OK, so we're going to get started. So thanks everybody for coming today. I'm David Tardini. I'm a principal software engineer, engineer lead at Microsoft. I work in a project called Azure Sphere. Azure Sphere is an end to end solution for building secure IoT devices. Today I'm going to talk about some of the design principles that we've been thinking about. It's called the seven properties of highly secure IoT devices. And my top level summary would be if you don't want your device to be pawned say five to ten years from now and you're connecting to the internet, you should pay attention to this talk. So as I'm sure all of you know, microcontroller units are everywhere. So there's something like 9 billion MCU devices built and deployed every year. And what's happening now is that many are being connected or will be connected to the internet. This started a while ago. This picture here is of a MCU with radio on die. This is from 2014. So you could buy these in volume back in 2014 and have Wi-Fi and on die. 2014 is like forever in computing terms. So this is just accelerating that eventually we believe that most devices will be connected to the internet. And there's sort of compelling reasons to do this, which is that connected devices create profoundly better experiences. So I'll give you an example. Suppose you have a refrigerator. You could be a consumer. You could be a business. You know, you could be something like a restaurant. How do you know that the compressor in your refrigerator needs to be replaced? Well, the old way is that, you know, you come in one day and if your restaurant like your refrigerator has died, your food is spoiling, you can't serve your customers.  The new way would be auto diagnosis. The new way is you get a message or a letter or a phone call from your refrigerator manufacturer who says, we noticed that something's going wrong with your refrigerator. Let's take care of this. And you might wonder, like, well, why do you need to connect this thing to the internet? Like, why would you need to do that? And the reason is that things like machine learning and aggregating large scales of data may allow large amounts of data, may allow the manufacturer to observe patterns that they couldn't really see or predict ahead of time. So you can gather data and then you can statistically observe what kinds of failures are occurring in the field. And this is a much better experience, especially if you're a business to be able to monitor your equipment and get ahead of things going wrong. The problem is, so what happens when you connect your device to the internet? So I didn't say this. Dr. James Mickens at Harvard said this, the internet is a cauldron of evil. So all kinds of bad things can happen to you. These are just headlines that we've grabbed from local papers. Or from, I would say local papers, we've grabbed from the papers. You see all kinds of things, like security experts warn of dangers of connected home devices.  You can use it for ransomware. You can use it for spying. Somebody could pawn your fridge, for example. So to make this concrete, I'm going to go over an example of an attack that's actually happened using IoT devices, which is the Mirai botnet attack. This happened October 21st and 22nd in 2016. And what people did is they used everyday devices. They were talking like webcams, baby monitors, and they took out the internet on the east coast for basically a day. They used about 100,000 devices, and this was not rocket science what they did. A lot of these devices had bad default passwords, and so you could just use the bad password to take over the device. There was no early detection that this stuff was going to happen, and worse yet, there was no remote update capabilities for these devices once they were taken over. So you couldn't just go out as a manufacturer and be like, I'm going to fix this. I'm going to take care of this. The Mirai attack really highlighted some risks, and it really showed, it really caught attention. It actually ended up in the New York Times. And on the first date was in the technology section of the New York Times about how hackers used new weapons to disrupt major websites as in take out the east coast internet. By the second day it moved up to the politics section, and it said new era of internet attacks powered by everyday devices. So there are a few risks to pay attention to here when you connect your device. The first is that device security is now really a socioeconomic concern. And this is illustrated by this thing moving from technology to politics. So this is a concern that government is going to pay attention to, and it's a concern for society. The second thing is the attack relied on well-known weaknesses. So this wasn't somebody mounting zero-day attacks. This wasn't a nation state. These were people using things like bad default passwords. Future attacks could be much larger. So this is where, if you extrapolate, things could look much worse. So imagine what would happen if somebody used 100 million devices. Suppose somebody was able to take a device in almost every house in the U.S., for example, and take it over and use it. You could clearly take the internet out, and you could take the internet out for a long time. And the future attacks could have much worse effects. This disrupted access to websites, it disrupted internet usage. You can imagine that hackers could take an entire product line and brick it in a day. Or they could take a product line and actuate a device and cause property damage or loss of life. So this connecting your devices to the internet is a serious and challenging issue. I would actually claim that there's a moral concern here, which is that people could really get hurt. This isn't turn off your PC and reboot it. This is more serious. And the question is how do you build a secure device and what are the best practices? So Microsoft has been on the front line for more than 25 years now of protecting customers and their devices. So here we have a timeline of various events that happened on the internet as well as things that Microsoft has been doing. I mean, all of you, I'm sure at some point have used Windows. Windows has been a big target for hackers. Microsoft has been around when Trojans first started appearing on the internet. We've been through DOS attacks, the Nile service attacks. We've been through people developing worms for mobile devices. And so as things have gotten progressively tougher, Microsoft has responded to this. And so now if you look at Windows 10, if you talk to people who do attacks for a living, they're like it's a pretty difficult environment to operate in. So the question is what lessons have we learned from 25 years of being on the front line of trying to defend customers and their devices? The first thing that you need to take away is that your code is going to have bugs. So here I've shown a graph. This is grabbed from a government website, the National Institute of Standards and Technologies. And this shows security vulnerability causes from 2008 to 2017. And I know when you put a graph up like this, everybody is probably trying to read this. The top blue line is actually like buffer overruns and buffer errors if you're wondering what that line is that's shooting off there. But the interesting thing is to look at the different kinds of attacks there are. There's authentication issues, there's buffer overrun issues, there's SQL injection, there's cross-site scripting, there's improper access control. It's just really easy to get code wrong and you have to accept that your code is going to have bugs. The second thing I think that you need to accept is that your device will be hacked, which is hackers are smart, they're creative, they're persistent. You have to assume that after you deploy your device there is a possibility that it will be hacked. There are some lessons to take away from this. The first thing is that security is foundational. You have to build it in from the beginning. So trying to graph security on as an afterthought isn't going to work. More importantly, there are actually concrete things you can do to build more secure devices. And here I have a list of seven properties of highly secure IoT devices. If you think there should be eight, I'm interested in hearing about it. These are the seven based on what we've distilled from our experience. There's actually a white paper online. These slides are online as well, so you don't have to try to memorize these seven things. You can go read our white paper or you can go just look at the slide deck here. The things that you need include hardware root of trust, defense in depth, a small trusted computing base, dynamic compartments, certificate based authentication, some way of failure reporting, and renewable security. And I'm going to talk through what each one of these things means. So a hardware root of trust, you want hardware to protect your device identity. So in practice, what this means is that on your hardware, you want unforgeable cryptographic keys that are generated and protected by the hardware. You might ask, like, why does it have to be done in hardware? Because, well, if you do it in software, at some point somebody is going to steal the private key and then you have a problem. The hardware should actually hold the private key and the public key can be used to establish identity of the device to others. Now at some point you have to register the device. This can be