Hello and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad and this session we would look at IFRS 15, which is the revenue recognition. This topic is covered in international accounting as well as the CPA exam and the ACC exam. As always, I would like to remind you, which is you that that's listening to me to connect with me on LinkedIn. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have over 1500 plus accounting, auditing and tax lectures. If you like my lectures, please like them. Click on the like button. That's very important. Share them. Put them in the playlist. Let the world know about them. If you're benefiting from my lectures, if you're listening to me now, share the wealth. Other people might benefit as well. This is my Instagram account. This is my Facebook account. This is my website. On my website, you have the option to donate, support the channel if you chose to. I also have a Gumroad account for premium lectures. Also on my website, I do have offers right now. Becker CPA Review is offering $1,000 off of the Becker Bundle, all four parts with unlimited access. If you're studying for your CPA exam, I strongly suggest you check it out. The link is on my website. But before we start the revenue recognition, I just want to make sure you understand that to fully explain this concept, you have to go to my intermediate accounting course where I have 18 lectures on revenue recognition. In this session, I might spend 25 to 30 minutes plus. I don't know how long it's going to be, but this is basically a summary, a summary. So if you don't feel you are short change, if you really want to learn about the revenue recognition, go to my intermediate accounting. And the good news is it's the same for IFRS and USGAP. So whatever you learn here, it will apply to IFRS if you're listening to this lecture. That's the good news. Okay, so let's talk a little bit more about revenue as a general concept. Revenue is one of the most important measure in financial performance, especially when the company don't make a profit, especially when profit don't exist, especially when profit is not existing. For example, a company like Uber or Lyft, they don't have profit. All what they do is they generate revenue. So to evaluate the company, you can only look at the revenue. Therefore, revenue is very, very important. And it's also important for companies that makes profit. But what I'm trying to say, if the company don't make a profit, your only way to evaluate a company is to look at the revenue.  And that's why IFRS and USGAP, IASB and USGAP, they issued this convergence. That's why it's the same rules for both. This way, companies are across the globe, they use the same rules or the same standard. Most revenue transactions pass few problems or few recognition. Basically, they get initiated and completed at the same time. Like when you buy something at the store, you initiate and complete the transaction right there. However, not all transactions that simple. Just to give you a complexity, let's assume you sign up with a plan with Verizon. What's going to happen is this. Verizon is going to provide you with the phone, three minutes to talk time, data download, and text messaging. So this is going to be one deal, but it's going to have many components. In addition, they might say they will bundle with that a fixed line broadband service. They might also bundle with that service. Also, at the same time, they may give you the option to upgrade down the road at a discount. Then guess what? How do we account for this revenue transaction? It's not a one time thing where you initiate and complete the transaction. You are buying many things and you are buying many things that could affect the future revenue of that contract. So notice it's not as obvious. That's why we have to look at the rules of how do we record revenue for such transactions. So FASB and the ISP issue the converges standards on revenue recognition entitled revenue from contract with customers. Before, there was many, many, many standards for different industries. Now you would look at the standard and you should be able to apply it. OK, they gave you the rules and you should be able to the principles matter of fact, and you should be able to apply it. So the revenue from contract with customers involve five steps. And this is what we're going to be covering in this session. Five steps and guess what? I'm going to list the steps and guess what? We're going to go through each step separately. Step one, identify the contract with a customer. Step two, identify the separate performance obligation in the contract. Step three, determine the transaction price. Allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligation. Recognize the revenue when each separate application is satisfied. And guess what? Once you see a list, once I make a list, it means I'm going to go over each component of this list separately, starting with identifying a contract with the customer. Hopefully, we all know what a contract is. It's basically an agreement between a buyer and a seller to provide goods or services and or services in exchange for some consideration. The contract, it can be written. It doesn't have to be written. It can be oral. It can be even implicit or customary. So you don't have to have an actual contract, signed contract. The contract could be shake of hand, could be implied. OK, if I walk into the store and buy something, I don't say anything. It's still a contract. OK. So we need to have five additional criteria to make sure a contract is a valid contract. First, it has to have a commercial substance. This commercial substance criteria is a protective clause. Simply put, we don't want companies to be buying and selling from each other. As sham transaction, transaction that does does not have any commercial or business use. It's just it's they're only entering into those transactions to increase revenue. This is called the protective clause. So revenue has to be legitimate in a sense. There's there's a business use. There's a commercial substance. Commitment has to be by both parties to be legal. And both parties have to be aware of their commitment. In the contract, you identify the rights of each party. What am I supposed to do? What you're supposed to do? Payments are identified. They don't have to be fixed. And we're going to look later in step three about the payment, but they don't have to be 100 percent clear, but they have to be identified. And obviously, collection is probable. If you're going into a contract and there is no way you're going to collect your money from that contract, don't go into that contract. It's it's playing games because there is no probability of collecting the money. OK, that's step one. You have to have a valid contract. Step two, identify the separate performance obligation and the contract. And this is usually the most challenging in a business because sometimes as you see in the Verizon example, you had many components to the contract. OK, and each component could be separate performance obligation. So you have to identify those separate performance obligation. A performance obligation is defined as an enforceable promise in a contract with a customer to transfer goods or services to the customer. So the entity must evaluate all the goods and or services promise in the contract to determine whether they are separate performance obligation. What are we talking about here? In other words, we have to know what is our obligation? Do we have how many obligation do we have in the product? Is it one obligation or more than one obligation? Is the product distinct? Are we selling that product? Separately, can you sell this product separately? Is it distinct? OK, or are you transferring multiple product all at the same time? OK, are you transferring an individual product or separate product? Or are you transferring many product just to kind of simplify this process? Let's look at this example. The company sold coffee and bagel. It's in the same contract. Guess what? The company can sell the bagel separately and the coffee separately, but they sold them together. Then guess what? We have one contract, but two separate independent product because each one can be sold separately. Notice that the bagel and the coffee are two separate are two separate product, but one contract or if we sell a large latte, large latte right here, it contains coffee and milk. Well, guess what? You cannot separate the coffee and the milk, then it's no longer called latte. So those two, you have only one product here. Although you have two kind of you have you have coffee and milk, but it's one product because the two products are interrelated. They cannot be separated for the purpose of this transaction. And that's why this is the most challenging because in the real world, you have to determine am I selling one product? So I have only one performance obligation or more than one performance obligation. Okay. Let's look at another example. Assume that GM Motors, GM company, the car company sells automobile to market auto dealer at a price that includes six month of telematics services such as navigation and remote diagnostics. These telematics services are regularly sold at a standalone basis by GM for a monthly fee. After six month period, the customer can renew these services on a fee basis with GM. The question is whether General Motors sold one or two product. What are you guys saying that they sell one product that they sell the automobile with the telematics or are they selling really two separate product? Well, hopefully you would not. Hopefully it's two separate product. If we look at the GM objective, it appears that they sold two separate goods because they can sell the telematics separately for somebody else. It's distinct. It doesn't come with the car. It's separable from the car itself. Okay. And it's not interdependent. And the car is not interdependent on that telematics service. They're two separate, two separate transaction. Now, once we know our obligation, the next thing we want to know is how to determine the dollar amount. So, well, if they're paying us cash, that's easy. How much cash did they pay? And that's our answer. Sometime what we do when we sell something, we may receive payments. The third payment. Well, if we have the third payment, what we do is we discount them to the present value and we have a receivable based on the present value. And that's our revenue. If we receive any non-cash consideration, they give us inventory, land, building, guess what? The fair market value of that consideration is our transaction price. Okay. And sometime what happened, what we do is we have a variable consideration. You remember, I told you the price doesn't have to be fixed. As long as you can estimate the price taken into account, discounts, rebate and anything else, that's acceptable. So what happened when the price, when the price is not fixed? It's variable. We have two methods to deal with this. We could use the expected value and we use the expected value when we have a large number of contract with similar characteristic. How does the expected value work? We'll use a weighted probability. We'll look at an example shortly. All we would use, the second method is the most likely amount. This is when we have two possible outcome and we'll take the higher outcome. When you are using those variable consideration, you have to have some sort of a past experience because you are predicting what's going to happen in the future and you're going to adjust your prices accordingly. So it must be highly probable that the statistical approach will not result in a reversal of already recognized revenue. So you don't want to recognize revenue. Then find out later, well, you book too much revenue. So you want to make sure you have a past experience with this. And some industries like the pharmaceutical, the drug industries, they offer rebate to customers. And here's how the rebate generally work. And usually they give it to