Hey, welcome back everybody. Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We're in downtown San Francisco at LinkedIn's headquarters at Data Privacy Day 2018. Second of the year we've been at the event, pretty interesting, you know, there's a lot of stuff going on in privacy. This kind of follows the security track, gets less attention, but with the impending changes in regulation is getting a much more play, much more media. So we're excited to be joined by our next guest. He's Jared Chong, the vice president of product at Ubico. Jared, welcome. Thank you, Jeff. So for folks that aren't familiar with Ubico, what are you guys all about? We're all about protecting people's identities and privacy and making them they authenticate securely to online accounts. So identity, that's so an increasingly important strategy for security. Like don't worry about the wall, can we really figure out who this person is? So how has that been changing over the last couple of years? Yes, there's definitely a lot of things been changing. So we can think of identity as some, some companies want to know who you are, but some companies actually are okay with you being anonymous, but then they want to still know that it's the person that they talk to that's still the person. And so what we see in the wall of things- Oh, an anonymous person as opposed to an not-perfect. Someone else, but we want to make sure the anonymous person is the same anonymous person. Oh, okay, okay, right. And that's important, right? So if you can think of fake journalists and you think of, they need to talk to the informer. So they need to know that this is the real informer and they don't want to have the fake informer tell them the wrong story. And so they need a way to actually strongly authenticate themselves. And so identities is this very interesting intersection of strong authentication, but at the same time, real identities as well as anonymized identities. And they are actually real life applications for both that can protect citizens, can protect dissidents, but also at the same time can help governments do the right things when they know who you are. Right, so we're so far behind them.  And we've told them all a thousand times that can't be much of a secret anymore. And then I've read something else that said the ability to use a nine digit social security number and keep that actually private is basically, chances of doing that are basically zero. So we're well past that stage in terms of some of these more sophisticated systems, but we still kind of have regulations that are still asking you to put in your social security number. So what are the ways that you guys are kind of addressing that and you're kind of taking a novel approach with an open source solution, which is pretty cool. Yes, we've created the open standard which is FIDO U2F standard and we actually co-created this with Google. And one of the key things is that what we call knowledge base systems are just thing of the past. Knowledge base is anything that you try to remember, including passwords. Right. And what we call recovery questions. You know, you name the recovery question that you want to put in.  Everything online from LinkedIn or from Facebook. So why are we doing those systems? And obviously we need to change that. But this open standard that we've created really allows you to physically prove yourself with a physical device. Like, so you want to tell who you are and there are a couple of ways you can tell who you are online. You can tell by remembering something, by something that you have and something that who you are, right? So these are the basics on how you can identify yourself over the wire. And what we've really focused on is the combination of something you have and something you know. But the something you know is not reviewed to the world. The something you know is reviewed to the device that you have. So it's kind of like an ATM card, right? You're not going to tell the pin to the wall and nobody really has your ATM. Nobody asks you for the ATM. Even the banks don't know what your ATM is. Right. And you can change that and only you know about it. So we take that same concept and make it available for companies to implement these type of authentication systems for their own services. So today Google supports this open standard. Actually today Facebook supports it as well. And Salesforce and a host of other services. Which means that you can actually authenticate yourself with the device and something you know. And that really allows you as an individual to not have to think about all these different things that you have to remember for every single site. Cause that's what people are doing today. Right. And so the beauty about this protocol as well is that we've developed this thing is that these systems, they don't know that you have the same authenticator. Which is the great thing. So they can't collude and share and then pinpoint it was you. If you took this authenticator you can use it with many different things. But all of them don't know that you have what we call the UB key. And so this is the UB key. So it's like the old RSA key what we think a lot of people are familiar with. What people think. Right, right. Obviously we've, it's way beyond the RSA keys. But I mean, but it's the same kind of concept. You've got a USB, little device. And that's what you bring with you and that's who you are. And you can strongly authenticate to the services you want. I think that's really the foundation which is people want to take back their way that they authenticate to the systems and they want to own it. And that's really a big difference that we see rather than the bank says you must have this or you must have that and you can only use it with me. You can use it with somebody else. I want to bring my authenticator anywhere. Right. So you said Google's using that. I'm a huge Google user. I don't have one of those things. So where's the application? Is that something that I choose? Cause I want to add another layer of protection or is that something that Google says, hey Jeff, you're such and such a level of customer user, et cetera. We think you should take this to the next level. How does that happen? So it's actually been a bailout since the end of 2014. Okay. It's part of the step up authentication. The latest iteration of the work that Google has done is the Google Advanced Protection Program which means that you can enable one of these devices as part of your account. And one of the things they've done is that for those users at risk, you can only log in with these devices which really restricts. So they define you as a high risk person because of whatever reason. And they encourage you, hey, please protect yourself with additional security measures. And the old additional security measures used to be like, send me an SMS text. But that's actually pretty broken right now. We've seen it being breached everywhere because of what we call phone hijacking. I pretend to be you and I got your phone number right now. Now I got your phone. Shoot, I thought that was a good one. That is known. That's a lot of video how you can do that. And so this is available now for everyone.  They call it two step verification. Okay. And then I get one of these in the mail. You actually have to buy these, but Google has been providing, within different communities. They've seen the market. We've been also doing a lot of advocacy work. Many different types. Even here today, we've distributed a lot of UB keys for a lot of the journalists to use. But in general, users will go online to Amazon or something and you would buy one of these devices. So then once I have that key and I bought into that system, as you're saying, then I can use that key for not just Google, but for my Amazon account, anyone that supports that standard. Exactly. Anyone that supports the standard. That standard is growing extremely rapidly. It's users, it's big companies using it. Developers sites are using it. So the thing that we created for the world back in 2014 is now being actually accelerated because of all these breaches that are very relevant to data breaches, identity breaches, and people want to take control. Right. I'm just curious, if you have a point of view, why haven't the phone companies implemented more use of the biometric data piece that they have, whether now they're talking about the face recognition or your finger recognition, and tied that back to the apps of my phone? I still am befuddled by the lack of that integration. There's definitely solutions in that area. And I think one of the challenges is that just like a computer, just like a phone, it's a complicated piece of software. There's a lot of dependencies. All it takes is one software to get it wrong and the entire phone can be compromised. So you're back into complicated systems, complex systems. People write these systems. People write these apps. It takes one bad developer to mess it up for everybody else. So it's actually pretty hard unless you control every single ecosystem that you build, which is vastly difficult now in the mobile space, the mobile carriers are not just the player on, it's not just from AT&T. You've got the OS, you've got Google, the Android phone, you've got AT&T, you've got the apps on the phone, you've got all the various processes that components that talk to different apps. You've got the calling app, you've got all these other games. So because it's such a complicated device, getting it right from a security perspective is actually pretty difficult. But there are definitely applications that have been working over the years that have been trying to leverage the built-in capabilities. We actually see it as the Ubiqui can actually be used with these devices. And then you can use these devices after you bootstrap them, what we deem as what we call blessed device. So you can use multiple different things. And the standard actually doesn't always define that you just use a hardware device like a Ubiqui. You can use a phone if you trust the phone. We want to give flexibility to the ecosystem. So I'm just curious in terms of the open standards approach for this problem, how that's gaining traction. Because clearly, open source has done very, very well, far beyond Linux and as an operating system. But so many, so many apps that have run open source software components of open source. So in terms of market penetration and kind of adoption of this technology versus the one single vendor key that you used to have, how is the uptake, how is the industry responding? Is this something that a lot of people are getting behind? It's definitely getting a lot of traction in industry. So we've started the journey with Google and what's happening was that in order to work with this prominent scale, you have to believe that just between Ubiqui and Google can't solve this problem, right? And if the answer is you've got to do my thing, no one's going to play in this game. Right, right. There's a high level. So I think what we've done is that the open standard is the catalyst for other big players to participate without any one vendor going to necessarily win, right? So today, there's a big plenary going on at FIDO and it's really iteration of what we've developed with Google and now we're taking the next level with actually Microsoft and we've called it FIDO 2. So from U2F, FIDO Universal Second Factor to FIDO 2 and that entire work that we've done with Google is now being evolved into the Microsoft. So I would say in a couple months, you will start to see real Microsoft products being able to support the same standard, which is really excellent because what do you use every day? You either use that, that's three major platform players that you have today, right? You either use a Google type of device, a Chrome or an Android. Right, right. You use a Microsoft device, you've got Windows everywhere. Or you use an Apple device, right? So, and the only way these large internet companies are going to collaborate, if it's open, if it's closed, if it's my stuff, Google's not going to implement Microsoft stuff, Microsoft's not going to invent an Apple stuff. So the only way you can do something together. Talk about the Apple part of that analogy, but that's okay. Yeah, that's true, that's true. But I think it's important that the security industry, working with the identity industry work together and we need to move away from all this one off proprietary things because it makes it really difficult for the users and the people to implement things. And if everybody's collaborating like an open standard, then you actually can make a dent in the problem that you see today. And to your point, right, with BYOD, which is now used to be a thing, it's not a thing, obviously everybody's bringing their own devices to have an open standard so people at different types of companies with different types of ecosystems with different types of users using different type of devices have a standard by which they can build these things. Absolutely. Exciting times. Exciting times. All right, Jared, well thanks for taking a few minutes out of your day and we look forward to watching the Ubico story unfold. Exactly, thank you very much. All right, very good. He's Jared, I'm Jeff. You're watching theCUBE, we're Data Privacy Day 2018. Thanks for watching.


