Hi, everyone. Welcome to the Cata Containers project update. Let me begin by introducing myself. I'm Arjun Shinde and I work at Intel. I also serve on the Cata Containers Architecture Committee. Today, I'll be joined by Tao Peng, who is also a member of the Cata Architecture Committee and works at Ant Financial. With that, let's get started. What are Cata Containers? If you're here, I believe you must be already somewhat familiar with Cata Containers. We started out the project with the vision to make traditional containers more secure by making use of the security provided by hardware-based virtualization. Essentially, what we do with Cata is we run each container or pod inside a lightweight virtual machine and provide all the necessary plumbing to be completely transparent to the upper container manager or orchestration list such as Kubernetes. So to lay out a brief history of Cata, the project itself was started in December of 2017 as a result of the merger of the Run Vee project and the Intel Clear Containers project. In May 2018, we came up with the first major release. And in April 2019, Cata Containers was confirmed by the Foundation Board as the second project of the OpenStack Foundation. Following that, in April of 2020, we made our second major release where we introduced quite a few architectural improvements. So it's been quite a while since our last update. There's a lot to catch up to. There have been a bunch of new cool features and improvements that have gone and cut us since then. Our last update was in Shanghai OIF Summit back in 2019. There we highlighted a few things. Architectural support for S390X was added. And there were some operability improvements as well in terms of adding support for agent tracing. So that now the entire Cata stack could be traced from end to end, from the host side to the guest side. Our TC filter was made as a default network mechanism. And we also added initial support for the continuity Shim V2 architecture. There were hypervisor improvements as well. Support for ACON was added. Firecracker jail is support, as well as what I resork. A lot of new releases have been made since then. As I mentioned, we made a second major release in October of 2020 where introduced quite a few breaking changes. While we are working on 2.x, we continue to support 1.x for the while in order to support users that we're using Cata 1.x in production. Now in May, 2021, we made the decision to drop Cata 1.x. And instead, we focused all our energies and efforts on the 2.x releases itself. As of May 2020, our last release was 2.4.1 and the alpha release for 2.5.0. So if we take a look at the progress that we've made since Jan 2020, we have seen an impressive growth in the number of contributions from several organizations. We're also seeing a lot of diversity in the contributions as more and more people are adopting Cata and they're using Cata in production. We've seen a good increase in the number of pull requests as well as healthy discussions around what should go in to the next Cata release. So with that, let's take a look at the major changes that went into Cata 2.0. The most important architectural change that was done was the Chimpy to architecture. I'll talk about this in some detail in the next slide. Next, the Cata agent, which is the agent that runs inside the VM and handles all of the sandbox and container lifecycle management within the VM was rewritten in Rust. This rewrite was from Golang to Rust and this gave us significant reductions in the memory overhead and reduce overall attack surface as well. On the same lines, the agent protocol, which is the protocol that runtime uses to communicate with the agent was simplified to use TTRPC from GRPC. TTRPC is a much lighter weight protocol as compared to GRPC. A new component called Cata Monitor was added to improve observability and manageability. This tool can be used with other tools in the Kubernetes ecosystem such as Prometheus in order to gather useful container metrics from Cata. Another developer tool called AgentCuttle was added, which helped us to validate the agent API as we continue to make improvements to it. What IFS. Now, what IFS is a shared file system that Red Hat came up with. And in 2.0, we made the decision to make this as a default and we deprecated the what IR9P protocol, which was no longer being maintained. Now, with the shift to what IFS, we saw better POSIX compliance and also better performance in general. So, as I mentioned earlier, one of the major changes in Cata 2.0 was the Shim V2 architecture being made the default with the support for the early architecture being dropped completely. Our early architecture was basically replicating the runcy way of doing things. It wasn't very efficient for Cata that made use of VM sandboxes to replicate what exactly runcy does. So because of the assumptions of this architecture, we also had to have at least one or more host processes for every process, container process that is running inside the guest. So what this means is that if there are end processes which are running inside the guest, it meant we had to have at least N plus one processes on the host side. Now, the Shim V2 architecture, which is something that a folks in the continuity community came up with, it is much more suited for sandbox sometimes, such as Cata and Geoizer. It makes no assumptions about processes that are running on the host and it introduces APIs, which are left to the container runtime to implement. So for example, an API such as getmetrics was left to the Cata runtime to implement rather than making an assumption that there's a host process running which would provide the metrics instead. So with this, it was also possible to have a single process, which is called the continuity Shim Cata V2 process running for every pod inside the guest. So this reduced the memory overhead as well as overall complexity as well. So we later worked with the cryo community to have this implemented on the cryo side as well. And with that, both cryo and continuity supporting this, we made this as a deeper architecture in Cata 2.0. So let's talk about all the features that were introduced in the later 2.x releases. We added quite a few features to improve performance. One of them was the Nidus image acceleration service. Now this is a new image service that brings significant, among them was the container image lazy loading for both Kim and Cloud Hypervisor. Our topic, we'll talk about this in some detail in the polling slides. In addition to that, we also made rather closed all the gaps in our VFIO device pass through to make sure that Cata works correctly with device plugins such as SRV and also to support the DPDK use case. Moving on, we added support for direct assigned volume. Now what does this mean? Since Cata makes use of virtual machines, passing in a block device is much more performant and efficient rather than passing in entire volumes, which are then passed to Cata using a shared file system such as VotaFS. Now with that in mind, we worked with other open source communities such as Kubernetes and Container Team to make sure that volumes that are backed by block devices are passed directly to Cata. So the responsibility of mounting these devices is left to Cata and these devices are no longer mounted on the host side. Lastly, we added support for huge pages. This again ties into our DPDK use case. And finally, we added support for disk and network rate limiting for Cloud Hypervisor. Now this feature is important in terms of performance as it helps reduce the noise-enabled problem and ensures that a workload is IO-isolated from all other workloads that are running on the same machine. Now in terms of security, we made several improvements. We worked with both the cryo and container decommunities to have AC Linux support implemented end-to-end for Cata. What this entailed was adding a separate AC Linux profile specific to Cata. So this profile was most suitable for hypervisor-based runtimes. Now a lot of work went into this and we have an excellent talk from Fabiano Financial on this at the OIF Summit at Berlin. Now in addition to AC Linux, we also added support for a second and also a support for rootless hypervisor. In WonderDex, we added support for running rootless. But this feature, namely the rootless hypervisor allows the hypervisor itself to run with minimum privilege even when the runtime itself is called with root privileges. Now with respect to compatibility, we have added quite a few features including support for IPv6, which helped us integrate well with Red Hat OpenShift. We also added support for NerdCTL and What I Am In. What I Am In is a new paravirtualized mechanism for adding or removing memory to and from a virtual machine. Taoping will talk about the rest of the topics in the slide in much more detail, including iNudify support for secrets and confirm maps in Kubernetes. Now in addition to all of the extensive feature ads, there were a few deprecations as well. We, I've already talked about the first two, namely 90 and the Shim V2 being made the default. What we did was we deprecated chemilite as well. A chemilite was a lightweight version of chemium that we had introduced after getting rid of all of the legacy code and devices that are no longer applicable to container workloads. And we dropped this hypervisor as most of these downstream improvements were merged upstream. With that, Netmon, which is a network monitoring tool that we used with Docker, was dropped as well as it was no longer required. And finally, from a developer point of view, we moved to a mono repo model. So what we did was we moved all our code and document repositories into a single repo. And this greatly simplified our CI and release process as well. Now this shows all of the dependency versions that the latest Cata version is compatible with. We try to keep up with the latest and greatest tools in the container ecosystem. So this just gives a snapshot of the various components that Cata works with. In terms of architecture updates for the x86 platform, we added support for Intel TDX, Intel SGX, as well as support for AMD SCV. This all ties into our confidential computing use case. Now with confidential computing, we have enhanced a threat model. So as to make sure that the container workload itself