next heading condition for spontaneity, condition for spontaneity. The first one is energy, delta H. Okay condition for spontaneity the first one is energy, right on. Exothermic process, in exothermic process, in exothermic process the energy releases, energy releases and hence it is spontaneous. Okay, next line, same point, next I do this only. There are few processes which is endothermic in nature but is spontaneous. There are few processes which is endothermic in nature but is spontaneous. Exothermic is to clear that we are going towards less energy so stable and process takes place. There are few endothermic reactions which are process which are endothermic but is spontaneous. For example, you write down this reaction, conversion of this liquid into gas. Okay, conversion of liquid into gas, decomposition of CaCO3, right. It also requires energy and this dissociates into CaO sorry it is solid. This is also solid and this is gas, CaO2. But burning of fuel we just need an initiation. You want to see, you want to see, wait but I have burning of fuel. No, burning of fuel is just, which one, this one. No, in this also it is not required. Once, see actually when any reaction takes place, right, so in this room also we have oxygen and carbon but the reaction is not taking place, carbon plus CaO2, CaO2 form carbon. Because for any reaction we require some minimum amount of energy. That energy once you provide, it takes place. It goes on its own and that minimum energy is activation energy. Okay, this is for example like I said carbon and oxygen is present but this is what I am not reacting because the minimum amount of energy that is required is not here. When you provide that energy reaction takes place. No, that is not permission. Formation in that way we will discuss. Think I said this, you provide heat into it, it converts back into this. So point is this process, this process is a spontaneous, it is a spontaneous process and the factor is not because of energy, because we are providing energy into it. The factor is randomness. We define this process, why this process is spontaneous is because of randomness. So in the product side we have gaseous molecules which is more random, right. So what we say the entropy of this delta S is greater than 0. Entropy we will see what is entropy. For H2 also we have the same thing. Yes, more entropy, right. So process either goes towards the lesser energy state or more randomness, more entropi state. So why do you like delta S? Is it the enthalpy? Yeah, energy means the enthalpy, the energy which is associated with that process. But we said that enthalpy is energy only when x1 measures the constant. No, no, enthalpy is also the energy content of the, energy content of the system. The system, the energy associated with the system is the enthalpy of that system. So it is not that, see it is, see we write here as delta H, right. Like there are, delta H. It is the energy content of the system. Yeah, that energy which is associated with the system. We write a delta H enthalpy of the system but you can also consider as u. That is not internal energy. Okay, that is what we write here. So this process, this two process takes place because the entropy is increasing this side. Energy it is consuming, endothermic. But since the entropy is increasing, that is why this process is taking place, right. So the driving force for this process is entropy, not energy. Process takes place when we are going towards lesser energy state or more randomness, towards more randomness. Okay, then only it is possible, right. So now to understand this randomness, we have a term given and that we call it as entropy. So next you write down entropy. Entropy is represented by s. Just you need to know, more randomness, more entropy. So if I write down, if I compare the entropy of a gaseous system and entropy of a liquid system, which one will have more entropy? Gas, more randomness. Entropy of a liquid system and entropy of a solid system. Obviously liquid will have more entropy. Entropy of gas and again entropy of solid and entropy of gaseous. Right, so lesser intermolecular force, more randomness, more entropy. Okay, definition of this you write down. It is also a state function like internal energy and all. Okay, state function depends upon initial and final state, not the path followed. Okay, so write down. Entropy, it is a thermodynamic state quantity. It is a thermodynamic state quantity which gives us the idea about, which gives us the idea about the randomness or disorderness, randomness or disorderness, disorderness of the system. It is an extensive property, extensive property and depends upon initial and final state. Initial and final state. Right, so delta s will write entropy at final state minus entropy at the initial state. Unit of entropy is what? Unit, if you have any doubt you can compare with this. This formula you will memorize all the useful things. Delta g is to delta s, mass state, delta s. This energy, energy, this should also be energy, right? The whole t, del s term should also be energy. Delta s is what? Energy per this temperature, so it is joule per Kelvin. Okay, next you write down, next line. Mathematically it is defined as... Delta s is the heat content of the system per temperature. Delta h. No, delta h is randomness. How does it change? I will give you some more energy in a moment. So you write in more random state. That is random property. That's alright. See, it is the... See the physical significance of the time. It is the energy for unit temperature. So when you provide the energy to the system that will also change the temperature. Energy increases and increases. So the issue of that is nothing but that problem. It's very typical actually, probably if you try to define. Just one word if it's randomness or disorderness. That's why I have given this comparison. If the molecule has more tendency to move, it is in more random state. That's how we do it. Okay, so write down, mathematically it is defined as... It is defined as the terms involved in heat exchange. Mathematically it is defined as the integral of all the terms involved in heat exchange. That is Q in bracket you write down. Divided by the absolute temperature in reversible isothermal process. Okay, so delta S is defined by... Mathematically it is defined by dS is equals to dQ reversible. Divided by T at integral of this. Okay, this is the mathematical definition of this. So if you find out this, it becomes delta S, the change in entropy. Divided by 1 by T dQ, reversible isothermal process. Okay, now if energy absorbed by the system. It means Q reversible is positive or negative? Positive. Delta S has to be positive. By the system. It means Q is positive greater than 0. It means delta S is also positive. This means what? Entropy. Entropy increases. Delta has positive means entropy increases. If heat release or energy release by the system. Release by the system. So Q is what? Less than 0. Delta S is also less than 0. And hence entropy decreases. See, all that energy is involved in reversible process. It is nothing but Q reversible by T. For this expression if you solve this, you can write this also. You can write this. All kind of energy will add first and then divide by 1 by 2. Okay, fine, let it just be right for you. Okay, I know next. What do you mean by this? It is the heat exchange. It is possible. Then we can write delta S total change in entropy, total entropy is equals to the change in entropy of the system plus the change in entropy