What's the word y'all let's talk about the MVP race the content creator safety blanket Well, you don't have months to talk about break up the MVP race and talk about what has changed And we will talk about other things like the other games today But I want to talk about the MVP award because around this time last year. They were really just two different options, right? You had Nicola Yoko choose having an amazing accounting stat season advanced that season in a great team record And believe it or not I know a lot of people forget about this around this time towards the trade that line slash all-star break LeBron was still in MVP conversations But other than that it was just those two dudes in the MVP race and this year in 2022 if you told me right now who your MVP was just like three to four different people that if you said their name I couldn't call you crazy. You know, it's a little bit different than last year Right and though if you were to ask me right now in January 15th at 1144 p.m. Who is my MVP? I would say y'all instead of combo There are some other players that are climbing up the ladder things have been shipped in dramatically over the past month It seems like or not even seem like everything pointed to it being Steph Curry's award to lose And bro lost it. I'm being honest with you, brother It's the slump that he had been in the last month has dropped him from a guy that look like he might run away with it To a guy that might be fourth. Maybe, you know I mean, I know we have an entire half of the season left But I'm saying if the votes were to be put in right now, I don't see Steph Curry is top four You know I'm saying there are some other people that are climbing up We've seen some shuffling of the decks and one of the dudes that is climbing up right now is Joel and B Today's video is brought to you by prize picks hit that link in the description and download the app and use code Kenny because they're matching all deposits up to a hundred dollars for new players price Because add another level to me watching basketball, you know, I'm saying I'm picking over and under on my favorite players I'm trying to figure out if I get things right. So I'm recording this video late at night So the NBA things aren't up, but you can see the variety here. We got the NFL. We got college basketball We got PGA. We got soccer. We got CS go. We got League of Legends. We got Rocket League Come on, man. It's always just you versus the numbers, right? So if I was an NFL guy and I wanted to place an entry, mmm Jimmy Garoppolo at four twenty four point five now again I haven't watched Jimmy Garoppolo, but if I'm looking at his last five games He's been very very close to that and hit the over four to five times I might have to add him to my entry and that can legitimately be your method, right? You go through and you look and see oh my god Patchman Holmes is only hit the over one time, but it's the playoffs You got to take a lot of things to consideration and it's super super fun Hit that link in the description down at the prize speaks app and use code Kenny because they're matching all deposits for new users up to $100 go ahead and join the thousands of people that have already used code Kenny and send me your wins, man I'll be looking out for him according to stat muse in the last 30 days not games But days Jolyne Beatis average 31.8 points per game a little over 10 rebounds You shoot in 53% from the field and he's getting to the free throw line 11 times and the 76ers a team who on paper aren't very good are 9 and 1 in their last 10 and they are sitting at the 5c and they have some quality wins in their record I got I got them written down. They beat the heat which was tonight They have one win against the Nets one win against the Warriors and two wins against the Bulls There are some of the best teams in the entire league when the 76ers have Jolyne beat playing there 22 and 9 and when he doesn't play They are 3 and 8 Wow Jolyne beat has been absolutely sensational and every time I watch Jolyne beat or Yolk it or even Carthony Towns I think about how Fortunate we are as NBA fans that we're watching the NBA right now because we have so many three level scores at the center position You know I'm saying this is not a very normal thing in NBA history to have centers like elite level centers That can score in the paint they could get it in the mid-range It can also shoot the three in and this has been a closer career year for Jolyne beat in a lot of those ways He's shooting 38% from three on mid-range jump shot suited 41% But a long mid-range jump shot suited 43% and when it comes to the rim He's shooting 72% at the rim and one of the things that we talked about multiple times on this channel is his ability to Play make better than any time in his NBA career, right? There's one thing that you can say about Jolyne beat when it comes to his development One of the top things other than his conditioning and his staying healthy is the fact that he has improved himself as a Playmaker so so very much because on the scouting report when you look at the 76ers Yeah, Toby can potentially give you 20. He was very good tonight specifically or Seth Curry having the career year You're okay with all of that You don't want Jolyne beat to go crazy and a lot of teams are bringing double teams very very early on and he has been Able to find the cutters find the open three-point shooters and just been having such a great season as a playmaker We're seeing him do things that I know he's been doing this for us entire career But more this year than other years where he's grabbing a rebound He's going like coast-to-coast on his yokish thing not saying coast-to-coast like a layup But coast-to-coast and get in the offense ready and get an assist or get into a spot and get in the bucket The dribble mid-range pull-up for the seven-foot guy is ridiculous and it's a man amazing shot today specifically against the Miami Heat Omar Yurt seven played amazing defense on Jolyne be for What was 24 minutes the first half and then Jolyne beat in that second half decided that he wanted to go Overdrive and then the fourth quarter the fourth quarters He has been king. This is from Jackson Frank on Twitter 25 points on 88.8 true shooting in the second half of Jolyne be was completely unstoppable Offensively and shut down everyone aside the arc defensively not not just inside the arc He was guarding Jimmy Butler down the stretch and prevented Jimmy Butler from coming back in this game One of the most dominant halves you'll see from anyone this season 100% I watched all of this game And I was a little bit disappointed in his performance.  He was like, oh, yeah I still want to win MVP because I remember like three seasons ago Jolyne be came into like a postgame or his conference before the season Start he's like I want to win defensive player the year But more importantly, I want to win MVP and last year I think it was second MVP vote and once the season ended because if you remember LeBron got injured and then that tanked him from Being in MVP conversations to pretty much no votes whatsoever He was very close in this season though I don't have him number one if he could teach a play at this level He might be really really in conversation for being number one It's absolutely insane the the load that he is carrying with this organization right now I'm again, Tobias Harris had a great game today, but he's been relatively inconsistent Seth Curry, I will say this though. Seth Curry has been great My favorite teammate of Jolyne B in this entire career has been JJ Reddick shout out to the homie Because the dribble handoff pick and roll thing that they had going on in those like Jimmy Butler Ben Simmons That that team was really talented right the dribble handoffs that they had the connection They had was top tier in the entire league and know the Seth Curry and Jolyne B when ain't at that level It's pretty close. It's so unfortunate that if I asked you what was the first thing to come to mind We hear the name Seth Curry 90% of people are gonna say oh, you mean Stefan Curry's brother If he wasn't Stefan Curry brother and he was just a dude in the NBA I think he'd get a lot more buzz and a lot more People talking about him because he's having a stellar season. I saw people arguing that he's been the better curry in this month I'm not saying that I'm people but I'm just saying so before we move on to the next game Let me know what your MVP ladder looks like right now in January 15th, and we will revisit this in a month Alright, let's talk about the other MVP my number one MVP. That was Yann Zedekumpo Even I don't really want to talk about him specifically other than the fact that this man Just had a perfect free throw game of 17 and 17 and they still ended up losing no drew holiday again When drew holiday Yannis and Chris Middleton play together. They're damn near invincible I know you're tired of hearing that but it is true at this point until proven otherwise But I want to show some love to Pascal Siakam because he has still been on this tear Some people have been tweeting me Kenny. What are the likelihood of Pascal Siakam making the all-star game today? He had a 30 10 and 10 game even though those last couple rebounds were kind of cherry picked whatever What is his likelihood of getting to the all-star game this season not very high because you missed so many games at the beginning of the season And I think that if you are going to pick an all-star from the Raptors, it is Fred Van Vleet I don't think that they deserve to have to but it's a very quality win for them Let's talk about and for any assignments because he has been absolutely incredible I made a tweet today that said that I'm in it took me a little bit I know some people had already been talking about him very recently and I'm finally in you know why why what took me so Okay, you have seen that he was dropping 30 pieces and can double doubles it would assist What took you so long to finally jump on a bandwagon because I've seen this in history where someone has a couple of games Once somebody else has get injured and it just doesn't last so where you like oh, don't remember that time Where blanket player was incredible and then he fell off I Needed to see a little bit more from Anthony Simons and try to figure out what of what he's doing right now It's sustainable versus what's not and I don't think he's doing anything that's unsustainable now He is shooting the three-point in an amazing clip I don't expect him to be shooting a 50% from 3d entire season That's one thing that's gonna fall off, but the vision is more more Developed is the word that I'm thinking of then I even anticipate it shout out to my guy Pierre my cousin Pierre He has a YouTube channel on this on this platform. I'm gonna leave his link in the description He's doing a huge D-Dab and Anthony Simons I don't think it come out came out yet, but it might come out the data's videos coming out show my boys Some love man. He's trying to get into the YouTube game. I think he got like 20,000 subscribers or so Let's try to get his numbers up. He's a guy that deep dies. He watches films and all of that So if you want extra nose and stuff subscribe to my boy P because he need doing that stuff but um He was talking to me about recently about Anthony Simons and the development of Anthony Simons and how his vision and his Playmaking has been way more than what I or he even anticipated and that's true Like I watched all of this game today. This is the way the The watch the wizards decided to guard Anthony Simons started off pick a roll use of nerkets drop coverage Anthony Simons got a got a clip that is crazy. It's crazy fast. He gets it off super fast Boom he start hitting like three threes four threes five threes and like, you know what? Let's let's has these things and then he's just start dishing into use of nerkets and they were like, you know what? Use of nerkets is getting layup at the layup at the layup Let's just prevent the three-point shot again and guess what Anthony Simons did shoot shoot shoot now in the second Half they played it even better and then his playmakers just elevated to a next level and it opens so many more Opsons for the Portland Trailblazers now that they know that they have this just a 22 year old guard by the way He's just 22 years old 