Fasting has been practiced for thousands of years, but only recently have we started to put it to the test. In a previous video series about the studies on using fasting for weight loss back in the 70s, was it safe? Was it effective? But what about fasting for treating and preventing other diseases? One of the side effects noticed in the early weight loss studies was the consistent fall in blood pressure.  Once you start eating again, your pressures go back up, but remarkably not as high as they were before. Well, of course it depends on, you know, what you start eating again. For example, a case report of a woman who used fasting to drive her rheumatoid arthritis into remission. Sixtolic blood pressure started up around 170, despite multiple blood pressure medication, was put on a whole-food plant-based diet for eight weeks. That dropped her from 170 down to 130, off of all her medications before starting the fast, and then normalizing down to 110 after the fast. But is that just because of all the weight loss? I mean, she lost 22 pounds on the fast, and 27 pounds on the plant-based diet. So yeah, it's extraordinary to drop your pressures from 170 to 110, but that was after losing about 50 pounds. We've known for decades that any kind of weight loss can lower blood pressure. Even minor weight loss can lower blood pressures and obese persons, even if they remain significantly overweight. But most of the drop in blood pressures with severe caloric restriction happens within the first two days before a significant loss of body fat. So it may also be a reduction in the fight or flight stress hormones, like adrenaline and noradrenaline, both before and after exercise. After just two weeks of just a few hundred calories a day. So that may be one reason why very low-calorie diets have been found useful in lowering blood pressures even in those for whom blood pressure medications fail, that changes in those hormones. But low-calorie diets also tend to be more plant-based. So there's fiber and potassium rich foods, less saturated fat, even just adding fruits and vegetables to the diets of hypertensives can lower the systolic blood pressure, the top number, by seven points. I mean, that's the kind of blood pressure improvement you might get losing 10 pounds just by eating more fruits and vegetables. And if you combine that with a drop in meat consumption, not only doubling fruit and vegetable intake, but combining that with trying to slash saturated fat and cholesterol, you can cut pressures by 11 points. What else can we do? Restricting alcohol intake in regular daily drinkers can drop you five points. So let's keep track here. Alcohol restriction can drop your systolic blood pressure, five points. Losing 10 pounds can drop you seven, as can just eating the recommended 8 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. Regular aerobic exercise for at least three months can drop you nine. So let's add that onto the chart. Combine the fruits and vegetables with meat reduction. You can drop it 11. Blood pressure medications can have side effects, but on their own can drop pressures by 15 points. What about cutting down on salt? Noting the other diet study, they kept the sodium levels the same, cut sodium enough, and it can edge out drugs at 16. The drugs, 15 sodium restriction, 16. Is that the best we can do with diet?  Even after 9 out of 10 reduced their blood pressure medications, or stopped them entirely, all within just seven days. Ah, it's pretty impressive. Now, what if you took that same diet, but added fasting? 37 points, right? We'll review that study and others like it next.


All right, Bernie, I mean, come on, pretty cool, pretty cool. That is very cool. I haven't, you know, I don't come here too often. So every time I come here, I get a chance to see that. I was like, is that really me? So it's great. You put on the pinstripe jersey today. But do you remember that first time that you put on the pinstripes? Oh, yeah, absolutely. I mean, it was a bad day at Yankee Stadium. I remember it was a Sunday. We were playing the Orioles. And yeah, I remember, I think it was Jeff Ballard, the pitcher, and I did my first hit was off of Greg Olson, the closer infield hit through like Billy Ritkin and, I don't know, the first baseman. It was a great day for me. And then after that, we went into a 10-day road trip to the West Coast. So it was long, but I do remember it. What did you like most about being a Yankee? You have to, I kind of have to tackle this question and, you know, depending on the year that I'm playing. Great thing about being a Yankee back when I started playing was that I was in the big leagues. Then as I got older, I started understanding the tradition of excellence that the team has exemplified over a century. And then I started getting a little nervous because I was playing the same position that Mickey Mantle played in, the same position that Mickey Rivers and Joe DiMaggio and all those guys. And then as I got older, I started feeling proud of the legacy and then the run that we have, you know, the teams of the 90s. And very happy to be part of that group of clowns, you know, that sort of make this great run. And is it the latest successful run that we have had in a while? I see Tino here today, but how much do you talk to some of the other guys, like Pettit, like O'Neill, like Jeter? Yeah, I talk to them quite frequently, as frequently as I can.  Like, oh, wow, this is great. I had lunch with Tino actually in Tampa a couple of weeks ago. We were able to reconnect and after a long time, I think COVID has really taken a toll in our ability to reconnect on a personal level. But we're getting all that back and I'm glad that this day is happening, even though in a limited fashion, but it's good to see the guys again. When you look at this year's Yankees teams, a lot of them are comparing them to teams that you played on. What's your impression of what this year's team has been able to do so far? Well, I kind of try to tend to put myself at this point in the year in 1998. And I would definitely have the same emotions and the same feelings that these guys are having right now. You know, coming to the stadium, any park, anywhere, you know, this year, having, you know, thinking that they can win every game that they play, that's the same way that we felt in 1998, going through this run. And it's just a great feeling to be in the clubhouse, you know, with that kind of mentality. Everybody that comes in, into the team, you know, whether it's from the minor league, so coming in from another organization, coming in thinking that, you know, they're the winner, they're having an opportunity to have a great year and they're going to be part of it. It's just no better time to be at this time of the year for these guys. And I totally relate to that.


What's going on everybody? Got Kyle and Sean here relating sports cars. We're up in 2023 gold standard. This one is six box half case 22. Pick your team style got Blake S with the Vikings. Brandon J has the Niners. Brandon P with the Saints. Shipe has the Browns. Brandon W Cardinals. Brett W has the Eagles. Brett S with the Bucks. We got Curtis D with the Jets. Dakota D with the Panthers. Drew R has Texans, Colts, Rams and Dolphins. Jacob F has the Packers. Josh S has the Falcons. Justin C has the Chiefs and Steelers. Keith B Lyons. Matthew P has the Commanders and the Patriots. Got Nate S with the Giants. Pascal has the Bills. Phillip N has the Titans. Got Russell P Seahawks. Ryan C with the Bengals. We got Shane R with the Cowboys. Terry F Broncos. Todd C has Bears, Chargers, Jags and Raiders. And then Tyler K has the Ravens. Alrighty guys, good luck on this one. Let's do it. Gold standard number 22. Again, just one more to go on NT Breaking Next, just the Patriots. Box number one. Let's go, Brandon. Let's see a Cardinal for you, my man. A couple of them maybe. It's a 24 Darius Davis rookie for the Chargers. It's a 99. Brian Robinson. Brian Robb. Jamal Williams on the Goldmine jersey to 2.99 for the Saints. For the Bills, it's a newly minted to 3.99 rookie jersey of Dalton Kincaid, a rookie tight end. Got a Motherlowe jersey. This one is the 2.99 Ken Walker. Kenneth Walker on the, that window is not taken out. I was wondering what that was. It's a, didn't take the window out. Patch window. Motherlowe to 3.99 Ken Walker. Who is the sick? This