of surrounding. Okay. Total delta S is equals to delta S of the system plus delta S of the surrounding. If system receives energy, its entropy increases. Delta S will be positive. Delta S greater than 0. And for delta S of the system greater than 0 and delta S of surrounding less than 0. System receives energy, its entropy increases and surrounding entropy decreases. Delta S less than 0 for surrounding greater than 0 for system. Okay, make sure I write down. Delta S total always 0. Delta S total always 0. No, delta S total always greater than 0. It always increases. At equilibrium it is 0. At equilibrium it is 0. Entropy changes in isothermal reversible process. Entropy changes in isothermal reversible process. Write down into this. Suppose the system absorbs Q amount of heat. Suppose the system, write down here. If the system absorbs Q amount of heat, amount of heat, temperature T. So delta S of the system is what? It goes to plus Q by T. Isn't entropy increases? Right? And delta S of surrounding is what? Minus Q by T. Total entropy change is what? S of system plus delta S of surrounding. And that will be the total S delta S will be 0 in this system. So for reversible isothermal process, the total change in entropy is equals to 0. Reversible isothermal process. Reversible isothermal process delta S total is equals to 0. Similarly, in the process is reversible adiabatic. Since we have adiabatic process, so Q reversible is what? Zero. Adiabatic process we have? Q reversible is 0. So again delta S is what? Delta S of the system. Not that important. Next, write down entropy change in irreversible process. Suppose the system here is at temperature T1 and the surroundings, again we are assuming T1 is greater than T2. Two different temperature we have, so T1 is greater than T2. So system has at higher temperature, so this will lose energy, heat and the surrounding gains. So delta S of the system is what? Minus Q by T1. Can you write this? It loses Q amount of heat and surroundings gains Q amount of heat. It loses energy, so minus Q by T1. Why T1? Because it is a T1 temperature. Delta S of surroundings is what? Plus Q by T2. So what is the total entropy change? Delta S total will add this to it and that will be Q by T1. And that will be Q by T1 plus Q by T2. So this becomes Q. So what is the formula? See delta S formula is what? Mathematical definition is what entropy change. Q reversible by T. It means in reversible process whatever the change in heat we have, energy that divided by the absolute temperature. So all these are for reversible process. But this we are assuming for irreversible process. Similar kind of formula we have. Since it loses energy Q amount, so minus Q by T1. Heat releases by the system, minus negative. When this accepts the same amount of heat, it becomes Q by T2. So delta S total is this plus this. This two will add and we will get this. Now T1 minus T2 is what? Negative or positive? Positive because T1 greater than T2. So what we can say is this term is greater than zero. So delta S total is what? Delta S total is greater than. Even if you assume T2 greater than T1, then also you will get the same expression. Delta S total is greater than zero. If it is T2, then this loses heat. Right, so you will get the same expression here. So it does not matter that whether this temperature is high or this temperature is high. Right, what we can conclude here that in irreversible process, the delta S total always increases. Greater than zero, positive. So right after this, for irreversible process, entropy always increases. Entropy always increases. That's because H always increases. So that gives free energy can be less than 0. Can be less than 0. Can be less than 0. So in an isolated system, energy will increase. Entropy of the universe is actually increasing. But isolated system does not interact at all. There is no exchange of heat. So isolated system, if you see delta S, if you see it will be zero. In an isolated system. In an isolated system. There is no exchange of heat. But in an open system it depends. Open system it depends whether it is taking heat or releasing heat. Okay, isolated system is what? The boundary is completely isolated. It is not interacting with the surroundings. There is no heat exchange. So delta S should be zero in that. But you don't know whether it is interacting or not. When you say system is isolated, it means it is not interacting. Its boundary is isolated. So within the system, what if you had some... That's another case. If you are assuming that in the system there is some mixing of gases. Because of that mixing, that probably will increase. So condition if you put the conclusion will be different. Okay, if you have a system. Right, system, completely isolated system. Then this for this delta S will be zero. There is no increase in entropy. Provided that what? That we are considering within the system that there is no reaction. There is no mixing. Right, but when we have gaseous particles. And if it is mixing, then delta S will be greater than zero. Understood this? Okay, what I find? Understood. Okay, doubt. Okay, understood this? So when the system, within the system with gaseous are mixing. Then delta S greater than zero. If it is not for isolated system, then the change in entropy is always zero. Right, now there are like to calculate this entropy. We have certain formulas. Okay, that formula you have to directly apply. Just give me the formula. So write down the first thing. Calculation of entropy, write down. Calculation of entropy. First case, when temperature and volume are variable. D and V are variable. The formula of delta S is equals to. 2.303 N C V log of T2 by T1 N C V. N C V log of T2 by T1 plus 2.303 N R log of derivation you want derivation? Not right. Technically. We can derive it also. But that is not right. Okay. Let us see. N R log of V2 by V1. Okay, this is for temperature and volume variable. We will have the application directly. The question will be given. You can directly use the formula. Now the second case, if temperature and pressure are variable. This part will be same. Delta S is equals to 2.303 N C P. N C P log of T2 by T1 plus 2.303 N R log of T1 by P1. These two basic formula we have. All other formula you can derive from this. Right? Okay. These are two basic formula. Third one now you see from this two we can write down all the formulas. If the process is isothermal. For isothermal process what we can say? T1 is equals to T2. This term would not be there. This term would not be there. Right? Delta S is equals to this or this is equals to this. So formula will be delta S is equals to 2.303. N R log of T2 by P1. And similarly you see isonal process we know pressure volume in universal proportion. That also in terms of this you can write 2.303 N R T1 by T. For isomeric process. This is equal to right? Yes equal to this and equals to this. Both formula you can use depending upon what value is given. I am also very this term would not be there. Right? So this is equals to this. Delta S is equals to 2.303 N C P log of T2 by T1. In terms of volume what we can write? 