The last class I have discussed about the various soil exposition techniques like indirect methods and semi-direct methods, indirect methods test or taltates, then semi-direct methods it is boring. Now, today I will discuss about the indirect method to determine the soil properties to determine the soil properties or in situ soil properties. Now, first that penetration test that I will discuss in this section is standard penetration test. Now, this standard penetration test is widely used to determine the parameters of soil in situ. The test consist of driving a split prune sampler into the soil through a borehole at the desired depth. So, up to required depth where to drill the borehole and then you have to conduct the test at that level in order to drive the split prune sampler into that level. The split prune sampler is driven into the soil a distance of 450 millimeter at the bottom of the borehole. Now, hammer of 63.5 kg was used and with a free fall 76 millimeter to drive the soils to drive the sampler. The number of blows for penetration at least 300 millimeter is designated at standard penetration value. That means, this test is conducted in three stages. In each stages you have to penetrate the sample by 150 millimeter. So, first stage you have to penetrate the sample by 150 millimeter, then you have to count the number of blows required to penetrate that soil sampler into the soil by 150 millimeter. Then next stage you have to penetrate that sampler into the soil again by 150 millimeter and in the third stage you have to again penetrate the soil sampler into the soil by 150 millimeter. So, in three stage total 450 millimeter penetration is required and each stages you have to count the number of blows required to penetrate that 150 millimeter. Now, first 150 millimeter penetration number is generally ignored and the summation of last 300 millimeter penetration number is designated at as standard penetration number and this first 150 millimeter is ignored as these required for the sitting drive or it is ignored and the next two stages penetration value that is 150, 150 each or 300 millimeter penetration is called as penetration. Now, this is the test setup that this is the hammer which is used the weight of hammer is 63.5 kg and free fall is 760 millimeter and it is used to drive the soil sample into the soil within that pore hole up to the desired depth for three different stages. So, now if I go for this penetration value, so we can see that this hammer is driven and the soil sampler is penetrated for 150 millimeter, 150 millimeter, 150 millimeter in three stages and this free fall is 76 millimeter and each time this blows number is counted that is N 1, N 2 and N 3 and then the standard penetration resistance or SPT value N is the summation of this last two blows number that is N 2 plus N 3. Now, these number of blows for the first 150 penetration is neglected due to the disturbance like they exist at the bottom of the drill hole. So, because of this reason first 150 penetration number is neglected. The next is this test can be conducted at every one meter interval sometimes it is conducted for 0.75 meter interval or later on that interval can be increased for up to 1.5 meter interval. Now, this when this test is called as a refusal then there is three conditions one is that 50 blows are required for any 150 millimeter increment. If there is 50 blows are required for any 150 meter increment then it is called a refusal. Next condition if 100 blows are required for required obtained for required 300 millimeter penetration and the last one the 10 successive blows produce no advances and if there is any three conditions are observed in the field then we can say this is the refusal of test. Now, when we are driving this split wound sampler into the soil there is a difference some corrections are required those corrections are basically in three types one is for hammer efficiency correction another is overburden correction and next one is for the drill rod bore hole diameter and then the length of bore hole all these things some corrections are required. So, first this hammer efficiency correction now this SPT is standardized to some energy ratio. What is the energy ratio? This energy ratio is the ratio between the actual hammer energy to sampler that E a and input energy that means the input energy which is E i and the actual hammer energy required to penetrate that sampler into that soil which is expressed in percentage. Now, we can calculate this input energy is half into m v square where m is the mass of the hammer and v is the velocity of the hammer. Now, we can write this half into W by G into v square where W is the weight of the hammer and G is the acceleration due to gravity. Now, we can say this velocity we can calculate by using this expression to half root over 2 g h where h is the height of the free fall. Now, ultimately the input energy will be weight of the hammer into height of free fall. So, if we know the weight of the hammer if we know the height of free fall then we can determine what will be the input energy of that particular hammer of that particular condition. Now, actually in the field that this input energy may not require to is not applied to driven that soil sample into that test condition. So, we have to apply some correction. Now, here this is the correction say suppose N dash 70 it means that that say corrected N using the subscript for the E R B and the dash to indicate that it has been corrected. That means, this dash indicate that this N value or the field this is the measured N value and this dash indicated that that this N value has been corrected. So, it indicates that it has been corrected and with this 70 indicates that with a standard energy ratio value because as we have defined what is the energy ratio and then this 70 means this is the standard energy ratio. Now, in the field it is observed that this standard energy ratio is 70. So, here the standard general express this N value as in 70 standard energy ratio. So, now, we have to apply the other correction the C N is the correction due to effective overburden pressure and we can use this expression where P 0 bar is the effective overburden pressure and then we will get the C N value by using this expression. Now, this is very important for correction for the granular type of soil where this effective overburden pressure will play a very important role when you determine this SPT value because the near the ground surface this effective overburden pressure is less and when you go into the deeper strata then this effective overburden pressure is very high. So, that is why this that is some correction is required due to this less and more effective overburden pressure in different soil strata. So, now that in this correction factor we can correct that effective overburden pressure correction due to effective overburden pressure. Now, this N 1 this other correction factors are due to several factors that I will explain that that is this first one is the hammer efficiency correction and then the correction due to overburden pressure and then the other corrections are the correction due to drilled odd sampler and bore hole. Now, here how we will get this correction due to hammer efficiency? Now, one is this first correction factor is represented as the ratio of E R and E R B where E R is the energy ratio and E R B is the any standard energy ratio. Now, depending upon the type of hammer this E R value varies now generally these two types of hammers are used one is this first one is safety hammer and this is the doughnut hammers. Now, for this first type of hammers this doughnut hammers this E R value varies from 45 to 67 and for safety hammer this E R value if it is the rope pulley or cat head system then it is 70 to 80 and if it is a trip or automatic then this E R value is 80 to 100. So, how we will calculate this first correction factor or correction due to the hammer efficiency. Suppose, suppose if at the energy ratio at any condition is 80 and the standard energy ratio value is 70 then the efficiency correction due to hammer efficiency will be 80 divided by 70 that will be 1.15. If this E R value is say 70 and this standard one is 70 then this correction factor value will be simply 1. So, in this fashion we can correct this N value at any energy ratio condition depending upon the type of hammer we are using. Now, the second correction factor or this correction factor due to rod length if this rod length is greater than 10 meter then this correction factor is 1. If it is in between 6 to 10 meter this correction factor is 0.95. If it is within 4 to 6 meter this correction factor is 0.85. If it is 0 to 4 meter then correction factor is 0.75. Now, if N is too high for length less than 10 meter. So, if we use this length of this rod is less than 10 meter then this N value is too high. Now, correction factor for this sampler is if it is without liner this sampler tube then this correction factor is 1. If with liner and we are measuring this N value for dense sand and clay this value is 0.8 for the loose sand this value is 0.9. Now, similarly for the correction for the borehole diameter. So, we are we can use a different borehole diameter then we have to apply some correction for different borehole diameters. Now, if this diameter varies from 60 to 120 millimeter then this correction factor is 1 and if this diameter is 150 millimeter then this correction factor is 1.05 for 300 millimeter this is 1.15. Now, N 4 is equal to 1 for all diameter hollow steam auger where the spt is taken to the steam. So, this is another note. So, now, if we want to solve one example then we will we can understand how to apply this correction and how to calculate the corrected N value from the measured N value. Now, suppose this measured N value the field N value is 21 and the rod length is 13 meter and this borehole diameter is 100 millimeter and the effective overburden pressure is 200 kPa and the energy ratio is 80 and the sand is loose sand and without liner. So, the sampler type is without liner then what will be the standard N value or the corrected N value under the standard energy ratio 70 and standard energy ratio value 60. First we will calculate this standard or corrected N value under the standard energy ratio 70. Now for the under this energy ratio standard energy ratio 70 now this is the expression for standard N value or the corrected N value under standard energy ratio value 70. Now, as this P 0 dash is 200. So, by using this expression 95 point root over 95.7 is divided by P 0 bar in place of P 0 bar you can put 200. So, this value is coming 0.69. Now, as this first energy the first correction due to the