is protected from the host by running the container workload inside a hardware-based trusted execution environment. For the AMP platform, we made quite a few improvements. We added support for NVIDIA plus DAX, which allows the VM root FS to be passed in by passing the host page cache. The improvement was adding support for VCP hotplug and what I meant. For hardware accelerators, we added support for Intel QAT, Intel GPUs and NVIDIA GPUs. SPDK, we host user target was also added. This helps in to run your high performance user mode applications. So with that, I'll hand it over to Topping to talk in detail about some of our key future highlights, right? Thank you. Thank you, Achenna. Hi, everyone. My name is Topping. I'm a staff engineer from AMP group and also part of the Kata Connectors architecture community. Let me continue with our recent future highlights. During the 2020 timeframe, we have rewritten Kata agent with Rust and replaced the communication protocol between long-time agent from GRPC to TTRPC. And again, the benefit is obvious that we have reduced the RSS of Kata agent from 11 megabytes down to 300 kilobytes. We also ended a new node-wide component called Kata Monitor to connect Kata-specific metrics and presented to external services. Kata Monitor will be responsible for connecting metrics from different Kata streams processes and present them to external services such as permissions. In the 2.x timeframe, we have also ended notified support for Kata Connectors watchable months. Watchable months is a special month that is defined by Kata Connectors. And we have an example to identify certain Kubernetes volumes and make them watchable for the containers. This is done through making the Kata agent process to periodically pull for changes in the Kata volumes and present them for time prefixes in the guest. And then, Kata Connectors applications can use I-Nodify to monitor for such changes. This is introduced mainly because the prefixes cannot support and the remote file sharing protocol they cannot support I-Nodify, but we would like to provide such functionality to the users and so we've ended it. Also, we have ended a direct block volume assignment support without it currently Kata Connectors will present all their volumes through VALOFS, but it is slower than VALOVlog. So folks are working on to present the block volume directed to the applications inside Kata Connectors. This is done by defining a Kata specific month info.json file and put it inside the volume direct stream on the host. And then Kata Connectors, the Kata stream will analyze the JSON file and find out the block device on the host and pass it to the guest VALOFS. This work requires a specialized CSI driver and this will be open sourced as a subproject in the Kata community as well. Also, we have integrated a CNCF container image there's a pooling project called LIDARS in Kata Connectors. With it, we can launch Kata Connectors in a constant time such as less than five seconds regardless of the container image size because without this pooling we will have to pull the entire Kata Connector image and it will cost a lot of time when we first start the Kata Connectors. Also, we have ended a new component called RANKAY to start a standard NUNUS container based on Kata agent. This is currently an experimental feature and as we can see, because RANKAY is written with Rust, it obviously is faster than RANKAY and it costs a smaller memory footprint than RANKAY, but obviously there is still room to improve comparing it with CR1, which is written in CR language. But because RANKAY is the investor, we can gain the interest features such as we do not have to look for mnemonics or different signal for such bugs in RANKAY. Also, some updates about Kata testing. We have a group of people working on a so-called green CIA efforts project within Kata Connectors. We have defined all the Kata CIA jobs and design different maintainers of different jobs and with these folks' hard work, we have a quite stable CIA for within the project right now. Also, some updates on the architecture community. We have gone through several ones of the directions in the past few years and the latest architecture community member, this Ashina from Intel, Eric from Apple, Fabiano also from Intel, Tappan from M-group and also Samuel from Rebos. And we have seen these developers from these companies contributing to the project. This is an expanding list of companies and we are currently it's a little more than 30 and we expect to see more folks from different community, different companies come to contribute to the project. Also, some updates about Kata users. We have we have carried a few use cases from different enterprise users such as Hengu. They are running online applications and benchmarks on thousands of production nodes with Kata Connectors. And the claim to achieve Kata new reality in last year and the Kata Connectors was one of the key technologies that helped them to achieve it. And they are working on a base practice white paper that will be published during the summertime. And also by do, they offer AI code and edge computing services and massive scale with Kata Connectors. And it's total tenure, they are startup work using Kata Connectors to implement a new cloud resource management technology. And IBM is using Kata Connectors for their CICD workloads and Huawei is joining Kata Connectors in production in their Cloud Container instance service and also their Cloud Container engine services. And Lost Flake is using Kata Connectors to deploy unsurpassed workloads. So, they do not have to worry about container escape events and color vulnerabilities. And new prefabricures is using Kata Connectors to deliver a service framework for cloud and edge resources. And last but not least, Red Hat has integrated Kata Connectors in their OpenShift product and provide additional isolation with the same cloud native user experiences to their production users. And our future plans currently there are some major ongoing changes within the Kata Connectors community. The first one is Confidential Computing. It is a feature that expands Kata Connectors through model from protecting the host infrastructure to also protecting their workloads. Also, we are rewriting Kata runtime with Rust. So this will vastly reduce Kata Connectors resource overhead on the host and enables a new use case such as function computing that requires a lot of density on the host. And we are working on integrating, introducing an integrated VMM with the Rustified runtime. This will be a highly customized RustVMM built built into the Rustified Kata runtime to simplify deployment and operability of Kata Connectors. And we view this as a step forward to virtualization for the cloud native use case. With this major ongoing changes, we are expecting a new major Kata Connectors with CIDR 0 to be happening October this year. And let's take a look at Confidential Computing use case. This will be using Kata Connectors as a key component to run a trusted, trusted domain VMM or SEVM or NSEVM for the workloads so that processes on the host cannot see memory or data of their workloads in the guest. And also the Rustified Kata runtime and integrated VMM, we are building them into a single process. So in future, we will have Kata runtime, the hypervisor, the guest, the agent, all running in the same process on the host. Without further ado, we still have a lot of channels for folks who are interested in the Kata Connectors project to reach out to us. We have a website for it. Please also, we see our GitHub repository and you can reach out to us with IRC, with STAM, Twitter, and also many NIST. So if you have any questions, please reach out to us with these channels and we look forward to seeing more folks and to join the community. Thank you, everyone.


I'm John Seaman. I'm at Road America Racetrack in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin with Keri Kautzer. We're covering the 2021 WeatherTech International Challenge with Brian Redmond. This is Friday and today the drivers will attempt to set their fastest times during qualifying sessions in preparation for Sunday's races. This evening there will be a race car concourse on the streets of Elkhart Lake. This is one of the highlights of the weekend. Saturday will be qualifying races for the different groups. That will take place in the afternoon and those will determine the grid for Sunday's races. Saturday evening there will be a sports car concourse on the streets of Elkhart Lake. Sunday will be the featured races for the different groups. Marshall Griffin. It's a 1940, 1930 laps. He led 15 laps until the field bump went out. But he had a good half-race in the first place. 1952, my uncle took it back. And a driver from Tampa, Florida, Gene Darrow, drove the car on the beach road course race. He also drove it at Darlington International Raceway in 1952. And they refitted it for the 1958 Daytona beat with Paul Goldsmith driving. Finished in fifth place in the last beach road course race. Then in 1959, Lee Petty drove it. And finished seventh in 1960. Lee Petty drove it in the NASCAR Model 5 race in 1961 by 74. Then it wasted a few short tracks in the Midwest. And then it got restored again to be presented to the Darlington Raceway Museum at Darlington in the spring of 1965. And that's pretty much where it's been ever since, unless we get it out and go to some special event. So we keep it running condition based on a few months out of the year, but primarily it's in Darlington. We swapped it out overnight for a Chevy. We're getting a breakup and we're on the race. We're starting the car, it's very, very good in the car. It's not too warm. The car is really, I think, a race race. I mean, any given moment, you can't go on a track in the race. To me, the best track in the country. It's an iconic track. It's the biggest track, long and four miles. It's made with cars like Can-Am cars. Very fast, big white corners. And it's really a treat to drive a race car here. And then there's 10 or 15 Rollers here by the 60's. I'm happy with this one. You know, it's very cool. It's consequential, power shift, a drift shift, fast shift. The C-O's show was very powerful. And it's 650 horsepower. It's a four-way, 17-minute car. It's lightning fast. It's very easy to drive.


