It's a Hilbert space that has a dimension of more than one or probably more than two if we like. That doesn't necessarily tell us a lot because we could have many photons. We could have a high-dimensional encoding on our photons. We could have many spatial modes. So just the mention of I'm working with a high-dimensional system doesn't tell me a lot about what system I'm actually working with. However, whatever sort of high-dimensional system I want to build, there might be some buzzwords coming to mind that I should at least consider before starting to build that system. The gray ones are not really interesting for what we're doing in the lab, but let's think 10 years ahead. We've all founded our quantum technology startup companies, and we want to saturate the market with high-dimensional systems for anything you want to do with quantum. In that case, you will have to think about how costly is your system. Can you build it in a comparably cheap way? How simple is it? Can a person without a PhD and four years of experience in the lab operate your system or not? What kind of encoding alphabet would you be using? Is it something that's compatible with existing technologies? Is it something completely different? Is it something that you can sell to a customer or not? But as I said, these are questions that don't interest us so much at the moment, because we're still working in research laboratories, and these are not our main concerns. What we're a bit more concerned with is how many resources do I need to build my system? If I do need 10 TICEFs to run my system, it's probably not something that my PI will actually say I can do. Compatibility is my idea, is my approach compatible with the infrastructure in the laboratory, or do I really have to start from scratch? If it's not compatible with anything I'm doing, then again, I probably should think about if I can find a cleverer solution that is compatible with what I'm doing. Two biggest points, at least for me, are the questions of scalability and reconfigurability. Scalability meaning I want to go multidimensional, so of course I'm starting with three. Three is more than two, everybody's doing two. If I do three, I'm multidimensional, I'm golden, and I can write my papers from that. Eventually I might want to do four. I have a moment to do five. At some point, I'm incredibly adventurous, and I'm dreaming of doing 10 or 15. Is my approach scalable? Can I go from three to four to 10, maybe to 20, without having to rebuild my experiment every single time? If I cannot do that, then I should really think about if that's the best possible approach I can take. The other one is reconfigurability, and that's sort of going in the same direction. If my experiment's set up for three dimensions, can I quickly, actively reconfigure it to operate on a five-dimensional space, on a 10-dimensional space, or is there something where I do have to change hardware components? It could be something very simple. It could be that I just have to take out one of the components, have to put in another component, no realignment whatsoever, but that still sort of requires somebody to be in the lab. If I can do it all remote just via software control, my experiment can do its thing, it can run over the weekend, and everything would be fine. Now, coming back to this question of multidimensionality, depending on what you want to do, you will have different notions of multidimensionality. Say you want to build a full-blown, linear-optic quantum computer, working with photons, so discrete variables. Typically, you will be happy with a two-dimensional encoding, but you will need many paths and many photons in your system. Say you want to build a quantum simulator based on quantum walks, something that's not quite a quantum computer, but still can do interesting tasks. In that case, you probably want something like a few-dimensional coin to control the evolution of your walk. You still need many possessions, but probably can live with only a few photons. Say you want to do quantum communications in high dimensions. You need a high-dimensional alphabet to encode your information, but for most proof of concept demonstrations, you only need one single channel, and you only need a few photons. And you don't even need them at the same time, you can live with one photon, one after the other. Well, that already tells us that our encoding bases in multidimensional systems ranges from two-dimensional over few-dimensional to really high-dimensional. And the number of modes that we need to have in our system, the number of paths that we need to have in our system, reaches from one channel up to many, many, many, many paths for a quantum computer. So really, depending on what application you're targeting, multidimensional has a very different meaning for you. And for the remainder of the talk, I will be focusing on the case down here. So I will be looking at one spatial mode. I will be looking at a high-dimensional encoding alphabet, and I will be working in the few-fotone regime because to be very frank, at the moment, I can't be bothered to try and generate five photons at once. I'm happy if I get a single one. The outline is this following. I will start talking about optical modes because we're using a very specific kind of optical mode as encoding alphabet, and I just want to make sure that you get an idea of what I'm actually talking about there. We'll then go into detail about parametric downconversion and what that has to do with the optical modes we're using. We'll then talk about the quantum pulse gate, which is a device that allows us to read out these optical modes. If I do communication, I need an encoding and a decoding stage. Encoding is my source. Decoding is my pulse gate. And then I will show a few applications just flesh them towards the end. Optical modes, by definition, are eigenfunctions of wave equations, including boundary conditions. For instance, being in a resonato inside a waveguide. Optical modes are orthogonal, meaning that two dissimilar modes do not talk to each other. They do not interfere with each other. And inside one mode, let's just say that light is coherent and does interfere. We have two general classes of modes. We have temporal modes. These are modes in the direction propagation of our light beam. They live in time and frequency. And we have spatial modes. These are transverse modes, perpendicular to the direction of a light beam, and they live in the space momentum space. Position momentum space. Examples are here. These are longitudinal modes inside a resonator. So these are just standing waves. These would be our temporal modes. These are spatial modes, and these are just transverse fields, as you can have in resonators, which you will know from your classical optics or laser physics or applied optics lectures. If you want to do high-dimensional information encoding, we can't use polarization. Polarization is inherently two-dimensional. It's good for many things, but it's totally useless for doing something that's more than two-dimensional. So polarization is out of the game. If you want to use two or three, four, five, and so on and so on for our encoding. Why do we want that in the first place? Well, if you use high-dimensional encoding, we can encode more information per photon. Photons are valuable resources, so we want them to pack as much information as possible. We can build protocols that are more resilient to noise and loss. And we can study high-dimensional entanglement, which I'm not doing, but which Mihul is doing, and we will talk about that later. Now, one way to do that is spatial encoding. This is an example of orbital angular momentum states. You can essentially associate a letter in your alphabet with each orbital angular momentum state. That's something that's done very successfully in many, many groups. Here's an example of other spatial modes that you can use. These are Laguergauss modes. These are Hermitgauss modes. Essentially, Laguergauss modes are Hermitgauss modes, just in cylindrical coordinates. And I'm pretty sure that you will all agree that these are different modes. So that's a mode in a resonator. That is a mode in a resonator. However, there's something in there implicitly that's very important for the next few slides of my talk. And that's the following. Assume a plane wave. Plane wave is described and defined by one single k-vector. A plane wave has an infinite x-turn, so it's not something that you will actually encounter in real life, but it's a nice tool to use in lectures and in mathematics and to describe systems. Now, one of these Gaussian modes, a Gaussian beam, actually has a finite x-turn. Or mathematically not, it still has an infinite x-turn, but for all we care about, it has a finite x-turn. That means it's described by a coherent superposition of k-vectors. And we're totally happy with calling that a mode. So we're happy calling a coherent superposition of k-vectors a mode. We don't have any problems with that. Right. Now, what about this other degree of freedom? Time-frequency encoding degree of freedoms. Well, we can look at two extrema, at least in theory land. We can look at time-bends and frequency-bends, and we can say, let's reduce the width of that bin to just be one single instant in time. It would be something like a plane wave, right? One single k-vector, now we have one single instant in time. We call that one mode. Do exactly the same in frequency. Let's say we have one single frequency. That's a monochromatic mode. We all know that from quantum optics lectures we have all suffered through the quantization of fields and finding these monochromatic modes. Now, I can do the same thing as I do in the spatial domain where I'm looking at a coherent superposition of k-vectors. I can look at a coherent superposition of times of frequencies. That would just be a light pulse. And just as in the spatial domain, these guys are also modes. They are modes that now comprise of many frequencies and many arrival times, but since it's a coherent superposition, they are still valid modes. And in time-frequency space, they would now basically be areas and the width would grow. Temporal modes are actually quite nice things because, well, they have envelopes that overlap in frequency and time. So I can just start packing them one above the other. That's something that GIF down there is doing, which you can take your eyes off because something is moving. They have overlapping intensities, but they are still field orthogonal. So I can't use a