Tilo was pop We are on twitch. We are not live, but you can leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK Don't forget if we do go live and you happen to miss the live and you want to catch up on previously recorded lives Or be ready for the next group of lives You see it at the bottom of the screen Twitch.com head to the lit one Let's get into this man, this is lost and pond Let me sub up first and foremost Hit the like button six British things that are actually American Feel like this is giving me an opportunity to just get negative And y'all gonna be mad Let's get into it copyright disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright act 1976 Allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism comment news reporting teaching scholarship and research Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing Non-profit educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use No copyright infringement intended all rights belong to their respective owners You get me. Hello, I'm Lawrence And I'm on a quest to uncover all of the memos that Britain and America lost in the pond And one of those memos pertains to things and stuff Specifically things and stuff that are widely synonymous with one country But unbeknownst to most of us were invented in the other Really There's a lot of things that I use that I just expect the British people to have Admit it because I've never heard like a kettle like who's like who you know, I'm saying a kettle Never never heard of it Today we're gonna look at six British things that against all odds are actually American and you might be wondering Lawrence you're British Why would you choose to show up your country in favor of the United States? Well, firstly you hypothetical person my official nationality is British American and secondly I recently gave Britain its due in the much heralded videos six American things that are actually British I'll link that's Don't get more more American than apple pie that video at the end And if you would like to be alerted about all future videos and have it on a chance to subscribe to this channel do that now In the meantime allow me to inflate your brain with facts so beautiful They belong in the Louvre or the discount bins at Walmart When I first moved the United States all of those years ago people would ask me Lawrence apart from your family and Yorkshire puddings What do you bounty miss most about Britain and my answer was always the same British chocolate I mean sure your average American grocery store might carry one or two Cadbury bars and mini eggs But crunches twirls and whisper bars were a lot harder to come by however America's confectionary aisles did contain one divisive British chocolate bar that I happen to love bounty Okay, are you gonna sit up here and tell me that the bounty bars from America? And you guys are just freely taking credit can we get some y'all chocolate is ten times better than ours 100% Let me let us just get that then stick I can live with that except two of the things that I just said are completely and utterly a little bit false The bounty a chocolate covered coconut filled fixture of UK sweet shelves is not actually British at all But American and I know what you thinking. Oh Lawrence Britain sells that is shocking M&M snickers and countless other American topsellers what makes bounty so special and in some respects You raise a valid point especially since the wrapper is plastered with obviously Hawaiian imagery You see I was just thought that this was a product of fantastical marketing kind of like how Britain came up with the world's most famous Bears despite the total absence of bears in the winning reports from the UK What is happening British Wild further more this one is special in part because of its name Which brings me on to line number two the truth of which is this Americans don't call them bounties here The bar is branded differently depending on whether it's light or dark chocolate with the names almond joy and mounds apply no cap Hey, listen, I knew it was oddly similar. I'm enjoying is my favorite candy I got a bag of them in the fridge. No, you think I'm lying. Hold off Dude I knew this was too similar So it's just brand of different, okay I'd respectively both were launched in the first half of the 20th century in the United States And it was only a few years later in 1951 that Mars incorporated which had no trademark attachment to the American varieties Launched bounty in the UK and Canada as straight-up imitations So y'all copied our little candy, huh? Y'all copied our little candy, huh? And I can't really say nothing about the grade of chocolate in the month and almond joy because I just a favorite candy 100% Sandwiched in between the launch of these sugar-laden chocolate bars was an even bigger killer World War part two Thankfully as an antidote to the horror and misery unfolding before them both countries found comfort in music Most famously American band leader Glenn Miller was hugely popular on both sides of the Atlantic to the tragic extent that he disappeared over the English Channel in 1944 as it happens Britain's most lauded wartime music icon herself became synonymous with the English Channel in addition to singing the famous World War two hit and Dr. Strange love outro track will meet again Vera Lynn soothed Britain with the only hopeful white cliffs of Dover as the Hooned in on Britain who wouldn't have found comfort in the prophecy. There'll be bluebirds over the white cliffs of Dover Well for one ornithologists because there are no fucking bluebirds in Britain In fact, they're entirely endemic to North America Which also appears to have been true of the song's lyricist after it was released New Yorker Nat Burton insisted he didn't realize that England didn't have bluebirds still nice sentiment He just felt inspired and got to it. I feel you Nat if that is your real name Anyway, speaking of iconic anthems that brings us on to this You'll never walk a few things Hey, you're not gonna do this to my scouts brother and there's a more British than football a sport whose origins can be traced back To ancient China really okay fine, but few things really are more British than China really don't worry though China got it all right. They got fried chicken as well Something else that I thought you know them there and football chants and songs and perhaps the most iconic anthem in the whole of English football is You'll never walk alone Appropriately given the song's title It is also synonymous with more than one British club with supporters of both Celtic and Liverpool Belting it out before kickoff in fact that makes sense that makes sense Song is so inextricably linked to Liverpool in particular that those four words can be found on the club's badge It is used in reference to the successful 1963 version by Jerry and or the pacemakers at the time Jerry and or the pacemakers were a popular group from Liverpool Perhaps second only to Suppose the people are never gonna know the identity of that other group now And so the song and everything it represents is as Liverpool lean as Albert doc. I didn't know the beaters were from Liverpool Until like last year my bad job But it isn't you see unlike the band formerly known as the quarrymen Jerry and or the pacemakers did not write their first few hit singles And this included you'll never walk alone, but then you knew that if you happen to be a fan of musicals I once played Prince Dauntless in once upon a mattress, so it's a touchy subject The piece was in fact the brainchild of American songwriting duo Rodgers and Hammerstein Who included the track on their Broadway smash carousel. So how I have no idea who those two men are But salute did it come to be an anthem for England's most trophy laden club? well by 1963 Jerry Marsden this time without his pacemakers is said to have played a demo to Liverpool's legendary manager Bill Shankly who was like that is an absolute banger mate inject that shit into my veins now We haven't verified the validity of that quote, but rest assured it was along those lines later that year the song Along with other chart hits of the day made it onto the terraces of Liverpool's Anfields stadium and unlike those other songs It hasn't left since Unlike those other songs it hasn't left since Remembrance poppies? That's right