a large health network, like large hospitals. That rebate increase as those customers buy more of a particular drug. So the more you buy, the lower will be the price in the future. So what's going to happen? You have to predict what is your what's your revenue? In such cases, the drug company used the probability weighted approach to downwardly adjust revenue and period when the eventual amount of the rebate is uncertain. So you have to kind of determine what did I really sell it for? Because I have to give them rebate. If they buy more, I have to give them a rebate. So how much am I really selling it for? OK, so they have to do this weighted probability or most likely outcome to determine the price because they may sell it for a price now. And if the hospital buys more from them, they have to go back and give them a rebate for that sale. So they have to kind of estimate that they don't want to book too much revenue. If they know they're going to go back and give them a rebate, means they're going to give them some money back. Let's take a look at an example to see how this work. OK, to see how this work. Let's take a look at P construction company enter into a contract with a customer to build a warehouse for 100,000 with a performance bonus of 150 that will be paid on the on the will be paid based on the timing of the completion. The amount of the performance bonus decrease by 10% per week for every week beyond the agreed upon date. So simply put, we have a contract and we could possibly make 150,000. We have 100,000 plus 50,000 bonus. So in total, we could receive up to 150,000. The amount of the performance bonus, this amount here will decrease by 10% if we are one week late. The contract requirement are similar to contract that P has performed previously and management believe that such experience is predictive for this contract. So you do have prior experience with this type of contract. Management estimate that there is a 60% chance that the contract will be completed by the agreed upon time. That's good news. If there is a 60% chance, it means 60% chance I would receive. Let me do it here. I have a 60% chance I would receive the full 150,000. OK, there's a 50% chance of that. A 30% chance it will be completed one week late. What does it mean one week late? It means I'm going to get 10% less or the 30% chance I'm going to be getting. Well, 10% less if I have 50,000, 10% of 50,000 is 5,000. It means I'm going to be getting 30% chance I'll be receiving 145,000. And only 10% chance that I will completed in two weeks, 10% chance and I'm going to be losing an additional I'm going to be losing an additional sorry, I'm going to be losing an additional $5,000 because I'm going to be losing 10%. So I'm going to be getting 140,000. There's a 10% chance. All I have to do now is add all these and this is my transaction price. So if I take 60% times 150, that's 90,000. Let's look at them here. That's 90,000 30% times 45 is 43,500. 10% chance of 140,000. All in all, the base on the probability weighted my revenue is 147,500. If I'm using the most likely outcome of the management believe that they will meet the deadline and receive the 50,000 will be 150,000. So there's 60% probability of meeting the outcome, which is 40% not meeting. Well, with the higher probability, we have two outcome either 40 or 60 will go with the higher one. The higher one is meeting. Meeting means I'm going to get the full amount. This is how we get the transaction price. Step four is to allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligation. Remember, in in in step two, we have separate performance obligation. Now we're going to have to take the price. We determine the price, but if you have many perform many performance obligation, how are we going to separate this performance obligation? OK, so the transaction price should be allocated to the separate performance obligation in proportion to the standalone selling price of each element of the contract. So let's assume I'm going to give you a burger example. So let's assume I have a restaurant and I sell burgers. If you want to buy a cheeseburger on itself, so the burger itself, I'm going to charge you three dollars and fifty cents for the burger. Also, the fries, if you want to buy the fries, I'm going to charge you a dollar fifty and if you want to buy the soda, if you want to buy the soda separately, I'm going to charge you. I'm going to make it higher, two dollars. I don't want to discourage you from buying the soda, right? OK, so this is the price. So if you want to buy these separately, three, fifty, four, five, seven. So if you want to buy these separately, you're going to be charged seven dollars. Now, another option is to do what? I might have a combo that says if you buy those three items separately, I'm going to charge you five dollars for all three items separately. Now, guess what? If you buy all these three items in a bundle, basically in a combo, when you go to McDonald Burger King, that's what they offer you, it's five dollars. Then I have to determine how much is the burger price of the five dollars? How much is the fries of the five dollars and how much is the soda? Well, I'm going to do a proportion. And what is a proportion? I'm going to take, I'm going to need the calculator here. Well, it looks like 3.5, the burger divided by the total, the burger price represent 50. The burger represent 50 percent of the deal, 350 divided by seven. Now I'm going to have to figure out the proportion for the other two. Dollar fifty divided by seven. That's twenty one. I'm just going to make it twenty one percent for simplicity. So this is twenty one percent. The fries represent twenty one percent. And the remainder is twenty nine percent for the soda. All I have to do now is take five dollars times fifty percent, twenty one dollars times twenty one percent times five dollars and twenty nine percent times five dollars. And obviously, that says two dollars and fifty cent in five times point two point one, five times point two one. That's dollar oh five, dollar oh five and the remainder that you add up to five dollars now. And the remainder is what? Let's just do this again. Five dollars times point two nine, dollar forty five, dollar forty five and they should add up to five dollars. So this is how I would allocate based on the standalone price, because I have different performance obligations, each one can be sold separately. Let's assume we don't know how much you can sell each each item separately. Simply put, in this example, we said we know the price of the soda, the price of the burger and the price of the fries. When the goods and services are not sold separately, because we usually don't sell them separately, we don't have a standalone price, the transaction price must be allocated to the separate obligation using a reasonable approach. Now we have to use a reasonable approach. The literature recommend three approaches. The first one, the adjusted market assessment approach. Simply put, you would look at similar companies. How much are they selling something like this? If something like this is being sold on the market, I can make some adjustments. If my product is better or less of a quality, I can make certain adjustment. I can also use expected cost plus margin. Well, there's no similar product. What I can do, I can say, well, my cost is hundred dollar and I'm going to add to my cost thirty dollars in profit. So the standalone price is one thirty. So I'll take the cost plus a margin or I can use a residual approach. This is used when I know that obviously I know the total transaction price less the sum of observable standalone selling prices. So if I know if the total contract is three thousand and I was able to identify and I have let's keep it simple, I have two items. I know for sure one of them is worth two thousand. I don't know the other one. The other one must be worth a thousand. OK, if I know one of them is worth two thousand. This is the residual approach. So what's left is for the other the other the other the other price. The last step, step five is recognize the revenue when each separate obligation is satisfied. Now we have to know when is satisfaction occur? When is the obligation? When did you satisfy your obligation? You have to understand it could be a point in time or over time, but you have to understand you're looking from the customer's perspective. You're looking to see did you really pass the did you did you satisfy your performance vis-a-vis the customer? OK, control of the promise goods on services is transfer to the customer. When do we transfer to the customer? Well, when the company has the right to a payment for the asset. When you have the right means you transfer it. The company has transferred the legal title. We transfer the legal title. The company has transferred the physical item of the asset, not only the legal title, the physical item. The customer has significant risk and reward of ownership. Now the customer can do whatever they want with the with this asset. And customer did accept the asset. Obviously, if you deliver it, they also did accept it. So under those circumstances, what happened is you satisfied your obligation. OK, now we said is it could be a point in time or over time? No, most transactions are in point in time. OK, for many revenue generating transaction transfer of control will occur during a specific point in time. OK, so when you buy something from the mall, from online, that's one specific. Well, they still have to ship it, but it's a specific point in time. Sometime the transaction can be can can be transferred over a period of time. And this is where we talk about the completed contract method, the percentage of completion, so on and so forth. So when can the custom, when can we recognize revenue over time, over a period of time? When the customer receive and consume the benefit as the sellers perform, let's assume they bought 50 tons of coffee beans from you. So as you deliver, you're going to be delivering 10,000 tons at a time. As you deliver, you can recognize the revenue. OK, another way the customer controls the asset that it's created. For example, a builder construct the building on the customer's property. So if you're constructing a building and you put a foundation, well, guess what? Once you have that foundation in, you're done with the foundation. Then you satisfy that obligation. Then since the customer have control over that foundation, because if you leave that job, you cannot take the foundation with you. OK, then guess what? Then you can recognize the revenue over a period of time. Or the company does not have an alternative use for the asset created. So basically simply put, you are building an asset specifically for a customer. For example, an aircraft manufacturers build a specialty jet to customer specification. Well, as you're building it, as you're building it, as long as you have an enforceable contract, you can recognize the revenue before delivery. And and either the customer received the benefit. So you're going to give them those airplanes as they are done. Or the company has the right to payment and this right is enforceable. Usually, you know, if you're building an airplane, you have the right to the payment and the and the rights are enforceable. Therefore, you can recognize the revenue before the actual delivery. OK, because it's a specialty item and you have an enforceable contract. So those are the four steps, as I told you earlier, in my intermediate accounting, each step, I have a lecture for each step plus many examples. So if you feel this is fast or quick, well, this is not intermediate accounting. This is just to give you an idea about international revenue when it comes to international accounting revenue. If you have any questions, please email me. If you happen to visit my website, please consider donating. And if you are studying for your CPA exam, as always, study hard. It's worth it. Good luck and see you on the other side of success.


