In this video, we are going to look at the different ways of notating scalar and vector quantities. There are a variety of ways of reading and writing vectors and scalars. Some textbooks, teachers and YouTube videos use different notations, so best to be okay with them all so that they don't trip you up. We can symbolize scalar quantities using capitalized letters or with an absolute value sign around it. For example, the symbol V for the scalar quantity of volume can be expressed as seen. Vector quantities, however, have lots of different ways of being written and in nearly all cases use lowercase letters. Let's look at the symbols for velocity. You might see it in digital notation that vector quantities can be represented with a bold lowercase letter or an italicized lower or uppercase letter. This notation is also used by Richard Feynman. We can also symbolize vector quantities using a lowercase letter with a line below it or an arrow on top of it, which can also be written within an absolute value sign. Note that the relative magnitude can be determined by the length of the arrow, and this is not to scale, just comparative to other vectors. So if one has a longer arrow than another, it is relatively bigger. You can also determine the direction of the vector from the way in which the arrow head points. For example, if it points to the right, the direction is to the right. You may also see a vector written as a lowercase letter with a super or subscript of x. There are also a few short hand ways that we can notate vector quantities. This is known as stenography, and we use it all the time to quickly refer to things. Think of how you might write eg rather than for example. Short hand notation is also used when writing as it is hard to do bold or italics. These include putting a dash on top of the letter or a tilde sign above the letter, which can also be put below the letter. The tilde below the lowercase letter is used by both Dr. Stephen Barry from UNSW and Dr. Stephen Davis from CSIRO. We can then look at some common examples of scalar and vector quantities and their common symbols using our understanding of scalar and vector notation. Firstly, looking at scalar quantities, time can be represented with a lower or uppercase t, distance with an uppercase d or lowercase h or l, mass with an uppercase m, speed with an uppercase u, temperature with an uppercase t, volume with an uppercase v, and density with an uppercase d or the row symbol which looks like a lowercase p. Conversely, if we use the arrow notation for our vectors in this example, velocity can be represented as a lowercase u or v, acceleration as a lowercase a, force as a capital F, momentum as a lowercase p or capital G, displacement as a lowercase s or x or using the delta symbol. For this example we will use the arrow above the letters and we can keep this consistent across all of the examples. However, you could also use a different notation such as the tilde below the lesser. Whatever notation you choose, you must keep it consistent across all the different symbols you use. So that is how we note a vector and scalar quantities, and make sure that you are familiar with a range of different ways that vector quantities in particular can be written so that you recognize them in textbooks and videos.


It is September 28th of 2023 and I'm here to clear up some confusion around what is and what is not vulnerable to the WebP flaw tracked as CVE 2023 4863. While most popular web browsers such as Chrome and Firefox have been updated, as have many popular messaging apps, for example Signal Messenger, it is less clear for other apps that you may be running on your phone or your computer. To determine if an application is potentially vulnerable to the recent flaw in WebP, there is a simple question you can ask. Does this application process, display, or interact with WebP files in any way? If yes, has the application been updated within the last few weeks to address this particular vulnerability CVE 2023 4863? If the app has not been updated, it is likely vulnerable. Hope this clears things up. In the description down below, you'll find a link to our other video where we dive more in depth and have a forum post on this topic. Thanks!


Letitia says, I love this, you are so right. Why are guys afraid of commitment? Women are afraid of commitment too. Lots of people are afraid of commitment. It's actually one of the big complaints that a lot of guys have in the men's dating industry as well is they, a lot of guys are like, why do women just wanna go and hook up with lots of guys and sleep around and not be with one guy? And I want a really awesome, amazing special woman and I can't see it. There's a lot of stuff on both sides, right? And guys aren't necessarily afraid of commitment. It's just that they take commitment really seriously. And so most guys, they don't want to commit to somebody unless they are really serious about it. One thing, kind of one of the difference between a lot of women and men is that a lot of women tend to speak their truth from their feelings and their experience in the moment, right? And a lot of men, their word is their bond. And so if they say something and it gets mixed up, then it's like all of a sudden as a human being they value themselves less. And so it's important for a lot of men that if they commit to a relationship that they're honest and true to it because if they don't, it's like everybody looks at them as a horrible person.  They end up going to their friends and their friends are like, yeah, you're kind of a horrible person, right? And so it's important for a lot of guys that if they get into a situation that it's a good situation for them and that they want to be in the right situation. And so it's a big deal really, right? Like think about the idea of like marriage commitment.  There's these women that I've talked to in our community that are like, why are men so afraid of marriage? And it's like, he's committing himself to somebody for life, like that's a big deal, right? So you gotta remember, it tends to be a bigger deal for men. Men look at it as a bigger deal. Lovely Leo lady says, always great, really like each other. And then went cold says he wants to talk but never has time, a lot of intense family stuff. Is it possible he doesn't, he really doesn't have time or is just not that into it? It could be either one, right? And so what you need to do is the things that we talked about in this video where you're putting yourself into a position of power because the more power you have in your relationship, the easier it is to figure out what's going on and to say, hey, you know, this doesn't work for me. And I want a relationship where we have open communication. You know, we're talking about things. We're honest about things, you know, and the more power you have for yourself and the more you have an ability to walk away if it's a bad situation, the more likely he is to like step up and start figuring things out and start, you know, being, it actually makes him more attracted to you. And so, I mean, watch what it is that he does. And yeah, I mean, he might have a lot of family stuff and you need to figure out whether that works for you or not, right?  Wow, there's a lot of. Metmonk says, could be your mom. I don't know, you're my little sister, Metmonk.  