hammer efficiency that the energy ratio actual energy ratio in the field is 80 and the standard energy ratio is value is 70. So, the correction factor will be 1.14 and the rod length is used 13 meter. Now, from this chart we can see if this rod length is greater than 10 then this correction value factor value will be 1. So, our this correction factor value due to the rod length is 1. Now, again this sampler correction factor it is without liner. So, we can see this this correction factor without liner is 1. So, we can write this correction factor for the sampler is 1. Again this diameter of the borehole is used as 100 millimeter. So, from this chart we can say if it is 60 to 120 millimeter then this correction factor is also 1. So, we will use this value is 1. So, ultimately the corrected n value under this standard energy ratio is 17 whether this measure 1 in the field is 21. So, after applying the all the corrections and we are expressed we are expressing this n value under a standard energy ratio that is 70. So, corrected n value will be 17. Now, it is observed that if this energy ratio is increased then this n value decreases linearly. So, by using this concept we can use that any energy ratio 1 and n 1 is will be equal to energy ratio 2 energy into n 2. So, this if we use this expression then the corrected n value for 60 standard energy ratio value will be 70 divided by 60 into 17. This 70 is this energy ratio value for the standard energy ratio value 70 and we are converting this standard energy ratio value 70 to a n value for standard energy ratio value 60. So, this will be 70 by 60 into 17. So, this value is 20 we are expressing this n value in a integer form. So, we can see that as the energy ratio value decreases then this n value increases or vice versa. So, in this way we can correct any measured n value under any standard energy ratio value. So, this fashion we can corrected it can be corrected for any standard energy ratio value any standard energy ratio value here it is corrected for standard ratio value 70 and 60. Next one is our IS code this recommends that we have to apply two corrections that one is over due to overburden pressure that is granular soil and another correction that IS code recommends that is the correction due to dilatancy that for it is applicable for saturated fine sand and silt. So, this first this n is the measured n value in the field and this n dash is the corrected n value after applying the overburden correction. So, C n is the overburden correction factor. So, we will get by using this chart this is given in this IS code that we can determine this n value C n value or correction factor due to overburden pressure the any effective overburden corresponding to any effective overburden pressure. Suppose this effective overburden pressure is 20 then this correction factor due to overburden pressure will be around 0.78 or 0.79. So, now if we can see think this if this effective overburden pressure is 10 ton per meter square then this correction factor due to effective overburden pressure is 1. So, we can say this 10 ton per meter square effective overburden pressure value is the standard value where this correction factor is 1. If this effective overburden pressure value increases from 10 to say 20 or 30 then this required correction factor that will decrease and if this value increases then this correction factor will increase. So, that means we can say that this because of this overburden effect this after the correction the in shallow depth if this effective overburden pressure is less than 10 ton per meter square or the corrected n value value will increase as compared to the measure 1 and as in the corrected n value if it is in this value is greater than 10 ton per meter square that will increase a decrease compared to the measure value. So, in the shallow depth this corrected value that will increase as compared to the measure value and in the larger depth or this corrected n value that will decrease compared to the measured n value in the field. So, this is happening because of the effect of effective vertical overburden pressure. Now, the next correction is the dilatancy correction. Now, once we get the corrected n value after applying the effective overburden pressure correction then that n value will use for the dilatancy correction. Now, if this n dash value is greater than 50 then we will apply this dilatancy correction. If this n value is less than 15 then we will not apply this dilatancy correction and we can apply this dilatancy correction by using this expression. Now, this dilatancy correction is applying because that if the n value is greater than 15 then soil is basically in dense condition. Now, if the soil is saturated fine sand all the silt in the dense condition then if we apply this hammer load or the to drive the split point sampler then there is negative due to this dilatancy effect this negative pore water pressure that will induce and because of the negative pore water pressure now our effective stress is the total stress minus this pore water pressure. Now, if this pore water pressure is negative then or total effective stress will be total stress plus pore water pressure. So, because of this dilatancy effect and as this negative pore water pressure is generated so this effective pore water pressure that will increase. So, we will get a higher value of n. So, because of this reason we have to apply this dilatancy correction to decrease or the reduce this value n value although there is no such this recommendation is in the IS code and on all other code this recommendation this value this correction is not generally applied, but in the IS code this it recommends that we have to apply this dilatancy corrections also. Now, this in this standard penetration test we are basically getting the standard penetration number n value. Now, by using this n value we have based on different correlations or charts we can determine the soil properties whether it is a this granular type of soil or in case of clay soil also. Now, if this n value it is in 60 standard energy ratio value then it is not this over burden pressure is not applied only this other corrections due to hammer efficiency and this bore hole diameter rod lens sampler type. So, all the corrections are applied we are not applying any over burden corrections. So, in this value if it is 0 to 2 then this undrained cohesion value is 0 to 12 k p a. And this soil we can say it is a soft soil. So, the how will identify visual identification or how will identify this soil the thumb can penetrate greater than 25 millimeter. Now, if this value is 2 to 4 then this C value is 12 to 25 and it is a soft soil. So, your thumb can penetrate up to 25 millimeter. Now, if it is 4 to 8 then this soil is medium soil and if it is 8 to 15 then soil is stiff. If it is 15 to 30 then soil is very stiff if this n value is greater than 30 then C value is greater than 200 then soil is hard. So, and these are the condition by which we can identify this soil. Now, these correlations or these value we have to use with very caution because this is not sometimes too. So, we have to do other perform other test also to verify these correlations or these values. Similarly, the granular soil also if this n value is 0 to 4 then this soil is very loose soil and relative density or dr is 0 to 15 percent. Now, if this n value 4 to 10 then it is a loose soil relative density 15 to 35 percent. If this n value is 10 to 30 then relative density is 35 to 65 percent and it is the medium dense. If it is 30 to 50 it is very it is dense soil and if this value is greater than 50 then relative density 85 to 100 then it is a very dense soil. So, we can also use this table to based on the n value we can identify or we can find the relative density of the soil and we can identify which type of soil it is. Now, there is so many charts or correlations are available by which if we know this n value either it is a field n value or corrected n value then by using those charts or correlation we can determine the soil properties, undrained cohesion or the friction angle file or any other properties of the soil. Now, here I am just explaining one chart that this chart by using this chart how we can determine the phi value of the soil. So, this n f is the field value without any correction and if we know this n f value and if you know the any at any depth what is the effective over burden pressure in k p a then by using suppose this n f value is 30 and effective over burden pressure is 150. So, this phi value will be in between 40 degree to 45 degree. So, by interpolating also we can determine what will be the fiber. So, from here this phi value is coming around 42 to 43 degree. So, in this way we can if we know the n value and effective over burden pressure we can determine the friction angle of the granular soil. So, by using this chart. So, there are other charts also and other correlations are also available. Now, next penetration test is the cone penetration test. Now, this cone penetration test is two types one is dynamic cone penetration test that is DCPT or static cone penetration test that is SCPT. Now, this dynamic cone penetration test it is similar to SPT test that is hammer driven, but this static cone penetration test is not hammer driven it is pushed into the soil in the ground at a rate of 2 centimeter per second. That means one cone is penetrated into the soil at a rate of 2 centimeter per second where here this cone is hammer driven. Now, using cone instead of split prune in the difference of SPT and this dynamic cone penetration test is that in SPT we are giving split prune sample here instead of split prune we are using cone and we are driving the cone into the soil and another difference is that in this SPT we are as we are using the split prune sampler. So, we can collect the soil sample from the desired depth, but using the dynamic cone penetration test this is the close end this cone. So, we cannot collect soil sample from this test. So, this is the basic difference that although this both are hammer driven, but here in the SPT we can collect the soil sample from the in a desired depth and by this dynamic cone penetration test we cannot collect the soil sample. And here SPT is SCPT it gives the continuous measurement of the soil resistance. So, now this gives blow count at the rate of 1.5 meter intervals. Now, first we will go for this static cone penetration test or SCPT. Now, static cone penetration test this IS code is 4968 part 3 1976 where this penetration test this instrument it has several components. So, this is the instruments. So, one components is cone assembly this is this portion is called cone