So as a lot of you already know, I recently uploaded a video about my depression and my anxiety and how after two decades of dealing with it, I finally felt like I was finding happiness, but it still breaks my heart at the thought of how many thousands and thousands of people, millions of people are out there dealing with depression, anxiety and so many other mental illnesses and don't know where to go for help and sometimes scared to even ask for that help. And I wanted to use this platform to raise awareness, to call attention to the fact that it's okay to ask for help and talk about how you can get that help. So I reached out to all of you as a call to action. I told you I was doing a live stream and I wanted to raise as much money as possible, but I picked four foundations, each of which tackled mental health, depression, suicide, so many different things in so many different ways, researching into what, learning about it, learning how to treat it, and then even directly helping the people suffering. The number I had in my head was 4,000. I wanted to raise a thousand for each charity. I thought that would be huge. I was a little concerned that maybe we wouldn't get there, maybe it would be a push and I'd be streaming for a long time because I wasn't going to stop until we hit at least that 4,000. I went through this 30 minute monologue I was giving and I wasn't even looking at what was going on, the donations, the comments, all of that I couldn't see and then when I stopped that monologue and I took a look at the screen I found out that we had raised the $4,000 in the first 12 minutes and then we passed $10,000 in just over half an hour and throughout the next 12 hours on that live stream we raised $42,000 for those charities and I am so proud of all of you and so thankful for all of you and together we not only raised this money but we raised so much awareness and we told thousands of people that you are not alone and it's okay to ask for help. So once again, thank you. You should all be very proud of yourselves because I am very proud of you. But now as we move into the next chapter of this Kim has something that she would like to say. Uh, you want to talk about some video games? I would love to talk about some video games. All right, see ya. No, okay, you can stay. I've had this video idea for like months now. These games have been stacked up in my game room waiting for me to make this but I didn't know how I was going to make it entertaining and interesting at all and then I thought, you know what I'll do? Kim? Maybe rephrase. Essentially, I love getting stuff with my games, especially when it's a surprise. And what do I mean by that?  That like never happens anymore. You know, back in the old days, there was always something that came in games. You remember? Yeah, everyone does unless you're too young to remember. And honestly, I don't remember the last time I opened a PlayStation game, an Xbox game and there was anything inside at all. But a lot of these Switch games, especially Nicalis Switch games, shout out to Nicalis, not a sponsor, they almost always come with something fun, unique and different inside. So I thought I would bring Kim into the video and we could dive into some of the games that come with something and we can see if they're actually good some things or why the heck did you put that in there in the first place. So these are all the games. These are all the games? These are all the games. This is it, huh? Yes. You don't got, you don't, okay, you want to go get more games? What, you don't think this is enough? No, I feel like we need like maybe three or four or something. Okay, let's go see if we can find more, I guess. Say now, look at you clamming up like a cool clam. Me? Yeah. I'm not clamming up. Clamming? Because I said, actually, you wouldn't need? I don't know what to say. Yeah, we're going to GameStop, not the ones we usually go to. No, because I messed up and I asked permission and apparently you're supposed to ask for forgiveness, not permission. So they said no. So we're going to have this sneaky film at a different GameStop. But we're looking for any Switch games that I don't already currently own that have some kind of goodness going on inside like a manual or key chains or stickers or peanut butter filling or what, what, what? What do you want? From the GameStop gameplay? No, out of life. In life? What do you want?  I'm kind of like fingers crossed helping for something. Imagine if I had my finger like this the whole time. But why would you do that? All right, the first GameStop, we're going to go in now, can't take the camera, go to use our phones, okay, bye. So we found Valkyria 4 was the only one we made them go through because we realized there's kind of a mistake in what we're doing here. All the games are empty. They don't leave it on the shelf. So we don't know which of these games come with anything. So we had to ask and it was the only one they had that I didn't already have. It comes with a, well, you'll have to wait and see I guess. Because I saw a picture of him on Reddit holding a balloon. So I kind of want to give him the balloon. But he hasn't got a balloon. I like burped while talking. Look, the dog's holding his own leash. Oh my God. Look