2.303 N C P log of V2 by V1. Fourth one is isochoric delta S is equals to 2.303 N C V log of T2 by T1. For isobaric pressure constant this term will be 0. How will be only the second part of the first? We are not writing it down with the help of this formula we wrote this. Now the pressure isobaric so what we can write? T2 by T1 is equals to V2 by V1. So instead of T2 by T1 I just written V2 by V1 because of process isobaric. That is the same thing I did here also. So why can't we just write the first formula on V? So what is the difference in this? No this is... So basically that is what we are talking about. So that means this case 1 and that fourth one are the same thing. So the second point is in this case they will give you the temperature and volume both are variable. In that case either they will give you change in temperature or change in volume. They won't give both. If they give you both then you have to use this. Both then you will use this. Cp. But you can always find that out. Yes Cp by Cp. Are they both equal? No they both are equal. This we have plus here. This equals to this equals to this. That has a case 1. That has a case 4. No it won't be. When both are changing it is given in that question we will use this formula. When the temperature is changing Cp is given we will use that formula. Temperature is changing Cp is given we will use this formula. Like that. If mixing of gases are there in case of mixing of gases this equals to minus 2.303 are X1 and 2 log of X2 and so on. Right. N number of gas we have so all those will add. Well X is the mole fraction. X is the mole fraction and N is the number of moles. See actually like the derivation we do not have. But if you see this term 2.303 Nr log something right. If you see in walking also we get the same kind of expression. Right. So basically we can understand this part is the energy that is exchanged. Right. So if you have mixture of gases so this change will be there for all the gases. Total change will have because of that only the change in entropy will be there.  How fast or how slow the gases molecules and particles are moving. Right. So walk done is nothing but changing energy. So energy change means walk randomness will change. That is why the every energy change we are adding up. That is why we get this. Maybe because of that but derivation if you want I can give you. I have not done this derivation but we can think about that also. That is what it is a part of derivation. Why we are getting negative over there also in reversible isothermal expansion work done. We have got some negative top over there. Right. So this is the part of derivation that is why we are getting negative. If you want derivation I can give it to you. Next class I can give it to you. This negative thing we are getting because of derivation. But again derivation is not required you will get this question directly. We will see next class I will tell you the derivation. Okay.


Hi guys, it's Alex. I thought I would give you guys a juicy video because I've been so MIA and this is a video I've been wanting to make for a while now.  I know New York Fashion Week just ended or I have no idea it's still going on right now. So I thought it was the perfect time to make this video. Okay, so the story all starts out with an Instagram DM from a very nice girl named Kimberly. Now I'm saying her name because she had no idea that this was happening either. Like basically everyone working for this guy and his company had no idea this was going on. So we were all kind of like blindly led by this guy and the team was also kind of being blindly led by this guy. I have a lot of respect for her for putting up with this and having New York Fashion Week be like so crazy and she had to like deal with this. Anyway, it started out with this DM. I will put a screenshot of the message but it says, hey girl, I am the marketing and PR assistant for company based in blank and blank. My team and I noticed your beautiful style and we love to speak with you about an opportunity for you to be a blogger at New York Fashion Week this February. I thought I was like in a dream or something. Sorry for the lighting. I use natural lighting. We have a few spots left for bloggers to add to our clientele. Our goal as a firm is to handle all the work and allow you to focus on the styles and events of New York Fashion Week. Please email me at blank if this is something you'd be interested in. So obviously like I was in shock. I was like, oh my gosh this is crazy. My parents were like, oh this seems kind of fishy. I don't know. Check out the website. This could be a scam and I'm going to tell you something. All of the girls that were there, we were all kind of talking and we all thought this was a scam. The minute we got messages or emails or anything like that, we should have listened to our intuition but we didn't. So we all ended up at New York Fashion Week for this adventure. So our reply and I say Kimberly, thank you so much. I am very interested in learning more about this opportunity. I will send you an email with all of my contact information this evening. I thank you again, Alex. I sent her an email saying, hi Kimberly. I'm very excited about this opportunity and would love to learn more about it. I would enjoy being a blogger at New York Fashion Week in February. I am not like a clothes expert at all. I don't really shop a lot for clothes because I don't really want to spend the money on them. I really really want to change up my style but didn't know how I got picked for New York Fashion Week to be honest. So don't ask me in the comments. I don't know. This would be my primary email to reach me and my phone number is blank. So this is basically the time when we exchange emails. She wants to set up a phone call with me and the director of the firm of the company. Both of them like hyped it up so much and Sherry even said that they talked like millennials on the phone especially like the guy who is the director. I'm not going to put this one up because it's like a lot of text and it's kind of boring. She said thank you for getting back to me. She's obsessed with my style on Instagram which is good because I don't really have like a lot of outfits. I like shooting like the same outfits like every time. I'd like to formally invite you to be a part of the blogger lineup for our New York Fashion Week production this February. So this is like the official invitation and they had designers that they were working with that wanted us to like kind of promote them. It was just seems so legit. This is a key point and I'm going to read this because it was just really fishy. We are giving a $480 discount for bloggers who register by Friday November 14th. Also we can do payment plans where only a $500 deposit is required now and then the rest and smaller increments before February. So basically they were wanting to get me signed up and get my money. They were giving me this $480 discount and of course we wanted the discount right. So we only wanted to pay $720 and the blogger package. Let me read you what the blogger package contained. This included hotel okay. So our hotel was paid for hotel accommodation breakfast lunch registration for panel VIP access to New York Fashion Week show backstage pass hair and makeup car service to take you to different events which I thought was like a private driver and on the phone call with these people. They're like yeah you're gonna have like a private driver as like oh my gosh this is legit and um a little did I know. And then a swag bag and photos complimentary of the company air not included. So basically I had to pay for airfare which was fine. Then there was going to be a panel and okay here's the here's the key one. Hotel combinations will be at the Hilton located in New York Fashion District for four or three nights. Will be covered by the company. Each blogger will be attending a New York