Welcome to the NTN Nightly. I'm Nisha Charles. This edition stops stories. Moves are afforded to re-establish the Development Control Authority as a statutory body. The Government of St. Lucia is paying due attention to the island's ease of doing business ranking. Works continue to advance on the first phase of the DSH project. All that plus the latest in youth development and sports. The Development Control Authority, the DCA, plays a pivotal role in the development of St. Lucia. Governed by the Physical Planning and Development Act No. 29 of 2001 and its amendments of 2005, the DCA is an entity charged with the responsibility of regulating all land development. Sectors such as health, housing, public works and agriculture are all represented on the DCA. All land developments require the developer to first obtain the permission of the Development Control Authority. The Minister in the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Physical Planning, Natural Resources and Cooperatives Honourable Harriet Stanislas says Moves are afforded to re-establish the DCA as a statutory body. We are looking at the separation of the Physical Planning Unit and the DCA. We are going to have the DCA to be an independent statutory body away from Physical Planning. Physical Planning is going to be more for forward planning, land use policy, land zoning policy, quarry policy and those sorts of things. And the DCA is going to be concentrating on enforcement, supervision and approval of plants, both small, large-scale, commercial and so on. Often the view expressed from within the agricultural sector in particular is that development often takes place at the expense of the natural environment. This is arguably due to inadequate land use planning and the absence of a comprehensive zoning of lands. Minister Stanislas assured that the separation of the entities will help address the issue. He added that there are many benefits to the DCA as a statutory body. We have completed the first phase of the consultancy. We are now entering the second phase where we are actually putting the structure in place and also the legislation because we have to review and amend our current legislation to go with this separation. So I'm hoping that by the end of this year this is going to come to fruition and we can physically remove the DCA from Physical Planning onto another location as an independent statutory body. And again, all of that is in keeping with the government's policy to improve the ease of doing business in the country and to provide better quality and efficient service to the public. A developer must, before the commencement of a project, submit an application including requirements such as cover letter, drawings, land documents, survey plans and pre-DCA approvals consisting of health, fire and environmental impacts assessment. A bill to amend the International Business Company's CAP 12.14 was recently passed in Parliament. The International Business Company's Amendment No. 2 Bill seeks to ensure that a newly formed head office company as of the 1st of January 2019 should not be given preferential treatment but to be taxed in accordance with the Income Tax Act. The bill was tabled by the Honourable Prime Minister Alan Chastney. The stakeholders requested that an avenue to opt out of being grandfathered be given to IBC's incorporated prior to 2019. The amendment of 2018 provided for companies incorporated prior to 2019 to continue benefiting from the tax exceptions until June 30th, 2021, grandfathered period. This insertion of 5B now gives the option to these companies to no longer be a grandfathered company. This is an important part because there are some companies who actually benefited from being grandfathered and those companies now actually want to move much quicker and move into the new regime. So this amendment would allow them to be able to convert from being a grandfathered company which is applicable until 2022 and move much quicker into actually being a regular company and currently benefit from the new regime. According to Chastney, these companies would not be liable to pay taxes on their local income and benefit from other taxations in place of international revenue. Main Time Prime Minister Chastney piloted another amendment. The Income Tax Amendment 2 Act seeks to amend the Income Tax Act 15.02 which ensures that a business company which was incorporated prior to January 1, 2019 and elected to pay 1% income tax continues to be liable to pay the income tax under the Income Tax Act 15.02 with respect to its worldwide income. The amendment ensures who should benefit from the exemption on foreign source income. The provision states that a grandfathered company, a company incorporated prior to January 2019 does not benefit from the exemption of tax on foreign source income. During the period of the grandfathering, a grandfathered company has to be subject to the legislation which governed it prior to the creation of a new legislation for newly incorporated companies. Again, such companies, grandfathered companies, based on the IBC amendment may opt out of the grandfathering and become a 2019 company. Prime Minister Chastney went on to clarify the reasoning for the amendment. Members of the House, Mr. Speaker, would have remembered that while we were trying to satisfy the requirements of the European's OECD with regards to harmful taxation that what we had agreed to