one is 24 Karat Otto to 25 is Drew Bledsoe for the Patriots. That's a sweet one there. I love these 24 Karats. Really nice one there. Who's got the Patriots? That is Matthew P. Nice one on the 24 Karat Bledsoe to 25. And Chase Brown on the back is RP-8 to 149. We'll have to send a box with this one as well. That corner got a little peeled up for the Bengals. Got peeled up a little bit there. So we'll send a box with the Bengals on the RP-8 to 149. Righty box two. Here we go. I still can't believe that catch, bro. That Saints tight end, man. Fossum arrow. That was not good. That was not good. It was as good a pass as it could have been. Literally as good as it could have been. It's a 99 to Sean Watson and a 2.75 Kalia Kansy rookie for the Bucks. Got a white gold jersey to 299 is George Pickens. Luke Schoonmaker on the newly minted to 399. Cowboys rookie. And Dak Prescott on the motherload jersey to 299. Cowboys again there. No, he's not sleeping tonight, man. That's going to haunt him. That is going to haunt him. Receiver who dropped it. 199 Jake Moody. A little kicker for the Niners on the auto. And RPA triple relic RP-8 to 149 is Cedric Tillman for the Browns on the back. Browns. Box number three. Let's turn it up. Let's turn it up. Just one to go, guys, for NT breaking here next. Just the Patriots. Yeah, Giants fan. Hey, that'll work, though. That'll work. 299 Camp Smith rookie Dolphins and 249 Cortland Sutton. Yeah, for that miss kick, I remember seeing that. I do remember seeing that. All the family, they always show it, too, right before he misses. Dude, they got to let everybody know. There's a gold gear 299 for the Rams is Aaron Donald. It's Geno's boy. Got a CJ Stroud. Nice one there to 24. There we go, Texans on the two-color patch. Newly minted. Nice CJ Stroud. Texans to 24. Hard of gold to 199. That one's going to be two E. Dolphins. Got a auto three of five. Nice low number, second-year auto for the Seahawks. Going to be Ken Walker. It's a nice low number there. Three of five on the auto. There we go, Seahawks. And on the back is Cowboys. RPA to 49, Deuce Vaughn. Two-color patch. Small running back for the Cowboys. Box four. Let's go, my man. Let's go. Not going to lie, there's a giant on the back. Good time for that. Got a 299. John Taylor Colts. Got 230. Will McDonald for the Jets. Defensive end. Got white gold to 299. David Monti for the Lions. Needed him to stay healthy last week. That was unfortunate. Yeah, I remember. I remember. There is newly minted 399 Clifford for the Packers. Sean Clifford. We've got Brock Purdy on the white gold to 299 Jersey Niners. Trenton Simpson going to be our auto to 24. T-Simp for the Ravens. Signed a T-Simp. And on the back we've got Giants. Triple Relic RPA is Jalen Hyatt. Good rookie receiver for the Giants out of Tennessee. Had some nice catches last weekend. They keep getting those primetime games. 149 Jalen Hyatt. I don't know how that keeps happening. Them and the Broncos keep getting the primetime games. Box number five. I got you, my man. I got you. We can do it again. Yeah, it's not who I want to watch. Not who I want to watch in primetime. Alrighty, guys. Just the Patriots left and NT breaking here next. Clock here. Box number five. All right. Gotta be ready. Gotta be ready. 299. We got Jalen Hurts for the Eagles. And nice. The 75. Another CJ Stroud. First at the Jersey to 24. Now we got the base to 75. For the Saints. Got a gold mine. Jersey to 199. That is Jamal Williams. Jamal Williams. This one is Will Leviss on the newly minted Jersey to 399. Titans. For the Finns. Gold mine, Jersey to 24. We got the Dolphin logo for Tyreek Hill. That is sick. Nice one there, Finns. On the E. Tyreek Hill. Oh, nice one. Here to 10. We got Goldfingers Auto. Deontay Johnson for these Steelers. Haven't seen one of these. Five to 10. Nasty 10. Deontay Johnson for the Steelers. That is a very nice Dolphins patch, man. Very, very nice. Oh, yeah, yeah. Remember that from the trade night? That was sick. Five to 10 on the Deontay. And on the back, we got Otto Sam La Porta. Nice one there to 24. Nice one. Lion's the very good tight end rookie out of Iowa. He's been killing it so far. Last one here. Alrighty, guys. Just the Patriots left. I'm going to mark him down just a little bit. Let's sell this out. Let's rip some NT here, guys. Mark them down a bit more. Alright, that should be updating, guys. If you're interested, took a few more bucks off the Patriots. Last team in NT. Base is some 99. That one's going to be a Will McDonnell for the Jets. What's up, Bragg? What up, Bragg? How we doing, man? Ooh, nice one here. We got Goldust on the Super Shore print. About a case hit. That's Joe Burrow. There we go. Bangles. Nice one there on the case hit. 21 to 24 on the Goldust. Yeah, it's a thick one. We'll mag that for you, Bangles. Nice hit. Goldust Joey Burrow. The Bayou Bangle. Very nice. And we've got a Goldmine jersey to 49. That one's going to be Christian Kirk. Had a big touchdown tonight late in the game. To 49, Christian Kirk. Sam Laporta, newly minted to 399 on the Lions jersey. A Nick Chubb, another Goldmine to 24. What's going to be for the Browns on the Chubby? This one is Cardinals on the Auditor 49. Rookie BJ Ojolari. Defensive end for the Cardinals. Nice one there to 49. 26 to 49. And on the back we have for the Falcons. It is going to be Bijan Robinson to 199 on the RPA. There we go. Falcons. Very nice hit there. This kid is a beast. Number eight of 199, just off that jersey number. Nice Bijan. We'll mag that as well for the Falcons. Alrighty, guys. That'll do it for Gold Standard. Six box case number 22. Pick your team style. Nick Chubb to 24 on the jersey. Had Laporta to 399. Kirk to 49. This sick Tyreek to 24 with the E-Patch. This is to 299. Jamal. Newly minted 399. Levis, 299. Purdy, 299. Clifford. It was Lions, David Monty, and harder gold to up. We had a 24. Nice one. CJ Stroud on the jersey. Newly minted. Had Aaron Donald to 299. 399 Luke Schoonmaker, 299 Dak Motherload to 299 Pickens, to 299 Kenneth Walker, Dalton Kincaid, and gold mine of Jamal Williams. Our autos, we had BJ Ojolari to 49. Had Kincaid to 24. Sorry, Laporta. Laporta to 24 Lions. Goldfingers 5-10 is Deontay Johnson. Had RPA Jalen Hyatt to 149. T Semp to 24 for the Ravens. Had a Deuce Vaughn RPA to 49. So once Kin Walker to 5 on the auto. Had Cedric Tillman to 199. Jake Moody, RPA Chase Brown, and to 25. Drew Bledsoe, 24 carat. And our two mags, we had a Gold Dust Joey Burrow. Nice one there. Case hit 24. And Bijan Robinson on the RPA to 199. Nice one there. Falcons. Perfect. Alrighty guys, that'll do it for gold standard number 22. Just one more to go on NT coming up here next.


of the season. Let's hear from Cortez. Mr. How are you successfully able to navigate yourself through five. Well get first of all Gary Gary called a great game behind the plate and I was able to execute. One enough to keep them off balance so I think both of both those things really work tonight. Why do you think your fastball plays so well.  I think I you know I've been successful with it because you know my view has been up a little bit too and you know so so many different variables that that that play into it and you know it's a little sneaky so I think that's that helped me a lot too. How personally satisfying is it to contribute to this team and to the win against the Reds. Huge I mean I knew I knew how bad we needed to swim and the series. You know so me contributing to this to this win and and you know hopefully we go for tomorrow but it's huge. I know you had a lot of family and friends in attendance tonight. Did that add to it for you as well. Yeah definitely. I had you know about 15 18 people would travel for Miami 4 hours. So it was a little special for me. And I know you were in the dugout there as the final out was being recorded. It was a bit of an adventure for DJ LaMahue. What were you thinking there as as you're watching him go after that ball. Yeah I mean the roof is tough to see here. But I don't say it was just squeeze the ball squeeze the ball. You made a great play. Hi Nestor. It has not been made a few official at all. And maybe he's still don't know if it's going to go through. But there's a possibility that you guys signed Joey Gallo. What would a bat like that mean to you and to support this team. I mean yeah he has a good track record. And you know he's he's.