22 year old guard. He's playing out of his mind right now What does that mean for CJ Norm Powell? Robert Coveton and all these other dudes that are friends players that are completely not untouchable. Oh Yeah, you already know the answer to my to my question from my perspective All of those boys can go because if I'm starting next season and you know the Damien Lillard's not go get traded because they're not Going to trade Damien Lillard my backcourt is Dame and Anthony Simons and yeah this season with those two players on the court has been one of the worst defenses in the NBA Sure, that's why I'm trading CJ. I'm trading norm I'm trading everything that I can to try to bolster up my defense because I believe that those two players can carry me Offensively for in the future. Give me a good role in big. Maybe that is use of nerkets coming back I don't really know give me a good role in big that sets big-body screens and those two dudes can do the Dame and CJ thing But now they have the equity to go get some other people that can actually defend if even if Anthony Simon's not the real deal The stress of his own right now is incredible and it's super fun So if you're not watching Anthony Simon's right now, I highly recommend go watch the highlights from last game Just watch all of his possessions because he was really picking apart to watch the Wizards defense The Knicks are rolling ladies and gentlemen. Don't look now The New York Knicks three game win streak seven and three in her last ten and there are above 500 for the first time And I don't know how long this is mirroring kind of what happened last season Right when they start off really slow and then they pick it up The only difference is they had expectations this season so them starting off slow was was amplified But I've been really enjoying point RJ Barrett. He's been he's been finding his teammates He's been super aggressive and he's been great as much as I want to show love for the Knicks I got to talk about the Atlanta Hawks because they have lost 10 straight games at home 10 they are 17 and 25. They were in the conference finals a couple months ago Trey young early in the season like yeah, man The regular season counterborn bro You not go get to the postseason play like this my G and I'm not saying him specifically But as a team you're not gonna get to the postseason This which is exciting if you don't pick it up in a regular season 10 straight home losses Is the craziest thing that can happen to a team that started off? I think eight and three at home and they were struggling on the road And I remember Atlanta Hawks fans talking to me and it was like hitting We just lost six in the row on the road on that West Coast road trip. We gonna be straight once we get to the crib No, it hasn't been I don't care who your opponent is There's no reason for any team to lose 10 straight games in front of their home crowd It's ridiculous and today it was no exception It was ridiculous and that's from an outside fan looking at I can't imagine With the Atlanta Hawks fan is thinking right now. I hope that Kevin Durant is okay James Harden had a great game, but I'm really praying that Kevin Durant is cool I know that they play on MLK day in a couple nights, but more than anything I just want KD to be cool because that that was that looked like something that could have been bad Hyper extended sprainy. I don't really know maybe more information will be out by the time this video is out But we praying for KD because man, we need KD to be healthy I did not watch calves versus thunder completely in real time But I saw the Dearest Garden had a career night when it came to assists and I was like, you know what? I'm here for that so I watched all of Dearest Garland's possessions and at one point They were down but like 15 20 points to the thunder and then they just started to turn up Every mobile he had a 20 piece and a lot of that was like spoon fed from Dearest Garland Bro be zipping the ball everywhere You know I'm saying like he's got some velocity on the passes and he threw a lot of oops to Jared Allen and one of his better games of the season just trying to boaster up that Resume so he could get an all-star appearance. The Bulls lost to the Celtics and that marks I think the the Bulls first three game losing streak of the season now They sit at 27 and 14 and you know what I am not mad at this loss whatsoever Because the last two losses were so atrocious I made a tweet after or during the Warriors game where they were losing by a hundred points They're like, it's not the fact that they're losing a game. I can be okay with losses It's basketball any any team can win any given night It's them in the way that you lose games and in the two games against the ball the Brooklyn Nets and Against the Warriors there was little to no effort from the Chicago Bulls There's no reason to be losing by Ford at any point ever I don't care who you are if you have NBA quality players You should not be losing by 40 and on Astro TV. Come on dog There was no heart in those two games today, even though they did lose they showed a lot of heart No Zach Levy, Alex Caruso, Givante Green, Lonzo Ball, Deirdre Jones, Jr. The list goes on and on and on the missing players and no I'm not using that as an excuse But I'm using that as a way to show that the Bulls lost a game by two against the Celtics when they were running out of Dude named Malcolm Hill and if you look up Malcolm Hill on NBA.com bro ain't got a picture You know I'm saying IO DeSumo was amazing one of the biggest deals in the draft and my rook is just playing his heart out out there I'm Kobe White had played some great defense today This team played hard and though we did not get the win and we might lose again on Monday because Zach won't be back I'm okay with this kind of loss because they gave it their all boots bad foul at the end I can't be mad at you though for the overall performance tonight. I can't be mad at you Yeah, it was a bad foul. I can't be mad at you I got to show the love to Robin Williams because as a 60% free throw shooter He knocked down four consecutive clutch free throws to win this game. So shout out to him Um, and I know some people are expecting me to talk about the Lakers game But I said listen listen to how wild this Lakers season is going right now Um, I saw that LeBron and Yoko you're about to go again go against each other and I decided I Rather not It's not like some other game took my attention. I just told myself It's not gonna be worth it and it wasn't I seen a goal of Yoko It's a bones highly a good games and I'm sorry Spurs fans. I didn't watch your win I saw it was a close game down a stretch. He all pulled away, but I didn't watch that But I saw LeBron and Nicola Yoko Going against each other and I was like, I don't really feel like watching that So that that's that has nothing to do with Yoko. It's it's the other team and I mean Oh my god Aaron Gordon 60% from 3 Jeff Green 80% from 3 Yoko is 50% from 3 will Barton 100% from 3 Monty Moore is 100% from 3 bones highland 60% from 3 on 10 attempts. Oh my god Devon read Devon read 75% from 3 He had 23 uh threes as a team But russ did not turn the ball over I think they're having the twitter spaces right now um about The Lakers and I need to tune in because I think I think that russia westwick's brother is in this again. Yeah, I got a tune in ladies and gentlemen If you enjoyed the video leave it a like thank you so much for watching


Hey everyone, I hope you're having a great time at the open source summit. My name is Kunal and today I'm going to be sharing about how you can scale your communities to be more inclusive. So a little bit more about me. I'm a senior right now. I'm going to be graduating next year. And I've been involved in open source ever since I was in my freshman year. I started, you know, contributing to your Kubernetes Java client. That's when I realized that open source, at least, you know, for me as a student is a great way to get involved in the community, get some real world experience, enhance my skills and get so many opportunities, meet people from around the world and also help others get started with it. So since then I've been involved in like many mentorship programs, helping many, many other, you know, folks get involved in cloud native projects, getting more young folks involved in the cloud native projects. Currently I'm working as a developer advocate at SIBO and do some nice community work and I also love teaching. And I also started the official CNC of student community where we conduct a lot of nice workshops and sessions. So that's pretty much about me. If you want to connect with me, you can connect with me on Twitter. So before we dive into like how can we scale our, you know, communities to be more, more inclusive, we first have to define a community. So community may mean different things to, you know, different people. For some it might be like your open source project. For some it might be your study group, for example, or, you know, for some it might be like, you know, five to six people working together studying and solving a problem or whatever. So what is a community? So according to me, community is a group of people, you know, that are sharing a goal and that brings them together. And on the way to look at this is, which is my next slide, which is what are your communities shared struggles. So when I talk about forming communities, most of the time that I've seen what brings the communities together is identifying what are the shared struggles. So for example, when I was in my freshman year, we had a few, you know, a group of people who had a shared struggle of finding it difficult to contribute to open source. They had all of these people, you know, 100 and 150 people. They had like, they were asking similar questions like, hey, how do you get started with such a big project? Or the code base is really overwhelming. Where do we start? Where do we actually find projects to contribute to? So identifying what are the shared struggles of your community is extremely important. That sort of like defines your community. The next thing you have to talk about when you're asked to question, hey, what does your community mean? Which is what is the mission of your community? Now, the mission of your community can change, you know, over the time over a course of a few years, but you should always remember what you set out to be. What your initial goal was and what is like, who is like a target audience? What you're trying to achieve? What are your values that you should definitely know that the community has been built upon? Okay. And from that, you can have a particular mission like, okay, I want to get so many people get started with open source. I want more folks from this region involved in our projects or in our events. I want to have like a global community or I want to have like a localized chapter. So what is your mission? So once your mission is achieved, then you will have new missions. So the missions may change, but your original idea should be the same.  