even the poppies that are worn by us Brits in the lead up to Remembrance Day aren't actually British But don't take my word for it instead Here's me from a year ago discussing it on a YouTube short that you probably missed Moina Michael was an American professor who pioneered the idea of commemorating soldiers with the red poppy She'd been inspired to push for it after reading the famed poem In Flanders Fields by John McCrae himself a Canadian Lieutenant Colonel While teaching a class to disable World War I Everybody takes everything and makes it their own man It's alright, right? Servicemen That just means you want it more than the last person At the University of Georgia Moina saw an opportunity to engineer financial support for the wounded by selling poppy I would never do something like this As a result of her efforts the American Legion Auxiliary and the British Legion Appeal Fund both formalized the poppy as a symbol of remembrance from 1921 While Britain widely persists with the symbol more than a century later America has long since phased out the November 11th poppy with some choosing to wear one During May's Memorial Day I'm gonna be rude but you have never even seen the flower before Not one time in life Thanks past Lawrence, my neck hurts And now, just like my mate does after an hour on the beach We go from something red to something even more red And what? Santa? Well that's Santa Father Christmas But Father Christmas, one of Santa's pseudonyms while delivering presents Whoa, that name is In Britain didn't always wear that particular colour But as I said in 1987 when Santa brought me a protein pack instead of a proton pack Back up there mate Because who was Father Christmas actually? Well I won't bore you with all of the details because I already did that in this video But in a nutshell it went like this From English folkloric tradition Father Christmas was indeed the personification of Christmas Historically he went by several names including Christmas Lord, Prince Christmas and I'm not making this one up Captain Christmas But when settlers boarded ships for the new world they didn't take Captain Christmas with them Presumably opting for an actual captain There are two big reasons for this Number one 17th century Puritans in England had declared Christmas in a front to God Even banning it at one point And number two Puritans in New England kind of viewed things the same way And so many Christmas traditions were shelved including Father Christmas But fear not because 200 years later with Puritan influence having long since waned he returned However by the time he was revived by the Victorians who often depicted him in green robes And a crown ordered on eBay The US had moved on to other things such as the Dutch figure Sinterklaas And at this point you might be thinking so Well what? Well Sinterklaas is a Dutch figure? What Lawrence you lied to us All this tells us is that Father Christmas is still British Correction was still British Because during the 19th century word of Santa Claus reached England People seemed to take a shine to him And although for a while he and Father Christmas remained distinct Our version started taking on elements of that curious fellow from the North Pole For instance his crown disappeared and was replaced by a hood probably also from eBay His waist became larger and his cheeks rosier And after that Is he smoking a pipe? Sinterklaas was depicted in 19th century Father Christmas got high Cartoons wearing red and white Father Christmas came to follow suit I didn't intend that pun But gosh it was good And so today you could argue that he remains Father Christmas in name only Hence why a lot of Brits just call him Santa Claus Tea bags? Okay talk to me When you hear the word tea there's only one country that comes to mind Britain Well actually the Boston Tea Party right? Realize that's three countries Unless the British fixation with tea is very real Dating back to the 1660s when it was brought to England by Catherine of Briganza The future Queen of England Just over a century later Britain was so enamored with tea That Americans in Boston famously copied us by hosting a tea party of their own And on a personal note See you know what I'm saying? Well kid I'm a genius I remember what you taught me school The one thing that Americans assume most about me is that I prefer tea to coffee Which is only true if I've had three coffees That said British people do generally love their tea Whereas Americans more often than not are indifferent Instead the latter love their lattes And so it will surprise absolutely everybody to learn that tea bags were invented not in Britain But Milwaukee The first painter Ah Milwaukee my neighbor Okay I mean Milwaukee for sure Give them something because they really don't got no identity So yeah I guess And or patent if you will was filed in that city in 1903 by its inventors Roberta Lawson and Mary McLaren Within five years their idea caught the attention of New York importer Thomas Sullivan Who subsequently had them shipped around the world the tea bags not the inventors Today tea bags are a common household item in Britain But Yorkshire tea which is manufactured 80 miles from my English hometown Ours everything to two people 80 miles from this one Behold US patent patent 723287 The tea leaf holder Is that what it's called? Tea bag, huh? They do a lot of that on Call of Duty And so if I've learned anything from this two part series It is that both of my homelands have a rich history of influencing each other In many ways our special relationship feels more like one of siblings We might squabble from time to time but it's only because we can't stand each other Soon I'll be looking at recent words that Britain took from America and vice versa In the meantime if you haven't seen it yet here are six American things that are actually British So watch that video now Thanks man You inspired me to watch this by your thumbnail and I've taken a real liking to you as a human being You do great work and you really educated me here Thank you Tell it leave a like, comment, subscribe, turn on your post notification bell And if anybody in the UK is watching this if you need us to lend you anything else let me know


Hello and welcome. Do you want to know how teaching, learning and assessment scenarios can be made fit for the 21st century? Do you want to find out what an integrative digital teaching and learning model looks like? And what new course formats can be derived from it? Have you ever wanted to produce digital learning elements, but do not know where to start? To answer these and other questions, here is the perfect open online course for you. 21st century education or short edu 21. If you have a VLC account, which is of course free, accessing the class is simple. Just log in with your personal data and you will find the class on your personalized dashboard either under recently accessed courses or in your course overview. A click on the course tile leads you to the course start site where you have access to all course units starting with the course descriptions and the preliminaries that offer advice and help on how to use the course. Let us now look at the content of TL 21 which is subdivided into four parts. The first part discusses the general principles of learning from traditional to digital. In part two, we will look at assessment again, traditional first and then the new digital options. The third part focuses on the integration of AI methodology and the use of humanoid robots. Not only in terms of future, but in terms of existing applications. Part four is practical. We will show you how you can digitize your content and we'll discuss the role of educational video. The course ends with two options to actively participate. In the unit, the future of TL 21, you can deliver your own opinion about what's going to happen in terms of teaching and learning. And in the course evaluation, you can send us your ideas about the course itself and our teaching and learning concept. Well, studying online on the VLC simply means go through each unit at your own pace, make use of as many VLC options as possible. And if you don't know what to do, use the how to proceed options at the beginning of each unit. Well, that's it. The rest is up to you. Thank you for your attention and see you in EDU 21.