do was to eventually amend and abolish our IBCs. The manner in which we are doing that, Mr. Speaker, is by eventually merging our IBCs with our local companies. And what we've introduced is what's called a territorial tax structure. Under that territorial tax structure, which is in essence the source of taxation is defined by the CARICOM agreement that we have, does not charge taxes on foreign-earned income by those companies. So what we're doing is putting a provision in is that the companies that were under the old IBC Act for the period up until for the two years of the grandfathering can continue to benefit from the 1% tax. And this is the NTN Nightly. Rhino Bryan is up next. Look at your breastfeeding. I give him both just now, but I don't think I can breastfeed. Why won't you breastfeed? The thing is my breasts are so small. I don't think I will have enough milk for my baby. My dear, you can breastfeed. The size of your breasts does not matter. The more the baby sucks on your breasts, the more milk your breasts will make. People say your breasts will fall when you breastfeed. I don't mind to fall. Eventually all breasts will fall. Once you wear a supportive bra, it will help maintain the muscles of your breasts while you breastfeed. Breast milk is very important for your baby's health. It is complete nutrition for your baby with the right nutrients. I did a lot of reading while I was pregnant and found out a lot of good things about breastfeeding. Really? Like what?   It is also cheaper and practical since you wouldn't have to buy artificial milk or boiled bottles. Breastfeeding does all that? A.A. Now you make me want to breastfeed. I want my baby to be healthy and smart. There's more. In addition, I saved a lot of money from not having to buy formula. Do you know how expensive formula is? No formula? How is that possible? The baby will go hungry? No. The breast is adequate for the baby's need from birth to six months. The baby needs no other foods or liquids during that period. Is that so? My sister had the baby last year and my granny insisted she give the baby to Oloma and she was only three months. Nothing before six months. The nutritionist will guide you on how to introduce foods to the baby. Wow! I learnt a lot. I had no idea breastfeeding was that important. Yes it is. Breastfeeding is the best thing you can do for your baby. Do it and you will see. You will also bond with your baby. I will my girl. Nice talking to you. I'm happy to hear that. Also encourage your friends and family too. Welcome back. We join Ryan O'Brien for the latest happenings in youth development and sports. Thanks Nisha. And welcome everyone to our weekend update from youth development and sports on the NTN Nightly News. I'm Ryan O'Brien. The Ministries of Youth Development, Sports, Equity, Social Justice, Empowerment, Culture and Local Government in collaboration with the San Lucia National Table Tennis Association continues to develop and showcase the special needs athletes' abilities in a fun and safe environment. The sport of table tennis was a sport used recently to express the abilities with a day of play at the Moseju Endo Facility Wednesday. Four out of six schools participated. The Nata School, Denry Children's Centre Special Ed, VFO Special Education Centre, Sufra Special Education Rehabilitation Centre. The tournament took the format of open singles for both male and female competitors. Ron Robin in a group stage followed by the knockout stage from quarter-finals through to finals. Single elimination games to 11 points were played until the semi-finals. Semi-finals through to finals were played two best entry games. Medals were presented to top finishers in the championships. Greg Masler from the VFO Special Education Centre and Shani Stewart from the Denata School dominated the boys and girls' open singles event. The girls' events saw 13 girls competing in the knockout stages. The first semi-final match saw the two-time girl champion, Shani Stewart from the Nata, winning over her schoolmate, Kisha Beset, 11-6. The second semi-final match saw Chevelle Norbar from Sufra Special Education Rehabilitation Centre, defeating Julian Dominic from the VFO Special Education Centre, 12-10. The finals witnessed the confident and passionate Shani Stewart winning in straight sets over Chevelle Norbar, 11-4, 11-5 to retain the girls' singles championship. The boys' events saw 18 boys competing in the group stage. The semi-final matches featured three competitors from the VFO Special Education Centre and one from the Sufra Special Education Rehabilitation Centre. The first semi-final match saw Lassie's runners-up, Greg Masler from the VFO Special Education Centre, losing to his teammate, Janil Moffat, 12-10, 11-8. The second semi-final match saw Greg Masler from the VFO Special Education Centre, winning 11-6, 11-9 over Hazel Neptune from the Sufra Special Education Rehabilitation Centre. In the finals, Greg Masler won in straight sets over Janil Moffat, 12-10, 11-5 to become 2019 Special Education Table Tennis Champion. 