How much can I earn teaching English in Saudi Arabia? In recent years, the Middle East has become the place to be if you want to make serious money teaching English abroad. Saudi Arabia has one of the biggest markets for foreign teachers in the region, with positions offering high salaries and generous benefit packages available in all the main cities. The majority of positions require qualifications and a considerable amount of classroom experience. But for those who meet the criteria, salaries ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 US dollars per month are common. For some teachers, Saudi Arabia offers the ideal location for teaching English abroad as salaries and benefit packages are as good as you will find anywhere in the world. Demand for qualified and experienced teachers is strong in cities such as Riyadh and Jeddah, where universities, colleges, international schools and private language academies offer a variety of teaching positions. While Saudi Arabia is one of the most attractive teaching destinations in terms of income, it is important to be aware of the cultural situation before you decide to head there. The country's conservative laws and traditions mean it is not an ideal destination for some teachers. Alcohol is forbidden and interaction between unmarried couples is not permitted, including between foreigners. Female teachers can find it particularly challenging as they are further restricted by issues such as clothing customs and a ban on driving alone.  Salaries start at around 2,500 US dollars per month and can rise to 4,000 dollars and beyond depending on qualifications and experience. In addition to a generous salary, most positions will also include an equally generous benefit package that includes paid airfares, paid accommodation and a bonus on completion of the contract. If all that is not enough, it is also worth mentioning that salaries are typically tax-free. Employers As English is rapidly growing in importance in Saudi Arabia, there are a large number of private and public-run language academies throughout the country. Salaries typically range from 12,000 to 15,000 SAR, currently 3,200 to 4,000 US dollars per month. An average week would include 25 to 30 classroom hours with extensive lesson planning on top. Although not essential, a good understanding of Arabic is a real advantage in this area. Privately run international schools are another potential employer for teachers who can meet the relatively stringent criteria. Most positions will require a teaching qualification from your home country as well as a minimum of two years classroom experience. Salaries typically range from 10,000 to 50,000 SAR, 2,600 to 4,000 US dollars, with working hours of 7am to 3pm, Saturday to Wednesday. Contracts are generally for one or two years. As virtually all university students in Saudi Arabia are required to sit an English language exam, there are plenty of great opportunities within the country's extensive network of colleges and universities. Positions generally pay in excess of 15,000 SAR, 4,000 US dollars per month, so competition for each job is usually very strong. Plenty of previous experience will almost certainly be required to secure a position in this area. Cost of living Saudi Arabia is one of the wealthiest countries in the Middle East and is therefore one of the more expensive to live in. However, as salaries are high and other expenses such as airfares and housing are generally paid for, most teachers are able to live very comfortably and are also able to save a considerable amount of their salary every month.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com, coming at you with 2020 Bowman's Best Baseball. One box, pick your team number three, and there's a two-spot transcendent giveaway at the very end as well, if you followed these instructions. All cards ship in this. Now before we do the randomizer for the transcendent, let's do the break itself. Thanks everyone here for getting into the action. Appreciate it. Here's the one box that I randomly grabbed from that case we popped open. Hot stove, ladies and gentlemen, it was cold for a little bit, sorry to heat up now. We've got the Padres making some big plays here. They got Blake Snell and you, Darvish. So that's on top of, wait, no, Clevenger's out for the year, right? Well, that's on top of the other youngsters that they have on that team. So that's a pretty interesting one-two punch at the top of that rotation. Pirates Joe Musgrove is drawing keen interest. So those teams that lost on Snell apparently gonna be chasing Musgrove. And then Trevor Bauer is still out on the market. I think Trevor Bauer said he, at one time he said that he would love to just get one year, big one year deals. But I think that's no longer the case according to a report that I read somewhere. All right, so four autographs and then we'll randomize for the transcendent. There's a Luis Robert, Gavin Lux, JD Martinez, and JT Real Muto is our first autograph. I think he's a free agent, no? Or has he been signed already? 106 out of 150 for the Fightin' Fills, Matt Medlin. He's gonna be pretty good. There's Miguel Cabrera at a 99. Another fan favorites or franchise favorites. Luis Robert should be one more auto. There it is, Logan Allen. Matt Medlin with the tribe. Got a Bryce Harper to 250, Purple 250. This almost makes me, the red background makes it look like it's a parallel, but it's not. And we've got Garrett Mitchell for the Brew Group. Steve Wright for the Brewers. Another Luis Robert Dicud, Calricken Jr. And it's Cool Whit Maryfield. Royals, Demetrios with that one. All right, there we go. Another one boxer in the books. Now the whole, the main point of this of course, although there are four autographs to break the main point of this, is who's gonna win those two transcendent spots. So let's go to the list. Let's sort by your first names right there. So if you bought at least two teams like Adam did, you'll get an entry. Cameron two teams, that's an entry. Chris with two, that's an entry. Demetrios with four, it's two entries. Dino with four, that's two entries. Jay with two, that's an entry. Jeff with two, that's an entry. Logan with two, that's an entry. Matt Medlin with four, that's two entries. Ross with four, that's two entries. Steve Wright had two teams, that's one entry. There should be, I think everyone got an even number of teams, correct? Yeah, so there should be 15. You can see the count on the bottom right there. So pretty decent odds. Top two out of 15. Let's roll it, let's randomize it. Six and a three, nine times for that list. Top two after nine, good luck. One, two, three. Ninth and final time, top two after nine is gonna be Matt Medlin and Chris Gerard. Congrats to the both of you. We'll put BB three, this is break three. BB three next to your names, you know it's from Bowman's Best Three. Thanks for watching, I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one.


A burnout is a self-destruction due to the expectations that are mythical in nature. Only if you take time to stop and observe from the outside, will you acknowledge the miles you have covered.  One of our contributors says entrepreneurs should find areas of opportunity for the growth of each team member and connect that to their goals. As a restaurant, one must make sure business appeals to the audience at a stargating. They will only update your menu and ensure that the food introduced is a stop-notch. With the awareness of digital media increasing, a glaring drawback of using traditional media to advertise has become obvious. The progress of digital campaign can be tracked in real time down to individual inquiries, while a traditional campaign blankets an entire region without providing adequate feedback. Digital marketing allows brands to pull people quickly. It allows consumers looking for a product or service to quickly find the best sellers. When you sense an employee is toxic, you need to gather the specifics first. If you are going to show toxic employees their issues, you have to give something to them. You have to talk it out with them.


Absolutely. Yeah, let me ask you a question. What was that feeling, man? Cause there's a lot of young cats out here to think the street life is all that. I remember everybody seen it when you was walking the court when you was a young cat, you going in there, you and Shilganem. What was that feeling, man? Cause you described that feeling to these young cats. It wasn't, it wasn't nice.  So if you're going there, you know, with a 187, most likely you're going to lose. So my heart was, was beating every day. I didn't know what to expect. I didn't know how to carry myself. I didn't know how to act because I wasn't ever in a position like that. Normally when I went to court, I would just take a deal. You know what I'm saying? Cause I didn't have money for a lawyer. I didn't have. Yeah, that was me. I was dead. Right. So nigga didn't have none of that. So this is the first time I ever had a lawyer or I ever had somebody speak for me to where I couldn't say nothing. I couldn't do nothing. I had to let the lawyer speak and just sit in court and just be on my best behavior.  That was, you know, prohibiting me from moving. I had to be on house arrest. I had to, couldn't move certain ways, couldn't do certain things, but it, it taught me discipline. You know what I'm saying?  And I was the only one that couldn't. Let me ask you a question. Shug Knight, did that man change your life forever? He changed my life forever. Shug Knight was one of the best niggas that I ever ran across in my life. For the simple fact that he was so honest, so real, so true, and so passionate about death rowing, about his orders and about us becoming who we are.   And, you know, when you got somebody like that, before he became the mogul that y'all seen, behind the scenes, we seen that mogul.  Like even when it came to my murder case, if it wasn't for him, I don't know what I would have did because he was professional enough to know that you need a lawyer. We got to get a defense team. We got to do this. Don't say a word. How much is your lawyer cost? Man, we spent about $10 million on that case. Damn, just to get you out. He spent 10 million cash. At least because the case went on for three years. And y'all had the best lawyer you could get. We had David Kenner and then he brought in Johnny Cochran and then he brought in Donald Ray and then they brought in another attorney. It was like, I had like five or six attorneys on it. They had a detective, a pathologist, a DNA video, like every level of the game, it was like, this was the first time that video reenactments was introduced in court. So we had to reenact what had actually happened through a video that my attorney was willing to, had, you know, found a way to put together. So it was like a reenactment.  We was the first ones to do that in court.  He was like, I got to let people see because the way they see you, they see you as just a gangbanger that did a drive-by. So we got to show them exactly what happened so they can be inside the seat and see exactly what took place. Let me ask you this. Sure, you still talk to Sure? Yeah, I spoke with him about two months ago. How you doing? He doing good. He doing better than he was before. He's got a good spirit and I just wanted to communicate with him just to keep the love and let him know that I'm gonna keep his spirit alive. And if, you know, the grace of God, if death row happens to get, you know, dropped in my hands or open back up again, I'll be willing to keep the spirit of it alive and just do my thing. That's why I'm representing, you know what I'm saying, for the spirit of because I remember that's my birthplace. That's my start. That's my ecosystem. That was one of the first people to believe in you. Exactly. You better know it. See ya.


Welcome to lecture 22, and this is now the summary of the second part of this course. We'll go through what we did in the lecture content, and I'll try whenever we get there to discuss a bit what is technology-related content that we have been discussing, and what is more a theoretical principle behind it. Now let's have a look at the learning outcomes first. We have this huge list from the introduction lecture, and then you find on the web as well. And in the learning, in the knowledge and comprehension outcomes, we have covered everything. So you should know what client-side and server-side execution is. You should know what an HTTP request and a response contains, lists the different methods, explain what they are for, only for the ones that we have actually covered in the lecture, not the others. You should, for these methods, explain the features, for example, that they are even portents, save, and so on. Then we covered all of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, so whatever we did there, you should be able to define, explain the important things. We covered accessibility, so that's an important thing, primarily on an HTML level, like giving alternatives to pictures and so on. Given all the work that you have done now for the assignments and the lectures, you should be able, when you look at code, to have an idea of what it does, predict the behavior of how it's going to behave. Specifically for asynchronous JavaScript code, so that's a bit more the harder part when you have callbacks and so on. And then we went into testing. So discuss web application testing, discuss a bit the different methods that exist. That's primarily lecture 9. And then comes the server-side content, so you should know about rest, what the rest constraints are, and how this relates to actually implementing a restful API. If I give you any kind of code, you should be able to discuss the correctness of a response code or so on. And finally, we did web security, so there you should be able to discuss the all-wasp top 10, at least the ones that have been in the lecture. Now, in terms of practical things, application analysis, you should definitely, after assignment 2, be able to develop basic line-side applications with the whole range of HTML, CSS, JavaScript. You should be able to use Ajax, make in HTTP requests in the background. Not so much debug and testing client-side applications, since that was only in the lectures, not part of the assignments. Then you should be able to analyze source code for errors that might exist, choose the right method for rest and points. And according to assignment 3, be able to actually build a restful backend application. Database, we have only used in the lectures, so I've shown you how to do that. You haven't practically done that. And similarly, now in assignment 4, you are using an application that uses a database, but you're not implementing that yourself. So I don't expect much there. You should be able to analyze existing APIs and then point out problems there. And that's really based on, again, assignment 3 in lecture 15, 16 and 17. Deployment, you have done in assignment 3, so you should be able to do that on a basic level. And now, assignment 4, you should be able to do server-side application testing. The last part, develop tests for common web security threats is something we have not really discussed. And similarly, you might be able to look at web application code and find security threats, but that we have only done on a very, very basic level. So those are the application analysis. And then finally, we have to send this an evaluation learning outcomes. So a lot of that is beyond regular writing code and so on. But you should be able to sort of look ahead and propose improvements for code, actually improve existing applications, look at code and check whether there are error security vulnerabilities and so on. I don't expect much in terms of comparing different testing techniques because we haven't used that much. But then on the API level, you should be able to design a RESTful API, at least when it's not very complicated. You should be able to take an existing back end that is not RESTful and change it so that it is. And then on the broader level, you have done a bit of testing and debugging, so you should be able to sort of debate how important this is and what shortcomings there might be if you don't do it. And then finally, we have gone a lot into accessibility and to security problems. So in things that are more on the societal level of doing web applications. So that's something you should at least have a say about. So that's it in terms of the learning outcomes we've covered and I'll now go through the different lectures.