done sometime during device manufacturing. But with the private keys in the hardware and protected by the hardware, you have to mount a physical attack on the hardware to get those private keys. And in many cases you would probably destroy the hardware trying to extract those private keys. You also want the hardware to secure software boot. So in other words, in practice we want a boot ROM that's going to ensure that your OS loader has the integrity that you expect. That it is the OS loader that you expect. And once you have ensured integrity of the OS loader, then the OS loader itself can ensure integrity of everything else or the other software that's loaded. So you have a chain of trust here. And you want hardware to attest to system integrity. So the question is yes, when the device booted, it was running your software. Now it's been running for a day. Is it still running your software? Is it still running your OS? You want hardware to do this. And I think it's really important to understand there does need to be a hardware root of trust. If you try to do this in software, it ends up being defeated. If somebody can compromise the software, they can basically compromise the identity of your device. The second thing that you want, and people who have some security background is going to say of course this is what you want. You want a small trusted computing base. So the trusted computing base for software is the software that ensures the security of the system. So the very first thing is you want it to be as small as possible. And it's pretty simple. Less code equals fewer bugs. You also want to reduce the attack surface. You want to make it harder for people to get in. In practice, you actually want to use something like trust zone or have a security monitor or a hypervisor sitting underneath your kernel. And the rationale is pretty simple. The kernel is very big, and so therefore trusting the kernel completely to be free of bugs, that's a risky thing. You can have a smaller security monitor that ensures that things stay isolated and that critical hardware stays protected. You also want dynamic compartments and defense in depth. And I think this picture here shows it all. It's an old style castle, and the castle is surrounded by layers of defenses. So you want compartments so that if somebody gets in, you can limit the reach and impact of the security breach. So, you know, in an RTOS, if somebody gets in, they sort of own the RTOS. If you have proper processes, they might own that process, but that doesn't give them access to the entire system. This requires hardware and software support, you know, for processes. You need some form of memory protection. The second thing you want is defense in depth. So again, if an attacker gets in, you want to be able to defend against the attack. And so this means multiple layers of defense. So compartments or processes give you one way of defending against a breach. You also want multiple mitigations. For example, you might want internal firewalls and buses. You certainly want a network firewall. You want protection against drop attacks at ASLR, and you want no execute bits and those kinds of things. So passwords. So passwords for devices are problematic. It's hard to get consumers to set them in the first place. They can be stolen. They can be hacked. They require administration, part of getting them to be set. And so if you go back to the Mirai botnet attack, part of it was just that there was a bad default password. But even having a default password is like a bad idea, because I can just find out what it is if it's on all devices and then make use of it. The interesting thing is that with the measures that I just described before this, we know who the device is. And we also know that it's in a good state. We can ensure that it's booted and is running the software that is expected to run. And so what this allows us to do is use certificate-based authentication instead of passwords. So the idea is that you have a trusted authority. And in the picture here, I just showed an hour-going one way. Let's see, my pointer is not working so great, but hour-going one way. In fact, there would be some kind of protocol where you establish that the device is who you expect it to be and that it's in a good state. And then from that, a trusted authority can issue you a certificate, issue the device a certificate, and that can be used to communicate to services. You can make the certificate short-lived so that, you know, if a compromise happens and the software is compromised, eventually you're going to, within a short time period, you're going to lose the ability to access services, or certainly we're going to know something is wrong. So once you have those measures in place, you also need failure reporting. So failure reporting is gathering information from devices at scale to detect when something is going wrong. So the question is if your devices are being hacked, do you know they're being hacked? Do you know something is going wrong? So for example, some of the stuff we see at Microsoft, zero days can be detected because some of them don't result in... They don't just result in taking over all systems. They might provoke a crash, for example. So you might just see an abnormal number of crashes in a component that you weren't seeing before. So some attacks themselves cause crashes. You can also observe things like probing, unusual activity happening. And finally, it gives you insight into just sort of the raw fodder for some attacks, which is software flaws. So the fact that your software crashes is probably an indication that something is wrong. So once you have failure reporting, though, you need what we call renewable security. So you need to be able to update the device to address these security threats. And so you need to have cloud infrastructure that allows you to update devices. You actually also need to have the technical ability or you have to be watching what's going on and actually updating your software. And you have to have the technical ability to do the software update and, for example, prevent attacks like rollback attacks. So meeting the seven properties is challenging. You know, it's not easy to do. You have to make sure in the security realm that you've met all of the properties, your security is really only as good as your weakest link. You have to have the operational capability to recognize and do something about threats when you see them. And then you actually have to have the ability to distribute and update patches. And what we see in the MTU space, for example, a lot of devices are just missing update. And if you look at phones and you look at PCs, that's a standard practice nowadays. So now I'm going to switch gears. It's hard to do this, but I'm going to talk about how you can actually realize the seven properties with Azure Sphere. This is a case study meant to show you that you can actually realize these seven properties. So as I mentioned, Azure Sphere is an end-to-end solution for securing connected devices. It consists of certified chips. So chips with a hardware root of trust. It consists of an OS and what we call the Azure Sphere Security Service, which is a cloud-based security service for updates and failure reporting. So the certified chips are chips that come with a built-in hardware root of trust. And the hardware root of trust is created based on Microsoft's learnings from securing free generations of Xbox consoles. So Azure Sphere actually defines a template for secured chips. I'll talk about the first chip that is shipping, which is the MediaTek MT3620. And this isn't vaporware, this isn't slideware, there are devkits available now. You can go to this link if you want to find out how to get one. So the MT3620 has an internet connection. It has a Cortex-M processor, which is what you would traditionally see on a lot of MCUs, and this is for real-time software. But then it has what we call the Microsoft Pluton subsystem. So the Microsoft Pluton subsystem actually provides the hardware root of trust. So in the Pluton subsystem, that's where the private keys are generated and maintained, for example. And then, of course, this is a crossover MCU, so we have a Cortex-A processor in here for general-purpose computing. This chip has four megabytes of SRAM on it and 16 megabytes of flash. So once you have this chip, of course, you need an OS to run on it. So I'm going to go over our OS architecture. Our OS architecture consists of a number of layers. At the bottom most layer, of course, is the Azure Sphere chip, which is providing you with your hardware root of trust. So minimal runtime, the Pluton runtime, which is just mediating or providing access to the services on the Pluton chip. Then we have a security monitor. We have a custom Linux kernel. So the Linux kernel is based on Linux. It's highly cut down to fit into the memory footprint we've got. On top of that, we have on-chip cloud services. So in other words, we provide update, authentication, and connectivity. And then finally, on top of that is your application. And we have two kinds of application containers. We have containers that will run on the Cortex-M, so a program that will run on the Cortex-M, and programs that will run on the Cortex-A. So in addition to having a hardware root of trust and having a software stack that embodies best practices, we have what we call the Azure Sphere Security Service. So the Azure Sphere Security Service