spectrometer to distinguish them, but if I can use field measurements, amplitude measurements, something that's very sensitive, I can still perfectly separate them. They're naturally compatible with waveguides and fibers. They live in one spatial mode. So I can send them down single mode fibers and telecommunications is using light pulses and broad wavelength spectra to encode information. So they are being used for integrated networks. And the width scales are something like square root of the mode order, which isn't too bad a scaling. In fact, you can show if you have a limited area in time-frequency space, these Hermit Gauss modes will allow you the densest possible packing of information in space. So if you want to squeeze as much information as possible into a given area in time-frequency space, you can use these modes and they will do the trick for you. Now comes a different question. We've talked about modes, which is good. Now we have to ask a self, what then is a photon? And that's something that's sometimes confused in literature and publications, also in presentations. And I want to make a very clear distinction between modes and photons. Now, you could say a photon is a quantum, you can say a photon is something that has a photon number distribution that looks like that. You can be a bit more formal and say, well, let's take our electric field mode. Let's do the quantization procedure. Let's identify a plane wave with harmonic oscillators. We find discrete energy levels. We define annihilation creation operators. And then we can say that one photon is exactly one excitation inside that field mode. And if I add another excitation, then I have two photons inside my field mode. I get my photon number states or FOX states. And I can use these to describe every possible quantum state. So photons are excitations in field modes. What does that mean for these pulsed modes I had been talking about? Well, let's go back to something we know from textbooks, monochromatic modes. Monochromatic modes are modes with a single frequency, if an infinite extent and time. Operators obey bosonic commutation relations, meaning if you're looking at different frequencies, they commute. If you're looking at the same frequency, they don't. You can write down a state by just operating a creation operator at a given frequency on the vacuum. And exactly the same is true for these pulsed modes. The slight difference that you have to redefine your operators. You're now not acting on a single frequency, but you're acting on a broad spectrum of frequencies given by these f functions. And these could be just Hermite Gaussian functions. Hermite Gaussian functions are nice because they are eigenfunctions of a Fourier transform. So a Gauss spectrum will be a Gaussian temporal envelope, first order, first order, and so on. Again, these operators you will find obey bosonic commutation relations. And you can just write down single photon state in the same way. Just operating one of these creation operators onto a vacuum will give you a single photon in that mode. Essentially what we've created now is an optical pulse that contains exactly one single photon. These are the objects we are looking for. These are the objects we want to work with. And now we want to think about how can we change the pulse shape of single photons. This brings us to parametric down conversion. And I've already told you it's a second order non-linear process. Pump photons decay into pairs of photons. You can investigate your source by looking at coincidence clicks, single clicks. You can get all sorts of efficiencies, source performance benchmarks. You can look at theory. You can write down simplified interaction Hamiltonian, which comprises of a coherent amplitude for your pump field. We assume the pump is strong and it doesn't matter if one photon gets lost. If you have 10 to the 12 photons, we wouldn't see if one is converted. And we're generating photon pairs for signal and idler. And the parametric down conversion stayed in the photon number basis basically given by perfect photon number correlations. If I have n photons in my signal mode, I will have n photons in my idler mode. And I don't always generate only one pair. Most of the time I generate nothing, sometimes one pair. In few instances I might generate two pairs or even three pairs and so on. Again, we have to look at energy conservation and momentum conservation. However, if we use a wave guide, this is a four millimeter KTP chip which we used back in the days in Arlangen. If we use such a source, then the direction of the spatial wave vectors is defined by the wave guide. So they will all point in the same direction because they have to propagate along the wave guides no matter if they want to or not. Coming from this idea, we can write on an ideal two-photon state. Where we know we can detect one of these photons and the other one will just be a nice pure photon. We can generate that by creating one photon in signal mode, one photon in the idler mode and we expand these at pulse mode operators. We identify the spectra of our photons and we get our state. However, things are not always so simple because typically photon pairs from parametric down conversion are correlated in energy, meaning in frequency and in transverse wave vector. Again, we don't have to worry about the wave vector when using wave guides but there are still frequency correlations. Why would they hurt us? Well, heuristic picture for that is the following. So you want to detect one photon to herald the presence of the other one because all you can do with PDC is making use of the fact that if there's one photon in signal, there's one in idler. If I detect one here, I know there must be one here which I can use an application. If I have frequency correlations between signal and idler and I have non-frequency resolving detection in my heralding arm, typically photon detectors are not frequency resolving, they just give you a click whenever a photon hits them. That means that my heralded photon collapses into a classical mixture of all possible spectra that are allowed by this amplitude. These are these gray shaded spectra down here. That means that generally, my heralded photon will be in a mixed state. However, if I have a parametric down conversion source without any spectral correlations and no matter what frequency my heralded photon is, the heralded photon will always be in the same spectrum or pulse mode if you like. Meaning that I actually do herald a pure single photon state. Why is this important? It's because pure photons do hormonal interference. Mixed photons do not. If you have mixed photons, you send them on a beam splitter. You will not see the bunching that you expect from hormonal. So you need pure photons in photonic networks. For instance, for quantum computation, but also for every other thing that you could think of for photons need to be at a beam splitter. This can be in metrology, in face sensing. This can be in temporal measurements. The original home paper was on the very precise measurement of sub-pecosecond timings. So whenever you need something like that, you want to have pure photons. Right. Let's have a look at where these spectral correlations come from because if we understand where they come from, we might come up with a way of how to actually get rid of them again. A guided wave parametric down conversion, we use pump pulses. They propagate through our waveguide. It's pole. We generate signal idler. With energy conservation and face matching, you've seen that before. It's just the same plots again all over. Energy and face matching lead to that these photons are generated in this joint spectrum. They are not separable anymore. How can we understand that? How can we visualize that? Well, we typically use a two-dimensional representation. We use a space of signal and idler frequencies where energy conservation is oriented along minus 45 degrees. The reason for that is that signal and idler frequency have to add up to the pump frequency. And the transverse profile of this function is given by the spectrum of the pump pulse that we use. So this direction is the spectrum of our pump pulse. Face matching can be a function with an arbitrary orientation in that space. However, the transverse profile, if you don't work really hard, will be a sink. Why is that? It's because in a typical waveguide where you don't work hard, light enters the waveguide. The nonlinearity is on. You propagate through your waveguide.  This is a rectangular function. If you fully transform that, you get a sink profile. That's why you have this transverse sink profile. The product of both is what we call the joint spectral amplitude. And this is the spectral correlations in your photon pair. You can use the joint spectral amplitude function to write your parametric down conversion state, which is done in frequency integrals, these functions, and the generation of signal and idler photons at the corresponding frequencies. Note that in general, this is not an ideal separable bifotum state. Now, can we somehow quantify the amount of frequency correlations in that state? We can. There is a tool that's called the Schmitt decomposition. The Schmitt decomposition does, or rather what you would numerically do is a singular value decomposition. Takes a function of two variables and it expands it into a sum of products of separable functions with weighting coefficients. What does that mean graphically? Well, let me show you the following picture. On the left here will be the resulting sum, so that will be the joint spectrum. On the right, you will see the terms of the Schmitt decomposition.  