Okay, so let's start, hello everyone, we will talk today about replacing traditional legacy IP tables with EBPF and Kubernetes clusters with CDU. We are from Suzha, I'm Michał, this is Swamy. And yeah, let's start from the question what's wrong with traditional IP tables. So there are several things wrong from the point of view of Kubernetes clusters. First of all, IP tables is a technology which has 20 years. And it was designed mostly for simple IP address and port matching, which is a good approach for like traditional server applications for the time where we don't have like huge clusters and huge high availability. But in the era of Kubernetes clusters is not enough in our prion. The other issue is that IP tables is not really aware of the L7 protocols. So you can't filter the HTTP calls. For example, you can filter particular database queries. It's all based on IP addresses and ports, layer 3, layer 4. And the other thing is that IP tables operates on the concept of chains and rules. And to add a rule to the chain, you basically operate on the linked list. So every operation except of insert is ON. So like searching over the chain of rules or modifying the particular rule is always the like average ON operation. And that's why Kubernetes currently uses IP tables extensively. So when you use Kubernetes with the most of CNI plugins, you use IP tables for mainly two things. First thing is implementing surfaces with keep proxy. And the second thing are network policies for filtering the traffic. And it sometimes end up with so much IP tables and so much sadness. But there is one technology which tries to address that. It's BPF, which was already mentioned in previous presentations in the dev room. But to briefly introduce it, it's a virtual machine in the kernel, which allows you to write programs in the subset of C-language, which filters and traces the packets in the kernel. Or it can also be used to trace the kernel function calls. But in case of Cilium and in case of our talk, we focus more on the networking side of BPF. And Swami will talk about details of the network stack. So thanks, Micheal. So Micheal actually explained about what are the issues that we are having with IP tables. So everyone here would be aware about the Linux network stack and how complex it has been. So the design process of the Linux has been for years and the layers are pretty compact and each layers talk to each other layers. And if any packet has to process, they have to process through all these packets, all these layers. And we do have the net filter layer in between. So in order to get rid of the net filter layer, we need to come up with a similar filtering capability with the BPF. So what we are doing is, as the previous sessions also discussed about the hook points. So the BPF has different hook points in the networking stack. So you can see the different hook points that the BPF has. And using these hook points, we can actually achieve the similar functionality that IP filter has and has been providing for the customers for years. So this is just a comparison about the legacy IP tables and the enhanced version of the IP tables with the NF tables that have been used. And then the BPF filters with the host driver and the BPF filter with the hardware output. So you can see there is a substantial increase in performance by using the BPF filters against IP tables. So this picture gives you an overview of how the BPF utilizes the filtering capabilities that IP filter used to do for the networking. So in this picture, we are seeing the five different chains that are currently available for any packet to traverse these chains. So the decisions are made based upon where the packet needs to reach, whether it's going to be inbound, whether it's going to be outbound, whether it's going to be egressed or ingressed. So based on that, you can see the LO loops in here. Those are the net filter capabilities positions that we are having. And then the routing decisions are happening in the input and forwarding and output, as well as the netting is happening either in the pre-routing or in the post-routing. So in case we wanted to achieve the same functionality with BPF filters, we are planning to have the BPF code running in any one of the hook points that we already mentioned. But for the example case, we are taking that we are actually applying the BPF code in the TC hook point. So by applying this, we are going to achieve similar functionality. I'm going to show you the picture here. So the pink region that you're seeing here, both the pink boxes are the BPF programs that are running on the hook points for the TC. And those chains that we have shown here are the ingress chain, forwarding chain, and output chain. And we also have the netting capabilities as well for the pre-routing and post-routing. But for simplicity purposes, I have taken these three chains in order to explain how we are achieving it through BPF. And also connection tracking is involved. So in all these cases, we do have a hook point on the TC when the packet enters, the hook point actually takes into consideration that there is a packet arriving and if there is a BPF program that has been programmed to take care of it, so it takes care of either the ingress chain or the ingress chain. And then it applies the filtering rules based upon what we have configured. So I think then the previous session also we saw that BPF filters has the capability that you can actually point one BPF filter to another BPF filter, which is called as BPF tail calls. So we can achieve a similar filtering capabilities with respect to BPF tail calls, where each of the eBPF program can actually do a partial filtering based on what the content has been derived for. So basically one can do a header parsing, the other can do an IP lookup. So all these things changed together can actually provide a filtering capability that IP tables can provide. And all these things are happening dynamically without any intrusion or without any kernel reprogramming. So that's the advantage of BPF program. I'll give back to Michal to take it over from here. Yes, so here are examples of the other project in Cilium that are using BPF. There is a load balancer written by Facebook, which is OpenSongs, which is called Catran Perf. The Linux utility is using BPF already for tracing the kernel function calls. SystemD has a basic firewall based on BPF, so you can define basic proofs for services. Suricata is using BPF extensively. OpenVswitch has the AFXDP driver. AFXDP is the, let's say, alternative to DPDK, although DPDK itself is also supporting it. So in DPDK, normally you expose the network device directly to the user space, and DPDK has a network driver to use that network card. But in case of AFXDP, you use the network drivers in the kernel, but you have the direct memory access to the network card, and you can bypass the rest of Linux kernel network abstraction you've seen in the previous slides and redirect the packet directly to the user space. So it's similar to DPDK in terms that it's a data path acceleration technology. You can use AFXDP as a PMD driver in DPDK, actually, but you are still using the network device drivers in kernel, and the list of projects using BPF will grow and grow in the time. And these are companies which are using BPF. So Google, Red Hat, Netflix, SUSE. We are using it because we are in our distribution of Kubernetes, SUSE Container SS Service Platform. We are using Cilium as the CNI driver. So we explained what BPF is briefly, and now we will talk more about Cilium itself and what kind of features it has. So Cilium consists of several components. The main of it is the agent, which runs on every node in the Kubernetes cluster, and it actually takes care of generating the BPF programs and loading them into the kernel. And you have several other components to interact with Cilium, like the CLI, like plug-ins to different container runtimes or the policy repository. And speaking about CNI itself, yeah, maybe it's too much to talk because we have five minutes left, but yeah, CNI is the specification used by Kubernetes for creating or deleting the network interfaces and CNI plug-ins are responsible for creating the network interface, getting the IP address and Cilium is implementing all of that. So basically when you create the pod with kubectl, you of course call firstly the Kubernetes API server, the kubelet takes that request and kubelet calls the CRI, the CRI can be Docker, Shim, Container D or Cryo, and then usually the CRI implementation calls the CNI plug-in to create the network interface and provision the networking for the pod. And in case of Cilium, Cilium has a CNI plug-in which calls the Cilium agent to request the IP address and then it calls Cilium agent to actually create the BPF programs which will handle the filtering and in case you are using Cilium for handling the packet encapsulation to the nodes, it's also handled by BPF programs which Cilium agent creates. And then the communication between those BPF programs which are loaded into the kernel goes for BPF maps which are exposed to the user space. So Cilium agent after generating the BPF program, compiling it, loading it to the kernel, it keeps in contact with the BPF program by using maps. And this is like the more general overview of how BPF looks like and how it works when we use it together with Cilium, but also, for example, if you use AF-XDP which I mentioned to do data plane acceleration to VMs and containers. And, Swamin, it's your turn to... So here's the details about the CNI plug-in. As you mentioned about how the CNI plug-in gets involved in providing a networking access and providing IP address management and all those things. So these are the internals that you can see when CNI is configured where each of the containers has an internal interface and it has an LXC interface within the CNI and also a physical interface to a node and the nodes are interconnected in a cluster. So the networking modes and then the policy will be taken care by Michal. Yes, so there are two networking modes basically in Cilium. You can use Cilium to actually encapsulate packet between nodes and the traditional mode, like traditional default method of doing that is VXLan. But in case you want to use BGP or in case you are deploying your Kubernetes cluster in the cloud environments like LWS or GKA, you can use the direct routing where Cilium doesn't route packets between nodes but you rather use something else to do that. And yeah, the most popular case of using the second mode is using it in AWS where you have ENI and also the... So basically the first method is more for bare metal installations at the second for cloud providers or bare metal with BGP. And in case of the first option you have overlay routing tunneling mode and you have the additional network header related to VXLan which is handed by Cilium. And in the case of the other one you have source destination and payload and that's it. And let's talk about packet filtering right now. So Kubernetes already provides by itself the abstraction called network policies which applies on layer three and layer four. And one of the forms of L3 filtering is labor-based ingress filtering. So let's imagine we have two labors to kind of rows in the clusters. Okay, so you have front-end and back-end pods and so you can allow only front-end pods to contact the packet but deny everything else. And there are examples also of ingress filtering where you restrict the pods to connect to the outside world. You have also for filtering for blocking for allowing only particular pods to connect in and so filtering which also takes care about acknowledging HTTP protocols or HTTP endpoints you can connect to. And, yes, so unfortunately we can't talk much about Envoy because our time is up. Do you have any questions? We couldn't make it. Because you are doing one. But in the case of I think ABPF, the way the Selium has been implemented is a little bit different than what I showed because I wanted to show a theoretical approach of how it has been handled in order for us to get an understanding of how it is handled. But in the case of ABPF, what Selium does is it has a map of like a source IP, source port, and then the. I think there was an F table scan to that as well. So if the problem is scaling, then you can already do it with an F table. No, it's not just the IP, that's what I think Mihail mentioned. It's not just because of IP and port. The advantage that we have with Selium is based on labels. And you can actually provide label-based filtering where you cannot do that in the filtering. And also in the case of the Q proxy, Q proxy basically uses IP tables and we have seen a degradation in performance when there are a lot of IP table rules that are handled. You don't have to add more IP tables at this point. You have, as I said. Yeah, so even by including IP set or even by going with a new version of IP tables, the NF tables, we have seen a degradation in performance. I mean, Thank you guys.