It lies majestic lay at the tip of Virginia's peninsula on the waters of the Chesapeake Bay a Fortress of stone and brick Staring at each ship passing through the Hampton Roads Harbor Noticing the change from sail to steam and over a century of history passing by Hello, I'm Larry helpman Through the entire history of Virginia Old-point comfort has played an important role in the defense of the lower Chesapeake and Hampton Roads This program will look at the history of old-point comfort and the fortress that now occupies the land Fort Monroe now a symbol of America's dedication to a freedom of defense for more than a hundred years Fort Monroe's origin dates back to more than three centuries the English colonists in Christopher Newport first landed in America First landing at Cape Henry in 1607 Shortly thereafter made their way across the bay to a point of land. They called comfort It soon became known as old-point comfort John Smith of the famed Jamestown Colony had studied old-point comfort and the colonists believe that guns mounted there could prevent passage of Hostile ships up the James River thereby protecting the colony Thus Fort Algernon a crude fortification was constructed, but soon fell into disrepair Attempts to revive it in the 1660s run successful Still realizing the strategic importance of old-point comfort the Virginia assembly in 1728 Approved construction of new works and thus Fort George was created However, it too soon fell only this time to a hurricane With the destruction of Fort George colonial coastline fortification in Virginia virtually came to an end The actual conception of a modern fortress at the entrance to Hampton Roads Harbor did not occur until the early 1800s It was the war of 1812 that brought about the building of a permanent fortification The experiences of the war of 1812 exposed the vulnerability of the entire maritime frontier The British gave a convincing demonstration of that vulnerability in 1813 By sailing a fleet into the unprotected mouth of Hampton Roads An attempt to capture Norfolk was thwarted But the British turned their attention to the other side of Hampton Roads by capturing Hampton The destruction of Hampton was one of the darker episodes of the war The following year in August 1814 British sailed up the Chesapeake Bay unopposed and landed their army behind Washington DC At the same time a naval force pushed up the Potomac River While the Royal Navy occupied Alexandria the army burned Washington In 1818 the board of officers recommended fortifying old-point comfort A one member of the board was Brevet Brigadier General Simon Bernard Bernard a former aide to Camp de Napoleon was appointed by President Madison as an assistant engineer Collection of materials and completion of preliminary arrangements were begun under the supervision of Colonel Walter Armstead And lasted throughout 1818 The actual work of construction was begun in March of 1819 The estimated cost of Fort Monroe totaled nearly a million dollars It is believed that General Bernard designed the plans of the fortification The fort had seven fronts covering about 63 acres of ground Surrounded by an eight-foot deep moat Fort Monroe was typical of its period with its impressive size Irregular plan and large bastions The bastion was simply a projected point of fortification The full armament of Fort Monroe was originally designed to be 380 guns, but was subsequently increased to 412 But these were never all mounted The fort required a peacetime garrison of 600 men and a wartime garrison of over 2600 men No other fort in the United States was of comparable size And it was generally believed at the time that no fort in Europe not in closing a town was larger Although work on Fort Monroe was begun in 1819 Property continued to belong to the state of Virginia for a number of years Mr. RP Weiner Fort Monroe historian It was not until March 1821 that the Virginia General Assembly passed an act which authorized the governor to convey by deed to the United States Titled the lands at old-point comfort and the rip-rap shoals upon which Fort wool was built And this deed was not actually executed until 1838 One of the provisions of the deed is that if the lands are used for any other purpose by the United States And for fortifications or national defense the property shall revert to the state of Virginia In 1824 the adjutant general ordered organization of the Artillery Corps for instruction The Army's first professional service school a Since Fort Monroe was nearly three-quarters complete Troops and officers were directed here to set up the school which remained in operation until 1834 The progress in construction of Fort Monroe continued satisfactorily However, the fort was still far from finished on its projected completion date in 1826 in August 1832 a cholera epidemic broke out among the workmen Suspending all operations a work was finally resumed and by the spring of 1834 work was nearly finished At this point Fort Monroe was turned over to the artillery for completion One of the more colorful figures in Fort Monroe's history arrived in December of 1828 Private EA Perry reported for duty in the adjutant's office Perry was promoted to regimental sergeant major only a few days before his 20th birthday Private Perry is better known to us as Edgar Allen Poe Intent on pursuing his literary ambitions Poe revealed his real name hoping for a discharge After this attempt failed Poe said about to obtain an appointment to West Point He received his appointment to the Academy and left Fort Monroe a week later The Fort Monroe received its official name on February 1st 1832 Fort Monroe historian dr. B. E. Fleeber explains Adjutant general's order number 11 1832 said It is the order of the secretary of war that all military post known as components Will hereafter be called forts and that the works at Old Point Comfort will be called Fort Monroe not Fortress McGraw To the best of my knowledge Fort Monroe never had a formal name given to it It always had been known as Fortress Monroe And this was logical that it would be called this because it was the largest of the installations built under the 1818 system and it was logical that they called it after the incumbent president James Monroe It was late in 1831 when a young lieutenant of engineers arrived at Fort Monroe Second lieutenant Robert E. Lee was assigned to the post as an assistant engineer Lee was stationed at Fort Monroe for three and a half years He came as an assistant engineer of limited experience, but left fully qualified to direct a large engineering project He designed some of the buildings Wars and fortifications at the post and had the moat excavated to its proper depth In November of 1834 after a successful tour at Fort Monroe Lee was ordered to report for service as assistant to the chief of engineers in Washington, D.C. In June of 1855 There was an explosion in a laboratory of the Fort Monroe arsenal Two men were killed However, Lieutenant Julian McAllister miraculously survived In gratitude to God for the mercy of divine providence He set about to raise funds and Contributed of his own money For the building of a chapel the chapel which is known as the Chapel of the centurion Is named after Cornelius a Roman soldier who was converted to the Christian faith Through the ministry of the Apostle Peter His conversion marked the opening of the Christian faith to Gentiles Cornelius as a centurion was commander of a hundred men It was his faith that inspired the name Chapel of the centurion Hanging from the walls of the nave are reproductions of the colors of old regiments of the US Army These flags are a tribute to many American fighting units The original faded and worn flags hung here in the chapel until 1977 The stained glass windows in the chapel are dedicated to military men who served at Fort Monroe The spirit of the Chapel of the centurion is clearly expressed by these unique windows In 1858 the artillery school opened this doors for a second time However, it suspended operations after two years because of the Civil War The next five years were to be the most dramatic and in many ways the most important in the history of Fort Monroe Because of its strategic location and large garrison the post figured prominently in the plans of the federal government after the Civil War began By 1861 the fort even though not completely armed and far short of its plan to wartime garrison Was sufficiently strong to preclude easy capture As the last remaining symbol of federal authority in the upper south The strategic location of Fort Monroe was to have a profound effect upon the course of the war in Virginia Mr. George Hicks case make music the South seceded from the constitutional union in April of 1861 by July of 1861 The congressman and their ladies had assembled in Manassas along the shores of Bull Run Creek For a picnic to us to watch the great encounter of the Union and Confederate armies By the end of the day the great encounter was not all that it was supposed to have been That is to say that the Yankees or the Union army was In a headlong retreat back towards Washington as a result of the defeat at Manassas or Bull Run Creek The congress put out an urgent call to bolster the defenses around the nation's capital The call was answered by the nation's largest permanent fortification at the time Fort Monroe, Virginia troops were withdrawn from Fort Monroe and sent to Washington Prince John Magruder in command of the Confederate troops in the area Decided to use that as his opportunity to attack the area which was instigated by report In the New York Tribune New York Tribune said that Hampton was going to be used as a camp for runaway slaves Report was utterly false that nevertheless Prince John Magruder burned Hampton on August 7th 1861 Now Fort Monroe and the peninsula was Extremely critical at the time because it was the gateway or the landward approach to the Confederate capital enrichment It had been known to the federal authorities for some time that the Confederates were rebuilding The Merrimack which had fallen into their hands when Norfolk was abandoned Washington authorities learning of the possible ravages of this rebuild vessel Responded by directing the ironclad monitor to proceed to Hampton roads The CSS Virginia Commonly called the Merrimack rounded Sewell's point on March 8 1862 The two federal ships the Cumberland and Congress were anchored off Newport news As soon as the Merrimack came within range both federal ships opened fire Entirely undamaged the ironclad Merrimack destroyed both federal ships The despair of the federal authorities in Hampton roads soon lifted when the federal ironclad monitor arrived on the scene The morning after the monitor arrived the Merrimack came from Norfolk The two antagonists slowly approached each other and shortly were engaged in their memorable battle Fighting at such close range that at times their sides touched Neither ship seemed able to injure the other For four hours the battle continued But at last the Merrimack leaking from a hit near the waterline which drew from action Although the Merrimack challenged the monitor to another engagement on May 8th Monitor chose to stay under the protection of the guns of Fort Monroe The Merrimack steamed back to Sewell's point. This was the last direct confrontation of the unique warships As the war progressed the Hampton roads area was becoming increasingly important So important the president Abraham Lincoln came to Fort Monroe to plan the attack upon Norfolk The heavy concentrated bombardment of Sewell's point from Fort wool and the Union fleet in the bay Caused the Confederates to abandon Norfolk and their positions in the area The capture of Norfolk caused the destruction of the Merrimack which was blown up by the Confederates early on the morning of May 11 The Fort Monroe was the staging area for the major amphibious operations of the war Including the capture of Cape Hatteras in Roanoke Island, the Port Royal Sound expedition and the expedition to capture New Orleans It also served as the launching point for General McClellan's Peninsula campaign of 1862 And the move of the Army of the James up the river in 1864 at the beginning of the Petersburg campaign One final important act of the Civil War took place within the site of the walls of Fort Monroe in December of 1864 Francis Blair who was a political advisor of President Lincoln Visited President Davis in Richmond As a result of this meeting in January Davis wrote to Blair to tell him of his willingness to confer With the idea of seeking a peace for the two countries Lincoln saw this note and he in turn wrote of his willingness to seek peace for the people of our one common country Despite this divergence of objectives Two countries the one country a conference was held on February the 3rd Abored a Union transport called the River Queen anchored right off of Fort Monroe The South wanted an armistice to be followed by independence Lincoln insisted that the fighting would