So as we add the second term of a Schmitt decomposition, our joint spectrum gets a bit more correlated. We add the third term, it gets even more correlated. We keep adding terms to our spectrum and at some point we recover the joint spectral amplitude that we measured or calculated. We can then write the parametric down conversion state in the following form. We just replace the joint spectrum by that expression. We then collapse the integrals to our broadband operators. And what that means physically is that we are now interpreting our parametric down conversion in the following way. We're not generating photons in this weird correlated joint spectrum. Rather, we're generating photons in pairs of pulse modes with a probability that's given by the squared expansion coefficient. In a sense, it's nice because it tells us if my signal photon has a Gaussian mode, my idler will have well. If my signal is a second-order Hermite Gauss, my idler will be as well. So I have a direct one-to-one correspondence between the pulse mode of the signal and the pulse mode of the idler. I can then... That should be correlation. I didn't change that. I will. We can then quantify the amount, the effective number of modes in that state with a quantity called the Schmidt number. That will be one if the state is single mode and go to infinity for perfect correlations. So essentially, the more correlation you have, the bigger the number gets. It's quite nice property. And all of these properties are encoded in the joint spectral amplitude. And the question we have to ask now, if I do a typical PDC with a correlated spectrum, these coefficients will be following a thermal distribution. So I will have an infinite number of coefficients, some of them stronger, some of them weaker. That's not a very well-controlled quantum state. That is incredibly high-dimensional. In fact, this has a dimensionality of infinity, which is about as useful as a dimensionality of one if you want to do something in an experiment. Because infinity is way too much that you could ever hope to control it. So you have to ask a question. How can you actually engineer the distribution to build a state with a controlled dimensionality? How do you do that? The answer to that is source engineering. Source engineering basically answers the question, which knobs do I have to turn to make my experiment do what I wanted to do instead of doing what nature tells it to do. To see that, we have to go back to the definition of the joint spectral amplitude, which is the product of the pump function and the face matching function. We also have to look at it not only in the frequency domain, but in the time domain. Parametric down conversion of a short wavelength pump and long wavelength photons. Typically, dispersion in a material tells me that long wavelengths propagate at a higher velocity and short wavelength. So in a typical parametric down conversion, I would expect my signal and idler photons to precede the pump pulse at the end of the interaction. I find that the angle of this face matching function is given or somehow defined by the inverse group velocities of signal and pump and idler pump, or rather the differences. Let's look at that for KTP, potassium titanol phosphate. These are the group velocities for potassium titanol phosphate for Y and Z polarization if we are propagating along the X axis of the crystal. Standard PDC would be 400 to 800 nanometers. A lot of groups are using KTP 400 to 800 nanometers to do experiments in the labs. And you see that the pump is slower than signal and idler. We have exactly the same situation that I had been talking about. Let's change wavelengths. Let's go to 775 and 1550. Photons at 1550 are much nicer than photons at 800. All of a sudden we see that the pump velocity lies between the signal and idler velocities. That leads to the fact that our face matching now has a positive slope. It's exactly 45 degree if the pump is exactly between signal and idler. It's around 60 degree in the sources we are using. Now I can play. I can change the width and the shape of my pump spectrum. And I can change the angle of my face matching and I can also change the shape or pattern of my face matching function, which is not something that we are doing. There are other groups that are doing that. For instance, Alessandro Fidrizi's group at what university is doing that very successfully. They have a beautiful source where they shape the face matching to be a first order Hermit Gaussian. However, we are not doing that. We are focusing on the pump. We've built such a source. We've been developing such a source to be honest for by now roughly 15 years. We're still working on making it better. The setup is pretty straightforward as goes for quantum optics experiments. We have a ties of oscillator pumping and OPO. Part of the OPO's frequency double in a second harmonic generation. We use pulse picking to go down to rep rate of a megahertz. We use a spectrometer to shape the width of the pump. We couple to a wave guide. We use a long pass filter to get rid of the pump, use the photons, we separate the metapolarizing beam splitter, we detect them. The rest of the OPO goes as a reference beam also to the detection. We get coupling efficiencies from 70 to 80% into single-mert fibers. And back in the days, because we were using crappy In-Gas APDs, this corresponded to 15 to 20% Clish-Go efficiencies. To date, we're using some of these sweet superconducting nano wires with efficiencies exceeding 90%. Then these efficiencies are roughly these numbers. It's just source performance benchmarks. This is what it looked like in the lab back in the days. And here's a measurement of these joint spectrum. Now, these are joint spectral intensities. So the amplitude squared of joint spectral amplitudes, we can't do phase sensitive measurements in a spectrometer. Anyway, if you have a narrow pump spectrum, something that's narrower than your face matching, the face matching is now oriented in that direction. You have something that's frequency correlated. We've seen that increase the width of your pump spectrum.  You get this nice round blob. Let's decorrelate it. That's a perfect single mode source. That's quite nice. That's something that's controlled. That's something we can work with.  However, these states are still interesting for some timing measurements. There are timing measurements where you want to use exactly these states because they give you the best possible precision. And note that we can switch between these regimes by just changing the width of our pump poles. We don't have to change components. We don't change the measurements. We just changed the width of the pump poles and we continue that. For the moment, let's consider the single mode case. One thing you always do when you do parametric down conversion, you do a hormonal interference between signal and idler, which tells you something about how indistinguishable are the two photons. So can I only use signal photons or could I use both in a network? Turns out with that source, we have a indistinguishability of about 95%. You can then do a hormonal interference between one photon and a weak coherent reference state. You can learn from those, exactly from the width of these, you can learn something about the spectral purity of your photons, which in our case is something like 85%. Which is not the best you could do possibly, but it's a good start. You can then look at the brightness of your source. How many photons do you generate as a function of your pump power? You would expect the blue line for a single mode source and the dash black line for a very multi-mode source. You can see that the points nicely fall along those lines. So we have clean single mode behavior. You also have a high brightness. This is for the experts in the audience. We can generate up to 80 photons per pump pulse. If we calculate back on the generated two mode squeezing in the language of continuous variables, this corresponds to 25 dB of generated squeezing. We have no way of measuring that, but it's a very bright source given that there's no resonator around. That there's just one pump pulse going through that source to get 25 dB of squeezing generated. Right. What else can we do? I mean we can do one-dimensional states. One-dimensional states are not very interesting for high-dimensional applications. We can add additional pump pulse shaping. Pump spectrum gauze, we get this blob, which in that case is not fully round, so the measurements here do not fully correspond to the plots down here. It's more of a schematic. But we're in the single mode configuration. Shaping our pump pulse to a first-order hermite gauze, we generate a state that looks like that. This is a two-mode. This has a dimensionality of two where a hermite gauze and signal is linked to a gauze in the idler and vice versa. That is a state something like a zero one minus one zero. That is a belt state. It's a maximally entangled state, but now in the basis of temporal pulse modes. Let's go to even higher-order pump modes. We get a state with a dimensionality of three, however slightly unbalanced coefficients. Slightly change the shape of our pulse, use so-called cosine kernel modes. We get a state with a dimensionality of three with equal weights. We can generate user-defined temporal mode states with that system, where we can tune the dimensionality, relative weight of the components. We get rid of this tail, so we have exactly a dimensionality of three and not higher. With the current setups we have in the lab, we can go roughly to a dimensionality of 20, well-limited by resolutions of pulse shapers, which we hope to replace within the next half year, which should get us to something like a dimensionality of 50. Just not massive as in you could do 10,000, but 50 is much more than three already, so we're pretty happy with that. We can switch between these states on the fly without changing elements, without changing hardware. We think this approach is scalable and reconfigurable, and that's the thing we're interested in. Let me list a few words on the quantum pulse gate. What would you like to have if you want to measure these temporal modes? We want a device that accepts many temporal modes at the input, selects one of them, converts it to different frequency, different shape, different polarization, whatever, and transmits all the rest. We want to be able to choose which mode we want to select, and we want to be able to measure in superpositions of modes. That would be something like a state tomography, which Mehul will also be talking about, which I'm not. You could think about that some frequency in your generation maybe could work for you, why is that? Well, if you're looking at that picture, it looks a bit like a beam splitter. Like it takes one mode and reflects it, it transmits all the others. The Hamiltonian of a beam splitter is something like an A and a C dagger. Some frequency generation does sort of like the same, it generates a photon at an input frequency, it creates a photon at a different frequency. So, kind of from a very abstract point of view, some frequency generation should be something like a beam splitter that operates in frequencies instead of spatial modes. Then you can run all theory done for parametric down conversion. You can define your, let's call it joint spectral amplitude. We typically speak of the transfer function here. Then