Why would anyone want to join? What do you have to offer? And speaking of how people can join, we also have to talk about effective communication. Because this is very, very crucial when we are talking about diversity and inclusion, because you may not know how many people or people from which background, from which domain who might be underrepresented in tech, they may feel that it's difficult to get involved in the community. They may feel like that I might not have many things to offer. What am I going to do? It's really overwhelming how do I start? Whom do I reach out to? So what do members look to get out of your community? Is there a particular skill they want to learn? Is there a particular event they want to attend? Is there a particular meetup they want to speak at, for example? Are they interested in networking? Are they interested in contributing? It's an open-source project. Do you want to contribute in the code way? Do you want to contribute in a non-code way like documentation stuff? Do you want to help in the marketing aspect or whatever? So you have to figure out what your members are trying to get out of your community, what you have to offer and you know best what you have to offer. Effective communication basically means that having a streamlined way, like an effective way where people can reach out basically and ask questions. A few examples I can give for this is having a public channel. You can have the mailing list or for instant communication. You can have something like Discord or Slack or whatever. And one more thing that I would like to mention is if you're talking about making it more inclusive to people, like for example, making it more inclusive and easier for people to reach out. I think regular meetings can really help, especially if you're an open-source project and actively looking for contributors, weekly meetings, monthly meetings, office hours if you will. So that can really help drive new folks in. Keep it open-ended and where everyone can join and anyone can join and share their views, start contributing, ask questions, ask doubts, even answer questions, give their own feedback and make sure the feedback is heard because that is also important because people healing from different cultural backgrounds and it's an essential for the growth of the IT sector. People from various backgrounds are putting forward their views. It's definitely also going to help the community grow as well. Effective communication is very important. One more important point that comes over here is code of conduct, which we'll talk more about later on. Now making a community future proof is also very important because you're not the only one who's going to be running the community forever. You might have other engagements as well. So it's very important to make your community future proof. The way I do it is identifying current community members who might be interested in what their strengths are and forming teams into various aspects of the community that all the various teams are required to run a community, like socials and technical and marketing and content for example, proof reading or whatever, right? Contributor experience for example. So making community future proof is selecting thought leaders like from these active community leaders and people who might be interested in taking forward the lead and who might be interested in taking charge and who might be interested in having great ideas for example. What I can remember is really someone was contributing to our community and they made our Discord server very nicely. We were able to scale it from zero till around 25,000 users in just under a month and people were asking doubts actively over there. There was like a proper code of conduct and rules and regulations and different channels for different things, making sure there was no spam. Now they're leading our entire Discord and the open source program management and everything they are doing. So how did I figure out that they wanted to? Because they showed interest, right? They came and they showed interest and they wanted to do it. I'm like, okay, sure. You're already doing great work. Go ahead. So I'm not saying like directly like do it today, but make sure you're making your community future. So importance of diversity and inclusion. This is a very important point because people, as I mentioned, are healing from different parts of the world. It's important for them to showcase their views and knowledge as well. First thing like why it's important because you as a community are providing them a platform. So if you're not going to do it, who is going to do it? If the communities are not going to do it, then who's going to do it? Might be many, many other people because the community aspect, even of various companies, many, many other companies, big tech giants, they also have a community aspect. They're also running diversity and inclusion programs. Why are they doing it? Because it's important. It's important to recognize people on the basis of the efforts they're putting in and if they want to get involved, their enthusiasm, their interest. And as a community leader point of view, it's definitely helping your community grow as well. Because you've talked about Kubernetes, for example. So Kubernetes has the Kubernetes community days groups all around the world. New Delhi, India, various parts of India, North America, South America, Europe, Africa, for example. So it's helping the community scale as well. How is it helping it? Because more and more people are conducting their localized events. More and more people are contributing to the open source projects.  It's like a two-way communication sort of a thing. It's helping the community as well. Community grow, reaching worldwide audience and helping as many people as you can. And it's also helping the people get involved. So it's very important. And when we're talking about the importance of diversity and inclusion, one of the most important points you have to look into is who might be excluded from accessing the activities of your community. So now these barriers can be a lot. For example, language barriers, someone who might not be able to understand the documentation in your language or whatever. So that might be a barrier. Some of the barriers might be your community is not having effective communication. Other barriers might be geographical regions. Some people might be facing imposter syndrome like the community is, let's say, not beginner-friendly. So you know that your good first issues exist for a reason. Even if you're talking about some of the various projects in the world, some of the most complex projects in the world, they also have beginner-friendly issues. And Kubernetes, I believe, is like the second biggest projects in the world. I think so, yeah, I think so. And it also has beginner-friendly issues. I as a student, so many students who are contributing in a non-code bay, even in code bay. So there are like so many LFX mentorship programs and everything in which they are participating. So you have to figure out who might be excluded from accessing the activities of your community. It also depends on what kind of activities you're running. If you're running a hackathon, if you're running an event, if you're running a webinar. So if you're, let's say, running a webinar in a local language. So people from around the world who might not be able to attend due to language restrictions or travel restrictions or so on and so forth. So a great example for this can be the open-source summit. Many people who might not be able to attend for, let's say, the financial region. So open-source summit, they provide diversity and need-based scholarships. So that's diversity and inclusion in action. So shout out to them. All right. One more thing that is very important when you talk about diversity, inclusion and stuff, which is handling negative scenarios. If you're at an event or if you're at a workshop, you're conducting something or if you're conducting a hackathon. There might be some negative scenarios. It really happens, but it sometimes does happen. The best way to deal with these scenarios or conflicts, if you will, is make sure that both the parties are feeling safe. Most important point. One of the ways you can do this is make sure you take them to a different area or whatever away from the event and then you ask them, make sure you hear both the sides. And if this has been a violation of code of conduct, make sure you take strict actions and make sure that these things don't get repeated again and again. So various scenarios are dealt with differently and it totally depends on the severity. But it's important to hear both the sides and it's also important to take some actions as well. Depending upon what the violation was, we'll talk more about code of conduct in the end. Now, this is another important point when we're talking about diversity and inclusion and scaling communities. This is one of the key points when we're talking about diversity and inclusion. Designing your communities needs. What do the community members need? Now, there are two types of needs. Needs that are facilitated. Needs that are not facilitated. So in in-person events, for example, they ask us, hey, would you like vegan food? Would you like non-vegetarian food? Would you like vegetarian food? Do you have any allergies or something? So that's needs that are facilitated. It is including diversity and inclusion. In the badges, we can see that, hey, you can talk to me or you can maintain a social distance or I'm not able to talk to anyone right now. They're different color of badges. So one of the things can be needs that are facilitated like, hey, is the venue of your event wheelchair accessible? Do you have nutritional or do you have like ingredient values written on the food items, for example? Do you have proper sanitation and everything for speakers or so on and so forth? So these are needs that are facilitated. This is something you can grow. You can learn from other events. You can gradually learn from your past events as well. What needs were facilitated, what people required, and one more way by which you can do this is actually sending out surveys to attendees. So what could have been improved? What you liked, what you learned, and what you could improve. Cool. The next one is needs that are not facilitated. It might be possible that at your event, sometimes there might be some needs that you were not able to facilitate. For example, you can say something like, hey, really sorry that we did not have like dairy-free products or really sorry we don't have a feeding room, for example, right? So such needs that might not be, or let's say my event is not wheelchair accessible, for example. So these are important needs, but let's say these were, let's say for some reason, it was not facilitated at your event. For new event organizers, this sometimes does happen. The best way to deal with this is be honest and redirect. So don't like beat around the bush. Just be honest, like, hey, you know, we really missed out on this and I really apologize and we'll try to, you know, do our best in like the future events and we'll make sure this does not happen again. So try to see what you can do on spot for them, right? That's all like more like an ad hoc thing for depending on the situation, but make sure you are honest. Make sure you are direct, like, hey, really apologize and we'll make sure that you know, take a note of this for the future events, okay? So that are needs that are not facilitated. Code of conduct. I'm sure everyone is, you know, aware of what code of conducts are. Yeah, like in so many other communities and big open source projects. So basically this is sort of like a set of rules and regulations for the community. Like be polite, no spamming, no promotions or whatever and no, you know, no bad talks. Just basically be a good person, right? So these are like the general stuff and it also applies to us as like human beings, like be a good human being and always be kind and don't make bad comments on basis of anyone's, you know, like race or gender or don't discriminate on the basis of these things, right? So these are like basic human ethics that we should follow. On top of it, a community may have their own set of rules and regulations. So this totally depends on, you know, like your community and what sort of rules and regulations do you have. Obviously the basic human, you know, nature, the good nature that everyone should follow that should be there. But on top of that, you can have your own. One more thing that I would like to mention over here, many people forget to add is make sure add a point of contact for emergencies, right? So if someone wants to report a violation of a code of conduct, they should be able to reach out to a particular person. You can either list a email or a phone number. This is very, very crucial when you're at an event, right? So having a point of contact where people can reach out to report a violation of the code of conduct is very important. Cool.  You can, you know, think about those and try to think about in the perspective of your own community and how you can use those points and figure out the strengths and weaknesses and how people might not be able to, you know, let's say access or what they might be excluded from accessing in your community. And then you can act upon it and hopefully that was helpful. If you have any questions, you can reach out to me on Twitter. I'm more than happy to help. And yeah, hope you have a great event and thanks a lot for watching. Take care.


