It preserves a subgroup of the conformal group which is the rigid conformal group in one dimensions and this is true for any conformal field theory but for n equals four supering males it also preserves half of the supercharges in particular this super group whose bosonic part is written here and its expectation value is well known it's given at finite n by this Laguerre polynomial and at large n by this Bessel function modified Bessel function some of the things I'm going to discuss today are valid for all n anything that you can get through localization some of the things I will discuss are valid only in the large n limit those that you get through integrability for example but for simplicity I will just work in the large n limit if you want to do things at large at finite n we can discuss it so now that we know and understand and love the circle very well and we already know it for many years we can ask what we can do about deformations of the circle so again as a restriction which is not necessarily for some of the things it's I'm doing it's necessary for some of the things it's not let me restrict the Wilson loop to be inside a two-dimensional plane and then I can write it in terms of one complex function of a parameter theta where it's e to the i theta plus a small function g of theta and I can assume this function is real because if it's imaginary I can absorb that in a reparameterization of theta so g of theta you should the log of sorry the exponent of g of theta is the radius of the deformed circle and we can write a g of theta in a Fourier expansion and B minus n is equal to the complex conjugate of Bn because it's a real function and now we can study what happens to the expectation value of the Wilson loop in a power series in these parameters B or more generally in a power series in this function g of theta and of course at lowest order we set g to 0 we just go back to the usual circle as I will review order B square is also known at all orders in the coupling it's related to the bremstrahlung function so the new questions to ask are about order 4 and higher in this expansion so this is one point of view another point of view is a the fact that you can look at a Wilson loop and insert operators into it and there is this double bracket notation for these expectation value of operators which are not really independent operators what you should think about is you have a path ordered exponential of this Wilson loop and taking here the BPS Wilson loop and inside it I'm inserting adjoint valued operators so you should think of an operator at position s1 an open Wilson loop connecting the point s1 and s2 another operator at s2 another open Wilson loop and so on up to here and then another open Wilson loop from sn back to s1 and this symbol just takes care of all of that the path ordering puts these insertions in the correct place inside this path ordered exponential or we can just write it like this the simplest case is when the operator O is just one of the adjoint scalar fields of our theory but it can be many other things including the field strength it should be clear that this has these are not operators in the theory on their own they are not gauging variant these are insertions this is another sector of the theory that we can study and really the operator in general is the entire thing but we can look at properties of these insertions now this you can do for gauging variants with any path and you don't even need this scalar piece here if you just worry about gauging variants in the case of the the case that I will study I will include it and I will take the path to be a circle and I told you that the circle preserves an sl2r a small conformal group and this means that two-point functions satisfy the usual a structure of two-point functions in a conformal field theory if they are primaries they will have to have the same dimension and it will be some number divided by the distance between them to the power of the dimension two of the dimension yes if they are primaries they have to but if they are not primaries if they are descendants then it's exactly the same as in a as with usual operators here I didn't assume primaries so descendants can can have that for but yeah it's when you talk about primaries it's always one over the distance to two delta here I wrote the distance on the on the circle you can do this both on the circle and on the line I will switch between these two pictures it doesn't make much of a difference when we talk about this this question the operators will have the same dimensions and normalizations and when we talk about three-point functions the same structure constants and you can go to four-point functions you already then will have one real cross-ratio and one can ask a one can study this defect cft and ask what are the what are the dimensions what are the normalization constants what are the structure constants and so on do everything that is done in the bootstrap so another question I want to ask is what can we say about these operators these insertions I will be casual in using the term operators instead of insertions but you should always know that they are not independent operators and how are they related to deformations of the circle so now that I introduced everything and I can tell you what I'm going to talk about so I will talk about first the relation between these last two transparencies deformations of the circle and the defect cft which is what we did in our published paper and I will tell you how you can study these the cft data the anomalous dimension and a structure constants and I will mention how this can be done then I will go to study the deformations of the circles so first at order a b squared or g squared I will review the Bremstein function and then I will discuss the case of order four and if I have time I will mention these points about a string theory which is part of the motivation for my work but it's a bit technical so when we get there I'll explain it any questions so far it goes here are eating me beware next speakers so a so we can represent deformations of the circle in terms of operator insertions normally in a usual Wilson loop if you add a small bump to the Wilson