is a cloud-based service for failure reporting as well as updates. It also provides you with a certificate-based authentication for communication so you can be sure that your device is who it is, who it says it is when it talks to your service. So some important things about this. The first is that software updates are mandatory. So the OS has to be updated. For devices, there might be some timeframe in which the device doesn't have to be, you can defer the update. But at the end of the day, you have to update the OS on the device. And we also provide hands-free deployment of updates to applications. So you can basically press a button and your application will be distributed to your devices. So the takeaway that you should have from this is device security is like a stool. It really requires three legs. And if you remove any one of those legs, you remove the hardware root of trust, you remove the secured OS, or you remove the secure cloud service which provides updates, you're going to end up on the floor. So some key takeaways. Security is foundational. So you need to design and build it in from the start. I suggest that you use the seven properties when evaluating security claims. Is your device really secure? And how will it stand up over time? Read the white paper. It's on the internet. And if you're wondering, you want to see a real example of this in practice, check out Azure Sphere. It's an example of realizing the properties. So with that, I have a few minutes for questions. So I'm happy to take some questions right now. I can defer to Ryan who would know that answer. Yeah, I mean, the integrity of the system relies on you have the ROM which is checking to make sure that the boot ROM checks to make sure that you have a signed loader. And from there, you can establish a chain of trust. Let's see. So obviously the Linux kernel is free software and open source. So I would say most of the software is free software and open source. The security monitor is not open source at this point. And the boot loader is not open source. But everything, the kernel itself, you can go and download our kernel from the internet. It's right there. And a lot of the libraries that we're using for applications, the application programming environment are open source as well. Okay, any other questions? I'm sorry, what was the... That's a tough one. I mean, specters, I'm sure what's in your mind. You really have to try to... So there's some things in the chip that I didn't mention, first of all, which is there are internal firewalls and things like that. So there's more protection in there than I mentioned. You know, at the end of the day, you really need to try to physically isolate things. So I think my thoughts are basically that's where having a secure core, like why do we have a separate core for the subsystem as opposed to relying on a general purpose chip. It's because that's harder to attack. So I think, you know, thinking about hardware and thinking about in your design of hardware points where secrets could be exposed or information could be leaked is an important thing. And I think physical separation is a good thing. Let's see, that's a little complicated to explain here. But basically, your device calls home. Your device has to regularly call home, call to the security service. And with Azure Sphere, by the way, you have to use the security service just for the security parts if you want to hook the thing up to Amazon Cloud, you can. But your device has to call home regularly, and then we have to issue a new certificate. So it is an interesting challenge and we're issuing lots of certificates. But the key thing is that your device calls home to the security service and establishes its identity, you know, the security service establishes it is who it claims to be. It's a registered device and it's running the software that's expected to run. One of the things that can happen is that you may find that in fact, you know, the usual concern would be your device sits in a box for like two years and then somebody powers it up. So you may find when you call home that in fact you do need to do an update. That's basically how it works. I know they're working on the baseline. I'm not super familiar with it. So I don't think I can give you a good answer on that. But I'm happy to talk about that offline. Are you talking about the baseline that ARM is working on, by the way, or where I think, so it's, I think we're, hopefully we're involved in some of those discussions, but I'm happy to talk with you offline about that. Well, I think when they, so they're not, so they're not directly connected to the internet. I think, you know, you would have to make sure there's a transitive route of trust there.  I mean, I think the important thing would be making sure there's a transitive route of trust and there's some, there's some hard problems in there about, you know, who's applying the updates and things like that. The thing that I would say is it, it's important that you have a route of trust and that you also make sure the updates are actually happening. Because the natural thing in that kind of setting would be, well, we don't really need to update. The other comment I would have is it's, it's important. Let's see, I mean, there's this scenario about you have some other device, maybe you're on a secure network or something of that form. You know, I think that things like the, the attack service may change. You might be able to assume that the attack service is a little bit more limited. But I think the principles in general are going to hold true there. Okay, so I'll be around. Any more questions? Okay, thanks you guys. Thanks for attending. We'll be around up here to chat after the talk.


He's going to his board next week. Excellent! Congratulations. Fantastic. You ready to go? Studying every night? There you go. What's your name? Nice to meet you. Where are you from? First one was part of it. Maybe when you came out here. It's correct me if I'm right after, but when I went on the board and I operated on America, which was an old sink there.


Okay. Well, I'll call this meeting of the board of directors of community television of Santa Cruz County to order. It is November 28 2022 at 535 p.m. We don't have a secretary Keith would you mind calling the role here. I'm here. I'm here. Vice chair Maziarz here. I'm here. Joe hall here. The director of Driscoll here. Director Warren here. And it says that director Rand is on the phone with Karen trying to figure out how to get in. Okay, I'm going to send her the public link to back as sending her the public link. And then I can promote it. I can promote her like I did. Tom. I don't know why she didn't say how I looked. And I'll note for the record that director Shaw had informed us that she won't be able to attend tonight. And we have a visitor and hopefully soon to be. New board member Tom Mannheim in attendance. Any person may address the board during its oral communications period. All oral communications must be directed to an item not listed on today's consent or regular agenda, and must be within the jurisdiction of the board. I see no members of the public attending. No oral communications. Number three consideration of late additions to the agenda additions and deletions to the consent and regular agenda. Seeing none, I will move on to the consent agenda. We have item number four approved the meeting agenda. Number five approved board meeting minutes of October 24 2022. And number six, except the October 2022 financial reports. Any questions, comments, discussion on those. None I'll entertain a motion to approve the consent agenda. I move to consent agenda. All right. Moved by director O'Driscoll. I'll second. And vice chair Maziar second. I can just have a voice vote all in favor. I passed and so ordered. Okay, let's move on to the regular agenda we have item number seven election of board members and officers. We'll start with the board members we've got myself, director Shaw, director Hall, whose terms are up and are running again I presume. And we have a director or prospective director Mannheim previous director who is nominated for a position. Any other nominations or discussion there. Joe. I actually have a funny thing I didn't know till Keith pointed it out. I actually have it indeterminate term. So I don't need to be reelected. I just sit on the board until the city withdraws me or I resign. So, okay, no need to act on me. I know you all were thrilled to do that. But just for record and Larry was somewhat the same way, but he resigned. Right. And I haven't been able to get a hold of him to try to twist his arm to join us up again. Although I do have his direct contact information but I know I'm my term expires this time. Oh, yours, yours does as well. Yes. Okay. You want to keep going. I'm not exactly sure of the procedure here but it's sort of a slate of candidates of director Gadger myself. Tom Mannheim. Director Shaw, and then Joe has pointed out is an indeterminate term. Joe. I believe that these members that you nominated to be on the board be nominated for another term. Perfect. And I'll note that director ran has joined us. Greetings. Can I say something. Please do. This gets to be and I know it's recorded but this gets to be very annoying. I clicked on the link you sent for Google meet. I clicked on that. And it's not that's what you send me. No, no, you get. We get a link from zoom. Approximately an hour beforehand. Nope. I don't know why you're not getting that we others have. I got something from you click the Google meet and there I'm sitting for, for, for 10, 11 minutes. I was exactly on time. Hurry home.  