assembly. Then this portion is called friction jacket. Then this portion this one is called the bottom mental tube and this is the sounding rod. So, these are the different components of this equipment that cone have a apex angle 60 degree that means this angle apex angle is 60 degree plus minus 15 meter 15 minutes. So, this is 60 degree plus minus 15 minutes and the cross section area or the base cross section area is 10 centimeter square. So, that means this base cross section area of this cone is 10 centimeter square. Now, next is how we will collect the soil use this instrument and how will get the soil resistance from by using this instrument. So, what are the steps how will operate this things. So, these are the four stages if by which we can operate this penetrometer. So, first position is this is the first position where the cone and friction jacket assembly this is the cone assembly and this is the friction jacket assembly this is in the stationary position. Now, this is the position to where this cone assembly is only pushed by the inner sounding rod at a rate of 20 millimeter per second. Now, this pressure gauge records the force Q c. Now, here only cone assembly is pushed into the soil by using this inner sounding rod and the pressure gauge records the force Q c. Now, this Q c is the resistance coming only due to this cone assembly. Now, if we know the base area of this cone that is AC then we can determine what is the cone or point resistance by divide by dividing this AC by dividing AC with this Q c. So, this small Q c is the cone or the point resistance that is equal to capital Q c or the force divided by the base area. Now, this cone assembly in the position 2 is pushed into the soil normally up to a depth of 40 millimeter. Now, in the second stage third stage of such position the sounding rod is pushed further up to a depth of b.  Now, here it pushes the friction jacket and cone assembly together. So, here by using the sounding rod the first second stage only cone assembly is pushed into the soil. Here in the third position cone assembly after in this condition from second stage then in the third stage this cone assembly and friction jacket both are pushed into the soil by using this inner sounding rod up to a depth of 40 millimeter. And this total force that is measured this is the force which is coming due to this cone assembly and this friction assembly. So, that means here we are getting the cone resistance or the team resistance and the frictional resistance. So, from the second position we are getting only the cone or team resistance, but that is the total depth that force is q c and if and in third position as this total system that the cone resistance and this friction assembly and the cone assembly both are pushed into the soil. So, we are getting the total force that is coming due to this cone or team resistance and the frictional resistance that is q 2. Now, here we know this q c capital q c here we know the q t. So, if we want to find the frictional resistance or the or the force that is coming due to only friction then we can use this expression we just just subtract this q c from q t we will get the q f that is the force due to this frictional resistance. Now, if we know thus this surface area of the friction jacket then we can determine the side friction f s. So, this is similar like a pile foundation where we are getting this tip resistance as well as the friction resistance. Now, just in the fourth position so now this outside mental tube is pushed up to a depth of a plus b that is 80 millimeter to bring the cone assembly and the friction jacket in the to the position 1. So, now from the fourth position in the fourth position we have to by using this outside bottom mental tube we have to bring this total cone and friction assembly in its original position that is in position 1. And in this process we can determine the cone resistance as well as the friction resistance that is coming from the soil. Now, so this is if we further explain this process. So, this is the total system which is in the stationary condition in the first stage. So, this is sounding rod this yellow one is the mental tube and this white one is the friction jacket and this portion is the cone assembly. So, in the first in the second stage this with the help of sounding rod only this cone assembly is pushed up to a depth of 40 millimeter and we can calculate or we can determine this force coming through this cone resistance and now if we know the base area then we can determine the cone resistance on this stage. Now, in the second stage so this is the similar stages. In the second stage by with the help of this sounding rod now the total system this cone assembly and the friction assembly both are pushed further 40 millimeter depth. And here we will get the total force and here we will get the force from the cone assembly. So, if we subtract this q c from this q t we will get the forces coming due to this friction resistance and with the outer if you know the outer here we will get the friction resistance in this stage. Now, in the third stage here it is the same stage in the third stage with the help of this mental tube which is further pushed into soil 40 millimeter. And this is the force stage where this mental tube is further pushed into the soil with the friction jacket and bring this assembly in the initial condition or the first condition. So, this is the total operation of this static cone penetration test or static cone penetrometer. Now, here we can say so this is the cone here we will get this cone resistance which is coming from here and this portion we are getting the frictional resistance F s and this is q c and this is the cross section area of the base is 10 centimeter square. Now, from here we can calculate this friction ratio F r which is F c by q c or sorry F s by q c. So, this is the friction resistance and divided by the cone resistance. Now, here by if we know the cone resistance then by using this expression we can determine the undrained cohesion of the clay soil by using this expression. Now, here this sigma v is the total vertical stress and N k is the cone factor depending upon the type of cone we are using. So, if it is the electric friction cone then these cones are basically two side types one is electric friction cone another is mechanical friction cone. If we use the electric friction cone then this N k value is 15. Now, if we use mechanical friction cone then this N k value is 20. So, if we know the total vertical stress and depending upon the type of cone we are using we can use the N k value. So, and if we know the q c from the field measurement then we will get the undrained cohesion of the clay soil. Similarly, in the sand soil we can find the E value elastic modulus of the soil for young normally consolidated sand by using this expression 2.5 to 3.5 q c where q c is the cone resistance. Now, again the similar to this S P T value also here if by from this S P T test also there are various charts are available where if we know this cone resistance or cone point resistance q c then by using this charts we can determine what is the relative density of the soil and which is the frequency friction angle of the soil. So, this is for normally consolidated quartz type of sand. So, for the granular soil we can determine the friction angle by using this charts. So, here if we know the vertical effective stresses then cone point resistance q c then for using this particular chart suppose this vertical stress is 200 and cone resistance is say 30 mega Newton per meter square. So, this will be this value will be in between 80 to 90 percent. So, relative density will be 80 to 90 percent around 85 percent. Similarly, if the cone resistance value is 30 and this is 200. So, you will get the corresponding phi value is within between 44 degree and 41 degree. So, it is around 43 degree. So, this is the value why this using this chart if we know this cone resistance then we can determine the phi value and the relative density of the granular type of soil. The next one is dynamic cone penetration test this IS code is standardized by this IS code 4968 part 1 1976. Now, this equipment consist of a cone driving rod, driving head, lifting equipments and a hammer because here is a hammer driven like SPT. So, hammer used for driven the cone shall be in mild steel or cast iron with a base of mild steel and the weight of the hammer is 65 kg. Now, cone is driven by a hammer of free fall is 750 millimeter is 750 millimeter each time. Now, this number of blows for every 100 millimeter penetration of the cone is recorded. Now, blows required for 300 millimeter penetration is noted as the dynamic cone resistance. Here also this 100 millimeter penetration each 100 millimeter penetration these blows required blow is recorded and blows required for 300 millimeter penetration is noted as the dynamic cone resistance. Now, this process shall be repeated till the cone is driven up to the required depth. So, again this dynamic cone penetration test is better than the this is better than SPT or static cone penetration if the soil is very hard such as the dense gravel. Then as could the SPT because we have to realize on the we have to rely on this correlations based on the blow counts. So, again this is the split point sampler which we used in case of SPT and this is the cone which is cone assembly which is or this which is used for the dynamic cone penetration test. So, here we can say this is a split point sampler this is hollow we can collect the soil sample by through this tube, but here it is solid. So, no sample is collected. So, this after this two types of penetration test now we will explain another field test by measuring the property of the soil that is pressure meter test. Now, this pressure meter test these are the different components of this pressure meter this is the pressure meter. So, this is the cylindrical probe. So, which expand inside the borehole. So, inside a borehole we have to insert these instrument and then these two things these are the guard cell and the middle one is the cylindrical probe or the measuring cell. So, this measuring cell is expandable. So, this expand inside the borehole and by using this expansion we can determine the properties of the soil. Now, this most rational in all in situ test gives strength modulus k 0 C b 0 C v values and we can use this for all type of soils. Now, how will expand? So, here this is the borehole and here this is the measuring cell and this is the guard cell. So, this is the expandable measuring cell and this when this measuring cell is expanded this guard cell is also expand to reduce the end effect of the measuring cell. So, now, after