Fashion Week show and have the ability to cover the event. Get your taste buds ready for fusion of foods. So basically we were going to get cooked great food and breakfast and I think two meals were like supposed to be given to us I have no idea. Backstage access to like events um and like this showroom. So that was a blogger package okay. I know this video is long I'm sorry. Basically I just want to make sure the discount was going to be applied to me and they were like yes and then she sent me again with the blogger registration things that I just read to you in an email so there was even more proof that we're supposed to get all of this stuff. And then basically I just sent a screenshot of my payment to the company. That was the first or deal with like getting registered and everything like that. So then we didn't hear anything for a while and my parents and I were like okay well if this is a total scam we're just gonna be out like $500 which is a lot I totally understand but this just seemed like a really good opportunity. So we're like might as well take a risk. We didn't hear anything for a long long time but then this lady at Candace sent me an email and it was pretty much just the same thing that Kimberly did. Candace was the in-house accountant for the company and it was just like really weird because she sent me like the same email with like the blogger package what it included then she sent me this invoice. It was just kind of crazy because we had just talked about a $480 discount. I replied back to this email saying hey Candace from my understanding when I spoke with Kimberly and the guy I would get the $480 discount please send me a revised invoice because this is crazy like we made such a big deal that we were going to get a discount and it needed to be changed. She didn't respond like hello lady this is dealing with money you kind of need to respond. Turns out she like quit or whatever so it was just like really weird. I got like one more email from her saying that she corrected it and basically we were waiting for a revised invoice before we were going to put any more money into this. I kept getting emails like about updates and blah blah blah but I'm like my invoice hasn't been changed yet I'm not doing anything until that invoice has changed. So I felt so bad because I kept messaging Kimberly saying like hey have you talked to Candace like hey we need to get this changed. We had to fill out this form about like travel information which airport we were flying into do we need a king size bed or two queen size or two full kind of just like about the hotel.  Then I emailed all of these questions to Kimberly and she answers them and everything and she says that she will like speak to Candace. Also was bringing Spencer so I was asking her about guest accommodations. I also wanted to go to my cousin's show so those are like things that I was asking Kimberly about. Finally Candace recends an email and she says hi Alex please see revised attached invoice because I sent Kimberly something and then copied Candace and I was like hi Kimberly I just wanted to follow up with you on the corrected invoice. I am able to pay once I have it I would like to book my flight soon. We still had not booked flights because my invoice hadn't been changed. The email that I got from Candace was on December 15th of 2018. The first email from Candace was 111818 and it took her a month to get my invoice corrected. That is crazy and it was just getting really really weird and stuff. They kept sending like blogger information in the package. They kept saying that they were going to send individual schedules. We never got an individual schedule until we got to the hotel. We got these little folders with like pieces of paper with our schedule on it but that changed so they needed to like give us another one. It was just so weird guys. They told us the designers that were going to be there. They paired me up with a swimsuit designer and apparently they never came because I was like well where's my designer that I'm going to like be working with or something. Not there. They changed the designer I was going to work with right at the last minute to the swimsuit person. I was originally supposed to work with another person that was like into more fall attire but they changed that right at the last minute. We didn't end up working or having a photo shoot with like any of the designers. We had like this one poor photographer guy was there and he was taking pictures so I got like three or four pictures but he didn't even get paid by the company and apparently he was supposed to so we did get photos but he was kind of the photographer guy was even kind of scammed but we did not have like a session with the designer like you would think of. So because of the weather they were making more changes and guys this is like getting closer and closer to the event. Also they were sending us to other shows in New York City which was awesome. I did get to attend one like legit show so that was a very very cool experience and I'm very grateful for that but they were adding additional events so that was a plus for me. Some people did not even get to go to a single show until we like complained and everything and surrounded the owner and was like this is nothing what we expected and we would like our money back. He then got the people that didn't get to go to shows into shows so that was a plus but we had to like stand our ground with that. So there was this event that was supposed to be called industry night. They would be hosting presentations at the hotel from different people. It was supposed to be like with drinks and probably like some hors d'oeuvres from like the fancy chef that was supposed to be there. Yeah that did not happen whatsoever. It was supposed to be like probably a banquet type or deal with like presentations and stuff. Never really happened. The chef that was like cooking on the food was related to the guy that was like in charge of all this and ran the PR firm. It was just like kind of crazy like I don't know how they got away with this. I also remember I got an email for an additional show but the show had already been like over. The girl sent it to me like way after the event and I'm like hey this is like and she was like oh that's the wrong event. So bottom line it was very unorganized and everything. I made a whole like kind of blog post style on Instagram so if you haven't seen that I will link the Instagram post down below. I'm going to read my post so it's kind of like a video slash story time. I don't remember all of the details since it has been quite a while since this took place. So I'm just going to read this and if I remember anything I will add it in this video. Basically I want to say some positive stuff so in this post I include before I say anything negative. Let me just say I had an amazing time. It was my boyfriend's first time in New York City. I met such amazing people and experienced a ton of things. I truly felt like an adult. So we got there around 10 a.m. and explored. It was check-in time and then we went to meet and greet and that's when I met some amazing bloggers. The second day was okay but kind of unorganized. We had a panel and listened to a bunch of people in a lot of different industries. The girls and I started noticing things were not going the way we thought they were and were promised. The company we went with said we would have private drivers go to tons of shows and work with a designer. Yeah they like built this