is stimulating and I'm sure we will go back home with a more open mind and a more bigger picture of what we do. So as Mateo was saying, this is the leader, the lasers. So as Mateo was saying, I work at ICGB, it's located in Trieste, so it's very similar in mandate and concept to ICTP. We were born in 1987 as a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and we were that project until 1995 and from 1995 we are an independent intergovernmental organization and our mandate is to try and do good science but also remembering that we have a duty to promote biotechnology in developing countries and also doing training, training scientists and promoting this technology so in order to make sure that also developing countries would benefit from this technology, in fact when it was created in the 80s, genetic engineering biotechnology was the revolution so we wanted to make sure that also developing countries would benefit from this new technology. So we are an organization that is composed of three different institutes, one in Trieste here which is also the headquarters and then we call them components, so we're a global research organization so we have a component in New Delhi in India which is actually born at the same time in also 1987 like Trieste and then in 2007 we created a new component in Cape Town South Africa because since it was created in the 80s we have to admit and very happily admit that a lot of countries, developing countries have made incredible progress, countries like India cannot be regarded as developing in terms of biotechnology that now leaders in the field whereas the African content in our view is lagging behind so to give a bit of momentum we created a new institute in 2007 in Cape Town. So we have three components and in each of these components we have research labs, for example in Trieste there are 15, in New Delhi there are 30, in New Delhi is about twice the size of Trieste here, in Trieste there are 200 people in New Delhi there are 400 in Cape Town South Africa where it's actually growing and we hope to bring it up to Trieste standard within a few years, Trieste, sorry Trieste numbers within a few years. So our organization actually belongs to the member states so we have 60 plus member states we have actually almost 80 now and our member states actually own us and we meet once a year to decide which way to go and what projects to do, how to evolve our organization and as you can see here most of all of our member states are from countries with economies in transition. So what we do, we do several things to promote this by technology developing countries apart from having advanced research projects in the three components, we have our specific long terms, we have postdoc fellowships and predoc fellowships which are exclusively reserved to our scientists from our member countries. We organize meeting courses like this one, we organize about 25, we organize them and we sponsor them, okay. We have, we're very proud of this, we have actually our own grant call, once a year we give grants to scientists from member countries so I think that's a very good way, bringing money to scientists, good scientists in these countries that want to do research there and then we also have other programs. So this is just a brief, very brief overview and some of you will come to ICGB on Wednesday, we can get more detail, we have of course updated website and any questions we have you can contact our director general here in Trieste. So I'm an experimental microbiologist and I went to university in the 80s when I was taught that bacteria are unicellular organisms, they're completely different from multicellular organisms, you know we have to forget about multicellularity, you know bacteria can live on its own, likes to live on its own and so on and so forth. So starting, getting interested in quantum sensing in the late 90s I realized that this concept that I was taught at university is probably profoundly wrong. We now believe, at least I believe, that bacteria do not want to live as solitary organisms because probably they're much more vulnerable to stresses, environmental stresses or predators, whereas when they live as communities we're now learning that they can do things that they cannot do, they don't like or they cannot do alone, it's like you know if there's a lot of, also humans, if it's a lot of us we can do incredible things with a lot of us that we cannot do when we're alone, maybe the concept is exactly the same with bacteria. And a lot of scientists have studied their favorite organism and it's shown that through quantum sensing, through the production and detection of small signals, a community of bacteria can do incredible stuff, like they can make a biofilm, they can become virulent, you know it's no point, you know scientists believe, we believe microbiologists, no point attacking a host when there's a few of you, it's better attacking it when there's a lot of you, so synchronization of behavior, if we synchronize our behavior we can be more effective. And this is brought about by the cell density dependent mechanism which we call quorum sensing, the term has been coined in 1994 by P. Greenberg and Cliff Fouquen, Steve Winans, this is a landmark paper which they introduced the term and a lot of work has been done on this and there's a lot of literature on this. And you can find in the literature a lot of signals, you know these signals are being discovered and are continuously being discovered. This is a paper by, from Nottingham Group, which is a review published in 2009, probably this is not complete by now. And I very much believe this is the tip of the iceberg, there's a lot more to be discovered. And you can see here that the message here we have is that they're rather simple molecules. We're going to hear from Ines, she's going to talk about peptides that are produced by gram positive bacteria, we're going to hear several speakers, we'll talk about gram negative bacteria. So if I just start with this, with this class, these almost serine lactones, these are made by gram negative pro bacteria and today, you know, you often read in papers the most common signal molecule, quorum sensing molecule in gram negative bacteria. And I believe it's the most common because it's the easiest to detect actually. It's extremely easy to look for these molecules and to determine the structure. So when we say most common maybe it's a dangerous term, maybe at the moment they're most common, maybe because they are very easy to study. And what you can see here, over 100 species of gram negative pro bacteria have been reported to produce this kind of molecules. And just what I want to say, there's a lot of dialects, so this is the basic structure and you can have the acyl chain that can vary from a 4-carbon to a 20-carbon and a position 3 you can have a ketone or hydroxy or a methylene group. So you have, for example, here is this is the molecule produced by Vibrio fissurei, the first molecule which was discovered and this is a carbon 6 with a ketone, so 3-oxo carbon 6 almost serine lactone. And then you have so many different dialects produced by so many different species, which provides a bit of specificity to the system. It's very, very powerful. So you have a basal level, so bacteria we believe tend to produce them all the time at basal level. So low cell density, we have low concentration. When we have a high cell density of bacteria, what we believe happens is that these almost serine lactones are diffusable. In most cases, we're rather fully diffusable. And the high cell density, so high concentration of almost serine lactones, there is a regulatory protein, sorry, just go back. These are made by one gene, which goes about almost serine lactone synthase, which makes use of common precursor in a living cell, one involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the other one in a lot of enzyme reactions, takes these two guys, makes the specific AHLs. A high concentration of this high cell density, there is a cognate regulator, which will specifically recognize the AHLs that are being made. This interaction can be very strong. Some cases also reversible. And this leads to then the ability of this looks our family protein to affect gene expression. And it does that by other in a positive way, in a negative way. Again, I'm generalizing, there's a lot of deviations to this thing because there's a lot of studies made on the system. But in general terms, we have, when we have activation, we have this looks our protein, the detector that upon binding to the almost serine lactone, dimerizes, homodimerizes and binds to promoter regions and kicks starts the RNA polymerase to activate transcription. So you can see activating transcription response to cell density. If we have a negative scenario, maybe the dimer can bind to DNA in the promoter region, repressing the ability of the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter. And this repression is relieved when there is high cell density because the almost serine lactones will bind to the regular and this then will be unable to bind to DNA and repression is relieved. So you can have positive. In most cases, it's positive, but there are beautiful examples also of negative regulation via these kind of signals. So what I actually didn't say when I presented the slide with all the signals and I'm very proud to say that a lot of the work, the foundation work done on this system is actually comes from studying plant-associated bacteria. I've underlined here, these are examples of pathogenic bacteria they use for almost serine lactones and I've underlined here probably, maybe I'm wrong, but probably the best studied species for this form-sensing type system. And you can see here that we have a large portion of these are plant pathogens. And the foundation work done on agrobacterium tumor fashions in Irvinia and Pantoea still are today the leading papers and textbook papers for this system. We're going to hear a lot about pseudomonasurginosa, Pete Greenberg will talk about it, Livia will talk about it. So there'll be talks about pseudomonasurginosa, which is probably maybe the organism that has been mostly studied for this system. So I cannot not mention the work done, the beautiful work done on agrobacterium tumor fashions. This is an incredible organism which has been studied for many reasons. This organism is a pathogen, it causes a tumor, it transfers a piece of DNA from a plasma into a plant cell and has been studied for pathogenic reasons, but also for its use by humans to create genetically modified plants. But anyway, I don't want to go into detail, but I have to mention the beautiful work on the corumnsensing systems, almost like the corumnsensing system, which is involved in the regulation of the conjugation of the plasmid that carries that is important for this disease as well as the copy number of this plasmid. And it's beautiful because how the system is activated through plant signals that are actually produced by the transfer DNA in the plant cell and then there's also the control of the system, the shutting down by lactonases and anti-proteins that block the regulator. So I don't want to go into detail, but this by far I want to say that it is so beautiful and has been studied in major contributions by labs of Steven Ferrand, Steve Wynans, and Clay Foucault, have done beautiful work and it's really a beautiful system to study in all its aspects. And of course, plant beneficial bacteria maybe lag a little bit behind, but a lot of scientists around the world are looking at good guys and we heard at the introduction there's a lot of you studying biological control of plant beneficial bacteria. Also these guys use this kind of corumnsensing for their beneficial interaction with plants. And here it's just by no means exhaustive, but there is a list here of good guys, rhizobium and pseudomonas especially, that use this kind of corumnsensing to regulate plant beneficial interaction and phenotypes related to their symbiotic life with