at him. He's walking himself. Anyway, I don't like this GameStop at all, but it was the closest one to the other GameStop. They're always really busy and they don't have nothing. So gross. Look at these sucky strawberries. I know. Why do you think I leave them in the bottom? It looks like someone like bit off a chunk of their tongue and I'm about to ingest it. Oh, they're not good. It's my favorite game. Best Buy Near Me. It's a Best Buy Six Minutes away. These guys are open till a time. Their games are sealed. I like your buttons. What are you doing? What are you doing? It's a better question. This isn't on the list of to-do. It's on my list of to-do something to afford it over there. I have no weight. Yeah, it does stink over there right now. It's kind of odd because they put them in cases. So not only can I not really tell the weight difference, but it's kind of hard to look in and see. Oh yeah, that has something. That has like a manual or something, but it's like, it's dark in there. I'm going to get them to open the cases for these so I can see if there's actually anything inside them. All right, so we got mercenary saga. I want to find out right now if it's got anything in there or if this was for nothing. I ain't going to show you what's in there if there is. I'm going to leave it as a surprise, but how? I swear I saw something in there. You got gut. I saw something in there. I think all you saw was hope. Hopes and dreams as I try and scramble to get some kind of video idea that I haven't done before already. Let's check Home Depot. I'm pretty sure Home Depot has nothing you need. Yeah, but you want to get a shelf. Yes. And they close soon. Home Depot, everyone, you want to go get a shelf? We'll make it fun. What's going on? I spent $45 on a game I didn't need to buy. I'm really thirsty. Yeah, me too. You want to get Bahama bucks? It's like Starbucks. It's like the, it's like the, it's like the, it's like the. I got your little umbrella there. Oh no, no, no, no. What? You know how long it took to get these to my people? You know how long it took me to not give a crap? About three seconds. What? And I know it took a free because it has that weird sugar free author taste that I really don't like. Can't believe. Can't believe. Isn't there something? I swear, I swear there's a song that goes, can't believe. Am I making that up? Yeah. Oh, I feel like there's a song that goes, I can't relate. I swear that to me. I think you're just saying my name in a weird accent. I swear that, Kim Boi. Get my leg. I'm sorry, who has hairy toes and is sitting in this car right now? That'd be you, buddy. We're going to drop a ring and a mountain. Home Depot, my natural habitat. I love going into hardware stores, working on some projects. Just don't let me, if, if I walk out of here with more drills, more tools, more planks of wood to build stuff, you just, you have to stop me today, okay? Seven, not a six. You're seven, not a six. Sorry about that. What? What? What did you just say? Oh yeah, this is a sturdy piece of timber right here. Actually, I built a bed out of this one, the planks to put down. It's actually, this wood typically, it comes from trees. I don't want to objectify you or anything, but your nipples are very pronounced in this video. I can't really, really nipple hard around wood. I think when I take this guy home, it's always hard picking the right piece of wood, but if you look straight down the narrow, it's actually got that nice curve that you look for in shelf wood. So I think, yeah, no, I do love that. I do have a little bit of wood envy, because this guy's a lot harder than this wood, but it's a little, it's a little hard wood. We do that all the time. Don't worry, don't worry about it. I need help cutting this. Um, well, I might just do it myself. So, uh, no, I'm just kidding. That's irresponsible kids. Turn the camera off. I'll do it real quick. I actually was just about to cut this bad boy, and then I realized if I went straight down, it would cause ripping. So we have to find something else, unfortunately. And a guy that works here definitely didn't tell me that. So don't you're having a lot of trouble picking the plank of wood that you need?  You really just picked the first one you saw and decided to marry it, live your life with it. Now all of a sudden, you're picking with your wood. I mean, I'm learning to be more cautious based on my previous decisions. Keep walking away from me. Keep going. I'm going to go this way. One last stop. We're going to try target. Um, and I think the issue we're having is the fact that I've been planning for this video for a while, so I've already got out of my way to buy all of the games that have stuff in them. And now we're trying to find something on a blog after the fact, but there has to be at least one more game I don't have that has something in it. Oh, I think I spilled some. If not, we're going to have to resort to, um, you know, planting things as you do. So it's all the same. There's a couple of games that are different, but they don't have anything. I didn't check this one and nothing. I mean, as far as I can see. So you've seen this before? No. What? Is this like a new system? Yeah, I think so. Is it? Is it? Oh, it's Nintendo. Yeah. It's Nintendo's new Wii. Yeah. I think it's the 4DS. I don't think I want it.  