Hei kaikille! Minä olen Reena Rainselö, ja olen tärkeää Uusia Tartoa in Estonia. Tällä päivänä olen ottanut yhdessä research-projektin, joka fokusi on käyttää vikipäivä- edukasipäivät in Estonia. Tällä päivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- edukasipäivä- Money in education and education. There are teachers or even schools where the use of Wikipedia is prohibited, especially as a primary source. But the prevailing view is that Wikipedia as a source cannot and should not be avoided. It is important for schools to find innovative approaches to integrate Wikipedia into their teaching process. need technical capabilities from schools and digital skills from both students and teachers. In Estonia, which also calls itself E-Estonia, these requirements are fulfilled. So the aim of research is to investigate the use of Wikipedia in Estonian schools for education purposes both from the students and teachers' perspectives. Together with my four colleagues, we have conducted two studies. The aim of the first study was to explore students' experiences of using Wikipedia in the educational context. For data collection we used multiple questionnaires and our sample consisted of 381 students, both in grade 9 and in grade 12. For data analysis we used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The aim of the second study was to investigate Wikipedia's educational potential from the teacher's perspective. We collected our data with 11 semi-structured focus group interviews and our sample consisted of 49 teachers from 11 schools. For data analysis we used qualitative content analysis. This slide provides a preview of the main results of the first study. Some of the results are expected. For example that students mainly use Wikipedia for information search, as well as that almost half of the schools where both teachers will allow the use of Wikipedia and those who do not. But some results were not expected. For example English Wikipedia is used slightly more than Estonian Wikipedia. This shows that 15 year old students already have very good English language skills. We also assumed that Estonian and English language teachers use Wikipedia more frequently in teaching, but it turned out that it is other subject teachers who do so. Mainly history, geography, music and literature teachers. As the results of the first study provided a good foundation to continue with the second study. In the second study we collected data on how teachers use Wikipedia for personal purposes, how and why students use Wikipedia for their studies and what Wikipedia based assignments teachers have given or planned to give to their students. It is important to emphasize that teachers use Wikipedia for personal purposes very often. In addition their trust in Wikipedia has increased over the 10 years. This certainly affects how they use Wikipedia for educational purposes at schools. As a result we have gained an overview of the factors that facilitate or hinder the use of Wikipedia in education. These are equally related to Wikipedia as an environment, but also to the knowledge, skills and attitudes of students and teachers and to the school internal and external circumstances. We also have a list of Wikipedia based assignments, so called good practices to share with other teachers. For example, one teacher mentioned, I have also shown articles on the wall because I need to normalize somehow that I can't know everything and that's okay. Or other teacher, in class when we talk about source and source criticize, Wikipedia is on those larger chunks where we discuss what makes it reliable, what makes it unreliable, why it is not valid source in the context of research. Or another teacher, I have also done some collaborative writing, but I haven't just put it up. So it means that they write Wikipedia articles, but they won't publish those articles in Wikipedia. We have already written two articles in English based on the results of both studies and we have submitted them for publication in a scientific journal. As an additional activity, we also plan to write an article in Estonian that uses data from the two current studies as well as data collected ten years ago. This will allow us to examine how attitudes towards and usage of Wikipedia have changed over the past decade. After that, we plan to publish popular science articles in publications aimed specifically at teachers, because we assume that Estonian teachers probably won't read scientific papers. And then we will present research results at education science events. Finally, and this is very interesting part, we will create some materials and sample exercises for teachers to support the use of Wikipedia in teaching. Estonian teachers currently focus mainly on information searching and source evaluation, but our goal is to offer them a wider range of ready-made assignments. We also want to support interdisciplinary integration with these assignments. We are glad that the research phase will end soon, so we can focus on product outreach and practical activities. We hope to increase teachers' awareness of the opportunities offered by Wikipedia. This enables teachers to expand students' knowledge of Wikipedia. Thank you very much for your attention. Also, I am very thankful to Wikimedia Foundation for supporting our research and Wikimedia Estonia for the excellent cooperation.


100 games to give away to you starts right now on YouTube comm slash gamers click this video right here to go straight to the giveaway and enter to win one of 100 games. It's a one week competition Check it out in the video right there, and I hope you enjoy YouTube comm slash gamers our brand new gaming channel with a special surprise We've added a news show Check out the news show. This is a brand new freedom partner who is now going to every week create an episode that we will feature on YouTube comm slash gamers if you think you have some really kick-ass Gaming content that should be on YouTube comm slash gamers. Tell us Leave a comment beneath this video or a video on the YouTube comm slash gamers channel We read every comment, and that's the fastest way to get in touch with us and If you want to help manage YouTube comm slash gamers, we are looking for senior experienced Gamers who want to help us build the brand YouTube comm slash gamers If you think you have what it takes tell us down there in the comments below be very Specific about your experiences. Don't just say I'm a gamer with a lot of subscribers So I can manage a channel if you can manage your own channel. That's great But that doesn't mean you can manage a community network hub channel So tell us why you think you have what it takes to help us manage and build this new gaming brand under YouTube comm slash gamers guys. My name is George founder of freedom Click the first video for a fireside chat with George where he shares our future and how we grew from $20,000 to $120,000 in just one month and click the second video to see how to monetize all of your videos With just a few clicks to enable all ad formats and monetize in all countries And we will grow together as a family because this is the freedom family You are part of it. We are all part of it and we're all growing together so grow with us and Partner with freedom that play now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get Started till next time guys. You've been watching Secrets if you really look at yourself, you will be speechless What happened to being doctors and teachers what happened to being your brothers keep on nowadays?


All of William Slater's books are written for young readers, but there's some of the best damn science fiction you will ever read. House of Stairs is about a 16-year-old orphan boy who wakes up one morning, finds himself in this world of infinite staircases. The story of how this group of kids discover why they're in there and what they choose to do about it is a story that you will never forget. If I had to describe this book in one sentence, it would be Lord of the Flies for sixth graders. Get this book.


Today we're talking about 21st century sailor and the new office that's headed up by Admiral Buck. Admiral Buck has taken all of these programs and put them into a one-stop shopping, you know, click-on website that is on npc.navy.mil. We all want to be challenged at each level to, you know, make us hungry for that next level, which goes to the words change and change agents and why we change in the military, let alone in life. So when we're challenged, we're inspired and we want to stay and keep invested in this corporation because we want to see how this organization can change with part of my ideas. So I would offer that the first step is npc.navy.mil. It's where you get message traffic, where policies are changing. It's where you get information on your boards and programs and the drop-down menus. It has everything for family and education and uniform manual and all of it. Most importantly, though, once you learn something, you must share it with others. It's formally called the career intermission program, but, you know, the people who are in the process of using it like the career interrupt because you can interrupt what you're doing and then take that intermission. If you have a reasonable cause to take some time off from the Navy for your life-work balance, then we allow that. Complete what you need in your life, whether it's care for a new child or we have many in the program that are caring for an elderly parent in this life-work balance in the 21st century sailor that we recognize as a Navy that we need to look at an experiment with to keep our sailors fresh and refreshed. Don't wait for things to happen to you. Make them happen for you.


All of these lovely people here are giving me major hopes. I think seeing so many people committed and dedicated to seek change really gives me a lot of hope. I used to be a school board member in my community and so seeing young people especially rising up and saying the thing and advocating for real change is inspiring and knowing that our future is in good hands. Feels good. I feel like the new generation is bigger on standing up for what's right and what's wrong as opposed to mine. So yeah, kids are the future. Well what gives me hope is that there are people all over this country trying to make things better for their local communities and that they're not afraid to innovate and they're not afraid to do the right thing.