this measurement. So, initially we measure the measuring cell volume this is 535 centimeter cube. So, this is the initial volume or the measuring cell volume capital V 0 and we insert these measuring cell with guard cell into the borehole and then we allow this measuring cell to expand. Now, this process goes until the soil fails or this volume expansion reaches the limit of this measuring cell expands. So, now, it is assumed that if the expansion. So, this and then you have to draw a card. So, this graph by this applying pressure. So, corresponding pressure when you this volume is expand this volume during the volume expansion you are also measuring this pressure. So, this we have to draw the pressure versus volume graph. So, this is total cavity volume and this is the pressure p. So, this is the initial volume of the measuring cell then there is C 3 stages this is zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3. Now, this zone 1 is called as reloading zone. So, this zone 1 is called as reloading zone because due to drilling the soil volume in this hole that is not in its in situ condition. So, this volume will change. So, when in this zone after when it is reaches p 0 condition that means this form capital V 0 to V 0 plus small v 0 portion here it is reached in its initial condition and this in its initial pressure p 0 is the in situ soil pressure. So, this is reloading zone then this portion it is pseudo elastic zone. So, here we can see this volume expansion and the pressure this curve is linear. So, this is pseudo elastic zone and this third zone it is called plastic zone. So, here we can see from this first zone to second zone this del p is the pressure increment and del v is the volume increment.   Now, here it is assume the soil is failed when the total expansion of this measuring cell is 2 times the in situ expansion upon if it is 2 times the capital V 0 plus V 0 under this condition we can say that soil fails. So, that pressure corresponding this pressure is called the limiting pressure. Now, by using this values we can determine the pressure meter modulus E p by using this expression. Now, where this V m we can find this is the mean value of V 0 plus V m and del p is the pressure difference between the yield pressure and the in situ pressure and del v is the volume difference between the V f and V 0. Now, mu is the position ratio now it is assumed to be 0.33. So, this is position ratio it is assumed to be 0.33. So, now once we calculate this E p now by using this correlations we can determine the soil properties also. So, for the clay soil undrained cohesion that we can determine by using this expression that is P l minus P 0 by N P where P l is the limit pressure and P 0 is the in situ pressure and N P we can calculate by using this expression. So, here also this is the undrained cohesion. Now, N P value is taken between 5 to 12 and average value is 8.5. So, now in this using this expression we can determine the undrained cohesion of the clay. Now, by using the different correlations this is the N value this N is the field standard penetration value. So, this is the correlation between the field N value and the E p value. So, if for clay this is 908 into the 0.66 and for the sand this E p value 1930 into the 0.66 for the sand. So, these are the two types of expression we are generally used. So, next test is the dilatometer test which is a similar type of test where this is advanced at a rate of 20 millimeter per second and test every 200 to 300 millimeter. So, a nitrogen tank is used to inflighting the membrane. So, this is the membrane 60 millimeter diameter flexible street membrane. So, we can use the nitrogen tank for inflighting this membrane and corresponding resistance we can measure and by using the chart like the cone penetration test we can identify different types of soil. And here it will give the undrained cohesion K 0 over consolidation ratio C v K and soil stiffness. So, piezo cone is the another type of this is the modern static cone penetrometer which. So, in the normal SCPT test we can measure the cone resistance and the friction resistance where this with is the piezo cone this is the modern static cone where we can measure the pore water pressure also this is the different components. So, this is the porous stone for pore water pressure measurements. This is the cone where we can measure the cone resistance, friction resistance as well as the pore water pressure. So, once we get this static cone penetration test. So, these are the different readings this is the tip resistance this is the friction resistance or the slip resistance and this is the pore water pressure. So, these are the different graphs. Now, another test which is also important in case of clay or very mainly for soft clay to determine the in situ properties of the soil that is the vane shear test. Here in the bore hole where this vane is inserted and we can apply a torque as a desired depth and this measure torque required to quickly shear the vane pushed into the soft soil. It is quickly so that we can simulate the undrained condition into the soil. So, by applying this torque and the corresponding resistance by the using corresponding resistance. So, if we can measure the torque the torque that we are applying. So, by using these things we can determine the undrained shear strength of the soil. Now, typical d value is using for 200 to 100 millimeter. So, this is the vane said is inserting the soil then we apply the torque and from that torque we can measure the undrained shear strength of the soil which is suitable for mainly very soft clay. So, this is the vane shear said which is in progress apply the torque in the soil. So, these are different types of soil. So, these are the soil this is the SPT test where bore hole is required. So, first we drilling the bore hole then we apply the SPT test. Then this vane shear test we apply the torque in the bore hole as desired depth. Then pressure meter test also in the bore hole is required and this is the CPT test where we pushed this into the soil and this is the this test also DMT also we pushed in the soil in the soil and then we expand this membrane. So, these are the different types of soil. So, in the next class I will discuss about the soil exploration by geophysical exploration. So, next class I will discuss this geophysical exploration and that will be the last topic for this soil exploration part and how we will use the geophysical exploration to determine the soil thickness and the properties that I will explain in the next class. Thank you.


Now, I am getting on to one of the climax of group theory today the hydrogen atom or Kepler problem both are 1 over r potentials right. The planetary motion which you are all familiar and also the hydrogen atom problem only thing is the kappa coefficient in the Hamiltonian will be different. It will be GMM if you are looking at the center as the sun if it is circular orbit otherwise you have to put it at one of the what is that point called? Point O is called focus of an elliptic orbit no and what is P and A called Perilian and Apilion of an elliptical orbit. So, you know all these things semi major, semi minor axis this is the way the planetary motion is right. So, for such a situation whether it is planetary motion or a charge particle in a coulombic potential Hamiltonian I can compactly write it as this is like a reduced mass of a system mu and kappa will be different depending on whether it is coulombic potential or it is a Kepler problem ok. What you all know already from classical physics is that angular momentum is conserved for the system right. Angular momentum is conserved because it is a spherically symmetric potential V of r. So, for hydrogen atom you can show that the Hamiltonian for the hydrogen atom it commutes with all the components of the orbital angular momentum. So, equivalently we say that the angular momentum is conserved in classical mechanics by showing that d L by d t which is proportional to the Hamiltonian with L which is 0 implies that L is a constant of motion is that right. You would all not commutator, but a Poisson bracket in classical mechanics, but if you go to quantum mechanics what is the difference you have d by d t of expectation value of L. So, you have done it in quantum mechanics. What is this going to be proportional to commutator of L right expectation and this is going to be 0 that is why you say that the rate of change of angular momentum is 0 means this is a conserved quantity. So, L is a expectation value of L is going to be constant. So, associated with every symmetry if you have a symmetry in the system the generators of that symmetry in the context of continuous groups and group elements automatically is taken care of right. Once you put the generator, exponentiating the group generators are going to commute with the Hamiltonian there is nothing new, but in the context of discrete groups you put commutator with every group element because there there is no concept of you can have generators, but then they are not like exponentiating the generators to decide all the elements which is infinite. There are only finite elements a finite number of generators and each one has some order right. If you had a cyclic group and if I give the order of the group is 11 you know that a to the 11 is identity that kind of a constraint is not here. Here you can see the difference between what you have learnt in the first half of the semester and the second half of the semester that here we concentrate on the generators and Lie algebras even though we concentrate the group elements should also continue these properties because you do exponentiation of these generators ok. So, that is why I am going to concentrate only on the generators which are orbital angular momentum which is familiar to you. Other thing is the hydrogen atom hydrogen atom Hamiltonian which you are writing is does not have any time dependence right it is independent of time. So, we always require that this one is going to be 0 always there is no time dependence in the Hamiltonian. So, there is a this being 0 because this should be proportional to Hamiltonian right. What is the generator of the time translation? That is also Hamilton. So, it is trivial statement. So, you have you have the fact that the Hamiltonian is also a conserved quantity or the energy is conserved in these systems ok. The total energy of the system for example, the hydrogen atom problem and this being conserved is due to. So, energy is conserved due to what symmetry? Time translations this is conserved due to time translation symmetry just like L is conserved due to rotational. So, these are the conserved