And I'm going to talk to you about how Bitcoin and the electricity use is actually not so much a big deal and where it actually comes from. So we're in an interview without asking about crypto. But in particular, Russia just said that they would accept Bitcoin as a payment for their energy resources. What does that say to you about where we are in the crypto conversation? Well, crypto is obviously grown by leaps and bounds and it's now playing a significant role, not really so much in transactions, but in investment decisions of lots of Americans. And the president just issued a couple of weeks ago an executive order asking us and other agencies with thinking about the regulation of crypto. I mean, you're less skeptical about it than in previous, I mean, we've been talking about it together for a long time now. And I think you've had a skepticism about crypto technology. I have a little bit of skepticism because I'm, there are, I think valid concerns around it. Some have to do with financial stability, consumer investor protection, use for illicit transactions and other things. On the other hand, there are benefits from crypto and we recognize that innovation in the payment system can be a healthy thing. We would like to come out eventually with recommendations that will create a regulatory environment in which healthy innovation. And we're by discretion. So right there. That's good, right? She warms up to it. She says, hey, there are some, there are some great parts as far as like cross-border payments remittances. I will let you sound off in a comment section what you believe that to be or what crypto could potentially be. I have my own thoughts on that, but I'll let you decide for it. So it's good. It's almost like a little bit of a step in the right direction for what she's talking about. She goes on to talk about the ESG movement as far as environmental, social, and governance. Mostly it kind of goes in line with what this administration is trying to do as far as green energy and things like that. There's two things to this. First of all, this was a great piece, the Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. And what they took a look at is just the energy consumption for different industries. The one thing I really want to make sure everybody knows is that it talks about limited data availability. And it states it surprisingly, hold on, let me blow this up so you can see it a little better. Hey, there we go. They say it's surprisingly challenging to find reliable electricity figures about the energy footprint of many industrial and residential activities. Data sets are often non-standardized, produced or maintained by various stakeholders who pursue different interests based on distinctive theoretical models that use widely differing methodologies and assumptions and are limited to a specific geographic area. This leads to conflicting estimates about the same activity that can come and start contrast to each other. So basically, they do the best they can. Here's the thing. If you take a look at that electricity use and energy use. So energy use, the production is 167 terawatt hours. Production, or electricity is 26,000. What's the difference? Well, energy is what we produce, geothermal, hydro-based wind. It's what you use to actually create electrical power. Electricity is generated by transforming primary energy sources, wind, nuclear, solar into electrical power. So just so you know, the total usage, Bitcoin has 0.61%. Not a big deal. So, but if you take a look here, just so you know, Bitcoin takes 136 terawatt hours per year, per the entire year, the entire year. And gold mining is 131 terawatts per year, pretty close actually. And if we take a look at this, Yikes, AC is 2199. Data centers just around the world, 200. Cement, just if it's cement, 384. Paper and pulp. TVs in the U.S. are 60. Lighting in the U.S. 60. Why like light? So fridges, 104. Iron and steel production. Chemicals, copper. And Bitcoin's at 137. So if we take a look at that, we're like, well, that's not so bad. But then the big question becomes, but it's still using electricity, Rob. And that's not great. Well, that's true. However, before we get into that, I want to just make mention of this.  In all honesty. Because to me, I know gold is great, and it's a great store of value and da, da, da. But did you know? This is from gold miners. Up to 80% of the gold that is newly mined or recycled is used in jewelry manufacturing. So you're telling me that 131 terawatts per hour is on jewelry. And I'm not saying you can't do that. It's a free market. I don't care what you buy. I've never, I don't think I've ever had anything gold, honestly. However, the electronic age, arguably the most important industrial use of gold, is the manufacture of electronics. So if it's 80%, 80% of the gold that is newly mined or recycled is used in jewelry manufacturing. And then, of course, you have gold bars, and they store that for as a store of value. And then, of course, they also use that gold and dentistry, which I don't know who is using gold teeth except Lil Wayne. How much are we really using for these electronics? Because that, I think, is the big thing, especially the gold bugs will say. But there's an intrinsic value because of this watch, because of this gold in my teeth. Again, I don't see why you're doing that. Or it's because of in this phone. So even in phones, I know that, can we use a better way? And then also, how much really is it? If it's 80%, then maybe 5% here and so on and so forth. And then I will just say the bigger issue, though, is not just about the electricity, but it is, where are we getting the electricity? Is it all coal that we're getting to actually mine Bitcoin? Are we using like the dirtiest types of standards? Because someone had a good point. They go, Rob, they go, even if you're talking about how it's not important of how other industries use electricity, the bigger issue you probably should focus on is, where are you getting that electricity from? So look, I don't know where everything else is coming from as far, like Kazakhstan. I assume it's hydroelectric, maybe like in China. I have no idea, actually. But I know that there is a huge amount of Bitcoin mining going in my great state of Texas. And there was this video, which was actually a while ago. And I had Wine Stone, or Winstone CEO, Chad Everdon. And when we were talking about it, he said, and this was after the whole video was over. I made mention of this spreadsheet. I asked him, I go, hey, man, how much of this is renewables? And he said, oh, because we didn't touch on that, but here's a data sheet of what we use. And of course, in Texas, we have ERCOT, which is the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, which manages the flow of electricity powered at 26 million Texas customers, which is, I believe, the lion's share. Represents about 90% of the state's electric load. Why am I telling you this? It's because of this profile right here. Here's the annual energy fuel mix of what we are using in Texas.  Just come to America. Sorry, I'm a Homer is what it is. I'm super biased also. So the 2020 annual energy fuel mix is this. And this is all Texas residents. 90%, 10% couldn't find the data, but 90%, 45% is natural gas. Okay, natural gas, not too dirty. 22% is wind. 18% is coal. Okay, get me on that one. But we've got 11% nuclear and 2.9% other, which does include solar and things like that. And then Jen, and you can take a look here. So I link this in the description below. So when people are talking about, I know it's a long description, but when people are talking about the electronic use or the power usage, the power watch being used for crypto and Bitcoin money, just point them to this video and go, look, it's not the most worst, the most awful thing of all time. We're actually do use renewable energy. So that ESG issue that all these corporations are rising hell about should not be that big of a thing. Just my humble opinion. Let me know what you think about that in the comments section.