Yep, we're really doing this. You know, just just just roll the opening. So we've been getting a lot of recent requests to cover the history of Gojiru So that is an art that we've put into the research traces. Now while reading up on some of the history I came across a little bit of a surprising debate and there seems to be a lot of people out There who believe that training in the art of Gojiru puts an unhealthy strain on the body that may cause heart Stress vulnerability the strokes and aneurysms and other issues that are quite frankly a pain in the rear and when I told My wife about the debates that I was finding about this art.  Now, I know we have a lot of Gojiru practitioners in their audience So I'm absolutely open to hearing your feedback if there's anything that you can elaborate on in this presentation Or even have a correction, please add it in the comments.  Well, let's first narrow this down a little bit The debate actually seems to stem around the kata Sanchin, which is one of the core kata that gojiru is built around Sanchin is believed to have origins in Chinese martial arts and you can also find it in several other disciplines such as Ishinryu, Weichiru, Kyokushin and several other styles Sanchin means three battles and it is sometimes defined as a balance of the mind body and spirit The kata employees tension used for body strengthening combined with a very specific respiratory discipline called Ibuki Now Ibuki is a method of breathing to a certain rhythm or pattern to support what you're trying to accomplish Then in the context of the martial arts, we learn to breathe certain ways to add power to our strikes Recover after sparring or fighting to help us focus or even aid us in meditation Sanchin combines Ibuki with specific body tension to form a major pillar in traditional karate training It has a very signature stance and the kata is ultimately designed to help develop the muscular structure of the body for balance With standing blows and teaching the mechanics of powerful strikes Now even though Sanchin exists in many other karate styles It is the version specific to Goju-Ru that draws the scrutiny Why? The main criticism of the kata in the debate is seen to circulate around the level of constant tension applied to the body Even if you're not a practitioner to Okinawa karate You've probably seen people performing Sanchin and doing slow deliberate motions along with some really intense exhales Many people even see the tension in their bodies and their muscles tighten and bulge Now many people site the strain on the body is harmful Citing the dangers of hypertension, which is often the source of many health issues Sanchin is intended to be performed often several times a day in order to get the benefits out of the conditioning However, applying this level of tension to your body this often can be dangerous Now I came across this blog post in which a registered nurse expressed his concerns for the practice of Sanchin and the damage it did to the body I'm going to put a link in the description below so that way you can have some context to read the full thing But I do want to pull some excerpts from it in that post He mentions that it has long been known that dynamic tension kata's were of questionable value Despite being strongly supported by those who have been taught to do them Justice hypertension is damaging to the body over a long period of time Such artificial spiking of the vascular cranial and pulmonary pressures is not good for you and will do some damage Especially if you happen to have a predisposition to hypertension for referral vascular disease or congenital vascular abnormalities There are benefits to breathing control, but it appears physiologically that Sanchin hearty bookie breathing should go the way of the knuckle Tuffening knuckle push-ups and straight legs sit-ups. Don't do it He further exemplified his argument that just because something was done as a tradition Doesn't mean it's good for the body and he recommended a weightlifting regimen to build up the type of strength and conditioning that Sanchin offered So let's look at this a little bit further. Why does Sanchin do this to your body? Well, it comes from the practice of what is called the Valsalva Maneuver The Valsalva Maneuver was named after a 17th century physician, Antonio Maria Valsalva And it is a process of trying to exhale against a closed airway So picture pinching off your nose and closing your mouth and then trying to blow a balloon but not letting the air out This practice impacts pressure on the body and triggers cardiovascular responses Now there are a few reasons why you might want to do the Valsalva Maneuver or when a doctor may recommend you perform it Because of the forceful strain that it can inflict on the body Doctors will have patients perform this in order to examine and test cardiac functions and Sometimes patients who have a heart condition such as superventricular tachycardia Which is an issue with the heart's electrical signals and often causes a fast heart rate Sometimes by performing the Valsalva Maneuver Patients with this condition can relax the heart's electrical system and slow the rate back down to normal And it does this in four phases and I'm going to quote an article on WebMD Which really should only be used for quick reference only never use it in place of a licensed and professional physician But they broke down the four phases such as Phase one when you start blowing pressure rises in your chest and belly That forces blood out of your heart and down your arms This causes your blood pressure to go up for a short time Phase two your heart pumps less blood with each beat while you're straining your blood pressure steadily returns to normal Phase three when you relax at the end of this maneuver your heart rate increases Phase four. This is the recovery period blood rushes back to your heart Ideally your blood pressure rises, but then returns to the baseline as your heart rate goes back to normal There can of course be side effects of doing this if you have heart problems or other underlying conditions So please do not do this without speaking to your doctor first the Valsalva Maneuver can also be used to balance out pressure I'm sure we've all had those moments when we're underwater or in an airplane and we felt the pressure change in our head What do we do to fix that we pinch our nose we close our mouths and we blow until our ears pop So we've basically neutralized the pressure in our head if you've ever done that congratulations You've performed the Valsalva Maneuver The inherent danger with this comes from the risk of afflicting constant state of hypertension and breath holding in the body This type of pressure puts a strain on the heart the lungs blood vessels and if unchecked blow said veins out of said previously In addition it can cause strain on the eyes and do damage to the retina if you have any eye condition Or have had any eye implants or procedures So dang that's nuts. I mean you might be asking why in the heck would anybody want to practice this in the first place if it's so dangerous Well now on to the counter argument The general consensus on why Sanchin is or could be considered dangerous as damaging to the body seems to come down to one simple reason improper practice Just like with any other physical activity if you do it wrong you could do harm instead of achieving the benefits It's supposed to bring you So going back to that same blog I cited a few minutes ago I want to now pull some excerpts from the rebuttal Dr. Bill Glashin offered a counter perspective to Sanchin Now Dr. Glashin's qualifications are and I quote his post directly a doctorate in biomedical engineering with an emphasis in systems physiology a dissertation on rhythms and cardiopulmonary systems which includes Qualifications of how respiration affects arterial and venous pressure heart rate and peripheral vascular flow He also has several years of research study in cardiology. He's also a highly experienced karateka in both gojiroo and Waitjiroo now what I find interesting here is he offers a direct comparison of the two different versions of Sanchin So here are some excerpts from his post that compare the two Moderate tension should exist only to hold the pelvis under keep the abdomen firm Keep the shoulders pulled down and keep the straightened fingers rigid The strikes and blocks are done with focus and with as little counter-resistance as possible Waitjiroo is predominantly open-handed system that employees specialized strikes with pointed surfaces to vulnerable areas Maximum efforts are not necessary. 400-pound bench press ability is not necessary Therefore, there is no need to create a breathing technique with strikes as it makes no difference in the ultimate utility of the strike The bulk of the system is application of low internal resistance focus techniques good relaxed and fluid movement The Valsalva discussion is moved The points of tension for the pelvic tuck firm abdomen lower shoulders and firm hands are identical However, the goju Sanchin has a closed fist instead of an open-pointed hand The hand positions are meant to be abstractions of the types of techniques done in the system The predominant technique in gojiroo is the sacan or closed-handed punch Goju technique allows and to some extent requires more total energy Consequently the practitioner benefits from the resistance training This is done in the goju Sanchin through dynamic tension fist strikes The kata was choreographed long before Olympic weights and weight training machines were invented and in common use However, the way these activities are done can and should be identical The proper breathing in goju Sanchin and the bench press should not be a Valsalva maneuver Now I especially like how he brought up the weight training Especially since it's often brought up as a better alternative to performing Sanchin Now I think we can all agree that weight training has its benefits But only if it's done correctly if you try to lift weights with bad form or improper technique You are increasing the risk of hurting yourself This is really no different than any other physical activity Especially in sports and martial arts in which we are put in our bodies through some demanding practices When you lift weights, you don't hold your breath You want proper controlled breathing the Valsalva maneuver has its uses But many extras such as dr. Glashing warned that it should not be used from a performing Sanchin We don't cork the pressure cooker because we don't want dinner all over the kitchen We don't do a Valsalva maneuver and weight training or karate because we don't want strokes aneurysms hernias hemorrhoids or blackouts So regardless of what martial art you are training or any physical regimen that you are taken apart in You always want to make sure that you fully understand the range of motions the proper technique and get instruction from a qualified Expert and this goes extra for those of you who are training on your own at home or through an online program We've covered that topic before but one of the greatest disadvantages to online or remote training Is that you do not have live instruction at the correct you so the lesson of Sanchin only highlights the risks involved in learning something without a certified Professional so I would love to hear from all of you gojiro practitioners watching I am extremely curious on what you can share on this will gojiro give you hemorrhoids or is this just a myth and Ascension completely safe has done correctly Thank you all so much for watching please subscribe and join us on patreon also I know a lot of us are training at home and on our own these days So I recommend watching the episode we did on training online martial arts So everybody please be careful, please be safe out there and try not to blow out any o-rings


