and welcome to this session in which we would look at bond retirement or bond extinguishment. Why is this topic important and what's the big idea here? Well, if companies wait until the bond matures, if we wait till maturity, we will receive the face value. It's pretty straightforward. We saw in the prior session whether we have a premium bond or a discount bond at maturity when we pay back the bond, when we buy back the bond from the holder, we pay the face value. So there is nothing to it. Well, what happens if we purchase the bond before maturity? Now, hold on a second. Why would the company buy the bond before maturity? Well, we could have many reasons why. One is the credit risk for that company that improved over time. So for example, when you issued this bond five years ago, the credit risk of the company was triple B. Now, the credit risk of the company is maybe double B or even B. So the credit risk increased. Maybe when we issued those bonds, because of our credit risk, we were paying 10%. Now we can issue the bond at 6%. So we might buy them and issue them at 6%. That's one reason. Another reason could be the overall interest rate went down. Same story. The overall interest rate was higher when we issued those bonds. Now it's lower. Let's buy back the bond or we just simply, we don't need the money anymore. Now we have plenty of cash, so we want to avoid making cash payments. Well, it doesn't matter what the reason is. It could be for any reason. Simply, the company will buy back their bond. Now, what matters is you want to know what's the carrying value of the bond when you buy it back. And this is where we end up in the prior session. In the prior session, we summarized on the slide and we said that eventually the bond is back to the face value of weight till maturity. Well, that doesn't apply here, because we're buying the bond before maturity. What matters is how do you find the carrying value of the bond? Well, we're always going to use the face value if it's a discount bond and we're going to deduct from the face value any unamortized discount. For a premium bond, we're going to take the face value and add to it any unamortized premium. And I explained this much, much more in the tales in the prior session, including showing you in the schedule how the bond carrying value is changing, whether it's a discount bond, it's going up, if it's a premium bond, it's going down. So now, in this session, we're going to use this information and determine when do we have a gain and when do we have a bond. Well, here's what's going to happen. When we buy back the bond, if the proceeds that we pay is greater than the carrying value, we have a loss. Simply put, if we pay $90 for a bond carrying value of $80, we have a loss of 10. If we, if what we paid $90, the carrying value is 95, we have a gain of five. So notice what matters are two things for gains and losses, what you paid versus the carrying value. No role this count or premium plays in the gain loss computation. Yes, they play a role in the carrying amount of the bond, but you don't take them into account when you are determining the gain or the loss because some students, what they do, they always assume if it's a discount bond, it must be a gain, or if it's a discount bond, it must be a loss. Not necessary, same thing with the premium bond. What matters is what you pay versus the book value, the carrying value of the bond. Now, the best way to illustrate this is to actually work an example, including journal entries. Whether you are an accounting student or a CPA candidate, I invite you to look at my website, farhatlectures.com. I don't replace your CPA review course or your accounting course. On the contrary, I'm a useful addition, a useful resource to your study. You can add me to your study tool, you can add me as a resource. I explain the material differently, I'll go a little bit more in-depth than your maybe your course or your CPA review course. Your risk is one month of subscription. Your potential gain is actually passing the exam. If not for anything, take a look at my website to find out how well or not well your university doing on the CPA exam. This is a list of all the accounting courses that I offer, including lectures, multiple choice through false, and many other resources. My CPA resources are aligned with your Becker, Roger, Gleam, and Wiley. And I also give you access to 1500 previously AI CPA released questions with detailed solution. If you have not connected with me on LinkedIn, please do so. Take a look at my LinkedIn recommendation, like this recording, share it with other, connect with me on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. So let's take a look at this example. On January 1st, X1, Adam Company issued at 96 at a discount bond with a par value of a million due in 20 years. Four years later, after the issue date, Adam buys, which calls the entire issue at 98 and retire and retire it. So they retired it four years later. At that time, the N-amortized discount is 32,000. Well, what do we have to know?  Well, it's easy. We paid for the bond. It's a million dollar bond. We paid 98 percent. We paid 980,000. This is what we paid. Excellent. Now, what was the carrying value of the bond? Now, this is easy because I am giving the N-amortized discount. Sometime I may tell you, or the exam might say, you purchased it after four years, so you have to compute the discount. Well, we don't have to do that now. If we have a million dollar minus the 32,000 N-amortized discount, the bond book value is 968. Hold on a second. Book value 968. We paid 980. We are at a loss. The difference is a loss. Simply put, we paid 980,000. This is the reacquisition price, or the proceeds that we paid the cash. The carrying value is 968, which is the face value minus the N-amortized discount. We have a loss. Now, you have to book the journal entry for the loss. How would you start with the journal entry? If you are on the CPA exam, start with the easy part. You know that you have to get rid of the bond. Debit the bond spable for a million dollars. You know you need to get rid of the discount. Discount is 32, so first I will do this entry, then I will do this entry, because I need to get rid of the bond regardless. I know I incur the loss of 12,000, and I know I paid cash 980,000. This is the entry. Now, let me change the example a little bit. Now, you might be saying, oh yes, it's going to be a loss because it's a discount bond. Not necessary. Let's assume I paid for this bond for the sake of illustration I paid for this bond 96.2 or 96.1. So I paid for this bond. I'm sorry, it was issued at 96. Yes, I paid for it to retire it 96.1%. Let's do the computation now. If I paid that price, it means I'm going to pay 900 and 61,000. Well, if I paid 961,000, it has a book value of 968, I have a gain of $7,000. Well, what changes with the entry? This does not change, and this does not change. I have to retire the bond. I have to retire the discount with that bond, because the discount is a contra payable. It comes with the bond. Now, obviously the cash will change 961, and I no longer have a loss. Now I have a gain, and the gain is, how much is the gain? The gain is 7,000. Remember the gain is a credit of 7,000. So if we take, make sure your debit's equal to your credit, 961 plus 7,000 credit is 968 plus 32 is a million, and we have a debit a million. Therefore notice I turn this into a gain, although it's a discount bond. It doesn't matter. What matters is what you pay. What matters for the gain or the loss is what you paid versus the book value. What should you do now to learn more about this topic? Go to my website farhatlectures.com and start to work additional multiple choice. Look at additional resources for this material. At the end of this recording, I'm going to remind you whether you are a student or a CPA candidate to take a look at farhatlectures.com. Your accounting career, your CPA certification is important for you. Invest. Don't take any chances. Throw everything at it. I can help you pass the CPA exam. Don't shortchange yourself. Once you have your exam, once you have your certification, it's for a lifetime. Good luck, study hard, and of course, stay safe.