All right. Can you see my screen? Perfectly well. Great. So yes, thank you very much to the organizers for putting together this super interesting program. So I'll be talking about this question of why some bacterial genes, including antibiotic resistance genes, seem to be found on plasmids rather than the chromosome. So this is all theoretical results, just one you beforehand. So the work here was motivated by this observation that there seems to be a trend in the types of genes that are present on plasmids versus the chromosome. So here, for example, I'm showing you data on the proportion of chromosomes versus plasmids. So the proportion of DNA on chromosomes versus plasmids, that code for antibiotic resistance genes. And it seems that there is indeed this effect where antibiotic resistance is overrepresented on plasmids. Of course, there's caveats to this sort of data, notably sort of biases that might exist in the databases that you use for this type of analysis. But nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus that typically certain types of genes, including antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, heavy metal tolerance, and bacterium bactericine systems are overrepresented on plasmids. And there is a considerable body of work that has considered this question. And much of the theoretical work around this idea, mainly if we could focus on this tradeoff between horizontal transfer and segregation loss. So the idea is that the advantage for a gene of being on a plasmid is that it can be horizontally transcribed. But then the disadvantage is that its plasmids are less stably inherited than the chromosome. So you get this segregation loss effect where sometimes you lose the plasmid and therefore the gene. More recently, there's been some really nice work that has looked at the effect of having multiple copies of the plasmids. And what that means for the types of genes that end up on plasmids versus the chromosome because of these genetic dominance effects that come into play when you have this type of polypody. But the work that I'll be presenting today is very firmly in this kind of first type of tradition where we're thinking of low copy number plasmids and really kind of in this framework of thinking about horizontal transfer versus segregation loss. And to sort of summarize the key ideas from this body of work, as was discussed in great and interesting detail in the previous talk, there is this idea that essential genes tend to be on the chromosome, although I was interested to hear that not always. And this is because if a gene is essential and plasmids are subject to segregation loss, then we'd expect to see very beneficial genes located on the chromosome. There is also this idea that public goods end up on plasmids because this is potentially a way to enforce cooperation. So if you have the trait that goes for the public good and it can be horizontally transferred, then you prevent the emergence of cheaters, although some of these ideas are still up to debate. And then most relevantly for antibiotic resistance, there is this idea that genes that code for locally beneficial traits end up on plasmids. This idea was proposed a while ago and then it was developed in a really lovely modeling paper by Bergstrom et al. So the premise of this work was this idea that plasmids are too costly and not transmissible enough to persist as pure parasites. So that reflected what was known about plasmid biology at the time. So under this assumption, looking at a closed population, the author's sign that any trait that is beneficial will end up on the chromosome because of this segregation loss effect. And then that leads to the loss of the plasmid. So in essence, in a closed population, beneficial traits are always on the chromosome and the plasmid is lost. And this led to this idea of the plasmid paradox. So plasmids can only persist if they carry beneficial traits, but if the traits are beneficial, they go on the chromosome. So how do plasmids happen? And the solution that these authors propose is that if we consider a locally beneficial trait and an infallux of cells that firstly don't have that trait and secondly don't have that plasmid, then the advantage of being able to pass the trait onto the incoming cells via horizontal gene transfer allows the trait to be maintained on the plasmid and then that allows the plasmid to be maintained itself in the population. And hence this idea that plasmids encode for locally beneficial traits. However, this work really was premised on the assumption that plasmids have too high a cost and too low a transfer rate to persist as parasites. And more recently there's lots of emerging evidence that makes this assumption quite questionable. So firstly, transfer rates appear to be higher than what was measured at the time, in particular transfer rates in biofilms are higher than in liquid cultures. The fitness cost of plasmids is known to decrease through compensatory evolution and there is experimental evidence suggesting that parasitic plasmids can indeed persist. And finally, there is also gymonomic evidence showing that the same plasmid backbone can exist with variable gene content. So taken together all this evidence suggests that there is a need to revisit the question of why certain genes are on plasmids taking into account this the presence of this gene free version of the plasmid. And so this is the work that I'm presenting here. And now I'm shifting and I'll be talking specifically about antibiotic resistance. But note that the results also hold for other genes with similar properties. So I'm developing here a model where I look at competition between six different cell types. So the large circle represents the chromosome. So this chromosome can either carry the resistance gene marked with R or not in which case the chromosome is considered sensitive. And then the cells can either have a resistant version of the plasmid here shown in small circles and no plasmid at all or a sensitive version of the plasmid. And so I model multiple processes here. I'm not going to go into the details of these processes because the results that I present are robust to how I'm modeling them. But essentially I'm looking at a logistic growth model. So there is replication and cell death and some sort of carrying capacity. The plasmids can transmit between cells and can be loss three segregation loss. And then if there is if the cell carries no resistance, it is subject to an additional death rate from antibiotic exposure. And we also assume that both the resistance gene and the plasmid have a fitness cost. So if you have either version of the plasmid, you have a cost that is just associated with the plasmid backbone.  If you have plasmid-borne resistance, you're subject to the fitness cost, which we assume is the same as the fitness cost of the chromosomal version. And then importantly, if you have both chromosomal and plasmid versions of the resistance gene, you are paying both fitness costs. And then the question that we are interested in answering is, when is plasmid-borne versus chromosomal resistance evolutionary stable? So what I mean by evolutionary stable here is that can one form of resistance be invaded by the other? So here in the top case, the green version cannot be invaded by the orange. So it is stable. And in the bottom version, introducing the orange into the green population allows the orange to take over. So the green is evolutionary and stable. So here I am looking at evolutionary stability of the two forms of the resistance as a function of antibiotic pressure. So this is the additional depth rate for the sensitive cells and cost of resistance. So in this white zone, I don't see any resistance. So here the population is sensitive. And then there is this very small blue zone where only plasmid-borne resistance is stable. This area is very sensitive to parameterization and also sensitive to model structure. So I won't be talking about that in detail. So the two main outcomes in this model are this orange zone where only chromosomal resistance is evolutionary stable. So in this zone, if plasmid-borne resistance is the only form of resistance available, the population will have plasmid-borne resistance. But as soon as I introduce chromosomal resistance, that will take over the population. And then once chromosomal resistance is established, it cannot be invaded by plasmid-borne resistance. So that's the orange zone. And then in this pink zone, I observe by stability. So what that means is that if chromosomal resistance has been established, it cannot be invaded by plasmid-borne resistance. But similarly, if plasmid-borne resistance has been established, it cannot be invaded by chromosomal resistance. So in this parameter space, resistance genes can either be on the chromosome or the plasmid, dependent on initial conditions. And we'll talk about that in more detail in a little bit. So to understand this question of chromosomal resistance parameter space versus the bistable parameter space in more detail, we can look at how changing different model parameters affects which space we're in. So I won't go into these results in detail, but to summarize, we see chromosomal resistance as the only possible outcome when the benefit from resistance is high. So when the antibiotic-associated mortality is high or the cost of resistance is low, we see it when plasmid fitness is low. So when the transmission rate is low or the cost of the plasmid is high or the segregation loss is high. And we see it when cell density is low, which essentially means there's less plasmid transfer. And then conversely, we see despistability. So either form of resistance being possible when the benefit from resistance genes is low and when the plasmid fitness is high. So I said that in this bistable zone, which form you eventually see will depend on the initial conditions. So here I am looking at exactly that. So these are the results of a simulation where I start off the population with a mix of sensitive and resistant cells. So and on the x-axis, I'm varying the frequency of the sensitive plasmid in the sensitive population. And on the y-axis, I'm varying whether the resistant population is mostly made up of a chromosomal resistance or sensitive resistance. And so there's two effects that I want to talk about here. So there's this effect that high initial frequencies of the sensitive plasmid benefit chromosomal resistance and this frequency dependence where high initial values of plasmid-borne resistance benefit plasmid-borne resistance. So to start with, let's look at the effect of the sensitive plasmid. And this is interesting because right at the beginning, we talked about this local adaptation idea being dependent on the absence of the sensitive plasmid. So now that we see this effect where the sensitive plasmid being present is advantageous for chromosomal resistance, it's worth revisiting that local adaptation hypothesis. So at the top, we're looking at the scenario that was modeled in the Bergstrom paper, where the influx of cells into this local population don't have a version of the plasmid. And now I am looking at what happens if we actually assume that these incoming cells that don't have the resistance gene do have a sensitive plasmid. So here I am showing you exactly this variation on the x-axis. So I'm modeling a local population where resistance is beneficial and then cells coming from the outside that don't have resistance. And again, here the blue corresponds to plasmid-borne resistance and the orange to chromosomal resistance as the outcome of the model. And what we see here is that indeed under the assumption where the incoming cells don't have the sensitive plasmid, then having this influx is beneficial for plasmid-borne resistance and allows the gene to be on the plasmids. But as soon as I start having plasmids in this influx, then it's actually an advantage for chromosomal resistance. So the takeaway from this is that this local adaptation explanation for why