loop it's essentially insert inserting one plaquette and it's represented by a field strength and with one direction parallel and one direction normal to the Wilson loop where you make the bump if you take the circular mother center Wilson loop then instead of f you also get a piece involving this scalar so that is the first lowest dimension insertion you can get and this is actually also known as the displacement operate it's what you get by acting with a displacement operator a small geometric deformation of your defect more generally operators are classified by representations of the unbroken group and a well we wrote in our papers a few of these multiplets it's not very enlightening so I didn't copy them here at classical dimension one we have a the scalar fields so of course this is dimension two we have the six scalar fields phi i and they decompose into the singlet phi one which matches the scalar in the Wilson loop and a quintet of so five and the quintet is protected and it's actually a super partner of this operator and the singlet is not protected here are some operators of dimension two you see I have here many of the field strength they are all field strength but because we have the line that broke some of the Lorentz symmetry they sit in different representations of the preserved so three and you also have derivatives of the scalar fields either the singlet or the quintet and you have things made out of composite of the fields of course there are also fermionic insertions and all these things you can look at our paper and we to study the dimensions and normalizations and structure constants of these operators we have many tools in our disposal we have perturbation theory which you can do explicitly to any order that you want you can use ad s cft we can use integrability in some cases we can use localization and we can use the bootstrap so one of the points I want to emphasize in my talk is that this topic of the defect cft of the wilson loop is a rich laboratory where all these topics in modern theoretical physics come together and I will apply only a few of them in my talk I will not use bootstrap I will not use integrability really and in my talk I mainly focus on perturbation theory but all the others can also be implemented and there have been people studying them from the other have been studying this defect wilson loop cft from other points of view so let me mention the story of integrability it hasn't been applied in this case but it could be a cusp wilson loop you can calculate using integrability both Diego and I figured it out so a wilson loop in ad s cft is described by an open string and strings in ad s five are ad s five crosses five are integrable and the open string in ad s then becomes an open integrable model and you need to understand what are the boundary conditions and so on but the boundary conditions do preserve a integrability the boundary and buster equation so we're in good form and but that is the case when you have a cusp in this story that I discussed so far there was no cusp but the nice thing is that at the same at the apex of the cusp you can also introduce an insertion and for the question that I am studying now what I would really want to do is leave only the insertion and take away the cusp so I have a straight segment or a circle with some insertions into it the only insertions that were properly studied were z to the L's where z is one of the is a complex scalar field which does not involve phi one and this is a protected operator in the absence of the cusp and the presence of the cusp it's an interesting operator and its dimensions and so on were studied and they're quite involved but there is closed form formula for their expectation values in in the language this is the ground state of the spin chain if we want all other insertions would be excitations of this state so what I want to do really is study the the beta state for this system but this could be done integrability allows you to do it but actually nobody has has gone through this procedure to calculate what is the spectrum of these open string beta states and this clicks okay so that was about integrability I mentioned what could be done and what has been done but it's not exactly addressing our problems of the insertions into the circle what has been done and I will discuss a bit more is to apply usual perturbation theory and one can take any of these insertions and draw the relevant diagrams to calculate them and and this has been done what we did instead was try to use the relation between smooth deformations of the Wilson loop and insertions to calculate smooth deformations of Wilson loops and through them find the properties of the of the insertions so if you take an arbitrary curve which will be a deformation of the circle at one loop you just get an effective propagator which involves exchange of gauge fields and exchange of scalar fields here you divide by the distance squared and this is the one-loop expectation value of the Wilson loop if your curves are in R2 there is also a compact formula for the two-loop graphs which just is a this formula this is the result of the interacting graph these are a ladder like diagrams that give these terms and we have found efficient algorithms to calculate these integrals and what we want to do is rewrite them and extract the CFT data so generically if we have the curve of this form we can expand it in the formal power series in G and what we get at 0th order we get the circular Wilson loop at first order we get two G insertions and two two powers of G and two displacement operators then at order G cubed there is nothing really at order G to the fourth we have four displacement operators and then some contact terms when two of these G's are at the same point which essentially involve D of f so here is the expectation value of the Wilson loop written in a formal series which involves the CFT data four point functions three point functions two point functions and more two point functions and what we want to do is take this these expressions that we have here and repackage them in this form and through that read the information for these things now this involves quite a lot of work