It was an inescapable reality of the 10th summit meeting of South Asian nations in Colombo that it was preceded a few weeks earlier by nuclear tests carried out by India and Pakistan. Some critics of the tests quickly predicted a disastrous conflict in it. Others prophesied a premature demise of Sark's 13-year-old quest for economic cooperation. To any visitor to Colombo who witnessed the 10th meeting of Sark leaders in July 1998, any fears of a nuclear shadow over the region were going to be quickly allayed. Indeed, as we approach the end of the most violent century in human history and complete half a century of independence among the states of South Asia, there is a need to sift the realities from the political rhetoric or even frequent academic bias. The notion that there is some dramatic new situation is also wrong. This area has been nuclearized in the past. The whole region has been nuclearized. There has been nuclear weapon presence in our neighborhood. Pakistan itself had covert nuclear capability. Long before it had carried out these tests, there are a few elements such as the need to build confidence in the security field including confidence in areas which relate to nuclear weapon capability and we for our part are very keen that these should be discussed. 27 years have elapsed since India and Pakistan got sucked into a war which grew out of internal conflict and contradictions. This represents the longest period in the history of the subcontinent when its military forces have not been engaged in a war. The absence of war for a quarter-century or more has not translated itself into peace. In fact, the problem of mushrooming militant groups was becoming so insurmountable in South Asia that the SAARC leaders at their very first meeting in 1985 gave a top priority in their quest for regional cooperation. From India's Kashmir region in the north to Sri Lanka in the south, from north-eastern India to northwestern Pakistan. The debilitating trans-border militancy and domestic ethnic violence in South Asia takes not only a heavy toll of human life but is equally palpable in the drain it brings about on the region's meager economic resources. In most cases, there are no guaranteed methods or known cures to curb separatist violence. Looking through a purely economic prism, peace and security at home and political stability in the region remain the preconditions of SAARC's march into the 21st century. And for this reason alone, regional peace is no longer a matter of choice for South Asia but a vital necessity in the emerging global and geopolitical environment. At a time when all over the world countries are regrouping themselves on the basis of economic blocks, a collective endeavor to harness regional solutions for the socio-economic ills would go a long way in solving the problems of underdevelopment. This would provide it better leverage to bargain for more favorable terms abroad. More important, it would alter favorably SAARC's bargaining strength in the global economy. A fast-track transition to a South Asian free trade area SAFTA is today a pressing need. This is because all SAARC members, being members of the World Trade Organization have already committed themselves to a time-phase trade liberalization at the global level. The move for a higher interest SAARC trade has gained ground with a view to eventually increasing the percentage of South Asia's business with the rest of the world. South Asia's billion or more people are linked today not only by a common destiny vested in the 13-year-old venture called SAARC but their geographical contiguity is embellished by thousands of years of cultural affinity that reflects a sprawling mosaic of religions, languages and racial hues from medieval Sri Lanka and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean to the ancient heritage of modern Pakistan.


or I suppose about four or five miles north of the junction on Highway 2, up in the corner there. And it was very far the pipeline across Blackdale Creek. It did impact the creek itself as well as the Little Muddy River, which flows down towards the last one. Okay, so here's my, my best visual representation. The smeller on some of the extreme's Marlin Gallery system, you can see the extent of the system. The system collects both oil and saltwater, although the release was only on the saltwater line. The gathering system collects saltwater from south of the point of release center and moves everything up north and northeast to the saltwater disposal wells. As far as the saltwater system goes, it is a cold system with no other connections in or out other than the wells contributing. Construction on the marlin system started in 2013. Some of the system became operational in the early summer of 2014. The release occurred in August of 2014 and was reported in January of 2015. I'll talk about why that is. All right, so what happened? What caused this bill? There's a number of failures that led to this bill release. First off, there were problems with the installation of the pipe. And that is a picture of the actual pipe and the release point there. Secondly, there were problems with how the pipe was tested following installation. There were problems with the leak protection system, and there was definitely a problem with the reporting of the... Here's a close-up of the marlin release on the pipe. I'll come back to that in a second. So the pipe is a polyethylene inner core, which is wrapped in a fiberglass, which is an encrypted protective layer. So the polyethylene contains the fluid. The fiberglass provides structural integrity to allow higher pressures than the regular polyethylene pipe would. Some of the requirements of this pipeline include two main manufacturer's installation instructions. The first on the cover has to be no large rocks, no frozen chunks. Cover gently. And they require a manufacturer to represent them on site during installation. While they can vouch for the first item to do, there was not a manufacturer to represent them on site during installation. And so it's questionable whether there's other conditions for that as well. You can see what happened here is with the rocks or lumps or chunks, anything that impacts that pipe can damage that fiberglass layer. Once that happens, the inner pipe will still be intact. In fact, the outer cover could be intact as well, which is the case here. And you can see that it grew open once that was released. That tells me that that outer coating will still get intact when the pipe on that goal. And so if you just have that polyethylene pipe, it won't leak right away. What happens is that polyethylene will expand and stretch with the change of the pressure, because it doesn't have the fiberglass backing to back it up and eventually it'll heal. And that's when the pipe lets go off. One of the other failures was with the testing of the pipe. Again, manufacturer has some specific requirements for how the pipe will be tested. I call it a recommendation, but actually requirements under their manufacturers warranty. As it will be tested with water at 1.2 to 1.5 times were rated by pressure, not the maximum level of operating pressure. In this case, the pipe was only tested to 750 PSI, instead of then 900 to 1125 PSI. And it was tested with nitrogen gas to that lower pressure and not to the higher pressure. And even at that lower pressure, they had multiple pipe failures during that testing process, but they would fix that individual point of release without recognizing that there was an influx. Second failure was the leak detection system. Originally as this gathering system was designed, there was a line balancing system. There was line balancing system defined. Line balancing system records the amount of fluid into the line and out of the line on an ongoing basis, on almost a continuous basis. The problem was while the inlet meters were installed at each well leading into the pipe line, there was no help in the meter that had been installed. Inlet meters had both flow and pressure, but there was nothing on the outlet side to allow for that line balancing. At least until Christmas Eve, we'll talk about that. The EMP company, a company that owned both the production wells and the disposal wells, noted that there were discrepancies because they do. They were reporting how much fluid they were sending into the pipeline system. They also could see at the injection wells. While that also included some chart volumes coming to the injection wells, they could see there was a discrepancy there and they noted that and formed the pipeline. In addition to the leak detection system, there's also aerial and ground inspections of the pipeline were conducted, one per month during the times that they wanted to detect the leak. And the question is, would they have detected the leak? Well, the top picture there is an aerial photo taken on October 1, 2015, and you can see, I think, pretty clearly the point of release, the flow path of oil and surface and the entry into black-tailed reach. One of the problems was the folks that were looking at the pipeline from the air and the ground weren't actually informed that there was any leak suspected. Secondly, there was no evidence that the people on the ground, not the vehicle to do any on the ground inspection, they drove by, they did not walk the line. And so that went undetected yet. There's a number of warning signs. There should have been indicators that were the problem in the pipeline system. First off, on the date of the release on E17, the pressure sensor on the well nearest to the point of release reported a pressure drop from 500 PSI to less than 100 PSI at the same pumping rate. That should have been indicated here. Pumping the same volume through the same pipe had a much lower pressure, something to change. Second is that, again, the E17 company noted the volume discrepancy starting in October at 37,000 pounds a day. From whether they were pumping into the pipe, that increased from October through December, but you have to have 4900 per day. The data on Christmas Eve, the pipeline company finally installed an outlet meter at the disposal well, along with the new conduct problem line balance. Or they didn't, they didn't look at that data from that meter until January 1st of 2015. And by January 6, the company again reported to the pipeline company is discrepancy that have grown to 5,700 per day by that. Finally, on January 6, somebody walked the line and they discovered the point of release. It was reported the next day, North Dakota, North Dakota Plants reporting system as a part of the National Response Center. Same day, both reports indicated unknown quantity, report to the NRC, indicated no scheme, notice the quality. Those reports were updated. The North Dakota on the 13th, on the NRC on the 21st, around 70,000 barrels. However, the actual release volume was greater than 700,000 barrels. The estimates of the volume and the duration of the lead going back to August were known and discussed by some that on the 6th of January, and that was not disclosed anyway. I heard questions of why they boomed at the penalty, but there was a penalty to bring that, that is really what triggered that. At that point, this became a criminal matter, and that's why I couldn't even talk about any of this information up somehow when that whole matter had been basically settled because of that. It was relying on the spill report to disclose that relevant information as part of the spill report that triggered criminal investigation. Ultimately, in the end, the settlement was reached with some of that stream and included $15 million in these criminal penalties, primarily for the lack of reporting of relevant information. 