certain genes are on plasmids only works under the assumption that there isn't a gene-free version of the plasmid. So we've sort of questioned one explanation for why genes are on plasmids. So can we come up with an alternative hypothesis? And here it's interesting to look at this second effect where the eventual outcome in the model depends on the initial frequency of chromosomal versus plasmid-borne resistance. So the higher the initial frequency of one form of resistance, the higher the fitness of that form of resistance. So this is something known as positive frequency dependent selection. And the intuition for why this occurs has to do with this low fitness of cells that have the dual both forms of resistance. So to gain an intuition for this, consider a cell with chromosomal resistance that is attempting to invade a population with plasmid-borne resistance. What's going to happen to this cell is that it's going to be susceptible to invasion by a plasmid carrying the resistance gene and then it will have this dual form of resistance meaning that it will have low fitness because it has to pay this dual cost and therefore be outcompeted. So the intuition is the same for the other way around for plasmid-borne resistance trying to invade a population with chromosomal resistance. The key idea is that these dual forms of resistance will always be generated and for the rarer form of resistance, these dual resistance cells will be a larger proportion of the overall frequency of that form of resistance. So in this context, being rare is a fitness disadvantage, giving rise to positive frequency dependence. It should be ending now. You've spoken 22 minutes already. Okay, I will wrap up. So these results are very robust to specifics of model structure. They're also robust to having movement of the gene between the plasmid and the chromosome and they're robust to having fluctuating antibiotic selection instead of constant selection. The thing that these results are sensitive to is the assumption that dual resistance, so having both forms of resistance is disadvantageous. So far I've presented, I've talked about having to pay the cost of resistance twice. We can relax that a little bit so it doesn't need to be exactly twice the cost of resistance but as soon as dual resistance becomes beneficial, then the population just, those dual resistance cells outcompete the rest of the population. So this gives rise to this hypothesis that maybe resistance genes are on plasmids because they arrive on plasmids. Because once one form of resistance has had the time to be established in the population, it cannot be outcompeted by the other form of resistance. And so because transfer rates of plasmids are higher than the transfer rates of chromosome genes, one estimate is 10 to the seven times higher. We suggest that perhaps the gene location of resistance genes is explained by these higher acquisition rates. And so we've done some modeling that supports this, additional modeling that supports this but I don't have the time to go into that. So just to summarize, why are some genes on plasmids? We've seen that this local adaptation explanation works but only if we assume there is no gene but free version of the plasmids. And for moderately beneficial genes, positive frequency dependence selection means that an established form of resistance is difficult to displace. Under these circumstances gene location is determined by the acquisition rates. And so this rises, gives rise to the hypothesis that plasmid-born genes are moderately beneficial, rarely acquired than other and shared between multiple species because under those circumstances the effects of horizontal transfer are particularly important. And so our suggestion is that perhaps resistance genes are on plasmids because they fulfill these criteria. And with that I'd like to say thank you to the collaborators on this back, Iyana Huisman and Sebastian Bonhoeffer. This was published in Evolution Letters last year and then more recently we expand on some of these ideas around frequency dependence in this philosophical transactions fee, a special issue. Thanks very much for your attention. Thank you, Sonia. Are there questions for Sonia? Tal Dagan has one, right? No, she's just applauding. Okay, I can do that as well. You want to say something? Yes, I just wanted to say that this is de novo acquisition. I do not really agree with this assumption because we published 2020 a paper on ink P1 plasmids that be captured from the rhizosphere, so from the root zone of tomato and lettuce plants, and they have this exactly the same backbone as the R751, but they are free of any resistant genes. So this indicates that so they have like an integron but this out gene cassettes and they have IS 1071, but we have even some plasmids that have no acquired genes, but just IS 1071. So this indicates that the plasmids are around there and they do not necessarily carry the resistant genes, they are just captured when they are needed. Yes, I mean exactly like that's kind of why we wanted to do this work because it was the sort of previous theory that had started with this assumption that the gene free reasons of the plasmids don't exist. So we really wanted to look at because I agree with you like there is evidence that these gene free versions of plasmids are around. So we wanted to do modeling that included the possibility of having those plasmids exactly. Somebody else? I have a question or a comment I don't know and is that in my recollection of things genes are on plasmids, adaptive genes, because they are required just from time to time. So in a population only sometimes there is selection for the plasmid and then in your models it's always kind of just one environmental condition that you're modeling. But this is not real life. So I think antibiotic resistances are on plasmids because most of the time the bacteria are not challenged by the antibiotic so that they don't require and the cost of that is is unacceptable. But when there is resistance the plasmid comes. So you can have plasmids going down to say one in eight, 10 to the eight cells in a population if not required and suddenly comes up to one if there is selection. So it's how you say see that because there's no need for all this modeling you're doing. So it is certainly a good point and it is true. So if you look at the effects of fluctuating selection under some conditions that does select for genes that are present on plasmids, however under some other condition it selects for genes that are present on the chromosome. So I think that intuition is one that I share but I think it's a more complicated story. So we've been doing some work on this with a master's student but so I would say yes I agree to some extent but I think the story is more complicated and the effects are relatively minor but it's something that we're actively investigating. Okay thank you. Sam do you wanted to ask something? Yeah. Last question has to be the last question because we are late okay I'll hurry up. I've been fluctuating my hand up and down because I can't quite work out if my question makes any sense. Well first thing is what happens if you invert your thing and you say actually it's advantageous to have both resistances because there's a dosage effect and so two copies is worth more. What happens to the system? So then that is what gets selected for so yeah that's just something that we explored and if it becomes advantageous to have both resistances then the cells that with both resistances outcompete the others. So there's no bi-stability anymore? No so then it's just the ones that have both versions are stable. And okay thank you Sonia we have to go ahead and we have the last speaker before the break who is


The face on the bathroom floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy, read for LibreVox.org by Iswa, in Belgium, in March 2008. It was a boring summer evening, and a goodly crowd was there, which well-nigh filled Joe's bathroom on the corner of the square. And as songs and witty stories came through the open door, a vagabond crept slowly in and posed upon the floor. Where did it come from? Someone said. The wind has blown it in. What does it want? Another cried. Some whiskey rum or gin? Here, Toby, seek him, if your stomach's equal to the work.  This bad inage the poor wretch took with stoical good grace. In face he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come, boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink. That's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow. What?  I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks, that's brazed me nicely. God bless you, one and all. Next time I pass this good solo, I'll make another call. Give you a song? Oh, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice is cracked, my throat's worn out, and my lungs are going fast.  Say give me another whiskey, and I'll tell you what I'll do. That I was ever a decent man, no one of you would think. But I was, some four or five years back. Say give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe, I want to put some life into my frame.  Five fingers, there, that's the scheme, and Corky whiskey, too. Well, here's luck, boys, and landlord, my best regards to you. You've treated me pretty kindly, and I'd like to tell you how I came to be the dirtiest thought you see before you now. As I told you, once I was a man with muscle, frame, and health, and but for a blunder ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that dart on bricks and wood, but an artist, and for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas, and was bidding fair to rise, for gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. I made a picture, perhaps you've seen, that is called the Chase of Fame. It brought me fifteen hundred pounds and added to my name.  Why don't you laugh? It is funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman and expect her love for me. But was so, and for a month or two, her smiles were freely given, and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give, with a form like the mile of Venus too beautiful to live, with eyes that would beat the Coenor and a wealth of chestnut hair? If so, it was she, for there never was another half so fair. I was working on a portrait, one afternoon in May, of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine who lived across the way. And Madeline admired it, and much to my surprise, said she'd like to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. He didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. And ere a year of misery had passed above my head. The jewel I had treasured so had tarnished and was dead. That's why I took to drink, boys. Why? I never see you smile. I thought you'd be amused and laughing all the while. Why? What's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Calm love like me. It's only babes and women that should try.  Give me that piece of chalk with which you mark the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeline upon the bar room floor. Another drink, and with chalk in hand, the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might buy the soul of any man.  Dead. End of poem, this recording is in the public domain. The face on the bar room floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy, read for LibriVox.org by J. C. Kwan, Montreal, March 2008. It was a balmy summer evening, and a goodly crowd was there, which while I filled Joe's bar room on the corner of the square, and as songs and witty stories came through the open door, a vagabond crept slowly in, and posed upon the floor. Where did it come from, someone said? The wind has blown it in. What does it want, another cried? Some whiskey, rum, or gin? Here toby, sicken, if your stomach's equal to the work, I wouldn't touch him with a fork his filthy as a turk. This badanage the poor witch took with stoical good-grace. In face he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come, boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink, that's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow. What!  