because it requires manipulating these the integrals that we have here it also involves these expressions that we have here that we get from this expansion may not be the most natural objects in terms of the representation theory so we may need to do some diagonalization and rewrite these guys in different way well that's why I have PhD students who did that and and then left the field and what we get is that for the displacement operator the normalization constant is given by this this was already known from explicit calculations before some three point functions that we found are the following and three point functions of a field strength all will have some tensorial structure because there are indices here so you get these complicated tensorial structures as far as I know this tensor has not been written before a this exact combination in principle you can extract it from group theory but I don't think this has been done and we found the structure constant which has not been known before for the unprotected skater we found the anomalous dimension which again is an agreement with previous calculations and for the triplet and quintant that I have here and we also have the same anomalous dimension as this which is consistent because they are actually in the same multiplet in the same super multiplet I like these results so much that I wrote them on a pot here you see the small deformation so if you don't know I'm a potter on the side and here are all the references and if you feel that you're missing a reference then do send me an email and I will not add it to this pot I normally bring one to show to the audience but that one is about this big and I so the same story can be done in a ADS CFT and this was done by these people and what they did was study the ADS 2 world sheet theory of a of the circular Wilson loop so the circle has a very very simple ADS dual where the string just takes the form of an ADS 2 inside ADS 5 and to calculate the fluctuation determinant you need to expand the green schwarz action to quadratic order a for their purpose they expanded it to the next order to quartic order and calculated a Whitton diagrams in this ADS 2 effective theory and interpreted it in terms of the bootstrap to extract some structure constants for two scalar fields combining into some composite two scalar insertions combining into a composite of two scalar fields and they found expressions like this and they have many many more of them so one can use also ADS CFT and the bootstrap to extract these anomalous dimension for the scalar field for the singlet and structure constants so there are some things to do here and other tools so this is what I wanted to say mostly about these operator insertions and I want to switch to the deformations of the Wilson loop the smooth deformations any questions so far okay so we have this expansion of the we have a general curve which we write in terms of the function g and I told you that at quadratic order you have two g's and two insertions of f now the operator f is special because it's a protected operator whose dimension is two it is in the same multiplet as the quintet of scalars who have protected dimension one so we know that this two point function will always be one of the one over the distance to the fourth power times a number and that number is the bremstrahlung function so I wrote here I replace this by b of lambda divided by the distance to the fourth power and then you have this integral which you can write in the Fourier basis like this in terms of b n remember b n are the Fourier coefficients of g now I will not tell you how but it's a very clever trick a on how you can find the bremstrahlung function by a different deformation of the circle that preserves supersymmetry and then related to a supersymmetric deformation of the circular Wilson loop whose expectation value you know exactly and that gives you the bremstrahlung function in this form is in the large n limit and you can take this for this arbitrary deformation that you have here and plug this function this coupling dependence into this formula and of course this is consistent with the explicit calculations that I wrote before this af that I write here is just the expansion of this bremstrahlung function to first two orders in lambda so we know the expression w two exactly the dependence on the Fourier coefficients and the dependence on the coupling is completely determined so now we want to go to order w to the fourth a b to the fourth and this is the expression which last week I think I found some mistakes in it but that's okay I mean they're correct in our mathematical code but in the way we translated the mathematical code to the draft we made some mistakes so so don't take a photo of this sorry oh okay mistakes are are allowed along the way it doesn't really matter um so this is at one loop this is order lambda and these are all b to the fourth power so you get see here b and cube b minus three n and you have b this is b and b minus n b m b minus m we actually did this for two loop order it's much more complicated again you get some you get the same b's appearing but the coefficients are harmonic numbers it's it's pretty nasty and we're still trying to study the structure of these expressions and correct them write them correctly but staring at them there are all kinds of structures in there so this is the expression at order b squared this is what we had which is much more compact and the entire lambda dependence just factors out into this expression here at the next order in lambda we don't get any more of this polynomial rational a natural number polynomial we get instead harmonic numbers so it gets very complicated aim so are there any structures at this order we do think that there are and let me give you some hints to that and that comes from studying the near circular Wilson loop in ADS CFT so I will not review it but you can well just this transparency to study a Wilson loops in R2 you need to look at strings propagating in ADS 3 do that in efficient ways to use the pomaya reduction and then you end up with a generalized Cauchy Gordon equation where f is equal to 1 this is just a Cauchy Gordon equation we're given a