we can ask ourselves, does this operate on one single pulse mode? How do we define pulse modes in the first place? Then we do exactly the same as we did for PDC. We start with the operation of the sum frequency generation. We do some math, we end up with a result that's analogous to the Schmitt mode decomposition in parametric down conversion. We get these broadband operators. We destroy a photon in one broadband pulse mode. We generate a photon in one broadband pulse mode with some coefficient. Now, the interpretation of that is the following. We can say our sum frequency generation is a concatenation of beam splitters that operates on pulse modes with different reflectivities. Now we have this multi-mode state where we have this huge range of reflectivities and we want to turn that into a single mode operation. But we know how we can do that from parametric down conversion. In parametric down conversion we use this idea of group velocity matching. Exactly the same works in some frequency generation. Only now we have to make sure that our input and pump pulse propagate through the waveguide at the same velocity. If they do that, we get a situation that's depicted here. We have our pump envelope function plus 45 degree because sum frequency. We have a very narrow horizontal phase matching function. Horizontal because pump and input travel at the same velocity. That gives us a two-dimensional transfer function that has no frequency correlations. And we've learned from parametric down conversion no frequency correlations mean single mode in this pulse mode basis. So we can build that in the lab. We can note that the sum frequency conversion efficiency is proportional to the overlap integral between the spectrum of the pump and the temporal modes of the signal. It's essentially because they don't walk off from each other. The pump will only convert that part of the signal that has a field overlap. All other things are transmitted. And if you look at the waveguide we're doing in lithium niobate. We need four and a half micrometer polling period. It's incidentally the waveguide that I showed you in the first lecture. Our input signal is at 1550 nanometers. That's where we want it to be because telecom is nice and our parametric down conversion source works there. And then luckily, luckily, luckily, thank you nature. You've been kind one time. The pump wavelength is in the ties of range. Which is something that you can easily have available in a laboratory. If you use potassium titanil phosphate, your pump is at 630 nanometers, your jaw drops and you just scrap the project.  Right. So a bit of a closer look at that operation. Just to again draw the parallels to PDC. We have a transfer function that's a product of the pump and the phase matching. We can use the Schmitt decomposition formula. Now we find that the selected mode at the input is given by the spectrum of the pump and the converted mode is given by the phase matching function. That means if our pump is a Gaussian, we'll select a Gaussian mode from the signal converted to some mode that's given by the phase matching. Our pump is a Hermite Gauss. We will select a Hermite Gauss, convert it to the same output mode and so on. We can write our pulse skate as a special beam splitter that now acts on one single pulse mode with a reflectivity that we can tune by changing the energy of the pump pulse. More pump pulse energy means more conversion, means more reflectivity. Good. That was the first demonstration in 2014 where we were using weak coherent light. We were looking at a Gaussian spectrum for the signal at telecoms and we were using matched pump pulse and orthogonal pump pulse and we saw a drop in the converted signal by about 80%. These days, we routinely get a contrast of about 500 to 1, which is sufficient to actually do quantum optics with that. The pulse skate has led to a lot of additional work. After that demonstration, we've looked at timing measurements, bandwidth compression, photon tomography and everything you can think of along those lines. Now, very briefly, just flesh a few applications. This is really just to show you that we can do things with that. First is time frequency manipulation. We're running our parametric down conversion in a nicely single mode regime. We take one of the photons. We either measure its spectrum directly or we send it to the pulse skate converted and measure the output spectrum. From that picture, you already can assume that a broad spectrum gets mapped to a narrow spectrum. That's what we see. Our input spectrum has a width of about a terahertz. The output spectrum is about 130 gigahertz. With the newest sample that we have, that's a long pulse skate. It's about almost 80 millimeters long. We expect an output bandwidth on the order of somewhere around 10 to 20 gigahertz. Now we are getting to a regime which becomes interesting because these are bandwidths that come close to what broadband quantum memories can do and what quantum dots can do. We also check that we don't introduce any noise. In the process, the pulse skate process is noiseless. We don't get any noise counts. Probably the interesting thing here was that we could have used, of course, you can just get a narrow spectrum by placing a spectral filter. You can just filter the strut out if you filter and you all have a narrow spectrum. If you do that for that factor, you get a transmission of 13 percent. In the pulse skate, we have an internal efficiency of 60 percent. Every single component in the whole beam path was sold somewhere around 17 percent. So we're doing better than just spectral filters. Next application is tomography of photons. We're looking at the following. We're measuring the joint spectral intensity of our PDC source. We're then looking at the density matrix of one of these photons in the basis of Hermite Gauss modes. What's important here is that we expect that PDC to be single mode and we see that in our photon there's essentially only one single mode. You can extract a purity from the density matrix. We can measure it with different methods and they match pretty well. We can apply a face chop to our pump pulse. Faces are nasty because you don't see them in intensity measurements. However, faces also introduce correlations. So although that spectrum is still round, there are correlations between signal and idler which show up in the tomography with the pulse skate. And your purity decreases. We can go to this two-dimensional case where we expect exactly two modes populated and we see with the pulse skate, yes, in fact, with a two-dimensional state with two modes populated. Finally, and that's for a slightly different tag what you can do with a pulse skate. Assume you have two light pulses and they have a timing difference and you want to measure the timing difference. You can use an autocorrelator that works perfectly well if your pulses are separated. If your pulses come closer and closer and closer together, the error in your estimation becomes larger and larger. This is this blue line. That's the separation of a function of pulse bandwidth. If you're below the bandwidth of your pulses, the error in your estimation basically diverges. Why is that? It's because you can't resolve them anymore. It's called the resolution limit. Turns out quantum mechanics allows you in principle to do measurements that have perfect resolution and integration. Then turns out that all you need to do is take a quantum pulse skate project onto the first few temporal pulse modes and you're done. This has been done in a spatial domain by different groups. All of these techniques rely on interferometry, so every single of these techniques is face-sensitive. We've done it in the time domain and we've looked at a slightly extended scenario where the two pulses not only have a timing offset, but have equal intensities. The idea is you want to do distance measurements with light.  You send the rest to a distant object, light is scattered back and you detect the back-scattered light. That back-scattered light will have a much lower intensity than your reference pulse and you still need to measure that separation. You want to ideally also measure the total timing offset of your pulses, so three parameters in one shot. You can see here the following. Looking at the separation, the orange line is what we set. We set the separation to be 0.1, we expect to measure 0.1 and this is for pulses having equal intensities and getting more and more imbalanced. And back here, this is the case that's relevant for applications. These gray-shaded areas are the errors you would expect from a direct measurement just using an autocorrelator for your diet. These blue points are what we measure for the quantum pulse gate. That doesn't help us a lot because we need to look at error bars. These are the error bars. They are much smaller than the classical errors. In fact, they are by about a factor of 10,000 smaller than the classical errors. Even more, we can show that these measurements, also for the other parameters, satisfy or saturate the quantum limit. Meaning that we're doing the best possible measurement that quantum mechanics allows us to estimate these three parameters. You can't do better than that measurement. You can only do as good as that measurement does. That was pretty exciting when we got that data. So, with that, let me come to the summary in just in time. I've talked about optical modes. I've tried to convince you that light pulses are valid optical modes and that we want to use these pulsed modes as a basis for high dimensional information encoding. And then said that well you need sources that can generate these states and you need measurements that can detect these states. Those were the two devices. We looked at parametric down conversion with which we can generate high dimensional states with a user chosen dimensionality without changing the hardware of the setup. I've shown you the pulse gate which can measure these high dimensional states without changing the hardware of the setup. All is done by pulse shaping that's setting face masks and spatial light modulator so it's all software based. Finally I've touched upon some applications notably among those the tomography of single photons where we could verify that yes if we dial up a two dimensional state we actually have a two dimensional state. That I want to thank you again for your attention. If you have more questions feel free to come and find me in the coffee break. I have to leave after lunch unfortunately. Thank you a lot.