quantities which you have in your problem and you can associate some kind of a meaning a geometric meaning in time coordinate there is a translation some geometrical operation. Similarly, you have a rotation in your physical x, y, z space which also has a meaning ok. So, this is why the hydrogen atom has these two symmetries time translation symmetry as well as the rotational symmetry. On top of it, there is some kind of a new conserved quantity you see in these Kepler problem or the hydrogen atom problem and that is what I am showing it on the screen here. So, what you see here is that there is a Range lens vector lens vector is what we call is another conserved quantity. So, it is an another conserved quantity it does not have this kind of a geometrical way of looking at it. The way we look at here as time translation or rotation, we really do not have a geometrical way of looking at what is responsible, what symmetry it is responsible for giving this conserved quantity, but Range lens vector is conserved. dm by dd in classical mechanics is 0 you all know that. If you do not know please go back and look at Goldstein to check whatever I am saying ok. The Range lens vector is a constant of motion and classical physics it is a conserved quantity even in the hydrogen atom problem, but we do not know what is the geometrical interpretation. So, in that sense the symmetry is sometimes said that you do not only have geometrical symmetry, you can have something more other than geometrical symmetry. So, we say hydrogen atom has a dynamical symmetry. In fact, this vector will be the vector from in the directed along O to P, P is the Perylian and what happens is that this vector as it undergoes the in the planetary motion the revolution that is also moved. So, it is curious to see that that vector is a conserved quantity or a constant of motion. So, this is all is the information we have for the hydrogen atom or planetary motion. We can associate generators for these L vector is having 3 components of generators and Range lens vector is conserved. And we say that it is dynamical symmetry. Now we are going to use that there are 3 generators here, there are 3 generators here. We want to construct the algebra of these generators which is the symmetry for the hydrogen atom problem. This is a rotational symmetry, but this does not have any symmetry, but you can still say the algebra of L with L, M with M all the components, algebra mixing L and M the that will give me the algebra of generators which corresponds to conserved quantities for the hydrogen atom problem. Do you all agree? Is that right? Approach is very straight forward. So, once I have this, the next thing is I am going to exploit this symmetry algebra Lie algebra generated using L and N and I want to see whether I could get the energy spectrum. So, I want to find the energy spectrum for the hydrogen atom problem if you know that the Hamiltonian on an energy state will give you E n where E n is proportional to. So, at the exact value also you all know N squared and you went through the derivation using Schrodinger equation in spherical polar coordinates separating things and finding them to be special functions and you worked out what are the energy eigenvalues given by those differential equations satisfied by those special functions. What are the special functions? Lug of polynomial right. So, you have these and the spherical harmonics Y L M they are the solutions and then you found those energy eigenvalues. It was not like you cannot just say this is the answer, but you had to do some work. Now, what we want to do is that we want to achieve this using the algebra satisfied by L and N. This is all we are going to do. There is something more here the energy levels are not they are degenerate right. Each energy level has an N has an L which is running from 0 up to N minus 1 correct or for each L you have M which is going from minus L to plus L right. What is the degeneracy? If you include the spin it is 2 N squared if since I am doing non-relativistic quantum mechanics I cannot detect the spin I will only multiply by a 2 factor. Each level has a degeneracy and that degeneracy in the absence of spin is N square. All these information you derive by solving your spherical harmonics splitting it up and show that you have an N squared degeneracy for every level right. S shell is non-degenerate, p shell is degenerate and so on you know that right. So, now what I want to do is I want to see whether I can get this degeneracy and get this energy without going through so, to show the power of my Lie algebra. Only thing I am going to see is first given a system I find the conserved quantities and then I look at the algebra of those conserved quantities. This is a motivation clear ok. So, let me get to the slide. So, just for completeness the Rangelens vector involves p cross L is it an axial vector or a polar vector L is an axial vector polar vector because the second term is a polar vector. So, you cannot add if it was actually ok. So, this has some properties. Classically what we see is because it is p cross L you can show L dot m is 0. Similarly, you can show that L dot arc hat is also 0 right because L will be like r cross p is that right. So, the two terms of the Rangelens vector dot product is going to be 0 and the square of this Rangelens vector interestingly can be rewritten just try and work this out. You will see that it is proportional to the Hamiltonian and this term ok. So, this I will leave it you to check I will put the slide today, but please check it. This is classical, but if I go to quantum mechanical I need to make sure that the operators are Hermitian. Whenever I write a dot product x dot p I have to make sure that I add x dot p plus p dot x divided by 2 because when you do Hermitian it has to be Hermitian conjugate it has to be self conjugate right. When you have a cross product you have to do it with a relative sign negatives. This is the Hermitian operator quantum mechanical operator for the Rangelens vector ok. Again you can show that its order matters in quantum mechanics. So, L dot m equal to m dot L equal to 0 and m square when you try to write in the process of doing it you get an additional h cross square here ok. This also I will leave it you to check. This is the modification between classical and when you go to quantum because I want to solve the hydrogen atom spectrum I am going into quantum quantum mechanical operators. So, the conserved quantities will commute with Hamiltonian. The conserved quantities are angular momentum, orbital angular momentum and the Rangelens vector components. Li algebra involving them because L dot m is 0 its trivial for you to check that m i with L i is 0 ok, but you can show that m i with L j there is a non-trivial transformation. The non-trivial transformation involves the other components of the Rangelens vector. This is not enough one more you have to see is amongst the Rangelens vector components what is the algebra. So, please use the quantum mechanical form of the Rangelens operator to check that the algebra of the conserved quantities which are generators of the algebra they are closed ok. Is there a sub algebra L i L j I am not shown L i L j is a sub algebra on top of it you will have these algebras with the Rangelens vector. Make a scaling by an appropriate constant such that this algebra will resemble like an SO 4 algebra ok. So, we did this. So, basically this constant which I have here it is not exactly a constant, but it is dependent on the Hamiltonian. You apply on energy Eigen states on both sides it will pick up an energy of a particular state ok. So, I want to make this scaling such that I can make my algebra look like a SO 4 algebra. What is that scaling? This also I think you did, but for completeness let me say. So, the last equation on the state with energy E will resemble. So, you operate it on a state with energy E and then you can scale your M prime the scale factor will be mu by 2 E to the power of half ok. So, you can see that here because you have this factor it should become the inverse so that this cancels and I want this factor to get cancelled. We do this many times whenever you have x p commutator is i h cross is familiar to you when you have an a b operator with something if you wanted to resemble like x p you rescale ok. So, that is what we are doing here ok. Now, it should ring the bell after we did this that the hydrogen atom M i prime if you identify it as L i 4 and if you identify the L hat i with the remaining spatial components i j k are all 1 2 and 3. So, there are all the 6 generators I have compactly written using the L i 4 and L l j k. What does this tell us? I told you that SO 4 the 4 refers to this 4 spatial dimension and abstract 4 dimensional space where we do rotations which gives you generators which are going to belong to SO 4 algebra. Now, I kind of put in a fictitious 4th coordinate to account for the Runge-Lenz vector. So, Runge-Lenz vector mimics as if the hydrogen atom problem can be treated like a 4 dimensional space it is not exactly 4 dimensional space hydrogen atom is only in a 3 dimensional space ok. The potential is 1 over r where r is x square plus y square plus z square, but you are introducing this fictitious coordinate just to mimic this algebra of SO 4 as I have shown in the slide. So, that is why it is called fictitious coordinate omega. So, that the rotation in a 4 dimensional space any arbitrary rotation is exponentiating the generators. I use L i j here i n j will run from 1 to 4 there are 6 generators anti symmetric clear. So, now, we want to exploit the symmetry where the 4th component gives me the Runge-Lenz vector component up to scaling. I want to exploit this SO 4 symmetry to see whether we can obtain the energy eigenvalues of this type and degeneracy of this. I want to achieve that. Now, I put in the setting I have showed you how the algebra of Runge-Lenz vector and angular momentum with Runge-Lenz vector with an appropriate scaling is exactly like an SO 4 algebra that I have already convinced. Now, I am going to use that SO 4 algebra and see whether I can extract information about the energy spectrum. The reason why you can extract is because the rescaled Runge-Lenz vector has a 1 over 2 e. The e is showing up there that is why you are going to use that fact. I can find the energy from information on m prime and L vector L prime the L angular momentum orbital angle because there is a 1 over 2 e in the scaling fact. So, just remember that it is not that it has got in that scaling to get you to the SO 4 algebra where the scaling has an information about the energy eigenvalue of a state. Is that right? It is clear?


