The following is a presentation of TFNN The Traders Edge with Steve Rhodes He has one eight seven seven nine two seven six six four eight or internationally at seven two seven eight seven three seven six one eight The Traders Edge Now Steve Rhodes Good afternoon folks welcome to the October 11th a magical Monday edition of today's Traders Zed show I'm your host TV perseverance Rhodes who absolutely knows and each of us should always be Pioneers of our future versus prisoners of our past Hope we're been out there. It's having a great day and let's make sure we have an extraordinary one of the easiest way to Do that so always remember that life is happening for us that to us That's right. When you and I make that one little two-by-four ship Well, it means we can find the gift in every set of circumstance that life is gonna toss at us now today You and I we're gonna go check on the circumstance of these markets We'll go figure out what those bulls and bears what those buyers and sellers are communicating To you and I just passed one o'clock in the afternoon. I want you to know I'm absolutely grateful for your presence here, but more important than that. That's this during this next 60 minutes I'm here to serve you so feel free to pick up that phone You can dial on it at<PHONE_NUMBER> if you can't dial in we've got you covered there, too Go ahead send me an email send it to Steve at tfnn.com Inside the subject heading, please put radio show question in and our Tigers den any and every ping will do So let's go ahead and get this show started on magical Monday. Of course. This is tiger financial news network I'm Steve Rhodes. Welcome to less show right now We've got a mixed bag out here dows off 46 that should be now down 5 semi-zeruf 7 ruts all is up to semi-zeruf 2 Basically flat ish style markets out there gold's off about 2 bucks silver down in nickel lights We could up about 70 lead the charge dollar wise the upside you got micro strategy of 27 bucks Solar edge up 19 that's 7% HubSpot 12 about 2% Aspen technology Nearly 9% are $12 and 50 cents the downside Dollar wise it's Amazon 35 bucks Decker's outdoor 25 Mercado Libre 20 Aero century corp off 11 or 18% ACM research down 9% or 10 buck runes. Let's begin the day with John and Philly John Thanks for calling. Thanks for holding. How are you doing today? How was your weekend? It was very nice hope yours was the same and Steve it's It's always a delight to begin Talking the week and markets with you or thank you one of your tf&n colleagues So thanks for taking the call my pleasure and was it the ES that wanted to start with? specific questions Steve regarding the S&P 500 NASDAQ 100 and their Underlaw excuse me and their derivative futures contracts the specifically Both of these indices now are and of course we've pulled back We've you have documented very well These significant decline phases not yet proven. I've heard you say this repeatedly in past week Namely prices come down to test it and held The bottom of the weekly tasks profile Without closing underneath mark of two consecutive weeks Looking at or that's percolating in your mind So let's try to let's try to answer that question by looking at the charts here And so folks the first chart Although there's a set of four that you're looking at if you're watching us on Tiger TV Is something that John had a reference and that was the weekly time frame now The only thing that I'm showing on this set of four weekly charts are the bottom of the weekly profiles And the reason is is because at the bottom of a profile that is where sellers are present the top I'm sorry buyers are at the top is where sellers are at the center is where both buyers and sellers are but the most important thing And John was alluding to it to specifically stated that I haven't made this I haven't made a call or the market. I should say the task market profiles I'm not giving us a signal of an intermediate term change in trend now We've got all four equity future contracts here two weeks ago the NQ the bottom of that Weekly profiles 14802 the close from the week that began September 27th was 14761 So that was a close below it last week close was 14808 the bottom of profiles 14802 So we did not get the two consecutive closes below that level if we did get to consecutive closes John then I would have to say that there is at least a change in trend in the NQ We would anticipate if we're gonna see a change in trend in the overall markets We would see the bottom of the weekly profile Give itself up both for the for the NQ the ES the YM and the Russell 2000 and that just simply hasn't happened Now so what does that mean? Well, I then go back. So it's what that means to me is we don't have a confirmed change in trend It's always important And I'm sure you'll agree with this to understand the type of market that we are trading in and when I pull the carpet back Or I pull the rug back a little bit look underneath the covers out here what I see are Very clear consolidation patterns inside of each of the four equity futures contracts And those are represented by these rectangles here And so the cool thing about a consolidation pattern is that once that it breaks once we have a breakthrough to the upside or to the Downside what it does it provides us with a measured move. So that's another thing that I'm paying attention to what market Are we in right now or what what are the markets communicated to us? We're in sideways consolidation What else has been communicated to us? We don't have a confirmed change in trend based upon closing below the bottom of a weekly profile What new piece of information has arrived? Well, the new piece of information that arrived earlier this morning, John It's not shown here. Where did I see that? Hold on. So I wonder if it's changed Give me a moment here if you would What I was going to try to show okay, it has shifted so what I what I can just simply share with you right now John I can't show it to you on the screen because it has gone away And that is this that the Dow equity future contract is attempting to form a new daily profile I'm using my advanced Doppler tool out here and it doesn't show anything So I'm just gonna show you what was are gonna share with you what signal it generated for us earlier this morning again The profile hasn't formed yet But I know that it's attempting to form out there and that signal John was where the bottom of the new Daily profile for the Dow was below the current profile and the new resistance level for that new profile again hasn't formed out here So I'm talking about air I suppose was above the top of the profile That is a signal of a market that is also trying to consolidate So overall and I want to come back to you now and I would like to also wade through the break out here because I'd like to Hear from you if possible is I'm getting a signal of consolidating markets and and that's what I see out there So we've got about 20 seconds if you wanted to maybe throw something out to us But but please wait through the break if you would Be happy to Steve. Thank you. Okay. Alright, so we'll be back with with John in just a few minutes The other element out here John that I'm paying close attention to as well And is really that spot volatile next 50-day exponential moving average and I'll finally get back to the last thing I really think making a call in the markets is going to be all about the NQ And I can explain that we get back from this break. So this is Steve Rhodes with John and Philly. We'll be back in about three minutes Steve Rhodes started his trading career as a student almost 20 years ago And the student has now become the master Steve won the prestigious timer of the year award in 2018 and barely missed that mark again in 2019 finishing at number two for the year an amazing accomplishment Steve Rhodes is Committed to sharing his techniques and knowledge with anyone who wants to learn and he shares his vast amount of trading knowledge Every day in his mastering probability newsletter Steve's award-winning newsletter Mastering probability is delivered every trading day with updates throughout the afternoon sign up for Steve's market newsletter Mastering probability and you'll receive access to seven of Steve's educational webinars Absolutely free at TFNN all our newsletters come with a 30-day money-back guarantee So you have absolutely nothing to worry about visit TFNN.com and try mastering probability 30 days risk-free today TFNN educating investors What's separating you from the most successful men and women on Wall Street? That's right Information having all the information gives us the perspective we need to place the right trades at the right time The TAS profile scanner is the premier market profile based scanner powered