So what else do we have here? Hippychicks says, hi, Matt. The video got cut off last time. Enjoying listening, thank you. Yeah, we had some technical difficulties. The stream ended up getting cut off completely. It sucks, but, you know, what are you gonna do? Bee says, he initially told me he was looking for a wife. Later it changed. Now I have a title of his fair lady after eight months. The good thing, I've not agreed to sex even though he's begged for it. Okay, Mrs. Fry says, hi from Washington State, hello. Bee says, he now says he doesn't want marriage. My desire is marriage. Well, sounds like he's not the right guy. And this is why you need abundance. This is why you need abundance. What about if a guy says I love you from the first date? And he already proposed to me after a few dates. So there's one thing that you need to realize about guys. For women, there's kind of this emotional thing. They say that men fall in love with their eyes and women fall in love with their ears, right? So for a lot of women, it takes time to kind of build up this emotional thing. For guys, a guy looks at a girl and I've seen this with so many guys. It's happened to me. It's happened to every guy I've ever met, right? Where they look at a girl and they go, oh my God, she's so hot and so amazing.  They like get her number. Sometimes they'll just go and approach her and talk to her and get her number. And then he goes home and I've seen so many guys do this. He goes home and then he's like in his mind, he's like thinking about marriage and what your babies are gonna look like and like all these things, right? And he's like visualizing your life together and like these romantic dates that he's gonna take you on. He's gonna take you around the world together and all these things, right? And he's doing this based on this, this imagination that he has, this idealization of who you are. So he's not doing this based on you. He's doing this based on his image of you, which is different than who you are. And so what needs to happen is you need to slow him down and start connecting with him in a real way because emotional connections grow over time, right? This is like some kind of biological connection where he sees you and he's immediately like, oh my God, she's amazing, right? And so you need to slow him down and connect with him emotionally because that and start revealing things about yourself because he's gonna start seeing these things about yourself and he's gonna be like, oh, I didn't think she was like, I didn't realize she shows up 15 to 20 minutes late every single time, everywhere she goes, right?  I didn't realize that she like picks her nose when she thinks nobody's looking, but everybody's seeing, you know, like he's gonna start seeing all these things about you, right? And so what you need to do, and if he starts seeing those things and the idealization drops, what's gonna happen is he's gonna disappear. And so what you need to do if you really like this guy and you're like, okay, I like him, but he's kind of coming on a little bit strong is you need to slow him down and start connecting with him in a real emotional way. And we talk a lot about this in different things. And if you want like a full kind of system on how to do that, go check out, go join our community over at thegoddaskommunity.com.


Jerry of the circus see what one little word will do Carmen I guess that's the first thing I should have learned to say in Spanish it would have saved me an awful rough ride I'll say I was it's harder to stay up on an elephant said when he's running than it is to ride a bucking bronco he's all right it's all your fault yes it is what do you mean Jerry did not make a lmundo it's like this carmen Jerry wanted rags to quit chasing after El Mundo and he yells vamos to him yeah no mundo thought I meant it for him that is too bad never say vamos that means how you say beat it run fast yeah I found that out well come on let's get this fella back where he belongs in the menagerie I will go along with you yes come on I well my first elephant ride was sure a fast one but you will never be afraid now that was good it happened so no mundo didn't seem afraid all the people shouting at him and all the excitement and all he kept right on going around and around the backyard I bet he liked it I mean all that commotion sure he liked to be the whole show he's smart El Mundo and he is not afraid of anything well here we are in here El Mundo now quit talking back to him all right see I got a right smart story about an elephant I think it's the smartest elephant I've ever heard tell us about it sure well this elephant really figured something out all by himself oh here wait like that in El Mundo now he's getting a welcome from the rest of the herds he get along with the rest fine they all like you're gonna tell us a story now or sure you got time Carmen oh I have always got time to eat a good elephant story I love to eat about them good and sit down here on this baila hey sit here Carmen okay Jerry there we are well now this is a true story and it happened many years ago when I was just a young fella in a circus yep first outfit I ever joined up with I got me a job as an elephant guard right off and you did not know anything about them no but I sort of took to him the kid always had a hanger to be around the big critters and as I took to him why so they took to me I never had to run in with a bull yet oh go ahead with the story okay well start with the elephant's name was Hilda and is pretty a cow elephant as you've ever seen nice and gentle to never had to run in with nobody the fella that had charger was a lad named shorty I forget his last name and he and Hilda was just regular path like you and gritty huh yeah and one time we we took on a new man one of those nitwits that gets a kick out of teasing animals and he teased I get teased her is right he made poor Hilda's life miserable for no reason at all oh what did he do well one thing is get her goat he'd put her feed down in front of her just out of her reach she'd tug at her chains and reach out her trunk but she couldn't get at all that is mean three mean is right all the other elephants in the line eating away in poor Hilda trying her best to get her food did she get even with them come to that Jerry there's more to the story shorty shorty he was awful ticklish a man ticklish yeah just well I've ever seen why if you just point a finger at him and walk towards him he'd squirm around some players that must have been funny well you know all the fellas got a kick out of that they used to have fun with shorty by sneaking up behind him and then grabbing him and then tickling him good they always had to be careful to stay in back of him why well because when shorty get tickled he'd he'd strike out and hit anything in front of him he couldn't help it why if he had a sledgehammer in his hands and somebody tickled him he'd hit whatever was in front of him with that hammer man woman or child but what about the elephant Hilda well that's all part of the story Carmen is he Hilda Hilda knew shorty was ticklish she'd watch some of the fellas having fun with it well this whole story is just to show you how smart an animal can be how they can you know figure things out for themselves boy I'll say they're smart you just listen to this year well one day when this guard that was teasing Hilda coming to the menagerie and walked over to the elephant line shorty was right on the spot and he had a big stake in his hand you know a big club well sir Hilda kept her eyes on both shorty and this fella she had it in form and when her enemy got right in front of shorty she put out a trunk that's quick as a flash and tickled shorty right under the arm and shorty he hit the fella with the exactly he hit out at that guy and beat him something off well what about that yeah I'll just bet Hilda waited for that chance a long long time he knew shorty would hit that fella she didn't like oh yes but she knew she figured it out all by herself they are very smart I should say smart as a whip well what happened to shorty did he get in trouble for beating that fella oh no no Jerry everybody wasn't his fault he didn't mean to hit out that way he just couldn't help it when he got tickled and besides that fellow he had it coming it was good for him yes sir Carmen you bet it was and he behaved himself and then on to why do you know he made up with Hilda and after that they become good friends