Are you strong but not fast? Do you want to build power? Listen to this. Our next caller is Christina from California. Hey, Christina, how can we help you? Hi, I have a question. I've been doing some workouts on my own recently. I used to go to a gym, but it got closed during the pandemic. And I'm noticing that I am losing out on power. And I think it's because of speed. I haven't noticed as much of a drop-off in my strength, but power is not where I want it to be. And I have an upcoming Highland Games competition this summer. So I really like some suggestions on how specifically to work on power and speed. Ooh, I love this question. Okay, so power is strength that's fast, right? So for people watching right now, like, what's the difference between power and speed or excuse me, power and strength? Strength is... Explosive speed. Yeah, it's like how far I could, you know, or how fast I could deadlift the weight versus how heavy I could deadlift the weight or something along those lines. It's quite specific, meaning you have to train for it. So the way you would train for power is by using a submaximal load, training it at full speed, you know, explosive power and lots of rest in between sets and not doing it to fatigue. So you're not trying to do it to fatigue the body, but rather you're doing it to try to get yourself to be able to move faster. Very unlike CrossFit-esque. Very unlike, yeah. You're not doing it to fatigue at all. You don't need fatigue. Fatigue is your enemy with anything that you're trying to do power-wise. And, you know, the best approach to this, obviously with the Highland Games, there's very specific types of what do you call those? Like different types of events that, you know, you, you get, I know the caber tosses one of them, the hammer throw, I don't know all of them, but I know they all... Right, there are nine different events all throwing heavy objects for distance or height. Okay. The haggis throw. Yeah. So I mean, it's obviously it's gonna be hard to kind of emulate those specifically, but you can do that with kettlebells. Like, you know, something that you could, you could apply in your programming where you really just take the time to work on, you know, the technique of not just like the swings and getting the hip hinging snapping power out of your hips, but also then, you know, releasing and then throwing the kettlebell out in a field as a great exercise to apply, you know, specifically for that. But really the point is with anything power, it requires all the intent going into it, all the attention, you know, no fatigue and to be able to, you know, recover and then produce that same amount of immediate force production. Christina, how have you been training, how you train currently right now or have you trained in the past to get ready for something like this? So I certainly do some events specific training. So I have some field stones and I have a 16 pound hammer and a lighter hammer. So I do practice the events as much as I can. I don't have a convenient caber. So that one I have to trust to cleans and things to work on. But then I do try to supplement at home. So I've been mostly doing probably the lifts that I enjoy the most, things like presses and squats and deadlifts. But I've been trying to do a little bit more powerlifting, more cleans and things like that to supplement that event specific work. So more specifically, what is like the training blocks? What I mean is, okay, so obviously you're doing great exercises that you should be doing.  Are you doing things where you got 10 to 15 reps and then you're also super setting that with a run around the block or pull-ups or other things like that? How is the programming look? Right, so I would say, I guess I've fallen into the trap of wanting to measure my progress. And the easiest way for me to do that is to see what I'm able to do for sets of five or 10 or something like that. So maybe I've been trying to get to a heavy set of five or a heavy set of 10 in one of those lifts. Yeah, so strength will contribute to power, but if you don't train specifically for power, you're gonna miss out a lot. So there's nothing wrong with getting stronger, but if you don't train for speed or acceleration with a weight that's much lower than you would train for strength with, it's gonna be hard for you to express a lot of power. Like, power lifters are very strong, but they're not nearly as explosive as Olympic lifters, for example. So I would do some specific days on power, on trying to throw like Justin said, a kettlebell or mimicking the events. There's also a lot of technique involved in what you're doing. I mean, he made a good point. You know, when you're doing a cable toss, you gotta have a lot of power, but you also need to have a good technique and release and know where to position your body to maximize the effect. So I would do, I would practice two days a week the events. Don't do them to fatigue, but really try to get further and further with your throws, a lot of rest in between your attempts, and then maybe a couple of days a week of strength building and some mobility, and that's pretty much it, but I think just practicing the power stuff is gonna make a big difference. I think mass performance, so there's a phase in there where we do devote. It's one of our only programs that actually does devote some time to speed power and this doesn't require a lot of heavy load. Obviously this is more about moving very, very quickly and also being able to recover and gather yourself and be able to control your body after you explode through these types of movements. So I think that if I have to pick any program that we have that I would recommend, maps performs would be one to figure that out. One more example, Christina, squatting with a barbell on your back, that's heavy, you're training for strength, trying to jump as high as you can with no weight on you at all, just your body for one attempt would be power. Okay, does that make sense? Yes. Okay, so training for power is different than training for strength. Strength contributes to power, but if you don't train for power as well, you're gonna miss out a lot on that specific type of performance. So you gotta incorporate some days where you just focus on that. That makes a lot of sense. Can I ask a question, a follow up because I'm I think really bad at recovering. I'm a pretty impatient person. If I am changing my workouts to sort of make sure I'm resting between attempts, what are guidelines for how long I should rest? You wanna feel ready to exert maximal power again. So if you do like a 50 yard dash which could also be considered explosive, you would do it and then you'd wait until you felt like you could push it real fast again, right? Or if I jump as high as I can, I'm not jumping as high as I can and then jumping again as high as I can. I'm jumping as high as I can and then I'm waiting until I feel like- You're fully composed again. Yeah, I can exert that power again. What you'll find, here's something that's interesting. I'm glad you asked that question. When you're training for power, it's typically your third or fourth attempt that's your best, okay? So when people don't rest long enough in between, their first attempt is the best. When it comes to power, you'll do an attempt and the second or third time, you start to fire more effectively with the muscles and your technique gets a little better and you'll get higher. So you should be able to do better the third or fourth time. If it's getting worse by the second, third, fourth time, you're not resting long enough. That actually fits really well with my experience at competitions where we get three chances at each event just like you said, typically that third one is the best. Exactly, because what you did is you waited, obviously in between- It's a central nervous system that.  But if you get no rest in between, your first attempt would be your best. So keep those things in mind. Thank you very much, that's really helpful. No problem, thank you and good luck on your competition. Yeah. Thanks, bye-bye. No problem. Yeah, power is probably one of the most misunderstood elements of general fitness. Nobody does it right. Yeah, I was fishing for the CrossFit thing. I see she wrote up in there that her CrossFit gym and I was trying to see if that's how she works out there. But yeah, she didn't want to say that she was doing their workout specifically, which is, you know, yeah, that would be, I'd have different advice for that in terms of if that was what kind of protocol she was using, but it is, it's one of the segments of fitness that looks the sexiest and a lot of people will just throw it into their programming, kind of willy-nilly, but I mean, the biggest thing that is nails and chalkboard to me is when you're already in a state of fatigue and then you're gonna go and run a very highly demanding type of an exercise, like a power exercise. Yeah, at that point, you're just building- It's just wastes the entire- Yeah. It's just building, I know, I'm so glad that it came to me because I know that's kind of a telltale sign. It's like your second, third, or fourth attempt should be better than the first. That's how you know you're resting long enough and you're doing it properly. Otherwise, if it's not that way, it's like the first attempt is good and you just get weaker and weaker with each sub-diminishing attempt. Totally. Hey, if you enjoyed that clip, you can find the full episode here or you can find other clips over here and be sure to subscribe.