Are the miners simultaneously verifying the solution of the previous block's cryptographic function while competing to find the puzzle solution for the next new block? Yes, they are. It takes about 15 to 20 seconds, at least, to validate a block. Depending on how complicated the block is, how complicated the scripts in the block are, some blocks may take less than a second, some blocks may take a lot longer, because they may contain a lot of complex scripts in them, a lot of signature operations, etc. While miners are validating the block, they generally start mining immediately, validation-less mining, as it's called. They mine the next block, they start mining the next block without validation. However, in order to do that, they must start by mining a new block that is empty. The reason for that is because they're going to be expending all of this energy, trying to find proof of work. They can't include any transactions in the new block, because they haven't yet validated the previous block, and therefore they don't know which transactions may have already been included, and which ones have still to be included. If they mine a block with a transaction in it, and there's a possibility that transaction was already included in the previous block, and if that block is valid, then all the energy they put into mining the new block is wasted, because that block is a double-spent, and therefore invalid. The safest way to ensure that the block they're mining, while they're still validating the previous block, is to make it an empty block, which is why you see empty blocks being mined. Now, because this is a probabilistic game, it doesn't make any difference if you change the block you're mining halfway through, or 30 seconds into it. Usually what would happen for a miner strategy is, while they're validating the previous block, they mine an empty block. As soon as the previous block has been validated, and the mempool has been cleared out and reconciled with what transactions are still available, then they can create a new candidate block that contains transactions, so they can get the extra profit from the fees, and then start mining against that, and continue putting energy in. It doesn't make any difference, because each attempt to find a hash is probabilistically distinct. It has exactly the same probability as the previous event, whether you change the underlying block or not, whether you started the proof-of-work nonce from the beginning or not. It doesn't make any difference. You have just as much chance at finding valid proof-of-work in the very next hash as you did in the previous one. The probability doesn't change. Therefore, miners will start mining an empty block, and then 30 seconds in, once they validate the previous block, now they can add some transactions, they're going to just switch to mining a block with transactions in it, and continue their proof-of-work. How do you stop miners from creating empty blocks when they create a regular one? Well, you don't, and in fact, you don't want to. There's no reason to stop miners from creating empty blocks. If a miner creates an empty block, that doesn't reduce the capacity of the network. That's really, really important to understand. If a miner creates an empty block, that doesn't reduce for anybody else the probability of somebody else finding a block immediately afterwards. And so it increases the security of the network for every block mined, regardless of whether it's empty or not. If you have a block that is found now, that doesn't change the probability of finding a block in the next second. These are probabilistically independent events. And so miners creating empty blocks simply forces everyone to restart their calculation, but doesn't change the probability that they will find a block within the next second. In general, you should think of empty blocks as adding to the cumulative proof-of-work and difficulty of a chain, and therefore increasing its security and increasing its immutability. There's also good reasons why miners create empty blocks. When a miner first receives a winning block from the network, they have to validate it. They have to validate every transaction within that block, and they have to remove those transactions from the mempool and create a new candidate block. That takes time. It takes a few seconds, maybe just a few hundred milliseconds. But in mining a few hundred milliseconds is time, and why would you stop mining? You don't stop mining. What miners do is start mining for an empty candidate block while they're doing the validation. If they find one during that time, they'll publish it, and then continue to do the validation for a block that has transactions. They can't put transactions inside a block until they have validated all of the previous block's transactions, to ensure they're not double-spending. Otherwise, they're wasting their mining power. That's why empty blocks get created. That's one of the reasons why empty blocks get created. Empty blocks are not a bad thing. They're part of the protocol. What happens if two miners solve the next block at the same time? asks Carell. BTC clients trust the longest chain. So if two blocks are mined at the same time, it's probably up to the miners to decide which is going to be accepted, but how do they decide it? This is the fundamental aspect of mining. We're going to talk about it in the future sessions, when we talk more specifically about mining and force. But for the time being, let me just prove this. Approximately once every week, two blocks of mines, nearly at the same time, miners and nodes decide which one to accept based on which one they see and validate first. This may cause the network to have two different perspectives of which is the correct next longest chain. That is a fork. It happens once a week on average, and it is resolved as long as the next block that comes in doesn't also come in simultaneously, which is a very low probability. Eventually, that fork is resolved because one of the two chains gets extended first, and then the other one has its tip, orphaned. The block is no longer considered. All of the transactions are replayed. So in the competition, it is normal for two blocks to be mined near at the same time. The winner is the one who remains on a chain that gets extended in the next round. If a Satoshi is the smallest unit of Bitcoin, is a Satoshi the smallest unit of Bitcoin that can be mined and tracked? Yes, Sudhakar. A Satoshi is the smallest unit of Bitcoin that can be mined and tracked. Let me be more precise, though. A Satoshi is the only unit of Bitcoin that can be mined and tracked. On the Bitcoin network, there is only one unit, and that's Satoshis. Everything is denominated in Satoshis. When you're wallet shows you Bitcoin, all it's doing is it's taking the number of Satoshis and dividing by 100 million. Everything on Bitcoin is in Satoshis. There is no other unit, just Satoshis. Where is the history of each Bitcoin fraction stored, and how can it be traced on a blockchain? The blockchain itself is a history of every Bitcoin fraction. Every transaction takes a Bitcoin fraction as its input, or more than one Bitcoin fraction as its input, and produces one or more Bitcoin fractions as its output. Therefore, the blockchain is a history of the fractions of Bitcoin moving from one owner to the next. When calculating your total amount of coin, your balance, must your wallet go through the entire blockchain from the Genesis block? What are the calculations on the blockchain the wallet must make, and what verification does it perform? Are there any shortcuts to doing this? If you are running a wallet that is a full-node wallet, in order for it to calculate your balance, and to do that authoritatively, you have to process the entire blockchain from the Genesis block. That doesn't mean you have to store it, but you have to at least validate everything and process everything once. Your wallet will have to go through the entire blockchain, which means downloading the entire blockchain, even if you're not storing the entire blockchain. The calculations that the wallet is doing is looking at each block, looking for any addresses it knows it controls, from the private keys it has, and looking for transactions involving those addresses. As it is, it is tracking unspent transaction outputs, or UTXO, which are basically coins, and adding them up. When they are spent, it removes them from the calculation, and when new ones are created with your addresses, it adds them to your balance calculation, until it reaches the end of the blockchain, and now it has an accurate picture of your balance. Are there any shortcuts to doing this? Yes. You can use what's known as simplified payment verification, or lightweight wallets. What they do is ask a full-node, validate the answer by looking for proof-of-work, and the position of the relevant transactions in the Merkle tree. Finally, the least preferred option, which is the ultimate shortcut, is to use a block explorer or website, and ask it what your balance is by typing in your address. This reduces your privacy, but also it means that you have no idea if that block explorer is telling you the truth. You're taking a third-party's word for what your balance is, and that breaks the security model of a decentralized cryptocurrency. An astute reader might say, but you have not yet solved the Byzantine Journal's problem, just moved it to the miners. What if two miners send out blocks with conflicting information? How do the clients choose? Again, as we said before, they choose based on their own appreciation of the consensus rules. If both blocks are fully valid by the consensus rules, by all of the clients, then timing matters. The first block to be seen in each part of the network gets chosen. If more than one block is seen and more than one part of the network finds itself with two competing realities, then the next block will resolve that, because the longest chain is something that evolves over time. When the next block is found, it will settle the dispute between the two competing versions of reality, by making one of those chains the one it built upon longer. The longest cumulative difficulty valid chain wins, but each one of those components is important. The longest cumulative difficulty valid chain is valid, whichever one your node thinks is valid. If a network is big enough, that is the valid chain, which is the longest. It is the one that has the most proof of work in it. These things all work together. The Byzantine Journal's problem is not solved in one place. The Byzantine Journal's problem is solved through the collaborative action of every participant in the system, who has a small role to play in all of these add-up. Freddy asks, is the longest chain the chain with the most blocks? No. Actually, it was briefly. The algorithm was changed very early on, during the very early experimental days of Bitcoin. But the correct definition of which chain wins in Bitcoin is the greatest cumulative difficulty valid chain. A longest does not mean most blocks. It means most difficulty. How do you do that? How do you calculate most difficulty? You add up the amount of proof of work that has existed. You add up for each block how much difficulty is expressed by the proof of work, how many bits of difficulty are involved in the proof of work for that particular block. The cumulative difficulty is the measure. The next word that is really important, the longest cumulative difficulty valid chain, means that the chain is valid because every block in it is valid, and the blocks are valid because every transaction in them is valid. It doesn't matter if you have the greatest cumulative difficulty if one of your transactions is invalid, or if one of your blocks is invalid. It is only in the context of the chain being valid under the consensus rules that you win. So, long as chain is really just a short way of saying, greatest cumulative difficulty valid chain.