up like we were going to be so busy. We were not that busy and we just wanted to explore New York so I guess it worked out in the end but we didn't get anything that they like said we would. They kept bugging us for our measurements and nothing was done with them when we got there. The third day was kind of a mess but for me I got to attend a show that was super legit. In the midst of all this all the girls and I were clueless about what was going to happen next and at what time. We were constantly asking so what is this like when do we go? We had no idea like what was going on half the time. Apparently the scheduling person messed up or something. The one good thing was the show I got to attend. The fourth night was the worst. All the girls and I confronted the director about these complaints and he said he would take care of everything. We're still waiting for him to take care of everything. I don't think everything was going to be taken care of. I had to like file complaints with my bank and everything. The only thing I got back was from my bank. My $720 and I did get the $500 back. I didn't get reimbursed or anything for the hotel because the hotel everyone got charged. So the night we confronted the director was industry night which was probably the most lame thing ever. I haven't been to many parties to compare to but just watch the video. If you want to see the video I will put it on the screen right now. It was a very short little clip. Still to this day the director hasn't done much. The girls and I had to contact our banks to get refunds. For the grand finale the company was supposed to pay for our hotel like I mentioned previously. The hotel accommodation was part of the blogger package we all paid for. All of the bloggers paid something different. The company's credit card was declined and all of us got charged with $800 plus hotel bills. Hilton wasn't super helpful to be honest but they were somewhat sympathetic. Still to this day I'm waiting for Chase to help me get this huge charge off my credit card and that my friend was my New York fashion week story. PS the director did not pay his employees. The employees weren't paid and at the end of this like the director guy he like took off man. He was gone. He knew he was in trouble and messed up and just left the scene and then an additional comment I added to this. I have been refunded the amount I paid the company from contacting my bank and PayPal which is really good. Just waiting to get the dispute I filed with Chase from the Hilton hotel bill. Okay two more things I wanted to quickly add. During the show that the PR company was putting on we were all supposed to get our hair and makeup done. Some of us only got makeup done. Some of us only got hair done. Some of us only got our eyes done like myself but I also got my hair done. Another thing I wanted to add was the food. All of the models ate all the food so during this like conference day there is nothing left except for like avocado toast and like a little fruit parfait thing. It was so not well done and they weren't organized enough to like say hey we need more food so like go out and make more or whatever. So they probably like didn't budget for that or anything. So we were like starving one of the days. We met up with my aunt and cousin. We were like we need food because like we hadn't eaten like all day so yeah. Also industry night we were supposed to get complimentary drinks afterwards from a bar that never happened because industry night sucked. That was kind of my summary of New York Fashion Week. I know by the vlogs it didn't really seem like this was all happening. I tried to keep them really positive because I was in a great city. I just wanted to tell my story here and it's been a while and I just want to warn you guys be very very very careful and if he even looks legit talk to someone who's worked with them before. You never know if this guy's gonna strike again and I just realized that his Instagram page for the company and stuff is back up and running. So I'm like hoping he doesn't do this to any other people out there. Also I just wanted to add the private driver. It wasn't for us individually. It was a van so he could take all the girls to like the showroom which is like a crammed up space half of a little New York store. If you guys have any other questions for me about this experience leave them in the comments down below. I hope you guys enjoyed this video. I know it was a long one. Make sure to give this video a thumbs up. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and I'll see you guys in my next video. Bye guys!


and welcome everybody to this early afternoon session, always seems funny saying that before I've eaten lunch, which is titled the art of placemaking for online learning. And we have two speakers or leaders for the session today, both from the University College of Estate Management. We have Kate Lindsay and James Ritzen, and there will be a little interactive segment that they're going to include this morning, but do add your questions and comments into the comments section as we go along. Over to you Kate and James. Thank you Helen, and thank you to everyone who is attending our session today. Over the next 20 minutes or so we are going to have a conversation about placemaking and the parallels and differences between doing that online and physically in a space such as an urban setting. Now this is the type of conversation that myself and James have as we work together to design and develop and teach fully online courses. I am ahead of digital education with a focus on digital pedagogy and learning design, and Dr. James Ritzen is a program leader in building surveying with a specialism in old buildings and sustainable development. We work for the University College of Estate Management or UCIM, whose core purpose is to provide accessible, relevant and cost effective post-grad and undergrad degree and apprenticeship programs, enabling students to enhance careers, increase professionalism, and contribute to a better built environment, in particular the journey towards net zero. Now there is a slight irony, whilst our subject area is the physical world, our programs or study are run entirely online, and this is in response to who our students are and the high degree of flexibility that they require to participate in higher education. At any one time we have more than 4,200 students studying on our programs from around the world with us, 96% of our students study part-time and 68% of our students are in employment, many are in full-time employment, and 94% of our students are mature students in the average age of 30. When I joined UCIM nearly three years ago it was quickly apparent how similar the terminology of learning design and making courses was to that of making buildings. You begin with a vision of how you want a course to be, this may be a complete new build, a remodel, or a retrofit of course components, bringing in new materials, technologies and designs to address changing requirements of the users. In our production cycle we have a design phase, a development phase, a build phase, and put scaffolding in place to support our students' journey. We make the best use of technologies to enable the best experience, we provide options of fixtures and fittings such as a variety of ways to provide feedback or to discuss and exchange and collaborate, and every module we make has a running snag list of things to fix or enhance. Our learning designs, VLE sites, curriculum are