continue until the South can surrendered and the Confederacy returned to the Union Of course the conference was a failure and the war was to draw on until its termination the following April With the collapse of the Southern cause another major figure was about to emerge in the history of Fort Monroe President Jefferson Davis of the Confederacy fled southward after the war. He was captured near Irwinville, Georgia in May of 1865 He was transferred to the steamer William P. Clyde and convoyed to Hampton Roads The Clyde dropped anchor in Hampton Roads on May 19th From engineer warf Davis was escorted to casemate number two here at Fort Monroe Of all the factors affecting the conditions under which Davis was held the most important is frequently overlooked The former president of the Confederacy was at first not a political prisoner. He was an alleged criminal Charged with being implicated in the assassination of president Lincoln Davis was in poor health at the end of the war and As a result he was moved out of the casemates in October 1865 to Carol Hall Which was an officer's apartment house mainly through the efforts of Dr. John Craven post surgeon An investigation soon revealed that the conspiracy charge was based on forged evidence Attempts to bring Davis to trial on the charge of treason were not seriously pursued by the federal government And he was finally released on bond in 1867 Then in 1869 the case was dismissed But Davis does not have a citizenship restored until recently Following the close of the Civil War the reestablishment of the artillery school brought about substantial activity to the post The modernization of Fort Monroe was largely due to the efforts of the Indicott board in 1885 President Grover Cleveland appointed Secretary of War William Indicott to convene a board of fortifications and other defenses The board's duties included the selection of defensive sites along the coast The determination of the type of armament and the recommendation of priorities Fort Monroe and Old Point Comfort was fifth on the priority list and eventually received 10 inch and 12 inch disappearing guns among other weaponry an Important addition to post-life during this period was made by the construction of the Chamberlain Hotel a Joint resolution of Congress approved in 1887 Authorized John Chamberlain to construct a hotel provided the consent of the state of Virginia should be obtained The hotel became the social center of the post in the years before World War one The hotel made every effort not only to attract the tourist trade But also to become a gathering place for the officers of the garrison The outbreak of the war was spaying closed the artillery school The interruption caused by the war continued for three years before courses were resumed The following the Spanish-American War a major reorganization of the army took place In 1907 the artillery was divided into two branches the field artillery and the Coast Artillery Corps Fort Monroe was the post to which all Coast Artillery men Sooner or later returned it was here that the spirit of the Corps lived The beginning of 1917 found the Coast Artillery School at Fort Monroe Pursuing its schedule in accordance with its program of the preceding years The entry of the country into the First World War however was soon to call for a complete readjustment in the training program For one did not cause the Coast Artillery School at Fort Monroe to close its doors Instead it converted the school into a training center brought about one of the most productive periods in the history of the institution Training at Fort Monroe had been stepped up with the biggest task of the Coast Artillery School was to train officer candidates Additional courses for officers already commissioned were introduced Officers available between January and September of 1918 For given instruction in gunnery orientation field fortification and target practice Also courses in anti-aircraft artillery were given to prepare officers Admission to the American anti-aircraft school in France The armistice after World War one brought all training activity to an abrupt halt at Fort Monroe Officers returning from France flocked to the post for many months during which time was gradually returned to normal condition Fort Monroe was again on peace status With the close of the war Debobilization the necessary changes in personnel and Doubts as to the future strength of the army and overall policies made Readjustment difficult It was during this time that Port Monroe's first ROTC camp Attended by about 60 cadets was held in 1919 Financial restraints stemming from the Great Depression Assulted in significant changes in the organization of the Coast Artillery The depression was slow and being felt by the Coast Artillery School But the economy bill of 1933 cut deeply into the budget of the school and cast an ominous cloud over Fort Monroe disaster struck Fort Monroe in 1933 On August 22nd a large hurricane approached Hampton roads Torrential rains accompanied by strong winds off the bay struck the post at high tide Waves washed across the post and the officer of the day reported the post headquarters in a rowboat Nearly one million six hundred fifty thousand dollars was appropriated to restore the post to its original condition Although Fort Monroe's guns did not have the capability to defend the Chesapeake Bay after World War one He did have the responsibility for the protection of Hampton roads the inner minefield The anti-submarine net and gate and the control of shipping With the outbreak of World War two in Europe Hampton roads became with New York the Atlantic base for overseas operations The greatest activity in the area took place in 1942 This was the height of the German submarine campaign and the threat of possible attacks on eastern coastal cities existed Large number of submarines were believed to be operating just outside Chesapeake Bay waters Although three ships were sunk outside the mouth of the bay in June of 1942 It is believed that no submarine entered the Chesapeake Bay during World War two For the first few months following the end of World War two. There was uncertainty as to the future mission of the post Plans were underway that would dramatically change the mission of the old port The War Department had announced on April 1st 1946 but the Army ground forces would move to Fort Monroe It was necessary to find a new location for the Coast Artillery School in the units attached to it The school formally departed Fort Monroe on June 1st for Fort Winfield Scott in California Virtually the entire post was cleared to allow for the renovation of the buildings and other facilities for the Army ground forces Army ground forces officially began operations at Fort Monroe on October 1st 1946 two years later army fuel forces were established at Fort Monroe and Relieved of tactical responsibilities so the greater effort could be concentrated on training in 1955 the headquarters Continental Army Command was established at Fort Monroe It assumed the mission of training had direct command of the Continental Army Today Fort Monroe's military heritage continues and the post headquarters the training in doctrine command This major army command's responsibility is to prepare the army to fight and win the next war When Fort Monroe was established over 150 years ago the primary mission of the post was the establishment of the service of artillery for defense of the Bay The development of a philosophy for coastline defense and training for soldiers Fort Monroe accomplished its mission for more than a century and leaves a legacy we can never forget


Welcome back to the breakfast and class CV Africa time for all of the press We do have to make color will a who's on standby and he'll be joining us in no time to make sense of all of the headlines I sort of with the daily independent newspaper this morning on The front page of the daily independent newspaper the banner caption says Legas rejects panels report on death of nine peasants Talking about the hashtag and says protest governor song will you invite youth for his work? Senators at war over alleged lup side army recruitment and You also have a beyond new presents 351 billion error 2022 budget of restoration Federal government to punish officials over illegal recruitment payroll and padding EFCC arrests Fanny Kayo day in Lagos and moves him into custody and Those also report yesterday where he said that he was not arrested Well, he was invited for questioning and he's been released Buhari lacks power to release namdi Kano Kayamo is quoted on that and you also have another Caption here saying Senate probes Joe Briggs and summons a GF minister and NCOS and CG cod voids Banishment of dispose Emiya Sunousi's award and you have 10 million narrow to him I take that again called voice Banishment of dispose Emiya Sunousi an award 10 million narrow to him That's the much we can take on the daily independent news before this morning Moving on to the daily trust the main headline for this morning. No killing at Lake Heathall gate Lagos counters a panel Government accept 11 recommendations campaigners reject someone lose over chairs All right today actually is World Health World AIDS Day Nigeria's HIV response to donor funded 257 project worth 20 billion Duplicated in the 2021 budget. That's a coordinated the ICPC Other stories just below the paper 20 die as bold kept sizes with 47 pupils office in Kano All right on the blue strip here a bender or banishment Apologize at Joe Sunousi co-tails Kano government All right and Nigerians to apply for Forex online a CBN deploys e-form aid a Local content federal government saves 3.5 trillion narrow on oil and gas Project those are most of the stories you can find on their daily trust away from the daily trust news paper, let's quickly check out the leadership this morning and You have health insurance Poor services put 12 million patients at odds with hospitals HMOs is a bold caption for the leadership hospital treaters with Substantive drugs. That's what subscribers are quoted to say Sounds familiar. We can't go beyond amount of proof by HMOs You also have hospitals as well our branded drugs will address and release consent sage Says the NH is 2021 budget padded with 257 projects worth 20 point one three eight Billion Naira, that's what the ICPC is quoted to say President Muhammad of Hari vows to sanction heads of indicted MDAs Away from that on easy come in Kano has caught nullifies former M. Yusuf's banishment Hashtag answers Lagos releases white pepper the bombs lecky killings another header says Senate invites a reg bechella Malami over Joe breaks and Influential Nigerians working against electronic voting. That's what I neck is quoted to say Babadas emerges from the United Kingdom's shadow now in a republic might just be dominating some of the papers this morning And that's the much we can take All right, finally the last paper for us this morning is the punch the main headline it is a Composiery vaccination what has demand much deadline throng centers federal government insists on December one with some Riders there a letter for March extension will get to government today says ASCS and this is I guess the association of civil servants They're senior civil servants of Nigeria. We're not contemplating any extension after December one deadline The PSC is saying and of course security operatives bar workers without face mask from Government buildings other stories underpunched this morning. The end the LA destroys a 50 billion Naira drugs arrested 10,355 Traffic is on the blue strip here Lagos reject panels casualty figure says one killed in lekkie On the red street occurred the law that's on dough night clubs closure alleges some for a boys peddling drugs Hawking sex 40 festival bound passengers Drown as overloaded can about cup sizes above the must-have. There are some stories Of interest the petrol may sell above 314 Naira per liter market is a plan imports are made Forex crisis retirees increase by 2% Collect 890 billion Naira from government private sector Illegal recruitment Buhari vows sanctions I CPC in dites in the game ministry Others and the final story on the punch at this morning Mushroom grower sick inclusion in CBN program. I 45.3 billion dollars Market those are all the stories on the front page of the punch this morning All right, let's have a tuned a color will he join the conversation this morning. Good morning. Thanks for joining us We do appreciate you All right, so let's head straight to it the big story here Lagos rejects panels report on death of nine peasants What are your thoughts on that? Are you surprised? Oh? Absolutely, I am surprised It's also very very curious to me that a government who rejects the report of an agency That was set up by the government itself like I've only said When you look at the composition of that panel except a little and maybe A valuable work All the other people on that panel Including the chairman and be described as a group through