Live from Silicon Valley, it's theCUBE. Covering Mobile World Congress 2017, brought to you by Intel. Okay, welcome back everyone to our special two days of coverage of Mobile World Congress 2017. I'm John Furrier here in the Palo Alto studios covering what's happening in Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain. Of course, this is our day two of wall-to-wall coverage, six 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. for two days. And of course, as we kick off our day two and get early morning here in California or mid-morning, they're ending the day in Barcelona and all the news is dropping. And again, it's continuing the theme of 5G, IoT, and the notion of these super demos, all the flair and glam around IoT, AI, and everything else. And on the phone right now in Barcelona, Spain, is our friend and analyst with the Futurum group, Scott Reinovich, who also be co-hosting with theCUBE at ONS Open Networking Summit, long-time industry analyst, guru in the space around mobile, certainly SDN and what's going on. Scott, welcome, and thanks for taking the time to call in from Barcelona. Thanks, John, great to be here. And also, I might add some color to one thing you said, so the day was winding down. Apparently in Barcelona, the day never ends. It goes all the way through. Well, the show is ending, but now the real action happens, all the hallway conversations at dinner, and certainly we know that you take a nap around this time and get ready to go out and burn the midnight oil till three in the morning. We have many stories in Barcelona, but let's get down to what's happened today in Barcelona. What's the big story? What are you seeing on the ground there? What's the vibe? Give us some insight into what's happening, the experiences you're having, and what's the big stories today coming out of Mobile World Congress. Yeah, sure, John. Well, as you know, there's a lot of hype about a lot of buzzwords, so you gotta throw all the buzzwords out there, IOT, 5G, self-driving cars, VR, AR, augmented reality. If you run through the halls, you see a lot of these gizmos and gadgets, and I would say the sea has shifted a lot every some years, as you know, a couple years ago, it was all about Samsung's new tablet or the latest phone, and now it's more about these kind of more advanced technologies. They're called interactive technologies that we're gonna see coming down the road the next few years. So the show has been very telco-oriented. Still, it really is a device and telco show, basically. The device guys had their moment in the sun on Saturday and Sunday, but Monday kicked off really the telco show, which is really about the telcos trying to figure out their future. Their core competency over the years has been how to provision subscribers and billing, and been trying to figure out the over-the-top, and now as you look at the software that's coming out with the 5G plus the end-to-end, some of the things happening at the network transformation area, there's some real action happening. I wanna just get your thoughts on, is this the time where we're starting to see the needle move on the progress of really bringing the kind of networks that are gonna power the cool technologies and promises of use cases, whether it's eSports up to driving cars that are essentially data centers, huge amount of data problems, huge amount of network reconfiguration. Is this the time where there's an inflection point? What's your thoughts? Yeah, that's a great point. You have the service providers for a number of years, it felt a little bit, I don't know what the word is, you're spurned by success. I mean, they created all this plumbing and they put this massive investment into LTE and broadband and really enabled all these applications, but there was more people like Apple and Netflix and Amazon that kind of stole the show by leveraging that bandwidth for these new services, cloud services, music services, of course, Netflix, the most popular internet service in the world. And so the service providers kind of feel like 5G is another opportunity that they don't wanna squander and so they're being very careful about how to position that, but to your point, they have realized that they absolutely need to virtualize their network because what's going to happen with 5G is you have this massive amount of bandwidth, but you need to slice it up into different, they call them actually network slices so that you can provide all these advanced services and that's where the service providers wanna figure out how they're gonna monetize that. So it's certainly a launch pad for the technology, the somewhat maligned technology known as NFV, network function virtualization, but I think that the pressure to get 5G out is going to accelerate their investment in NFV because they need that cloud platform to kind of serve up all these next generation services. Is the Telcos NFV efforts gonna make them more cloud ready in your mind? Is that the sentiment? Is it that they have to kind of do a lot of things right now and the question is, what are the use cases if they are cloud ready and they can get their act together, the network layer to power these apps that are gonna be running on 5G? So, you know. Yeah, yeah. I think so. I mean, they're progressing. AT&T makes periodic announcements that they've virtualized, whatever it is, 30 or 40% of the network and Verizon are from an interesting company, Radisys, which recently got a $70 million contract from Verizon to install NFV infrastructure. Now, that's not $70 million is a drop in the bucket in terms of capital spending, but for a small virtualization platform coming like Radisys, that's a pretty big move.  It's built based on the cloud web scale model where you snap in a bunch of servers and all the networking is virtualized and you can move things around in the cloud and they wanna take advantage of these services that can offer whether that's say a virtualized enterprise security service, you know, security service in the cloud where you go into the Verizon data center and you wear it out and then they have a cloud security model that will protect you or, you know, other, what we call virtual network functions of another hot area you've probably heard of is SD-WAN. There are a lot of SD-WAN services being rolled out and what is that?  You can kind of plug them into the cloud if you will and, you know, there's a bunch of hot companies in that area including, you know, Ariaka Networks, Fellow Cloud, Viptela, which are all mentioned as active kind of acquisition targets these days. So there's definitely still a lot of virtualization thought going on, but I will say it took the backseat to, this year it took the backseat to 5G and IoT. Yeah, great, great commentary. I got to say, I talked with Intel at an exclusive interview with Sandra Rivera from Intel, GM of the Communications Network Platforms Group and, you know, we were talking about the dynamics and I think the big IoT thing has been the autonomous vehicles, obviously smart cities is, you know, you got some surveillance, you get cameras and stuff in towns and cities and certainly the smart home, you can't, you can't move an inch in the industry without hearing about Echo and Google, you know, in the home kind of voice activated automation and then you got a media entertainer, you mentioned Netflix, you know, all these things are essentially coming back to, you know, rear its data center-like environment. I mean, this is like the data center meets consumer and we were commenting that the autonomous vehicle is essentially a data center on wheels and that, you know, there's going to be trade-offs between, you know, low latency, high bandwidth and true mobility. You know, cars are not going to be dictated by millimeter, you know, wave technology because, you know, they might have different frequencies so this brings up this diversity of network and so I want to get your thoughts on how you see the market evolving with the pressure for open source software. You know, you mentioned SD WAN, software-defined WAN, software-defined radio, software-defined networks, software-defined data center. The whole world is software-defined so the role of open standards both on open source software as well as open wireless, if you will, meaning not one vendor is going to own it. How do you grok that? How do you pull that picture together and how do you advise your clients on what this actually means for them and their impact? Yeah, that's a great question. Well, I mean, you kind of hit the nail on the head with your question because I spent much of the show looking at all of the, if you want to break it up into two buckets of things here, you talked about cloud enabling, so the infrastructure that builds the data center but as you pointed out, this is a service provider show so a lot of the discussions around connectivity standards of course and it's really amazing, John, it's amazing. You know, we can boil these things down into these neat little buzzwords, IOT and 5G, but just this today, you know, I talk to people about at least five different forms of IoT standards and of course 5G today is a super controversial topic, so let me just break those off one by one. So with IoT connectivity, you have something called LORATWAN, which is a open standard, an IETF open standard, and there's about 500 members signed under the LORATWAN Alliance, including Cisco and IBM and Schneider Electric, so that has a fair amount of momentum, it has certain characteristics, very low bandwidth, but not real time, so I'll just give you one example if you want a connected cow, John, they saw a connected cow, you know, and the idea is that you are running a massive ranch operation, you want to track your livestock, so you need a very low cost device that does that. That's an example, you also have so-called NBIOT, which Cisco is pushing pretty hard, narrowband IOT, is another standard that's gonna be used for IOT applications, you have the 3GEP, working on LPWAN, which is kind of like a 2G recycled for IOT, you know, the characteristics of IOT have to be really cheap, it has to be really low power, so you can't use LTE, right, so that's another one, and then you have a couple of hot private companies, SIGFox, which has over $100 million funding, it might even be hundreds of millions of dollars in funding based in France, and then a company called Engineer, which is spun out of the San Diego Qualcomm hotbed with a lot of really interesting IP, they have a technology called RPMA, so those two companies are building networks worldwide based on proprietary standards, they said, we're gonna build an IOT, a network, a radio network for IOT all over the world, but it's gonna be based on our proprietary technology because it works better, so that, I just gave you IOT, right, okay, and then you have 5G, which, you know, dozens of service providers all announced different things about that, and actually argued about, 5G doesn't exist, right, so you have Verizon rolling out a pre-standard 5G trial, and then you have something called 5G NR, New Radio, which is a multi-spectrum flavor of 5G that Qualcomm and Ericsson are fooling around with, and they have people like Nokia saying, whoa, whoa, whoa, slow down, we gotta, we can't push 5G before it's time, we don't want it to fragment, you know, we don't want it to just splinter all over the place and pull like an Android, so, I don't know, that was a mouthful, but if you... So what does it mean? To get the idea of how the buzzwords, when you unpack them, they get really complicated. Is it forking, is 5G essentially a land grab right now, or is this all part of the evolution in your mind, because it does seem that, you know, you need a catalyst, obviously Intel's taking a leadership position, they've done a deal with Nokia, you've seen some Ericsson announcement, but then you've got Qualcomm on the other side with Snapdragon, you know the competition between Intel and Qualcomm's at an all-time high, certainly on the handset side, but at the end of the day, the network is the key at this point, and so the question is, is 5G is gonna be broken down by the forking? It's not a land grab. It's a hyper. Because 5G will not exist for at least, you know, they won't be rolling it out till 2020, and I heard several people argue today that it's really 2021, but so you can't, it's not a land grab, it's actually exists, right? So it's all about positioning, you know, your marketing around it, but just to give you an example, one of the controversies today was just accelerating, should we accelerate 5G?  Well, Intel, Intel claims are gonna have 5G. Scott, Intel claims are gonna have 5G at the Winter Olympics in Korea. That is what they told me on the record. Not sure if that is a trial network, is that gonna be just a base station? Yeah, they'll have some form of 5G. I mean, what I'm trying to point out with all these things is when somebody said the buzzword, it doesn't mean one thing, right? It means like, yeah, it means like several things, and there will be, there will certainly be pre-standard 5G trials. I'm just saying right now, we don't even know what that is. We don't, nobody has even settled on what the spectrum is for 5G. You know, there's like been four different announcements about different spectrums, and then we have this 5G NR thing, which is a multi-spectrum technology. So it's really hard to say. I'd be shocked if anybody in Intel definitively knows what 5G looks like at this point. Well, certainly it begs the question for a follow-up conversation around what is 5G. Certainly people argue what that means in terms of bandwidth, but the question we had on theCUBE yesterday is what apps are even ready for a gigabit, and what does that mean? Is that fixed wireless? Is that true mobility? Is that latency versus bandwidth, et cetera, et cetera?  Honestly, I just want to see more bandwidth. I love connectivity, so. All right, Scott, thanks so much for taking the time. I've got to ask you a final question. You know, what's the best party so far in Barcelona? What's the best tapas you've had? What's the scene like in and around town? What's some of the buzz? Well, I haven't been to any big party, so I can say that I've also been to private dinners, but you know, the food is amazing, as you know, and so is the wine. So, you know, it's pretty hard to go wrong in Barcelona. It's probably like a foodies paradise, I would say. Yeah, it certainly is. When we were there last time, it was amazing. Great, great Gothic vibe. They're great little restaurants. Scott Reinovich here inside theCUBE, and you know, Scott, you got some new credentials here. You are still at Reino on Twitter, but you now have a new firm called Futurum, F-U-T-U-R-I-O-M. Research, congratulations. Futurium, yep. Futurium, so appreciate it, and thanks for taking the time, and I want to give you a shout out on the new gig, and you'll be hosting for theCUBE at the Open Networking Summit, ONS, coming up. Appreciate that, and thanks for calling in and sharing the insight, what's happening in Spain and Barcelona for Mobile World Congress. Thanks so much. Thanks, John, it's great. Thanks for having theCUBE cover this stuff. Great job. We'll be back with more after this short break. This is special two days coverage inside the Studios in Palo Alto live here in California, breaking down what's happened in Barcelona with all the news, the analysis.