plants. So which also raises the issue that are we going to control, there's a lot of, in my view, controlling corumnsensing can potentially be very useful in agriculture to control plant pathogens, but again we have to be very careful because a lot of beneficial bacteria use the same system to have a beneficial interaction with plants. So going back to this slide of some examples of the signals and you can see here, and I didn't mention that you can see all the plant-associated bacteria, the xanthomonas, the xylellas, the brady rhizobium, so a lot of work is done with people like me and other scientists around the world that are interested in plant-associated bacteria. The other family I want to talk about that is receiving a lot of attention recently is these molecules which is called diffusable signal factors. You know I've been trying to catch up with the reading but you know it's not always easy with all the things we have to do, but these molecules are now widely found in nature and I think we should say that it's because the sensitivity detection methods have improved so much. So for that reason now we are realizing that there's so much more common than we thought, just like the homocerein lactones, right? At first they were confined to xanthomonas and xylella, now we're finding a lot of them and also we're finding a lot of different ones. And again here it's a family of molecules made from you know very similar made from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and again here it's just like homocerein lactones, this kind of form-sensing, it has beautiful work being done and again it's basically all plant-associated bacteria. It's also been found in burgled areas and some human opportunistic pathogens now but the fundamental work has been done probably xylella fastidiosa through the you know the work of some Steve Lindow, xanthomonas, the work of several people in India and in the United States have looked at this DSF production and again we're talking about very serious pathogens here. I don't have to say how serious xylella fastidiosa is for the United States in Grapevine and also now in Italy we had a major xylella fastidiosa infection in the southern Italy of olive plants. You know xanthomonas again very very important pathogens they attack a wide range of plants and crops and here you know it's in Brazil they affect citrus and also is extremely important rice pathogen. And in these guys they've done again beautiful work and unlike what occurs in the homocerein lactones we have a classical two component system that is involved in detection of these of these of these diffusible signal factors. So we have a sensor anchored in the periplasmic membrane which can detect the DSF and then and then can initiate a phosphorylate reaction and transfer the signal to the cell. Again beautiful work has shown that there is mechanisms to also keep this quorum sensing obey and this is a topic I think which deserves a lot of attention quorum sensing is very expensive metabolically. A community of cells of bacterial cells that these types of quorum sensing on it's committing a lot of his energy to the event so we need to make sure to be able to shut it off very efficiently and very quickly. And again work here is now beginning to show for example that the sensor component can block the RPFS which is the synthase the protein that synthesizes the diffusible signal factor can be inhibited by the by the sensor when there is a low cell density and high cell density there is a phosphorylate reaction so the sensor will detect the almost the the DSF transfer of the phosphate to a to a sensor which will then affect the concentration of an intracellular messenger which will then free a regulator which will do its job. So again here it takes an extra dimension there is an intracellular signal which is called Southgate that GMP which is linked up to this DSF diffusible signal factor. So just just to to show the complexity of these systems and in this case DSF involving involving a little more complex transmission of the signal and interacting with other components. So the the contribution of plant-associated bacteria to quorum sensing has been fundamental and it's probably going to be also in the future. Why is that? Because I think because plants associated bacteria are so diverse there are so many different now with the new year of microbiomes we are realizing how complex is the microbial life next to a plant and I think the challenges of the future a lot of the studies I mentioned have been from experiments done on a pure culture scenario in your lab you know my favorite organism working you know working on a sterile condition making sure you know another thing we were taught when we joined lab is that make sure your culture is sterile if you get contaminated you ruin all your results actually probably that's completely wrong if we were working with contaminated cultures back then with maybe our results we would get today would be maybe more realistic to what happens in nature because in most cases in nature bacteria do not live as solitary as not solitary excuse me as as pure mono strain scenarios okay there are of course beautiful examples of that but when we look at plant-associated bacteria we need to think about a multi-species scenario and we need to think about the plant so what I'll do in the next 20 minutes is actually talk about my work in my lab hopefully giving some now opening my mind rather than sticking just to the daily problems and giving some messages of microbial community research and the way direction that I think should be going so now I'm very interested in looking at the more realistic scenario of what is all this means to the plant all this communication going on and what about the multi-species effect you know these bacteria live together with so many other bacteria so all the scenarios I've talked about how how does it fit in a multi-species scenario so I've been I've been interested in rice for for for many years and I used rice as my as my model a plant for obvious reasons it's by far the most important crop in the world by far even though it's not grown in the rich countries very much so and I studied back then and I looked a lot of bacteria that live with rice I don't want to go through all this but we looked at good guys and bad guys and a lot of them have quorum sensing and a lot of them and we focused on AHLs almost in lactose because again it was the easiest thing to do at that time very easy to detect but we got really we got really lucky and excited about by the rhizosphere pseudomonas so we had a bunch of strains from India that were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice and we have a bunch of xanthomonas or rhizy pathogens okay that that we knew made dsf but so we got about 25 from the company go buyers send me 25 very pathogenic strains and students in my lab you know Sara, Ferluca and others and here also I had a postdoc Laura Steindler started looking at at do they make homocerein lactose and what to make a very long story short and several years of work the rhizosphere pseudomonas and the pathogen xanthomonas or rhizy actually do not make homocerein lactose in most cases some rhizosphere pseudomonas do okay so rhizosphere pseudomonas in our hands 15 to 20 percent make homocerein lactose and have different systems it's like they've acquired them recently and they have transposals on the side so it's like they've it's been a recent horizontal transfer event but they don't have a core they're no core homocerein lactose systems and the xanthomonas or rhizy basically didn't we we didn't uh detect emotional lactose all this work was done the pre pre genomic year so it was done in 2005 2006 2007 then bingo suddenly within has it happens with genomics suddenly within two or three months there was a genome of xanthomonas or rhizy from group in korea from a group in japan and a group in china and now there are many genomes and same with pseudomonas there were several genomes coming up as well as we were contributing to some of these genomes and what we could see from these rhizosphere good guys and the pathogenic guys is that actually they don't have the gene to make the synth the almost the codes for the synthase that makes homocerein lactose but they have the regulator so they have a luxer family regulator which is very similar to luxer family regulars that bind homocerein lactose as i've shown you and either activate or repress transcription and in fact we we call these luxer solos pits called them luxer orphans we both call them each other actually no problem but but what is now evident from the genomics that these guys are extremely common so it's very common in granite bacteria to have to have bacteria they have these guys devoid of a cognate homocerein lactose synthase so what do they do well they're not very well studied actually and you know works of work of brian hammer has shown that for example e coli is the model organism for having e coli does not make homocerein lactose but it has a luxer solo and what brian has shown that it responds to homocerein lactose so it's like i don't speak but i can listen okay in the case in our case we were we were obviously trying to follow that route probably it could be that these guys don't have the ability to produce but they have the ability to listen probably of hls produced by neighbors there were also reports in early 2000 about uh regarding homocerein lactone mimics so that plants produce compounds that would activate homocerein lactone biosensors so maybe you know there's still today that's believed that plants produce compounds that can interfere or talk to these luxer proteins so we were following these two scenarios and to make a very long story short the work of two phc students in one postdoc okay sara ferruga and one gonzales worked as phc students and sujata supermoney as a postdoc the basic we basically showed that in the benefit good guys and in the in the good rhizosphere pseudomonas and the bad guys these two luxer proteins have evolved away have evolved away the ability to buy homocerein lactose but they're blinding they're binding to a plant compound uh and when they do that they are they're active they're very important for biocontrol in collaboration with with christoph keel in university of los ang using cucumber and a funger and uh and uh pithy and uh my city pithy mesamolo we shown that this is very important for biocontrol and exanthomonas arrives it's important for virulence so we've done a lot of genetics microarray and mutants and blah blah to show this but the message i want to just give you here is that we found these this kind of the color subfamily of luxer proteins okay so when i say biocontrol is is if we for example in this case what we did the experiment if we inoculate our cucumber plants with this guy they would keep the pathogen away and the mechanism of that is other they produce antimicrobial compounds and they also induce the immunity of the plant so controlling biologically a pathogen with another with in this case with a bacteria so the message i want to give here is is that uh we found this family let's hold this subfamily luxer proteins which we call solos uh very very common in bacteria and this is by no this is a you know three four year old uh tree that we constructed about this family and you can see here all these guys are plant associated we have the rhizobium we have the pseudomonas syringes we have the rhodobactyls agribacterium exanthomonas so we published that is we think this is a very widespread communication system with uh with the plant the message here this is one and i think might be this is one of many that we still have to discover these guys that live next to plants communicate with each other but also evolve the ability to communicate with the plant and this is very important in terms of microbiome because in my view in applications if we understand these these communication systems then we can maybe we can engineer we can we can uh tailor the plant for a good