But I want to tell you the story, and most of you heard the tale of Greeks who tried to attack a city named Troy. And after 10 years of fruitless attempts, they couldn't capture the city. And they decided to do something else. They developed a strategy where they build a wooden horse, a large horse. And they sealed it and secured it really good, and they let some of their best choices soldiers inside of the horse. And they left that horse on the territory by the city, Troy. And they departed as so to make them seem from the city and sailed away, but didn't sail far enough to get away from the city. Just far enough so that the city will think they got away. The city Troy felt proud that they were able to withhold Greeks for 10 years. And they felt like the Greeks accepted their defeat by building them a gift. So they all got out of the city and took this horse as a trophy of their persistence and victory. And well, what do you do with it when you get a trophy? You celebrate. So they threw a huge celebration. Every watchman didn't have to stand on the wall that night. The gatekeepers could have a day off. Everybody was involved celebrating because they received a gift from generous Greeks. Little did they know is Greeks don't give gifts that are empty on inside. And at night the choice soldiers opened the horse, sneaked out, opened the gates. And by this time the Greeks were already at the walls of Troy and the city fell. Let me give you the verse from 2 Corinthians chapter 2 verse 11. It says the following.  Some translations say his schemes. This is what I want to talk to you today about. My message or my thought to you today is this. Most of us are just like city Troy. We will not have a direct contact with the devil. We're more smarter than that. We will stay away from anything that has to do with witchcraft. And Satan knows that. But he has a strategy almost similar as the one of Greeks. It's been his strategy all the time. That when he knows that he cannot get through directly. What he does is he sends you something that comes as a form of a gift.  It's just a gift. It's just a this or that. And you welcome it into your life seeing nothing bad in it. And as you welcome it into your life sooner or later you begin to see that life is beginning to fall apart. You begin to see things are beginning to be shattered because the enemy came in not as a Greek, but as a horse. Let me remind you the first time the Bible mentions Satan or the Bible mentions his activity on this earth. It's in Genesis chapter 3. And it mentions him and it says this. And the serpent, it's talking about Satan, was more cunning than any other creatures. Any other animals. What does that mean? That means that Satan's number one characteristics that we must know about is this. Is sneaky, slicky, cunning, scheming. Not honest. If you are curious and ignorant. He will play you. Fool you. And he will win. If Satan would have come as a dragon to Adam and Eve. I will assure you Adam would point his finger set in the name of God. Out of my garden. But when he came as a snake. See Adam saw snakes before. They were all around. Snake is nothing new. We've seen snakes before. When he changed a form to something Adam was familiar with. Adam and Eve continued a conversation. Satan rarely will come to you and me as Satan. He will come to you and me in a form that's difficult to resist without God. He clothed himself. The Bible says a wolf in sheep's clothing.


A book is a set of printed sheets of paper that are held together inside a cover or a long written work. coffee coffee Coffee is a dark brown drink made from ground coffee beans and boiled water. lamp lamp A lamp is a device that produces light. little little Little means small in size. map map A map is a picture or chart that shows the rivers, mountains, streets, etc. in a particular area. knot knot knot makes a word or phrase negative or gives an opposite meaning. pen pen A pen is a writing instrument that uses ink. pillow pillow A pillow is a bag filled with soft material that is used as a cushion, usually for the head of a person who is lying down. toy toy A toy is something a child plays with. world world The world is the earth and all the people and things on it. It is a map. Now you try it. It is a big book. Now you try it. It is not a pen. Now you try it. I have a pen. Now you try it. Do you have a bag? Yes, I have a bag. Now you try it.


Tlo what's poppin? We are on twitch. We are not live, but you can leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells Man, let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK If you miss any lives don't forget they are up here They are here man. You can go check them out man. It is what it is. I don't forget. We do got the discord Y'all know what that is you go drop your request in there I'm gonna fix the screen. Just give me a second and don't forget we do got the patreon This is a list that needs to be updated of what's on there This is what makes the channel able to be the channel man It pays all the deals or pays some of it pays a good amount the ones that matter this one does Tonight I'm recording these videos the night before So this this right here the lit one enters the lab.  I don't know what they're gonna ask me. It's surreal. I don't know so We'll figure it out when it's time. Let's get into this though. And this is I want to do one of these 20 30 minute ones. All right, we could get to seeing man Come on Hyundai ionic six person deadly gang culture to uk drill a real and honest interview little Look what ionic six Have you ever seen a man get raped out his coat and it looked like blood and rabbit hair Yeah, that's a dark lyrics though What does that mean? Put this way if you've ever seen someone wearing a jacket or anything that contains fair in it You know that mean you can relate to the bar. It's just means in it when you see someone Get stabbed up bad You see clothing and blood in it I don't think I heard that my child it was traumatic So that so to speak. Yeah, it wasn't great, but When you say from my So I'll basically For this even before I was even there. My father was shot and killed in bricks then and Just being born into that around that because my my dad was a big part in it to everything around him So when he was shot and murdered, it's like a lot changed. So I didn't be broke. I wasn't brought into a happy Loving environment. It was like cool. It's my family, but what was it was? He was born into the darkness. It's sad. You get me All the time My dad's not here. I knew that from very young because This is why everyone's so sad. It's like so now I know my dad's not here. I know something's not right Something's missing, you know, so it's just like and then as a result of that My mom had three young kids Hard to juggle She was always confident. You get me have the answers as you wouldn't at the age She was with young kids and then when my dad left it's not always the easiest stress to deal with and then yeah It was a bouncy rocky road Um, and what was your education like?  He made he was Dump Getting what I know I could have gone out of education but Yeah, education was always If I was interested and I like the topic I would excel No cap man. I was just I was joking when I said that said but But like I feel I was the same way in school I'm interested as hell, but if I took an interest in the topic then I'm rocking with it A's across if I was even distracted because I got ADHD got short concentrations, but I don't really know If I'm not interested in something it's hard to get me to sit down and focus So it's like at school. Yeah, I would because I was browsing top sets, but I was naughty So I didn't even end up finishing school, you know, in the end. So did you end up doing instead? I got kicked out my senior year. I was on the road one time. So it'll be real. So it's like Had to go to an alternative school to graduate Even while I was at school and that after school I'm going to the road But then Yeah, it ends up that when school's not in the picture anymore You just cut road. You're just on the road All the time when you leave your yard And again, what would foster definition of being on road? What are you doing? You're evil. Shout out to the taboo room too, man. Maybe dropping some bangers, man Solidable stuff Outside doing nothing Either outside trying to get some money trying to hustle Or you're just causing trouble You got nothing to do you're either finding trying to find something to do and sometimes that leads into Doing nothing like I remember being young sometimes being outside Nothing really to do we would Rob shops out boredom Phone pizza man make them pull up Take pizzas off them take their bike Phone wherever we would rob people You get it.  Why not you would play football sometimes it wasn't always because the ratio was off Where was there really a place where you could go Where you wouldn't have to really pay and book in advance put down money and go play football Really intrudely there wasn't really evil.  We did play football sometimes to go to the fields, you know But I guess what I meant what I was I guess people would say there's there's other things to do I guess opposed to them close travel and crime.     Yeah, um We were speaking about how some of some of your songs have been taken down police many What was that one song in particular that we listened to yeah That one there that ripped me still that was come outside. That was like supposed to be my Solo single for me that I've put in work Hard work funds time into and I did love the that's what the police and what not don't be understand and like Like look at my background. Look what I could be doing. But instead I'm spending hours at the studio So Putting my time and and and into other things my time and energy in the rapping And y'all just make it y'all i'm doing all of this and then y'all take my song down So it's like I might have been in the streets then I could have been hustling that whole time So so it's like what was the song about? Yeah, it was just basically Me telling anyone was claiming that They're looking for me or there's an issue with me or they want to address me that I'm outside You're not get off the internet and come outside and you'll see me.  