government people you will remember At the chairman of the panel used to work in the ministry of justice where I think he rose to the level of So this is a general know that before becoming a church He took for some of these other people so if you have Your cell set up a panel and The panel I've had the quality to come up with a report And you have also gone to that panel To give evidence to send out documents You have hired lawyers So I'll give you a case before the panel and the panel came up with this fine It's now on what basis are you rejecting it? It really doesn't make sense. I Suspect that they are ejecting this panel Simply because The report has not been favorable for the people in government and we could see this coming with all the rigmarole that we saw in the work of that panel Initially the social center didn't go there but when So who came out and said look Nothing people down in there. They should have now came out that it was so that invited them You also said they didn't go there with a live bullet that was a rubber bullet. He went in their way later they said they had both rubber bullet and both The rebool as well to say And all manners of contradiction The bottom line is this This is not 1984 Technologies like satellites DNA and all manners of a technology are not there to unravel what most government would like to keep a secret Also remember that during the end times of rising the pathologies was asked How many bodies were brought to the hospital? Don't in the answer. He said about 93 or such a me about that. I Remember the legacy of the government also announcing That people who have lost people as many people's Relations couldn't be fine. They should go to an Ikea hospital and See whether any of the bodies in there Will belong to them So if it was not only one person that died In leki or down in the s-house process, why would the government say they are not saying That people should visit a mutualism maker To recover or check whether some of the bodies in there is out of the animation I've also had the argument being made that why is it that the parents their relations The uncle the brother the sister of people might have lost people I will not they call it to come out and say look one of my family's mission That's what they're telling the people are not coming out. We'll show that nobody ties As you like it to get but I'll give you a graphic example here in machine the TPO and the police on ice custody We had the young posses were demonstrating singing drumming and molding the national draw. I mean the national flag They will pull fire on them and more than 20 children or more than 30 of our youth Either got injured maimed or killed at night you will not believe it that after that incident a Cooper force lawyer Try to form a team To take up the cases of all those who are injured who might have killed, who might have been maimed or even got missing in the process And we approach the families of these people of our intentions to help them suggest You will not believe it. I was most of the relation says was a look We have read and lost our children our children have been a maimed Some of them have even disappeared. We don't know where they've been taking food But we are not interested in pursuing any cases government Citizens hardly win case against government Furthermore, if we have lost our children, we want to be left to mourn the death of those children Making a case of the government with it bring them back We want to rely that God will be the one To console us. Okay, quick quick Tunde Kola Wale for the want of time so we can also look at all the issues on the papers this morning I'd also like to share your thoughts quickly on I mean we're looking at the daily independence But just as a follow-up to this the governor prior to the time He released the white paper had called for a peace walk for the healing of the land that is legal state Let's also share your thoughts on that Let's repeat that again Now before the release of the white paper the governor had Extended an invitation calling for a peace walk He called in prominent Nigerians, especially those who participated in the protest the likes of Files has been popularly called sheen cootie and mr. Makarani What are your thoughts on that now the essence of this peace work is for the healing of the land Well That is a few minutes Which I'm not too sure We'll be able to wash The bodies of the young man. Let me deploy of the young material that has been spilled I'm not too sure any work is likely to read the deep wound That she's not etching the art of our people the process of the path to healing the injury that has been inflicted the death that Occult and the maiming and disappearance of people is so got me to own up to the truth of The tragedy of what happened at the lettuce to give and the other parts of make up 20 the answers say or price them They say it is true that he was a nation You are nice so what happened? Don't if you put up an a you saw what happens Don't in the reconciliation the critical reconciliation in a process in South Africa and also in Rwanda and Burundi Was it a work that was done in those places? The answer is no if I when you do a walk now What you will find are all these musicians all these comedians and all these clowns Who sees the opportunity of the upright of me of offer the Of the police uprising or rise against the path To popularize themselves. They merely use it as publicity Those who really did the work Who mobilized the children To rise up against the industry and seek the death When in the ones that are getting the publicity But all the macaroni is and then they forget me and then the brains of this was In fact these days I get these up when I see the way and manner artists and musicians Have not not dominated Both the political me the political space in order to get a publicity Whereas they are part and parcel of the people in authority. Where is the money that make it coming from? No, but I don't know if we should get into this Because if you look at the sets of young peasants, they have been commended for the abrasives You talk about fouls who has been consistent and looking at his response to that invitation Because when the governor was making his speech he outright be you know mentioned their names and they have turned the invitation down saying They are asking for justice. So I don't think that you know Yes, we understand that we probably might have others who are not Who don't believe in the same cause but this sets of peasants have actually been living up to expectations and they have been commended by a Lot of Nigerians and outside of Nigeria a lot of commendation coming for them But I want you about to you know, Justin at this point Yes, so let's move away from the leaky killings for now and focus on other issues are making in front-term page Of I'm several newspapers. Let's move on to the daily trust aside from the leaky togata another story that they have captioned Bodily there is a 20 die as both capsizes with 47 pupils of us in Kano a very star color Let's get your quick arm of thought and that particular Incident that happened yesterday Well, that is a tragedy of a monumental proportion And the 21st century he wouldn't expect that kind of a thing to be happening But because human life no longer mean anything to us in this part of the world We keep losing the most variety the most agile and the most of our people When we were young and you are going to cross a river or you are going to use the ocean or use the boats or a ferry Before you do it. You were given a life jacket So that if there's an accident You will not think we did have the boat out with the failure of water There are also people that will call coming there were called the Coast guards in those days These are people who are to see my mother so that immediately there's an accident on the water They died in there and begin to rescue people When now did you see that kind of me those kind of people? Assigned responsibility to rescue people when there's a boat to talk the truth is Human life no longer mean anything to us and most of the safeguards and the question that we are going to put off grand To ensure that when accidents happen we quickly rescue them with taking all those things for granted With the source of all the people that lost their life and that they can't know both recently I also want to appeal or plead with the government in Canada to set up an Inquiry as to what happens that we could lose that kind of number of people in one single boat Varying of people from one end to the other For it to happen All right, let's also look at the leadership newspaper again and on this one you have I next saying inflation Nigerians working against electronic voting We wonder who the specimens are. What are your thoughts? What the truth of the matter is that It is not just a nine next go and find out anywhere the authorities or the Nigerians have tried to inject technology Into processes and procedures to make sure that things are done faster and better Certain persons have always put Spanners in the wheel of a progress Just for example the Nigerian port at the time they said because of the so congestions in there You are going to be using a tally As the tally was at the port is the policy not congested The truth is it is very very congested the tally process hasn't worked in the cost to we began the Computerization of the code processing More than 15 years ago roll over Nigeria But you will not believe me that it is much difficult to get things done in the Nigerian cause Then it was before the computerization process It is like that because I think people don't want the computerization process to work Once the computerization process works Then you are taking food out of their mouth. I am not surprised that this is happening to I make a Lot of people don't want a smooth running I make They don't want to let no Tony transfer of results They don't want this to work seamlessly In countries like in a republic and togo here very close to us Will you believe it? Electrical materials are distributed a day or two before the election And then the electrical officials will take them home and then from the home They will go straight to their respective polling booths For the 40% the following day or three days later and as the voters have been concluded They are sending the results from the different polling booths to some server somewhere And before you know it, the results are automatically collated and released It is here that professors will be appointed To carry just suddenly paper from Potacos to Abuja For the international conference center to announce results And when he gets there he will lose his eyes classes. I will not be able to leave what he himself had written the truth is The Nigerian allies Know that they will be taken out of business That if it is difficult for them to win election If we do the right the things We are supposed to do to make the elections run smoothly and electronic transfer of results is part of it Electronic voting is part of it. The dispatch of is all right from the polling booth to some servers As the INEC An automatic automatic Computation or compilation of those results by the server itself a Solution to have in the free of the election in Nigeria But the Nigerian political allies know that if things work smoothly, they will be taken out of business Many of them will never win elections again in Nigeria. That is why you see that they are opposed So some of the reforms that INEC is trying to bring into the electoral process It is left to win the Nigerian people to say that we want our votes to count That we believe the prostrations the Compromising of the election the target that we used to see after there with all the elections We know what I want to see in the 21st century. There is no justification for it And until we clean up that area Good people will continue to run away from Participating in politics and when good people run away from participating in politics What you will have is that especially dominated by all these rough necks Motherless certificates for that People who have no plan for the Nigerian people who don't have the capacity to deliver the dividend of democracy We'll be the one calling the shots in our political space We must insist that INEC be allowed to do the right thing. All right And I think you and I the press the civil society and also the international community Who help us to get to our destination? All right, we sure will do our own part on the punch and newspaper this morning The main story is a compulsory vaccination and workers are demanding much deadline They have drunk several centers, you know to get them vaccinated and the federal government is insisting on that December first being today So what are your thoughts concerning that? my brother What compulsive fascination can you do? When the fascists are not even on ground When we are when we don't even have the money to buy the vaccine when we are When we are relying the european union on the americans and the chinese So don't let fascists to us So what fascination what composite fascination are you talking about? This country used to manufacture not two persons in the past What happened to our capacity to manufacture of us? Nigeria used to have some of the best virologists in the world in Position of people like amde with west and the rest of them What has happened to all those people? and then the Covid-19 vaccine I mean Covid-19 pandemic has been on now for more than two years What has stopped us from?  