beneficial recruitment of its microbiome especially in the root you know the root uh the root the soil closest to the root is called the rhizosphere and this is often paralleled with the gut the human gut because the this this area of the plant uh just to tell you the plant releases 15 percent of the carbon and nitrogen that it has into the rhizosphere and it does so we believe for a good recruitment of the microbiome so if we understand this kind of communication then we can maybe tailor the plant for a good recruitment and then we can then move on to the next generation of agriculture so we can start reducing the use of chemicals and we start making healthier healthier plants through a good microbiome recruitment now the work this probably some of you are asking what is the signal and p Greenberg is uh is uh continuing with this is very interested in this and he's made important contribution and he's and he's beginning to to think that it could be a peptide because uh peptide transporters is involved and also peptidase is involved but again it will be so fantastic if you can determine what this uh what this family of compounds is because then we can move on maybe to the next part which is engineering plants or to control pathogens and recruit good guys so that's the message I want to give with respect to to to that uh again I think that in terms of this kind of communication which affects the microbiome we are so behind there's beautiful beautiful communication between plants bacteria when we talk about rhizobium when we talk about agro bacteria but that's it we need to move on to the other guys that constitute the majority of the microbiome of the plants we have to understand in my view have to understand how how they communicate with the plant and how they create communities by communicating with the plant and there's a lot of work to be done there I think okay the last 10 minutes is is um is is the other part that interests us here in Trieste is the multi-species aspect you know and as we know from a lot of microbiome studies especially beneficial guys or even pathogens they live in in in very complex communities so how do they do how do they do their job and how do they communicate so I I was I was lucky that I accidentally bumped into this microorganism because Taha Hosni is a PhD student from Morocco that was working in Perugia he contacted me to come to my lab to to to look at quorum sensing this in this organism and this organism is a pathogen of olive okay it's not a serious pathogen can be controlled quite easily if if good practice is is is employed by the farmer these guys these guys live on on the surface of on the aerial surfaces and there is a damage it will get in and it will cause a tumor cause hyperplasia by producing hormones this guy produces two or three plant hormones don't think it's like agribacterium there's no transfer of DNA to to to the chromosome of plants it just does that it just does a by gene expression in the bacteria so we Taha came to the lab and we showed that this guy makes homocernolactones we found the system classical system a synthase and a regulator we inactivated the genes and we could then if inoculated one-year-old olive plants and you can see that after 60 days we have a good olive not being produced and when we infect with a wild tap with when we when we don't have the signal we have a much smaller olive not we don't have a regulator we have a smaller olive not you know it's it's you know it was not too it was nice but so many examples of plant pathogen and bacteria they use this kind of system to regulate violence well it got exciting afterwards when when he also said to me said to me I isolate a lot of bacteria from the olive notes you know I take the olive not from nature and I isolate but yeah of course I pick up the pathogen mostly but there's other guys in the olive not and one of the guys that that he that he regularly finds is this Irina Toletana which was actually classified in 2004 in Spain as a Irina Toletana which this is a harmless or even beneficial epiphyde epiphyde and endophyte so epiphyde lives on the surface endophyte lives inside plants I'll come to endophytes in the last few minutes of my talk so this harmless or beneficial bacteria is found abundantly found in the in the olive notes so I thought hmm so here we have a pathogen that takes a lot of his energy and is involved to create a disease why does it create disease because he wants to grow and wants to eat and wants to colonize and wants to take over the world and yet inside the olive not it takes other guys in are they cheats are they just there but you know how how is it how is the community coordinated is it are they cooperating are they competing and I'm not a social microbiologist but obviously this attracted me attracted the attention so we started working with this guy as well and what we what we shown I don't have the slide is that it has almost certain lactones it makes almost certain lactones excuse me and it makes a structure the same almost like tone as as as the pathogen exactly the same one is a ca 3 ox almost like so we made mutants of this guy of this corns system in this serbinia and then we did co-infections so here again this is an experiment when we took 20 year old olive plants this is done in Roberto Bono Euro lab in University of Perugia so one year old olive plants and he infects with the with the wild type and then we make co-infections with the wild type and the harmless end of alvinia and we the first thing we saw is that when we do that we have bigger knots okay so when we have the pathogen we have a good knot but whenever the pathogen and they were really with bigger knots so that was a clear indication that these two guys like each other they work better together we then did co-infections with the wild type together excuse me with the wild sorry with the pathogen not making the almost like to so the the mutant of the synthase of the pathogen which I already showed you in the previous slide the all the the knot is reduced considerably because it uses quorum sensing for virulence okay and then when we co-infect that that mutant together with the wild type or vena tuletana which I told you makes the same almost like tone we restore the olive knot formation all right right so so the the mutant of the pathogen is is let's say the lactone is is provided by the beneficial or harmless co-resonant of the knot okay and when we do the same experiment with the with the virulence vena tuletana regulatory mutant when we co-infect the regulatory mutant with the virulence vena tuletana we don't see this because of course the pathogen does not have the regulator to detect almost an lactone I hope it's clear so it was I think this work was was very nice and I that clearly showed I mean this these not take 60 days to form so this is a very it might be very stable cooperation interaction and what is it very important is that when we look at cell numbers see a fuse of the pathogen and of their pseudomonas and their vena if we have if we look at the open circle the open circles or the open triangles these are single inoculations and this is measuring see a fuse over the 60 day period of the olive knot formation if we do single inoculation obviously we see the pathogen the not forms and the pathogen number increases obviously and when we just infect the virulence alone it's not a pathogen we just infected the number go down dramatically when we put them together the two wild types we can see and we go look at the numbers the pathogen goes up significantly so the pathogen can grow better when the virulence present and look at dramatically the virulence vena now can grow when the pathogen is there so so we then Daniel Passos a PhD student from Brazil spent time in my lab he was then he then went to Cairo Ramos lab in University of Malaya which is probably the best scientist that looks at the virulence mechanism of these guys and he has a beautiful micro plant system quick system that he that he has to infect small plants of olives and we and so we marked the the pathogen green constitutive green and and and and there being a constitutive red and he could show very clearly that these two guys co-localizing the olive knot through the period a lot many days and they're very happy together the red and the green in bed with each other and and are very happy living together so what do we do now we'll we did several things and we're not making good progress actually so I'm very discouraged and I don't you know and we hope to pick it up again and pick up some positive results so we've done the the quorum sensing regular on in both systems and we have all the genes that are regulated by the by the in the pathogen and in their vineyard by quorum sensing we've done some phenotypic microarray to see what kind of metabolism is is going on in the pathogen in the wildtide and in the pathogen and in the and in their vineyard and we see them when we put them together when we call when we make a phenotypic microarray of them together we we we have better better metabolism you know we've used the bilog a lot of bilog plates for that in collaboration with Stefan Mokali in Florence we did that he has computer programs to detect this this kind of this kind of these bilog plates and so so so also what we've done was shown here is along along the side along the talk of Daniel even though we're not we're not very good in bioinformatics but Daniel was actually spent a lot of time it was actually he actually looked at the metabolism of the single in the Irvine alone and in the and in the pathogen alone and then in both together we seem to increase metabolic potential obviously we have more genes together we the pan genome of both together can has more metabolic potential so together with the these three pieces of data the the quorum sensing regulon which we know it's important for virulence and and they share the signals as i've shown you the phenotypic microarray and this in silico data we're working on a set of compounds that are present in the plant and might be involved in what Daniel mentioned in a in a in a in a better lie in a better metabolic profile when these two guys are together both benefiting from each other in in the metabolism of the in the metabolism of these compounds this is where we are so here you know the signals i want to give these guys to share hs signals from our right from our um regular data quorum sensing regular metabolic pathways metabolic complementary in my view can play a very important role and and i think this is a model to study could be a very nice model to study this kind of metabolic interaction and signaling between a pathogen and uh and a beneficial or harmless uh so again the concept of pathobium now we we we have this word in the literature pathobium so the you know the uh we have to think of the pathogen coming to the plant uh meeting a lot of other guys and maybe in some cases the guys that it meets actually have evolved to to collaborate and join up to do a better job of being in in this case increasing the ability to make to make the olive knot and to cause disease and to and to proliferate finally i i want to finish up because again here i think there's a i think there's an important message in terms of community we we've been interested in in my lab now for for a few years on this aspect of beneficial using bacteria to to fortify the plant to improve the microbiome of the plant so we can decrease the use of chemicals in in agriculture you know most it is believing that 99 percent of additives in agriculture at the moment are chemical we just cannot afford to go like that so there's a big interest worldwide by private companies and also labs to bring this down and i read uh in my reading i realized that they want to break it down by at least 90 by 2020 and the biggest promise as an alternative is the microbial inoculants right so we are we are trying to to get into this field and we're using endophytes and endophytes are in most cases recruited from the soil and