You got problems with people. What's this?  So that was me saying like I rap yeah cool. I'm out here.  Hey, stay in the house I'm rapping. I got something to lose at this point. No Hey, so what would the police feel the need to take that down? Was anything else? because they would say in it and to some extent It entices in it It could need to further things to do to do but My thing is this Whether it will whether it won't that's what's out there. That's on the internet. That's real That's how some people make it live in. That's how some people you get fame fortune success in it so How does that take you down? They obviously get whatever channels uploaded onto No, I don't know. I don't know the procedure the process because personally You gotta upload videos back. Hmm. It's one of those things where They will get pressured from the police or a strike on their youtube channel or something like that And then the police will get them to basically take it down They would message the artists and be like, well, we've had to take it down because the x y and z and then yeah Did the police contact you directly? Never They don't ever say nothing to the artists. They either goes directly to the upload of the video But tell it like we're really saying that I re-uploaded it and they never messaged me nothing They just started getting youtube to kind of like shadow about it and make it hard to find Because I doubt if they message me that's doable. Well, you know, isn't it? It just depends of How how much? They can threaten you they make it where you can't get in the algorithm and you have to Literally put in your name to find it with it with me. I haven't really got that much subscribers in my channel I don't really Do the internet thing, but you don't do the money thing is what you keep saying That's what I'm hearing man get your mind right Proof and get better but with them they got a little platform there So they're probably more friend than me if the police message them and say I'll do this if not x y z You know, if the police said that to me, I'll just probably say, you know, what's taking and whatever happens happens But that's their living that's their career. They want to pretend that so they're probably complying it And there's a lyric we were talking about earlier From that that song again in particular Um Let me get get it up.  I believe it was the same tune the lyric was Have you ever seen a man get ripped out his coat and it looked like blood and rabbit hair Yeah, that's a dark lyric still What does that mean? Put this way if you've ever seen someone wearing a jacket or anything that contains fare in it You know that mean you can relate to the bar.   Why can't I say that? It's bogus. No, it is bogus I asked have you ever seen I didn't say they didn't say did you do it with people out there? I didn't say that That was the question That was a case the police would have I guess thought that song was offended anyone. No, yeah, definitely that please and do know where it is They they know definitely it's gonna hurt people's feelings, you know, because it was it made to cause offense How to grow your online business. Well, that mic is w whatever he was using this one Of course But It wasn't me Not too evil. It was just more of a thing where I'm saying what I'm saying. I'm expressing myself. I don't care who a offense more of a thing like that, but Music is an art form that should be left as an art and not done nothing else like period Let me express myself just how an artist expresses their self on a on a on a canvas You know, I'm saying but my canvas is a mic Simple Yeah, whether it offends anyone or not shouldn't be a reason whether I can Share my work basically Share my story talk my tell talk my shit on the back of that. Can you see why I drew?  It's great still because it's like People respect dangerous people People they don't we that you never know what have some of these kids are getting Encouraged but I feel like it can go both ways though Like it could be somebody that's already in the streets listening to drill like damn This dude's been through a lot of the same stuff. I've been through and look at him.  Let me get on my bully. You know I'm saying it could go both ways Buy it but as much as it's bad, it's got its perks Like I said before people do brilliant things from drill They get their money they will if they do good things for communities young other kids like them Who never and that leaves me none to my next thing my if I gain a certain level of success and wealth from music What do you think I'm going to try and do with my platform? A lot of the police want to stop people like me and hinder people like me from putting our stuff out there And then Where does that lead man when man can't make music no more and then man makes man decision.  Like I'll do the internet thing like the internet thing is money other money team connections links allies because In the world how the world rolls around is there's Useful people and it's useless people my bro and if you want to do stuff real stuff like Change it and partnership you have to really have resources everywhere Otherwise you'll only be limited to do stuff where you from And I made it so that round not everywhere not everyone likes me. I'm not everyone's cup of tea It was never going to be that way but The enemy's thing the young youths needs to stop forcing beef with each other and forcing this way of life Because they think it's cool all the way to be if you have a problem with someone Cool, that's the problem in it.  I have to stab them That's because a lot of people are moving off emotion and none of them is standing on real man business, you know, I'm saying It take a man to call another man up and be like, bro, let's talk about it Let's see where we kick fine common ground It takes a man to do that that got a great mind on his head You know what I'm saying?  That's Necessarily great That's my story to tell Let me continue to my story to roll on and these other kids will it's crazy, man how much individuality and and Being your own person and owning it and expressing yourself as being muffled nowadays, man It's crazy. We'll also see how Yeah, I did do those things.  I'm trying to accomplish that's big things It's big. I'm not I'm they don't see me out here What's it called going and trying to recruit kids and make kids do nothing? They see me trying to use whatever I'm my my thing and doing to make actual things happen in the world So I guess if you want to be a good influence I guess why not speak Or speak about positive things because you're not from that what? You don't know I'm a part of I'm a part of the start of drill So I've already Came into the drill scene as a drill eyes My thing now is I don't just predominantly do drill anymore. I do other music. I always sounds but I'm a drill eyes, isn't it? I'm not gonna stop doing what make my fans happy What I'm trying to make a living out of and do but all because of drills got a bad stigma You know because it's more of my platform ever gets big enough where I can Put other artists music on there and and Let it go and I have lawyers around the clock to be like, no you can't do that. I'm on that period thing where Drills bigger than just People harming other people drills Business, it's a job. It's entertainment It's a Yeah, it's a market So I think everyone It is but people is really living like that though People was really living like that and people really walked that walk with stiff toes down And that's that's really what you know, the ploy of drill is it's IRL This is what we will happen in real life And this is what it looked like on my block raw. I'm not gonna sugarcoat it or Downplay it for you and and the mainstream media The main people who back it can't handle that People can't handle that What you're doing is you're letting everybody know that this neighborhood has been let down by the government when you rap like that And then people start pointing fingers at people in offices and whatnot. That's how that should be going, man Can do drill But I don't think everyone should go out and that's not what I'm trying. That's not the message I'm saying I'm saying if you want to do drill It is wrapping them up dark stuff bad stuff But if you've got story to tell or even there's a lot of rappers out here that's coming and just making sure up They are but do any people enjoy people like listening to it That's why drill is one of the one one genres where I don't respect it if it's made up Because because like where great power becomes you have great responsibility And if you out here capping and making something not really like having Billy been through that But what message are you putting out there? Like what like you really like he said earlier you feeding kids these lies and making them believe that you really like that when you're not And you never have been like that and you don't know nobody that's like that's why I don't respect the good side The lies and I want to talk the best about the gang life within london and gang culture Yourself would you say you've ever been part of gang or would you say you're part of gang now active or not? Pretty sweet Yeah growing up there was a lot of gang activity around me But obviously it's like I'm from a gang of highly gang affiliate area and it's like there was a lot of gangs and that growing up Hey, good answer I'm a brand in it Forget a gang At some point you got to understand a gang is nothing but a group of friends I'm up. You know that's happened. So Good answer. You get using words like gang and you know, I got words. I use words like I've got a team now and I'm a part of a conglomerate You know organization and stuff like that So it's like yeah and our gang stuff was heavily involved going up boom boom boom and shit didn't matter about Now that shit's real Yeah, I'm part of a brand nowadays And have you ever I guess been involved in that environment ever ended up in prison? Yeah, definitely the f*** you know. Yeah I recently was so you see recently I've been at jail for two years now before that I couldn't stop going into my prison What do you think that was? Just It didn't value my freedom enough Lenar has a hot selection of poems It's a good answer. I like them. I like the psychs. I like them I like these little interviews because it gives rappers that you really didn't think could like Express themselves. It gives them the platform to show you like hey, man, I can talk Let me tell you something said issues gang issues. I went to jail for a couple of violent stuff Other issues with just people doing doing stuff in it, but Yeah, a lot of it was just trying to get some bread to be honest Had a mad incident.  