Now, the zoom link is above the Google meet link. Anyway, Becca, do you have a real or waiting for a second. Yeah. I'll be honored to second. Oh, sorry, did somebody beat me to it. I think director Warren director Warren, I'll take his second first. Okay, under discussion since Matilda raised this question. Becca, do you have a comment. Yes. Google is they're very aggressive marketer and they just include they always have a little thing on the side that says, would you like a Google meet and I've had that happen other people I send them an email with a link in it and they see this thing from Google and they click on it and go to some room, but it's not real. It's just Google saying, would you like to use it. They, so don't use the fancy Google link. Just go to the thing in the printed email. It happens a lot. Well, I did not get your zoom link. I'm really sorry.  By the way, this came from chair chair at community TV.org. Did you get the agenda. Well, that was the day before the agenda has. Well, the agenda has the public link which I can promote you from. And I do that all the time for Joe. The other the other link should come from zoom it comes from no reply at zoom. No, I don't get it. I'm not. Let's do this.  I may as we can get up to date here. What's going on. Okay, let's let's solve one problem at a time. Becca, let, why don't you double check your list after we elect directors tonight we'll have a new list of emails of everyone that needs to get a zoom link. And just make sure that that email, that list of emails is the one that we're working off of for zoom and Matilda's email will be one of those. I checked on Matilda's email last time this happened and I actually erased her and put her back in again. I'm not sure what's going on. I don't know if it's her server or what, but unless I just have the wrong email address for Matilda could be that. Well, let's work that out. Right now on the floor we have a motion to elect director gudger myself. I'm going to go to Shaw, and Tom manheim to the board of directors for the term beginning now really. You know for four year terms, and we have a motion by director hall and a second by director Warren. Any discussion comments. Okay, I'll call the question. All those. Well, let's have a roll call Keith, do you mind doing that. I'm going to take notes and a roll call. It's going to be confusing. Okay, I can do the roll call if you like. I, yes, I vote for the slave the candidates as nominated. Co chair maziars and emphatic yes. Me yes, director hall. Yes, director address goal. Yes, director Warren. Absolutely. All right. Welcome Tom. Nice to have you back. Now I can raise my hand and buddy and whenever I want. Yes, you may. And, and when we let's chase down this zoom thing and we'll make sure that you're on the list now to get these. I don't know what to do with that when you went off a year ago if we were using this format or not, but director hall. Yeah, I just want Matilda to know it has nothing to do with her. It happens to me all the time. Yours it shouldn't I looked at your email address here with Gmail cruise. Oh, somehow. Never gets through zoom I never get it. So I just log in and the public one and get promoted up. I think she's sending it to my M ran that community TV, although that's a Gmail account too. And, and you always email, I think to random Santa Cruz at Gmail. Whatever it's nothing. It just happens to me all the time so I know what you're talking about but I don't even, I don't even think about it anymore I just know it'll go wrong. So what we'll do is on the agendas we always have that public link, and as an alternative pathway, you can go to the public link and then get promoted to a panelist rather than an audience member. Okay, so that was board members. So officers we have. I'd like to nominate Joe to continue as treasurer. I'm seeking a candidate for secretary. Nominate. Matreya to continue as vice chair and I'm hoping to continue as chair. I don't know if I can nominate myself or not but that's sort of the slate that we have here. Any motion. We still do need a secretary so I've got candidates of Janice or Keith or Matilda or possibly Elizabeth although I think it might be difficult for her because of her teaching that comes extends into the meeting but we do need to firm that up. We do have a motion. I don't have a second. Don't have a second. I'll second. Right. Motion by director ran second by director hall for the slate of officers. I don't think we need a roll call. All those in favor. I, I, I, okay. We have a secretary. We don't have a secretary. It's, it's still open. Do you want to rotate that or what, but we need, we do need a secretary. Keith has been kind enough to fill in for us. I'll do it, but Matilda told me I can't. Why did I say that. I said I'd volunteer to be secretary but you said don't do it. Again, that's somebody else do it. How about you Matilda. I am so, so busy with case with changing donor management. Signal expansion. You know, I'm on Mondays. I'm always at the station and I'm rushing back. So I, I'm going to pass for right now. I've done plenty. I've been vice chair, I've been this, I've been that and I'm still on the finance committee, but. So with your permission, I'm going to decline. Well, let's. The friends, I just, I'm not sure. I'm not sure I can also handle that. Okay. Right now. I'm sorry. For now, Keith, I'll thank you for filling in and doing that. And I'll. I'll try to recruit a secretary. Okay. What about maybe. If we're all in the same boat, maybe we should rotate it. Very a period of time. I mean, I'm, I'm, I'm. You know, in cement until the end of June. Okay. Well, the. The difficulty is that it's, you know, it's a matter of primarily it's a matter of, of taking the minutes, which.  And responsibilities, but Keith. Yeah. The only other thing the secretary has to do is anything associated with the bank has to be signed by the secretary. Right. To be an elected secretary, but without a change in officers, you're not going to be changing the signatories at the bank. So we're probably okay for now. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. That's nice. But there's a certain amount of. Just. Practicing getting used to it and getting a, you know, a flow of handling the job. I think it's best to be done by one person rather than. I appreciate that. I'm just trying to. Solve the problem since we all see. At the moment. Okay. I'll keep doing it for the direction. All right. Thank you. Now. Let's see. Do we have. Do we still need to vote? I think. Did we vote on that? I think we did vote. Yeah, it was a, it was by acclamation. So the board members and officers are set. Now we go on to number eight appointments to committees. And I'm, I'm thinking that the committees are pretty much going to remain the same. Although I invite. If others want to join. If you want to join the committee. If you want to join the committee. If you want to join the committee. Say the finance committee or the governance committee. Welcome to do so. Any. Comments. Doesn't the committee still have to be less than a quorum though. So. If. Okay. Good point. So what's the quorum currently? Is it. The quorum, I think I have as just added a member. And we're missing one today. So. Yeah. So I think. Yeah. I mean, four, yes, that's four and not more and not five. Well, the quorum is five right now with a new member. No, we are, we are with two, four, six, eight, nine. So we have nine. So we can have more than four. No, but generally speaking with a, with a full, not today's quorum, but with a full board. So we can have more than four. So we can have more than four. So we can have more than four. With the, with the addition of. Tom on the board. Cause we'll have 10 members. Nine. Nine. Is that right? Okay. Yeah. Because not on our board. Oh, you're right. You're right. It's nine. Okay. So it's. I'm saying nine, but we can't have more than. Of the people. Right. Committee. So. Four or fewer. Four or fewer on a committee. Joe. So the one thing Tom has always been on the finance committee. We should. Yeah. So I don't know. How we do that because he's been coming anyhow. Coming as a guest. I have not voted on anything. Oh, I could, he consider. I wonder under Brown's activity just come as a guest. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. I don't think so. No, no. He's a board member to not attend. No, no, no, he's a board member. But before, but we have. Keith. Joe. Tom. And me, which is for, and that should be fine.  