20 million in civil penalties, which was split between the EPA or, again, this is discharge of waters in the U.S., because it did reach all the way to the Missouri River, and also violations of the North Dakota DEQ rules and the North Dakota Industrial Commission rules. Also included $1.25 million for damage restoration for natural resource damages, which is to make up for the damage to the ecosystem in that time frame between when the leak was repaired and when the remediation was completed. And the response and the regulation that's over here. This was a sizable spill, and that's what prompted the sizable settlement that was included here. So shortly, take-home message or, I know most of you are in the environmental field, you're probably not the operations folks. Please take this back, the operations folks, because if this happens, it'll make your life hell. Because you've got to pay attention here to protection. On all of these, it was not a technology failure. It was a human failure, where people did not follow either recommended practices or did not believe what the data was telling. So with that, I will turn it over to Harold. Harold has been in charge of this release and remediation and restoration since about July of 2015. And he has been one of the bright spots of this release is that I get to work with Harold and he's done a lot of innovative stuff. So as Carl mentioned, my name is Harold Rhodes. I've worked with Summit directly, almost exclusively for several years on Summit's remediation activities at Blacktail. I think that our response has evolved over the last several years. And as Carl mentioned, I think that there are different, or definitely ways that things are done differently now and lessons that have been taken to heart, not only from an operation standpoint and ensuring that something like customer occurs again, but also more specifically how our actual remediation efforts have evolved over the last several years. One of the focuses that I have and our group that we work with out in the field each day is the identification of what tools and resources we have to use. Some of the discussions that we had earlier this morning regarding publicly available resources. Whether that be NRCS obviously, satellite imagery is extraordinarily helpful but there's a wealth of knowledge that's out there and available at your fingertips that actually help to guide and ensure that your response, wherever it may be can not only be site specific but also be effective. I think the available tools, one of the things that we've come to rely upon a tremendous amount is the available field screening methods and parameters whether that be simple hatch chloride titration strips to be able to sample for the presence of chlorides quickly in the field is extraordinarily helpful. We use a YSI water quality example and various other meters and tools that actually provide a immediate field screening indication. Obviously, they're not analytical quality but they do get us in the ballpark where we need to be to be able to make that immediate decision. In addition to that we have emphasized throughout the project the value and critical nature of analytical data. We have we call it the flat file but we have a data file that has 340,000 individual samples that doesn't include trip blanks lab duplicates anything but literally we've got 380,000 samples one of the last things that I think we've really begun to realize over the last couple years is that having the right resources and having the right tools is absolutely essential but without the right people and the right group that you're working with then really it's hard to be successful. I think that that is probably one of our biggest takeaways from BlackTale is that we really have a diverse group of people that have helped us not only with the ongoing response at BlackTale and how we approach the various form mediation activities but also how that group or that team has been able to respond in the event that an incident were to occur somewhere else and we've had several opportunities unfortunately to have that. When we look at that we're looking at BlackTale now site specific nature to it. I think that because the remediation activities at BlackTale did extend or are ongoing and have extended for such a long period that it's allowed us the opportunity to gather a wealth of information a wealth of data and that data is actually allowing us to create site specific approaches or has given us the opportunity over time to gaining site specific understanding of how we can approach it and that goes down to the micro level whether that be ecosystem specific or the historical uses how we actually interact with with various landowners the regulators could be the Army Corps of Engineers everybody that that unique nature of where that spill occurred is absolutely critical. Future uses public health, wildlife, livestock all of those play into a matrix from to create, develop a plan that can be executed but also a plan that we can communicate to the people who are literally working with and for. When we look at some of those initial site specific variables as we approach a site or as we're coming up obviously we've already had the opportunity to gather what available public resources whether that be the internet or some historical knowledge but we're also actually looking at the topography. How far is this going to move? What are some of the unique characteristics of that specific soil type that would potentially favor or result in an overland flow or depending on where the leak occurred are we looking at a specific soil type and the permeability or the hydraulic conductivity of those subsoils could actually result in that actually moving below grade topography, soil type environmental receptors when we look at that also it's primarily surface water and what the uses are you know at that moment and that time. Surface water is one of our primary focuses now I think our ultimate objective from a response perspective is that we don't believe there should ever be an instance where surface water is impacted. When we look at those surface receptors and how they potentially are impacted then we're looking at that from the entire scope from the chronic to acute impacts to various aquatic species in the instance of black tail that initial impact or at the point where it was reported that initial impact was catastrophic. I think one of the takeaways we've had at this point is how encouraging it is to see how resilient nature is if the correct control measures and remediation plans are put in place to where it can actually begin to repair and restore and repopulate itself. But that goes to the macro fish repairing as a whole how that's all interconnected. Same thing with the surface soils I think the understanding of what specifically in this case a produced water spill would result in I think that's understood I think that as a result of black tail we've been able to look at that differently. I think that in 2015 on a significant spill we approached it similar to EMS or an ambulance approach in the car accident but rather than trying to see what we could actually help what we could save who needed assistance is that historically the accident investigation took priority and took place first. I think over time now our response is completely transitioned to where we're looking at what can we actually save. We don't feel that loss of vegetation is a given that in fact we believe that the opposite. We don't feel that negative significant prolonged beyond our actual response phase to the environment is a given. We feel that we can actively approach that. The subsurface impacts at black tail specifically were difficult. The spill did occur over an extended period reached the surface but because of its proximity to black tail creek and the hydraulically conductive soils right in the area near the creek a significant amount of that spill traveled parallel to or in the subsoils that perched shallow aquifer alongside the creek. This was compounded to a certain extent by the meaning and losing nature of the ephemeral or intermittent streams that impacts to the surface from the spill itself and its impact to the groundwater evaporation as a result of our disturbances evaporation became a huge issue. The initial surface disturbances as a result of our initial response were far larger than the actual surface disturbances as a result of the initial spill. I think that's one of the things also that's kind of led us to try and look towards different ways that it could be approached. Soil types they're through black tail creek are dominated by the Harriet steer which are a alternating flame sand with thin lenses kind of envision a soil column that's put together like a lasagna to where you have semi permeable clay and silky layers interspaced with thin lenses of highly permeable sand or even in some cases well washed rocks and grout that actually would flow at hydraulic conductivities approaching pike philosophers that they were super hydraulic going back to the delineation and how we focus now on the delineation and gathering that data that that delineation process is not a phase it's not something that we delineated at the beginning and based upon that we develop a response remediation plan that's going to extend over the entirety of the project in fact that delineation is always being updated always being refocused and it becomes a process that we continually gather data we continually track that and based upon based upon that data that actually drives how we actually approach it so I think that's another thing as far as the approach wise that we've been able to do a black tail is that our day-to-day activities are in response to our day-to-day data I think what we've we've seen also this is not only a black tail but other recent spills is that our response interactions and how they were those interactions are with the environment or the ecology of the site is that it becomes self each one feeds the other so if we can make an improvement in soil quality we automatically will result in automatically results in that improvement in vegetative health vegetative health improves surface water quality and it continues on if we can improve surface water quality or groundwater quality it'll improve soil quality soil quality, improve vegetation vegetation improves soil health it just continues moving so anywhere where we had an opportunity to improve soil health increase the areas that have been restored or re-vegetated increase or enhance water quality and localized area we've always looked at those independently and taken advantage of that so our goal isn't once again isn't fixed rather than as various opportunities present themselves that we're always looking