by its acclaimed TAS proprietary algorithms This feature rich scanner instantly filters over 2,500 plus global financial markets such as stocks ETFs commodities futures and forex this powerful suite of tools leverages instant trade filtering and strategy formulation to show you emerging trades Before they happen for a limited time You can save $100 off your first month by using the promo code upgrade and you still get a 30-day money-back guarantee So you have nothing to risk Level the playing field with the TAS profile scanner which you can find under the services tab at TFNN.com Sign up today Sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument You have to practice sure, but you also need excellent instruction from experts at TFNN You'll get advice and guidance from the authority and technical market analysis and it's not just dry tedious text either TFNN airs live financial content streamed live on TFNN.com and TFNN's YouTube channel with Tiger TV Live every market day from 8 30 a.m. To 4 p.m. Eastern for free Each host is an experienced trader and gives their take on the market while taking calls and questions live from around the world From the moment the market opens until the closing bell sounds Tiger TV has eight different shows with expert hosts to help you make the Right moves with your money watch online at TFNN.com or on TFNN's YouTube channel and become the investor You were born to be TFNN educating investors Toll free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> Welcome back folks around the line with John and Philly and so John during that last segment I gave you you know a lot to throw out at there out at Jen and everybody else So I'm interested in your observations as well as any other questions that may be arose from the information that I shared so far Yeah, Steve with conclusions one I'm very much like you to predict something. That's not yet proven. Yeah, and the fact that Price the S&P 500 and the NASDAQ 100 have come down tested and held the profile the bottoms thereof I Will just break up those levels decisively Yes Throw in on top of that your tool of your consolidation patterns That you just displayed with those nice rectangular Formation projections that we that would be given if in fact price Declines and takes out those lows of I guess that would be October 1st and Monday October 4th Yes, and just to keep it real simple measured move projection if in fact that's October 1st low is broken for that 4275 level that just gives you just a nice round number projection of 4,000 on the S&P. Yes, so I will look and use that as a reference point Before Jumping the gun In my own mind saying boy, we've got much greater downside Directly ahead of us what I will share just fundamentally in market mechanic wise 2020 around the time of the presidential election the character of the market change money flows into US equities data inputs input from Research houses like to date 2021 Inflows into US equities Numbers because I'll misquote it. I don't have them in front of me But something to the tune here's like between and 1 trillion and whether where that money is coming from I Lack the confidence to talk intelligence intelligently about that Suffice it to say the money flows have been huge number two the options on equities options on equity indices are Huge and and have been growing but are at levels that have never been seen before So look looking forward two things strike me based upon one if it continues Or it won't but if it continues at unprecedented levels That certainly would be the fuel and headed into higher highs at some point in the future Yeah, alternatively in equity ownership itself whether it's mutual funds or something else or a combination thereof and The options market via call option person Mm-hmm. We could easily understand where they bought the high no time will Brian our trap like rats Yes, and and in fact start to liquidate Big time upon break of support to a much larger decline phase So those are the things that are percolating around my those October 1st and 4th lows targets if they come into play on the week in the excuse me V the price levels the bottom of the Taz Weekly market profiles that I just to reiterate. I think you said on the NQ futures That was fourteen eight hundred and on the S&P futures that was down your for three hundred, right? correct Correct. Well, you know, so you'd be at and you mentioned capital flows and there's a couple There's a number of different ways that we can always take a look at at those capital flows This chart I find to be of interest here at least because it helps to support So we talked about are there those referred to the dot-com bubble into the 2000 top is being just that caused by Just excess cash that was just going after that but the reality is what was also taking place at that time It was more likely the reason to see that big huge run-up into that top into 2020 was Capital fleeing Europe, but we could just look at that just simply by taking look at the currency pair the currency pair of the euro versus the US dollar and so I've got that articulated here We can see that really since 2008 since we've had our rally off the 2009 bottom We've seen euros are capital fleeing Europe, but it does nothing when I take a look at my charts for the euros There's nothing to indicate that that's going to that we've hit a bottom or that we've come to an end here So we're in this favorable seasonal cycle. We're in this consolidating pattern. They're hard to it's the best pattern I've been able to identify out there to help me understand what's going on with the markets And then those support levels out there But what we could see here because we're in that favorable seasonal cycles We could see a big move higher a gigantic slingshot move higher now The preference there would be to see something some shock to the system to move lower So in asking what would be the ideal setup? I don't think it's right now because I don't see a lot of people that are would be afraid to dip their toe Into the equity markets, but if we do get a big pullback here, let's say the one that would break that The through the Taz profiles create a measured move to give us some type of price projection Then I think that would really be the more ideal setup for the slingshot to the upside But right now, you know, where are people going to put their money? Are you going to put it in debt instruments? And if you are I can understand that just put it in debt instruments That are backed by US corporations versus governments across the globe. Your thoughts on that Retelling Steve makes perfect sense to me There's nothing I can detract nor add to that's pretty complete as far as I see it So I will bid you do okay, so much for all your work and your time today appreciate that you bet John Always good to speak to that was John in the Philly Let me just check real quickly here folks and see if I've got any request that have come in The only request is another one from inside the Tiger's Den and that was from SNP and SNP wanted to take a look at the ticker symbol Here is riot our IOT so real quickly here before we go to this break if we take a look at riot blockchain I'm finding resistance say a nice day, but right up to the top of that daily profile 2903 that's your resistance level price can close above that for two consecutive closes riot blockchain on his way to 3683 Steve Rhodes with TFNN will be right back Are you having fun trading the markets? 