I would like to thank Texas Heart Institute and Dr. Stephanie Coulter for this kind invitation. The title of my talk is Intersectionality and Patients with Treat with regards to cardiac and aortic disease. And I would like to applaud the entire planning committee for this great program. This is my disclosures. So why intersectionality is important? With intersectionality we consider all factors attribute to a patient in combination rather than considering its factor in isolation. And is important in healthcare, has been applied in health system research. And the aim is to understand and respond to health inequalities. The main benefits are support equity analysis. Importantly draw attention to the drivers of inequality and also leads to more focus interventions and policies. This is from Center, UCL Center for Gender and Global Health in London. And we can see the relationship between gender and health and well-being. And we do know that the gender can interact with other social determinants of inequality such as poverty, occupation, geography and participation as well as education. When there is gender inequality this can have direct negative effects on health and well-being. So this talk is going to concentrate on intersectionality in clinical medicine and specifically in workforce of vascular surgery and cardiothoracic surgery and how this can affect the patient care. We can see here regarding the workforce in vascular surgery a recent report where women and black trainees were underrepresented in vascular surgery as compared with their representation in medical school. And also furthermore in cardiothoracic surgery this is led by Jackie Olive one of our studies where we are examining the landscape of cardiothoracic surgeon and residents of the United States. And we can see as others also have shown or to make it and other colleagues that women and racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among trainees and faculty in academic cardiothoracic surgery compared with surgery and medicine overall. Now of course the question is can this intersectionality in the workforce can affect our patients or the way that we treat our patients. And even though we do treat diverse patient population there is a little focus on ensuring that therapies are developed and tested in both men and women. Men and women manifest diseases differently, metabolize, drugs differently and have different outcomes following medical and surgical therapies. This is from our recent work led by and very well conducted by one of our students who is currently a surgical resident in Miami Andre Cristinelli's where we look into clinical trials.gov. This is a public website where we look over 20 year period cardiovascular clinical trials pertinent to coronary artery bypass, heart valve disease, aneurysms ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation in over 230,000 patients. And we wanted to analyze the female patients and racial and ethnic minorities representation in these trials. So this is what we found. This is a sex distribution by disease or procedure. We can see a male over a presentation across all the diseases coronary artery bypass, transplant, valve heart disease as well as aneurysm. The same over a presentation exist when we see the sex distribution by funding source with the blue bin the male patients participated in the cardiovascular clinical trials for coronary artery bypass as well as for transplant and mechanical ventricular assist devices. This slide here is a little concerning and the reason is because it shows that even though there is a persistent male representation by time period both for coronary artery bypass and transplant and ventricular assist device, there is a continuous under a presentation for female patients and this participation haven't really changed or in certain instances became worse. And this is the sex distribution by time period for the valve heart disease and maybe this is the only time where the distribution was similar between both sexes. When we look the racial and ethnic distribution we also saw the same similar ethnic health care disparities and distribution for both transplant and assist devices as well as coronary artery bypass. This is another study led by Dr. Jessica Mayer. He was one of our trainees and this is currently a vascular training university of Pittsburgh and with Dr. Chong and where they look common vascular disease and women participation in trials. This study looked was shorter was over a 12 year period but what we found was that participation of women in the US trials for common vascular diseases remain low and has not improved over time since 2008. Now after we look the patients and how the patients participated in clinical trials and why this is important is important because clinical trials are where the devices are getting tested and also clinical trials are the ones where the guidelines are based on. We wanted to see what is a gender representation among principal investigators among the pay among the physicians who lead these trials and we concentrate it in a subset on the cardiac surgery trials. And what we found was we looked around 128 institutions, more than a thousand adult cardiac surgeons and we found with no surprise that all that was a persistent of a representation of male cardiothoracic surgeons for trials funded by industry and no NIH funded trials had any female cardiothoracic surgeon as principal investigator. In addition we compare female and male cardiothoracic surgeons being at the same level of seniority meaning associate professors and professors both male and female cardiothoracic surgeons and we found this proportionally more men than women to be principal investigators in these trials. Why this is important because you can see that in a way this is a reflection to how we have the same male over a presentation as patients in various trials and how when these trials getting funding we see the same results. It's very important to ensure that therapies are developed and tested in both men and women and understanding sex related differences in patients with cardiovascular disease could have important implications for preoperative assessment, cancelling and outcomes. You can see here a recent study where they look at large coronary artery bypass trials among 13,000 patients is important to see that only 2700 were females. Females had worse outcomes than males in the first five years after coronary artery bypass not related to technique. And also in another study even though the results were getting better still there is some considerable burden of postoperative morbidity which was high among women. Regarding the aortic disease we look in our own patients, patients who had thoracic abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and we wanted to see if the outcomes were any different and even though we found similar outcomes the important message was that were specific preoperative factors and predictors of poor outcome. The same we look at the sex differences in the proximal aorta in a propensity match comparison. And what also we found was that even though long term the survival was similar were certain preoperative characteristics and presentation which were different between men and women and led to poor outcomes. This is why precision medicine is important because there is a focus intervention and we have a patient directed cancelling, assessment and guidance which can be extremely important. So in conclusion intersectionality is a useful framework to make the cardiovascular medicine environment more attentive to the complex identities of patients and clinicians. It provides a useful starting point to address some of the challenges that arise in clinical context and importantly it acknowledges how these differences shape the patient-physician interaction and forces a reframing that can lead to improve outcomes. I would like to thank you for this kind invitation. It is a great privilege to present this important work and again I would like to applaud the entire faculty as well as Dr. Calder for this excellent symposium. Thank you.


Am I coming through? Okay, cool. I'm very loud, so I may not need it, but we'll see. Thank you. Thank you. All right, we'll kick off here in just a couple minutes. Almost, oh, just hit. We'll give people 30 seconds, those last minute stragglers, and then we'll, all right. Hello everyone, thanks for being here. It was a little louder than I expected. But yes, thanks for being here. I'm John Richards, and I manage the Developer Advocacy Team at Pantheon. This is my first DrupalCon Europe, so thank you all for having me, and it's a real privilege to get to be up here and speak to you all today, so thank you for that. Today, we're gonna dig into collaboration and look at what these five famous wizards can teach us about teamwork. So these are my sources for the wizards. So what is a wizard? Now, the definition I'm going to use today is a wizard is a gender-neutral term referring to a wise individual who practices magic. Usually that magic is learned through some kind of dedicated study. Now, this isn't a list of the top wizards, but those that worked well to illustrate how people can work together or maybe how not to work together. And apologies in advance for my English-heavy references. I'd love to hear about all of your favorite wizards later, so please tweet at them to me or come up to me later and tell me about your favorite wizards. But why talk about collaborations? Well, it's because of website operations. So Dries was talking to us this morning, if you made it to the keynote, about early web and the use of homepages. I started out web development by building a homepage for myself, and then I started building websites for someone else. Soon, I partnered up with a designer and we were building websites for local businesses. Eventually, I joined a university where I was on a whole team who focused on building websites for other departments. There's a odd sound coming from up here. I'm not sure what it is. Oh. All right. So building websites at the university for whole departments, and then we can look at today, at top Drupal agencies. We now have entire companies who are focused on building websites for other companies. We've got developers, designers, content strategists, project managers, quality assurance, DevOps, system admins, IT, security operations, marketers, business analysts, social media, and these people and more make up our web ops teams. And don't forget that when you have your project, it's for somebody. You now have all your project stakeholders and that can end up being a whole other committee. As soon as we left building our own personal homepages, websites became a collaborative effort. But why did they start to get so complicated? Well, there's an African proverb that says if you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together. And organizations found themselves needing websites that went further. The purposes of websites, they morphed. They were no longer just for brochures, but now they became essential at times being the primary revenue generator for the company. And with so many people involved, collaboration becomes a necessary skill for anyone working on websites. So we're gonna jump into our first wizard and perhaps the most well-known, that's Gandalf. So our first wizard here is the only one on my list who did not study at some school of magic, but he's probably the most famous, so I'll give him a pass. In Tolkien's books, Gandalf is a powerful wizard, but he doesn't flaunt it. Instead, he often relies on others who might be considered weak or small, but Gandalf doesn't see them that way. In the Fellowship of the Ring, it's not the wizard or even a warrior who's the least physically imposing member of the group who takes on the most difficult challenge. Gandalf reminds us that help often comes from the hands of the weak when the wise falter. Our first lesson is that collaboration is made stronger by diversity. And let me be clear, it's not that those who are diverse are weak, it's that we tend to evaluate others based on our strengths rather than on theirs. So those who prioritize different strengths, yeah, prioritize different strengths, they can seem weak to our metrics. We always think our way is wise until it fails. What we see with top performing teams is that they have a diverse set of roles, backgrounds, and thought processes. Each member providing insight and skills that compliment instead of just copying the other people on the team. So I wanna encourage you, be intentional about finding collaborators who are different from you. Now in the Harry Potter book series, Hermione was often referred to as the cleverest wizard of her time. Hermione valued precision at times to the point of being very annoying. But this was important because the language around magic in their universe also needed to be precise. Early on, they're attempting to learn magic and one of her classmates named Ron, he just keeps failing and Hermione steps in to correct him, reminding Ron that it's