she got even and that's all she wanted and tried say while I think of it I once heard that elephants like to eat coal is that true awesome oh sure it is Jerry they just love to crunch on a piece of coal and why not we like to chew on a piece of hard candy now and then but coal isn't candy might be to an elephant they seem to like the taste of it that was a good story about Hilda have you got one more good story to tell us no well now let's see Carmen I don't seem to have one for you this one is about a baby elephant good go ahead and tell this happened in Europe when I was little girl one time it was raining very much and we have to put boards across a little how you say it a little straightest green yeah and it was like a little bridge they make so we can cross over was it deep oh no not so deep but about ten feet to the bottom or maybe see or what happened well we were going across first a few horses and then the guard with the baby elephant but just before the baby get to the other side the board break and the baby elephant fall down through the broken boards into the stream with stones and everything that's a that's a bad fall for a baby bull was he hurt Carmen yes Jerry he was hurt pretty bad he get the blues and the broken boards they hurt him too I imagine they would well how'd they get him out of the stream and back up on the road again oh they have to get other elephants and horses and a lot of men and then they have to pull him up that must have been real exciting all right he was a sick baby elephant for a long time they put lots of liniment on him but he did not get well he would only lay down and not stand up at all well he must have been hurt worse than they thought no you know what it was why all the time the trainers are making his legs well but they do not understand what is wrong well yeah but what was he keep putting his trunk up to his eye but nobody look there and as I was sore huh a piece of broken board was in his eye and that's what was the trouble all the time and then when they fix that he make a loud cry and he was happy oh you just got to love money here's so many things about how clever they are and they'll moan though is more clever than all of them you will see also and you will be glad he joined up with you you think we'll be able to work together all right Carmen oh sure Jerry you will make a big hit when you are working with El Mundo of course you must give him the right command and Jerry found that out I'll say I did yeah you got to learn elephant lingo in Spanish hey look at here comes Carlos Carlos Carlos Carlos oh hey see you're right come here kind of glad to see your friend Carlos Carlos you should have been here what a time we have had with these old friend of ours who what you mean El Mundo he run away with Jerry here yes I bet are you not full Carlos El Mundo is best elephant in the world I just see him run off with Jerry no honest Carlos we gave him the wrong command and we tried to get him to stop but none of us could think of the word in Spanish no really you're not full Carlos if I had not been around here perhaps they'd be 50 miles away by now so for one Jerry not know what to say I knew what to say all right but a lot of good it does when you have foreigners around for an elephant I guess perhaps we better keep quiet Carlos I keep quiet no Garmin I have too much to say you know give me chance but I've been new yeah I have just received telegram that is very important what is Carlos do not keep the news to yourself what is the telegram this may be the turning point in our lives but quick now there is no time to lose we must get Alfredo and go quick to Mr. Randall what's Mr. Randall got to do with it I will tell you all about it later Jerry as soon as we know for sure we shall get out what you're trying to say Carlos I can't figure it out Carlos you tell us now yes please Carmen you come with me now we find Alfredo and see Mr. Randall everything depends on him boy at Carmen and find out what this is all about you will see it is the most important thing that has ever happened to bandinis hurry hurry come


Welcome to the Anxious Morning. Every weekday morning, we'll take a few minutes to go over some important lessons that you can use in your anxiety recovery journey. Away from the endless noisy scroll of social media, the Anxious Morning brings you support, education, inspiration, encouragement, and empowerment. For more, visit us at theanxiousmorning.com We've been looking at the concept of observing the process of anxiety and fear rather than evaluating it. This is a great way to put some distance between you and the fear spiral that may drag you in when things get rough. Yesterday, we started our practice of observing anxiety with the simple statement, I am thinking. Today, we will look at a second simple statement that holds just as much power in this process. This statement is designed to acknowledge all the uncomfortable, scary, and disturbing sensations and symptoms that anxiety and fear will throw at you. You know them. I don't have to list them for you. Next time you find yourself experiencing a flash of fear based on an anxious sensation in your body, insert a short pause, then try this statement. I am feeling. Why am I feeling? Because fear creates sensations like this in human bodies. In the same way that we can resist the urge to interact directly with specific anxious thoughts, we can also use I am feeling as a way to back away from interaction with specific symptoms and sensations. A sudden sense of being off balance does not have to be evaluated based on how it feels because it is just a feeling. It is a normal, expected, predictable sensory experience that occurs repeatedly in very large numbers of healthy, safe, but afraid human beings across the world. In this light, and given that you've likely experienced this sensation many times without serious consequence, you could take a short step back and declare simply, I am feeling. This statement does not concern itself with how fast your heart is being, how nauseous you are, if you will vomit, if you will pass out, or if you will fall down. It only accurately and dryly acknowledges the process of anxiety and fear in your body. Anxiety recovery is all about learning to recognize less productive reaction habits and replace them with more productive and recovery focused reaction habits. When we recover, we learn to react to and interact with anxiety and fear in a new way. Steering clear of the usual fear spiral by acknowledging and observing rather than evaluating predicting is a really good first step to take on this journey. Using the I am feeling statement can give you that little extra space that you need to make a new and different choice about how to respond to your anxiety and fear. It can keep you out of the fear spiral and in a position of influence as you move through your anxious moments with a purpose rather than being dragged around against your will. When we pair it with I am thinking, I am feeling can become a solid stepping off point for your new recovery direction. Give them a try. They won't be automatically easy to use, so be nice to yourself while you learn to use them. But when you get a grip on why these observational statements matter and how to use them, things can start to move in the direction you are hoping to move in. Tomorrow, we're going to look at why recovery has nothing to do with seeking positivity or good vibes. Hey, if you're enjoying the podcast and you'd like to get a copy of it delivered every morning into your email inbox, including a full text transcription, head on over to the anxious morning dot email and sign up for the newsletter. And if you're listening on iTunes or Spotify or someplace where you can leave us a rating or review, take a moment and rate the podcast and maybe write a small review. It really helps us out or just tell a friend about us. Thanks a lot.