Ok, so this is lecture 45, seems like a long course, never ending, course keeps on going. Ok, so we are looking at this model for hard ML decoding, right, the model that I introduced, ok looks like some lots of interesting activity going on there, it's ok. Ok, so the model we had is as follows. You have a message m k bits which you encode as before to get a code word C which is n bits and then instead of going through this exercise of converting to BPSK adding noise and anyway making hard decision symbol wise, you might have an equivalent model where this goes through a binary symmetric channel with probability of error P and this P you can compute from the AWGN model as Q of 1 basically. Ok, so you get a vector B which is once again n bits, ok. I asked you a question about the distribution for B, ok, so if you think about it you have to condition on C, ok. So, conditioned on C, B will be kind of a binomial around C, right, so it will be that kind of a distribution. So, vectors around C will get a certain weight according to that and then you have to add up all those conditioning. So, that's how the distribution will look, ok. So, think about that. So, B is, but B in particular can be any one of the 2 power n possibilities. There is no restriction or anything else, ok. So, this process we also modeled by an error vector which was n bits and this EI was actually the components of this vector E, say E sub i, it was 1 with probability P and 0 with probability 1 minus P, ok. So, that was the way in which we thought. Ok, so now then I claim hard ML decoder is going to output a C hat which is given by this very simple expression argument of minimum over C and C, ok. The code is C, the hamming distance between B and C, ok. So, out of all the received, from the received vector look at all the code words to find out the hamming distance. Pick that one which gave you, which was closest to you in hamming distance. If you have more than 1 once again, you can pick any one, doesn't matter, doesn't change probability. So, this is the ML rule as in it maximizes the or minimizes the probability of error, ok. So, in this setup, ok. So, it's the best, you can't do anything better than that, ok. So, but from an implementation point of view, this could be difficult as in you have no way of prioritizing C, you don't know which C to test first, right. So, instead of doing this, it might be interesting to find E, ok. So, it seems like an, seems like a pointless thing to do, right. Why am I interested in finding E instead of finding C, ok. So, but I gave you a brief explanation for why that may, but that might be beneficial because the distribution on C is anything but uniform, you know, which is most likely and then you know what is more likely. So, you know you can go and sequence. It's a little bit better if you look for E, ok. But if I find E, is that good enough? Have I actually done decoding? No. How do I find C cap from E cap? Yeah, that's all. You know which bits were wrong, right. So, you just go flip those bits, ok. So, the basic thing to keep in mind is instead of finding C cap, we can equivalently set C cap to be B plus E cap and try to find the most likely error, ok. So, try to find the most likely error vector. If you find the most likely error vector, then you XOR it with B element wise to get your most likely transmitted code word, ok. So, that's an equivalent way of doing it, ok. So, once you do this, things become slightly more simple, ok. So, first of all, let me write down, let me write down how this E hat would look, ok. So, what will be an equation for E hat? Ok, so first of all, ok. So, let me not do argument. So, what will I write an equation for E hat, ok, right. So, if you think about it. So, E hat will belong to what? Set of all. Some n bit vectors. So, that what? So, that what should happen? Yeah, B plus V has to be equal to belong to C, ok. So, even though it looks like E hat can be any one of the 2 power n possibilities, given that you received a B, it can be only one of how many possibilities? 2 power k, right, I mean it has to go back to C. So, you can't just add any old error vector you want, ok. So, out of these 2 power k candidate error vectors, which one will you pick? Pick the one with minimum weight, because that's the most likely error vector. So, that's the one we'll pick, ok. So, if you want me to write that carefully, this argument of minimum having weight of V this set, ok. Ok, I'm sorry. Minimum over V in this set weight of V, sorry. Just writing. So, V in this set, what do you minimize? Weight of V, ok. So, you look at all possible error vectors and then pick that one which gave you the least, that error vector of least weight, ok. So, in this form, this decoder becomes very nicely implementable and for the linear code, but specifically we can implement this in the decoder in this form very, very easily, ok. So, that that implementation is called the syndrome decoder, ok. Syndrome decoder for linear codes, ok. I'm going to do this by example for a specific code. The generalization will be very, very trivial. You can do it for any other code, just the same thing. There's no real difficulty, ok. So, the example I'm going to take is really, really simple. I'm going to take this, who I've been putting away. The I comes last, right, in H, ok. So, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, ok. So, this is a parity check matrix for what are the parameters of this code? N, K and D. What are N, K and D? Of a 6, 3, 3 code, ok. So, remember 6 is the block length. Actually, the number of rows of H is N minus K. So, you should remember that, but in this case, K and N minus K are the same. So, 6, 3, 3 is easy. So, 3 is minimum distance. You can find that also at least, ok. So, now what is my problem? Given that I receive B, I have to find that error vector which will be, which will be of least weight, ok. So, that's what I'm going to find. So, let's write this equation. So, you know, C hat is B plus E hat, ok. So, for a linear code, one can easily solve for the least weight E hat just by using the property that H times C transpose is 0. So, you look at H times C hat transpose. You'll get 0 which will be H times B transpose which will also be H times E hat transpose, ok. So, this set of all V that we had, the set of all error vectors that we had which is very general for a general code, for a linear code it becomes really, really simple, ok. What is this set? This set is exactly all those E hats which will solve this equation, ok. So, remember this can be computed, ok. It can be computed at the receiver, eminently computed at the receiver, right. B, you know, obviously you can compute H times B transpose and that vector is called the syndrome, ok. So, this is called the syndrome. Oh, sorry, sorry, sorry. I wrote this equation very, very wrongly. I am sorry. So, this will imply H B transpose equals H E transpose. I am sorry. This afternoon class always kills me, ok. So, this is equal to H B transpose plus H E cap transpose which will imply obviously H B transpose equals H E transpose. So, this is what I defined as the syndrome and usually it is denoted S, ok, syndrome S which is H times E hat transpose, ok. So, what will be the dimensions of S? 3 times 1, ok. So, it will be a column vector with 3, 3 rows, ok, 3 by 1, ok. So, this is S, ok. So, all the error vectors which are possible have to satisfy this equation and you know S at the receiver, ok. Only those vectors, 6-bit vectors which satisfy this equation are candidate error vectors for you, ok. Out of those candidate error vectors, you have to pick the minimum weight one. So, in fact, it is a linear algebra problem with the kind of a combinatorial twist, ok. The linear algebra is the solution of a linear equation, but you have to find that solution with least number of ones which is not really very clearly specified in linear algebra, right. So, that is what makes this problem more difficult and challenging, ok. So, you have to find that E hat which has least number of ones which will solve this equation, ok. So, let us take an example, ok. Let me stick on to this B here, ok. So, this is my H. Suppose my B is just pick a random guy 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, ok. Suppose this is my B, ok. What is S? Let me see. H times B transpose, 1, 0, 1, ok. So, that seems like the correct answer. I have to now solve for what? Looks like people are quickly finding the answer, but anyway. So, E 1 cap, E 2 cap, E 3 cap, E 4 cap, E 5 cap, E 6 cap. I have to find 6 variables using how many equations? Three equations. So, linear algebra will tell you that the answer is, it has to have three dimensions, ok. So, you think of a three-dimensional answer, but remember it is only a finite vector space. So, there will be only 2 power 3 answers, ok. So, there will be 8 solutions to this equation. It is a set of this system of equations, but which one do you want? I want that solution of minimum weight and the best way of doing this, ok. Once again is to start from the least possibilities and keep eliminating, ok. So, it will be best if the all 0 code words satisfied this equation. Then you know there is no problem, but clearly all 0 will not satisfy, ok. So, all 0 will not satisfy. So, all 0 is eliminated, ok. The next is weight 1 and you can quickly find that there is a weight 1 vector which will give you the answer, ok. So, you see E cap is 1, 0, 0, 0, 0. So, C cap is 0, 1, 0, 1, ok. So, that is syndrome decoding, ok. So, it is very simple, there is nothing in it, ok. So, that is how you do syndrome decoding. So, now you can repeat this for anything else you want, ok. But the problem comes when you do, when you go to larger k and n, ok. Suppose if your n minus k is say 100, right and n is 1000, you cannot do this very easily, ok. So, the numbers will blow up, ok. So, you might say I am starting from 0, the all ones how many weight 1 vectors are there of length n? n, just n. So, 1 plus n does not seem too bad, but then quickly it will go to n choose 2, n choose 3 so on for larger and larger error correcting larger number of errors, it will go to n choose 2, n choose 3 and that sum is fairly large, it grows exponentially in this, in n, ok. So, it is a fairly large, well, at least with a high polynomial degree n, can be very, very large, ok. So, that is the problem. Less than. Less than. So, larger things is it, yeah, you are right, but it depends on where you want to operate, right. So, if your bit error rate needs to be really, really small, then you might have to correct many more errors. So, it is question of how many errors you want to correct, you are right. If you do not want to correct more than 2 errors or if you know for sure more than 2 errors will not happen, yeah, you only incur a quadratic penalty in n, not more than that. So, it is a choice of how many errors you want to correct, ok. So, is this clear? So, hopefully you can repeat this for any other code, ok. So, simple code like this, if I give you a 4 by 7 code, you should be able to write down this equation and do it. So, it is really simple, ok. So, what people do to simplify things further is do something called a syndrome table, ok. So, you solve all these equations ahead of time, ok. And then you keep a table, so that when you get a received vector you compute the syndrome and from the syndrome you can quickly jump to the solution, ok. So, all these things are standard things that are done and if you are really interested in learning more about these things, the lecture notes, actually the lectures of error control coding are also available in my website, ok. All you have to do is go to my website and there will be video lectures link and click that and in the first few lectures I am sure we will cover this in much more detail than you