So one of the big things is that the diversity in the roots differ by plan home. So the plans were different. Here we have on the x-axis, the different time points, y-axis is the richness of the different plans. And for bacteria and fungi, we can see how overall, yes, they start different at the very beginning, but towards the end they look fairly similar, or they have similar value, similar richness. But on the contrary, we can see on the roots for both bacteria and fungi across all time points, Kentucky had higher richness compared to swishgrass. Also, we wanted to see how the community structures of these plants, like if they were, like yes, we are looking at some differences in richness, but how that would relate to the community structure. Like, do they have a similar community structure? And so far, it turns out that they don't. So they have different communities, red being Kentucky, green being swishgrass. We can see here in the raster sphere how they are grouping together in this PCA plot. So in this graph, you are looking at how the closer they are grouped, the more similar they are, the farther apart, the opposite they are. And we can also see in the same way how in the roots in the bacteria community, they are different. We have red here, green here. And for fungi, it's same in the raster sphere for bacteria, we have two different distinct groups based on the plants. Here, even though it was to the Permanawa significant, and we can see red and green separated, they're still more spread out. I'm still trying to wrap my head about this part that it may be due to the fact that the microbes that are getting recruited to their roots might be more similar, even though it tends to be more post-oriented, still it's more similar because you have fewer microbes coming in and getting recruited by the plants. On the other hand, so we are looking, let's take a moment so we have different richness, different community structure. So how would that relate if we want to see it in a composition of that community? Here, for this purpose of this talk, I'm just going to be focusing on the rhizosphere. The trends are similar in both rhizosphere and root. And here we can see in this, the x-axis are all the samples ordered by the time points. Y-axis is relative abundance from 0 to 100%. And I'm just showing you guys the top 10 families. And you'll see a lot of colors, but I just want to highlight a particular one for an example that is the family Santa Monada CI. We can see here how in Kentucky bluegrass is higher than swishgrass. So we saw this and we were like, OK, is there another way we can test these differences? And we did what is called a differential abundance analysis. So we were looking to see have another statistical test to see the differences. And Y-axis is the log 2 full change. So how different they are. And the Y-axis here is the p-value. So how significant it is. And here, anything that is in the positive values in the log 2 full change, it is favored towards swishgrass. And everything that is on the negative values are favored towards Kentucky bluegrass. And here we can see again, Santa Monada CI that is being favored by Kentucky bluegrass that we can relate to the composition that is higher than swishgrass. And in addition, we went like, yes, we are seeing these differences, but we wanted to narrow it down a little bit more to show it across time and have a couple of other examples as well. So here we can, we have Keton audio bacteria that it was higher across time through in swishgrass. Immunobacter CI was higher in Kentucky bluegrass throughout, even though it fluctuated, their abundance. You can see it is still higher than swishgrass. And we have Santa Monada CI, the micro, the family that I was using as an example to show you guys all of these differences that it was throughout all the time points, it was higher in Kentucky bluegrass than swishgrass. So as we saw in the bacterial community, we also saw similar patterns in the fungal community. So again, y-axis is the samples ordered in time. The y-axis is relative abundance. And here I went to get you guys to look at the light green order, in the case of the fungi, that we can see how in Kentucky there's no a whole lot, but in swishgrass there is more. Again, we did a differential abundance analysis where we can see Ipocrealis being favored towards swishgrass. So we can see how here we definitely have more of them. And through these other statistical analysis, we can see it again being favored towards swishgrass. And again, we did present them across different times. And here we can see x-axis is the different time points relative abundance of the different fungal orders. And we can see how Ipocrealis seems to be higher in Kentucky bluegrass. But then as was shown previous that it was favored, we have Ipocrealis to be higher in swishgrass throughout time as well. So we are looking at to see all of these differences starting from the richness across the different plants, the community structure of these plants, how the composition of these communities is affected by the different plant hoses. So we wanted to tie in everything and look at to the root exudates. And so this is a PCA plot looking at all the metabolites that were identified. And to my surprise, because this is the first time working with this type of data, I have found that, of course, swishgrass and Kentucky bluegrass have a different metabolic profile. And just to, for an example, here I'm just showing a couple of different metabolic classes. And we can see how they is here in this first one, how they have the three different time points from second, third, and fifth. How here we can see an increase towards the end in swishgrass, aliphatic compounds. We have a different weight, different relative abundance of these compounds, similar in cyclinucleotides and actinamines. We can see also they are different. So this is just an example. I will have to go in and see a specific metabolite, because here I'm just grouping them in their different classes. But this is just to highlight that in their metabolic purex weight profile, they are different. And we can reflect to how different they are in the community, structure, richness, and compositional. So big conclusion is Kentucky bluegrass and swishgrass, they are different in both communities and exodates. And a couple of the implication of this work to all the labor that you guys are doing in researching pool grasses is how these differences can be inferred, how Kentucky bluegrass in a dominating in a grassland, it definitely will impact below ground dynamics. In addition, we have to think about how are the aspects of the microbial community with the sum of all the physiological strategies that Kentucky bluegrass have can dominate or keep dominating native ecosystem. And finally, one thing is that in another project that goes through different management practices, we already seen with the reduction of Kentucky bluegrass, we have an increase in microbial diversity. So this is actually really cool that we have all of these differences. It is dominating, but when we have management practices in play, we start seeing differences in the microbial community. And finally, I want to thank everyone, Dr. Banagy, Dr. Kevin Sereveg, Chandi Kaiser, and everyone for having me today, giving you guys this talk. And thank you.