I need that seat, buddy. It takes so long for that multistream to like. Alright, I need some cups.  Which do you want? I need four ounces or six. Four ounces should be good. Alright, what's up, y'all? Let's get this party started. I'm on. William Yammer? I'm on. For B, now I got a for A. What's up, y'all? You did hear gold, but I don't think we're going to use it. Well, I didn't know if you wanted to do a mixed in gold or a floating gold. Do we have one of our new stairs? Nope. We don't even have a regular stair stand. Hold on. Really? Don't you jump? Could use all of these ones. That is way too massive to put in there. That's what she said. Hmm. This one? What's happening, y'all? What's happening? Nothing forming feet. Nothing forming feet. Can I do all of these? Can I hear a couple of haste? See, ideally in my head this can be very, like, cherry, red. You know when we do closers with leftovers, and we always do one that's like all white with just a little bit of the color? Yeah. And it always ends up being the most amazing thing. That's my vision for this. Okay, hi. Hello. Hi, Carrie. Swamper is watching over the Twitch. Carrie's watching over Facebook. You got Shane watching over the YouTube. How are you guys today? Was it amazing? I don't know how that changes. Yeah. Shouldn't that change? It should let us know right when we're doing it. You see those little bubbles that are going up right here? I added just a couple of fire and ice glitters. An accidental rainbow right there. Parcel. Got your parcel. I'm so glad. Thank you for letting me know. What is that? Tea? How are you doing? I'm still waiting on your Africa. It should be in tomorrow. I wish I could see the sparkle that's in those. But something that's a really interesting thing is that usually the little shiny parts of a bubble are like shiny and the rest of it isn't doing anything. Mine's like in reverse because my bubbles are iridescent. And my shinies are flat. And these, they're out of the splash zone. Thank you guys. Thank you. Thank you. All right. Here are our friends from there. So, shall we do... I'm glad you're getting time to relax. Tea? Please. They're stuck together. Thank you guys. You can alternate your space. But if you have a different space... Tim said I just placed another order. Thank you, Tim. I really appreciate y'all. We need all the order we can get. All right. Tutor's in the office today. You too. You're going out the toots. Oh, willy-nilly. We're going to do a little bit of clear back in the olden days. Grace the pan. What did you guys do today? It's Wednesday. Everyone says hi, tutor. What? Everyone's saying hi, tutor. Tutor. I have to imagine everyone says it like tutor and not just like tutor. But no one's proper about it. They're like tutor. I was like tutor. That's probably the same way it just sounds like. Tell people hi. What's up, ATD fan? Tutor's in the house. Tutor's in the house. Tutor. Little Erica Jeff in toot. Okay. Sorry. Sorry. Apologies. Sorry. I'm going to show you the bonus. Take it back to the old school. We're going to take it back to when we first started doing this. Where we look like we might know what we're doing, but ended up arguing, cutting the live, and then going and having some fireball. All the green, green gas there. So I'm not going to mix this all together. I'm just going to kind of mix it where it's at. Because I wanted to like give it a different transition from two different whites because the background is white. You were doing marble. I guess you could say kind of a marble. I wanted to stay. It's so much white. It's like... Well, well, well. Numbers are no fun. Susan, I'm probably going to reach out to you first. I'm going to quick books help if you've got time. I hope you feel better, Denise. Why don't we turn that down? Turn this. Turn that down, baby. This looks like two different. This looks fun. Clara, Tudor is in Henry. Tudor is in Chris. Henry. Shane says, fireball, I want some. You did some wine butlers. How'd they turn it off? Hello, Sue. All right. Now we're going to use... What did we use? Passion base cell white. My color passion. And now we're going to use some purple haze. Purple haze. It's crazy because this looks red, but I don't think it's red. See that? How crazy is that? Just separate it a little bit. What did you use for the fish the other day? I used a few different chameleon flakes by color obsession. A little bogey thing. You cannot get on that table right now. Bo-bo-bo. Bo-bo. It's like, what's the word? Hello, Arlene. Look at that purple haze, y'all. Do we have this in stock? We do have a few in stock, still. Those new colors we just brought in, like so many of them are already sold out. But you guys on the channel got first dibs. You guys knew about them before anyone else. Just out of curiosity, what is with the words on the screen? So if you look under this right here, that is the most recent subscriber to the channel. So the next person that subscribes is going to update right here. Not really, because that was 21 hours ago. I don't know how to update that. It does it on its own. And I don't know how to change it. Because there's like, oh, I just did it. Yeah. Now, this person. Well, yeah, but that's Facebook. I don't know if the follow and the subscribers are the same. Anyways. New to your channel, YouTube seems cool. Thank you, Sarah. We try to be cool. We're just two artists. Oh, a couple of times. See, it did change with that one. It sure did change with that one. It means we leave it alone. All right, look at this purple, y'all. That is a nice purple. Marybeth, don't forget about vamp with a wrench just waiting to hit a troll in the face. All right. So we're going to do like the old school. Okay. I'm going to go over it. How should I do it? I want to swipe it this way. And then maybe just do one here. Swipe it this way. Maybe then just do it with a swipe. Let me use some sharpened papers. I don't want to do it with a swipe. Okay, well then just put it down wherever you want to. Erica's shimmer. It's an awesome color. I don't even think we've used it yet. Right, just on some coasters and we'll later with the new chameleon flakes. You're going to love them. Vant the troll slayer. Can that please be her new screen name? Yep, I'm sure Skull is getting delivered just then. Right, Shane? Can that fade though? Hi, Shawn. Yes, this is a cradle. We're so glad you're here, Sarah. Great cut, Mabee. Great cut. My face purple. I'm always curious about resin. If you have any questions, we're here to answer. We have some assistance. This looks like it's going to be one of those fish paintings where they're like yin-yang dancing. You know what I mean? I can't make it do.  Do you want the thing? Susan Campbell says, I'm spoiled with y'all's cradles. I just don't want to art on anything else. I'm the same way. Hey, Megan. Sheila says, smile. Thank you, Sheila. Hi, Kathy. She's got a button. Super tail. Bam, bam, bam, bam. She said, watch your cat, Jeff. Oh, I think when you're blowing it. I almost want to make that purple just a little bit deeper. Mabee. So it's hitting it with a little bit more heat to get it to tilt and move faster. Getting both. Sarah says, I noticed you guys aren't wearing any sort of ventilators. It's a stone coat. So this is stone coat art coat. We still recommend people pay attention to their own bodies and take all proper precautions. Better states than sorry. Wear all the PPE. We are in a very little ventilated space. It's a large space. And if I had a respirator on, you wouldn't really be able to hear what we have to say. But definitely pay attention to yourself if you have any kind of any reaction or just to be better safe than sorry. Wear PPE. Purple is my favorite color. Same. Stretched out painted cells. It's blue on my TV and purple on my phone. Um. Sounds like it needs to have a little correction. Hey. So what else do we have up here? This is boring. Okay, what do you... I don't know what you want. You want another color to add into your purple. You want to drop something in it to make it both darker? I'm going to put some gold on here. Something. Okay. You put turquoise seed in there that would make it not a cute color. I'm sorry. Dark turquoise. I think it would turn it into a fun color. Let's do that. So with all the products that we carry, you can mix them across all the brands. So right now, Jeff's about to mix some dark turquoise into this purple haze that he already has mixed up.  