then you will see, ok. So, but for this course this is enough, ok. So, you can correct errors with syndrome decoding. So, the question is how many errors can you correct, ok? How many errors can you correct, ok? So, it seems like a complicated question to ask, ok. So, the way to think about it is you can take a geometric view. Suppose I look at the space of all n bit vectors, ok. A lot of n bit vectors 2 power n of them. How many code words do I have? I have 2 power k code words, ok. So, these are like in two marks here, ok. Now, my error vector gets added on to the code word. So, though I am transmitting only these points I might get any point around it, ok. When more and more errors are made, suppose this is my transmitted code word, ok. When more and more errors are made I will go farther and farther away from my transmitted code word. When will I make an error? When will I decode erroneously? When so many errors have been added that I went closer to another code word, ok. Then I will say the other code word was transmitted. In that case that error vector was not correctable. I added so many errors so that I went from one code word to another code word, ok. So, now you know any two code words are separated at least by? Hamming. Dehamming distance. So, if only if you cross d by 2 roughly can you ever get closer to some other code word. So, if you draw a kind of spheres around each of these code words of radius say t and this t is floor of d minus 1 by 2. You need this d minus 1 by 2 to be precise about the adjustment, ok. So, it is d by 2 you have to be careful about d minus 1 by 2, ok. If you do that then these spheres will not intersect at all, ok. So, if I transmit a code word I will always lie inside this sphere which means I will always come back to the transmitted code word, ok. So, for any code with minimum distance t equals d minus 1 by 2 floor of that is correctable, ok. So, for instance if the minimum distance is 6, right, weight 3 error will not be correctable, right, 3 will take you exactly to the middle point and you have a 50 percent probability of either choosing one code word or the other code word and you can make an error. So, it is not correctable. So, that is deemed as not correctable. So, having an even minimum distance seems like a wasted thing. So, the odd minimum distance only gives you the error correcting capability, ok. So, that is a rough way of thinking about it. So, if you have a minimum distance of 5 you can correct 2 errors for sure, ok. So, this is with t, right, but see number of candidate code words errors you have to consider will be n choose t, right and so that will grow n part t. So, if t increases you pay upon normal penalty in complexity, ok. So, for instance there are codes called Reed-Solomon codes for which this t can become very large, ok. And then you have to come up with a very, very smart way of solving those syndrome equations, ok. So, people have come up with very smart ways of doing it. So, that is why Reed-Solomon codes are very popular. So, you can solve that equation without incurring any of that huge penalty. So, that is quite non-trivial. You can look at the error control codes if you are interested, ok. Alright. So, this is error correcting capability. So, once you know about error correcting capability you can find ultimately what in this course we are interested in what? Probability of error versus EBOR and not that is what I am interested in. So, once you know this error correcting capability N, K and D and you know the correcting capability you can quickly bound loosely the probability of block error at least very easily, ok. So, what will be probability of block error? Remember this P now is probability of block error. So far may not have done that, but in the coding case it is only probability of block error, ok. Because my one symbol is actually what n dimensional it is huge it is one block, ok. So, probability of error roughly can be written as what? Right. So, you have to have at least T plus 1 errors or larger. So, there is ways of writing it. So, if you worry about the constants and all that you have to write a binomial formula, right. Summation and choose K all these things you have to do, but I will say roughly it goes as what? P power what? Can I say roughly the leading factor will be P power T plus 1, ok. So, if you do all the simplifications there might be a constant, ok. Some constant C, but or the leading term will be P power T plus 1, ok, right.  But anyway if you simplify everything the leading term will be P power T plus 1, ok. So, if you have a error correcting capability T for your code, ok. So, this is for an NK decode. Remember with syndrome decoding with maximum likelihood decoding, ok. So, this is what it goes as. Now this can be written as some constant times Q 1 by sigma to the power T plus 1, ok. So, then you will have to compare this expression with the other expression you had and here you might need the exponential approximation that we had before. So, you see roughly you will have a D by 2 factor, ok. So, because T is D by 2. If you write Q as simply exponential, the numerator you will have a D by 2 around D by 2, ok. So, what do you think the penalty is for soft decoding, hard decoding was a soft decoding. In the soft decoding we did not have a D by 2, right. The gain was some KD by n. Here we seem to have a D by 2. So, roughly the figure of rule of thumb is you will pay a 3 dB penalty in your coding game. A 3 is fairly high, you really won't pay 3, maybe 2 to 3 dB you will pay if you do hard decision, instead of doing soft decision, ok. All right. So, that is a quick way of estimating. Of course, there are so many things that I have ignored here. So, because of that you it won't quite be 3 dB, it will be lesser than that, ok. Ok. So, that is all I want to say about block codes. And if you even if you didn't understand the techniques or did not pay too much attention, important thing to remember is codes give you coding gain and block codes give you coding gain roughly just KD by n in the with some approximations, ok. So, minimum distance is important, you want to have good minimum distance and rate also plays a role, ok. So, this is for block codes, ok. So, in the next 25 minutes or so, I am going to quickly run through an area, begin an area which is called convolutional codes, ok. So, it is slightly different from block codes, but it is also the same concept, ok. But it turns out convolutional codes are described slightly differently. Block codes we described using generator matrix, parity check matrix, syndrome decoder, etc., minimum distance and all that. For convolutional codes, we will do something slightly different in the description. We will use a trellis for the description. Because we are using the trellis, maximum likelihood soft decoding becomes very, very efficient and easy for convolutional codes, ok. Let me not say easy, efficiently implemented for convolutional codes. So, because of that convolutional codes are very, very popular even today. So, pretty much any system, wireless system you pick will always have a convolutional code, ok. So, that is the reason why they are really, really popular, ok. So, that is what we are going to start next. Hopefully, I will be able to finish it in this class, but even if I do not, maybe a little bit of spillover into Monday is not too bad, ok. So, for linear codes, when I introduced linear codes, I said the messages go out, the systematic linear codes. I basically said messages go out first and then you make parities, but we also have a non-systematic version where you keep doing parities, right. So, messages come in, you have k bits of message. Every bit that is sent out is a XOR of chosen subset of the message bits. You take pick a subset of message bits and keep doing it. But a complexity in this situation is for different code word bits, you might have to choose different subsets of the message bits and that is an thing that you have to store at the encoder, right. The encoder has to store the entire P part of the generator matrix at least, or the entire generator matrix in the general case, ok. So, you have to store all that and know what to XOR, ok. So, what people do in convolutional codes is, they kind of build a filter and then let it run at the encoder, ok. So, you build the filter as in there are D flip flops, you shift bits in and then you XOR something out. So, it becomes a linear time invariant system. So, if you had a certain subset of bits which you XORed for getting one output, what will be the next output? Just one delayed version, ok. So, for the encoder, it is really, really absolutely trivial, ok. Is there a question at the end? It is fully unaware of even me stopping and asking them something. I cannot disturb them any further, ok. So, that simplifies complexity a lot, ok. So, particularly in systems where you cannot afford any complexity in your encoding, you want to put a simple encoder which does not have too much memory and this and that. So, this kind of a simple D flip flop implementation becomes very, very popular, ok. So, what we are going to do for convolutional codes is only look at some simple examples, ok. So, and that is good enough. Most of the theory of convolutional codes is built around the simple examples and this very rich, very interesting theory, but we will just look at some examples, ok. So, this is what I am going to do. My message bits are coming in here, ok. So, imagine a stream of bits. Of course, it will be a block and you will start and stop at some time, but imagine a stream of bits coming in. So, maybe I index it as m sub k or some such thing, ok. So, you let it go through, say 2D flip flops. Here is an example, remember. 2D flip flops and you have two XORs here, ok. For the first one, maybe you pick, I mean, you can just do this arbitrarily, but I will just do, you pick these two and for the next one, you pick the new XOR, ok. So, you have one message sequence coming in and you put out two codeword sequences, ok. So, let me use some slightly different notation. This m is a little bit confusing. So, I will use u for the message sequence, ok. So, remember this is basically u of 1, ok. So, I will start with u of 0, u of 0, u of 1, so on, ok. The sequence of bits that are coming in, ok. The first output sequence, I will call it v1, ok. So, v1 and this is once again v1 of 1, v1 of 0, v1 of 1, so on, ok. The second output sequence, I will call v2, again v2 of 0, v2 of 1, so on, ok. So, this is how my encoder works, ok. So, if I have k message bits, how many output bits will I have produced? 2k, maybe a little bit more because of the filtering delay and the memory clearing and all that. So, maybe a little bit more than 2k, but roughly if k is very large, that extra is very, very small. So, k and 2k are quite ok, ok. So, roughly this is a rate half encoder, ok. And then you do what? You seem to be getting two sequences in parallel, but of course, you make them serial and then send it out over BPSK.  