to grab and try and take the utilization of available tools and resources are response tools and how various activities are performed I think have evolved tremendously over the last several years initially we had several different groups come out with geoprobes and the quality of the data the information that was going from that that activity was extraordinarily helpful what we thought there was room for improvement for or with is that we need that data continuing we need to be able to update it continuing we need to have access to that this is one of the systems that we developed we wanted a tool that could be attached on a skidger or an excavator that would actually perform those functions do we need to geoprobe then we can geoprobe if we're doing air sparging or infiltration or recovery that we wanted some multi-flexible tool equipment platform that would do every one of the various remediation tasks or processes potentially we would do to be able to have that mounted upon something that was going to be so heavy that it was going to result in a tremendous surface disturbance and that's one of the examples I think that's it I think our response initially at Blacktail was purely reactionary nobody had even at 70,000 barrels nobody had experienced or responded to something like that I think over the course of the next 12 to 18 months free personally that 70,000 barrel number was difficult to support with the data because we did have so much in the field but even at that point then that what the scope of it was that we started to focus on actually what we could do and actually what we were seeing in the field I think our response today is a result of that number one that we do focus on the receptors and we do focus on the initial delineation and in doing so it allows us to target those areas where we can have the greatest effect if that's recovery of surface water if that's using a soils washing process within 48 to 72 hours in an existing environment that actually is how we approach it I think our response tomorrow is where where the promise is I think there is an extraordinary amount of knowledge and understanding that is out there right now over the next I believe within the next couple of years we'll start coming to bear and I think there will be a tremendous amount of advancements in how we approach remediation not only in response to a spill or an incident such as Blackdale but how potentially we look at restoration and remediation of rod formation completely unrelated to spills potentially still within the industry but I think there's a lot of promise


And I was like, but, but, but I see all these studies, isn't that worth something in itself? And she was like, not really. Yes, the title and thumbnail are true. I was rejected by Dr. Oz, and I wanted to use this video to tell you all the story, exactly why I got rejected. Welcome back to the channel. For those of you who are new around here, my name is Michael, AKA Dr. Chalini, and I'm a board certified diagnostic and interventional radiologist in New Jersey. So like I said prior, we're going to tell the story about how I got rejected by Dr. Oz and the Dr. Oz show. So let's go ahead and get into it. Let's go. All right. So yes, I was rejected. So here's the whole story about how this all came about, how it all got started, and all that stuff. So it actually stems back from way back in like 2018 when I started my Instagram. I got my start by posting foreign body Fridays. And for those of you who don't know, it's basically where I would post X-rays, CTs, all that kind of stuff, showing random foreign bodies in people's bodies. Now, you may be telling yourself, that's an interesting way to get a start on social media. And I kind of agree. But, you know, when you're in radiology and it's not really that exciting, you have to do something to get the excitement onto the field. So that's what I did. It kind of took off and developed its own thing. And I even had a hashtag and all that stuff. And eventually I went to fellowship and then they told me I can't do it anymore. And so I kind of stopped. However, recently I posted a video about foreign bodies. And then I posted a TikTok and then I maybe posted a few Instagram posts here and there because I was trying to get it started up again. And then the funny thing is one of the producers at the Dr. Oz show took notice. So now that you know that backstory, let's talk about the actual story. So one day I walked up to an email from one of the producers from the Dr. Oz show saying that they love my foreign body posts on TikTok and YouTube and that they would love to have me on the show for a foreign body segment. Now, you can imagine my excitement when I opened this email. I was like, I finally made it. I'm going to be on TV and for stuff that people told me not to post instead it was too scandalous, look at me now. So I had a phone call with one of the producers. We talked for a while about what I could add to the show because the whole point of it was that they were planning on doing a segment on foreign bodies and who better to bring it on the show for that segment than Dr. Cellini. So we talked about what kind of stuff I do, what kind of images I have, craziest foreign bodies I've seen, all that good stuff. And eventually we came to the conclusion that I'd be a great fit and then they would have a car pick me up the following week. Yes, they gave me about a week notice. They said they would bring a car to my house, pick me up, take me to the studio, film the segment first thing in the morning and back before noon at my house. I was like, sweet, this is happening so fast. And then I had to talk to one of the head producers who then called me, I think like two days later. So we got on the phone together and they basically were like, what, what do you do again? And I was like, I'm an interventional radiologist. And they're like, what is that? And I was like, well, I do image data procedures, I read x-rays, I read CTs also, but mostly I do procedures. She's like, so basically we sat on the phone and I was telling her exactly everything about my specialty. And I realized that she didn't really understand what I did because she's never heard of interventional radiology or basically radiology for that matter. But I began trying to tell her that, you know, I see a lot of these foreign bodies on a regular basis and how one of my prior institutions had a contract with one of the prisons. And we would have a lot of prisoners come in with foreign bodies. And it was like a common thing at my hospital, but she wasn't into it. She was like, yeah, but what do the patients say when you see them? And I was like, what do you mean? And she was like, well, don't you see the patients? And I was like, not really. And she was like, so you're not an emergency medicine physician. And I was like, no, I'm an interventional radiologist. She's like, yeah, yeah, do you see them in the emergency room? And I was like, nope, that's what an emergency medicine physician does. And she's like, oh, we were looking more along the lines of an emergency medicine physician. So as this phone call progressed, I obviously got more sad as the time went on. But eventually she was like, we were more looking for an emergency medicine physician. So if you know one, let me know. And I was like, cool. Click. And that was that. But then as soon as I hung up with her, I got to thinking about something. It all kind of brings me back to the beginning when I started this social media like I mentioned before. When I first started, I'll never forget, I probably had about 5,000 followers or something. And for some reason, someone reached out to me and they were like, you're never going to make it in this field because radiology isn't sexy. And that term has stuck with me for so long now. I can't tell you how many times I've been creating content and thinking about how I can make radiology fun, how I can make it sexy. And it always comes back to that one person, radiology isn't sexy enough. It's not dermatology. It's not plastic surgery. You're never going to make it anywhere. So why don't you just stop while you're ahead? And that's kind of fueled me along this crazy social media journey that I've taken. And it's always been like in the back of my mind that I will make radiology sexy or not sexy, but at least interesting per se. And I think I've somewhat accomplished that goal. So yes, radiology isn't as sexy as a broken bone or a cosmetic procedure. But these platforms are great for learning about radiology. And that's ultimately my goal. My goal of this whole journey is to expose people to the field of interventional radiology and diagnostic radiology because it's very much a lesser known field. So yes, we don't have the sexiness of like emergency medicine or cosmetics, but I think we still hold a unique spot in healthcare. And I would like to be on one of these TV shows because I want to expose our field and show everything that we're capable of. And I think, you know, foreign body isn't necessarily something to promote our field with. However, it's a nice segue into seeing an interventional radiologist in person. And a lot of people on that show may not have ever encountered or even heard of interventional radiology. So I think it's important to get our name out there and market ourselves. That's kind of been the struggle with our field as a whole. The marketing is kind of subpar. And I know the SIR Society of Interventional Radiology has been doing a great job of marketing IR pushing it out to the mainstream, but it still takes time. And since we are a relatively new specialty, that's going to take a lot longer because everybody knows what a surgeon is. But by say, I do image data procedures, people are like, Okay, that sounds cool, but don't really know what that means. And since we are involved in every single aspect of the human body, whether it be biliary, stroke work, unit fibroids, peripheral arterial disease, we do it all. So it's a lot for someone to take in who doesn't really study our field. So the overall theme of this video is that this is the coolest field in medicine, not biased again. However, it's extremely difficult to market yourself. I come across this kind of thing on a daily basis. And I'll give you another example. There's been many times where you come across referring physicians who don't really know what interventional radiology does in common practice. People haven't been practicing in an academic setting for 30 years. Some of the older doctors may not know some of the newer procedures or even what interventional radiology is. Some people haven't even heard of an embolization because that wasn't around when they went to med school and residency. But this is the challenge that we are faced with daily in this field. And the whole point of my social media is to expose this field for everything and how awesome it is. The other thing with my field specifically on social media is I'm so subspecialized. I can't really talk about a lot of the current topics in the news and all that stuff. Like I can't talk about the pandemic because that's not really my wheelhouse. And while I do know a lot about virology, infectious disease, because I had to go to a medical school and residency, that's not really my place to kind of talk about the pandemic in broadcasted on social media. So if you've noticed, I don't really talk about the pandemic. I don't really go into details on the disease. It's just like, I don't feel like I should be doing that. And it's the same reason why a dermatologist shouldn't be talking about, you know, interventional radiology stuff. It's just, it's just not our wheelhouse. And I'm not an expert on virology. So I don't talk about it. So that's just one instance where it's kind of hard to get a lot of content just focusing on radiology, especially when everything that's going on in the news right now medically and health care wise is all about the pandemic. That's why it's difficult to kind of come up with a lot of radiology specific stuff. So I branch out into finance. I branch out into medical school stuff. And I have a lot of fun doing it. And it's not as serious as talking about some of the pandemic stuff.  