Congrats, Danny. Shoot me a text with your... a photo of what you... like the ticket that says what you want on it and your shipping address. Well, someone put my number up. It's not letting me type in. Look at that. This is that true... this is that teal that I love to make. Mm-hmm. It sounds like I ever bring back their base coats and miss those. No, Heidi, they're not. But these... they have... pastes from Color Passion are super, super similar. Orange and hot paint. Gold sounds good to Shane. Hey, Donald Parker. Yeah, I think he's also going to put some floating gold on there. I thought my voice... Give me a minute. Honestly, don't... Bowie, calm down, bud. I thought we were putting gold. The gold is in the title. Remember, I asked if you wanted floating gold or to mix a paste. Do you want any attachments? Do you want the floating gold? Sure. Yeah, this one doesn't blow a lot of air. Attach it to get too hot unless you want it... to move it away. I did this like this. Super-tilt. All the purple blows away. Saving out for Baker's Wreck Tracing covers any advice. Look at that face. People see a face. I do. Look at that profile. Amazon has pretty good prices. How fun is that? Hello, Sheila. Got enough detail. Hi, Brandon. Marcia, I haven't to be honest checked today. Still playing catch-up, but I'll be checking email tomorrow. It is fun. I don't want to mess up the face. It's fun. Floaty gold. A very big clip. Digging that color. Healing made. There's something in the resin nerves that I'm like, mind you. There is something right there. Michelle, I have them on order. They should be here any day. Thank you, Mary Beth. Always painting, Brandon. There's the trash still in the resin, Jeff. Yeah, there's a dot in there, but I've progressed a painter. How are you doing?  We see it too. The cells look great. Beautiful face with swirling hair. You know what we were doing. Sorry about that. That's super fun, y'all. Jeff, give her earrings with the gold. Hey, Sam. Loving this piece. Love it. Hello, Liz. That's the fun part of resin. I like it. I'm still confused about how you got an accidental face. I don't know. I think it was just tilted and then tilted back. I mean, I planned it that way. Totally on purpose. Totally made it do that. Right, Clara? We're pulling this, the profile. Nose. Just got a little bit of a pout right there. Dallas gal. Chin. Alright, guys. Now you need to take a walk to the DFC. DFC! Liz says, man, how do you accidentally get a profile? It happens. It's Jeff Fuffa. Melissa asks, what is floating gold? Floating gold is gold from Montana spray paint in a liquid form like it's in a can that you can paint from. You can see this gold right here. It's just floating on the surface. It's not mixing into the resin. Merchild, yes. Are you taking it? I think that's better than it is. Because I have no more or nothing. What do you think about the color? Got a little bit of white. Never fails. Every time I see Bowie in the toy box I'm like, what did you do? What did you get into? What did you get? Hello, Suri. Suri? It's the gold marron. It is not. It's from Montana and you can find it on our website as well if you want to try just like five or ten mils instead of buying a big bottle. But you can also get the big ones sometimes on Amazon and sometimes on Blick. I hope the vase doesn't move either. We'll see. It's time, Marcia. I'll check that email tomorrow. It's beautiful. Is it done? It could be a finish. That could be a finish. I don't know anything. Are we going around this soon? I wasn't sure if you wanted to go. It depends on how many days. I was down there for two days. Sorry Bowie. I misspelled that for you. I should come out. Patricia, I see you Bowie. Did anybody make any money off GameStop stock today? I was told to go live and just start painting rockets and hands and diamonds. Everything Elon Muskied? No, it's not Elon Musk. It's not him.  Elon was tweeting about it. That's why they wanted you to do SpaceX and rocket stuff. There was people that have their life and they just have the ticker on and they have 5,000 people just watching that. They were just talking about it. They weren't even doing anything. Hi Sam. Is Jeff doing a mini Dutch floor? Kind of. A mini reverse Dutch. Hello all 83 of you guys. If you could like the video and share it, that would be amazing. A lot. Just a minute. I hope you had an awesome day. Jeff and I put together a great mystery box. That would have been fun, but I don't think I put enough white. I think you put plenty of white in there. Get that up there. Well, that color was made and it looks blue on there. It's a true color. It's made with purple haze and dark turquoise. If you can put those two colors together it looks amazing. That was fast. Just a fun little quick thing. We'll see you Brandon. Thanks. I know it wasn't much, but what are you going to do? What should you do? We do a whole video one day on profile. Yeah. That was straight up accidental. I'm going to this card convention this weekend and I What? Why would you put that on the back of the chair? I didn't even know that was there. What kind of treasure? Sorry about that. I want to paint something. I guess it would be Pokémon stuff or whatever. I want to know a card show. Like collector cards. I want to paint something. No idea yet. Can you see on the water? This looks like a mystery. I'm going to have to think of something. All right. You guys have an awesome night. That was a fun little quick live. Show you what that purple looked like and what it looks like if you add a little dark turquoise. Dark turquoise makes everything look amazing. It's true. Right. You know, happy accident. Thanks you guys. Your grandkids love Pokémon. We're just going to be doing some pokey pieces coming up. Stay tuned. We will see. Maybe we could figure out how to do a pokey four.  I'll probably place an order tonight and maybe just throw therein to make it easy. Okay. Sounds good. Upcycle pokey cards. Does that mean paint on the Pokémon cards? Yeah. They say that people paint around the little images. Around the little guys, not over them. They just put them in a different setting.  If you're into Pokémon you'll know what that means. Rip and Ship?  Pack opening. You buy him and he opens them for you. Or he can send them to you. It's whatever you want. His name is Goodzilla. Goodzilla Gaming. He's got a Facebook and a TikTok and I believe a Twitch but I'm not for sure. But I get to go with them to this card thing this weekend and I want to take something I want to paint something and take it. See if I can sell it. See if I can get some work from it. See if I can get some new... I've already started a YouTube channel. It's called Thornton's Collectibles. You guys should go subscribe to it. And it's going to be just pretty much probably Austin and Stefano opening packs. Buying packs. Opening them on camera. On live or on they record each other. My brother makes these boxes these amazing boxes out of a laser that you can put apparently they're like D&D boxes. I'm sure Clara knows what those are. And then I'll be doing just artwork and stuff and probably opening packs with Austin or something. Yeah, well I'm going to do something. I'm going to... I kind of want to represent the type of cards called a Halo. It's got glitter and shiny and sparkly so I'm going to do something like that. Alright, I guess that's it. You guys have an awesome Wednesday night. You kind of want another. You never know what somebody's going through. And always, always remember we do the tests. It's just so much. I don't get it. Thank you, manual. I appreciate that, buddy. Thank you, thank you. Putting that wrench to use. I like it. I like it. Alright, you guys have an awesome, awesome night. Bye.