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We've got a valid bottoming signal resistance as 2903 We don't have a clue as to whether resistance is going to be taken out or not But if 2903 it's got a bell bottom if the price closes above 2903 does it for two consecutive sessions that would signal that riot should target the 3829 level 3829 is Where it most recently broke down that's on the daily time frame the weekly chart as we take a look at it The weekly chart is also trading with inside able a structured weekly profile Now here what price needs to do on a weekly basis a close above the center and the center line there is out at the 2804 level and if price can do that the next resistance area it would be 3220 a close above 3220 3683 a close above 3683. We're looking at 6155 we're not making that call to 6155 right now those are just simply the parameters and the next resistance points But prices got its work cut out for it right now 3219 again the oscillator and change line for the weekly time frame. There's nothing to look at on the monthly So we'll just leave it right there S&P looks like you're gonna good good trade here You just got a battle and you know where that level that first level is that that's at the 2903 area that takes care of all the questions that we have inside the Tiger's Den and by email and by phone. You can give us called 877 9276 648 Let's tinker around a little bit. Let's go take a look at the advanced decline oscillator reading inside the New York Stock Exchange So this is day three above the zero threshold line the advanced client oscillator is the second panel The bottom panel spot ball totics. We like to see where that's trading Now when things are aligned then markets can move to the north in this case here The advanced decline oscillator is above zero. That's a bullish directional signal out there If we take a look at the spot ball totics Well, it is trading right now the spot ball totics is trading at 1952 and the 50 day expense moving average is 1945 so things are not aligned as we speak at the moment because you need that spot politics to be Below that 50 day expense moving average in order for the New York Stock Exchange to gain any traction to the upside So you've got one bullish signal one bearish signal. What does that mean? Basically flat markets really what we're in right now. What else is that we can share with you? As far as signals, I saw I Mentioned this to John during that first and second segment where we're taking a look at just simply the equity markets here I did mention that I believe it's really primarily all about the NQ that that's you know It's nice if we can try to narrow things down To help us provide signal so in that first and second Session of the today's show what we did what John and I did nail down really a couple different levels The key level being the bottom of those weekly profiles The first thing that price has to close below in order to signal to us a change of trend and then the consolidation patterns Which if those get broken because their levels of support are below those areas out there below the bottom of the weekly profiles That then gives us a price target now the Indice that is struggling all four equity future contracts have confirmed Gertley buy patterns The end Q was the most recent one or the latest one to form and that just happened a few days ago with this hammer candle on October 6th now price closed below that hammer candle out there will one the Gertley buy pattern will have failed to When you close below the bottom of a hammer candle the expression we like to use here is if you're long you're wrong Well, what does that really mean? It means you go down to the next support level So where's the next support level pretty easy for us to identify that it's 13 945 75 not a single one of us now will put my name at the top of this would ever have picked that data point 13945 75 as a breakout level It's just not taught anywhere where it is taught is it comes with the TD 9 system out there and just you're not seeing the chart my Apology Thank You mr. Bill my wingman out there what I need bill mr. Bill We got a word I get that two by four that you could just simply slide through that the screen of yours Just whack me upside the head just to let me know I know it's already a stop talking about Steve Would you just change to the chart out there so I can see it? Yes? There we go, so there's the chart for the NQ So there is the daily chart here for the NQ We'll go back and take a look at some other balsa would not boss would be fine But the eggs are hard to buy for no problem I this this head has been a hit a few times in any event out here You can see or you should be able to see the a to b equals CD I've drawn that in with those blue lines out there and what you're looking for some type of bullish reversal candle to confirm that pattern now We've got the bottom out here, but we don't have as any kind of of Price closing above key resistance which happens to be in this instance here And you can see it at operation the oscillator and change line now You can see that this had changed colors may be about six seven eight trading sessions go and when it changes color What that tells us it communicates that at that very moment the price oscillator That's a difference between the 39 and expeditions the 39 to 19 period exponential moving average out there Is that price oscillator and for price that is it's called a price oscillator Is right at zero now? I can't tell you why this worked not because I can't tell you because I can't tell you You know the difference between the two but what I do know is that when it does happen What the odds favor occurring next over the coming sessions And what occurs next over the coming sessions is price gets up to that oscillator and change line now When it has changed colors from green to red and you can't take it out That is not a bullish message. That is a bearish message out there Why because we still have then a falling price oscillator because it's red It's below zero and that is what creates that is what creates uh directly speaking Um a market that should go south now if this goes south, where are we looking at? Well, certainly the bottom of its profile in the 14 470 area would be a place to look We want to look at the intraday charts and other things out here But what I can share with you is if we did see the nq close above that oscillator and change line currently printed a 14 859 But what we'll do is we say because we know there's resistance not that much further above it And that's at the 14 986 level if price close above 14 986 doesn't for two consecutive Sessions out there. We're certainly going to go back or we should go back and test the 15400 area That's the high approximate high from uh, was it september 27th and above that you get back to the all-time highs out there Now we are in the favorable seasonal cycle So that is certainly more than a likely outcome But it still has to prove itself to us and in the nq we take a look at the daily time frame It has not done that now we look at other time frames out here The only time frame this morning that I could find That was identifying some type of uh bounce or bottom Was the 30 minute chart for the nq that's in the upper left hand right hand corner In fact, let me just expand that out for us just so we're only looking at one thing When it did make its top most recently that was back at about 12 30 back on october 7th That was a rogment of indicator system pattern out here and we had the exact same thing taking place this morning At uh 8 30 and what price did it look like price was really going really in in one half hour took out that resistance Of that td9 breakdown level in the second close was above it for and that was it being 14 8 50 And but we also saw that right after that that oscillator change line for its 30 minute time frame chart change colors too What did that set up that set up that eventual test that eventual test was taking place during the 1 to 130 session Now price closed below it and it's green still So that tells us the price oscillator is above zero The price is below that so it's above zero, but it's falling And uh that would say we've got to find the next level of support Well on a 30 minute chart out here the only level of support would be this morning's lows at 8 30 So price does continue to move lower that becomes the price target out there I am not saying at this moment that that is what's going to happen If we had a red oscillator and change line and price was through it. I would say that but it's green Therefore we will not draw that conclusion Steve Rhodes with tfnn would be back shortly Are you in the market for buying or selling real estate in the bay area? Including the surrounding st. 