Youngster is sure they pulled me over for not having no insurance or nothing or none of that These times I'm like young so I'm just driving around doing the mad thing.  I'm driving Yeah, so pulled me over whatnot but It's escalating from the seroutine stop them take the cause to them trying to take me into custody basically in it My thing is this I don't do No, if you're gonna try to take me and you're gonna you're gonna have to get me I'm not gonna just go with you to no cell. I've been in the cell. I know Joe. I know prison. I don't like it there So try to arrest me Try to run one thing's led to another We end up in a big fight bro They've sprayed my pulling my tan punching man, whatever One of them's got kicked One of the couple of them's got punched whatever But it's a big fight in the middle of the world So as much as I'm trying to get away, man, it's actually fighting these pleas now And it's got to the point where I didn't even get away from the scene They would chip my tooth Hmm So my thing is is this got one too. It's been a big fight So people the traffic recording it watching it living Saying stop mine shit's happening I got rested on the scene Yeah, someone else got arrested later on on the line I was in jail Came out Here I am. How long have you been in prison now? Yeah, two years two years now. Yeah, how old are you? 24 25 this year. Yeah And how long you've been in prison? Until probably about five or five and a half All I was saying is man y'all gotta start thinking outside the box of how to get how to get how to get this moving man again There's there's many roles to the same path man. Find one That don't got a lot of people on it And you're 24 Yeah, well obviously Charge it to the game in it prison time is done for me now China just yeah, what's the worst thing you saw in prison?  Yeah There was like two Polish brothers. They were banged up together in it They basically made alcohol and that made myself in there So they were drinking the whole night of their face They were in there cutting up themselves basically Now I thought I got two things to tell you but I'll tell you the hour after they were cutting up They were so basically self-harming and slashing each other as well, isn't it? And then the whole of them was cut out the blood Every on the wing because obviously they have to get moved out the cell to get taken to the hospital So when they're moving it is dripping So every is blooded with that. They basically had to like get real bio Bio people bio has the people in there and clean it up before anyone could come out nuts Then there was on next you that was in HMP. Then there was one of those times in way away They're more fucking.   You gotta rephrase. We'll rephrase that. He start chewing himself down sound crazy I've seen morning He's gonna start chewing himself down Yeah, by his by his wrists. That was like cool. So he's got that Flesh everyone got flesh on their wrists. You just bite a little chunk out every time, but I'll start bleeding Remember he's got veins arteries there. He can die So if he didn't get what he wanted he would just chew it. It's not a bluff He would chew it. No, it's not bluff. He would chew it. Watch this Watch this year.  This is cooking with these times.  I hear anyone that was in cooks here. Obviously.  You get me? They basically left him in the cell for time Not getting him dinner Or feeding him dinner at his door, but it's cold and just not letting him out. You get me?  You get me My man's basically getting it.  Infused with the milk. That's why it stinks so much, bro Shit at milk. Have you bro?   He rubbed us out. He could have gave us illnesses. What's this year? so On the day where they finally been braving off to open his door because that's what's happening They're not opening his door at all. Tell her like leaving. He's still alive. They mock him worse They're leaving his food out on the landing bro saying if we keep threatening us. We're not opening the door My man's basically Calm calm down enough for them to believe him. Yeah, he wants to take out his bin now. You get me As soon as they open the door Washing out them you get me to the point where I'm seeing guns running Sprint in my bro Running away from him hit the guards with a glide dookie. That's tough. You get me. I would do the same One along that looks like this That's violation that's moving crazy I'm definitely running from a glide dookie So not only has he done that no he's come out He's basically you yes.  I'm not hanging up now So what they have had to do is go off what the guards do Right show that boom boom boom, but they had to be more strategic with this one car How the wing is He's basically got table tennis tables. Yeah come on told him put up a show Do you get me man them on the wings charging them up these times? We're saying Kick it out though.  You get me Listen, I'm telling my man open man's flap open man's flap so we can watch it. You get me It's so grand. I'm telling him put put newspaper there to keep the flap up Getting him oil to grease up himself. We're seeing start up. We're in charge, bro We're like what 60 orce cooking would yeah 15 year old say Get think about that bro in jail putting himself In a position where he's going to get harmed or more time Or it's going to negatively impact him and there's dudes around him Egging it on that's how real life would be Look around you man. Look around you. What's going on around you right now?  Well, give this is how I give him grease here I had to get a piece of paper for myself and push it through the gap and then pour them the oil in there They run through because he's trying to get a thing and grease like hey So it's got to the point now Hmm They've come for him now, but how he set it up is like a battlefield where there's a shield there They're there. He's here with chairs saying come first one. Come on.  He's angry. You're not violating bros I watch this now. They've shielded up. They're saying put that down No, last chance you get me Well, he's what they've done is they've kind of Pushed through you get me. He's kind of born Naturally when they got shields you got chairs on your so much licks you can do before you're gone.  What's this? It they've got him down to the point watch this where they're holding him here, but He's doing this And he's getting up for my nigga I know you think it's dope.  What did he do? I don't know but they restrained him if he didn't end up getting back to his feet But it was a good show remember, you know, we're supposed to be watching until you reach it in All I know is man had to wrap shine on my nose Try to tune in you get me because you know how you can only see certain much You wouldn't know in it, but in gel when you're looking through You can only see a certain much through your door and gap you get me You're all trying to you get me but you can't see you get me it's done now You get me so all I know is whether it was done or not The ship's small after inhumane couldn't see because I'm saying fuck this Putting the thing on my thing putting tissue in my nose and sleeping. I'm comfortable too much Moved us off Come back the wings still smell a bit funky But it had that cleaning smell because it's like a cool. No more tonight. I'm like, yeah, prison's nuts man Joe is crazy. You there's My story is you think they're mad. There's probably worse people's I've seen you because in ones way I figure There was a lot of gels. There's pigeons on the wing with man. Just live with man They're with man every day. Like I'm waking up walking up myself. You better mind.   But yeah, one man had the pet pigeon the pigeon trusted him I listen anytime any other prisoner goes in their pigeons. They fly away. You get me Or you get me or we're not really trying to go near them. The guy made a little Ledge thing on these windows. So yeah, so the pigeon knows what time it is. It comes there and he feeds it And then I've seen one man catching pigeons and eating them Oh, you see Joe, you have to be there to see it. You have to Tell them about you got it.  Joe is mad. He had mad. My brother was catching them and Eating them bro. He was none of you that was meant to be ill Joe is mad. There's some mad men that shouldn't even be in jail, bro.  So they probably just get taken for one of them. You get me And how long have you been home like two years? Two years And I was as I said before man, I feel like as a cystic The chances of you going back to prison would be a higher. I think yeah, definitely better When you do the the ratio definitely it's like All the years that man's Been in that job. This is the longest I've been able to Stay out like before this the longest for seven months. The show is free Why do you think this time's different?    I'm gone