pronounced levi-o-sa, not levi-o-sa. Lesson two is that clear communication is critical for collaboration. And this was highlighted for me once in a very painful meeting that went for over two hours and ended with verbal fighting in the halls afterwards. We were talking about the steps in our process and then it all came to a screeching halt when we needed to talk about what it meant to be done. The developers and myself, we said, hey, a feature is done as soon as we build it. The design team said, no, it needs to pass design review and quality assurance to be done. And our project manager said, no, something's not done until it's working in production. And we realized that for months, we had all been using this term done, but we admit very different things by it. And so we were arguing about what that meant. And what we needed was really three different terms. When I first started at Pantheon, our documentation team shared a document that cataloged and described our company's acronyms and terminologies. And this allowed us to have a very clear and consistent communication, because we could reference back and say, when I use this term, this is what it means. So documenting your terms goes a long way to enabling clear communication across teams. Now, Kvoth here is probably the most obscure wizard on my list, but he's also the reason I made this list and had this idea for this talk, so I had to have him on here. But don't worry if you've never heard of Kvoth or Patrick Rothfuss' book, The Name of the Wind. That's fine, because what really stood out to me was less Kvoth, but the magic system in this world. His mentor is trying to teach Kvoth how magic works. And he's told, this relies on a very strong belief. To do this well, one has to be able to hold two very different contradictory thoughts in their head at the same time. So, in attempting to make a rock float, Kvoth must understand that rocks fall as we all experience when you let go of them, but he also has to firmly believe that the next time this rock is let go, it will not fall. So lesson three is double think is the silent killer of collaboration. And by this I mean that believing two different contradictory things at the same time is what will destroy collaborating. This is the evil magic, the necromancy, if you will, of collaboration. Why? Because this creates a necromanic facsimile of a trusting environment. But inside this environment, it's dead. And eventually it will be revealed that there's just a skeleton hiding inside of truth's clothing. So let me give you an example. Many years ago, I was on a project that had the opportunity to partner with another department. We were very excited about this, but with that team, we said, hey, we'll work on this together. We're gonna do this. We're all gonna be equal stakeholders. And to help this collaborative effort, we're gonna form a governance committee. We'll all work together. But that team did not know that when we talked about the project, we meant just the application layer. We internally had decided, well, we were footing the bill for the infrastructure and so we would retain sole ownership over that piece. Now, in and of itself, there's no problem with that, but it was never communicated with the other team about the stipulation. And we were telling them all that they would have an equal stake. And while at the same time, we were fully believing that part of that project was still solely our own ownership. So the partnership, it began great. We worked together well, but over the years, anytime something came up related to the infrastructure, we would just move unilaterally and then kind of explain it away when they were wondering why we didn't include them in that process. Eventually that relationship failed and sadly it even ruined some long-term friendships. Double think had destroyed many years of collaborative effort because when double think comes to light, it destroys any trust built and trust is the building block of any collaborative effort. Our next wizard is Alphaba from the musical Wicked. And if you've seen this, you may know right away, she's not necessarily known for being the biggest team player, but we could still learn a lot from Alphaba. She was looked down on for her green skin and had to struggle to succeed, but eventually she's able to make it to Wizard College. And while she's there, she's expecting something very different, but learns that most of the wizards already there care much more about popularity than the terrible plight that's facing sentient animals in the area that they're dealing with.  So lesson four is, don't confuse popularity for collaboration. And when I talk about popularity, a lot of times this man expests itself as like a clique, a group of people getting together and forming their insular group. And cliques can seem like collaboration because they're groups of people that work together, but they're built on exclusion instead of acceptance. To me, this is an illusion magic. It looks like collaboration right up until you try to interact with the group, but then you find out it's only an empty and hollow shell. I spoke with Teran Almondares, the lead of the Drupal Diversity and Inclusion Initiative about the danger cliques pose to community growth. She summed it up by explaining that communities thrive because they focus on belonging, allowing people to engage or step away as their personal needs dictate. While cliques create a sense of prestige that is reserved for those who are considered part of the in-group. The prestige of the in-group only exists because it is rationed, reserved for a chosen few. This is one of the reasons that personality cults or hero worship can become very toxic to communities. And then we're onto our fifth wizard here, Twilight Sparkle, is a wizard from the TV show known as My Little Pony Friendship is Magic.  But she prefers to be alone reading books. If you study a lot of wizards, you'll find they really love their books. But eventually she learns that, hey, I need friends as well. And this culminates in this important realization that, hey, we've learned friendship isn't always easy, but there's no doubt it's worth fighting for. So our lesson number five is that collaboration is magic. Collaborative teams obviously will outperform dysfunctional teams, but they also outperform lone wolves. At Pantheon, one of our values is collaboration and we define that as no lone wolves. That's what we mean by collaboration. Our goal isn't to be the fastest, it's to go the furthest. But don't take my word that collaboration is better. Dr. Gardner of the Harvard Business Review studied some law firms and how they collaborated and shared these findings. For a firm, the financial benefits of multidisciplinary collaboration are unambiguous. Simply put, the more disciplines that are involved in a client engagement, the greater the annual revenue the client generates. My research clearly shows that professionals who contribute to colleagues' client work sell more services to their clients. So we covered five lessons on collaboration here, but collaboration isn't just a set of tips, it's really about a mindset, an outlook. It's valuing the team over the individual. Now, I'm sad to admit it took me about 10 years of my career to really learn this. I was working on a project and this project began to nosedive. Failed spectacularly and I saw it coming and I was determined to show that the developers were not responsible for this. If you're a developer, you may know, you're at the, well, especially in older workflow processes, you're at the tail end and so if design messes things up, if anybody messes things up in planning, it all gets skewed down to you and the project comes in late. So I had documented every step of the way so that I could prove this was not my fault. I wasn't the reason that this project had failed. So I know I've got this upcoming meeting with my manager, we had this retro to talk about how the project's going and so I come in, I've got all my papers to document what I've been working on, when deliverables happened and how I wasn't at fault at all. I'm so proud of this.  I thought he was gonna be like, well done, John, you really nailed this, but instead he looked at me very disappointed and he said, John, you're not off the hook, you noticed this problem, you saw it coming and you never let me know. I don't care if you aren't personally responsible, the project is a team effort and you are responsible for saying something. It was then that I realized that I had been working with a lone wolf mindset, I had been focused on what I was doing and something had to change. In the book, Tribal Leadership, they define this moment as realizing that the ego hit of accomplishment is not the same thing as success itself.  Thank you all. All right, we've got a few extra minutes. I can take if we've got any questions or you could set up for your next meeting. All right, well, if I don't have questions, I tease this at the beginning. I'm looking for more wizards and our starting question here, we'll ask now that we've got more people in the room, is are there space wizards? Are the Jedi, Vinny Jesterite, are they wizards? If you've heard of them, there was a reference to Dune today in Dries's talk, which reminded me of this. So show of hands, who thinks they're a wizard? We've got a couple more takers, but a lot of people who don't. So I respect that choice, but I am in the camp of they're kind of wizards, so. All right, well thank you all for coming out. Let me know your favorite wizard and have a good rest of your drill.


It sounds like science fiction, a bacteria and a vial of dirt taken from a mysterious island, creating a compound that prolongs life. And not in the traditional medical sense. Thanks to advances in modern medicine, we are living longer, but we're doing it by lengthening the morbid deface. In other words, we live longer, but sicker lives. We used to die here, but thanks to medical intervention, we now die here. So, traditional medicine increases the number of old people in bad health. Ideally, though, we'd expend lifespan by slowing aging to delay the onset of deterioration. And that's what this appears to do. They called it rapamycin, named after Easter Island, known locally as rapanui. It inhibits an enzyme they called Tor, which stands for target of rapamycin, which may be a master determinant of lifespan and aging. The action of Tor has been described as the engine of a speeding car without brakes. Rather than thinking of aging as slowly rusting, a better analogy may be a speeding car that enters the low speed zone of adulthood and damages itself because it does not and cannot slow down. Why don't living organisms have brakes? Because they've never needed them. In the wild, animals don't live long enough to experience aging, most die before they even reach adulthood. Just a few centuries ago, life expectancy in London was less than 16 years old. Therefore, living beings need to grow as fast as possible to start reproduction before they die from external causes. The best evolutionary strategy may be to run at full speed, but once we pass the finish line, once we win the race to pass on our genes, we're still careening forward at an unsustainable pace. Thanks to this enzyme Tor, which in our childhood is an engine of growth, but in adulthood can be thought of as an engine of aging. Nature simply selects for the brightest flame, which in turn casts the darkest shadow. Sometimes, though, in our youth, even in our youth, our bodies need to turn down the heat. When we were evolving, there were no grocery stores, and periodic famine was the norm. And so, sometimes even young people had to slow, or they might never even make it to reproductive age, so we did evolve one breaking mechanism. The way caloric restriction extends lifespan appears to be mainly through the inhibition of Tor. When food is abundant, Tor activity goes up, prompting the cells in our body to divide. When Tor detects that food is scarce, it shifts the body into conservation mode, slowing down cell division and kicks in a process called autophagy. From the Greek auto meaning self, phagy meaning to eat, autophagy meaning eating oneself, our body realizes there isn't much food around and starts rummaging through our cells, looking for anything we don't need. Defective proteins, malfunctioning mitochondria, stuff that isn't working anymore, and our body cleans house. Clears out all the junk and recycles it into fuel and new building materials, renewing our cells. So caloric restriction has been heralded as a fountain of youth. The potential health and longevity benefits of such a dietary regimen may be numerous, but symptoms may include dropping our blood pressure too low, loss of libido, menstrual irregularities, infertility, loss of bone, cold sensitivity, loss of strength, slower wound healing, and psychological conditions such as depression, emotional deadening, and irritability. Don't you walk around starving all the time? There's got to be a better way, which I'll cover in my next video.