Appalachian Wireless now has new forward pay prices where you can pay up front and get the data and features you design. Five gigabytes of data, just $39.99. Unlimited, just $79.99. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. At the last Pike County Fiscal Court meeting, Alliance Coal, who operates a coal mine at Scott's Branch, asked the court for a local tax credit in the form of reducing the amount of occupational tax they have to pay. According to Deputy Pike County Judge Executive Herbie Deskins, in order for Alliance Coal to get a similar break from the state, the county has to do the same. The Kentucky Industrial Revitalization Act requires that if there is a county that has an occupational tax, they require that they participate along with the state in order to make them eligible for the funds from the state. Representatives from the coal company say the tax breaks will allow them to continue operating the Pike County mine for an additional 10 to 15 years and continue to employ around 200 miners. But the decision is one the Pike County Fiscal Court is not taking lightly. Well, they've got us between rock and hard place. You need the jobs and we need them desperately. So we'll just have to weigh what it is that they're offering against what is going to cost us and let the fiscal court decide. Alliance Coal hopes to expand their operation to mine new coal reserves in the Scott's Branch area. Deskins says even though the Kentucky Industrial Revitalization Act is currently forcing them to make a hard decision, the overall plan will help keep Pike Countyans employed. It's one step that Kentucky's taken to try to revitalize an existing coal business and keeping them where they are and not letting them move out. The Pike County Fiscal Court will discuss ideas with Alliance Coal at Tuesday's meeting and hopefully vote on how to proceed. In Pikeville, I'm Shannon Deskins, KB News.


Today we will have the second lecture of the series yesterday we had seen how analog systems play a role in the current day electronics in bringing about the required dynamic range and signal to noise ratio for the analog signal that is picked up by the sensors. And for preparing the signal required for getting converted to digital what are the basic requirements of analog these are indicated in terms of the popular products that are in both today in electronics and we will be selecting one such structure of a product namely we will be discussing about radio receivers which are primarily receivers which are used for entertainment purposes FM and AM receivers. So let us consider the structure of an electronic product it all starts with transducers as I have already indicated transducers convert here for example the audio to electrical signals one such transducer is the microphone pickup okay. So that is the first block that becomes necessary in most of the systems this transducer is connected to pre amplifier pre amplifier with filter okay to get rid of or improve the signal to noise ratio and amplify and then bring it to the dynamic range required for the A to D converter for further processing okay in terms of DSPs. So the current day baseband signal processing is mostly done in digital domain using DSPs it can it is also stored thereafter in memory the digital storage and thereafter when necessary for display or indication in the speaker okay outputting to the speaker is done after converting the digital to analog and applying it to the power amplifier required for driving the speaker actuator in this particular case can be a speaker. Now this is generally the structure of an electronic product okay in the case of video the transducer is the camera and the actuator may be the screen okay but rest of the things remain the same in terms of analog components as well as digital components. So electronic products process analog signals most of the transducers available today convert the non electrical signal to electrical signal okay and then this analog signal as to be processed for preparation to the digital domain and then becomes available as a digital data. Now in some cases it may involve transmission of this information baseband information okay and reception after the after a certain coverage is done of transmission in a channel. So the reception of the signal okay is going to require certain basic blocks and it is generally necessary to code the signal for example before it is transmitted in the form convenient for transmission for large distances. So that is normally done at very high frequencies okay and the this kind of coding can be called as modulation at the receiving end this is received okay and then converted back to the baseband and displayed. Transmission can be over wires or it can be wireless processing and storage are efficient normally in current day electronics in digital form. Several human interface technologies are available now we are going to consider for typical products and investigate what is the role of analog signal processing today in these 4 popular products radio receiver and modem these are the 2 topics we will be covering in the today's lecture and thereafter we will be covering cell phone which is the most popular product today and ECG recorder radio receiver let us consider you are familiar with most of you are familiar with 2 types of receivers that are in mode today AM receiver and FM receiver let us consider these radio waves these are classified as low frequency 30 kilohertz to 300 kilohertz medium frequency which is 300 kilohertz to 3 megahertz high frequency 3 megahertz to 30 megahertz very high frequency VHF 30 megahertz to 300 megahertz ultra high frequency UHF 300 to 300 megahertz to 3 gigahertz so super high frequency 3 gigahertz to 30 gigahertz extremely high frequency 30 gigahertz to 300 gigahertz so most of the commercial radio transmission occurs in these 2 frequency ranges this and medium frequency and high frequency range covers the FM AM medium wave short wave bands next the radio broadcasting is spread all over the radio band medium frequency high frequency and VHF VHF these are the regions where the television transmission occurs okay and it is in the gigahertz range that the cell phone transmissions keep occurring now let us consider the major modes of radio broadcasting radio broadcasting as you can see can be done by coding in this form if you consider a single tone or single frequency sine wave VP sine omega t plus phi as indicated that phi is the phase in radiance one can actually code the information the base band information whether it is audio video or biomedical signal in the form of phase variation directly of this frequency then it is called phase modulation it is then analog modulation