All life, all your experiences is going to end in tragedy.   But when you get to that point and you cross over, transition, are you going to be proud of the life you lived? Are you going to be like, you know what, I pushed it. And that's all between you and you. Ain't nobody going to be able to change that.  Did good, man. Come out to you and say, yeah, you're pretty much like everyone else. You think you were born here if there is a God? You think you'd be proud if you were like, I just did what everyone else wanted me to do. I was, what did I offer you?  I already got all the other answers, but what did you do specifically? When did you push yourself a little further? Do you think about that like every moment? And see, it seems, it's so scary on some part because it's so elusive because you think this moment right here is just normal. You see that woman over there is just like, I'll do it later, put it off. But that's the moment, the power is in the moment. And it almost seems like there's no energy there. You have to create your own energy in the moment to get momentum to be powerful to move forward into the future. And it becomes a habit that gets stronger and stronger and you have more and more self-belief in yourself. You know, at what level? Like if you had the platinum man who did everything he said, the gold man did most of everything, silver, where would you be at? You know, as far as the best way to build confidence is to get the things done that you say you're going to do because then you can trust your word and you can follow through with what you do. So like I say, if you do like 90% of the things, you're going to be pretty good above average, probably great. 80% good, 70% average, 60% below average. So think about your word. Think about what you want to do.  You know, you think that I would ever have that experience? No, so going back to what we said, you have to dream big. There's energy in dreaming big. There's energy in this illusion that you want to create that's such at a high level that it adds energy. It draws you to it. It's what sustains you when you get beat up. Beat up, dragged around. If you haven't got beat up and dragged around, you don't really know what your resilience is going to be like. And your resilience comes straight from your curiosity. And how curious you are is how deep you're going to go with a woman and yourself. Are you curious if you get beat up three times? Are you curious that you have the resilience to bounce back and to be more powerful to get back up on your horse? It's very obvious when I'm working with the dancers and I'm always getting the dancers back up on point.    And it starts off like this. And this is what women do. So I don't want you to be feminine in this way. They come up and they're like the first guy right here. They come up and they go, you want to dance? No. Second time. Next guy. You want to dance? No. Third time. You want to dance? Next time. You don't want to dance, do you? All right. Next time.  They don't come back out. So that's what women do. You think you can be a little bit better than that?  They can get beat up. What excuse do you have? You know, what's a woman going to do to you? Going to hurt your feelings? You know? Yeah.  That's the nice thing about feelings is their energy. They're moldable. They're pliable. Just like your brain. What's the meta program that you want to think? Okay, I get beat up. I fold. It doesn't happen like that. You can't do that. So you have to get motivated.  All right?  Like, why are you sitting back on the sideline?


The first step in sampling is calibration of the sampling pump. You must know the sampling rate and sampling time to determine the volume of air that passed through the filter. Remember, for our system, the sampling rate is 1.7 liters per minute. Dust concentrations are written in terms of weight per volume of air, or milligrams of dust per cubic meter of air. The sampling rate multiplied by the sampling time equals the volume of air sampled. We are using an electronic calibrator. These are very popular and accurate devices. Connect the filter to the pump so that air is drawn through the calibration device as well as the sampling train, complete with the filter. The sampling train for calibration must include the filter because it produces resistance to air movement and to the pump. The calibration would not be accurate without the filter in place. The sampling train is all the components that must be attached to each other to accurately collect the restvable dust sample. If your calibrator is different than the one shown, just follow the instructions provided. Turn on the fully charged pump and the calibrator and generate a bubble by pressing the bubble initiator button. You do this a few times to wet the inside of the flow tube. Clear the calibrator and take five readings again by depressing the initiator button and reading the flow rate on the LCD display. The infrared device of the calibrator notes the time for a bubble to travel a given distance and a flow rate is shown on the display screen. If the flow is below or above 1.7 liters per minute, adjust the pump flow rate, higher or lower, using the flow adjustment set screw. MSHA procedure is flow rate must be within 5% of target flow rate. Pumps should be calibrated before and checked after each sampling event. A sampling event could be a day of sampling or any continuous sampling period. These readings should be recorded on your calibration sheet. Before and after readings should be essentially the same. MSHA procedures require the post-calibration check to be within 5% of the pre-calibration. Compare your pre and post-sample calibration. Are both within 5% of 1.7 liters per minute? Are both within 5% of each other? The reasons a pump does not maintain flow are many. For example, if before was 1.7 liters per minute and after was 1 liter per minute, you might question the validity of your sample. What caused the drop? Excessive dust that overwhelmed the pump or low pump battery? You should also calibrate the pump as near the sampling site elevation as practical. Consult the calibrator instructions if calibration is not performed within 1,000 feet elevation of the sampling site. You may have to do some calculations to adjust for the elevation change.