Why would a nation of 200 million people? With some of the best virologists working around the world will not be able to manufacture his own vaccine Don't let us deceive ourselves You cannot embark on a journey of composite fascination of people against Covid When you cannot produce or manufacture your own vaccine when you depend on donor nations to give you those vaccines to use And the truth of the matter is Those nations or those countries who manufacture this thing will not give you Until they have adequately fascinated their own people in some countries in Europe now. They are talking about the fourth land fourth land of fascination of their people and Now that they say there's another Viverian that has been discovered that has broken up in South Africa. They probably will be talking about the fifth land If you think they are taking care of themselves that they would want to remember whether you and I exist in this other country Don't bother waste your time on all these agitations and proposals or composite fascination of 200 million people When you cannot produce, I mean 10 bottles of the third fascination to use All right quickly on the leadership. You also have concerns raised by the ICPC that The 2021 budget padded with 257 projects that are worth 20.138 billion nair. Let's quickly share your thoughts on that not news the only thing that news in there is that When the president's body first came in He stood against this a pattern of the budget I remember there was a lot of issues between Mr. President And then the national assembly With regards to the part in our budget So such a message at the time the president even said He wasn't going to sign One of those a budget appropriation deal that was sent to him for his accent But what has changed? It would appear that the president is no longer bordering himself With whether budgets are padded or not And that is why Just as it was happening under the PDP It has continued to happen under the APC And why is this happening? most times When the budgets are padded And the executive arm of government kick against it The leadership of the national assembly The leadership of the state assembly Will go to the executive arm of government and say look We too have people at all Who are looking forward to us One hair for the other In another four years We will require to go to our consistency and mobilize for votes If we have nothing to show In terms of Maybe bringing some developmental projects to them Or being able to distribute a motorcycle Or a shoe shine kit Or a pepper grinder The possibility that we might be able to win election And return to the national assembly will then No longer be there And so The executive arm of government will be forced To accommodate this padding of budget If the padding of budget has been translated Into development at the castle level If the monies are not being diverted If the palliative are supposed to reach the people who actually get to them Nobody will have bothered about those things In fact it will have encouraged A more even distribution of amenities And infrastructure across the country But The padding Is done to merely enrich People Is an opportunity for the people in the assembly and even in the sector of government To be able to have If they are capable to say And also have it You will recollect That when they ended this year what is it called Had issues with the national assembly And then the Organization was being Approved What happened? Somebody had a call to say look You people who are probing us About 70 to 80 percent of the counter that because we did not water Were caught in by the people in the national assembly So what is the monadossification? All this inquiry that you wanted to And what happened That was the end of the inquiry I also know of a case In which somebody in the national assembly Insisted That an organization On which is a member of What is it called? The national assembly committee that supervises that organization A single individual Insisted In the answer that That organization should employ 200 of his team 200 of his relation 200 people from his own village and consistently alone And the organization was compared to employ them This same person also goes in there regularly To collect a jimbo contract Which he doesn't get to execute at the end of the day So these are the corrosion that are associated Not just by the budget burden But also The employment of people In most of the mission parameters The executive of God, the people in the executive of Gomez and the national assembly The Cesar assembly Just share all those opportunities Among them, sir And who will hold them accountable The ICPC can only make noise After they have made noise and got all the publicity that they get on paper Like they have been doing the past Six years Like they have been doing 20 years of this democracy And then the noise is all dissolved out And to the business as a Usual All right, we have to let you go now, Tunde Kuala Wali Many thanks for being part of the conversation We do appreciate and we look forward to having more of you on the show We step on the brakes now and when we return we tell you what happened Today in history. Please stick around


Hello, and welcome to the screencast about the second derivative test. All right, so the second derivative test says that if P is a critical value of a continuous function such that F prime of P is equal to 0, I'll highlight that part, and the second derivative at P is not equal to 0. Then F has a relative max at P if and only if the second derivative at P is greater than 0. Okay, so let's kind of refresh a little bit why this makes sense. So remember from before that if our second derivative at a number is less than 0, that means your graph is concave down. Concave down kind of has this upside down parabola-like shape. So if you think about it then up here at the top of this parabola is a maximum. So that's why that makes sense. Okay, here if the second derivative is greater than 0, remember that means the graph is concave up. So it has kind of a parabola-like shape to it that's facing upwards. So then down here at the bottom this graph has a minimum. Okay, so that's just kind of a good intuitive feel for why this derivative test works. Okay, so now we're going to go ahead and use this test on a polynomial function. So that polynomial is f of x equals 12 x to the fifth plus 15 x to the fourth minus 40 x to the third. So we're going to find the extreme values for this. And if you watch the previous screencast, we actually use the same function, but we use the first derivative test. So this is kind of a place where you can compare and contrast them. Which one do you think is easier for this function and which one do you think maybe is a little bit more complicated? In certain ways, we use the first derivative test. In certain functions, it's going to be easier for one or the other. All right, just in case you didn't watch that screencast though, let's go ahead and go through and find our critical values again. This is good practice. So we need to find our first derivative. And that's going to give us 60 x to the fourth plus 60 x to the third minus 120 x squared. Okay, polynomial, you can go ahead and use your power rules. Not too bad. Now we've got to set this function equal to zero. So I think while I do that, I'm going to go ahead and do some factoring. So hopefully you notice that each of these terms has a 60 x squared in it. So if I factor that out, I'm going to be left with an x squared plus an x minus a 2. And then again, you notice we have a nice polynomial in here, a nice trinomial that can be factored again. So that would be 60 x squared and then x plus 2 and x minus 1 because 2 times negative 1 gives me my negative 2 at the end and 2 plus negative 1 gives me a positive one here in the middle. Okay, so then our critical values are going to be when each of these pieces is equal to zero. So 60 x squared is zero, x plus 2 is zero, and x minus 1 is zero. Let me scoot this down, get a little bit more room. Okay, so that's going to give us that x is zero, x is negative 2, and x is a positive 1. Okay, so these are our critical values. So now we've got to see what kind of extreme values are these. So are they minimums, are they maximums, or are they just kind of fake? Alright, so take a look at the second derivative since that's the test that we're going to use. And we take our second derivative. Let's see, that gives us from the original derivative over here, not the factored form because then we'd have to use the product rule and that gets too messy. So in here, let's see what would that be, 240 x to the third plus 180 x squared and then minus a 240 x. Okay, again, let's go ahead and set this function equal to zero. Whoops, nope, we don't need to do that, never mind, I lied. I forgot, we're not finding inflection points, we're just finding extreme values. Okay, so now what we need to do is we need to be able to use these points then to test whether or not the function is going to be concave up or concave down. And then that'll tell us whether or not their minimums are maximums. Okay, but we do need to look at the conditions here because it says f prime of p is zero and the second derivative at p is not zero. So hopefully you notice that if you plug zero into this function, you're not going to get anything. So zero must be one of those funny points where it's neither a minimum or a maximum and maybe the graph is just kind of like at a flat point there or something. But zero is not going to be a minimum or maximum. So this is going to be neither. And again, I know that because f double prime of zero is zero. So that means it's going to be an inflection point which doesn't tell us anything about whether it's a minimum or maximum. Okay, but I do want to go ahead and test negative two and one. Now you could plug them into this function how they are, but oh man, okay. Those are some big coefficients. So I think it might be easier to take and factor the second derivative. So I notice that it looks like they all have a 60x in them. Because then all we can do is just check our signs. So if we factor a 60x out of the first one, that leaves us with a 4x squared. And let's see, plus a 3x and then minus a 4. Okay, now I don't think this will factor anymore, but at least now we can kind of make these coefficients a little bit smaller. Okay, so let's check our signs. So if we look at the second derivative at negative 2. So that means I'm going to be doing 60x negative 2.  And remember, I don't care about the number here. I just care is this going to be a positive number or a negative number? Okay, so let me change colors real quick so you can see what I'm doing. All right, so here this is obviously a negative number. Okay, because 60 times negative 2 is negative 120. So now what's happening in these other set of parentheses? Well, let's see, this gives us, what is that, 16 plus a negative 6 and then minus a 4. So I believe that's going to give us a positive number. So now when you multiply a negative number and a positive number, that gives us something that is negative. Change my color back. So this is a negative number. So then that is less than 0. And because that's less than 0, that means we're going to have a relative max. Okay, so again, I'm not sure if doing this is easier than doing a number line. I'm kind of walking through it a little bit more slowly maybe than you would when you're actually going to do the problems. But in this case, I think the second derivative is fairly easy to do and it's fairly easy to check. Okay, so let's go ahead and do the first or the second derivative at 1 as well. And if you want to go ahead and pause the video and see if you can come up with the same answer that I do, I think that's a fantastic thing to try. So I'm plugging in a 1 everywhere I see an x. So again, let me go ahead and check my signs. So here 60 times 1 gives me a positive. And then let's see, this would be 4 plus 3 minus 4. That's going to give me another positive. Positive times positive gives me a positive. So this is a positive number. That's obviously greater than 0. So that's going to give me a relative min. Okay, practice this. Maybe try the first derivative test and try the second derivative test with the problem. See if you like it. I mean, some problems are going to be good for this. Other problems are not. But it's just kind of another good gut check that you can do. All right, thank you for watching.