right phase shift keying you can actually have binary phase shift keying technique so that it is a digital transmission 1 and 0 1 is 1 phase and 0 corresponds to another phase QPSK quadrature phase shift keying okay these are all digital modulation techniques right if you change the frequency on the other hand frequency in terms of radiance per second omega then FM is analog frequency modulation most of the city stations available today are in FM FSK means frequency shift keying again binary 1 and 0 1 corresponds to 1 frequency 0 corresponds to another frequency that is a digital modulation scheme then you can modulate magnitude VP peak magnitude in volts of this VP sine omega t plus phi when VP is modulated by the information if it is analog it is called amplitude modulation or if it is not having the carrier transmitted then it is called double side band modulation the next one is amplitude shift keying again you can have one amplitude for 1 and another amplitude for 0 that is going to be digital you can call it amplitude shift keying right so these are the various modes of coding the sine wave and transmitting either the analog signal or digital signal so these are the ones which are adopted in present day AM broadcasting or FM broadcasting amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in response to the amplitude of the ahh what is that base band signal so we have output equal to VP carrier you can see here this is the carrier amplitude and this is going to be varied as VPM sine omega MT which is the modulating frequency omega M is the modulating frequency this is the amplitude of the modulating frequency so that into sine omega CT this is the mathematical operation of amplitude modulation now this has a carrier amplitude which is VPC sine omega CT that with two side band omega C plus omega M omega C minus omega M are the ones that result because of this multiplication so amplitude modulation can be got by multiplying this signal along with the carrier right so that means the audio information for example is added to a DC voltage and multiplied by the carrier voltage so this amplitude modulation as VPM by VC VPC equal to M which is known as the modulation index percentage modulation is M% now typical modulation occurs this way this is the carrier signal at very high frequency it may be medium wave or short wave and this is the audio for example a typical sine wave okay a single tone that when this is multiplied with this with a DC shift then we get what is called the amplitude modulation which contains the modulating signal as the envelope of this what is the result of this multiplication you have the carrier coming through with two side bands okay and M corresponds to the modulation index here these are called the two side bands now this kind of transmission for general audience is done primarily to facilitate cheap radio receivers okay to be designed this is because the carrier is transmitted so that the receiving end okay the simple diode detector can detect the envelope and thereby recover the modulating frequency or the information so medium wave is this frequency range short wave is this frequency this is a well known thing let us see the various components that make up the AM receiver this is the normal architecture of most of the receivers so the front end consists of the receiving antenna this is an important thing which all of you know about and what is this going to form you have a receiving antenna which is a selective structure which is nothing but an LNC tuned filter right which receives the wanted station you can therefore tune this LC such that you can select the station that you want to receive and that is applied to the RF amplifier okay which is a tuned amplifier at the input tuned to the required frequency and it is having omega C plus or minus omega M max maximum frequency that modulates the carrier. So this is the bandwidth that is twice omega M max is the bandwidth around omega C that kind of filter is what you have to design here and after that it is applied to a mixer mixer is again a multiplier okay so which is capable of translating the frequency okay from the carrier to the intermediate frequency it is shifting the information from the RF carrier to the IF frequency the same information is transmitted okay from the RF to the IF using the mixer therefore you have to have a local oscillator here which is going to multiply it with omega C plus omega IF so that you can have the information transmitted from transferred from the RF carrier to the IF carrier right so that is all that is done this is to facilitate easy amplification of the signal within the IF stage because IF is a fixed frequency in the case of radio receivers the IF frequency chosen is 455 kilohertz so that the carrier now becomes from some arbitrary RF corresponding to station you want to receive to 455 kilohertz so most of the sensitivity of the radio receiver depends upon the IF amplifier sensitivity gain. There after you have an AM detector which is normally a simple diode peak detector which also gives you the strength of the DC here gives you the strength of the IF that is received and therefore that is controlled by the automatic gain control here unit it is controlling the gain of this so that when the incoming strength is low okay the gain is increased when the incoming strength is high the gain is decreased so that the overall gain of the entire stage remains fairly constant so that there is no fading effect that is seen. So this is an important analog path in most of the radio and television receivers AGC automatic gain control or automatic volume control that is a purely analog circuit this automatic gain control and automatic volume control is also there in most of the digital systems also where the digital ones and zeros themselves may vary in amplitude and in order to make them okay the same okay so that the threshold detector does not have trouble identifying ones and zeros. So this AGC is an analog path which is mostly there in almost all receiver systems. Now after the detection of the baseband signal there is a power amplification that is there normally a class D power amplifier in the audio stages and that for purposes of efficiency and when you power amplify efficiency matters a lot okay so would like to have almost nearly 100% efficiency if it is possible and therefore the most of the useful energy is now driving the speaker okay and appearing as output. So the various blocks have been already explained here antenna the RF amplifier okay mixer which is shifting the carrier frequency from RF to IF okay and IF amplifier which is again a tuned amplifier with the bandwidth of twice the maximum signal bandwidth okay. Now AM detector is normally again it can be a multiplier but for the simplicity it is here a diode peak detector AGC automatic gain control is used to remove the effect of fading in the channel that normally occurs because the received signal keeps on fluctuating depending upon the channel ahh properties. Power amplifier feeds the speaker this is normally a class D power amplifier FM broadcasting frequency modulation I have already explained to you the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. Frequency modulation is achieved by designing an oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the modulation of the signal using the voltage controlled oscillator concept that is if you design a voltage controlled oscillator what it means is the output frequency is sensitive to the input DC voltage by changing the DC voltage you can control the frequency at the output. Now FM broadcasting is over this band of 