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Let's speak with brent. Hey brent. Thanks for calling. Thanks for holding. How are you doing today? How was your weekend? A weekend was fantastic. You have a hope of losing as well and I appreciate taking the call on great talking with you Sure, my pleasure and you want to take like a goldilocks out here And tell us what you're doing how I could best help you what information can I provide to you? The main reason I was calling is because that's your your call on uh Friday Yes, that early show Yes, and you made the comments, you know, we were kind of having that big Moving goal after the jobs report and you're telling people to kind of temper their enthusiasm a little bit You know, just don't get too excited Because I think we're in either bar eight or nine at that point We were on one of the shorter term Timeframes and I think it'd be worth going back and looking at that because that was a great call He really caught that you know at that moment that Sure He said there's a chance to you know, it could be a pullback and I'd be a lot more than probably most people thought So I think it'd be worth looking at that again Yes, so um, I will try to pull that up in a few moments. Uh, I had uh Someone had just before you had called in I got an email request to take a look at the yen So I've been trying to open up my yen charts here and a couple of them are still downloading And so I can't get back to that area. It should pop up momentarily But uh, what was uh, what was what was happening on Friday? That was pretty that was pretty cool To be able to just say to folks. Hey, look, this is it's early morning I know looks like prices are taking off. Don't chase it here Was really the message that I wanted to get out to folks because on that 30 minute time frame chart It was forming that td9. In fact, I should be able to pull that up now So let me go back and grab that uh for folks. Uh, if you give me just a moment here Brent and Contract and Okay, good. So here is the 30 minute time frame chart. We're going to put this up on our screen and we can see so I was recording the show on friday between eight and nine and, uh Yeah, and right at nine o'clock that was forming bar number eight And so I didn't I don't recall what I said, but I I'm sure that I would have said that Gold is likely to form some type of short term top between nine and 10 And in fact bar number nine took place, uh at 9 30 and then we saw price precipitably Pull back out there and it pulled right back to the breakout level pretty amazing that it did that in just a couple of hours So the the cool thing was is that it was just able to say, hey folks, you know These td9 count they don't they don't always work And so I I would think if we listen re listen to the call Brent, it would have also said hey identify that high Whatever there's the highest high, uh, whether it's bar eight nine or the bar following them because if prices does close above that the other beauty Portion of that pattern is that it just tells you about a very strong moment to move to the upside And we've seen this a couple of different times recently where there's been some type of release of numbers Sometimes it's employment sometimes it's jobs. Maybe it's cpi or something like that Well, we've seen gold take off So we've seen this pattern play out before on the intraday charts just totally takes off It makes that td9 count and it pulls back out there. So yeah, that happened and that was fun It's always fun to do the intraday or the morning shows especially when uh, we're seeing such a movement out there Has it changed anything with regard to gold itself? And and my answer is not really although, you know, I love tom's expression Tom will brian's expression if you can't bust them up price will try to bust them down Maybe that's its message, but really we look at what's gone on for the past five six trading sessions out here It's just been just a sideways move into consolidation with inside, uh, the daily profile. It's got a valid bottom Out here, which was uh, which was formed as a buy the d-point back on september 1st. So, um I that's really my observations. What what say you brent? Oh, I just think that was a beautiful call. I'm sure you say some people at least Nothing else a little pain or tension some money on that Observation and it was the way you stated it was if it were to you know, of course And that if it just continued on upward, you know without having a pause and no that would be a strong move But that's not what happened. It was more in line with what you Yeah, could potentially happen. There would be a pullback in it being a significant wasn't like it pulled back a couple dollars Sometimes it gave back an entire move that was a good call Well, you know what we what we like to do around here I mean, we're this is all one team, you know, I just get the privilege to have an hour to To to really just kind of coordinate this, you know as we take a look at these markets Take a look at technical patterns and the tools that that I use out here to assist me with what the markets are doing But we're all here to help each other, you know And so there are a lot of people that could have been taking a look at that gold move We're thinking about for example getting into the mining sector Seeing that take off and so the purpose of throwing it out there was to just say hey, this is not the time Now now if the pattern fails and it keeps going higher, okay Then you've got that information, but really kind of like we started the show off with john today I don't want to necessarily make a forecast. I want to understand where is it the battle's take place And when they do if there's a failure or success, what does that mean? And I think that's the best thing that we can do and right now with regard to gold It's just in a consolidation sideways with a valid bottoming pattern Now the u.s. Dollar index is not helping out a whole lot here But um, you know, it's not like gold is backing off a ton nor are the miners per se So interesting markets for sure Yeah, it's just nice to see those tools when they do work and you know, of course nothing works all the time But that was a pretty nice example of That pattern playing out and just the way that you know again It was nice that you could be on at that time to catch it and you know Go ahead absolutely that That's the potential if that could happen and if she did I think we're gonna I think we're gonna try to we're gonna try to do that again this friday See if we can find some markets that are going crazy and figure out, you know, what they what they communicate to us So for me, that's the most fun in doing the shows. We've been able to do it several times here recently I think even in the equity markets, we had been looking at the nq and was pulling right back and so forth So yeah, I like I like doing that mostly because it helps people to see the tools actually work live Anybody can be an expert on the history of a chart and go back and take a look at it and tell you I did what it did, right? It's about being able to then though figure out Okay, if certain levels fail like in the case of gold if gold is able to bust through 1768 Out here, I mean that's going to be a very bullish mission So that's what it was trying to do on friday as price was trading above it But we just can't jump the gun and assume that because it's trading above it and we realize it's just a daily time frame But that's what it's going to do come the end of the day But if price could close above the top of that uh weekly profile what that would do is that would then pretty much signal so 1768 That would well then the next level would be 1790 the real key area That gold needs to close above to suggest that it's back in its bullish ways is going to be 1790 And that's the center of its bearish structured weekly profile We close above that then that it's golden up to 1838 not forever folks just up to the next resistance level So that's what I think that's so much for your help and are you better at innovation On friday, and that was great to see that all take place and the way it played out So have yourself a great day you to a great weekend and hopefully I'll get to talk you soon Thank you That was brett de martinez california And if so folks were planning on on recording the show again this friday from eight to nine So maybe together we'll be able to do that as well But in the meantime hector and the fuel injectors did write in and was asking about the yen And so let's go ahead and get those charts up on the screen out And this is going to be the multi time frame eight panel charts That help us really understand what's going on for different time frames now What I want you to really first focus on is the monthly chart Granted the month is not over But if the month the yen closed above 111 71 and it's trading above it right now That tells us about a significant change in trend Meaning that the yen would be weakening the us dollar strengthening steve rhods with tfnn will be right back Sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument You have to practice sure, but you also need excellent instruction from experts at tfnn You'll get advice and guidance from the authority in technical market analysis And it's not just dry tedious text either tfnn airs live financial content streamed live on tfnn.com and tfnn's youtube channel with tiger tv Live every market day from 8 30 a.m. To 4 p.m. Eastern for free Each host is an experienced trader and gives their take on the market while taking calls and questions live from around the world From the moment the market opens until the closing bell sounds tiger tv has eight different shows with expert hosts to help you Make the right moves with your money Watch online at tfnn.com or on tfnn's youtube channel and become the investor You were born to be tfnn educating investors You might think that if you want to be successful at trading in the stock market You're going to need a crystal ball after all it's impossible to predict the future, right? 