I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks, that's braced me nicely. God bless you one and all. Next time I pass this good saloon, I'll make another call. Give you a song? No, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice is cracked, my throat's worn out, and my lungs are going fast.  Say give me another whiskey, and I'll tell what I'll do. That I was never a decent man, not one of you would think. But I was some four or five years back. Say give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame.  Five fingers there, that's the scheme, and corking whiskey too. Well, here's luck, boys, and landlord, my best regards to you. You've treated me pretty kindly, and I'd like to tell you how I came to be the dirty sought you see before you now. As I told you, once I was a man with muscle, frame, and health, and but for blunder ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that dogged on bricks and wood, but an artist, and for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas, and was bidding fair to rise. So gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. I made a picture, perhaps you've seen, it's called the Chase of Fame. It brought me fifteen hundred pounds, and added to my name. And then I met a woman. Now comes the funny part, with eyes that perforate my brain, and sunk into my heart. Why don't you laugh, this funny that a vagabond you see could ever love a woman, and expect her love for me? But was so, and for a month or two her smiles were freely given, and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give, with a form like the Milo Venus too beautiful to live, with eyes that would beat the coin ore in a wealth of chestnut hair, if so to a she, for there never was another half so fair? I was working on a portrait, one afternoon in May, of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine, who lived across the way. And Madeline admired it, and much to my surprise said she'd like to know the man that had such a dreamy eyes. You didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. An ear a year of misery had passed above my head, the jewel I had treasured so had tarnished and was dead. That's why I took to drink, boys, why I never see you smile. I thought you'd be amused and laughing all the while. Why what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Come, laugh like me, there's only babes and women that should cry.  Give me that piece of chalk with which you mark the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeline upon the barbroom floor. Another drink, and with chalk in hand, the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might buy the soul of any man. Then, as he placed another lock upon the shapely head, with a fearful shriek, he left and fell across the picture dead. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Face on the Barroom Floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy Read for LibreVox.org by Jan McIllivray Twas a balmy summer evening, and a goodly crowd was there, which well nigh filled Joe's barroom on the corner of the square. And as songs and witty stories came through the open door, a vagabond crept slowly in and posed upon the floor. Where did it come from, someone said? The wind has blown it in. What does it want, another cried? Some whisky rum or gin? Here Toby, sick'em, if your stomach's equal to the work.  This bad nudge the poor wretch took with stoical good grace. In face he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink, that's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang this hand was never slow. What?  I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks, that's braced me nicely. God bless you one and all. Next time I pass this good saloon I'll make another call. Give you a song? No, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice is cracked, my throat's worn out, my lungs are going fast.  Say give me another whiskey and I'll tell what I'll do. That I was ever a decent man not one of you would think. But I was some four or five years back. Say give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame.  Five fingers, there that's the scheme. And corking whiskey, too. Well, here's luck, boys, and landlord, my best regards to you.  As I told you, once I was a man with muscle, frame, and health. And but for a blunder ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that daubed on bricks and wood, but an artist. And for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas and was bidding fair to rise. Where gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. I made a picture perhaps you've seen, Tis called the Chase of Fame. It brought me fifteen hundred pounds and added to my name.  Why don't you laugh, Tis funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman and expect her love for me. But to a sow, and for a month or two her smiles were freely given. And when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give, with a form like the Milo Venus too beautiful to live?  If so, to a she, for there never was another half-so-fair. I was working on a portrait one afternoon in May of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine who lived across the way. And Madeline admired it, and much to my surprise said she'd like to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. It didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. And air a year of misery had passed above my head. The jewel I had treasured so had tarnished and was dead. That's why I took to drink, boys. Why, I never see you smile. I thought you'd be amused and laughing all the while. Why, what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Come, laugh like me, to his only babes and women that should cry.   Give me that piece of chalk with which you mark the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeline upon the bar room floor. Another drink and with chalk in hand the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might by the soul of any man.  This recording is in the public domain. The Face on the Bar Room Floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes It was a balmy summer evening and a goodly crowd was there, which well-knigh filled Joe's bar room on the corner of the square, and as songs and witty stories came through the open door, a vagabond crept slowly in and posed upon the floor. Where did it come from, someone said? The wind has blown it in. What does it want, another cried? Some whiskey, rum or gin? Here Toby, sicken if your stomach's equal to the work.  This badanage the poor wretch took with stoical good grace. In Face he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink, that's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow. What!  I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks, that's braced me nicely. God bless you, one and all. Next time I pass this good saloon, I'll make another call. Give you a song? No, I can't do that, my singing days are past. My voice is cracked, my throat worn out, my lungs are going fast.  Say give me another whiskey, and I'll tell what I'll do. That I was ever a decent man, not one of you would think. But I was, some four or five years back. Say give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame.  Five fingers, there, that's the scheme, and corking whiskey, too. Well, here's luck, boys, and landlord, my best regards to you. You've treated me pretty kindly, and I'd like to tell you how I came to be the dirty sought you see before you now. As I told you once I was a man with muscle, frame, and health, and but for a blunder art to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that dobbed on bricks and wood, but an artist, and for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas, and was bidding fair to rise, for gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. I made a picture, perhaps you've seen, just called the Chase of Fame. It brought me 1500 pounds, and added to my name. And then I met a woman. Now comes the funny part, with eyes that petrified my brain, and sunk into my heart. Why don't you laugh? Just funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman, and expect her love for me. But it was so, and for a month or two, her smiles were freely given, and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give, with a form like the Milo Venus, too beautiful to live, with eyes that would beat the Coenore, and a wealth of chestnut hair? If so, it was she, for there never was another half so fair. I was working on a portrait one afternoon in May, of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine, who lived across the way. And Madeline admired it, and much to my surprise, said she'd like to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. It didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. And ere a year of misery had passed above my head, the jewel I had treasured so, had tarnished, and was dead. That's why I took to drink, boys. Why, I never see you smile. I thought you'd be amused and laughing all the while. Why, what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Come, laugh like me. It is only babes and women that should cry.  Give me that piece of chalk with which you mark the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeline upon the bar room floor. Another drink, and with chalk in hand the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might by the soul of any man. Then, as he placed another lock upon the shapely head, with a fearful shriek, he leapt and fell across the picture. Dead. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Face on the Bar Room Floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy Read for Librebox.org by Mark Smith Twas a balmy summer evening, and a goodly crowd was there, which well nigh filled Joe's Bar Room on the corner of the square, and as songs and witty stories came through the open door, a vagabond crept slowly in and posed upon the floor. Where does it come from? Someone said. The wind has blown it in. What does it want? Another cried. Some whisky, rum or gin? Here, Toby, sick'em. If your stomach's equal to the work, I wouldn't touch him with a fork. He's filthy as a turk. This badinage the poor wretch took with stoical good grace. In fact, he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come, boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink. That's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow. What? You laugh as though you thought this pocket never held a sue. I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks, that's braced me nicely. God bless you one and all. Next time I pass this good saloon, I'll make another call. Give you a song? No, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice is cracked. My throat's worn out. And my lungs are going fast. I'll tell you a funny story. And a fact I promise too. Say, give me another whiskey, and I'll tell what I'll do. That I was ever a decent man that one of you would think. But I was some four or five years back. Say, give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame.  Five fingers, there. That's the scheme. And corking whiskey, too. Well, here's luck, boys. And landlord, my best regards to you. You've treated me pretty kindly, and I'd like to tell you how I came to be the dirty sought you see before you now. As I told you, once I was a man with muscle, frame, and health, and but for a blunder ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that daubed on bricks and wood, but an artist, and for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas and was bit and fair to rise, for gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. I made a picture, perhaps you've seen, just called the chase of fame. It brought me fifteen hundred pounds, and added to my name.  