Some of you have been asking if we were able to provide emails if you had any questions or if you wanted to connect with the speakers by GDPR law, British law. We can't publish emails in the booklet so I wasn't able to do that but I will ask permission from all the speakers and then I can email out whoever wants the information. Good afternoon. Good afternoon. I am Kali to Kamala in Malaya. I'm going to discuss about Malubu textile art and design. As we can see here, we have here the map of Agusa del Norte and Agusa del Saur below. For the Agusa del Norte, they're going to focus on the innovation. Well, the Agusa del Saur focus on the tradition especially in weaving. We call this one the Sueyam. As we can see here, I have here my drawing. It looks like a bad accessory. It is a mage of beads. On the other side, we can see here the Agusa del Norte, more on the lowland. Well, the Agusa del Saur, we can see here about the watershed at the same time the mountain. On the other side, we can see here, there are plenty of the Messiah speaking. While on the Agusa del Saur, there are plenty of the Malubu. As you can see on the right side, on the left side, more on the innovation, creation. While on the other side, this is more on the tradition using the abaca. Well, on the lower ground because in Mindana especially in Butuan, there is an iconic boat. We call this one the Balangay. That's why you can see here the Balangay. And then I wrote my master thesis. Suyam to Agusa Manubu. The tradition of innovation in the singing of Pagbuburda. And then as you can see, there is an ornament. This is made of the tip of the crocodile. This is the symbol of our good luck. At the same time, we call this one the amulets. Okay, this is what we call the Suyam. In Agusa Manubu, Suyam means the art of embroidery. Thank you. Okay, this research is the disarmium, the relationship of glottin, craftsmanship, design, material and color. And the social rounds of the Mundaubu tribe from Mindanao. It brings to the forefront the Manubu women, waivers and their unique craftsmanship in bringing to life cultural stories through the art of textile weaving as it involves over time. To me it doesn't story short. The embroidery that we have, it tells about the story. It tells about the narrative, especially here the waivers, especially the art women waivers. Okay, it passed from generation to generation. As you can see here, time anymore young, the Manubu, they are naked. You can see here what we call the tatu. The tatu for us, we call it pati or pangutub. This is the ancient time. Okay, during the ancient Manubu, we're going to use the called Abaka, a technique of Iqat. And then you know what Abaka is, the Philippines, the producer of Abaka because this is very good for the environment. That's why if you can see the textile that we have, we promote here about organic materials. Okay, as you can see here, the Manubu-shaped paint. Before we have no dress, it is naked. Then you can see here the tatu. Then during the time of this, the bae. Bae means the Manubu-shaped paint. As you can see here, the garden. On the upper side called the San Cumpa. And the lower side, this is the Meido-Babaka. We call this one Sawal. As you can see, the more if you have plenty of tatu, the more if you have plenty of accessories or embroidery, you belong to a higher class. Okay, as you can see here, the Bagani. Bagani is the warrior, the successor of the dato. If the dato died, the successor become the next to him is the Bagani. In other words, in our community, it is very patriarchal, very dominated. Okay, we call this one the Sawiam. As you can see here, the Sawiam, if you're going to look, there is a narrative. It has plenty of symbolism about nature, about culture, about their ways of life. Okay, as you can see here, you can see the accessories. From head to toe, there are plenty of beads. Before the beads, this is made of gold. With the Chinese king, a trader came to our land. We use now the ceramic beads, made in China. Okay, as you can see there are the beads, the tatu before, the pattern of the weaving, embroidery, it become a Sawiam. Okay, as you can see, this is my painting. If you have time, you can visit our art exhibit. In the Busan province, there is a social level indication for power. Staff assembled, crystals, beauty and charm. The dress plays an ergonomic function from womb to tomb. Okay, if you have plenty of accessories from head to toe, you have plenty of embroidery. You're considered as the most beautiful, the most powerful. In other words, this is a process. As you can see here, when the child is born, they're going to wrap the Sawiam cloth to the baby, and then when he died, they're going to wear the Sawiam dress. In other words, our Sawiam is this cycle of life, from birth to death, from womb to tomb. Okay, as you can see here, the umpak. Umpak is the upper garment. Usually, it is plenty of tatu. The tatu, and then it becomes a design of the dress. It is an embroidery. In other words, Sawiam means the art of embroidery. The upper garment. On the lower garment, as you can see, my short. There are plenty of designs, especially the embroidery, created by the woman in the board. Upper garment, and then the lower garment. Especially for the lower garment, this kind of dress is usually used by the farmer. They're going to wear the long pants. It is uncomfortable. Okay? For the woman, they're going to use here the umpak, the upper dress. Sometimes, it is shorter, and we have the long sleeve. This is the upper garment. Try to observe the color. The color, it has a symbol at the same time, meaning. Okay? The sada means the lower garment. Sometimes, it looks like a malo, the skirt. Okay? As you can see, there are plenty of designs, especially the designs inspired from nature, from their ways of life. As you can see, this is not meant to appreciate, but it is easy for us to understand, at the same time, read the pattern. Our design is very symbolic, at the same time, cosmic. Okay? As you can see, my growing, you know what? During my masters, I told my masters, I'm not a writer, but I am a painter. That's why it's easy for me to understand if I'm going to grow. As an insider, I'm not an insider because my father was a dato. When my mother is a Visaya Christian. That's why I wrote here the chronological, the upper classes, the how-doon, the dato. They are, we call this one, the population is too small. Next to it is the bae. We call this one the white of the dato, and the other one is bae-lan. The bae-lan means they are the healer. At the same time, the bae-lan can be considered as a man, at the same time, a woman. On the middle, we call this one the bagani. Bagani means, I told you, is a warrior. They're going to wear red color, symbol of fear, at the same time, blood. While on the lower ground, the lower circle, you can see here a huge population of alipin. Alipin means they are peasants, they are farmers, or they are slaves. Okay, thank you. Okay, this is my drawing about the manubo, how-doon. But in history, we're not going to use dato. Because dato, from my understanding, this came from a different tribe. But we're going to use how-doon. How-doon means you have the authority. And then we have also here the mungo manigaon. They are the council of elders. As you can see my drawing, there are lots of embroidery, pattern, motif, especially the accessories from head to toe. As you can see here, in London, especially the queen, they're going to wear the crown. But for us, we're going to wear here the tibang. Tibang symbolized as the higur, the tibang of the power. That you are, you have an authority. As you can see here, I have here a tibang by my father. It looks like a triangle. The purpose of this, it looks like a cobra. Because cobra for us is the second on GDS, animals, next to crocodile. As you can see my tibang here, you can see a bell.  That's why I am good. You can see the bells. We have plenty of bells. That means I've killed a lot. But for now, I'm still good. Okay. Next to the how-doon, please. Okay, we have here the body. As you can see here the body, the accessories, the color. Most of them are going to wear white. The symbol of purity. And then they're going to wear also red. The symbols of love. Next to the how-doon or the how-doon is the body. Observe the accessories. Observe the aesthetics. Before, you have the last of accessories and suyem. But now, you can count some of the design, please. Okay, we call this one by Lan Amay. They're going to use here the palas pas. You know what the text here? This is not a Visaya. This is not an English. This is a Manobo. Some of our language in Manobo and Manobo, it is banishing anymore. That's why you can see here the bylan mail. Next, please. The bylan paint mail. They are the healer. At the same time, the fortune healer. As you can see here, the bylan, they're going to wear the beads. We call this one the built beads. Before, this is made of gold. But now, just like our art and culture, it keeps on changing. As you can see. Okay, you can see the clean thing. Next to the bylan, we have here the bagani. Bagani is the warrior, especially a mail protector. You can see here the accessories, the beads and the weapon. Especially for the bagani, they're going to wear red. Red is the symbol of a fighting blood. At the same time, they are very aggressive. Okay. Next to the bagani, we have here the slaves. For the slaves, they're going to wear yellow. Why yellow? Because in culture, yellow is the lower class. Because majority of the slaves, they are into farming. They're exposed to the sun. In other words, yellow is not good. But for us, white and red is the symbol of loyalty and majesty. Next to the slave, a slave woman. Frightened accessories, little by little. Well, the how-do, you can see all the designs are maximally thin. Well, here a little bit minimally thin. Less is more. You can see here the Yukos, a child boy. Sometimes they have no dress. They are naked. And the other one, the bully.  