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That's tfnn.com and hit watch tiger tv Welcome back folks who are taking a look at the u.s. Dollar Japanese yen. We're doing that for Hector Did I just delete that son of a gun? I did so Hopefully remember you would take a look at that week the monthly chart for the u.s. Dollar Japanese yen It formed a nice teeny nine count bottom out there and as I take a look at the weekly the daily charts I mean this thing is on fire headed north that also means it's getting weaker versus the u.s Dollar so that's putting strength into the u.s. Dollar index now on the short term time frame charts a 30 minute In the 60 minute you've got td nine count patterns on the 60 minute price going to close below 113 27 to suggest that it's a top that could pull back to 112 90 or maybe 112 76 its breakout level It's the only time frames that I see any kind of a top for it now Let me switch over now that I've deleted accidentally deleted the monthly chart Let's pull back and let's see if we can try to figure out where maybe where price is going to We'll do that using the black background charts out here And again, I'm just going to go back to the monthly time frame versus trying to figure out an interday Type signal out here. So here on the monthly time frame price is also above the top of its profile So we notice that price was above its td nine breakdown level This suggests that the yen is going to go target its prior highs not that much further higher back in october of 2018 And that was the 114 55 level if price get above that then price should seek out the highs about 118 And then above that price would make its way all the way back to the 125 level back from june of 2015 Uh, we can see a very large consolidation that's going on here, but the yen is on fire and hector's question was Does that foretell something else inside one of the market's gold? The uh, um You know the stock markets and so forth and since we haven't seen that same kind of move I would say in any of those markets hector I'm just going to have to say no just you would be trading the yen on its own and only focused on the yen there Lastly there was a question to go take a look at mavis mvis Let me see if I can get the chart out here real quickly before we go to uh before the show concludes Which is about 15 seconds. So I don't know if I'm going to have the time to do that. I'm trying I'm trying And uh, well, let me see if I get mavis out here on this chart mvi Doesn't look like I'll be able to do it in time folks. Uh, stay tuned. You've got two more great hours up next David white and tom will brian. I'll be back with tomorrow on terrific tuesday. Take care folks


Beer culture is a huge thing in Denmark. Every national holiday has a different beer. And more and more Danes have started brewing beers on their own. On the night of the launch of the Christmas beer. A lot of people go out. It's even more crowded than the bars that are new years. Personally, I know nothing about beer. But I've teamed up with my colleague who's even had a beer subscription. Together we're going to ask a bunch of questions to one of our local beer experts right here in office. I have worked with beer for almost 40 years now. During my education I was always interested in food and drink. And in Denmark it wasn't at least 40 years ago possible to become a wine maker. And therefore beer was the obvious choice. It's a fashion thing. Home brewing was very popular 50 years ago. And died out completely during a 10 year period. And over the last 10 years has become very popular again. And it's I think very much to do with the fact that we are having all these craft beers popping up in the market. And people have found out that it's relatively easy to brew yourself in the kitchen. It's a lot of work and it's very messy. But it's actually quite easy to brew a beer. I mean 100 years ago every family were brewing their own beer. So it's not difficult to brew a beer. And it's just a lot of work involved in it. But people find it a good pastime. We have two main target groups of consumers. One is people of my age where the children have left the home and the parents are well off and can do whatever they like to do. And they will indulge in a good beer and they will buy whatever they like. They don't look at the economy. And the other group is the young students. We usually say age 25 and up who have the urge to try something perhaps a little bit better than a two-borg. Oh yes, in the garden after cutting, mowing the lawn and the neighbor comes along and asks should we share two beers then I would definitely drink a two-borg if he offers me to. I wouldn't buy it myself. Nothing really. Craft beer is a local phenomenon. We sell approximately 90% of our beer within 25 kilometers of the brewery. So if you want to drink local craft beer in Aarhus, you drink it from Aarhus by Kuks. If you go to Rannas, you will drink local craft beer from Rannas by Kuks. If you go to Skain, you will drink local craft beer from Skain by Kuks. It's more interesting what difference there is between craft beer and what we call industry beer. I think the main difference is that craft beer is being produced in an organization where there are no marketing people, there are no finance people, there are no shareholders. We don't look at the bottom line. If you go to an industry brewery, they will start to make a project and they will say, well, we want to sell this beer at this price. So how cheap can you make it so that we can maximize our profits? Here, we say, well, we would like to make this beer. So what is the cost to make this beer? Okay, then let's try to see if we can sell it. And there is a big difference there because I worked 20 years at a large brewery and I was never allowed to buy the ingredients myself. We had a purchasing organization, we had a finance organization with controllers and you got beaten in the head if you were using just too much and therefore it was the cheapest ingredients that you could buy that we were using. Oh, there is a time for everything. Here in what we will call the northern countries, the food and the climate is suitable for growing barley and making beer and the food that we eat is or has developed to be suitable for beer. So the Nordic cuisine is very good with beer as the French cuisine is very good with wine because in the Mediterranean regions where it's warm, the climate is good for wine and the food has then developed to be paired with wine where the food is developed to be paired with beer in the Nordic countries. This is historic. I drink beer every day with moderation. We don't have a very good beer culture in Denmark unfortunately. And I have to use a Danish word, we have what we call belliculture. We drink a lot of beer and we drink a lot of beer on Fridays, we drink a lot of beer on Saturdays and we don't have a very healthy relationship to drinking beer in moderation on a daily basis. It's Friday, Saturday and nothing which I think is not a very healthy beer or drinking alcohol culture. If you go again to the Mediterranean countries, they will drink wine every day but in moderation and they will not drink a lot Friday, they will not drink a lot Saturday. They will just have a regular consumption which is from a health point, not better. We just drink it in buckets Fridays and Saturdays.  Now they only drink beer and buckets Friday and Saturday. If you go back 500 years, then everyone in this country would be drinking beer because it was the only thing we had. The water was poisonous all over the world. If you dug a well, the first thing that happened was that the women would wash their clothes in it and then it was contaminated. So you could not drink the water.  