all developed to meet quality standards and regulations. We create great online architecture. So why do so many students who study online find it so challenging and isolating, even when we are developing to the highest quality standards? What is it that can turn our spaces into places and drive that emotional connection and sense of community? I'm going to invite James to come into this conversation now and tell us a bit about what placemaking actually is. Thank you Kate. Now architects have always been great at creating buildings, but the common criticism is they're not great at creating spaces. The spaces in between the buildings are key to creating the sense of place, a sense of belonging, the genus loci of an area. These spaces, or sometimes referred to as even voids on a map, may be the most difficult to quantify, but they actually matter the most, the streetscape, the urban square, the parkland, they are actually how we get from building to building, they are actually how we inhabit a city. So actually they matter the most when people want to gather and build and experience a community and there are steps available to help us develop that sense of place. Now here there are lots of different principles available on placemaking, these aren't the set ones, but I think these are the ones that actually have the most applicability to what we are using today. Now they are the American standards for placemaking and the first principle is that the community is the expert. Now this is something that takes a lot of difficulty for a lot of people to actually get their head around. They may think that they want to teach something that way, but if your students or something is doing that then actually they are the expert and it's exactly the same when we're dealing with an urban landscape. So we can as urban designers and areas that I deal with, particularly with the historic environment, we can put in new urban squares. If people want to make the most direct route through a space then they will do and if that means creating their own pathways through your lovely garden then they will do. So actually it's really important to understand that the community is the leader in this process. You're creating a space not a design and I think that is a really important one. You can have frameworks and you can have templates to work to, but you have to deal with each individual area as a unique entity and that means that you may have to break some of the rules or take some of the principles out that you want to do so you may want to have a barrier-free environment, but obviously that's not particularly applicable if you're designing a playground near a busy road. So again it's about creating the space and to be flexible about it. The third one and one that I totally agree with and in sense totally embrace and particularly in what we're talking about today, you can't do it alone. It is a collaborative event. It is not something where an architect will sit down at a drawing board and dictate a design. It's something that you have to do with the community, you have to do with experts, you have to work together to achieve. They will always say on principle four it can't be done or it's not worth doing or anything of the same. Negativity will be there from the start in place making, but it can. Okay we're going to show you how you can do it online and I've been involved in it in the physical world as well where we've been creating spaces where I said oh what's the point okay there's no advantage in doing that and the impact has been huge. When you start the process you can learn a lot just by observing. Okay actually understanding the space is absolutely key. In my topic when I'm dealing with sustainability the first thing I do is accurately record the spaces I'm working in. Okay you need to know where you're working, you need to observe, you need to know what people are doing, how they're doing it and why they're doing it. That is what is so important and that can help you develop a vision of what the space or the place you're trying to create is and from that you develop a form that supports the function of what you're trying to develop. Okay that is absolutely key to what you are doing.  Okay a place will not work if its function does not work and eight is probably one of the most important things you can do to triangulate a space. Okay a very simple typical example of this you may install a coffee shop and then you may want to think about some seating so people can enjoy a coffee but then you must think about things like a litter bin, a table and other things that they would want to do and that triangulation of space is really important. What multiple things do you need for that space to succeed? Okay because if you don't have the litter bin the serviettes and disposable cups will be left on the floor okay and the litter will grow and the place will look scrubby and people won't come so that triangulation and purpose is really really key to place making. Now the ninth one is one that we often hear about and we hear about it many different terms and you will see it so you often say start with the low hanging fruit or the easy wins. Chicago where we've taken this principles from use the vision start with flowers okay start by easy wins to brighten up the place to make it place more inviting that's what you're trying to do and sometimes just cosmetic changes can make a huge difference. The amount of times I've been working with urban designs and a simple clean up tidy up cutting the grass impact that has on the space is huge and particularly things like the cleaning and tidying the removing of graffiti or actually the highlighting or celebrating of the graffiti can be have a huge impact okay nobody wants to be in a space that looks grubby dangerous badly lit and so forth so start with the easy things first and following on from that money is rarely the issue. Jamie Lerner one of the great urban designers in in South America would always say give me a budget and I'll take a zero off it and see what I can do with it and he would often end up creating these amazing and wonderful spaces that will totally change and regenerate an entire neighborhood okay so it's actually how we use the money which is the key and 11 you are never finished and that goes with the first principles there you develop a vision that you observe you the community is the expert and as as from that our communities change our environments change our needs change and never more so in the last 18 to 24 months have our requirements in the urban environment changed so much so it is a constantly evolving thing and that is how we start creating successful places thank you Kate. Okay so in terms of how we design online I'm going to address the first six of those placement king principles in one chunk now as a sector over the past coming up to two years we have heard many negative statements on the quality of online education although I would argue that much of what we have had to do as emergency remote teaching is not what we would do if we had the time and the resource to create digital first online learning experiences everybody did their very best they did more than their very best but it was never going to be good enough especially for those who did not choose to learn or to teach online online learning though is an excellent way to learn and it works every one of our students who is with us every one of the students who are with other online providers such as the OU are testament to that they