So this rejection is obviously just another roadblock, but I'm actually curious if they ran that segment. Should I check? Let's see. Dr. Oz foreign body. You know, I don't know if they actually ran that segment ever, because it was going to be kind of hard to do in a PG fashion for like morning TV. But either way, if they ever invite me again, I would love to be on the show, but you know, I see how it is. So I just wanted to tell that story about Dr. Oz. And maybe they'll have me on again. Maybe they won't. Maybe they'll bring me on to like talk about something cool with interventional radiology or social media or unify radiation. I don't know. Whatever they want to, I'm game. And let me know if you would watch if I was on that show. Nonetheless, we were rejected once. We may be rejected again, but I'm still going to keep fighting. On that note, I think we'll go ahead and end here. Hope you enjoyed this video. Hope you enjoyed this story. Let me know if you watched Dr. Oz show, by the way. Make sure you smash that like and subscribe button. Follow me on Instagram and TikTok if you don't already. Maybe you'll see me on TV one day. Who knows? Maybe I'll start doing like morning television shows. You know, like when they bring a doctor on for the segment? Maybe I'll do that. We'll see. Who knows? All right. See you all on the next one.


You may have heard of things like man is evolved from apes or maybe something like birds that evolved from dinosaurs. But what exactly is this evolution? And what causes it to happen? Well, in this video we're going to learn exactly what this evolution is by taking a much simpler example. So evolution can be defined in many ways. I like to think of it as change, it's a change in something called the gene frequency. Gene frequency and we'll talk about what this is in a second. Of a population, of a population over, over generations, over generations. Okay, so a lot of fancy words over here, right? So to make sense of this statement, let me tell you a story of beetles and crows.  And so as these crows eat the beetles, their number decreases, but these beetles reproduce. And that keeps the population in balance. So everything is fine and great until one fine day a green colored beetle is born. And it's a little difficult to see, so here is that green beetle, alright? Now you may be wondering, hey, how come suddenly a green beetle gets born? This can happen due to something called mutation. Mutation is where the genes that are being passed along from the parents to kids undergo some changes. Because of these changes, some new traits are found in the kids. So maybe the gene that is responsible for color underwent some change and because of that the new kid got green colored. These mutations happen all the time. A realistic example is blue color of the eye that we see in humans. That is also mutation. So that happens all the time. And if you're wondering why green color, it's purely random. So just to make this point clear, let's say for some other parents, different mutation causes that skin to become blue in color. So mutations are random and that's important. Now let's see how this affects our population. You see the green colored beetles have an advantage. They are very hard to see. I'm pretty sure you can see that. So the crows also find them very hard to see, which means their chances of getting eaten is less. So they have a higher chance of survival compared to the red beetles and the blue beetles maybe. And therefore, more importantly, they have a higher chances of reproduction and making more copies of themselves. So as time passes, what do you think happens? See right now, the green beetles are minority. Most of the beetles are red in color. But as time passes, what do you think happens? Well, because green beetles have a higher chances of reproducing compared to their red colored cousins or blue colored cousins, we might expect their number to increase. And that's exactly what happens as time passes by. We will find that the red beetles start decreasing in number because they can be eaten very easily. They can be spotted very easily. But the green beetles cannot be spotted that easily and so they start increasing in number. Maybe the blue beetles also start getting eaten and before they have a chance of passing their DNA, maybe they get completely wiped out. That's totally possible because they were minority, had no advantage, and so they are completely gone. And after a few years or maybe many years, we might find that all the red beetles are gone and only the green beetles have survived. So let's think about what happened. Initially, the red colored beetles were more in number, which means the gene that is responsible for red color, that was more frequently seen in every generation. That was more frequently being passed on, right? So we can say initially or earlier, these genes, the genes responsible for red color had a higher frequency. That's the meaning of gene frequency. Gene frequency means which genes do you more frequently see in every generation, which gets more passed along. So that was ready initially to begin with because they were majority in number and the green and blue were very minority in number. But as years passed and this can take many, the amount of time it takes depends on a lot of stuff. It can take a few years or it can take a lot of years. It can take hundreds of years. So anyways, after many generations, what do we see now? We now see that it's the green colored beetles. They have become the majority, which means the genes responsible for green color, that is now more frequently seen. That is more frequently being passed along. So now the green colored genes, they have a higher frequency. In this population, the red colors are gone. They have become ancient. You don't even see them anymore. Any more only green color will be passed on. So this means, can we see that there has been a change in the gene frequency that we see? That's what we mean by change in the gene frequency, right? Earlier it was red, now it has become green. So there's a change in the gene frequency of the population of our beetles over generations, right? In other words, evolution has taken place. So this is evolution. From here to here, this is evolution. And so why did this happen? What caused this evolution? Well, two things. One, the mutation caused some changes in the traits. That's one thing, allowing different colored beetles to be formed. Second, one particular variant, the green colored one, had an advantage, meaning they had a higher chance of survival and a higher chance of reproduction because of which their numbers started increasing. And so this process in which the genes or the traits which have an advantage and because of which they can start being passed along more and more and start increasing in number, this process is what we call natural selection. And it's called so because this happened naturally. You see, the moment you have an advantage, naturally you will end up creating more copies of yourself but increasing in number. So what you're seeing over here is evolution by natural selection. Of course, there are other ways in which evolution can happen as well which we'll talk about in other videos. Anyways, natural selection is one of the major reasons why evolution happens. And this idea of natural selection was first proposed by a man called Charles Darwin. And because of his contribution, today we call him the father of evolutionary biology. Okay, now before you wind up, let's look at some of the important features of evolution. One important thing you can see is that evolution only makes sense over a population. It's wrong to say that an individual beetle evolved. That makes no sense. It's the population of the beetles that has evolved. Secondly, which is the most important point, I should think that in evolution, the nature forces you to change and adapt to the surrounding. Is that correct? Is the nature forcing these beetles to change? No! You see, the changes are happening randomly due to mutation. That has nothing to do with their environment. That would have happened regardless of what environment these beetles were in. Okay, so the changes happen randomly. But the nature helps in selecting which of those changes should get transferred, you know, should get passed along in the future generation and should increase in number. That's what natural selection is. So nature doesn't force you to change. Changes happen randomly, but nature helps you in selecting which one grows in number. Now, this might make you think, hey, the green variant is superior. The blue variant was useless. Again, that would be the wrong way to think about it. The green was superior only in this situation. But let me show you a different scenario. What if, as time passed on, even the bushes started changing its color? What if the bushes changed slowly to blue color?  I'm making this up, but I'm trying to say that, you know, environment can keep changing. And so think about it. What if the bushes had changed its color? Then the green wouldn't be selected and they would lose that advantage. They wouldn't have any advantage. And I'm pretty sure you would understand that it will be the blue that gets selected. And so now the beetles will evolve into blue color. So you see, all those random variations were important. These variations help prepare the species for our ever-changing environment. And so if you have lots of variations, you have lots of options for it to be selected and adapted to the environment. That's how evolution works. And so variations may not be very useful for individual organisms. Individual organisms might suffer because of the variation, but for the species as a whole, variations are super important. It's because of these random variations, natural selection can kick in and a species can adapt to various changes in environment. So that's pretty much it. Let's quickly see if we can go ahead and recall what we learned. So can you recall what is evolution? What is natural selection? Who is called the father of evolutionary biology? What causes variations? And finally, why variations are important for species? If you have troubles answering these questions, no worries. You can always go back and revisit the video.