Hi everyone in this video. I'm going to look at question 3 from the PDPS workshop. So this question is similar to question 1. We want to refactor this code because at the moment it doesn't look great. We can't really tell what it's doing just by looking at it. And what we can do to improve this is by adding some indentation. So again, like what I said was question 1, it's good to try doing this in another text editor. So notepad, whatever you want to use, I'm going to use sublime text because it's all too tempting with processing to just do the shortcut to reformat it for you, indent it for you. But in the exams, you won't have that. So it's good to practice indenting on your own. So there's a few tricks to just get the layout a little nicer because at the moment it's not. And one of those tricks is to find every semicolon and make a new line every time you see a semicolon. Because usually that's showing that it's the end of the line. The only case where that doesn't, I'm sure there's other cases, but the only case that we're concerned with where that doesn't apply is inside for loops. So if you recognize a for loop like this one, we won't do a new line for those semicolons. But we can for the rest of them just to make this nicer straight away. So every semicolon, I'm going to hit enter. Oh, in fact, I've missed one. I think it's indented for me. Shouldn't have done that. Not many semicolons here. There we go. Okay, so our setup method is looking a little nicer. So another thing we can do, so I'll write them down the bottom again. New line for every semicolon. Another thing is a new line for every curly bracket. So this one here, that's automatically indented. So maybe the blind text isn't a good one to use, probably notepad. New line here, new line here. And there we go. Awesome. So that's what you want to do first just to space it out so you can see what you're looking at. And then again, we want to do some indentation. So indent inside each scope. So function, loop, conditional, every time you enter a curly bracket. Okay, so we can see that everything inside our setup function needs to be indented and we do that with two spaces. Or I guess if you're in the exam and you don't think that two spaces is quite obvious enough, you can do four, whatever you like, as long as it's consistent. We also need to indent everything inside draw. So the draw closing bracket is the lowest one there. So the key is to have each curly bracket line up with what it belongs to. So everything inside setup looks fine to me. So it'll just be draw. So we know that we indent inside each conditional scope. So this is my if condition and this is its closing bracket. So this needs to be in line with the if. So we indent everything else inside it. So two more spaces. And then we have our for loop and we want to indent everything inside there. And that bracket should line up with the for there. So another two spaces. Cool. And that's all you have to do for that question. And again, I just want to reiterate it's a good idea if you're doing another exam, not necessarily PDPS, where you need to write some code, especially if you've got functions loops and conditionals all in one. It's very easy to forget about these brackets.  It just stops you from making those small mistakes, especially when you've got such a short time to complete the exam. It will just, you won't have to look through all your code and wonder, do I have all the brackets need to analyze it? But if you're indenting as you go, then you won't have to worry about that. And that's what question three looks like.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Bhukta. I welcome you on Sanjay Bhukta Tech School. In this video, I am going to explain the important topic of C language that is file handling in C. So in this video, I will be explaining how file handling works, why we need file handling in C language. So before starting my explanation, adjust one information. If you go to description of this video, you will find links of various languages related to C language. So open those links and you can watch various videos there. Now coming on to the topic that is file handling in C. So to understand this, let me draw a diagram. So this is first block and let's say it is representing a C program that is implemented with the help of link function. And whenever you implement any program, you save the program with .c extension and that program is known as source code. So whenever you want to implement any problem with the help of C language, so you implement your source code with the help of main function. Now after implementing the source code, suppose you have saved your file with .c extension into your PC. Now after successful or saving of the file, you will compile and execute your code. So as you compile and execute your code, it automatically links with console. Console is the output thing where you provide some input and you receive output of the process. So this console will be linked with your source code and if you want to receive input to your program, so you will be dependent upon console. And if you want to show any output to the user, so that output will be displayed with the help of console. So output will be thrown through the source code and it will be displayed on console. So you will be using two things if you are implementing any program in C. First is source code that is containing all the instructions related to C language. And second is your console that is used to maintain input and output of the program.  And next day when you open your laptop or PC, so this source code will be stored permanently. This will be available. But what will happen with this console? Will it be available in front of you or not and containing the same input output generated with this program? So your answer will be no. Your console will not be displaying any input output related to this program because console stores everything temporarily. It is not a permanent storage location. So if you are executing your process, so at that point of time you can see whatever you have entering or you can see whatever your program is displaying as output. But after some time whenever you have completed or you have shut down your computer. So after that when you reboot your system, so this console will not be available in front of you. So now we need to find out its solution so that we can store input and output of the program permanently. So now the concept of file handling appears. So we need to create the third block here and this third block will be considered as file and this file will be linked with your source code. And all the input output that you are managing with the help of console, now you can manage those input output with the help of file. So you can receive input from file into your program and also you can store your output input file permanently because this file will be available on hard disk drive. And whatever will be stored in hard disk drive will be stored for permanent duration.  