But when you make the beer from this water, you boil it and therefore you kill all the germs. Wine was only available for the king, for the clergy. Milk was too precious to drink. You used milk for butter, cheese, whatever. So all you had was beer and you drank a lot of it. You drank six to eight liters of beer per person if you went back 500 years. But it was only one and a half, two percent beer. It wasn't very strong. That was what we called the daily beer. Then you would have what we called the good beer that we would use for Christmas or for a wedding or a funeral, which would be around four percent. And then you would have what we call the weak beer, which was the last running, which was about a half percent alcohol, which was what you gave to the children because everyone drank beer because it had been boiled. So even the children would be drinking beer at half a percent. If you go further up in time and reach the 18th century, then we have a very famous Danish author called Louis de Holberg, who wrote a play called Jebe på Bjaue, Jebe on the Mountain. And Jebe drinks snaps, and he drinks a lot of it. But he was not alone because in the middle of the 18th century, every dain in Denmark drank one bottle of snaps per person, plus six to eight liters of beer. But that snaps was only about 17 or 18 percent alcohol because they were not so good at the distillation process. One of our kings, Christian IV, who lived around that time, he would be drinking ten liters of beer per day. But on top of that, he drank wine with all his meals. And with all his meals, I really mean all his meals. If you wanted to talk to the king, it happened between sunset and 10 a.m. because after that time, you could not understand what he said he was drunk. And this was quite ordinary at that time. At the end of the 18th century, coffee and tea is introduced to Denmark. And the same author, Louis de Holberg, writes in a letter to one of his friends, he's so happy because his wife can go on all these visits all day and come home sober because she was now drinking coffee. Travels, tasting other beers, food. We produce batches of 1,700 liters here. And when we do a new beer, we would normally do two batches of 1,700 liters. If this is where I want to be, then I will aim a little to the one side and a little to the other side, two batches. And maybe I have to mix them 60, 40 or 70, 30 to get the final beer and then after that I know exactly where to be. But sometimes I just hit it dead straight. Beer is a fermented drink made from grain. Typically we will use barley because barley is robust and has the ability to go through all the processes, especially of germination during the malting process. Grain contains starch and if you just take the starch and mix it with water, nothing happens. You need to degrade the starch into sugars first. This is what happens during malting where you germinate the grain, the grain sprouts and you dry it. During that drying process you can roast the malt and produce various qualities of pale malts or dark malts that you then mix to get the proportion that you want. Once the barley has sprouted and germinated then enzymes have developed that can degrade the starch into sugars. When we then crush the malt and mix it with hot water the enzymes degrade the starch into sugars. We sieve the mixture which is like a porridge and draw out all the sugars. Add more water to extract approximately 98-99% of the sugars. Boil the solution with hops. Hops are flowers and they give the bitterness in the beer but you have to boil the flowers to get the bitterness. This mixture of sugars and hops is boiled. Cool down and transfer to the fermenter where we add yeast. We have many different types of yeast depending on what type of beer we want to make. The yeast will quite simply eat the sugars, generate alcohol, generate carbon dioxide, generate heat. Our tanks are chilled. After one to two weeks the yeast has eaten all the sugars and we chill the beer to approximately 0 degrees. The yeast doesn't want to be there anymore because it's cold, there's no sugar left and the beer is under pressure because during the last phases of the fermentation we will apply pressure to retain the carbon dioxide in the beer so the carbon dioxide is naturally formed. So the yeast will deposit and as all our tanks are conical we can crop the yeast out of the tank, centrifuge the beer and bottle it or package it into cakes. We reuse the yeast approximately five to ten times and then we discard it. The best beer I've ever tried that's very difficult because the experience of drinking beer is related to the environment that you're in and often it's a good experience when you are having a good time and I have had a good time many times with beers and I think it's going to be very difficult to single out one particular beer. No, because again it depends on my mood or the time of the year. If it's summertime I will like a pale beer with not too much alcohol in it because I will probably drink two or three because the sun is shining and in the winter time when it's dark and gloomy I want a dark beer, I want a strong beer I want to sit by the fireplace and I want to enjoy it I want to drink it very slowly and not a lot of it.


Hello, welcome to metals in biology. In today's class, we will discuss nitrous oxide reductase and its model complex. Nitrous oxide as you may know is a greenhouse gas, it is also known as laughing gas. It has many detrimental effects on our nature, but also it is one of those gas which is involved in the nitrogen cycle. As you know the denitrification process involves nitrite to NO to N2O and finally nitrogen formation. From nitrate this whole process starts and there is of course, nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation. Overall global nitrogen cycle is linked with nitrous oxide. The process by which nitrous oxide is converted to nitrogen is our major focus today. So, here as you can see nitrous oxide is going to nitrogen with the help of this enzyme known as nitrous oxide reductase also known as copper G side or copper Z side. Copper G is the believed catalytic cycle which has a mu 4 sulphide of bridged tetranuclear copper core. As you can see 4 copper centers are bridged with this sulphide. Of course, this another center which was not clear at the beginning I will come back to that later is initially believed to be water molecule. Each of the copper centers are associated with ligands as you may be able to see here that this 4th copper center is associated with only one histidine. On the other hand all other copper centers are having 2 histidines on them. This site once again is the center where this nitrous oxide is converted to nitrogen. It is a multi copper enzyme as you have seen 4 copper centers are there that catalyzes nitrous oxide plus 2 proton plus 2 electron going to nitrogen and water. As you clearly can see that this is having a copper sulphide structure or copper sulphide motif the core of this is still unknown in the literature from synthetic community. The enzymatic studies so far are not very clear in terms of suggesting a clean pathway by which this nitrous oxide is getting activated and then of course, first it has to bind activated and then it should be converted to nitrogen. The mechanism of action of such copper G side is not clear till date. Let us look at some of the proposed mechanism there are number of studies mainly with the computational works that suggest that a pathway involving nitrous oxide binding happens between the 2 copper centers. Of course, in addition to the copper G side there is another center known as copper A which is responsible for transferring electron that is required for the nitrous oxide reduction to convert it into nitrogen. Once again this nitrous oxide requires these electrons in the whole process to occur and those electron transfer site can be considered as this dicopper thiolate or cysteine bridged dicopper center which can act as electron transfer site. So, this site as you have seen earlier that these are copper A site ok. This does not participate in nitrous oxide reduction at all, this just provides electron does not participate directly, but provides electron for the nitrous oxide to die nitrogen. Let us look at the mechanism by which perhaps nitrous oxide can be activated and then subsequently with the help of 2 proton and 2 electron can be converted to nitrogen and the complete catalytic cycle can be drawn. So, here is a putative mechanism of course, this can be still debated and specially the fact that the structure need to be further modified at this point. In any case if we assume that these 4 copper centers are bound with copper which is very clear from the crystal structure that is the case that 4 copper centers are bound with copper. This is a sulfide S 2 minus sulfide and nitrous oxide is binding between these 2 copper centers. As you can see it has been proposed that this nitrogen is bound with copper 1 and this copper 4 is bound with oxide. These are computational studies, some experimental studies are also done overall this is the mode of binding that is suggested for nitrous oxide. Once this is bound one can exclude nitrogen from here to get these copper oxo copper bridge. From here on a protonation and subsequent this 2 electron transfer can lead to the overall completion of catalytic cycle. Of course, this protonation can directly happen simultaneously when nitrogen is going out to form this intermediate and subsequently it can be converted to the starting point. So, overall this nitrous oxide will bind between 2 copper center copper 1 and copper 4. Subsequently activation will take place and then removal of nitrogen will give rise