That's why I wrote 60,000 words. And then I translate this one in 300 words and I give it to you in English translation. In English? Yes, in English. Okay, next. We'll put it in the library for anyone interested. Okay, thank you. As you can see my drawing here, the Excel art, our context, what is symbolic, organic, and cosmic. Woman with birth, a creator of such enduring artworks, especially the Sooyoung. Whos and glories of the manubos are enthroned women with the sense of each fabric, each design, motif, and pattern has its own unique meaning. To make the long story short, the Sooyoung is the expression. Sooyoung is our second dress. Sooyoung is our second skin. While the tattoo can be considered as our human canvas. I have here, I gathered 61 designs of Sooyoung. I put here the drawing, the design. What is the meaning of that design? What is the title of this drawing? And then the description, what kind of materials can you see this one in the dress, in the gold, when they're carving, and then what is the symbolization of this drawing? Okay, we have here the Bina O means a turtle. While the bina ki, we call this one frog or the panaka. Bina kusan, we call this one dasawa because there are plenty of snakes in the community of the manubo. Bina aja means we call this one the crocodile. You shall remember the largest of the biggest crocodiles in the world can be found in Agusan, the story in our province, Si, Lolo. And his wife, we call it Lalang. And then we have here the Dina Dorgon, the dragon to be found in the what you call this one, the gold. And then the guinea bang, we call this one the lizard, the bayawa, next to the drawing piece. Okay, so you can see here, some of there are geometry, biomorphic. You can see here the fish. And then we have here the eagle. As you can see this one, this is the symbolism of the waterfly, mytomorposes. Minaluk manu, this is the birds. We call this one the scorpion. The meaning, the drawing. It's easy to see the visual at the same time, textual. And then some of the tinu-ko, can you find this one on the tattoo? Toko. Service time. Okay, as you can see the binawi, this is the panda or the lower garment. The binuju, it looks like a heart design, a diamond design. And then we have here the triangle. And then the X-X inspired from the embroidery. And then we have here the bawi. We call this one the square design. Okay, we have here the mandala. Next to this is what we call this one the circle. We have the four design. We have here, it looks like a geneflex. Pinaluk, the triangle design, the slap design. And then lastly we have here the bagging. Next, please. Okay, as you can see more on the upper agriculture. We have here the kawaiian, leaves, and then a palm. And then we have here the flower that we can see during the plant. And then we have here the pato. It looks like a fur design because it looks like an okir or okil design. And then the most famous of all design is the tinampuso. Tinampuso means if you're going to combine the three, we call this one fruits of the banana. This is the symbols of community. Please. As you can see we have here the symbols of what we call this one, the trees. And then the famous Balanghai, Nipa, Nibutuwa, and the Deguino oak, this is the paddle. It looks like pointy because if there is a prokoda, it's easy for material to kill. That's why it's pointed. And then the binokiat, the dinokso. Miandala, miandala or mandala this is the circle, sometimes of the square because majority of the textiles are very geometric at the same time with the colonial design. The kinyasa means this is a shell. Then some of the tattoo can be found here and this one. We call this one the patik or the pangutu. Ok, the shell. And then we have also here the star. The accessories, that's like the comb. The symbols of that diwata diti. And then some of the manubo are Christian, some of them are Luma, that's why you can see the cross. And then we call this one the plows. I research this one from the community. It's easy for me to draw then to write, please. Ok, this is now the wave, especially on the wave from the seas, wave from the lake or the river. This is the symbols of, we call this one a mountain. This is the symbol of agriculture. And then it looks like a linglingo. Design. And then we have here the symbol of rainfall. Next, please. Ok, as you can see. Five minutes. Ok, ok, go on. Ok, I didn't touch a cabin annoying. I've seen the real drawing or illustration of the famous golden taro bagusan. This is the symbolism of akimbo. That's why you have the authority. The golden taro bagusan. While here we call this one the silolong. This is the design of lo-long. Prime embroidery. Ok, this is that in also a community. Embroidery. And the other one, the famous abidutoon. The most very common. Next. Ok, we call this one the two of three. Can be found in a gusandelsor. A gusandelority. Last of minerals. This is the binawood waves. You can see the waves. The gusang river and silolipit. This is the scorpion. The design. The kamaxi. Next to, this is the kamaxi, the flower. During plant. You can see plenty of small white flowers. The kamaxi. Ok. The manubuwames. Technical expertise of using indigenous tradition and textile transformation. The art of the creating fabric is a remarkable tradition that has been blurred from generation to generation. The convergence of techniques, style, culture and tradition in Embroidery pattern on dress, emphasize women's creativity and skills in showcasing the risk of manubu tradition. Next please. As you can see, this is the the backstrap loom. And then we have here the pedaled loom. They're going to use abaka. This is my drawing, illustration. The first class of abaka, we call this one abaka. What is that? We call this one is kahida. The first class and the second class, sigunda. The middle class. The dark, not good, mid-curve quality baraba. Ok. Next. As you can see, this is more on the text, organic or synthetic coloring. Ok. As you can see here, it is a flat note that means you are a royal. They're going to use here the tattoo and then the accessories made of bones. And then we have here, you know, in besides, especially in puton, we have lots of gold accessories. And then we have here the metal and then we have here the organic. As you can see, we have here the bill for the accessories. This is the miandala. Sometimes it is a square. Sometimes it's a circle. Ok. As you can see here, on the right side, this is more on traditional. And here, mostly the Visayas are more on innovation. And then they do that, the chanting, especially for making the suyam. As you can see here, majority of the design here is more on computer-generated. This is computer-generated. That's why you can see the design here on this side. Ok. Next please. Ok. This is the umpak. This is made of cell screen photography. It is instant design. This is the lower made of cell screen photography. You know what? This is the the dress of the Bailan. Because of climate change, they wear their sleeveless. You imagine, the Bailan very new. It looks like a seductive. Next please. Ok. This is the lower garment. This is a photographic. This is a cell screen serigrap. Next. Ok. For the slaves, they're going to wear yellow. Yellow is not good for us. In the lower class. Because it symbolizes about sunlight. The lower, the lower is a garden. And then, for the abaca, remember, they have less deterioration. There's the ornamentation. There's the aesthetic inward. A little bit ugly. Next. Well, because of the, because of the souvenirs, because of the tourists, they're going to wear, where they're going to buy t-shirt with the design of Tinampuso. Next please. Ok. You know what? My cousin, she joined the BDBD Filipinas and then, looked at the design of the manubo. It became an innovation. It became fashionable. And you can see here, the design of Tinampuso, that we do all, so on and so forth. Ok. But for now, because of commercialization, commercialization, commercialization, colonization, you can see now, the design, sometimes made of mannequin. Ok. Next. Ok. Ok. This is my drawing. As you can see, the accessories, look at this one. It is a circle. This is for women. But it is pointed and rectangular. This is for men. While this one, when my father died, he gave me this kind of belt. The symbol of this is a drive-away bat sphere. But honestly, we just belt because of the sound that the white animal didn't can stay. Ok. This one, the bells. To make the story short, aside from giving the conclusion, I'm going to sing us to you a chanting. The song is about a ritual of a woman. I'm going to sing a manubo chant, and then a peepino. So let me order for you to understand. Questions. Yes, please. Go ahead. They have also a tinalac in Tiboli. But for us, we have tinalac at the same time, more on a self-screen. We have no similar process from the Tiboli. From my understanding, you know what, in Tiboli, I don't believe in the dream weaver. Because if you're going to dream, and then you're going to wake up early in the morning, you forgot all your dreams. How can you draw? How can you wave? That's my understanding. But for us, this is real. If you're going to make a design, you're going to make a then not from a dream. You're going to get the inspiration from the nature at the same time from the organic resources. This is a contemporary ritual, a combination of the Pilipino ritual and then the Manubo. We call this one the Tudom chanting. Tudom is a chanting. It's a sacred chanting from the Manubo. In order to for you to understand, I sing it in Pilipino, not in English. Okay, one more. That's my drawing with intellectual property rights. Antenting for is it the Agimat or the Lakicharm? For us, it's ating-anting. If you want in English, we call this one the Agimat or the I'm sorry. In English? The amulet. Yeah, we call it amulet. But it's ating-anting in Manubo. Antenting in Manubo in Visayas. More questions, please. Yes? The Gangayo. The leadership for the Dato Yes, especially the Tinampuso. You can see the Tinampuso here. These are symbols of community and the symbol of the Haudon or the Dato. They have also a a minimal Tinampuso design. Especially, you can see from the head after to design. So many. Yes, the Dato. If you cannot see the Dato, the design in temple that means they are slaves. They are farmers or they are we call this one the low class. There is a hierarchy in the Manubo. Yes, the more you have plenty of Tinampuso the more that you have plenty of Suyama and accessories you are the upper class. The more less decoration, less accessories you are the lower class. In the Agusan especially in northeast Mindanao in the Karaga region. My illustration here I am a Manubo I am not an outsider but I am an insider. Sometimes when I read some of the the book and the thesis sometimes a little bit exaggerated but be as a Manubo I wrote my own thesis at the same time our story. Thank you so much. So the the thesis you are giving us will have the drawings instead? If you want.