You get a vector r which you have to decode, ok. So, the only thing that changed was the way I did my, my, what, my encoding, ok. So, what will be the, after this first D flip flop, what will this be? So, if this is Un, ok, at the nth time instant, what will be the value after the first D flip flop? Un minus 1, the one after the second D flip flop, Un minus 2. So, you see V1n has a very, very simple expression. It will be Un plus Un minus 1 plus Un minus 2. Of course, this is modulo 2, ok. So, I am XORing the three of them, ok. So, what about V2n? It will be Un plus Un minus 2, ok. So, it is a very, very simple encoder. It is as simple as it gets. The only thing you need is two D flip flops, ok, which is really, really trivial, ok. So, you see why people who launch satellites, for instance, prefer to have convolutional codes in the satellite, ok. So, the encoding that it does is trivial, ok. And you can imagine a satellite, power is a, power and energy are very seriously constrained resources, ok. So, you have to get everything from the sun. You may or may not get anything, ok. So, this is how a convolutional encoder will look, ok. So, now the convolutional code is a little bit more complicated to define. So, I will not define it. I will simply say this is the convolutional encoder. So, now we have D flip flops. We can quickly do a finite state machine model for the encoder, ok. So, what will be your state? State will be 2 bits, u n minus 1 and u n minus 2. So, how many possible states will there be? Four states, ok. And one input bit and two output bits corresponding to each thing, ok. So, let me make a state diagram here. It is a small state diagram. It is very easy to do. 0 0, 1 0, 0 1, 1 1. You can quickly do several transitions. If you have 0 input, then it is going to be output 0 0. It is the same similar to what we did for the MLSD decoding, right. It is the same type of state diagram. If you get an input 1, what happens? You go to 1 0 and then the output is 1 1, ok. So, from 0 1, if you get an input 0, you come back here and the output is, remember this is my u n minus 1 and this is my u n minus 2. Output is 1 1, ok. And if you get a 1, you go to 1 0, output has to be 0 0, all right. So, if you have 1 0 and you get an input 0, you should go to 0 1. Input 0, you get 0 1, but the output is 1 0. Then if you have input 1, the output would be 0 1, ok. Now, if you have an input 0, it is going to go back to this guy right here. Output is going to be 0 1. Then if you get, looks really ugly, I think. I think you can draw this in a much better way. I think you should have put 1 0 here and 1 1 there anyway. So, 1 0, ok. So, that is my state diagram. Check this once again. I mean, you must have done enough state diagrams like this. So, this should not be anything new, but check it once again. It is very simple. I do a state diagram. So, is that a question? Is it ok? It is ok. So, actually I think it is better to put 1 0 down below and 1 1 on the right and then you will get a much neater picture. So, for some reason I put 1 0 there and picture became really ugly, ok. So, anyway it does not matter. So, you should be comfortable doing this. It is quite simple. There is no big deal here. So, remember what we have now. We have a state diagram description for the encoder. The only information that is missing in the state diagram description is a notion of time. So, how do you bring in the time? You convert it into a trellis diagram, ok. So, you know initially you might have started with all 0 state, right. You convert it into a trellis diagram, bring in the element of time, stage after stage. Whenever you complete, you might want to go back to the all 0 state and you should go back to the all 0 state by terminating, ok. And you push in enough 0s to terminate to go back to the all 0 states. So, you have a trellis description for your encoder. So, now what will happen? Your transmitted symbols which are on each branch of the trellis, ok. So, remember that. Next thing is you go from state diagram to trellis, ok. How will one stage of a trellis look? You have 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1. The next state once again will be 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1, ok. So, the transitions will be this way, ok. And you can put, you can fill out all this, all this thing here. It does not really matter. So, this is the stage of the trellis, ok. To each trellis stage, really each trellis stage I have associated a two bits of output codeword and one bit of an input message, ok. So, I have one message bit which is input and these two are output codeword bits, ok. Is that clear? So, I have suppose if I have u of 0 to u of say k minus 1 as inputs. This is the message. The codeword will be what?  I will convert each of these guys into bpsk symbols, send them through what? Send them through, send them through additive Gaussian noise and get a vector r. Suppose I have a vector r which is obtained from v, ok. How do I find v cap? The soft ML rule is to find do argument minimization over what, ok. Remember it is trellis now, ok. So, I can say all valid paths in the trellis correspond to a codeword. So, I will simply say minimum over trellis paths of what? I might put modulus r minus v squared, ok. But remember I can once again do the same trick as I did before. I can decompose this as a sum of several branch matrix and associate a branch metric to each branch and then run the witter b to do this problem. So, that is why soft ML decoding is very trivial for the convolutional course, ok. So, I do not want to do witter b again and even the branch matrix also are very, very simple, ok. So, it is just r minus v. So, corresponding to 00 if I received 1.1.8. So, what do you do? Simply do 1.1 minus 1 squared plus 0.8 minus 1 squared. You compute the branch matrix. So, branch matrix are very trivial to compute like same as what you did for the ML SDKs, ok. Once you compute that just run witter b you get the same, ok. So, soft ML decoding becomes implementable as a witter b algorithm, ok. So, this is a major, major, major selling point for convolutional course, ok. So, it is very difficult to come up with block codes where the soft ML decoding is implemented. There is another version called bitwise MAP decoder which is actually more popular today and that can be implemented for both convolutional as well as for block codes, ok. But the ML decoder is quite nasty, ok. So, it is very difficult to do it for block codes and for the, for convolutional codes it is, it is very simple, ok. So, people know how to do witter b, it is been beaten to death by all circuit designers. So, it is readily available today. Any chip you want you can put witter b into it without occupying too much space, well, some space, not too much space. So, people prefer to have witter b decoder. So, all your cell phones have a witter b decoder built, ok. So, it is a very, very popular code, it is out there everywhere. So, convolutional codes are used. So, you can pick up any wireless standard. So, it will have a very simple convolutional code as a mandatory requirement that has to be implemented by everyone who wants to implement the standard, ok. So, I showed you a very simple encoder which had just two states. So, typically this will be six. In today's implementations, convolutional codes people can do up to six states. Now, six, I don't know, memory, length of six d flip flops, ok, which means what? How many states? 64 states. So, 64, this is four state. Typically 64 state is done. The reason is today 64 state witter b is implementable these numbers. Tomorrow if 256 state witter b is implementable, what will happen? People will go to 256 states. Higher the number of states, better the performance will be, ok. So, that is the statement about convolutional codes, ok. They say they are really, really popular, ok. So, doing probability of error analysis is once again possible. So, you can imagine how probability of error analysis will be done. How did we do it for MLSD? Anyone remembers? So, you have to find the error events, right. So, you have to find the error events. So, you can do the same thing here. You have a trellis. Find the minimum weight error events, do Q of error event by 2 sigma, the metric of that error event by 2 sigma, you get a rough estimate, ok. So, that is the big picture level description for convolutional codes, ok. So, that is all I wanted to do for coding. And with that, this course officially comes to an end. But before that, let me just maybe show you some pictures which I probably have. I mean, I should have it. If I do not have it, it will be sad. So, let me see. Ok. So, this picture, I do not know if you can read the file name. Let me see. So, can you see it? How do I zoom here? Can you see? Ok. So, this is a picture of a simulation I did, BER versus EBO and not. Once again, you can see log scale. Maybe you cannot see the scale. This picture is a little bit bad. I think I did some JPEG compression. It became very bad, ok. So, this is in log scale and this is EBO and not in dB. This is for the Hamming code, ok. So, I have an uncoded curve which is the black curve. I do not know if you can say it is the black one. The green curve is the leftmost one which is soft ML decoding, ok. So, soft ML decoding for Hamming codes. How will I do it? I have to do 16 correlations. It is a little bit complicated. You can do it. And the red and the pink curve, which kind of intersects the other black curve is the hard decision decoder. So, you notice a lot of interesting things for the Hamming code. The hard decision decoder is bad for a while and then it becomes good when the when EBO and not becomes really, really large, ok. But the soft one, this is always better. It is way better and you get the gains based on this, ok. So, this is Hamming code. It should have, ok. So, this one is really a comparison of, ok. So, this is from a book, from a book by Johansson and Sri Gangirov. Some convolutional codes. So, it shows once again probability of error versus EBO and not. The uncoded BPSK curve is there. You can read uncoded BPSK. And the other curves are all performance curves for several other block codes. So, you say RS. RS is Reed Solomon, ok. 256 comma 192. That is NNK, ok. But it is NNK in bytes. It is not bits, ok. It is in bytes. So, 256 192 is the RS code, ok. And rate is 3 by 4 and that is the performance curve. So, 10 power minus 6, it hits at around 6 dB EBO and not. And then you have rate half Witter B M equals 6. So, M is the memory. So, if it is M equals 6, then it is a 64 state Witter B decoder. And you see its performance. Around 5 dB it hits 10 power minus 6. So, you see for a long time people thought it is difficult to go below this 5 dB, ok. For a long long time people thought it was very difficult to go and very recent not very recently. It has been nearly 15 years now. When people published a paper saying the turbo codes paper which went very very close to 0, everybody doubted their simulation. So, it was entering so deeply that people doubted the simulation and not the result. But today really 5 dB is not acceptable. You can go very very much lesser than that, ok. So, 5 dB is what Witter B gives you. It is a very simple thing, ok. The other three curves on the left are basically capacity curves. So, those tell you what is the maximum possible for different rates. So, you see for rate half approximately 0 dB you can achieve 10 power minus 6, ok. So, but there is a gap to be bridged and for that you need to know more advanced codes, ok. So, maybe I will show you something. Yeah, I think there is a rate half code. So, this is nasty, I did not want this picture. So, it looks like, ok. So, maybe I will just throw this paper at you, ok. So, this is the paper. There you go. That is the title, ok. So, 0.0045 dB of the Shannon limit. I hope they have the BER plot. That is the BER plot down here on the left. You can see it is BER once again in log scale like I told you. It will be over N naught in dB scale, ok. So, that is what is done. So, this is what you should do. Do not ask why, ok. And you see the Shannon limit curve is there and then you have a lot of lines. And those are actual points that are achieved by simulation, ok. So, less than 0.25 dB of eb over N naught you can achieve 10 power minus 6 BER today, ok. So, that is where coding stands today. So, coding can pretty much take you to a capacity today, ok. That is the story, ok. So, what do we do? All right. So, I think that is the logical end to the course and I do not want to do anything more and maybe we will stop here.