The chair is by definition on all standing. So then how about if I get off Thomas on there and then maybe I'll go in the governance committee or so. Okay. Yeah, that would be fine. And. Well, okay. I was going to say Matilda, you could attend it as a guest, but you can't because you're a member. So that's fine. A copy of the minutes each time. Okay. So let's let's just take the finance community right now. We have nominated myself. Joe. Keith and Tom. Yeah. If we get more members than Matilda, if she wants to come back on, can come on or continue. We can't have five people on the committee. Well, if we get more members, we would increase the. Yeah. Do we need to vote on this? Or is it, I think these. This is your appointment. Right. This is my appointments. Okay. So I'm. I'll just, for the record, a point. Finance committee. Chair. Joe Hall, myself. Tom Mannheim and Keith gutcher. Next committee. So what else do we have? We have governance. Education. Are there any changes for seeing in any of those? Otherwise I would. I'm governance right now. I think I am, but we haven't met. I, I was at some point, but. I don't know what's happened in the interim. According to the websites, my Tria, Joe, Tom, and Guy. Okay. Why don't I do this? Why don't I withdraw from that committee and Matilda can go on it. And just do it that way. That sounds good. Yeah. So. Okay. So as chair, I point. I'm on the standing committee. I'll point. Tom. Matilda and was it Keith? Matria. Matria. I beg your pardon. Okay. So that's the governor. Tom. Myself Matilda and Matria. Okay. Education committee, I believe is Keith, David and Elizabeth. Okay. And I would propose that that remains the same. Anybody else would like to join or. Withdraw. Sure. Invite anybody else who wants to be on it. Okay. And what else we have there, Keith, I'm, I'm not looking at equipment grant. All right. Thanks. The standing committee, the only understanding committee is personnel committee. Right now, we have my TRIA, and Larry Laran. Well, that's not going to happen. That's not going to happen. Okay. That's personnel. And as a standing committee. Am I a member of that? No. Yes. If you want me to. We only have a couple of employees so it's kind of a happy one. I'm willing to do that. Okay. So let's recap. Personnel would be myself, Janice, who else, Keith. Matilda and Matria. Matilda and Matria. Okay. For personnel. Somebody else. For us and Max. Okay. So, and then the youth grant. Yeah. Who's on that? Me, Janice, Elizabeth. Okay. Okay. And then Becca as staff. I would propose that we continue that. And what else? Then the others are more sort of ad hoc committees as. I don't think we need to memorialize those here. Yeah. Okay. Okay. Any comments, discussion, complaints. We're good there. Great. Thanks everybody for that. I have, let's move on to item number nine approval of the 2022 board calendar. I included a copy. A copy. I, I dummied up a copy. A calendar and included that with the agenda packet. Double check my dates. 23 calendar. 23 at bigger barn. The copy is correct on the calendar. Pretty much follows what we've done. I've, I checked the dates. But if anybody sees anything amiss. Let me know. Okay. That looks good to me at least. All right. And Keith, I'll try to get that posted. If we approve it, I'll try to get that posted up. I noticed we had the. An old one on the. On the website. I don't know if we had this year's or last year's, but. I could do that. I'm going to update the committees and the. Okay. Great. Thank you for that. Do we need a motion for that? I'll move to the calendar as presented in the packet. And seconded by. Post by. Director. Seconded by director. Man, hi. All in favor. Hi. Great. That's taken care of. Got a visitor. That's my visitor. Mine was here too.  All right. Okay. Item number 10 executive director's report. You have the floor. Oh, thank you. This is my dog interrupts me. I'm on. The list. Okay. So here we go. Okay. So I want to, as usual, this is the report for October. So I'm going to start with revenue, like always. And in October. I'm sort of blinded by the light here. In October, the coworking center earned $10,808. And our target. Our monthly revenue target for the coworking center is 8,813. And so we exceeded it this month and we've exceeded that goal. For the past four months by at least $1,000. So that is a good thing. Overall, CTV is 2% ahead of its revenue projection for this point in time. And moving on to paid services. Government means we covered 19 live government meetings, including two remote meetings and one. Candidates forum. We also facilitated five government webinars. And we documented an event, the Santa Cruz County artist of the year awards at Cabrillo. Under the rebuild category. We, this is the rebuild of our television station. We are still. For our, our. Permit it was pushed back and was supposed to be here on the 11th of November. And now it has moved to December 2nd. So we're going to move on. We should know some. Soon. Under equipment, the youth grant Watsonville high school returned their granted gear and very good order with very few things missing and those things were small things. So they are very interested in another grant, the equipment grant committee schedule a meeting to discuss their request. This is an October report. So that happened in October. So we're going to give them another grant. The county office of education and the California state parks update that they, the project is on track. Teachers have given us a nice feedback on the equipment. They've asked for lighter tripods for the younger students as we kind of figured would happen. So in January, we're, we're issuing them 25 more extra kits and those will all have the lighter tripods. And they have different cases. So the, the teachers themselves can, can work out getting the lighter versions and they'll be easy to spot. The COE, the county office is going to come and do a teacher training in our studio next month. So that should be exciting. That's always really fun. And the animation grant is the, the friends of the library have new videos to share. And I'm going to play one for you now. Just a second. I have to do the share your screen.  You do. So we, we had a class for youth and Felton. We had seven students. So we had to start. We ended with zero. So we've got some new ideas I could talk about later. So what do you have here are three short videos. One is a student worked really, really hard, but then didn't finish it. So you just see the very beginning. We had a drop in student do the second one. It was a nine year old. So. It was a nine year old. It was a nine year old. You could have not lowering the age limit. And then the third one was a story, the class put together. And it was so much fun. I made an animation for it. So we'll see what you like. Note the. Note the. The transport equipment at the very end of the video. Take a look at it closely. Okay. Here we go. Make it full screen. Yeah, something is. Just a second. Something's funny happening here. You're up this very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very warm water park. This is so.  I'm going to go check it out. Anything without the giant water park. All right. This is so fun. I don't know what I did with all those giants from water park. This is so. So, so, so, so. fun guy. And this is my water park. I hope you like it. It's gonna be really fun. Pete, was that the nine-year-old? Yeah. Once there was an enchanted wood with a flock of beaver birds, one day a bird found a golden crystal. When all the other birds saw the crystals, they all calmed down. They didn't know that the crystal was put there by aliens. Let's take these days home with us. Welcome to this edition of Nonprofit Spotlight, as you know. A Nonprofit Spotlight is a production of the volunteer advisory. Sorry, I can't escape. Oh, there we go. Okay. See you, Steve. Don't feel too bad about the dropouts because I remember years ago when I got off the school board, I went back to school at night and all sorts of digital media and computer classes. And there was one in Watsonville that started out with 25 students and ended up with three. Wow. And these were 18, 19, 20-year-olds. Hey, I once a grammar class because, you know, when I first got here, I figured I needed some more, you know, basic English stuff. And so I took a grammar class with a great guy, Fred. His name was Fred. I forgot his last name. He was absolutely fascinating. And so we started, indeed, with the class of like 25, 30 people, most of them, you know, young people. They had like three people left. It was me, a Russian and auto mechanic. And that was it. And everybody else disappeared. And I thought it was so fascinating. It was really good. But anyway, it depends on the teacher but also on the interest of. And I saw the value of it and learning all this, because I could use it. Go ahead, Keith. I'm just going to say, if you notice the flying saucer was actually a pie. I was looking at us. That's pretty good. Keith, can you, can you explain Keith? I mean, so somebody did a soundtrack and you did all the animation. No, he did the soundtrack too. It is his voice. Didn't you hear his voice? I thought it sounded like David sort of. Yeah. Very deep sonorous. So, so you did all of it. What was it? You were just doing that to play. I thought you were saying that somebody had done something. The kids wrote the story as a group. It was a lot of fun. And as you can tell, everywhere, you couldn't hear all of it, unfortunately, but everywhere a different kid added something you could tell. The first kid said, oh, it's in an enchanted forest.  So what, what we've, I've talked to Matilda. I had two teachers helping me teach this. I have a child development expert. I asked. They've all agreed that maybe we'll try a one shot class. And we'll provide the students with a lot of stuff to start with. So they'll need to come in with an idea for a story and then they'll just use as much canned stuff as we have. We won't. Last week allowed them to bring in props and people and I would, I would rig the people for them and rig the animals for them. We don't have time to do that in one session. So that's what we're going to try next, probably in January. And I know I should get permission of the education committee. I ran it by Becca. She thought it sounded okay. So. Good to me. Okay. Any other discussion of Becca's report or questions? Was that the whole report? Okay. Quick question about the lighter tripods. That sounds great for the kids.  