achieve their goals and their dreams and our student satisfaction schools are excellent many of our students study with us because traditional routes to higher education are just not suitable and are not available to them we're providing education to students who are time poor goal orientated and for many to be blunt want to get in work to their own timetable get their assessment done and get out providing the level of flexibility that our students needs create instant challenges in terms of place making our high flex challenge being a fully online institution is not the battle of online physical it is giving students opportunities to engage synchronously asynchronously or not at all with other people many want direct pathways through rather than to loiter in spaces but at the same time there is still this need and desire to develop a sense of community and we know that students will build their skills better if they learn together those coffee shop moments aren't going to look the same online for our students and for similar reasons it is challenging to engage students in the process of course design or enhancement as it is on top of what they're already doing which is often working full-time caring for dependents and also studying our approach at UCM is to ensure that we bring together everyone who has touch points with students and expertise in digital pedagogy into the design of our modules academic staff academic support tutors learning designers developers librarians accessibility and well-being officers if students are available to work with us we really do embrace that and we bring them in but it is challenging as I said so we do a lot of observing and we continually adapt our provision from what we learn via patterns and student data and engagement now module KPIs and learning analytics play a part in that but also weekly student feedback on modules end of module evaluations we have student reps who work with us and gather feedback from their communities and we also do things like designing learning activities into the curriculum which actually enable us to learn more about our students for instance engaging them in discussion about what digital technologies they use and how they do it and sharing that with us so we can learn more about adapting our provision for them and our students do not have to do it alone whilst we have a core educational model for curriculum design it is the design and provision of care the services the support the scaffolding enabling retakes resubmissions interruptions of studies all these things that enable our students to progress these are just as important and just as resource-intensive as making and delivering courses so actually if you look at the initial storyboard for one of our modules in the top left here you can see it actually looks quite like an urban plan each block or say a building contains rooms which are learning activities assessments resources the principle of triangulation is incredibly important to our students and one that we have implemented across our provision online it translates to seamless navigation sequence steps consistent student instructions and ensuring that students have access to everything they need right there as well as adding an elements of tangibility that we so often miss online indicators on how long something will take to do how long something will take to read when you can't hold the actual physical book in your hands you need other indicators for this how long something will take to watch and signpost to support services but it is the places in between that are the tricky bits to circumnavinate that third space what are the plaza plazas the avenues and sidewalks of online learning where community can come together to share to exchange to make rather than leave these open for interpretation we do take an approach of designing in more directed and structured spaces small gaps each week where students can share and discuss tying this closely to the assignment encourages greater partition for our goal orientated students to create that learning community one approach we took with our digital technologies module was to make engagement in community spaces such as tablets and forums and special webinar events part of the module assessment we know our students are goal orientated they want to get their assessments so to encourage them to engage in the community and develop their skills that way we made that engagement part of the assessment and we asked them to provide examples of how they demonstrated digital literacies in that final assessment so many students really like this because they were learning as they went along and they could just screenshot their engagements and submit those as part of their assignments at the end is quite easy marks and this was very enthusiastically by many but actually those who wanted to do the bare minimum and wanted the choice of not having the time to engage with other people it was not a positive experience and finding the balance between that community and flexibility is something that we are going to be reworking for a long time I think and trying to get right um James I've put an example of one of your modules on here as well the analysis and adaptation of buildings at level seven can you just talk about how you about community around the assignment and that yeah so here the students were asked to write a journal article about a particular building particularly about its history and the challenges it faces in the future so very early on we've asked them to go and choose a building and here we asked them to upload a photograph and we asked them to upload their best photograph and then they were asked to comment on each other's images and then at the end of the week we actually gave them 10 days after the activity was given we actually had a professional photographer came in and he went through the photographs gave feedback and told them how they can improve it so that the students could then go back either take the photographs improve them edit them and so forth and it gave them that kind of experience that you would have if you were working for a publisher they were saying maybe the photograph would be better um you know or might be a wider photograph you might need a wider scan or something like that and it was actually a really and we did this through and the students really enjoyed it and then we gave the um the photographer chose the best marks and the lead tutor chose that sorry the best photograph the lead tutor chose the best photograph and i and module leader chose the best first photograph and they all received online badges so it was this kind of very collaborative way and the students really enjoyed that as well as it being a learning experience it felt that they were part of a process leading towards that assignment. Thanks Jane yeah we've got a few minutes left before the Q&A so what we'd like to do really is to gather your ideas a link to a mural board has just been posted in the comments section thank you very much um and we'd like you to go here and have a think and share some ideas i'll just get a picture up on the screen i won't share the mural screen because that just always makes everything too complicated when people are looking at it and at the same time okay so the image you would see is an urban space and this is going to represent our digital course look at the features what would they represent online are they things that you that would support place making or not what could you put here to