So again, I'm Eric Shavey. I'm regional extension agent here in Northeast Alabama.  We just wanna talk a little bit about scouting this morning, mainly in vegetable crops, but, you know, turf is one of those crops that they love. So we're gonna move on if my slide will advance here. All right, here we go. So I've gotta move some stuff around on my screen here. So in Alabama, the fall army worm, you know, it typically makes its appearance here in July and August. Can last on into September, but mainly July, early August. We see it start showing up here. Usually find it on our athletic turf, mostly well-managed lawns, athletic turf, bermuda grass, hay fields, millet. A lot of our folks up here, if you're planting a dove field to have a dove shoot or something, we'll plant millet. And they tend to get on that. Also, if you're planting for like duck ponds or any wildlife food plots, they will find that and they love it. It will devastate that crop. But, you know, this is a thing they will not bypass a fresh tomato. And so I've, you know, it always seems to happen when they're three or four days from being ripe. And this is a shot I got this week of some worms feeding there. And, you know, you've babied that tomato and got it through the 106 days of real field temperatures there. We've had the last couple of months.  So we typically need to look for these constantly. We never know when that moth is gonna come in. The good thing that you can is we are trapping, we are doing moth traps throughout the state. You can monitor that. Dr. A does a really good job of sending that out through our Facebook page and our newsletter. We can look at these moth flights. So main thing is scouting. When we scout for these, one of the best tactics is to go out late at night or late in the evening or even after dark. These moths are gonna typically fly late in the evening at night. And the worms, if they're active, they're gonna be out when it's a lot cooler. So in the vegetable garden, you know, I wanna, you're gonna have to check under the leaves, tops of tomato clusters. They seem to wanna get right around that cluster of those three big ripe tomatoes that you've been watching for a few weeks. Also one of those places that you can check is your field borders. I like looking on irrigation tanks, fence posts. If you've got irrigation risers out there, anything that's shiny, they tend to go for that. If you have some of the telephone companies, little risers, those gray risers you see on the side of the road or in the right of way, they'll lay their eggs on those for our athletic field folks. The first place I go to on a football field is the goal post. Goal post seems to be the place that they like to lay on. They'll be up under the edge of the crossbar on the goal post. And then they hatch and they fall straight down and start. Just wanna, just a few of those examples, you can see there's some water tanks, the shiny tops of the fence posts, cross member of that trellis there. You can find those egg clusters at times. And if you look on the picture on the left there, you've got Cherokee purples and there's a couple of moths that kind of slid in on us there and finally got a good picture and plants look healthy. Everything looks good, that tomato's ready, but guess what? Here in about five or six days, you're gonna be out there going, what is going on with these tomatoes? And there's gonna be small little holes or you'll start seeing where birds have pecked them. That's one thing that I've ran into lately is people call me and say, how do I keep birds out of my tomatoes? They're just pecking one little spot on them.  And it's causing that to me. I'm like, well, probably need to check for worms because that's what they're doing. They're eating a worm and they're putting that spot on your tomato. So just those spots that you need to be looking. Again, you can look on your riser pipes, any of those shiny areas that they're gonna lay those eggs on, any metal that's gonna heat up and help those eggs reach temperature to where they will hatch. And so main thing is be active. You're out there active, searching for those egg clusters, looking for the moths, then you can get your timing there. There is a blog that we have on our website and this is the link to it. It talks mainly about fall armyworm and pastures and hay fields. And a lot of our management and a lot of our products are the same. But as we look here, I wanted to show you this chart. Those first 10 days from that first instar to that fifth instar is your best time to control them. They get into that six, that last molt. He's, they're really, I say he, he, she, the larva there is trying to make that last molt where they can go into adulthood. And so they're really not feeding as heavily as they were in those first instars. But if we can get them in that first, second and third instar, we'll get better control of the worms. They are easily contained. We have both synthetic and non-synthetic compounds there. Some of those examples are BTs, the insecticidal soaps, neem, spinosid, then you got your pyrethroids. Bifantherin is one that turf folks can go to. It's a few, you may know it as talstar. There's been gallons of it sold. It's a great product. It's a quick kill on those safer Bermuda grass lawns and athletic turf. With that, I can just give you that, that brief, I'm watching my clock there, but I can give you that brief thing of be active.  If you're the one that goes out there once every week, then you're probably gonna lose some product to armyworm damage and other foliage feeders in that Lepidoptera species also. With that being said, kind of keep it short and sweet on the scouting, but we do have the beginning farmer program. We do have Operation Grow and download the new Farming Basics app. Dr. A plugged that. Also at the bottom is my contact information. If you have any questions or you see a cluster of eggs or a worm or anything, you want us to identify, snap a picture of it and you can email it or send it via text to that information there. And with that, I'm gonna stop sharing, Dr. A, and turn it back over.