Any concern about the stability of the lighter tripods or are you pretty confident that they will be adequate to keep our equipment safe? Yeah, that'll be good. I tested them. They are a lighter tripod. They're a tripod that I had for years for doing voiceovers really, but they are, I tested a number of them and I bought them a lot and I returned them. A lot of the light ones had really skinny legs, but what we ended up with was a Kodak camera and it has a triangular leg that is big. So it's great. It's very sturdy. It's really easy to use.  It's nothing tricky and it does have, it does do some extra things, but the kids don't need to know about it. So yeah, I tested them. That was my, yeah, my fear too. The iPads are heavy and then they have a big frame on them. So this is a sturdy, sturdy, small, lighter tripod. The legs are hollow, but they're big. Okay, sounds good. Thank you. Any other comments, questions, discussion? All right, thanks Becca. Now we have, I'd like to, I don't know what the proper way to do, but I'd like to adjourn to a closed session so we can discuss some real estate negotiations. Yeah, I'll make a motion that we adjourn to closed session. All right. David, second. All right, all in favor. Hi. Turn off we are adjourning to a closed session at 611. I'm going to stop this. Okay, so we are returning now to the open session of our regularly scheduled meeting. And we have decided to make an ad hoc committee of directors Mannheim, Gudger and O'Driscoll to work with executive director Becca to negotiate on a lease of our facility, a new lease of our facility and expanding the space that is available to us. I don't know. Better way to put it. Is that right? Okay. Good. So we've already voted on it was approved unanimously. That's it. And that's it. Okay, great. Thank you. Where's my agenda. There we go. And item 13, the education committee report and a copy of written copy was included in your agenda. Anyone. Summarize your. Pretty quickly, but it was. Interesting, exciting meeting and we discussed all kinds of possibilities. But especially I think main item was how we can bring more. Teaching or. Learning opportunities for our viewers as well as our participants around such items as how do you tell a story to make a video from what is citizen journalism, how do you become digital citizens. But mainly we focused really on are there materials where we can put up for the community to see on how to create a simple video how to do it well. How to tell a story. Those kinds of opportunities and we thought of, well, are there existing things that we can license or get permission for for putting up on community TV. And really what I welcome any input from all of you regarding how we can have more of an impact in terms of of education around the things that we really love and that's media and how to make it happen across the ages. We talked about even an orientation video that's already been recorded and might put up any kind of instructional materials, especially around. Everybody in the world is using their smartphones to make videos and so forth, and much learning can happen regarding how to do it better. How to make it more personal or something that's important to families, even. So, there was that. There was discussion also came up about some preliminary very preliminary investigations we're doing because the community. County Office of Education is interested in starting a drone program and do we want to even get involved with that in terms of providing equipment. And it's all very preliminary. And I've reached out to Jason Morgan from the county just to get more details on what they have in mind and that's just very preliminary kind of explorations. And then you can read before you have any questions why we're here to answer them. All right, thank you. Questions comments. Did you. Joe, did you say drone program. Yeah. I think you might get some excitement then. Military drones. I see him flying all around our neighborhood and some people are excited others are bad, but there's a lot of interest. There is a lot of interest. Yeah, I think so too. I did communicate with the head of West Valley College is drone program, and they basically offering a program that licenses drone operators. You're talking about professional operators who can do some pretty interesting things with drones that are equipped with LiDAR and are doing all sorts of things, especially for fire control and monitoring of woodlands and so on. There's a program and Justin Cummings is involved with that, our new supervisor I don't know how that's going to change as he becomes supervisor but he's been working on a program that does a lot of those involved in a lot of those similar sort of fields. I guess UCSC is offering a program I wasn't familiar with. And there is I'm reaching out to the company in Capitola that you can hire their services, their drone services. So I looked to get some information on them about, well, who do they hire for operators and you know what what are they, what do the drones do and so forth and so on. I also have a question about insurance and I asked the West Valley director, you know, and he says we out that that's a real concern. Not only for what our students might crash into, but some of their drones they're using are expensive and what if they damage them so there's a rider that they put on the West Valley's insurance to cover those expenses and so forth. But if we got involved in any kind of way that we would want a similar rider to the County Office of Ed's insurance program. This is all very preliminary. All right, good. Thanks for pursuing that. Exciting. Yep. All right, thank you, David. Any other comments, questions. Well, Board chair report I'll just like to welcome time with men I'm back to our board, glad to have you with us again and your experience and background and we're going to put you to work. And, and the other people who have read up to you know thank you for Keith and Elizabeth in absentia, but I did talk with her and. The folks who are, you know, on the committees and the officers and everyone thank you for that. I'll note that we will next meet in January, I'm going to go in as through the chair email and cancel the December meeting which will show up as a calendar item with a Google link to Matilda but you can ignore that. I'll ignore it for sure. Thank you very much. I mean, just, just know who was it for Joe Joe just help me but I'm not going to just Google me. And I'm sitting there like, okay, it's spinning and spinning and spinning so I'm going to do what Joe said. All right. Thank you. Any board member staff request for specific items on January's agenda. Any announcements Keith did you have something you another announcement or something. Nope. Okay. And I'm until you're up. Item number seven. I'll make a motion to adjourn the meeting. And we have a second. David second. All those in favor say aye. Thank you very much everybody. Happy holiday. Bye bye. Right by now.


Hi, I'm Vijay Adhaskar, the chief economist of e-currency, a pleasure to be here. The timing for the second central bank of the future conference could not be better. The advent of e-money, cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins, including Libra, is shaking up payment systems and challenging central banks around the world to come up with their own innovations. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for a cash-like, state-issued digital instrument that consumers, businesses, and governments can use. As such, a revolution in central banking is brewing with momentum building for the launching of central bank digital currencies or CBDCs. Once this backdrop, our paper focuses on the motivations, the policy, questions, and the design considerations for a retail CBDC. This would be a central bank liability and a digital representation of cash in the 21st century. On motivations, we find that central banks are interested in CBDCs because they can bring efficiency gains, enhance financial inclusion, expand markets, and result in a safer electronic money ecosystem. On policy questions, we discuss concerns related to the possibility of CBDCs resulting in a decline in credit intermediation and accelerating bank runs. We conclude that both concerns are overstated and can also be mitigated with the right design. Moreover, we argue that CBDCs can actually help strengthen monetary and fiscal policy making along with financial integrity. On design considerations, we conclude that a well-designed CBDC holds the key for its success to get the full benefit from economy while minimizing risks. We find that the way forward is a retail CBDC hybrid architecture designed as a public-private partnership with possibly holding and transaction limits which will meet the operational and policy requirements of central banks. Construction architecture would allow them to benefit from technology innovation in the private sector while maintaining control over issuance, distribution, regulation, and supervision of central bank digital currencies. Thank you very much for your attention. We look forward to seeing you all at the conference in November. Bye for now and take care.