So both source code as well as this file both will be stored permanently in your system. And whenever you want to open this file and you want to view the content of this file. So you can independently open this file and you can view whatever contents are available into this file. So you don't need to execute this program again and again to see the content of this file. If you want to receive input output, if you want to manage input output between these two things then only you need to execute this. Only if you want to see the contents of this file then you can directly open it and you can view. So this way these are the blocks which combinedly implements file handling in C. So if you want to see the input output immediately you can use console. If you want to store your input output permanently then you can use file. So this overall process of managing these three blocks is known as file handling in C. So now let me take a simple real-life example. So you might have visited ADM machine to withdraw some amount. So in your ADM machine the software which you see is similar to this first block. The screen of ADM machine is similar to console. And after successful transaction the data which is stored permanently in the ADM machine software is equivalent to this one. Now imagine if ADM machine is not maintaining any file. So whenever you withdraw any amount from that ADM machine. So its entry will be reflected on console temporarily but that will not be reflecting anywhere. Sorry that will be reflecting on console temporarily but it will not be reflecting permanently anywhere. So in your ADM machine a file or database is working in the background. So that whatever transaction you perform can be maintained permanently. So you might have seen we can generate these statements or detailed statements of the transaction that we do with the banks. So that will be generated with the help of this file or database. So you can also use a term DBMS in place of file because in large softwares which are implemented with the help of Java, PHP or any other programming language. So they use DBMS instead of file to store large amount of data. So if your data is permanently stored in these files or databases then only you can retrieve those information whenever you own. And console is a primary location so whatever is available on console will be appeared for a particular point of time.  So I was talking about ADM machine so if you want to get any statement or detailed statement. So all the information related to your account for a particular decision is stored in a database or file. So whenever you want to get that mini statement all the stored information from that file will be received through that software and a mini statement will be generated. So this whole process is known as file handling and this file handling or database handling concept is available in all the languages. If you are working with C, C++, PHP, Java, Python or any other business scenario if you are working. So you need to maintain file or database so that you can store your transaction results permanently so that in future you can use those data and store it in a file or database. So I hope with this explanation you have understood the concept of file or the importance of file so that you can store your data permanently. Now I'm going to tell you some important points or you can say important statements that you can use by implementing programs in C languages with the help of file handling. So first step is giving file pointer so whenever you want to use file handling concept in C languages. So you need to write this statement in main function so you need to write file in capital and this is a file pointer which will store address of file. So as per diagram I created a file so that file will be created into hard disk and in hard disk each file contains a particular address so that address will be stored into this file pointer so that you can process that file to store the data and to retrieve the data. Second statement will be to open that file so to open the file you need to provide file name and its mode. Right so as a point in the main function where you need to type the name of file and you need to write the mode in which you want to open. So I'm just writing basic modes R, W, A, R is for reading, W for writing and A for writing and if you want to learn these modes in detail so at the end of this video you will find a link of playlist file handling. And in that playlist you will find a video related to different modes which are available for file handling so do watch that video to understand this. Understand will be if condition so here we need to check if fpw equals null so let's say you are trying to open a particular file and that file is not available or is not created then file pointer will be having null because if file is not available then no address will be available into file pointer. So in that case file pointer will be personal and you can write print as inside the code you can write file not found and you can use a free file function that is exit so exit terminates execution of the program. So the statements which are available after this statement will not be executed because file pointer is null and file is not open so you can print this error message file not found or file not opened and you can terminate execution of the program. And this is a predefined function so for this you need to review this handle file sdnl.h so if you are including this handle file then you can use this handle function otherwise and fourth you can use f close then you can pass file pointer also you can use f close all. So these are two separate matters so if you have only one file open through a file pointer then you can use f close everything but let's say you have opened more than one files in a C program through more than one file pointers and you want to close all those files through those five pointers then you can terminate f close all. So f close all will close all open files immediately with a single scale right so these four are additional statements that you have to use in your program if you want to implement file handling apart from that if you want to. Like anything into five you can use f print f if you want to need anything from file you can use f scanner so these are some specific functions those are related to digital writing data from file into file so if you want to learn these concepts as well so again at the end of this video and also in the description of this video you will find the link related to file handling in C. So in that place I have created all the videos separately like how f print f works, how f print f works, how we can store multiple data into files, how we can read multiple data from files, how we can find arrays structures into files, how we can read array structures from files. So in this video I just explained the concept of file handling, if you want to learn more about file handling so do follow that playlist so that you can understand the concept of file handling that and I hope you understood the requirement of files in C language program because without file you cannot store your input output permanently. So if you want to display your output or input temporarily that is controlled that you are using with all the programs but for permanent location also attacks file with the help of these statements so this way I am completing this video so I hope you understood whatever I explained in this video if you want to watch more programming related videos go to the description of this video and find the links. So thank you for watching this video.