Good morning and welcome to CMC Markets on Friday the 2nd of August and this look at the week ahead beginning The 5th of August and it's been quite a week for global equity markets coming off the back of less than expected Dovish announcement from the Federal Reserve on Wednesday we've also had an escalation in China US trade by President Trump which was an extremely unexpected development if truth be told Given the fact that China and the US have only just sat back down to discuss their future trade relationship and this escalation by the president to implement 10% tariffs on the remaining 300 billion dollars of Chinese goods from September the 1st I think has really put the cat amongst the pigeons So to speak what it's done is it's prompted a sharp down move in equity markets Undermining, I think some of the expectation that the Fed could well ease monetary policy again in September That was always likely to be a little bit of an each-way bet in the aftermath of the press conference that we saw on Wednesday the 25 basis point rate cut was the least that was expected, but because of a slightly muddled message From Jerome Powell. I think there was a belief that maybe the Fed didn't want to pre-commit to a September rate cut And I think that more than anything prompted some of the volatility that we've seen since Wednesday and And the fact that the the president who still wants a weaker dollar and he still wants the Fed to cut an awful lot more May well have calculated That a further escalation in trade tensions might give him the rate cut that he so desires But the big question is at what cost? Because less well just over 12 months away from getting re-elected I think the last thing that the global economy and the US economy needs now is further potential for trade disruption that being said we are where we are and US markets have dropped sharply the FTSE 100 has rolled right over back below the lows that we saw in July and looks to be heading back towards this key trend line From the lows in December, which currently comes in round about 7300 area, so that's a very very big level there coming in around about these sorts of lows in June So going forward the potential for further declines is very much there. We're seeing Bond yields continue to fall the German 10 year bond is now close to minus 0.5% and The continued weakness in manufacturing data that we've seen over the course of the past few days Has prompted speculation that the ECB may well be compelled to Introduce further easing measures when it meets next month in September, of course whether that will be enough to Help support The economy in the euro area remains very much to be seen But certainly Mr. Trump's intervention over the course of the past 12 hours has really caught markets unawares and Has prompted a very very sharp sell-off in particular in the German DAX. We can see that very clearly here A big big fall below 12,000 if that is sustained then we could well see further gains back down Towards the lows that we saw at the beginning of June around about 11,700 The S&P 500 has also seen some very big falls over the course of the last Couple of days, but again, it's only broad as close to the 50-day moving average Which has in the past proved to be a very pivotal level when it comes to Switching around of market sentiment, but when you look at the S&P in the context of other global markets It is still lagging very much behind. It's still within touching distance of all-time highs so I think that could well be a key leader as We head into next week and that's before we even talk about the US payrolls report Which is due out later today and is expected to show that the US economy The labour market in particular is still in fairly rude health The big question is irrespective of how good or bad the payrolls numbers are will it be enough to help sponsor a rebound in US markets a good number would vindicate the Fed's Cautious stance with respect to its a policy announcement on Wednesday While a lousy number would cast doubt on it The big problem here is even with a good number the escalation by President Trump has muddied the waters With respect to the normal reaction function of the market So there's no guarantee a good number could be treated as a positive signal by the markets If investors perceive that it might push the Fed away from cutting rates sooner rather than later Bond markets appear to think That we are going to get lower rates going forward the US 10-year Treasury is pushed down towards 1.8% It's lowest levels since 2016 so it's clear quite clear what bond markets are thinking the big question is what effect it has on equity markets Anyway, let's have a look at the week ahead because the week ahead while it's likely to be dominated by interventions on Trade also has a number of fairly key announcements coming out notwithstanding the fact on the 5th of August Which is the Monday? We have global services PMI's and those are going to be important in the context of how weak Manufacturing is thus far. We've seen little evidence that the slowdown in manufacturing is weighing on the services side of the European and US economy the big concern is if that weakness in manufacturing Starts to trickle down into the services numbers. So I will be paying very close attention for any signs That the weakness that we've seen in manufacturing is starting to trickle down into Services and that could well change the medium term direction Particularly if there is evidence of a slowdown in services, even though They are still expected to continue to outperform We've also got second-quarter GDP from the UK on the 9th of August It's doubtful as to whether or not those numbers are going to be particularly instructive. We know they're going to be weak We've seen some very weak construction and manufacturing numbers in April and May We did see a little bit of a pickup in retail in June But I think at the best case scenario the likelihood is that they're probably going to come in flat at best And the pound is just above some very very key support levels from 2016 and 2017 the big big level that I'm targeting on cable is 1985 that coincides with the lows that we saw at the beginning of January Obviously, we also have the flash crash lows of October 2016 and that low there really depends on the bank or FX provider that you are currently trading with at the time various various People have it at one eighteen fifty one nineteen one nineteen fifty some a little bit lower But the big big level I think is around about one nineteen eighty one twenty the figure so certainly looking for evidence of a Potential base forming anywhere near that particular level if we break below that then I think really all bets are often You're looking at a potential for a move towards one ten And obviously the all-time lows back in 1985 which were around about 105 80, but we're a long way from that yet Also keeping an eye out for the Aussie dollar the Aussie dollars obviously weakened quite Considerably over the course of the past few days on the back of the fact that the dollar is stronger But also concerns about China the escalation in the US China trades back. That's broken below its tune lows quite significantly and Could well retest the flash crash lows that we saw at the beginning of January but a word of warning here Concerns about a slowdown in China are obviously weighing on the Aussie dollar given how closely the Australian economies fortunes are geared to the growth cycle there But let's not forget the RBA has already cut rates twice this year already once in June once in July now There is an expectation That perhaps we'll probably see another cut in August but I wouldn't bet the house on it We've already heard from RBA governor Philip Lowe that further easing was likely to have little effect Particularly if other central banks act in a similar fashion now that might Presuppose that the the RBA might decide to wait a bit We could so we could still see a rate cut, but that doesn't necessarily mean it's going to happen in august So the RBA rate meeting on the 6th of august They could spring a surprise Keep rates on hold and maybe delay a rate cut until a subsequent month in September or October And that could prompt a little bit of a short squeeze if they do surprise to the upside We've also got dollar canada payrolls or canadian canadian payrolls And we've seen the canadian dollar weakened quite significantly over the past few days Largely on the back of a stronger dollar, but also a weaker oil price We could we'll see a retest of that 133 area, which is the 200 day moving average But also coincides with these series of lows at the beginning of june between 130 250 and 133 So certainly keep an eye on that the canadian economy has seen a decent pickup In payrolls growth over the course of the past three months Unemployment has fallen to 5.4 percent A multi-year low wages have also started to pick up at the fastest rate since march 2018 And we've seen a recovery in consumer spending which augurs well in the context of the overall economy So I don't think the bank of canada is going to be in any rush to car interest rates even if the federal reserve does So that could actually limit the upside in the u.s Dollar against the canadian dollar in the short to medium term. So keep an eye on those key levels there also key other Other items to keep an eye out for hsbc's latest numbers for the first half I don't think we're going to get any Significant surprises here. The share price performance has been pretty unremarkable So I would expect this 640 680 range to remain intact irrespective of what numbers come out I think what will be particularly interesting is we have The latest second quarter numbers from lift and from uber Let's have a quick look at lift. We've seen a decent recovery In the wake of the sell-off that we saw post IPO and we've come back pretty much close to The IPO price range, but we've now started to roll over again. So we've seen a bit of a stabilization in lift shares But I think the big question is will the company show any evidence that its losses Are stabilizing and I think for the recent share price rally to be sustained There needs to be evidence that the company has stopped hemorrhaging cash so Have a quick, you know pay close attention to user numbers, but also pay close attention to The hemorrhaging of cash and it's really a similar story for uber as well In terms of its share price movement again We saw a significant sell-off in the aftermath of the IPO Since then we've slowly clawed that back, but once again we started to roll over So the business has continued to grow last year. It saw it reach 91 million users It generated 9.2 billion dollars from its taxi business Look at its food business uber eats that is also a fast-growing Part of the business it saw 149 rise in revenues Last year to 1.5 billion dollars, but that small bearing comparison to its taxi business But again here similar sort of story hemorrhaging cash Losses at three billion dollars last year and the company also laid off 400 people last month so I think there are concerns that the company will ever get close to making any sort of return For its shareholders expectations for uber are for a loss of two dollars 33 cents per share So that's it for the upcoming week. Keep an eye out on the various Numbers that I've highlighted in this video and thanks very much for listening. Michael Houston talking to you from CMC markets