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz in India particularly FM channels are separated by about 0.2 megahertz. Now what is FM FM broadcasting okay ahh the this is the audio signal or base band signal and you can see since the frequency is modulated as the amplitude is high the frequency is increased as the amplitude is low the frequency is decreased and this is the way the FM modulation occurs through the VCO therefore gives an output which is VPC this is the carrier peak amplitude sine omega C carrier frequency plus delta omega D corresponds to frequency deviation and omega M is the modulating frequency base band frequency that into T. Now that kind of signal looks like this again what does FM receiver comprise of we have the antenna at the front end with RF amplifier again with the center frequency and the bandwidth here okay. Now the bandwidth may may be ahh higher than what is required for the AM okay because of frequency modulation and we have the mixer here doing the same thing of shifting the RF carrier to IF carrier as far as the information is concerned it is simply shifted from RF carrier to IF carrier using the mixer or the multiplier and ahh we have ahh IF amplifier which is since the FM is occurring at a higher frequency and it is requiring higher bandwidth okay we have this higher frequency chosen as 10.7 megahertz fixed frequency here and ahh we have the FM detector which may be a PLL okay and then we have the amplitude information of the IF carrier okay given to the AGC and AGC is controlling gain of the stage so that the strength of the signal received is remaining fairly constant and ahh the audio recovered from the FM detector is feeding to a stereo power amplifier with stereo speakers here FM transmission is normally ahh high quality music high fidelity which corresponds to about 30 kilohertz bandwidth as far as high fidelity is concerned. So these are the component blocks and you can see almost ahh similar blocks analog blocks are used as AM receiver in FM receiver except for the FM demodulator which can be FAS lock loop or frequency discriminator and the rest of the blocks remain similar. We now consider the modem which is another ahh block that is commonly used along with the computer all of you have seen modems okay. Now modem is a short for modulator demodulator M O D E M modem is a hardware device that enables a computer to send and receive information over for example not necessarily telephone lines it could be hardware or telephone lines or ahh any other channel communication cable okay wireless in case of satellite modems okay. So ahh ADSL modem is normally the one that sends the thing to the telephone line. It converts the digital data used by the computer into an analog signal that means ahh for example one way is one corresponds to 500 hertz 0 might corresponds to 600 hertz over telephone lines. So that is called frequency shift keyed information FS key and converts the received signal analog signal which may be 500 and 600 into digital data once and zeros to be used by the computer. So modulator corresponds to converting the digital data to analog in terms of FSK for example and converting back the FSK signal to digital data once and zeros that is demodulator. Modems are asynchronous devices the device transmits the data in an intermittent stream of small packets this is the packet switching once the received ahh data is got the receiving system converts this data in packets and this assembles it to form what the computer can use right. So this is the function of a modem modem is one of the most common analog blocks used with a digital system computer. So we had already finished this now what is it that a packet contains it contains one or more bytes bytes means 8 bits is transferred within the packet which is equivalent to one character for the computer to receive information each packet must contain a start and stop it this is the ahh way of coding the thing therefore the complete packet would be about 10 bits generic functional block diagram of a modem. So we have the telephone line here okay now to this we have ahh one input coming this input is coming from the DSP that is we have the information storage stored in DSP form right. So digital form and this is a DAC which is converting the digital information to analog information like for example FSK the transmitter has a gain stage here okay to improve the signal to noise ratio right and then the transmitter has a filter so that it does not unnecessarily transmit ahh other frequencies. So then we have a line driver going on to this here this has a ahh ahh double path here that is why it is called the duplexer so to the same line this transmitter as the signal and receiver signal comes from the same thing okay ahh to a receiver pre amplifier and filter and then ahh programmable gain amplifier so that the strength of the signal is maintained constant here okay and it goes to A to D converter to be converted to the digital for the processing that. So this is what the function of the modem is and you will see ahh the analog blocks appearing here okay we have to now ahh also discuss the cell phone and the electrocardiograph in the next lecture and ahh today we have discussed ahh two important ahh products the receivers which are mainly meant for entertainment purposes. So ahh the idea is that the transmitter may be costly so and it may be transmitting power which may not be utilized efficiently because it is going to be transmitting it in general to everybody and some people may be receiving it some people may not be just interested in it. So lot of power is wasted and therefore most of the cost of the transmitter is such that the receiver design is simple and the receiver is cheap this is the purpose behind this kind of general transmitters. So ahh that is the super heterodyne receiver that we have seen what is super heterodyne super heterodyne heterodyne means mixing okay it is a super heterodyne receiver concept which facilitates easy design of the detector AM transmission is like that. So the AM detector is just a simple diode and ahh we have multipliers or mixers to shift the carrier okay from the RF to the IF. It is an important ahh transfer in order to again facilitate ahh good design of IF stages fixed frequency tuned amplifiers later on see that it is nothing but a filter okay it may be a broadband filter okay that is to be designed efficiently we will see how these filters are designed later again. Then we have the AGC which is a feedback system which actually is there because mainly the received signal keeps fluctuating depending upon the atmospheric conditions of the channel communication channel since it is a wireless channel so it is going on changing. So as it is changing the signal is going to either fade or increase in strength so much that it may distort the amplifier. So this should not happen. So if AGC is not there then at times the signal gets too much distorted or at times it may not be received at all. So automatic gain control maintains the input strength constant. So we have this ahh signal okay which is ahh ahh to be strengthened and maintained constant okay so that the output of the received signal is substantial enough to drive a power amplifier okay. This is the case of the architecture of ahh AM receiver as well as FM receiver the only difference is in the modulation scheme at the input and the demodulation scheme at the output okay. Now tomorrow we will be discussing about two other products cell phone and ECG. Again we will see that it is different end and the back end which is analog that we have to take care to learn about.