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss a question which says that Find the sum of difference and write in simplest form first part minus 5 and 7 by 9 minus 2 and 4 by 9 plus 1 and 8 by 9 second part minus 4 and 3 by 8 plus 10 and 5 by 12 and third part is 1.08 plus absolute value of minus 16.20 minus of minus 3 now let us start with the solution of the given question now in the first part we have to simplify minus 5 and 7 by 9 minus 2 and 4 by 9 plus 1 and 8 by 9 now first of all we will convert these mixed fractions into improper fractions so this is equal to minus now 9 into 5 is 45 35 plus 7 is 52 so this is 52 by 9 that is minus 52 by 9 minus 9 into 2 is 18 18 plus 4 is 22 so this is 22 by 9 plus now 9 into 1 is 9 and 9 plus 8 is 17 so this is 17 by 9 now all these fractions have same denominator so we can take 9 as denominator now here we have 9 in the denominator and in the numerator we will have minus 52 minus 22 plus 17 now here first of all we will solve minus 52 and minus 22 now they have same sign that is minus so we will add the two numbers so this is equal to minus 74 plus 17 whole upon 9 now we will solve minus 74 plus 17 now here you can see one number is negative the other is positive so here we have to subtract these two numbers and in the answer we will put the sign of the greater number now here 74 is greater than 17 and 74 has minus sign so in the answer we will put minus sign so on subtracting this is equal to minus 57 upon 9 now 3 into 3 is 9 and 3 into 19 is 57 so this is equal to minus 19 upon 3 now in the mixed fraction it can be written as minus 6 and 1 upon 3 now let us start with the second part in which we have to simplify minus 4 and 3 by 8 plus 10 and 5 by 12 now again we will convert these mixed fractions into intact fractions so this will be equal to minus 35 upon 8 plus 125 upon 12 now these are unlike fractions that is the fractions with different denominators so let us convert these unlike fractions into like fractions that is the fractions with same denominators now lcm of the denominators that is lcm of 8 24 that is 3 into 2 into 2 into 2 which is equal to 24 now 8 into 3 is 25 and 12 into 2 is 24 so the fraction minus 35 by 8 can be written as minus 35 into 3 upon 8 into 3 which is equal to minus 105 upon 24 and the other fraction that is 125 upon 12 can be written as 125 into 2 upon 12 into 2 which is equal to upon 24 so we have converted the unlike fractions into like fractions that is the fractions with same denominators now minus 35 by 8 plus 125 by 12 will be equal to minus 105 by 25 plus 250 by 24 so this is equal to minus 105 plus 250 by 24 now here in the numerator one number is negative other is positive so we have to subtract and in the answer we will have the positive sign that is the sign with the greater number so subtracting we get 145 upon 24 and in the mixed fraction this can be written as 6 and 1 by 24 now let us start with the third part which is 1.08 plus the absolute value of minus 16.20 minus of minus 3 now we know that absolute value is always positive so we have the absolute value of minus a is equal to a that is the absolute value of any number minus a is equal to a so this is equal to 1.08 plus now we have absolute value of minus 16.20 will be 16.20 and here minus into minus will be plus 3 now here you can see in these numbers that is in the first two numbers in the decimal part we have two digits so here we will put two zeros in the decimal part of 3 so this will be 1.08 plus 16.20 plus 3.00 now we will add these three numbers and for adding the unit place digit should be written below the units place digit so adding these three numbers we get this equal to 20.20 so adding we get this equal to 20.20 so this is the solution of the given question and that's all for this session hope you all have enjoyed the session


Today, folks, we have four big stories for you guys. One of them dealing potentially with Nintendo Switch Shoe. Another one dealing potentially with a brand new special edition Switch OLED that's supposed to be announced this week. You can probably already take a guess at that. We also have some news on Mario Plus Rabbids Sparks, I hope, because the final DLC dropped today and we have a new trailer and some interesting notes about that. Oh, and we're not done because Nintendo did announce a brand new event happening in 2024. So what are we waiting for, folks? Let's get into that new, after I remind you that, hey, we're on a road to 150,000 subscribers. I'm gonna keep reminding you guys because we really wanna get there. So hey, go ahead and drop a like, subscribe to the channel if you're enjoying this content, and you know what, ring-a-ling that ding-a-ling so you get notified of all future videos. Now, let's get into the news. So it looks like Nintendo Switch Shoe has a better than not chance. I mean, it might not happen, but a pretty good chance that it could be unveiled this year based on the recent rumblings coming out of Gamescom. In fact, there's a shot, a potential shot. It might be unveiled in the way the Xbox Series X was at the Game Awards. Wait, what, really? Yeah, let's dive into this because you know what? It all comes from someone who I've conversed with in the past named Zombal. Now, keep in mind before we dive into what Zombal said here that while information is supporting some things about to be said, it's all behind the scenes. And as such, this is to be treated as a rumor with some speculation on the part of the person sharing and then additional commentary from myself. It is not intended to be taken as a fact. Zombal, a forum poster at Family Boards, who helped us put together a Switch 2 spec video a while back, has come forward to explain he too has heard from multiple sources behind the scenes that Nintendo was indeed at Gamescom sharing Switch 2 information directly with developers, getting them to sign NDAs and getting them all set up for Switch dev kits. Here's what the post said. So I'm going to be a bit vague here, but I'll update everyone with the current situation. Switch 2 is in the hands of every major developer interested. Sample production, testing, and ramp up. A full-scale production is happening this year from what I've heard. MoneyDJ reported a while back that it would start in November and December, we're talking about production of this year, and that lines up with multiple sources I've been hearing. We are still waiting on a funkel to really give us the details, but it seems like leaks by the end of this year are probably going to happen. There is some rumblings of a direct happening in two or three weeks, but this will likely happen before Tokyo Game Show. It should be the last focused Switch Direct. Now this is just his personal speculation. At Gamescom, Nintendo presented behind closed doors Switch 2 information to publishers and developers. They will do the same at Tokyo Game Show and possibly in Brazil in mid-October. This presentation wasn't the most secure thing in the world. The reason I can share this, I don't know the sources here. I've heard from so many people on this that I trust that I don't really need a source. I bring this up because I want to explain why I think there will be an announcement this year for a presentation about Switch Redacted next year. It could happen anytime after October. I think they will release Mario Wonder first. I don't think Nintendo wants to announce it directly, however, which is why I think they will use a venue like the Game Awards. It is so core focused that the only ones who are watching it that don't know a Switch successor is coming next year are people who don't care about Nintendo and exactly the type of market Nintendo would like to reach with such a powerful device. I also think the Game Awards uniquely has the right timing for this particular announcement because production will start this year. These will happen shortly after and because they are showing off at multiple events before the end of this year, the likeliness that it leaks is too high. This is speculation, but I expect the real stuff we are actually after to be early next year. Now, on a little bit of an unrelated note to the Switch shoe stuff, obviously him talking about the Nintendo Direct happening the next two to three weeks. Look, Zippo said next week, he's saying next two to three weeks, it is what it is.  