This is the SF Productions podcast network Wednesday the 10th Thursday at three that Darren Pamela Fertin not another Burgess Meredith show Welcome to vast wasteland the video journal of popular culture. I'm Mark Schmidbauer And tonight darn it we're gonna finish this darn Marvel Comics thing come That's right. I'm hella high water and there's been a lot of high water lately, but I'm hella high water We're gonna finish it tonight tonight This show this one right you can bank on it. That's Cindy But before we finish up Marvel Comics, we got to tell you that we're on Tuesdays at six No, we're not on Tuesday six. I did do it at my habit darn it. We're on Wednesdays at ten Thursdays at three and Saturdays whenever the engineer feels like it usually around 430 or so Tuesday at six is out of there. Yeah, that's right. It's done. It's a ghost. It's a vapor Okay, all right, and also if you want to write into bass wasteland you want to write into box 1514 11 3215 that's right So Marvel Comics when we last left we were talking about those darn mutants. That's true We were talking about the mutants and You know before I gotta say I received an interesting comment from somebody a lot of people talk about how comics are such a I don't know a waste of time or things like that. Well, I had a guy actually stopped me yesterday I was going to the bank. He stopped me and said, you know, it was um, I was watching the There was the week of the basketball playoffs and yet I turned and I saw that you were talking about comics I said hey, I gotta watch that my wife came in, you know, she had this stuff And she said it down the basketball player, so you're gonna watch this it's comics, honey Priorities in play, that's right. I'll find out what happened on the basketball playing anytime. That's right.  Let's see when we when we left off. We were still talking about the darn X men. I'm pretty sure That's true Are pretty much the staple Well, probably the grandfathers of the Marvel mutant community by now pretty much Let's see just here recently. They've divided themselves up into Teams they all got together from there divided into teams So we've got The blue team The blue team the blue team the gold team And I guess one of them pretty much hangs around in the other one pretty much goes places. Who does what I don't know There's just two different teams And they divide up all of them all controlled once again by the amazing Professor X that's right. That's a Rex. He's still the guy in charge of the mutants Even though they have their field commanders. They have their team commanders their commanders that'll take them out on Professor X is still a guy in charge old baldy back at the mansion Which has been through several incarnations itself that mansion gets torn up more than well, you know If you pick a house for a superhero team, you know, there's gonna be a lot of damage This is the place with very high insurance rates True true, but it has a lot of sub basements That's usually where they go and the danger room doesn't have a danger room or whatever The danger room is the room where they actually act out different scenarios they can program things in using the computer and Act out Dangerous things that could possibly happen. What do you do when there's muscles flying at you from all around and Giant walls are falling. What are you gonna do? Who's gonna do what and where and there's there's tidal waves coming in The wind oh, there's lasers zapping at you. There's spikes. There's chains There's who knows what all flying at you. What you gonna do? So they take them to the danger room there and they act about and say well this meeting could do this this meeting Could do that and if they find out that somebody can't do something. Well, then they create a new Yeah, I'm fine. Yeah, but anyway, we got a problem. We've heard a new member to solve it Basically, you just you just can't tell your mutants without a scorecard because now there are so darn many mutants in the Marvel continuity and they they they they do things like they go Into the future and they'll bring somebody back from the future and it looks just like somebody who's here now yet It's the one from the future and so they might be good They might be bad because it might be an alternate future. That's right Who knows what's happening here and then they'll send somebody back from the future to the past because Something's gonna happen in the future and they say well if we come back And we get rid of this person that I'll keep it from happening But then everybody else says oh wait a minute. How do you know which one is gonna? Is it the good one? Is it somebody just pretending to be this one? Who is it? So you just they just never know and it just creates the whole big conflict again And then you've got your things. Well By golly there was this whole Dark Phoenix saga thing going on here. This is Marvel girl or So from the original X-men the original being the first the original four X-men five X-men excuse me four X-men and one X woman and she Developed this power That was like the most incredible power on earth and the universe itself where she could Conjure up this Phoenix force which could just come in and just Obliterate whatever was the problem and the problem was this Phoenix force itself became the problem and it made her Evil because it was just so powerful. She couldn't handle it and it worked her mind They had to use it what happens when you get too much power Boom you're done. It's like power corrupts and ultimate power corrupts ultimately Yeah, so she just this thing just took her over and they had to Take her I guess to the dark side of the moon to zapper and and get rid of the whole thing and so then Well, there was no more Marvel girl, and then the next time you turn around They got this from the ashes thing. She's back and you find out. Well, it wasn't Marvel girl at all It was a cyborg rum of Marvel girl who went ahead and got all this power and see that's another Come in with these Simo crumbs and who knows where they come from and somebody just creates them and they take over the person's personality And they take the original person they'll put them all in a basement or oh, they'll shoot about the space or in this case She was underwater in a cocoon thing It's just it's just darn funny Seems like any any more there are just so many superheroes that you and this is true Almost all the companies there are so many superheroes that you really don't really have to have the supervillains anymore You know they've kind of gone out of vogue the whole supervillain concept I mean there there are there's still the big ones, but you don't see at least that that often anymore the idea Well, here's the the team of supervillains versus the team of superheroes It's always well one supervillain has tricked a certain team of good guys in dividing another team of good guys And they fight and they figure out and then they beat up the bad guy But that's about it or by the time they figure out that it is the bad guy to be because Always get away. I mean there's everything in the marble can there is the vault But still there's only so many of these criminals that actually get caught There's still the ones that get away to plot again another day And so well, you've I guess this was an example of that the X-Men versus the Avengers Where um one group um Well, they Magneto who is like the the big up mutant bad guy or was at the time at least He was Helping the X-Men at this point, but yet he was still wanted for World terrorism and so the Avengers were sent in to find him and the X-Men were Housing him because he was trying to help things and so they started fighting and then you get the soviet super soldiers who come in Because they want Magneto too, so they're fighting and they're everybody's fighting against each other And it's just a great big mess, but What makes this one interesting though is that both the X-Men and the Avengers this year are going up for their 30th anniversary Yes, this year this summer is the big 30th anniversary for the X-Men and the Avengers now Look out for those speaking of the X-Men one of our technical people has told us that That we don't have the details about it. Somebody has bought the movie rights to some sort of X-Men possibly live movie now this may not be any big deal because It's based on Marvel's track record of just picking just horrible projects I mean the characters are great, but they just don't do anything right with them They they screw around with them. They say well, you know like the Captain America movie Well, that's Red Skull is Italian. Wait a minute. Wait a minute. Red Skull is not Italian. He's German, please I think it's the idea that they just get a hold of the the name and The rights to the character somewhat and then they just do what they want to they never come back to the people who Created them and say well, what should this character do what should happen here? They've never done that which is Well, they've got the X-Men cartoon which is good, right because they're pretty much sticking to What the characters can do even though they're going a little bit out of the continuity and things right not having the team together as such they're still They're holding it together real and it's doing well. It's actually doing real well and That's the another another movie the the fantastic form right yep I heard that one unfortunately has just pretty much gone straight to video because All together it just like the Captain America movie. It just was not good enough It wasn't even good enough to get there. So right unfortunately It's just going straight to video and I guess that what'll be coming up here So we certainly wish the the X-Men people if they are indeed doing some sort of live film We certainly wish them the best but I but it's probably Based on the track record good luck guys. That's all I gotta tell you Stay in point. I've got the the first appearance of Wolverine that was He was fighting the Hulk actually and well he Showed up there and they He was just pretty much a minor character. He just came in to stop the hook from fighting the evil Quote-unquote character that he was fighting at the time and because they were up in Canada and which was Which is Wolverine's home stomping ground right and he just came in to stop them because he thought they were just hearing things up So you've got that we've got The death of Captain Marvel Captain Marvel who was well now this isn't the Shazam Captain Marvel this is right Captain Marvel from Captain Marvel actually from another planet. He was a Creep, but anyway, he was Given the power to pretty much Monitor things going on in the universe and stop anything terrible from happening unfortunately once when he was um battling one evil guy who was working with nerve gas or something the Canister erupted and he was given a lethal dose or lethal inhalation of this gas it was worse than nerve gas and He developed cancer. That's what this book is all about the was the first this was the first time that a major Superhero was actually died right and this is prior to 85 This is like early early early 82 82. Yeah, this is the first Marvel graphic novel and since then graphic novels have just taken off and gotten real big and everybody does all the companies do Now, but this was the first Marvel graphic novel. I Have here the the new mutants which was the first Other mutant team other than the original X-Men right and Dr. Charles Xavier decided to take under his wing and Take to the school