to these copper oxo copper core which can undergo protonation or a direct protonation will lead to the nitrogen formation from which 2 electron and 1 proton can lead to the regeneration of the active site. While this proton and electron steps can be further debated which is more convenient which steps occur first as you can see one of these intermediate that we were talking over there can be taken up. So, we are talking about this intermediate, this intermediate putative intermediate can be taken up and a proton transfer first subsequently an electron transfer can be proposed to generate this intermediate hydroxo bound intermediate subsequently another proton and another electron will give rise to the reduced form of the nitrous oxide reductase. As you can see that this perhaps is the preferred pathway the other pathway involved are little more energy demanding perhaps therefore, this ET, PT, ET, PT electron transfer proton transfer these pathway perhaps is not favorable and likely not to be happening. So, proton transfer electron transfer proton transfer electron transfer perhaps is the pathway that is happening this is what computational studies are suggesting ok. So, overall as we have seen that nitrous oxide is binding between 2 copper center and the whole process still would require 2 proton and 2 electron, but the catalytic cycle is able to step wise take up this proton and electron and then the whole catalytic cycle can be converted in the whole can be completed the complete catalytic cycle would require regeneration of the catalyst which can be done as well and nitrous oxide can be reduced to nitrogen which is looking fantastic, but the problem is such for synthetic chemist such a copper G site or 4 copper 1 sulfide structure is quite a dream. So, this copper sulfide structure has actually excited chemist synthetic chemist or bio inorganic chemist to look into the copper sulfur compound synthesis and try to see if such a compound which is found in nitrous oxide reductase can be synthesized in laboratory till that a great synthetic model that mimics the structural as well as the functional activities of the nitrous oxide reductase is unknown, but studies are ongoing towards understanding and better representing the mechanism of such reaction. In order to understand the copper sulfur chemistry various research groups have invested heavily on this we will discuss some of the ligand copper complexes that is capable of reacting with sulfur or sulfur analogues to give the copper sulfur containing molecules. Let us look at some of those efforts which tries to mimic the activity of nitrous oxide reductase, but I must tell you that those mimic has not been that great yet. So, efforts are still on let us look at the initial studies or preliminary studies that has been done till that to solve or to understand the copper sulfur chemistry. Well, the first slide over here shows that 4 nitrogen centers or these famous TPA, TMPL ligand based will react with copper to give copper 1 TMPA complex. We have seen this earlier in the context of copper oxygen chemistry and copper mononuclear oxygen chemistry, copper dinuclear oxygen chemistry right. So, this copper complex can excitingly be reacted with elemental sulfur which is quite fantastic just like oxygen its sulfur can be reacted and just like oxygen an end on bound disulphide can be generated. If you have remember that if this tetradentate ligands are reacting with oxygen it was forming di-copper peroxo intermediate where oxygen was reduced by 2 electrons. Here the sulfur moiety is essentially replacing oxygen atoms and then we are seeing that this sulfur 2 sulfurs are 2 minus this is copper 2 plus this is copper 2 plus overall this is a very nice compound which gives rise to the similarity between the reactivities of sulfur and the oxygen with this tetradentate ligand system that is quite exciting to note. But one of the problem happens during this reaction and that is associated with the fact that this is not a pure compound ok. This is not the only product that is forming from this reaction. There indeed at least 2 more product or even perhaps much more than total 3 compounds are present. So, depending on the amount of copper and sulfur added these products ratios are varying. So, this is one product this is the end on disulphide product this is the peak associated with that this is another compound which remained unidentified till that this is perhaps another compound which is also remained unknown till date for the nature of these compounds. So, if you are reacting with this ligand copper 1 complex unlike the oxygen reaction which can give clearly only one product end on bound di-copper or di-copper peroxo species in this case the sulfur reaction gives rise to at least 3 compounds where we are clearly seeing that one of them is this crystallographically characterized end on bound disulphide complex. So, no matter what has been done to modify this ligand system to prevent the other product formation or to gives rise to only one product formation that remains unsuccessful. Subsequent study shows that if a substituent on this pyridine ring is placed in only one arm not in every arm at only one arm at this 6 position then it is indeed possible to prevent multiple product formation and exclusively form one product that is that end on disulphide compound. So, this is where the ligand designing and understanding of the ligand becomes extremely crucial for instance if these dimethoxy or methylene methoxy units are put on every arm of this pyridine this there is no reaction absolutely with sulfur. If two of them are also substituted two of the pyridines are substituted with any substituent at this position once again 6 position this once again does not react. Any change of further ligand understanding or ligand design will either lead to multiple product formation or no reactivity with element elemental sulfur ok which is a set right. So, overall the mono substituted pyridine was essential to give rise to this end on disulphide bound complex which is having a clear UVV spectra at 540 nanometer and this is purple in color this is quite interesting and it gives only one product from that mixture of compounds from the same compounds or same ligand without this substituent and we can now give with this substituent we can get a clearly only one product that is quite interesting, but this also suggest that the ligand designing has a crucial role to play in preventing or in promoting the desired product that that one is looking for. So, the other two compounds that was forming that was forming from these reactions are till unknown. What if this pure compound end on disulphide compound is reacted with different reagent for example, if one is bubbling oxygen through this it is the end on die end on peroxo species is formed indicating that indicating that these reactions are reversible in nature. Indeed copper sulfur binding is turning out to be quite reversible I must note that over here this is upon addition of more and more sulfur or with respect to time this peaks goes up, but if we warm up this compound it goes back to the copper one. So, this reaction is completely reversible with respect to temperature. So, the cooling down gives rise to this product formation warming up looses this sulfide unit. So, it is a completely reversible reaction just like what we have seen in the oxygen transport protein. So, with respect to with respect to with the ligand copper complex the oxygen binding is reversible although the peroxo or related compounds are forming over there, but oxygen transport remained completely reversible. Similarly, sulfur binding is completely reversible which can be also manifested by the fact that the oxygen bubbling gives rise to this species which is an end on bound crystallographically characterized intermediate. This intermediate is also crystallographically characterized and this is also definitely crystallographically characterized. Therefore, this also shows that that oxygen binding is stronger than the sulfide binding for the cases with the tetradentate ligand system. If benzyl bromide is reacted with this copper disulfide compound by benzyl bisulfide or benzyl disulfide dimenzyl disulfide is formed. This type of product formation indicates that your sulfur is having a negative charge. If it is having negative charge then only it can attack on a positively charged carbon center over here and that is how this product perhaps is forming. So, like this end on peroxo this disulfides are nucleophilic in nature. So, this is a nucleophilic center or delta minus charge is there and that is why it is attacking on benzyl bromide. One can also purge carbon monoxide through this to give the copper 1 CO complex. This