make it more appealing let's start with the flowers what can we add there to make it a better space to be we have really little time today but we do want to capture some of your thoughts maybe some things worked over emergency remote teaching that you saw that you think could start creating these spaces in between for us um and if we can just spend a few minutes on this mural board i'll play some plinky clonky music in the background just as it's in the mood let's hope it'll work have two minutes on this please everyone keep annotating that but i'm aware that we just have a few minutes for questions now i think um is that right emma yes that's right yes um would you like to start the questions i'll add in yeah yeah let's let's we do have a final slide but i think questions are always better hi um so we've had a couple of questions that have come through in the comments emma perhaps can put these up on the screen for us so first from alison christie and she's asking how does placemaker differ from sticky campus if you know what sticky campus means yeah i think um we have so placemaking is we have students who spend a lot of time on on our v le and on our courses um they enjoy the learning activities they diligently read watch participate on their own in those but they don't still don't necessarily feel sense community as part of that so i think placemaking is very much about having an emotional attachment and a sense of community where sticky campus i think that it depends i define it there are elements of that i think there are elements of emotional attachment to sticky campus but in my mind i've seen to these the sticky campus is someone who's on campus a lot to do various tasks you don't have to be so resident emotionally there thank you kate um and next question is from sheila mcneill um which is how can we ensure that students are effectively involved in placemaking some of our online spaces are very difficult to add flowers to um as i said the issues that we have is we are students we design for who our students are not the students that may be existent in other university settings that my previous institution we had a lot of student engagement in um the design of online spaces and courses and things like that because they could walk into a building and we could put a sign on the door saying pizza for anyone who wants to come in and get involved and you said we can't do any of that and our students are all all fully online so we need to find other ways to effectively involve students which is as effective for them in terms of time as possible so we have we have a student rec scheme our student rec gather feedback from other students and they sit on our committees and and feed that up we have a student ambassador scheme so we have students that represent certain key topics such as sustainability and diversity and inclusion um and we do put invites out for students to join us but we have actually have no opportunities for face-to-face contact other than graduation which interestingly we had this weekend and it it's brilliant to have all the students in redding town hall and proceeding through the town centre um so i think effectively involving students doesn't necessarily mean getting them in a room at the same time it means really understanding who your students are listening to them listening through the ways they do engage with the institution be that module feedback or endorsements or even complaints thank you and also can i just say you know when we say add flowers and i think that things like it's i mean one of the big ones is how easy is it to navigate how easy is it to to get through um frustration online i think is a common thread and i think you know we listened to the keynote earlier and security and and other issues and things like that and navigatability these are all things that we we exist in the urban environment okay and i think actually sometimes um making a space just cleaner tidier uh and and navigatable but also i we always have this thing well would you want to be in there would you want to do that and we always have this discussion like you know the question i ask k is we put a week together on online learning and said would you want to go and do that k would you want to go and learn about that topic have i made it so that you would want to do it and that's actually creating the place so sometimes it's just about oh you know we have this you know gentrification big theme going on in urban design at the moment it's it is different to that it's about making somewhere feel that and also um that flexibility as k mentioned some students just want to go straight to the assignment what's the core reading i need to take the box and get on with it other students are just really fascinated by the topic they want further reading and things like that have you provided for both of those students so sometimes it is just it's almost tidying up it's an awful thing you know i can just hear my old mother just saying you know having tidied your room it will look better and i think that at sometimes in the urban environment just you know a tidy up of the space is really good and i think it also works well in the online environment a clean and tidy space or somewhere wanting to but also somewhere that's flexible is actually really a good point to start on that thanks for those reflections jane so i think they're echoed in some of the comments um you said you had a final slide so i'll invite you to share that now there you go james would you like to speak to this okay yep so i suppose the question that we now ask ourselves at UCM and particularly now that we're going through module redesigns is to also say is to ask ourselves the question how do we create the coffee shop moments of online learning so we know that students actually don't just learn from the activities they learn from each other they ask questions to each other and how do we create that and from place making we've asked ourselves these questions when we develop the modules is it fit for purpose is it understandable is it easy to navigate is it accessible and that's you know obviously a core requirement now but actually it's also a desirability in both buildings and online is it the right design for the user and in the particular the type of user that will do it do we have that balance of control and flexibility is it a healthy environment and most of all is it somewhere that we would want to be and it goes back to that final question that you know me and Kate or any of the development team always says you know would I want to do this week if I was a student would I want to do that and I think that's a really good way of taking some of the place making principles and doing that would you want to be in that urban environment yes and it's be the same then you're virtually all the way there if you would want to be in that environment and it's again it's the same what we're doing online so I think we'll probably leave with that question for everyone is how do we begin to create those coffee shop moments of creating a place like we're doing online learning thank you very much and if and if you take a note of our blog there we will be writing up this session sharing our slides and posting a write-up of the mural board on that so you check that out in a week's time also so it just remains for me to thank you both again James and Kate for a really interesting session and then a fun little activity with the mural so thank you very much thank you thank you everybody thank you