Russian occupiers cut the railway line in the center of Avdiivka in the area of Chistiyakova Street. They have only 700 meters left to Industrial Avenue, the only road that connects the city with the territory controlled by Ukraine, according to Build Media Outlet. A Ukrainian drone drops shell after shell on six advancing Russian soldiers passing 700 meters through Avdiivka. As a result, three of them are wounded by the drone. But there is not a single Ukrainian soldier who could resist them in their advance to the west, said Build Open Data Analysis expert Julian Robk, commenting on the video. According to him, the fall of Avdiivka is intensifying every day, and as street fighting intensifies, the ratio of losses becomes less and less favorable for the Ukrainian armed forces. He called the situation in the city Bakhmut 2.0. The commander of the Tavria frontline, General Alexander Tarnavsky said that the occupiers were focused on establishing full control over the logistics routes in the north of Avdiivka in the Donetsk region. In the Tavria operational zone, the enemy is now concentrating its main efforts in the Avdiivsky direction. The intention of the Russian aggressors is clear. They first of all want to establish control over the logistics routes to support our units on the northern flank, he wrote. According to Tarnavsky, the Ukrainian armed forces are repulsing the enemy and continue to destroy their equipment and personnel.


Hi there. Today on Typical Books I'm going to talk about Red by Jack Ketchum. It is a typical book. Now Red by Jack Ketchum is part of the Horror in 24 read-a-thon TBR that I chose because it had Red on the cover. I had chosen other books. I chose The Shadows and Tall Trees Volume 8 because it had Red on the cover and would be psychological but Rebecca fulfilled the want for a psychological horror story and Red definitely has Red on the cover. I'm being a little too literal here but hey it's an excellent book and it was a great find so I could not include it. Now Red by Jack Ketchum isn't necessarily a horror story and if you have read Jack Ketchum books in the past then you may be familiar with the idea that he often chooses true crime stories and it's got a true crime feel whether it's an amalgamation of existing true crime stories or he's retelling one like he does in The Girl Next Door. Now Red I don't know if it's true and it could be the sort of thing that you hear about on the local news in a small town that would definitely make the papers. It wouldn't make the papers in national news that's for sure unless there was something really specifically intriguing about this or the families involved. Now it is sort of Avery Ludlow versus the McCormick Clan so it is Hatfields and McCoys in a way. It is about this man who's out fishing with his dog and these two young teenage boys show up with a third friend of theirs and a gun. They shoot the dog and that is not a spoiler it happens in the very first few pages and it is trying. It is in the description in the back and it is the premise of the movie and the book goes on from there. The story is a revenge story. Now it is refreshing in one way and this may sound callous that it isn't a revenge story that deals with rape. It is a revenge story that has to do with men and women's best friend a dog and I am myself I'm a dog owner and I am a dog and pet and animal lover so it's not that I'm saying this from a point of view of somebody who does not care for animals but I'm not turned away by the animal cruelty because it is the plot of this book that said those who dislike animal cruelty could probably enjoy this story if they skipped no they couldn't they could not enjoy this they can't skip the first chapter and enjoy this there's no way no how there's no way this would be too this would be traumatic to read it is heart wrenching it is very hard to read the mentions of animals because the single atrocity that takes place at the beginning does get revisited and talked about throughout the book so it's not something that happens once and is referred to in hash tones this is the driving force behind this book so if you don't like animal cruelty if you have a trouble with jack ketchum's writing if you find it's just too gritty this doesn't shy away from that it may not be about humans on human crime and horrible crimes committed against women which this is an earlier book by jack ketchum it came out in 97 and was subsequently re-released made into a film so if you've seen the film I'm not sure how it treats the animal cruelty in that I still have yet to see it but it sounds awfully brutal and if it's positioned here the same as it is in the book then it will be brutal as hell I did have a friend once who had watched the ring on my recommendation at the remake of the ring and they got kind of angry in that there is animal cruelty there is the the horse on the ferry scene and it stuck with him and it scarred him he tried to look away it happened so quickly it was it hurt him very deeply so I can commiserate with those who are touched by animal cruelty so maybe avoid red at all costs at that same respect it is well written I give this a 4.5 it scores a 91 on the book score and that is because it's written so very well the dialogue is very very believable I grew up in a smaller town and this transports me directly to the street corner in the small town that creek where he's fishing the farmhouse at night like it's done very very well the conversations people have are very believable now a lot of the characters are very one note but that again is the realism aren't we all just a little one note sometimes especially when we have something like what Ave I'm not sure how to pronounce the shortened form of Avery what Avery Bloodlow has on his plate right now might be the problems he's having with his business the problems he's having being terrorized by the McCormick clan or their counterparts and friends or just trying to battle a legal battle that maybe he's ill prepared for or maybe he's thinking in terms of black and white he's brought a little bit of the Korean war back with him it seems and not in a bad way in a very good way in a Sun Tzu art of war sort of way so if you like a good revenge tale then red is for you so red is almost the last book I'm reading for horror in 24 I am about a third of the way through Survivor Song and I'm enjoying it quite a lot I didn't enjoy paying on nearly twenty dollars for the e-book but be that as it may it's a good book it's a good read there are a few other readalongs that I was thinking of participating in but the sting is just too deep for paying that much for a new book so I'm going to just take a break on new books for a while besides I've got a lot of nice used books to get to so the next review will be the wrap up including Paul Tromblay's Survivor Song for horror in 24 and I've picked up let's go play at the atoms and I've also got of course behind the horror by Dr. Lee Miller to read so there'll be some cool stuff coming up book wise and film wise I have a great conversation with my friend Amy Vosper that I'm just editing at this moment now so you'll have another coffin talk with the glamour ghoul and typical Lydia coming up it's a two-hour-ish conversation about 80s horror and the 80s themed horror that we're seeing a lot of now and specifically how kids and bikes save the neighborhood time and time again and why and how and who those kids grew up to be so it's a pretty cool conversation so I'm looking forward to having that air also trying to figure out how to bring or when to bring or if to bring my a-to-c of horror over from TikTok to YouTube those very eagle-eyed watchers might have noticed that I also have started streaming on Twitch not very seriously I play Diablo I like Sims from the goth mansion perspective and I also do play some horror games so I'll probably be streaming on my lunch hours here and there and on the weekends I don't know if I've established a schedule probably not it'll probably be catches catch can but hey if you're a twitch fan then you can check me out there thank you very much for watching if you've read red if you've read red if you've read red if you've read red let me know what you think in the comments below above I'll make sure that you and yours have an oaky spooky day


In data analytics, one often needs to find interesting groups of data instances, may that be segmentation of customers based on their shopping habits, finding similar documents, or grouping tweets based on their content. Especially when the data abounds, we can find clusters using a method called K-means. First, let us paint some data to see if clustering really works. We will make one, two, three groups of data points. Now let's connect paint data with K-means. This widget finds clusters so the data points in the same cluster are close to each other. That is, the distance between them is small. Here we told K-means to find three clusters. Now we can observe the clustering in scatterplot. Wow, this worked fine! And the K-means really discovered clusters where we had expected them. We can interactively change the number of clusters and observe these changes in a plot. We can ask for two clusters, four, five, and so on. For our data, the choice of three clusters works best. K-means requires us to specify the number of clusters. But in orange, we can also ask it to find the right number of clusters. We can tell it to vary the number of clusters, score each clustering, and return the best score. But how do we score the clusters? With silhouette, silhouette scoring reports how well each data point, on average, fits into its designated cluster. The higher the score, the fewer data points we have where clustering membership is not clear. Let's instruct K-means to use the silhouette score and guess the best number of clusters. It's three, just as we expected. Let us add a few more clusters to our data. Four, five, six. Now this looks simply wonderful. Every time the K-means with silhouette scoring correctly guess the number of clusters. Is it even possible for K-means to make a mistake? Let's see. We will draw three clusters in the shape of a smiley face. Let's see what silhouette suggests. Four clusters? That can be right. Obviously, there should be three. This is one of the drawbacks of K-means. It works well on compact, spherical-shaped clusters, and fails on shapes of a different kind. Now let's use K-means on a real dataset. Boston housing prices, for example. We will ask for two clusters, and then observe the differences between clusters in the box plot. Looks like there are major differences between the clusters in this data. With respect to the crime rate, pollution, and age of the houses. We can even check if clusters make sense in the MDS data projection. Well, they do. This dataset indeed has two distinct clusters. Today we've learned what K-means does and how to use it on a real dataset. In the next two videos, we will explain how K-means and silhouette scoring work and how silhouette can find in liars and outliers.