Our organization, we normally use millions of dollars worth of grants every year and we're constantly doing more and more above and beyond, even in our mobile meals program for instance. The federal money we receive only covers about half of all the people that we serve. So if it wasn't for grants, we would not be able to serve in the way that we do. You know, probably 75% of our operation funds comes through grants. We are funded with a lot of grants. We always have a need for research depending on the nonprofit when we rely on grants and we also rely on resources and data to support the grants that we write. I'm the grant writer at Catholic Charities. So I use your research to up the credibility of my grant applications. I write a really good story. I can tell you everything about our clients and our programs. But without the research that backs our interventions, the application is really not credible until I add those references. From the front end, everything that we do is based on some sort of evidence as to why we are starting this process, whether it's a new initiative or a program that we would be looking to start or implement. We would use the data on the front end to say, how has this worked? What does the research say as to why we should even start this to begin with? To us, having open access to some of this information means the ability or inability to pass that information along to the people that come to us looking for guidance and be able to fulfill our mission. Typically everything that we've done has just been internet research. Well, we do have the TSC.gov, but that seems to be pretty simple. I haven't had issues with access. I am a recent graduate from an MPA program, and so far I still have access through that university. But I know that's not going to last. And when I lose it, we'll have two options. One is to pay for those articles, which is for a small, not-for-profit, cross prohibitive, or spend time at the UT library, which means time away from my office and away from clients. Every concern that we have is being studied and written about in academia. And I certainly see that the links aren't always there between the theory and the studies and the actual practice in the community. So anything that can be done to make that link happen, sharing that information is great service to the people outside of academia that want to see changes happen. So this is really important. Getting the resources and having references in my applications is important. But it's not the big picture. The big picture is not for profits. Large and small should be using your work, your research, to help make informed decisions about the policies they're going to advocate for, the strategies they're taking, programs they're developing, and the interventions they're using within those programs. Without access to research and those published articles, we can't possibly be doing our best work, and that impacts our clients. So it's super important that we have easy and free access to research and publications. And part of what we do is public awareness of the good work that's being done in a place like UT and other educational institutions. People don't realize that their tax money or their parents' tax money is going to fund this sort of information and this research and developing these great ideas and concepts and then they're locked away somewhere.


Good morning everybody, right out today. Canadian prairies of Saskatchewan here right now. I'm feeling excitement. On our way to Surrey, British Columbia, which is, in my mind, a suburb of Vancouver, British Columbia.  And instead of having it in wooden crates this time, they have it in steel crates. A lot faster to load it, but crates back, because I asked them, like, dude, do they have to like, send these crates back to you to reuse? I guess it would make sense, right? Don't waste as much wood, you can use steel crates and you can reuse them. But how do they get those crates back to them? All the way, it's a three-day drive. So you gotta pay for us to bring the load all the way three days across the continent. And then you gotta pay someone else to bring those crates all the way back three days. Seems kind of interesting. Yeah, you're saving trees, but you're also burning a lot of extra fuel. And fuel isn't renewable. Trees are slow, but they do grow. I don't know, what do I know? I just do what I'm told. Gives us work to do, I guess. Another trucker has a job to do bringing these crates back. I don't think I'm bringing them back. Actually, I know I'm not, because I have a lumber load waiting for me in Kamloops. No, no, no, okay, it was in Kelowna, first Columbia. And that's taking me back to Wisconsin next week. And I gotta tarp it too. Tarping lumber, it must be fancy lumber. That'll take me all the way back. Probably for another glass load. I gotta keep myself busy. I gotta keep running hard. We have a new roof to pay for. Getting an estimate on our roof or a quote for our roof next week. So we'll know what our target is very soon. Because it's not gonna be cheap. But you only gotta do it once. You redo your roof once with steel roofing, or metal roofing, and it's done for the rest of your life. You never have to replace that roof again. As long as it's done right, you're set. And no more ice damming. That's the problem we're dealing with right now is ice damming. Doesn't happen on steel roofs. Well, we're arriving in Moose Jaws, Saskatchewan. And I'm gonna swing into the gym here. There's a snap fitness where I can get my truck close to. Use the right lane to take the Saskatchewan 2 south ramp. Then we're going to Saskatchewan 2 south. We're not quite halfway through our day. That's a good time to pull in here and see what kind of gym facility they got here. Steinback has still had the nicest one so far. Edmonton was pretty nice too, Saskatchewan. But I find that the snap fitnesses in the US that I've visited so far are much smaller. And they don't have showers. Whereas the ones in Canada all have showers. So strange that they have a gym, but they don't have showers. I guess most of their members are local. So they just go home and shower at home. Makes sense. Up right to Highway 1 East. No, no, Mandy. No, no, Mandy, I'm listening to Google. In 600 meters, turn right at Diefen Baker Drive. They're at Diefen Baker Drive. So I've never stopped at this location. Not too sure what to expect. Up right to Highway 1 West. No, Mandy. Calm down. It's just up here. Oh wow, this is really small. But I can get my truck right in here. So that's good. I was planning on parking on the street, but they got lots of parking right in here. It's behind this bar here. I don't even know if this bar is still open or not. Looks like it's closed down. It's just off to our left. Wow, that is a small location. Look at that. Can you see it there? Maybe there's more of it behind everything. Oh, that is a really small location. Okay, that's okay. We'll work with it. It'll work. I haven't given you a look at my load yet, have I? All right, well, here you go, you lucky people. That's the load. There is glass under this in crates. Still crates. I don't know if I can, nope, tarps are pretty tight. As they should be. Yeah, I can't see them, but I'll have to show you once I deliver it. A lot of money's worth under there. Got my tarps at the back here. These tarps after return. I don't want to keep these because they're old and they're heavy. These are mine that have been assigned to me and they're nice and light and much easier to throw up on top of a load than these old things, especially this front one. Oh, this thing was like 150 pounds, but we got it done. So it was pretty nice in there and they did have showers in there. So so far, what I've found is that Snap Fitness, anyways, I don't know about all the other gyms, but Snap Fitness, all the Canadian locations so far have had showers. All of the American locations so far have not had showers. I don't know what that says about the hygiene habits of our friendly neighbors, but apparently in Canada, we like to have showers at the gym. Maybe in the States, they just like showering at home better. I prefer showering at home myself. I do not like using public showers, but I'm a truck driver, it's part of my life. It's like, got a shower. So I just did 30 minutes of cardio. Not too long, ended up being here for an hour. So I got to get going. I've got a load to deliver still, so unfortunately I can't stay any longer than that, but at least I got something in, right? All right, we have eight hours available to us to drive today yet and I want to go as far as I can. Like I said, Moostraw's not quite halfway. We'll be driving into the night a bit. Tomorrow will be a little bit more rushed because it's our last day. We have to deliver the following day. Don't talk over me, Mandy, that's rude. That was a yield sign, right?  Got a red light here anyway. Daylight savings time just happened the other day before filming this. So it feels like the days are longer now, but not only because the clocks changed, but also because the sun is finally actually in the sky longer. This is my favorite time of year because every day just gets better. Every day keeps getting longer and longer until we hit the heat of summer and then you get to enjoy all of summer and fall and then it's the worst time of the year where you start realizing every day the days start getting shorter and shorter and shorter. And I'm talking about daylight hours. If I don't clarify that, someone's gonna be like, it's not really getting shorter, trucker Josh. Do you know what I mean? You know what I mean? The comments are gonna be there anyways, but the majority, you know what I mean. It's so nice to be able to drive in the sunlight. It's the worst part of winter is the darkness. I think, well, and the cold.  And this time of year is just, oh, so excited. So excited. That's a Swift-Curtz Saskatchewan. Beautiful country out here, Montana, USA. One of my favorite states. The petition a while ago for Montana to join Canada. I don't think they would like that very much. Not that Canada's not a great country. I'm just saying that Montana is one of those low tax states, right? Very, no sales tax, very low tax.  