function f you need to solve for alpha a given f you solve for alpha and then you find a that the regular is action regularized action of the string is given by this integral you can evaluate and the shape of the Wilson loop is completely obscured in this description I just have these functions f of alpha but you can reproduce it there is an algorithm to also calculate the shape of the Wilson loop but I'm I'm not writing it for you and in the case of the circle f is equal to 0 alpha you immediately solve to be that and the case that I want to study is the near circle so I will take f to be small of order epsilon and study things in a power series in epsilon now you should note that these two formulas finding alpha does not involve the phase of f and the area also does not involve the phase of f but you should believe me that the shape of the Wilson loop depends on the phase of f if I construct it in this way and you need to choose one you need to choose a prescription but so we have a family of Wilson loops which are related to each other by phase by multiplying f by phase whose expectation value at strong coupling the area of the string world sheet is the same now you can use that and evaluate the string action as a power series in epsilon and what you find is the following expression at order epsilon squared you get some function of p which these are the Taylor coefficients of this function f and something with a p squared at order epsilon to the fourth you find a very compact formula with things of order a to the fourth and note that the overall phase doesn't appear here because I have here a and a bar and here everywhere I have two a's and two a bars so if I multiply f by a constant phase this will cancel so we can write the shape of the Wilson loop in a power series in epsilon relate f and b and at lowest order b is equal to this thing where phi is this phase so the shape of the Wilson loop will depend on the phase of f on this curly phi and now if you take this expression a you see here one over n times n squared minus one so in the expression for the a at order b squared we had everywhere we had a b times b bar times a n times n squared minus one if we want to translate it to an expression in terms of a what we will find is exactly this expression so this is consistent with this a universal behavior for the order b squared but we can also plug this and the higher order terms into the expression that I had the corrected expression that I had for a order b to the fourth and then we find an expression in at order a to the fourth which is this so this is at strong coupling this is at weak coupling I just plug this into my weak coupling expression and what I find a sorry this I plug I find this expression so this is at weak coupling order lambda we get this which reproduces the bremstrahlung function once we translate a to b and we get this expression and note that even though this is at weak coupling and this is at order a a to the fourth we don't get here any dependence on this curly phi that I had before so and this is remarkably simple similar to the strong calculate strong coupling calculation that I had here it's just it's the same denominator and just a different polynomial in the numerator this expression so this is at weak coupling at strong coupling we have a very similar expression and this is not related to the bremstrahlung function this is at order a to the fourth power so in a meets paper who studied this relation between a these kinds of relations he observed many examples that they're at weak coupling there was no dependence on this phi in the expectation value of the wilson loop up to order epsilon to the eighth not including it starts at order epsilon to the eighth here we proved that at order epsilon to the fourth there is no dependence on this phi so there is this extra secret symmetry whose origin we still don't understand which extends from strong coupling and is exists at one loop order and also at two loop orders but I didn't write the expression here there is no dependence on this a on this phase so this family of wilson loops were related by this phase phi have the same expectation values at these orders at strong coupling this is known as a symmetry at weak coupling this is not a symmetry it's an approximate symmetry whose origin we don't understand yet as I told you a meet didn't find examples with dependence at order epsilon to the sixth but we did his analysis was not a he was just looking at some examples looking at more examples we did find dependencies at order epsilon to the sixth so there you will already get expressions which don't involve just a a bar a bar a you're going to get combinations within different numbers of a's and a bars and they will have explicit dependence on the phase so for the new project I made also some pots and you see here this whether you take a photo of it or not this is already burnt and in the kiln so it has the wrong formulas on it my customers don't mind and it's supposed to represent a draft it's fine so let me conclude the circular wilson loop is an ideal lab to study defect cft one can use perturbation theory localization integrability the ope techniques and a bootstrap and a ads cft we are calculating the expectation values of the deformed circular wilson loops or alternatively insertions into the wilson loop and there is a explicit even if complicated map between them we have explicit results for anomalous dimensions and the general expression for the deformation at certain orders at one loop two loops and strong couplings we have dimensions structure constants and so on there is a surprising dependence on the spectro parameter a curly phi the phase at order epsilon to the fourth we don't understand and a the fact that this strong coupling expression weak coupling expression are so similar is also puzzling to us and we want to understand it and the nice thing is that I didn't do here really anything too novel or sophisticated and this calculation could have been done 20 years ago in the age when wilson loops and ads cft were invented and I was just using perturbation theory and very basic ads cft so we can still find surprises and basic ads cft calculations thank you