It always happens the first full week, the second full week, or the third full week right before Tokyo Game Show. There's no real consistent pattern in how Nintendo does it. So we just have to wait and see. Obviously we have the Mario Direct this week, which could suggest it could be at least a two week wait until the general Direct, but we'll have to wait and see. Now, all of that being said, naturally we don't know what's happening with the Nintendo Switch 2 behind the scenes. Would they actually unveil it like the Xbox Series X at the Game Awards or would they wanna do it on their own? Nintendo traditionally does their own unveiling events, but then again, this could be a special situation. It is they follow up to a massively successful platform that maybe Nintendo wants to get even more audience, really paying attention to. And you know what, there's over 80, over 100, whatever. It's crazy numbers the Game Awards has in terms of viewers worldwide. So it is an excellent platform that could advertise Nintendo's upcoming system to a much larger audience than Nintendo can reach just on their own. Also, this won't preclude a future Nintendo redacted Switch 2 event happening early next year, at some point to further give details and more launch games and all of that stuff. So, and that would probably be more focused on Nintendo's own channels with dedicated presentations and directs. Anyways, guys, that's just a lot of speculation based on a lot of rumblings based on what has likely occurred at Gamescom. Take it for what you will. I said, none of this is a fact, but it's starting to come together. Next up, a brand new launch trailer drop for the third portion of the Sparks of Hope DLC. And here it is. Look, I just really wanna talk about this because it is one of my favorite games on Switch and I will be playing this DLC all weekend. But let's get into a little bit of information here. So if you wanna taste of what to me looks like the best content in the entire game, I do wanna make sure you guys actually go check out the real full trailer with audio. We can't play the audio for you guys, but the Phantom himself goes off and does a little song and it's so great. But beyond that, they did a feature with the developers. They talked passionately about bringing back Rayman and what it means to them. It's quite heartwarming to see the passion in which this entire game, let alone the DLC brought out in them. Now remember, if you 100% this DLC, there is supposedly a special message for Rayman fans. I can't wait to see what that message is myself. So I'm gonna 100% it before the internet spoils it for me. If I'd already be out there, I have no idea. Usually these DLCs take, you know, six to 10 hours. So we'll have to wait. At least I'm gonna wait. I'm gonna try to avoid the spoilers because I want that message to hit me raw for the first time while playing the game. Next up, Nintendo announced a brand new event for next year and whoa, what is happening? It's another Nintendo live. Can you believe it? Nintendo's going live, baby! I mean, look, they're doing this also this year in Seattle, Washington and it's not really a whole lot. It's just playing games that are already out. Here's a little concert. Here's some tournaments and we call it a day. They're doing that again and they're doing it in Tokyo in January. You know what? Let's head over to the website that announced this and go through some of the details in case you just happen to be in Tokyo in January and you wanna check this out. So it's going to take place in January of 2024 and it's going to end up hosting Splatoon 3 World Championship 2024 and a Mario Kart 8 Deluxe World Championship 2024 as well. There will be live music performances from games like Splatoon 3 and yes, folks, Zelda. Like this might be the real reason I'd wanna go and these are gonna be orchestral performances at that. Zelda music I know is glorious with the orchestra. Anyways, there will be a Splatoon 3 and Smash Bros. special that everyone can participate in. You didn't think they'd leave out Smash Bros, did they? Now there will be a game experience booth. This is where you just play some of Nintendo's already released games, photo spots and merchandise to purchase. Now look, there's nothing really notable here. It's just gonna fall in line with what they did in 2023. There is this weird asterisk at the end that says like no new hardware has been unveiled or something. I don't know if they're hinting that maybe there might be an additional thing. I doubt it though. I don't think Nintendo's gonna use this event for anything other than what Nintendo Live has always been.  It's just these are small events. They're not really meant to be big deals. Like think about it like just having Pokemon Go Fest, right? That's basically the Pokemon Go Fest of Nintendo. Now our last story today is maybe the biggest story of the day but also technically still a rumor. You guys know we cover rumors and leaks and while we have some two legit news pieces in here, two of them are like rumors and leak category. It just is what it is. It's that kind of day today. But this one is dealing with a brand new Nintendo Switch OLED which is just common sense and highly likely to happen and totally Nintendo and going to be over hyped with some people's titles and thumbnails but honestly it's really not that big of a deal and it's kind of a disappointment. Let's just dive into this supposed news system that's being announced this week. So it comes from Deal Labs writer Bill Bill Kahn who has reported correctly, to be fair, on similar things in the past. In his article he says Nintendo is unveiling this system in the upcoming Mario Direct and the new system will be called the Nintendo Switch OLED model Mario Red Edition. Oh boy. It will feature red Joy-Cons and a red dock but no other Mario branding. Nintendo has actually done similar things in the past. First they had the Mario Red Joy-Con Edition launch around the holidays when you could pick three digital Mario games, one of three and you get that for free with your system. The other more well-known special edition Mario Switch was the Mario Red and Blue Edition. It came with red Joy-Cons and a red dock. Sounds familiar, right? But it also included a red shelled standard Switch, a blue Joy-Con grip with blue Joy-Con straps along with a Mario themed red and blue carrying case. And I think there was some blue accents on the buttons on the controllers as well. Now based on this rumor, the new system is basically this except it doesn't have the blue color accents or the carrying case and no red theme switch itself. It's just the Joy-Cons and the dock. Wow, super exciting Nintendo. This actually makes it maybe the most unimaginative special edition Switch they've ever released but then again this is Nintendo and they've done stuff similar to this before. Hello, just Joy-Con colors. So yeah, like, it's totally what Nintendo would do. But also when you come off of the amazing things like the Animal Crossing special edition, the Splatoon 3 special edition, the Tears of the Kingdom special edition and your Mario one, Mario, you know, the biggest IP Nintendo probably has direct control over besides Pokemon and this is what you get. Oh well folks, remember they are wrapping up to their next system so maybe they just don't wanna put too much effort into stuff like this. All right guys, thank you so much for tuning in. I am Nathaniel Rumpeljantz from Nintendo Prime. We do have a podcast tonight featuring Jake Randall, Eric Moore, my co-host is back on and Wes Nemo. It's a four person cast. We're gonna be talking about a lot of the Switch 2 stuff. A lot of the Mario Direct happening. Remember we have a Mario Wonder Direct happening tomorrow. We'll be live streaming that. And I just wanna thank you guys for being here. It's been sort of a journey getting this Prime new stuff out on time. I don't even know if this one's exactly out on time but it's the closest yet. And we are trying out brand new audio today. Let me show you guys something here that you might not be aware we were using like Lavalier mics and all this and the audio was a bit tinny. But now we got this. Yeah, this is the Sennheiser MKH416. I'm sure I just got a lot louder because it's it's like a boom shotgun mic thing. I don't know. Let me know if the audio was any better this time around.