They won't know what hit them. I don't think they quite understand how many taxes we pay for all the free stuff we get. Continue 550 meters. That turn left on North Service Road West. That's the problem though, right? It's not free stuff. But hey, you have universal healthcare. And I'm okay with that. I'm okay with our healthcare. I like it. I think that every person should have access to healthcare. And I don't mind chipping in a little bit so that everybody can get the care they need when they're in trouble. I just have a problem because it gets abused. But you have to decide then. What do you want more? Do you want everyone to have access to healthcare? Or do you want to deny people care because some might abuse it? It's a tough choice to make, right? I can't make that choice. Other people made that choice for me and it is what it is now, you know? But yeah, there was a petition not too long ago for Montana to join Canada. And I love Montana. I love their low tax lifestyle. They wouldn't like the taxes we pay. I can tell you that much. They have no idea. See if I can get around here. Nice. Can I make it? It's pretty close. Jackknife it around here. Wunderbar! Just stopping at Tim Hortons here for a coffee. Oh no, this guy's gonna want to turn around too. No room, buddy. Bassano, Alberta. I think that's how you say it. Bassano. I haven't stayed at this SO overnight in years. Usually because I go to Strathmore or the other side of Calgary. But I just don't think I'll have the hours to make it that far today. So we're stopping here instead. We'll find a parking spot for us. Turn right on 11th Street. No, Mandy. No, we gotta go to bed. Yeah. Dad, have you seen mom? Where's mom? She out there. Do you miss mom, Chevy? You miss her? She's at home. She's at home? Yeah, we're gonna go back home later. First we gotta go through the mountains and all the way back. All the way back too. So a few days yet, buddy. A few days. You know what we're gonna do? You know what we're gonna do? What are we gonna do? Once we get to the other side of the mountains, we're gonna go for a walk. It's gonna be nice and warm on that side of the mountains. Maybe we could even go for a bit of a run. Maybe come back to the truck and get a treat. Really? Really? After all this, I'm gonna have to give you a treat right now. Are you a good boy? Because only good boys get treats. Are you a good boy? Chevy. Chevy. Chevy. I love having Chevy along. It's so different than having diesel along. They're both unique in their own ways. He's such a good boy. All he wants to do is love you. That's his only mission in life. Just to love everyone. Such a big guy. So we made it to this Estle. Like I was telling you here in Bassano, Alberta. We'll do the rest tomorrow. We have 1097 kilometers to go. 13 hours to do it. And so I hope you tune in and keep me company because you're gonna be a long drive. All right Chevy, you ready to see the mountains tomorrow? Are you ready? Are you gonna take some pictures? Are you gonna take some pictures?  Yeah?   You can, okay, that's kind of weird.  Is that what you're doing? I blew in your ear. Chevy, you ready for bed? I'm ready for bed. I'll see you guys tomorrow. Ah! Hey, none of that. None of that. Hey! It's okay, Chevy.   Good boy. Just don't lick on the lips. That's gross, all right? All right, we're bros, but we're not that kind of bros. All right?


If there is not any other question about this talk, I think we can move to discussion. So I think we can spend the next few minutes sort of having a broad discussion about both of the talks or also the talks of yesterday. There is an interest in that. So if anyone wants to comment, I think I've said it. Yes, as people think about comments, I like to relate the two talks today in some broad speculation, a little bit following yesterday we had some speculation so why not today. We saw two systems in which the dissimilarity has to be related at some scales to some form of negative frequency dependence that forms niches. That is where we get what what Daniel called over dispersion and ultimately and we also saw yesterday this very interesting remark that the strain variation was very important to the interactions that had to do with coexistence in the picture communities. So of course today we, the talks were at different scales of organization, competition of strains within species and, and essentially interactions between species in a forest. Whether we want to make the distinctions or not what we have is the systems in which ecology and evolution has to set some form of balancing selection through ecological interactions to allow very high diversity there is no other mechanism, and I don't mean specific mechanisms whatever they are they don't need to be just competition. They have to set up some form of advantage of the rare disadvantage of the common. And this brings us I guess to the analogy between the talks which would be like what sets, what sets the diversity of the pool, whether it's the local pool, or the regional pool I think the two are very connected in a community or metapopulation concept. So, I guess what the second talk was saying is that any mechanism that relies on this negative frequency dependent selection over long evolutionary time should just should have this threshold I mean that if we go from this very particular case of the var genes to, to the genes that encode traits, the traits that underlie the, what you call over dispersion. No, yes, over this where I get confused between over and under dispersion but I guess, if we think of those traits, right, and the size, if we want to build a very diverse system, we will need a very diverse pool. In the, in the variation of the traits, not just the number of traits, but the variation the genetic and phenotypic variation of the traits, and we are saying that the intensity of interactions which is the intensity of transmission in our system. This basically influences crossing a threshold below which you can no longer build essentially the pieces the essential pieces to build the phenotypes, with which we interact. So, you wouldn't know because the demographic threshold is much farther. This is not a demographic problem with extinction. This is a problem in building and assembling high diversity. And I would love to think about whether, for example, in a forest system, the frequency dependent that is Johnson Connell type with natural enemies such as insects may live in a very high space of variation and if we push the system to interact too little. So if we reduce biomass or we reduce area, we reduce species, we are not just losing species we are losing the pieces, the genetic variation that allows us to build a hyper diverse system. That's the analogy. Maybe, maybe it doesn't work. But, but I actually think it should. And that's the, that's the connection there. So many questions about how you connect the within species variation to the between and the role of those levels of diversity. Yeah, then wants to comment. Yeah, sure. I mean, I think Mercedes that's that's a great point and I think leads back to one of the other questions about the role of phylogeny because I think. The systems that have very little intraspecific variation, then presumably they're going to be more prone toward to species level sort of pruning of these species in these systems. And it's a bit of a challenge where we impute traits like I did because we don't actually know what the true underlying intraspecific variation is in these systems. But presumably that that must be a huge part of what links trait diversity to species diversity. So in these systems if you imagine you have a range of phenotypes of different traits, and they have to have some minimum separation in trait space to survive you know there's there's some mechanism pushing them far apart. Then you can presumably pack in way more species in these systems, and still be able to satisfy this minimum criteria of, you know, minimal species similarity. You have really high intraspecific variation. And presumably that is to some extent what's happening in the tropics or something like that we're in these systems you know you see three or four or 500 different species in the same region compared to six or seven in the for real for us. But I also wonder if there's some. I don't really know the theory behind this but maybe someone else who does but I would imagine in more optimal conditions there's more options for for phenotypic variation than your otherwise might have and really stressful conditions. You know if you think of like cacti or something in deserts they have to have really really strong clear set of traits. And I wonder if the neutrality in some systems allows phenotypes to sort of fluctuate more randomly which then makes them able to survive a little bit in these systems. But it's a really cool thing and I think as anyone who studies intraspecific variation it's really hard to link that also to intraspecific variation, unless you're really going to want to measure all these things individually. Anyone else want to comment or to add something. So, well I think also in the interest of time we can move on. So, thank you for the talks. So what we're going to do now is that we're going to take a break of 10 minutes.


If your spouse won't talk to you when they're giving you the silent treatment, it's pretty uncomfortable. Probably wondering what you should even do in that situation.  Do you try to get them to talk, to engage with you? Sometimes you do that and it actually doesn't help. It just continues the silence. It just becomes very, very frustrating. So it's important to kind of understand what's going on. Why is your spouse giving you the silent treatment? Is there being mean or is there something else going on? Obviously they're upset about something that occurred in their relationship, but this is their way of dealing with it, way of coping because they don't feel like they're able to really open it up and share what they're feeling.  So the good news is that if you can work on being a safer partner, meaning eliminating blame and shame and criticism in your relationship and changing the way you behave in your relationship, then your spouse is more likely to be able to react differently. As well as if you give your spouse the opportunity to be able to share with you and to open up and you don't react, you really let them feel heard, they're much more likely to open up and share about the difficult challenges. The truth is that it's pretty difficult to eliminate conflict altogether in a relationship. It could be a long-term goal, but in the short term, you know, it's a little bit unattainable, but what we experience with couples is that they tell us that even though they do occasionally have conflict, they have some, you know, they have many less bad days, meaning many more good days than they had before. And when they do have a conflict, they're able to recover from it much quicker. So that's silent treatment that could last a week. Now it's only lasting a day or even an hour because they have the tools to be able to reconnect and to work through it together. And that's something that is, you know, refreshing for you to hear that even if you're dealing with the silent treatment, even if your spouse won't talk, there is something that can be done about it. If you can work on your relationship, you can change this dynamic. So please be in touch with us to share your particular story, your situation, and we'd be happy to help you.