Can I get one? A swatch, please? Why are you yelling? Ow. Is it your knee? Yeah. Well, we're keeping that one. Hey, uh, this is all I found. And, um, this one doesn't even count, apparently, but it's fine. We'll add it to the file. Okay. Do you think that this now is enough? It's not a lot, but it'll do. Coda Princess. I actually like this game a lot. It's a beat-em-up, something I never talk about on the channel. Comes with a mini CD. Which looks like you could probably play on your GameCube. It does. It looks, it kind of makes me want, it kind of makes me wish it was a GameCube game. Also, it comes with the instruction booklet, which, you know, these days, this is so cherished because... Typically, it's one sheet of paper at this point. If you even get anything, you can actually reverse the cover art. So far, that's the best one, because it's the only one. So I guess... Are we gonna rate these? Yeah, I guess we'll rate them. Okay. We'll rate them. So he's number one by default. Let's do the one we found while we were out. Valkyria Chronicles 4. I really only grabbed this, I guess, because we're making this video because I personally myself, although the game is good, I'm not going to try and say anything there, but I personally am not going to put Joy-Con skins on my Joy-Con. It's really cool that it comes with it.  I'm gonna put all the way over where you can't even see them on that camera, because I just don't like decals, but it's something that comes with something. An art book, actually. It's not an instruction manual, it's an art book. And it's a beefy art book at that. It's really thick. And it's all the art from the game. And you know, usually people will try and sell you special editions that are most likely just be the game at an art book and they'll be one other little trinket. So the fact that this one just, you know, comes with an art book, I thought that was really cool. Want to open one? Here, you can open that. Oh, boy. I think there's something in that one. Okay. As I said, sometimes they just come with it because of me. Yeah, no.  It kind of made me feel like there was going to be cards. Yeah, like Pokemon cards. And I also thought two possibly, but it's more just like a floppy piece of paper with some pictures on it. Yeah. Put it here at the end of the table. This one comes with a lot. Salt and Sanctuary. It includes two-sided poster, adventures manual, and original soundtrack download code. Also, there's artwork on the inside. And then you have the download code for the original soundtrack. And you can all see that code. So if you actually managed to pump that in before me, go for it. I would put that round about here. And once again, as you can expect from a Nicalis game, we have the reversible cover. And there's a lot of boobies on that one inside. A lot of boob on the inside cover there. Probably why they flipped it. Yeah, I might keep it this way. I'm not a booby guy. It still comes with something. Early enemy design sketches. That was really loud.  So, I mean, we'll go like that for now.  Oh, I was like just an instruction manual. Number one, you got a pig in there. Very adorable pig potion. And a bootleg Kirby on the bottom. Dead Cells. We have another art book. Let's just put it like this. And this reversible cover is actually really cool. Because on one side, you have completely different art styles, but it's like the same cover. So this one, you have more of like the old school kind of Sega feeling like the game that I threw over my shoulder feeling. But then on this side, you have more of a, you know, an indie game sort of feel to it. More cartoony, more like not so 3D rendered looking. And then this is a really cool art book as well. Even has some comic book pages in here. Like it's got a little, a little comic book. Oh, we have another mini CD. Let's see if this one is the full album or another sampler. It's a sampler. So it's the same set. Well, it's not. It's still cool. Don't laugh at it. Just because don't laugh at it just because it's a little smaller than others. Um, scratch off your real characters. That's new. Oh, well, that's so cool. And that one's, it's a me. There's a Mario there. Oh, and shovel night in the world's greatest roadie. Is that brutal legend? I think that's brutal legend. But that's really cool. That's very unique. Oh, I do not like that. No, do you? I like that a lot. I think that's very cool. I like the other one more. I like that. No, I like that way more. That's way cooler. I think that it's not bad. This reminds me of like Adventure Island. I mean, it was okay. It wasn't anything amazing. Oh, wow. Actually, it has to be above the frickin. Oh, no, do it the other way around because this is best to worse. I know. And that's so much worse. This is the one I ordered in that GameStop video, but this is what they said. I know it's gross. It's all sticky up here. It's got a hole in its jacket over here. The sticker is all like a missing poster. So it's just a poster you can hang up. First time on Switch anyway, that I've seen it have a little poster inside you can hang up on your wall. I don't know what more don't have that because you remember like with CDs. You remember