Welcome to Toffy TV, this is the Everton News Daily. Frank Llanpard has spoke after Sean Dysh said that Everton didn't know how to win away games. Sean Dysh said this after the game, he said that's what he told his players. A half time to get them going, they were two on down, obviously they went on to win three-two in a huge disappointing game for Everton leaving Burnley. Just a point behind them now with a real chance of going above Everton this weekend, putting Everton into the bottom three. Frank Llanpard was asked about those comments. He said, I think all the teams around us in the table have a similar problem, whether it's home or away. We don't win enough football matches, Burnley have been the same, so that's just the reality of where we are now. The only way we get around it is to wake, we have to go again. He said Manchester United will be a completely different game with an understanding of the pressure that's now on it. We can't pretend tonight didn't happen, we have to be on a good edge against Manchester United. It's a huge game now, although it doesn't feel like, I think from an Everton point of view, it doesn't feel like a huge game at the moment because of the shell shock from last night's defeat. I think it was punching the guts last night for a lot of Everton fans and I think a lot of Everton fans haven't quite gotten over that and aren't really looking on to the Manchester United game just yet. But obviously tomorrow we can, you know, when we get Frank Lampard's press conference ahead of that game and we can start looking and thinking towards that game. Obviously a half 12 kickoff on Saturday, so things move on in football very, very quickly and we'll have to just move on to that game. Again, speaking on the game last night, Neville Southall, I spoke to Sky Sports today, he said just be a scout set and it'll be fine. There you go, I mean, there you go, that's Neville Southall for you. He said also that there is a witch hunt against Jordan Pickford and how the press go after them obviously wanting to stick up for Jordan Pickford there. He said on the performance last night, he said, I think the overall performance wasn't too bad. We just made silly mistakes and in the position we are in now mistakes cost us. If you score two goals away from home, you expect to win the game. He also said that Everton have to just look forward now, be positive. There are 27 points to go for and it's up to Everton to look forward and Everton is to look forward and be positive about trying to get those points. It's not over till it's over and we are in the bottom three so keep going and just be positive. So nice to see Neville on Sky Sports news and nice to see him wearing the rainbow toffee shirt as well, which is really, really good. Let's hope we can be positive going forward. Just another little piece from Everton. Apparently Everton officials are furious over the speculation regarding Domina Carvent-Lewin moving to Arsenal. This was reported in the GQ interview that Domina Carvent-Lewin has done and obviously came out on Monday or certainly the cover of it did and some of the content of the article. Apparently within the article it is referenced that he is close to joining Arsenal which seems a very... I think they were trying to put a nice little sheen on the thing saying, oh well he might only play for Everton now but he'll be going to Arsenal soon so making him a little bit more glamorous than he is. I wish he was just a bit more glamorous on the pitch and started scoring goals but apparently Everton officials are furious and again it adds another element to this frankly ridiculous interview. And cover that Domina Carvent-Lewin has done. For me it's completely unprofessional and it's tone deaf in the circumstances of where Everton are. And I know a lot of people disagree and will disagree with that but to me it's completely tone deaf for a player who has scored one goal all season without penalties to do an article stating that he wants to win this and he wants to win that. When his job right now is to try and keep Everton in the Premier League and he's not doing a very good job of it so for this to come out of that interview as well it just shows our absolute pathetic interview it was and how poorly advised Domina Carvent-Lewin clearly is at the moment absolutely tone deaf to the situation at Everton so where Everton furious over that. And one little more piece of business today. Everton have been linked with Mount Defender Mousser near Carter 26 year old centre back. It would be exactly what we need. I know there's a couple of other teams in Chesterham as well one being West Ham and obviously at the moment they could offer them well they could offer them a lot more than Everton can offer them so yeah he's been linked but that's the kind of player that Everton should be going for so. So there you go. Tomorrow we'll have obviously Frank Lampard's press conference and all the details from that so we'll catch you tomorrow on that one. Thanks for watching. Make sure you give this like. Subscribe if you haven't already if you haven't more great videos join us over on Patreon the link is in the description and the QR is on the screen now if you want to scan it. See you later.


When we came into office in 2015, of course, you know that one of the principal issues that we talked about was dealing with corruption. Now, looking at the sheer enormity of corruption in Nigeria, you know, and it's systemic. This is not corruption. It's not just some people taking a bribe somewhere. They're systemic corruption.  I'm going to explain. Grand corruption is where the leadership simply by writing, simply by approving that money be taken out of the treasury, take money out of the central bank, or take money from the source and spend it and just share it. That is grand corruption where the president can say, I want 100 billion Naira in cash from central bank, you get it, $299 million in cash, and he gets it. That is grand corruption. And that is the kind of thing, that is the kind of thing. And, you know, sometimes when you talk about corruption in Nigeria, the truth is stranger than fiction. That's the honest truth. It's stranger than fiction. It is the kind of thing that would cripple any economy anywhere because you simply don't have the resources. You simply don't have the resources for the graft and the greed of the numbers of people who want to steal the resources. As I said, all that we've been able to deal with is grand corruption. When we started the TSA, the TSA is a treasury single account. The whole point of the TSA was to aggregate all of the funds, the funds of the government that were in banks, in private banks. So we put all the resources together in the central bank so that we could at least see the movement of cash, movement of money. By doing so, we were able to save almost 50% of the corruption that was going on there by simply putting the money into the TSA. Now, putting the money into the TSA is just making sure that you can see movement of money. But also stopping a situation where a person can simply sign off and take large sums of money out was the next thing. We haven't got to the point where we're dealing with contractual corruption. They're not even there. Where you're dealing with somebody taking a bribe, we're not even there. At this point, all we can say for sure is that the president is not going to sign off money and bring it out of the central bank and share it. That we can say for sure.