is a copper 2 copper 2 this will be a copper 1 CO complex this is also copper 2 and copper 2 complex. During this benzyl bromide reaction one can expect to get copper 2 bromide which is also crystallographically characterized. With reaction of triphenyl phosphine this copper phosphine complexes are formed along with the formation of triphenyl phosphine sulfide 4 equivalent of this is used 2 equivalent of copper 2 equivalent of triphenyl phosphine sulfide can be generated from such reactions ok. That is all about the end on disulfide complex. Let us look at what happens when a tetradentate ligand is reacted with sulfur that is what we have seen. Now what happens if a tridentate ligand such as this one dimethyl amino MEPY 2 ligand this is the ligand crystallographically characterized strutting material. If such a ligand metal complex this is the copper this is a nitrogen pyridine nitrogen this is pyridine nitrogen this is the other aliphatic nitrogen. Now if such a compound is reacted with elemental sulfur as we can see now that a di copper disulfide is forming. Now the bridging mode is side on previously as you have seen the crystal structure it is end on in nature, but with a tridentate ligand system it gives rise to a side on disulfide just similar to what you have seen for the tridentate ligand and oxygen reactivity. These reactions are occurring at room temperature it does not require indeed at low temperature reactions are sluggish. These reactions are occurring at room temperature and this gives rise to the this diamond beautiful diamond core for the di copper disulfide complex. You can see the crystallographically characterized intermediate different bond length and this is quite interesting right. Well if you try to see the reactivity pattern for this reaction well this does not disappoint you it is actually turning out to be quite similar to what we have seen for the side on bound peroxo species ok. So, this is the side on bound peroxo if you take the side on bound disulfide this is side on bound just like this each of the sulfides are equidistant from the copper each of these copper right and this intermediate once reacted with oxygen at low temperature it is capable of providing this side on bound peroxo species. Once again that reinforces the fact that these compounds are not that stable compared to this di copper peroxo species and more importantly these copper sulfur binding are reversible in nature. One interesting reagent in these cases these are phenyl isocyanide. If you are reacting with phenyl isocyanide this C minus will be able to pick up this sulfur because the sulfur is positive. So, this is a electrophilic mode of reactivity ok. So, this is a delta plus a nucleophile will be able to pick up this sulfur to give rise to the these phenyl isothiocyanate complex ok. PhNCS compound can be generated from ARNC. Similarly for the end non disulfide cases the previous one if you are reacting this one with isocyanide you do not get any reaction ok. That is also quite interesting and quite insightful that these sulfur or these sulfides are nucleophilic in nature and nucleophilic sulfur will not react with a another nucleophilic center or it is also possible to exchange the ligand. So, this is a tridentate ligand. Tridentate ligand can be exchanged with a tetradentate ligand quite interestingly this side on bound disulfide now will give end on bound disulfide that is I would say quite fascinating not only oxygen ligand exchange the ligand for the copper can also be exchanged and sulfur can be transferred to isocyanide to give isothiocyanide again carbon monoxide can be displacing this sulfur unit just like what we have seen in case of the end on disulfide. Phosphine reactions are interesting if you see only two equivalent of phosphine is added then then we will be able to see that then we will be able to see that two equivalent of phosphine sulfide is getting generated. If four equivalent is reacted the reaction is similar to what we have seen in case of the end on disulfide. Quite surprising not surprisingly I would say benzyl bromide as you have seen that this reagent reacting with benzyl bromide to give by benzyl bisulfide but in this case there is no reaction. Once again reinforcing the fact that these disulfides are electrophilic quite interestingly as you can see these benzyl bromide reactions and isocyanide reactions are quite clear that the reactivity pattern for these disulfide end on disulfide versus side on disulfides are completely different. So, side on disulfides are electrophilic in nature that is this one this reaction demonstrate that no product formation also demonstrate that end on disulfide that is this one is nucleophilic in nature. So, there is a delta minus here delta plus here. This delta minus will react with benzyl bromide and therefore, we will see that by benzyl bisulfide will be forming on the other hand these sulfide will not be able to react with isocyanide right. Overall this is what settles then that side on disulfides are looking like electrophilic in nature and the end on disulfides are nucleophilic in nature. There are many other copper sulfur complexes since then has been reported and it is quite interesting to note that these are the really beautiful type of compound that one can get. The reactivity pattern and some of their reactivity towards nitrous oxide has also been studied to show that these some of these could be useful intermediate to understand the nitrous oxide reductance chemistry. We will not discuss too much about all these different different thing that. So, these different copper sulfide copper sulfur chemistry that has been known are also quite interesting. All these compounds gives rise to the new and exciting modes of binding with copper and sulfide. Overall these are the different compounds that has been reported so far much more are coming, but one thing to notice that none of these actually exactly represent 4 copper 1 sulfur motif ok. These compounds remain quite exciting, their reactivity patterns are quite important and interesting as well, but perhaps what is most interesting is there is a new twist in this copper G chemistry and that is the questionable ligand that was over there. Now, this ligand is turning out to be not the what aqua or the hydroxomotives, but it is a sulfur. So, a second sulfur unit has been identified previously this was the core structure proposed 4 copper 1 sulfide. Now, this new report suggests that that there is a second sulfide that is present and bridge between copper 1 and copper 4. So, the mechanistic studies that we have proposed or we have seen previously in the literature that need to be need to be perhaps reconsidered and this now then settles that this is if you look at this is a di copper disulfide bridge in one sense and in other sense that 2 copper centers are also attached overall 4 copper disulfide not 4 copper 1 sulfide unit as you have also clearly seen each of the coppers are having 2 histidine over here and all the way here, but this copper is having 1 histidine. So, likely it is likely that this is one of the site for the nitrous oxide binding, but the detail mechanism perhaps need to be reconsidered overall this remains a puzzle in the synthetic chemistry as well as the understanding of the biological mechanism of this nitrous oxide reducted. With this let us wait for the next class. So, in this class I hope we are able to discuss in brief the state of the art nitrous oxide to reduction chemistry, nitrous oxide is getting reduced to nitrogen, but the mechanism can be questioned it is now believed or now clearly shown that it is 4 copper and 2 sulfide that is involved into the nitrous oxide reducted. Therefore, the earlier structure is now refined and the mechanism that has been suggested earlier need to be need to be reconsidered, but most importantly these structure or these enzyme structure has given rise to the enough interest of synthetic chemistry to study the copper sulfide chemistry which has given many different complexes 2 of those reactivity we have seen. N non disulfide is nucleophilic in nature and side non disulfide is electrophilic in nature right and of course, none of these are capable actually to convert nitrous oxide to nitrogen. So, therefore, much more studies are required much more rigorous and long term studies are required to mimic and catalyze catalyzed nitrous oxide to nitrogen by a synthetic model complex all right. Keep studying we will see you in the next class. Thank you.


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Let me know and that'll be my next video You also can follow me on Instagram tick tock and Twitter at miss beyond grenade and I'll see you guys next time Thanks for watching beyond grenade today