CDs? I think I've heard of CDs. I still buy those. But uh, yeah, they usually had a poster because you like the liner notes and then you like unfold it. You liked that, huh? Cool. Oh, it's got some stuff. That is adorable. I don't know what I would do with it, though. I liked that they burned the edges. That's cute. Yeah, it's not it's not straight cut. It's like it's got chunks taken out of it. Actually, now I'm thinking about it. There was a Switch game that had a manual that looked exactly like the original Legend of Zelda manual and I believe it was binding of Isaac, which I guess I don't have. I really thought I did, but um, that would have been a good one to try and find. What? The binding of Isaac. The binding of Isaac. How did I say it? Binding of, binding of Isaac. What am I saying wrong? What word, what word in that am I saying wrong? The binding of Isaac. It's his name. It's just Isaac. Isaac, so the binding of Isaac. Yeah. You don't like the way I'm saying Isaac.  Apparently it's labo, like laboratory, not like laboratory. But it's labor day, not labor day, so. Boom internet. I don't know if that's necessarily a boom or just me not figuring out which word it is. That's a very disappointing last. So if you're out there right now thinking to yourself, I want to go and buy a new Switch game and I do not care about what the game is. I don't, there's no genre I like any more than any other game that I don't care if the game's even good. I only literally care what the game has in it. It is our official ranking that Monster Boy is your best choice because it has a pig sticker. That's the video guys. I hope I edit it in a way that made it a lot more interesting than it feels. If you enjoyed this video or you learned a little something, make sure you have flip. You gonna do it this time? Make sure you have flip all over that subscribe button. Click or tap on this video right here to watch something else. And again, guys, thank you so much for what you did. I am so proud of all of you and I am excited to get back talking about video games.


Okay, so now let's go back to structural isomers, talking about structural isomers. So, instead of, okay, so remember C4H10 we talked about, that's a saturated hydrocarbon, okay? So, if it's something lower than the CNH2N plus two in agents, right? If it's something like C4H8, we know it's gonna be not a saturated hydrocarbon, okay? So, let's go ahead and erase everything else. If you've got this formula here, see what would be CNH2N, okay? That means you've either got one ring in your structure or one double bond, okay? One ring or one double bond. This is a saturated hydrocarbon, we'll erase all of them. So, C4HA, we should be looking for rings and double bonds, okay? So, let's draw some molecules in a ring that have four carbons. Remember that agents all have to be on the outside still, right? Because they can only make the one bond. So, it's gonna be in a ring with something like that. So, is there any other types of rings that you can make with four carbon atoms? Let's think of one. One that has, doesn't necessarily have to have four all in the ring, right? You can have three in the ring and one outside of the ring, like that, okay? So, let's go ahead and fill in our hydrogen so we don't get confused. Let's draw the bottom line form of this. What does it look like? What about this thing? How many hydrogens are there? Could you think of another one? Something like that, maybe? Something weird like that? That doesn't work though, right? There's only six hydrogens, okay? But what else did we say? It's not only a ring, but what? A double bond, right? So, could we put a double bond? We've got four carbons, right? So, it can't be a ring and a double bond, okay? It's gonna be one or the other. So, we could put carbon, carbon, double bond, carbon, carbon, like that, would that work? Could we do it a different way? Yeah, how else could we do? Carbon, double bond, carbon, carbon, carbon. Okay, let's just draw the hydrogen in in both of these structures. Hydrogens, two hydrogens, one hydrogen, one hydrogen, three hydrogens, right? And all together, that's eight here. This looks weird, because usually, you wanna do it at a 120-degree bond angle. We'll talk about that later. Is the same molecule? Why? Because you gotta break them on and make them off, right? You definitely have to make that bond there, if they're gonna be the same molecule, right? And that's what we're gonna do. So, let's draw the bond line form to these things. So, this one, remember Charlie Brown. So, one, two, three, four. This thing's called one-butene, one-butene. Whenever that's, whenever, so, we'll write one. Whenever you see this EME, that means you've got an alkene, which is a functional group that's developed on between two carbon atoms. So, functional groups I talked about last time is being around heterologues. They're also around multiple bonds in carbon-carbon models, or carbon-carbon ones. This one, what do you think the name of this one's called? Two-butene. Two-butene, yeah, it's two-butene. Now, how'd you figure that out? It's because you did this. One, two, three, four, like that, okay? Like, double bonds on the first carbon, okay? It goes in between the first carbon. First and