there and nurture their mutant powers and all and they have since gone on to bigger and better things They're now parts of whichever X-Force is out there now the caliber Excalibur X-Force X-Men team. This is that or the other There's two darn many and then this the crash which was the first computer had generated Graphic novel and dealt with Iron Man and this was an interesting one also and then Yes, it's true the DC does have a computer generated that digital justice Batman now Now I don't know why because I thought I thought all on that this was the first one Okay digital justice was the first one apparently there's some sort of differentiation. We're not sure what it is I think that it's the idea that that one was the first completely computer generated Well, I could be I think this one had partially it was the all the animal all the pictures were computer generated, but the The words all the scripting was put in later. Ah, it was written in I believe I see this one But they had a distinction as being the first computer generated Novel there, okay now Marvel does a thing called masterworks where they go back and they reprint early issues of Different characters and there's a masterwork of spider-man there and one here for the X-Men early Early X-Men things there and they'll do oh, maybe four or five different issues in there to show you how they got off the ground They're early nemesis and everything like that and early problems. They went through which pretty much the same problems are going through now But hey, well, right another thing on again Here we have X-Men days of future past which was one of those interesting trips to the future things and then coming back to find out that things aren't necessarily the way they were but it And and and then oh if that one wasn't enough they get days of future present Brought somebody back from the future to the present and it just kind of messed with things here too and by God And you've got your X-Men Extinction agenda. Yes the X distinction X-Men Extinction agenda and the whole thing where they were trying to get rid of all of the mutants and Problems on the island of Genosha a well-known mutant hating island and yet mutants always go there try to figure that one out And then also Historically here. I have some things that are real hard to find kind of things um The amazing Alice Cooper comic Which is based on the Alice Cooper from the inside album And it's it's just an interesting adaptation. It looks at the Stongs of the album, but it doesn't mean in comic form And it's just it's an interesting thing an incredible interesting thing Well now there's a whole company that does nothing, but it's it's called rock and roll comics. Well, yes They're part of the revolutionary. Yeah, and they just keep every month. Here's the story of you know name of band You have a lovely rock group and this one of the amazing kiss comics the first amazing kiss comic And we'll see this this is like a kind of a full circle thing for them because when kiss started off they Wanted to do something big and flashy and so they did the makeup They did costumes and it was like they were thought of as pretty much looking like Comic characters, right and so they said what the heck we might as well go all the way it will do a comic book and The amazing distinction of this one is that they went through and the members of kiss Actually, they gave blood and put their blood into the ink for the comic Very smart thing concerning concerning what's happened in the last few years, but And then of course the first one was so good. They did another one another kiss comic And they're just fun things And moving right along see Marvel doesn't like to just sit still and just be a comic group necessarily Oh, no, they like to do parody other people's So we have Marvel of the year in review And they've just done several of these Hey, let me see 89 90 91 92 Yes, and each year they have a man of the year this year it was Spider-Man and the next year it was Captain America the next year. Oh, what was professor actually x-man fancy that And then the next year it was the punisher They have those and then they do a Marvel Illustrated swimsuit issue All the Marvel characters and put them in swimsuits male and female alike And well those weren't enough no they came up with a Marvel swimsuit special Oh And they like that And then they like to take their own they like to pat themselves on the back quite a lot All right, now this is a big to me. This is a big distinction between Marvel and DC is that DC doesn't do nearly as much self-promotion as Marvel does I'm sorry. They'll take their incredible panels or covers or things and I'll put them in a poster book Yes, you've got a poster book of Marvel things there the Marvel poster books and they'll do them for their different a Lot of their different titles or just different characters Whatever Anything they can They're all over the place and then along with poster magazines The idea of trading cards, right? Well, they'll do trading card. I mean DC's done some too. So Marvel has their own different trading card thing Trading card market has absolutely exploded. It has skyrocketed. It truly has trying to remember the name of this This is actually a new area of collecting and I can't remember what it's called the milk caps Spog Spoozer Spog This is this is the new hot thing for collecting and most people haven't heard about it because it's so darn new Apparently if you remember and they had these when I was when I was a kid I don't know you may not have these well 60s right When when you went to lunch at it's your it's your school They had the milk bottles with these little cap things in them and you pull them out little cardboard cardboard deals Well over in Hawaii. This has become a big thing apparently I'm not sure what the reasoning is but some companies that hey, we could use these and put like little characters on all this Well now everybody's doing them Everybody's putting out these and they're called spogs And this is the big new hot collecting deal So be looking for spogs at your neighborhood newsstand or bookstore place Along with the the trading card idea they went in and they do the different trading cards And then they got an idea I said well, let's make a special set of trading cards Let's make trading cards with great paintings on them great paintings of our different characters So okay, we'll do that and we'll have these out there. Well, hey Some people might not want to collect trading cards So we'll take those great paintings and we'll put them back into the comic book You've got your Marvel masterpiece you've got your merchandising circle Incredible it's amazing. Yes. I went out and bought to myself and Not to lose out in any angle at all right my goodness earlier this year well late last year and fallen up through this year Marvel well, they've got a subsidiary company called epic right and epic is Released from the the the comic code and they're able to do things right that Marvel wouldn't ordinarily do in their regular newsstand comics right so They they went out and they did a thing on Dinosaurs which are just really big now with the whole Jurassic thing going on right they and this is really an informative Collection here of things on dinosaurs. They there's mentioned a lot of dinosaurs in here I'd never even heard of but yet you look at the Jurassic Park thing By golly who heard of a lasso raptor before yeah before and they're in there a lot with all the other ones It's amazing. It's incredible. And then there's also the great Brontosaurus a patosaurus thing, you know, they may mention of it in there, too And all the stuff that happened there. It's just incredible So Marvel comics and there's still other things, but we'll we'll mention those in in in future shows. That's right Well, while we still have time on the show we wanted to start into our big study of independent comics This is an area that when you go back to the very beginning of the industry There really wasn't an independent market for say there were other companies that now are considered quote unquote independent But not really Back then there weren't really Major companies it was just companies doing comics right and there wasn't any real big ones that absolutely controlled the market Right at least not like there are now right So as you moved into the 50s you started to see companies that were you know for all intents and purposes I really don't want to call them second-rate because some of them did some really good work But because of bad management or or just because DC and Marvel just did such a huge job of putting them out of business They never really made the status of of the big two and so you're so you're talking about Well the first company that's I Suppose still called an independent although they've been around since pretty much the beginning of the industry is MLJ comics Now you probably never heard of MLJ But you have heard of Archie comics. That's them MLJ and the amazing thing is this is one of the few companies that has actually owned by the exact same people that it was owned by When it first started None of the other companies that started back then They've been owned by everybody and their brother So basically the same owners are still turning out the Archie comics They've been turning them out for years and years and years and years and why because they don't change right And see now Archie comics did it did it well or MLJ Archie comics is either way really did something that You saw a lot of companies lose their shirts when they did superhero comics because if superheroes didn't happen to be the thing at the time They'd die they'd be gone right but well MLJ did was they'd say well well We'll bring out. We'll see you know when superheroes are hot We'll bring them out and as soon as they start dying out We'll just rip the comics right off the off the film and kill that comic But we'll keep the character rights and we'll bring them back again For another round next time it becomes popular and actually finally Archie said well, we've made enough money off of these we're gonna sell to somebody so they sold them to DC and So they DC came out with a independent well a secondary line called impact comics Which did not do very well in my opinion mostly due to the fact that they had at the beginning Very good artists and writers and then they moved them out and put really fourth-rate people in And they were really dopey stories and you know, although right now they're doing this thing called crucible Which is pretty pretty good at least much better than than they were but anyways That's uh, that's that's one of the many companies that we'll be talking about next time As we go into our into our big Extravagance of we're independent comics. We don't know how long this is gonna go, but I'm sure we'll I Don't know if it'll go as long as the Marvel saga. It was but So we'll get we'll just try to try to hit the highlights of all the all the various independent comics out there We will try that's right and next time on vast wasteland. What are we talking about? What are you guys talking about? You know, I just you and Marty Well, it's it's their show and we'll find out and then we'll make something up, right? And then next time when the three of us are together, we'll be talking about Ted Turner The Ted Turner empire old cable. Okay, so for all of us here at vast wasteland or at least the two of us here That's right. We'll see you next time. Good on our mother Excessive So be it