Why don't you laugh? It's funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman and expect her love for me. But it was so, and for a month or two her smiles were freely given, and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give, with a form like the Milo Venus, too beautiful to live, with eyes that would beat the curinure and a wealth of chestnut hair? If so, it was she, for there never was another half so fair. I was working on a portrait one afternoon in May of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine, who lived across the way, and Madeline admired it, and much to my surprise said she'd like to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. It didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. An air a year of misery had passed above my head, the jewel I had treasured so had tarnished, and was dead. That's why I took the drink, boys. Why I never see you smile. I thought you'd be amused, and laughin' all the while. Why, what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye.  There's only babes and women that you cry.  Give me that piece of chalk with which you marked the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeline upon the barroom floor. Another drink, and with chalk in hand, the vagabond began to sketch a face that might well buy the soul of any man.  Dead. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Face on the Barroom Floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy, read for LibriVox.org by Peter Yersley. It was a barmy summer evening, and a goodly crowd was there, which, well nigh, filled Joe's barroom on the corner of the square, and as songs and witty stories came, through the open door a vagabond crept slowly in, and posed upon the floor. Where did it come from? Someone said. The wind has blown it in. What does it want? Another cried. Some whiskey, rum, or gin? Here, Toby, seek'em, if your stomach's equal to the work.  This badanage the poor wretch took with stoical good grace. In face he smiles, though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come, boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink, that's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow.  I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks, that's braced me nicely. God bless you, one and all. Next time I pass this good saloon I'll make another call. Give you a song? No, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice is cracked, my throat's worn out, and my lungs are going fast. I'll tell you a funny story, and a fact, I promise, too. Say, give me another whiskey, and I'll tell what I'll do. That I was ever a decent man, not one of you would think. But I was, some four or five years back. Say, give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame.  Five fingers, there, that's the scheme. And corking whiskey, too. Well, here's luck, boys. And landlord, my best regards to you.  As I told you, once I was a man with muscle, frame, and health, and but for a blunder, ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that daubed on bricks and wood, but an artist, and for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas and was bidding fear to rise, for gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. I made a picture, perhaps you've seen. It is called the Chase of Fame. It brought me 1,500 pounds and added to my name.  Why don't you laugh? It is funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman and expect her love for me. But it was so, and for a month or two, her smiles were freely given, and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give with a form like the Milo Venus, too beautiful to live, with eyes that would beat the Koh-i Noor and a wealth of chestnut hair? If so, it was she, for there never was another half so fair. I was working on a portrait one afternoon in May of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine, who lived across the way, and Madeline admired it, and much to my surprise said she'd like to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. It didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. And ere a year of misery had passed above my head, the jewel I had treasured so had tarnished, and was dead. That's why I took to drink, boys. Why, I never see you smile. I thought you'd be amused and laughing all the while. Why, what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Come laugh like me. It is only babes and women that should cry.  Give me that piece of chalk with which you mark the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeline upon the bar room floor. Another drink, and with the chalk in hand, the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might buy the soul of any man.  End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The face on the bar room floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy, read for LibriVox.org by Rachel Linton, Bristol, UK. It was a barmy summer evening, and a goodly crowd was there, which well-nigh filled Joe's bar room on the corner of the square. And as songs and witty stories came through the open door, the vagabond crept slowly in and posed upon the floor. Where did it come from, someone said? The wind has blown it in. What does it want, another cried? Some whiskey, rum, or gin? Here, Toby, sicken if your stomach's equal to the work. I wouldn't touch him with a fork. He's filthy as a turk. This badanage the poor wretch took with stoical good grace. In face, he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come boys, I know there's kindly hearts among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink, that's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow.  I once was fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. There, thanks. That's braced me nicely. God bless you, one and all. Next time I pass this good saloon, I'll make another call. Give you a song, no, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice is cracked, my throat's worn out, and my lungs are going fast. I'll tell you a funny story and a fact I promise to. Say, give me another whiskey and I'll tell what I'll do. That I was ever a decent man, not one of you would think, but I was some four or five years back. Say, give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame. Such little drinks to a bum like me and miserably tame. Five fingers, there, that's the scheme, and corking whiskey, too. Well, here's Luck Boys and Landlord, my best regards to you.  As I told you once, I was a man with muscle, frame, and health, and but for a blunder, ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that daubed on bricks and wood, but an artist, and for my age was rated pretty good. I worked hard at my canvas and was bidding fair to rise, for gradually I saw the start of fame before my eyes. I made a picture, perhaps you've seen, that is called the Chase of Fame. It brought me 1500 pounds and added to my name, and then I met a woman.  Why don't you laugh? Tis funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman and expect her love for me. But twas so, and for a month or two, her smiles were freely given, and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you'd give, with a form like the Milo Venus, too beautiful to live, with eyes that would beat the Coignure and a wealth of chestnut hair? If so, twas she, for there never was another half so fair. I was working on a portrait one afternoon in May of a fair-haired boy, a friend of mine, who lived across the way, and Madeleine admired it, and much to my surprise said, she'd like to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. It didn't take long to know him, and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling, and I was left alone. And ere a year of misery had passed above my head, the jewel I had treasured so had tarnished, and was dead. That's why I took to drink, boys, why I never see you smile, I thought you'd be amused and laughing all the while. Why, what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Come, laugh like me. It is only babes and women that should cry.  Give me that piece of chalk with which you mark the baseball score. You shall see the lovely Madeleine upon the bar room floor. Another drink, and with chalk in hand, the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might buy the soul of any man.  End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Face on the Bar Room Floor by Hugh Antoine Darcy, read for LibriVox.org by Sean McConnell. It was a balmy summer evening and a googly crowd was there, which well might fill Joe's bar room on the corner of the square. And as songs and winty stories came to the open door, a vagabond crept slowly in and posed upon the floor. Why did it come from? Someone cried, but when does come it in? What does it want? Another cried, some whiskey rumble gin. Hey, it's Abbie. Sick of him. Didn't feel stomach sequel to the whack. I wouldn't touch him with a fork. He's filthy as a tack. This bandage the poor reg took was still a good grace. In face he smiled as though he thought he'd struck the proper place. Come boys, I know this kindly hum. It's among so good a crowd. To be in such good company would make a deacon proud. Give me a drink. That's what I want. I'm out of funds, you know. When I had cash to treat the gang, this hand was never slow. What, you laugh as though my pocket has never held a sow? I was once fixed as well, my boys, as any one of you. Now, thanks, that's braced me nicely. God bless you one and all. Next time I pass this good salute, I'll make another call. Give you a song? No, I can't do that. My singing days are past. My voice has cracked. My throat's worn out and my lungs are going fast. I'll tell you a funny story. In fact, I promise to. Say, give me another whiskey and I'll tell you what I'll do. That I was never a decent man, not one of you would think. But I was some four or five years back. Say, give me another drink. Fill her up, Joe. I want to put some life into my frame. There's little drinks to a bum like me on miserably tame. Five fingers. There, that's the scheme. And corking whiskey, too. Well, here's luck, boys. And landlord, my best regards to you. You've treated me pretty kindly and I'd like to tell you how.  And as I told you, once I was a man with muscles, frame, and health, and butch for a blunder ought to have made considerable wealth. I was a painter, not one that dobbled on bricks and wood. But an artist, and for my age, was rated pretty good. I worked hard as my canvas and was bidding fair to rise, for gradually I saw the star of fame before my eyes. And I made a picture, perhaps you've seen, just called the chase of fame. It brought me 1,500 pounds and added to my name. And then I met a woman, now comes the funny part, with eyes that touch or fight in my brain and sunk into my heart. Why don't you laugh? It's as funny that the vagabond you see could ever love a woman and expect her love for me. But twice so, and for a month or two, her smiles were freely given and when her loving lips touched mine, it carried me to heaven. Boys, did you ever see a girl for whom your soul you give with a form like the me low-vinus, too beautiful to live? With eyes that would beat the cojinal and a wealth of chestnut hair, if so, to what she for there was never another half so fair. I was working on a portrait one afternoon in May, but fair-haired boy, a friend of mine, who lived across the way. And Madeleine admired it, and much to my surprise, said she liked to know the man that had such dreamy eyes. Didn't take long to know him and before the month had flown, my friend had stole my darling and I was left alone. And near a Jew year of misery had passed above my head, the jewel I had treasured so much tarnished and was dead. That's why I took the drink, boys. Why never see you smile? I thought you'd be so amused and laughing all the while. Why, what's the matter, friend? There's a teardrop in your eye. Come, laugh like me. There's only babes and women that should cry.    You shall see the lovely Madeleine upon the bar room floor. Another drink, and it was chalk in hand, the vagabond began to sketch a face that well might by the soul of any man.  End of poem. This recording is in the public domain.