Hello everyone, welcome and today we are discussing the upcoming bid opportunities Sunday fun day is the day happy Sunday to all of you out there watching me on the day of the actual recording Thank you so much for joining my channel my content YouTube the place where we teach government contracting taught by actual practitioners not by Theorists so again today's video. We're discussing upcoming opportunities on beta. Sam, but before we jump into that I just want to let you know tomorrow's master my Monday with Judy brat is the five people need to meet federal Players and layers methodology as she calls it. So make sure to stay tuned for that. Let's jump right into today's video We're over here on our favorite website beta dot Sam And we are looking at this week's upcoming search results for all of the new people out there We when I'm looking on beta dot Sam the reason why I use beta dot Sam and by the way If you don't know already, I've got this old famous video on The six methods I use to make big bucks on FBO the content is still applicable to beta dot Sam We're just using a new platform So go ahead and watch that video But some of the reasons why I use beta dot Sam is to do market research and in doing my market research I want to find out what upcoming opportunities are happening in the future Why so that we can get prepared today? Again, I want to learn about upcoming opportunities in the future so I can get prepared today because if you wait until the opportunity Comes out today. There's probably someone else already in mind for that opportunity. So they've already got the jumpstart They've got the lead. They are ahead of you. So you don't want to wait until the opportunity is out You want to do a look ahead? So I'm going to show you today How do we do a look ahead? By the way, if you have any questions comments concerns about any of things that we have My information is on the screen. Feel free to text me or send our team an email at service at govcon giants comm So back on the screen over at beta dot Sam What I look for is contract opportunities. If you just click contract opportunities, you'll see mine yields 94 Thousand results what we do is like to narrow that field down and for me In particular, I want to look at these sources. So let's go back and look at published date We'll go back and look to say a week. Make sure you click the filter button and filter your list And then type of notices we click sources saw it and that brings us to 423 results now Beta that Sam actually made some changes and they're supposed to be allowing us to actually view Up to 20 or 30 results on the page at the same time so that you're not having to scroll through and go through 43 pages here However, I don't see that field updated yet So what I'd like to do is I actually take this information and I click the download button here Download it in a dot CSV file and then I open it up on another screen And so fortunately for you, I've already done that and this is what the result looks like when I open it up in Excel Now if you were to open it up and say like a Google Sheets, it might be a little bit more difficult I still use the Excel because Excel allows me to open it up pull it down and now what this does is we can go through all 423 results in Seconds if not minutes, but we can easily scroll through. We don't have to worry about filtering through 42 pages of click look click look click look so again Just makes it easier when you're trying to do this on a day-in and day-out basis and for a lot of us out Here we don't have secretaries or we don't have a procurement person or a proposal writer It's us or maybe our assistant is going through and having to look for these upcoming opportunities So we definitely want to make this stuff easier for folks out there. So again, we're over here on our Excel spreadsheet now One of the things I want to bring up is that people Have been using this technique and they've been doing the source of thoughts And they've been looking at pre-solicitations and sometimes they're submitting them and not getting results and they're wondering why again This is a part of a three tier process that we go through to put you in a position to have access to contract opportunities But this is not the end all be all this is just one Avenue for people to pursue okay, and this is another way for you to market yourself So again if you were trying to break into any industry for its radio fits movies if it's Netflix You got to find more than one way to try to get access to the opportunity So again, this is just one of many ways one in particular of three that I like to use on a consistent regular basis This is one of three ways to do that So again, just keep that in mind when you're doing this The other thing I want to say is when you're looking at all of these opportunities on the screen you're saying yourself I could do this. I could do this. I could do that. I can do that You may have the actual technical prowess, right? So you've got the competency and say, okay I understand that from a technical standpoint However, if you don't have the team that back it up to be able to demonstrate to the government that you have the ability to Do this they may not consider you for that opportunity So again, I just want people to look at things that they know That if the government were to award them a contract today that you could actually do and if you can't do that Find someone else who can and that's just all that's all. It's not that I Want you to not respond or not do these activities But I don't want you spending a lot of time in wills if you're not truly and generally qualify to Submit on the opportunity. So again, the government's gonna look at this stuff and say this guy isn't or this girl Does not have the ability to perform this type of work. I can tell you about a recent Situation that we submitted something just recently Wrote it up sounded great And then the government responded in two days and asked us can you give us the actual Manufacture for your system, how many do you have how many can you get access to and The person who submitted it didn't have the information.  Submits something and doesn't actually have access to what it is. He or she is proposing All right, so let's go back over to the screen and let's just take a look at some opportunities That are out right now and as you can see on my list. This is as of Oh, let me move this box over so you could see All right, you see my list February 19th last modified February 19th for most of these on the page February 24 So these this everything is here is brand new Just just been released and the last week or so and there's 423 like what I see is on average is about 450 to 550 opportunities every week So if there's something that you see and you're saying yourself well, Eric I could do this right now, but I don't have everything I need. Don't worry. They come out these things come out often So don't feel the need the impulse the anxiety on yourself The pressure saying that you don't have all the things that you need and you can't do it There will be more opportunities coming out. However, I would encourage you or say to yourself This is going to help you to be prepared for which the things that you do need to do So the team members that you need to have the people that you need to associate with the subcontractors Suppliers all those pieces of the puzzle that you need to complete that puzzle. This will help you Start realizing what those things are so you can get prepared So let's go through take a look and see what's out this particular last week. Let's see. We've got some Testing and training systems. We've got a support contract over here vessel escort services Sounds like they're moving some ships. Yep and Puget Sound Let's see Uniforms out here that's in conference room reservation tool. I know some some people that can probably put some together for that enterprise security network bus services in Alaska Let's see What else we have out here? Artificial intelligence virtual bootcamp seminar. I just oh my goodness. I have someone in mind for that I'm gonna highlight this particular opportunity Because I do have someone in mind For that particular one In fact, let's go ahead and take a look what I like to do so I can show you guys my process I like to copy the actual ID number and Then we head over here back over to the other page and I'll cut and paste it right here in keywords Pull it up and we actually go through and read and read and see what this discussing artificial intelligence virtual bootcamp seminar There's so many people in this AI space and they're wondering how do I break into the government? How about doing a bootcamp seminar? No? It may not be actually implementing your technology But it's a way to let the government know who you are and which we're about and also to give you a leg in and get some past performance All right, they want you to be able to do these technical capabilities Minister educational interactive sessions on a virtual platform And look this is what they're asking you to submit these six items here. So This is something that's definitely doable But like we said here look they want to show where you have historical performance And it doesn't have to be related to the government. So your historical performance has not have to be it says here contracts defined by federal state local government contracts as well as Private contracts you see that so a lot of people are giving out information saying that you can't do it with past performance from private contracts But clearly it states here that you can and that's a wonderful thing This is what the National Institute of Health So I will save that I've got someone in mind already for that opportunity and we're gonna go to continue on Moving forward. So let me see. What else is out here? Social software NASA hazardous waste electrons architecture and general surveys waste disposal services rental equipment library support services Let's see reporting tools Lease simulated space in Houston, Texas Sounds like to me the government's looking for office spaces to room to actually Move some offices that were impacted by these latest weather storms pressure washing services I know all these car wash guys out there. Come on. Where my pressure washing services dry cargo time charter 39 day that sounds like my transportation logistics folks always asking me for contract opportunities replacement of security systems security systems Industry day event that they want to hold ground maintenance contract great way to break in if you are a land escape person Let's see who else we have out here Courier services Right, come on Where's all my folks out here who want to work for Amazon facilities relocation again? That's moving people We just had a student virus respond to a source of thought for our facilities relocation a few weeks later She was negotiating a contract and over the weekend a few weeks ago. She actually moved and this was a VA facility that she actually moved them gave her essentially she it was simplified acquisition and She negotiated directly with the government. So definitely take a look at that facilities relocation back. I'm gonna Let me highlight it. Let's jump over to the other screen and take a look at the facilities relocation We're gonna open up in a new tab Let's take a look at it and see just kind of again, this is let's see I just want people to look US Marine Corps looks at major command Department of the Navy All