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Hi, everybody. Joe for Jaspy's CaseRakes.com coming at you with 2021-22. Top's finest UEFA Champions League soccer. 4 box, half case, random team number two. Second half of that case that we popped over. Remember, we marked those with Xs, so you know that they're from the same case. Big thanks to this group for making it happen. Appreciate it. Those are the teams with some combos as well. Let's roll it and randomize it. Four to six, 10 times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and 10th and final time. After 10, we got Luis Las Palmodo spot on top. Andy in the 20th spot, four and a six, 10 times for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and 10th and final time. All right, we got Atalanta down to Manchester City. All right, Louis with Atalanta. Ryan with the Porto and Salzburg combo. Todd Redbull Leipzig, Brandon Wolfsburg, and Sevilla. Craig with Sporting Club Club de Portugal. Ryan with Juventus, Matthew with Real Madrid. Ryan with AC Milan and Paris Saint-Germain. Robert with Byron Munchen. Dano with Atletico Madrid. Stephen Kay with Barcelona. Louis with Ajax. Taylor with Chelsea. Matt Bruges-Dortman. Taylor, you got my club, Liverpool. Canard, Man United. Dennis with Inter Milan. Louis with Bruges and Lille, and Andy with Man City. All right, so let's alphabetize by club and we're gonna pause the video when we come back. We're gonna see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break, stick around, BRB. All right, welcome back, ladies and gentlemen. No deals were done, so the list officially printed out and ready to roll. Thanks everyone for making this happen. And remember, we marked those as the X's so we know that they are from the same case. There's two autographs per master box, one per mini box, Liverpool supporter. Very happy that the season has started and it's getting underway. We'll be some Champions League action in early September and then we've got a World Cup in the winter. I think it's gonna start around Thanksgiving time for us, which is kind of, it's unprecedented, so hopefully soccer will be on a lot of the minds of the people, the footy, which may be good for hashtag, good for the hobby. PSG apparently and talked with Man United's Marcus Rashford. Raheem Sterling saying lack of game time led to his exit, Man City. Nice, Harvey Elliott signing a new contract for Liverpool. I dig that. He might be the answer to, so he's spent some midfield injuries there. Got to lean on his growth rather quickly and he's making Liverpool miss Mane. Yeah, I think so too, but there are a lot of young goal scores on the team that could really step up. I was worried that they'd lose Mane and Salah, but I'm glad they got that deal done for Mohamed Salah. All right, we got a Oscar Mingusa for Barcelona, rookie card and everyone's favorite Sergio Ramos, 175. Rookie refractor for whatever it's worth. The Sergio Ramos will go to Ryan, the Oscar will go to Barcelona, that's gonna be for Stephen K. Not too familiar with that player, but it's a rookie and it's a refractor, so maybe he turns into a star. There's Sadio Mane right there, still in his Liverpool shirt. Frankie De Young refractor to Brunia and we've got Kareem Adyemi, 116 out of 199. And that is for Salzburg, that's gonna go to Ryan with a Porto and Salzburg combo, a nice lava parallel to 199. And our first autograph is gonna be for Barcelona. It's Clement Lenglet, that'll be for Stephen K. Bill Foden, Memphis to Pie, and we've got Oscar Mingusa again to 75. Rookie, that wave parallel that looks really sharp. Nice, another one for Stephen. This is possibly a future Liverpool target, Jude Bellingham. And we've got Junior Dina Abiman, Abi, Mb, Abim B, there we go, 85 out of 250 for Rookie, for PSG, that's gonna be for Ryan. And a rookie autograph is Eduard Michoud, midfielder for PSG, it's also for Ryan. And there's Eric Cantonot, nice, what a player he was. I don't know, I did have the checklist up at one point, but I closed that tab. He is, who does he play for, Andy? Yeah, X-Line wants to know what people wanna do after this. Well, legacy's coming up, that's gotta be coming up soon, right? There's only one team left on that. I would love to get that break credit promo done tonight. We can do both, we got time for both. Oh, he's on Man City, okay. So there you go, that's something for you to look forward to. Maybe some tier one, X-Line wants, Dano wants to see some tier one baseball. Gilo, who am I taking the Dodgers Royals game tonight? That's right, there'll be some Dodgers Royals this weekend. Well, if I'm a betting man, then it would probably make more sense to go with the underdog Royals, because I think the odds will be, will be too favoritiy to put anything on the Dodgers. All right, there's Christopher Scott, that's for Byron Munich. Rookie refractor, going to Robert. There's David Alava, 84 out of 99 for Real Madrid. That's goes to Matthew. And prized footballers insert for Brucia Dortmund, still Dortmund edition of Erlen Holland. And that will be for Matt. And Jordan Henderson, the captain, 48 out of 250. They are, that's why if you're betting, it probably makes more sense to go with the underdogs. Do I ever bet against the Dodgers? Almost always, almost always. Because they're usually, they're usually so heavy favorites that just value-izes, just doesn't make sense. There's Sven Bottmann for Lille. That'll be for Louis. Nico Gonzalez, four out of 125 for Barça. Yeah, the general rule of thumb when you're wagering on baseball is to, is almost always go underdog. Yeah, Erlen Holland is indeed with Man City. There's Tim Webb, the American, 148 out of 299 for Lille, Louis. Already opened his account, already scoring goals. Hey, there's a Cole Palmer for Andy and Man City, that's who he was looking for. And Sidney Raeberger, rookie auto for Leipzig. That's gonna be going to Todd. That's to 150. There's a rookie refractor also for Leipzig, same dude. That's what he's all about. It's Cole Palmer as well. All right, halfway through this half-case break. Next, I think it's pretty much gonna be a battle between Man City and Liverpool for the title of this year. That's what it's seeming, that's what it's looking like. What are the Premier League matches this weekend? Saturday, Aston Villa, Everton, Arsenal, Lester. Should say in the title, X-line. Let me know if it's not there. Oh, and a case, 24. So break 13 is four boxes from a fresh case. Brighton, Jovalbian, Newcastle, Man City, Bournemouth, Southampton, Leeds, Wolverampton, and Fulham. Brentford, Man United. So Liverpool must be playing on Sunday? No. Nottingham Forest, Westham, Chelsea, Tottenham. So Liverpool must be playing on Monday, Monday Night Football? That's Monday Night Football. Liverpool, Crystal Palace. Should be a W, right? I think maybe that full match, maybe woke him up a little bit. Is that right, Minnesota United took care of Everton? Sad times, the Blue Nose. All right, maybe future Liverpool midfielder, Jude Bellingham, maybe next summer. Zlatan, Gavi, Finest Futures Refractor for Barca. Stephen Kay, Mason Mount, 90 out of 99 for Chelsea. That'll be for Taylor. Christian Polisic. And the autograph is Buna Sarr for Bayern München. Bayern Munich, that's gonna be for Robert. We got that speckled Jules Kunde, 160 out of 175. And the autograph is for Barcelona. It's Marc Andre Terstegen, Stephen Kay. And that's for Sevilla, that's gonna go to Brenny. There's an Anthony Alanga for Man United, Canard with the rookie refractor. And then Paolo Davala for Juve, 237 out of 299 for Juventus that goes to Ryan. We got Nuno Mendez for PSG, Finest Futures Refractor. And we got Jamal Musiala, 240 out of 250 for Bayern Munich. Goes to Robert. And the autograph is for Real Madrid. That's gonna be Eduardo Camalvinga, nice. He's pretty good. Real Madrid, that is for Matthew, nice hit. I'm gonna center that a little bit better in the top row. I don't think Camalvinga is very old.  I believe he scored a goal against Liverpool in the Champions League final. But yeah, 19-year-old French international. Adam, what's up? Adam put 50 bucks on a Browns, Lions, Jags, Jets to make the Super Bowl. Well, only two of those teams could, oh, I see, I see. 50 on each. So if one of those teams make it to the Super Bowl, boom, millionaire. Good luck. I mean, remember, Bangles, Bangles only won what? Four or five games in 2021. Or not 2021, but you know, the season before 2020 and then went on to 2021 to go all the way to the Super Bowl. So it's possible. Right, if two of those four teams end up doing it, Adam would be pretty happy. Final box, good luck. Omar Richards for Bayern Munich and two S75s, Ven Buttman for Lille. It'll be for Louis and Lille. We got Hannibal, Hannibal the Cannibal. Futures rookie refractor for Man United, Canard. There's Matthias DeLitt, 14 out of 175 for Juventus. Ryan with that speckle, sparkle, speckle, parallel. Ooh, and an orange autograph. That is Nico Williams for Liverpool. Although I don't, is he still with it? I thought he got maybe a transfer. Yeah, he's currently with Nottingham Forest, but to still go to Liverpool, that'll be for Taylor. I don't think there was just enough room on the squad for this kid, but he's only 21. Could turn out to be a solid player. We got Armando Sieb for Bayern and Weston McKinney. Another one of our American stars. Place for Juventus, that's his club team. And that's gonna go to Ryan. And the last auto is Pierre Kallulu for AC Milan. That goes to Ryan who has AC Milan. And there you go, ladies and gentlemen. A nice four box break of Tops Finest to UEFA Champions League soccer in the books. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.