second carbon. Here, so, here we go. Why didn't I do it one, two, three, what do you call this, three-butene? It's because the double bond carbon takes precedence over the other, okay? This guy here is called two-butene. Why? One, two, three, four, right? So, it's in between the second and third carbon. So, it's called two-butene. Hey, let's draw the bond line form of this. Remember Charlie Brown, like that, okay? Does it matter if it's on the top? Double bonds are on the bottom or on the top? I don't know what that question means. I did it on the top, and you did it on the bottom, so it doesn't matter. I don't know what you're saying, I'm sorry. Do you have to show me your thing? Your line, do you have it on? Yes, show it. Can you have it on me, but I can't get it because I can't understand it. Yeah, so, it does not matter, no, it doesn't matter. So, the question was this, can I draw it like that? Or can I draw it like that? They're both the same molecule, okay? Or, you can draw it. Like how I drew it, like that, okay? So, it's all the same thing, okay? Two-butene, okay? So, we're going to go more into this structure in a second, okay? So, notice they all have the same formula, C4H8, okay? So, I can't think of any more. The other thing is, is why didn't we say, let's do three of you, right, like this one? Why didn't we do that one? Why didn't I think about it? It's the same as this one. Why? Because I turned it around and it's the same thing. So, these are just conformational isomers of each other. Okay, does that make sense? That's just like me going like this. It's the same thing. It's a conformational isomer of each other, you know? They're really okay with that. So, any other questions? Okay, cool.


Welcome, everyone, to the final day of the meeting. Thank you all for being here today. I thought I would just start off with a few very brief remarks, and I'll try to make sure that we run on time today. But I wanted to begin by thanking the organizers of the meeting, Francois and Misha, for organizing this wonderful meeting. I've really enjoyed myself and learned a lot. Also, Elizabeth, I know, was my point person for logistics, and so I'd like to appreciate Elizabeth for making this meeting run very, very smoothly. And then finally, the fellow members of the scientific committee. I'm sure there were other people involved, but these were the main folks that I interacted with, and so I appreciate the wonderful meeting you've been able to put on this week and for the opportunity to be here. Today, we have a very interesting program lined up. This morning, we'll hear from a couple of speakers who will talk about synthetic biology approaches to, what I would say, almost redesigning a little portions of central dogma. And in the afternoon, we'll be hearing from a couple of additional speakers on using synthetic biology approaches to refactor bacterial or yeast genomes. And so I think it's going to be quite an interesting day. And so I thought what I would do to sort of seed the discussion both in the morning and the afternoon is just raise some topics for discussion now so that you can be thinking about them during the lectures, and we can discuss potentially after each during the discussion sections. These questions are questions that have been raised throughout the meeting, but I think are particularly pertinent to today's lectures. And so I'm happy to discuss these or other topics that may be of interest. One question that's come up during the meeting is the topic of measurement characterization of biological systems. And so one question I wanted to raise for discussion is what does it mean to fully characterize a biological system, a biological part, a module, or an entire organism? How do you know when you're done characterizing it? Is there such a thing as being done? Is that even possible? And I think you'll see today that very significant advances have been made when it comes to genome engineering and redesign and resynthesis of entire genomes, particularly in the afternoon session. And so can we make some of the significant strides we've made in what I would call build technologies? Do we have opportunities to do the same thing on the test or analytical front? And then finally, touching on some of the themes that were brought up earlier in the conference, if an organism is a product of both its genome and its environment, then what does it mean for how we characterize organisms? Does, you know, how do we think about the full characterization when there's so many environmental factors that are affecting its performance? So just some thoughts that I've been thinking about during the course of the meeting. The second topic, which I thought has been interesting and that is perhaps a point of discussion, is how do we think about design of systems that persist in the face of evolution? This was a topic raised yesterday. My question can't even be done. So much of biology is variable across organisms that it seems like nature itself has not been able to really design systems that persist. Only a small part of genomes are really very distinctly conserved. On the other hand, biology is so interrelated, so maybe you could argue that maybe our definition of persistence in the face of evolution needs