right, there's some machinery that has to be moved and there's the building layout for the machinery Pretty straightforward pull it up take a look pull up on the web page here You can have experience in providing the services put your point of contact your phone number and an email address I mean That's pretty basic folks It's pretty basic So, all right, let's jump back over Keep the party going. All right. Let's see airborne systems They want to purchase surgical table Okay, this was a sole social war at some solar turbines Have equipment repairs More at least space in Houston, Texas It looks like to me if you got space in Houston, Texas the government needs your help Please reach out to them. I look a lot of people need help out there right now So we're praying for the people out in Texas removal of concrete floating docks Jet fuel fryer trainer Arm secure courier services Again more at least office space. This is a GSA region 3 What else Cotton seeds rooftop chiller removal replacement if if I were someone and let me let me want to pull this up Give you an example people ask me about the middleman strategy that we talk about this is a Really good example of that. All right, so let me give you an example of the middleman strategy in real life so you're here you're watching me and Whether you bought my course or not This is a free video on YouTube you're watching me and you're saying okay, Eric show me what you're talking about How's the middleman strategy work? Okay, this is an example of the middleman strategy You come on here. You watch me. You cut you're looking at sources sought The person the company who actually does rooftop chillers does not have a person looking at sources saws They don't even know what that is Place informants for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, okay? I'm I'm sitting back. I'm watching Eric I'm in or around the Philly region or I'm close enough to Pennsylvania that I can call some people out there and so now you look at this job and you now have the Advantage of knowing that this project is coming out. So the government is willing is saying to themselves Hey, this project they're looking for market research to determine who can do this And this is all they're asking for a company name Dunn's number cage code All right, so now this is your opportunity to reach out to someone in that area who does chiller replacements Right and you want to say hey I have a project that I'm working with the government where they are needing a rooftop chiller replacement The project is not finalized yet But we have the information that it's coming out in the near future. Is it something that your company's interested in doing? All right. Yes, excellent. Let's because the project is not completely out We don't need a price just now. So don't worry about actually pricing the job The government wants to just make sure that you have the past performance necessary You've got the experience to be able to do it when the contract is out sounds good. Yes Okay, yes, great. Now you have that information that you can submit on behalf of this company. I know a lot of times people want to make this thing really tricky, really confusing and it's really not. You are essentially helping provide a service, helping the government be able to reach out to people who they don't have the ability to reach out to because this is the government's way of advertising this. They don't have the ability, I mean, they do have the ability but they typically don't pick up the phone and start calling people that are not within their database to ask them to come into the government's database to offer prices for work, perform. So you are helping the government, assisting the government by doing that for them, finding those team members, finding those partners, finding those industry professionals and experts that are the best and you're bringing them on to the government platform. So again, this is a valuable service out here. That's just one example of something. Let's see, ice machine cleaning sanitation, more leasing of office space, again, temporary facilities out here. Let's see, where is this at? Okay, that's Italy, a little bit far. Corrosion control services, design built family housing projects, life support Guam, they got, let's see. GSA, vehicle washing service, Riverside National Cemetery. The guy or girl who washes cars is not looking on here at car washing opportunities. More leased office space. Find that person who's washing cars, help put this thing together and put the other team to go out here and do this. Aviation training program, all in world, my people do all the training, small business event. All right, General Dynamics is holding a virtual business opportunity event. That's nice. Transportation services, people are asking me, this is for the Office of Refugee Resettlement and the division of unaccompanied, minor, children's, operations program, unaccompanied alien children. All right, transportation services for them, technical instructor support, gun parts. I mean, they have all types of opportunities out here. More A&E services for architects and engineers. Maintenance services, they got stuff in Bangladesh. Look for transportation, power generation, material handling and equipment. Seaman software upgrades. There's a lot of stuff out here, folks. More leasing in Houston, Texas. More leasing in Houston, Texas. Satellite maintenance, DTS support services. I don't know what that is, that's why I skipped it. For all those people wondering, Eric, why did you skip DTS support services? Cause I don't know what that is. Animal storage supplies. Sorry, I know I'm clicking the wrong thing, but it's right above it, it's just my mouse. What else? Help does follow on. Cost estimating services for construction projects. I know there are people out here that do cost estimating for a living. They're looking for folks to help with that. Occupational medical health services, bulk fuel delivery. We've got some fuel people out here. Data collection. Give me something good. All right, foreign partner cyber training. They're looking for some cyber training.  They're looking for some people out here who can help do cyber training. I know I've got training personnel out here. I know I've got some experts that have done this before in the past. Professional services to support IT training at Foreign Service Institute School of Applied Information Technology. Again, more training opportunities. More grounds maintenance services and snow removal. Oh, they're building two big vocational trade expansion schools, job course. All right, those are nice projects. Replace elevators. I know I have some elevator folks out there. Parking space services, more transportation systems, statewide food, substance supply. We got, I've got people in GovCon giants that are into subsidence. They've asked me about subsistence. I apologize, I don't say that every day. Media clipping software as a service. Come on, come on. Where's all my people? That can't be that hard. I do that all the time. I'm gonna take and clip this video. Can't be too terribly hard. I don't know how to do it. More recruiting space over in Houston, Texas. They need facilities in Texas.  They're looking everywhere they can go. Bear boat charters, body warm cameras, spare parts. Where are all my people that sell parts? Dry ice, global gene bank management services, hose assemblies, box mills and Pittsburgh's, box mills and Boise. Come on. I know there's some people out here know how to do box mills. Paving, IDIQ, still looking for people that, paving, who could do paving all over the place? That's a very common business that's widely used in every town, USA. Any one of us could pick up a phone book and call a paving contractor and get them on board. Any one of us. Bus transportation services, janitorial services, BPA. Again, a lot of this stuff, I hear you, everyone out here, ground support equipment procurement. I hear people here telling me they do this, they do that, they do this. You should be responding. Microfiber mopping system services. All right. I want one more example to go through before I close out this video. And then we're going to let everyone go today. I just wanted to share some stuff. Again, look at what's coming out, upcoming opportunities. And then also answer some questions for folks who had questions out there in the marketplace. Because again, I am communicating with people all the time and we are in our group. Within GovCon EDU, we're discussing all these opportunities, we're looking at them and seeing who has the bandwidth and manpower to be able to fulfill some of these things. So I did want to come on and continue sharing this. This is a regular session that I do. Look, this is some renovations, design build. Look at home sleep test monitor. Data entry support, sounds like they're looking for FTE, some ammunition, equipment, wash down services. Let me pull that up. And that'll be the last one that goes out. But yeah, I always want to remind people out here that there are opportunities for all of us. And if you are not looking, if you're only looking at what comes out for bid, by the time it comes out for bid, some of this stuff will never make it for bid. I can tell you, personal experience of myself and students at GovCon EDU, that we have received contracts from the source of sauce that never made it to bid. Remember that, some of this stuff will never, ever, ever make it out on public bid, on a public dashboard, on beta.sam again. They will negotiate directly with the contractors who respond into this, who have the ability to be able to do these kind of services. This is one of those kind of opportunities that may, you will look at beta.sam for bids and you may never see this equipment wash down services ever, ever again, because when they did their market research, they found someone who had the ability to be able to do it and they're gonna work with that company, that person to do it. So just keep that in mind for those people who are waiting for this thing to go to bid, that that just might happen. Now, the funny thing is, I'm gonna switch over to this other screen, is that this services happen to be, it's pretty funny, the locations are in Kuwait, Jordan, UAE in Saudi Arabia. So I guess it's good and bad in a way because it's good because if you have the ability to do it, you're probably one of very few, few people that could do it. It's bad for all the other people who thought that this was in their backyard USA. So again, where there is one man's junk, is another man's treasure. And so again, this is a great opportunity and a great example of something where, hey, this may be a great opportunity if you're over there. I know we have a lot of Americans that are over in that area. So again, if you're in that area and you think that you have the ability to be able to do these equipment wash down services, definitely an easy way to break into the government contracting room. Hey guys, thank you so much as always. If you are not already subscribed, subscribe to my channel, give me a thumbs up, tell me what you like. If you are not aware of our free course, we have over 10,000 students who've gone through our free course over at GovCon EDU, visit our free course. And also this month, the month of February, we are offering a eight week bootcamp that's included with the price of either GovCon 1.0 or GovCon 2.0. Thank you, say stay as always. We appreciate you, we love you. Thank you, happy Sunday.