You know, this is one of those stories that I saw and I wanted to react to it on video But never had the chance to but now I'm taking the time to talk about this because this is a damn good story So a massively influential far-right figure named Ali Alexander seen here with Donald Trump Who helped organize the stop the steel rally with the help of Republican members of Congress like Paul Gosar Andy Biggs and Mo Brooks is alleging that he can time travel. Yes, you heard that correctly He contends Seriously that he has the ability to turn to time travel now. This is seemingly an innocuous thing to say right? It's not really that problematic. It's goofy, but there's nothing really harmful about this Well, you'd be surprised or maybe you won't be surprised to learn that he found a way to shoehorn in anti-semitism to his Conversation with his audience where he tries to convince them that he can indeed time travel I'll keep in mind this was recorded before the election So he also hints at other powers that he potentially has here and I've got to say I'm just I'm just impressed by this Let's watch even if Kerry was going to lose. I would will it into existence and I know that sounds kooky and I know that sounds crazy but Just don't catch me on a wild day Pete Davidson one time got on my bad side and almost killed himself so You're not gonna believe me. It doesn't matter The point is is that no one needs to believe you the first time the point is you just need to tell them a first time You understand this? This is gonna sound kooky for y'all and cozy, but you guys don't understand the esoteric What if I told you? that All of us are capable of traveling well not all of us because you're not smart enough What if I told you that there are a lot of people capable of time traveling? They just don't know it. What if I told you that time traveling is Easier than you think It requires a lot of discipline and no machines What if I told you that the reason why the New World Order? Wants you to focus on fiction stories about machines is they don't want you to know that everyone has access to time travel Then what if I told you that the re the way that those of us fight is We are each pooling from time itself It's of course the Jews time travel That's what makes the apostasy so great. So what if I told you? What if I told you?  I Just There's there's so much there. So let's begin to unpack this by first of all explaining how he lumped in Oh, of course Jews can time travel because of course you try to find some way To demonize Jewish people that you know, they they're extra human. They have powers that we don't have which makes them a threat That's at least the implication here, but he also says that he had the power to Will carry lakes victory into existence? Turns out that didn't work. Maybe he didn't choose to do that though But also he said that he almost he almost may be David said kill himself That was you So I Mean if you're being honest there should we try you for attempted murder? I just I'm trying to figure out Where does this logic stop right if you think that you can time travel Now learning that you thought that the 2020 election was stolen is totally not surprising to me at all in fact, that's probably one of the more dare I say normal thoughts that you had because at least the prospect of The 2020 election being stolen even if it was not stolen But the prospect of it being stolen is at least something that is possible within the laws of physics within our empirical world, but time traveling however is something that is Impossible at least currently because we're limited by technology But I don't even know if he's suggesting that he has like a time machine I think that maybe he's saying that he himself can maybe like snap his fingers or fard Jump through a different time period, but if that's the case then how do you choose? Which era you're going to right? So on a time machine you'd select. Okay. I want to go to 1940 1950 probably want to go Further ahead in time actually no not because of climate change But like the further back you go the more racist and homophobic it gets but the further ahead in time you go The more likelihood that the world ends did a catastrophic and the Virginia climate change So I don't know where you'd want to go like I'm probably fine Just like in the present currently, but like let's say hypothetically speaking you want to jump to the year 2023 or 2024 just peek at who won the 2024 presidential election How do you do that? Is there like a dial or if you're not using a machine? Do you just think and you you wish it you say 2024 2024 like how does this work? Like I'm humoring him right but folks these are individuals People who claim things like this there are other QAnon influencers And I don't know if he's QAnon to be clear But there are other Influencers within the QAnon world that makes similar claims But I just want to know like at what point as far gone as your audience may be do they think hmm Maybe this person is dishonest Like this is not turn everyone off like if okay if I came to my audience And I get that you're all much smarter than the average right-wing viewer that they get But if I came to my audience and I said listen folks, I'm gonna blow your minds I can fly none of you would believe me But if I actually earnestly try to convince you that I could fly I think that all of you would abandon me Rightfully so because you'd realize that I am full of shit. I'm effectively so I'm I'm such a dishonest actor that I'm lying to you about the dumbest thing imaginable like nothing I say would ever be taken seriously again, but folks like Ali Alexander I Mean he can say things like this and I guess he still has an audience I mean look at the things that Alex Jones has said to be clear He literally said that there are fish people and he saw the fish people and he explained this crying by the way You can Google Alex Jones fish people if you don't believe me and he was describing how he saw fish people They were tapping on the glass. They're saying help me. They're like government experiments or something according to him and his audience is just like Yeah, this is perfectly plausible like When I say that we're drifting further into Different realities where the right kind of lives in their own world and everyone else's in reality This is what I mean, but these are the people who are driving this Separation between our reality, which is the empirical world that we all live in what we can see in front of us and The right wing world molded by people like Donald Trump and and this but Having said all of that though, I'll be honest I'd rather them talk about things like this and pretend to have superpowers then Spread conspiracy theories lie about vaccines lie about the election even if You know, this is more detached from reality I think it's less harmful than the other things that they say if you exclude the Antisemitism that he had to shoehorn in there, but either way, this is not a substantive topic I think that when there are so many dumb news stories or I should say when there are so many negative news stories the dumb ones I think that if we can get a little bit of an enjoyment and entertainment out of them We shouldn't beat ourselves up for that So this is one of those junk food stories where it's not necessarily substantive But boy, do I enjoy talking about it So yeah, there you have it the stop the steel founder who has collaborated with multiple members of Congress who has Access to powerful people is Seriously Contending that he can time travel All right, you know what teach me king. I'm not even mad. Teach me


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These professional master's programs in autonomy, internet of things, and robotics offer students a uniquely resourced experience with access to outstanding faculty, well-equipped laboratories, a project-based learning environment, and innovative curriculum. We have, you know, obviously a long history of engineering here that's a foundation that we're able to build on. We have many departments, many faculty, many students. With that scale comes opportunity. We have essentially the ability to find experts in any topic that you want essentially. Just being big is insufficient. You need excellence at scale and Purdue has done an outstanding job of recruiting top talent. The unique part for these three master's degrees in robotics, autonomy, and IOT, I will say hand-on work, well-motivated experimental work will be one unique feature. Here this is an interesting blend where you take courses but we also have the opportunity to do a project with a professor towards that degree. Our faculty are ready to guide students through a distinct individual project experience that builds both the technical skill set and job market credentials that are needed for career success. The courses, you know, in these three degrees, they have two kinds of courses. One is our classical courses in prepared theories. But even in our classical courses for control like robotic autonomy, faculty they usually also integrate, you know, their ongoing research which into their courses. And these ongoing research are you are founded by government or founded by industry and this already brings a benefit of allowing the courses, the teaching goal with what's going on outside. And second we have this independent research courses and which allows students to form into a good problem with their faculty advisor, perhaps with also the support from our industry. These on-campus residential master's programs give students a special opportunity for applied learning experiences, often with industry sponsorship or company connections. I mentioned these three programs with some of our industry partners during, you know, when we do the research project together, they are all very excited about to produce, launching these three new degrees. I would say robotic autonomy and they can see that it's almost everywhere in their, I would say in the autonomy industry or robotic industry. They are also very interested in sending their employees to Purdue to get this kind of training and specialized for the advanced techniques in these three areas. Our specialized autonomy, Internet of Things and robotics professional master's programs are directly aligned with transformative technology, cutting-edge research and long-term industry needs.