to be thought about. Second of all, why should we care about design in the face of evolution? Isn't it sufficient for our systems to only last as long as we need them to and then go away? And is that perfectly fine? And so we don't need to think about design on evolutionary time scales, because we're not interested in having our systems work on evolutionary time scales. And then finally, and I hesitated to bring this up, but given that we are at IHES, I wanted to ask a question that I'm rather naive about. And so I don't know if this is even an important question to be asking. But there was a comment raised, I believe yesterday or the day before, about whether mathematics can actually adequately describe biological systems and their properties. It was something that I've never really thought about. Is there some mathematics tool or framework that we're missing when it comes to description of biological systems? Or is that the wrong question? Because really, we should simply be relying on computational simulations to model the behavior of biological systems. Again, I'm not sure if this is the right question to be asking, but hopefully we can discuss it later. And you can correct me if that's the wrong question to be asking. And then finally, from a synthetic biology perspective, one of some of the questions that I've asked in the past is, can we design biological systems that are either more amenable to say mathematical description or more amenable to simulation? So just some thoughts that have risen to me or have been raised by others in the audience or the meeting that I think are particularly pertinent to today's lectures. And so with that, I'd like to introduce our first speaker, Christian Young, who will be talking about synthetic biology approaches to translational control. And thank you very much. Thank you.


There is simply no other event where you can meet such a huge cross section of the ICT for development community in such a short space of time. WSIS is very important because it provides an opportunity for countries worldwide as well as private companies, non-government organizations to come together. For us it is the annual gathering, a possibility to meet our partners, implementation partners to talk through the challenges which they are facing. I think it's very important for any government and any organization from a private sector. It's a representation from a huge number of countries, different types of organizations, different experiences. It's very important for us in UNDP to be part of this process. The World Summit of Information Studies is a very important event and a discount event where you have the private sector, the government sector and the non-government sector get together on the same table and discuss the sustainable development. It's clear that this is the platform for private sector, public sector, academia and a number of NGOs to come together to find solutions to drive ICT around the world. It's very useful also to see what other countries are doing, to get some fresh ideas about what are good projects, what are the successful projects, how can you replicate something that somebody else has done. It's great to hear from the distinguished speakers, ministerial level, ICT level, the role of ICT in their countries, how they are deploying it and how they are tackling their issues and problems in the current world that we live in. The meetings we have with our colleagues here in this forum actually help shape a lot of our plans, help us avoid some of the obstacles, get us to overcome the challenges not easily but wisely. What happens is you meet the ITU leaders, you meet all the United Nations leaders, the UN departments, many ministers come, many people from their countries and you have private industry here together. So we get together a number of people that can not just talk about ideas that actually have the capabilities to make them happen in their countries. And many of the ideas we've been able to talk about are actually starting in practice today, so it's a very powerful forum that drives implementation. It creates an opportunity for discussion, for networking, for debate and I think for many civil society, members of civil society, they often don't have that opportunity at home. And it's ironic actually that you often have to travel to Geneva in order to have a chance to grab your minister of communications and talk to them. So I think that is a real value of events like this. Over the past five years I've seen how WSI has expanded under the leadership of the ITU, lots of wonderful things are happening, cyber security, great progress has been made and collaboration is visible, greater visibility has been given to developing countries. We find WSI's forum very dynamic and interactive and what we came here for is to share our experiences in the ACT area, to share it with other countries. Everybody is learning in this field and it's important for us to show our case to the rest of the world and we would love to see the best examples that's happening around the world to see what we can learn from. I believe that in the 21st century information and the sharing of information will be key to a globalised world and I think that this is a wonderful platform to be in.