there are bacteria that can get into the plant mechanism of entry is still rather unclear but they can get into the roots and someone can actually migrate up and live in intercellular spaces inside the plant and in many cases they're beneficial they can produce hormones they fix nitrogen they keep pathogens away okay so we had a we had a big project on rice well big we had a grant for italian standards rather a big grant in rice and we we are italy is the biggest rice producer in europe okay so so we we went to italians eat rice once a week which is in terms of asia it's a joke but this is what we do and i uh in general family will make results once a week so we went out there in the italian areas where they grow rice and we had a we went out to isolate endophytes i don't want to spend too much time how we did it but we we took plants which are live which are going submerged or non-submerged conditions we looked and we isolated endophytes from the roots from the stem from the leaves and a different growth phase because as we as we hear there's a lot of parameters how you grow your plant where you grow it uh where you select your endophyte some endophytes will get into the root and stay there some endophytes will get up to the stem some endophytes will get up to the leaves so we try to do we try to cover as much as possible so we did several samples and and of course we looked at also the microbiome and we in roots uh dry submerged leaves again we have we have published all this data and we see some differences but what i want to talk about here is that we actually have a collection one thousand thirteen isolated this is the work of it is it is per tiny and now postdoc philx moron moronto is also has a poster uh is doing now so we have a very large collection trust me working with one thousand three hundred eighteen bacteria is a lot of work so we have this collection and we started doing some classification but uh again to make a long story short we cannot work with one thousand thirteen one thousand three hundred eighteen isolates it's impossible big companies can do that we can't so we threw a series of uh uh shoot shooting in the dark and some semi-logical uh you know ways to reduce the number we classified and then we did some in vitro tests you know it's easy in vitro you can check so many things doesn't make compounds doesn't make oxen does it swarm does it swim but again i find those rather limiting because you know you have a bacteria that doesn't have these phenotypes in the lab then it might have them all in the in the plant right so you can do that but again you have to uh we we were rather um flexible in in in uh then you know choosing the ones we want to continue with so we have we had a set of two hundred and eighteen isolates which we after we did in vitro we rolled down to forty eight and these forty eight are other different species different infinotypic profiling and these forty eight we started to do uh work with the plant again and with some we can get the mid with 21 endophytes we can we can then uh re put them inside the plant by single inoculations 27 we couldn't i'll come back to that and then some of them had plant growth promoting effect others didn't but again working all the time with single inoculums we are together with the joint genome institute in in in walnut creek in california we have a community project that will sequence all these forty eight we're now sequencing all these forty eight genomes so we're gonna have the sequence of these but what we're really interested is of these forty eight in terms of signaling and that i'm interested in is do they have interspecies do they communicate with each other we're trying to reconstituting uh microbiome so we're doing this work right now we're working with these forty eight trying to think about communication and community as well as well as applications uh and what what felix is doing in my lab which i i think we just started to do that is is the concept of a simplified microbiome so we take rather than we've done all the single inoculations and now personally i don't like that we're now doing inoculations as a group okay so we can take 10 10 to 30 strains that of these forty eight and inoculate them together to the plan and then we can look at plan growth promotion or we can then look at community structure how which ones get in which one forms community and the message i want to finish it with is that yes the consortium is also having a beneficial effect at least in the lab the plants grow a bit more there's more dry weight weight on that we haven't done any challenging with pathogens yet but the message i want to leave with is that we get different results from the single inoculums so an end of that which resolute it when we affect the plant alone we cannot get it inside but when we infect them as a group initial experiments are telling us clearly that the profile is completely different so i think i think again we have to be very careful you know a single bacteria that can go in on its own and uh and bacteria which cannot go in on their own but in the end when we put them together with others they can get inside so i think this is a very important point that we again working with purified single scenarios could be the wrong way to go and again we have to always think what happens out there when these endophytes get into plants in nature they are surrounded by so many other species and even entry can be affected by this community other in communication maybe some bacteria don't have the mechanisms to get in but they can benefit from the mechanism of others maybe bacteria can stick to each other and one guy can get in and the other guy can follow in lots of different scenarios so we're very interested in that and it's not going to be easy to study but again the message i want to give again let's think about the nature think about what happens out there and try to design our experiments as closely as possible to to the real scenario okay i think i finished so oops so i i try to to mention everybody along the way the here is my group in bold and they're all here so i hope you can interact with them we also Felix also is a poster about this last point that i made so he'll be able to to talk to you about this and i i have collaborated you know very important collaborations with which i you know the field is so multidisciplinary if we don't collaborate it's difficult to make good progress and and the funding is is is is coming along and it is not easy i mean to get funding for this kind of work but we so far we we are managing to to stay above water okay that's it thank you thank you


Here Youtube, I just thought I'd show you this little find, I put it off EB and basically it's a buck converter, step down, 4 volts to 40 and you've got 0 to 37 volts out I think, 1.3 I should say, to 37 volts out, and the nice thing about this is it's got a little display here, at the moment it's showing very close to what I'm putting in, I'm putting 9 volts in, I'll show you that, 9 volts going in and it's showing about 8.9, now this bottom segment here doesn't really, let me switch the light off, and my camera's not going to do that in just this at all, with the light off it's not bad, but it does look a bit faded compared to the rest, watch your eyes, it does look a bit faded compared to the rest and the lights on especially, that actually looks like a 9 without the bottom because these two segments are a little bit dimmer than the other ones but, there you go, and so that's the input voltage, well close to it, and there's the output, now the difference between this is I've actually calibrated this, 4 volts, and I calibrated it to my meter here, and the way you do this with this is if I won't do this one again, I'll do it on the input voltage to get it to 9 volts, so I switch that to the input voltage there, 8.9 volts and if I just hold that down, and it's flashing, so I can use this little 10.10 part here, and I can calibrate the voltage down, what I'm actually doing is changing the output, ah ok that's supposed to be doing, so this is supposed to be changing the input, let me see what happens here, because this I'm pretty sure is supposed to be changing the input, that's the maximum it's going to let me have, so if I take that down to 8 volts, yeah it's ok, switching and then if I hold this in again, no I'm right, so I should hold that to 8 volts but, so that's saying 8 volts now, so if I press and hold that, and that's flashing, and this is going to change this again, I'm going to put this on 5 volts this time, yeah and that says 4.9, so I thought the whole idea was I was supposed to be able to change this for what's on there, right that turns the display on and off, yeah just pressing that button there, it doesn't turn the output on or off, which would have been nice, and this out is just for pressing so you know when where the output voltages, so at the minute that's the output voltage 4.9, this is the input voltage, if I were to hold that down it just switches off the display, so I can't adjust that there, I told them it's back on, the only way to adjust it, and it does say here, press the right key to let the display show the input or output voltage, when the right out LED lit it shows output and the left in shows the input, ok it's fair enough, but we can adjust this down to output voltage just input voltage calibration steps, step one, adjust the right button so the in LED lighted, in LED lighted, the volt meter shows the value of input voltage, press the right button for more than two seconds, one two more, press the right button for more than two seconds, release volt meter and out LED flashes, no volt meter and in LED flashes, right let's try this again because that should be flashing according to the instructions up there, so let me turn that off somehow, let's just get out the whole day in there, right let's go back, right so we're on the in and then it says to press the button on the right for more than two seconds, one two more, but this should have the input flashing that's why we think if we're adjusting the input, so we're in input calibration mode, I don't want to see that changing and we're going to set this to nine volt, I've just got to get it on it, get on it, some reason it doesn't want to play, oh there we go we're in, ok well I'm trying to turn this down and it won't go down, so I'm going to try and turn it up and although on the multimeter it goes up it's not going up on here, yeah that's just not going up and so this is the input calibration, so what I'm going to do is I'm going to see if I can turn this all the way down so we get to the limit on the pot, just to see if it makes a difference, I can't hear it clicking but I've gone around more than 10 times I know I have, so that's not actually adjusting the input, what I can do is I can turn up the input let's say to 10 volts and has this adjusted here, can I adjust it here now, ok well it's adjusted on the input anyway because it's gone to 9.9 and on my, on there to be fair to it, on there, run 9.98, yeah so that's not really allowing me to adjust that so and now we've got this set at 1.2 so if I do that for that then I'm about to say it's at 1.2, well that's a bit of crazy calibration because I'm not quite sure what really happened there, so a lot more circuits on the plane over this voltage, well they work between 4.2 and 3.7 because that's what the battery is going to be that I use to run some things, well at least that's what I've got in my head I can run quite a few things off batteries because I've got loads of these old laptop batteries, so now if I want to calibrate this I just hold this in and my multimeter says 4, this says 3.9, by rights I should be able to get these so they both say not 4, as that goes up, that goes up, ok I mean that's, so I get that pretty close to that but I don't understand how this is the calibration, 9.9 coming in which is still 0.9, before going out, turn on and off they call them the Nixie lights, I'm not quite sure if that actually worked