62 students from the six schools had the opportunity to participate in six physical literacy activities which involved developing the ABCs for the sport of table tennis during the championship. Six stage transfer ball, forehand bounce, backhand bounce, alternating forehand and backhand, agility leader and forehand backhand roll to score, skipping. The students who completed all six activities were presented with certificates. The three best performers in each stage for both the boys and girls' categories were also rewarded with medals. The best boy and girl were also recognized as most physically illiterate athletes. The last event was the balancing ball relay. First place went to the Sufra Special Education Centre, second to Donata and third place VFO Special Ed. The Ministry of Development and Sports is continuing its preparations for next week's school sports awards to be held at St. Mary's College. Schools that were successful over the last year in various sporting competitions put on by the Ministry of Development and Sports in collaboration with the Ministry of Education will come together on June 28th for the staging of the annual Schools Sports Awards Ceremony. Winning schools and student athletes will be receiving trophies and awards acquired over the Schools Sports Program. That's all round up from Youth Development and Sports for this week. I'm Ryan O'Brien. Thanks Ryan. The Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators, the CATA, is currently holding a conference under the theme The Future of Tax, which explores, among other issues, what the tax policy environment will look like in 2025 and beyond. Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, Economic Growth, Job Creation, External Affairs and the Public Service, the Hon. Alan Shastney, is attending the conference in London, along with St. Lucia's High Commissioner to the UK, his Excellency Guy Mayors, while in London. The Prime Minister is also expected to hold several meetings with investors and St. Lucia's living in the UK. In the Prime Minister's absence, Hon. Leonard Wontoot, the Minister for Equity, Social Justice, Local Government and Empowerment, serves as acting Prime Minister. And we'll stay with the NTN Nightly. I'm innovative. I'm competitive. I am productive. I'm creative. I constantly improve what I do. And how I do it. I provide excellent customer service. I never stop learning. I give all my best, always. The National Competitiveness and Productivity Council, embracing excellence. Welcome back. Work is continuing on the horse racing track, which forms part of the first phase of the Pearl of the Caribbean development in Fear 4. The first phase of the track includes a world-class race track with turf and dirt courses, quarantine facilities, a polo field, barns and a veterinary clinic. The Office of the Prime Minister says over 200 St. Lucia's have been employed on the first phase of the project, along with 15 local contractors. More business and employment opportunities will be created in the coming weeks, with an estimated 500 jobs being created for locals, and the town-centered development phase of the project commences. A training program will also be conducted focusing on maintenance and administration of the track, as well as training in hospitality, grooming and caring for the first set of horses, which will be arriving in the coming months. In other business investment news, the Government of St. Lucia is paying due attention to the island's ease of doing business ranking. General Norville reports on the single-window feature designed to better facilitate business transactions. The Government is continuing efforts to simplify the administrative processes and procedures in reference to goods entering and leaving the country. In 2009, Cabinet gave permission for the establishment of a port community single-window to increase St. Lucia's competitiveness in regards to the trading of goods. In a thrust to improve St. Lucia's ease of doing business ranking, the Government of St. Lucia has focused on trade facilitation of domestic and commercial goods in and out of the island's ports. According to Minister for Commerce, Industry, Investment, Enterprise Development and Consumer Affairs Honourable Bradley Felix, the Government is working assiduously to implement what is termed a port community single-window to electronically harmonize and standardize information relating to the clearing of goods. Well, another area that we are aggressively working on is the area of ensuring that the single-window comes into force. There are agencies out there that are providing us with financial assistance to ensure that we are able to bring this to fruition. It will make a significant difference in how business is done because now people will not have the duplicated efforts of going to various entities when they want to bring in their goods, clear their goods. It's now going to be very, very seamless. The term single-window is often used to refer to different business environments or facilities where multiple tasks leading to a single outcome may be carried out by different parties on the basis of common information being supplied only once. The key objective of this kind of single-window is to facilitate traders in discharging all the regulatory obligations related to import or export with the relevant authorities of their country. Minister Felix indicated that sometime in September-October, a team will be coming to St. Lucia to assist with the process. The team coming down that will provide us with some assistance in putting that program together. And we're going to be inviting the various brokers and business people from the manufacturing and the Chamber of Commerce all to come and see how this thing is going to benefit everybody. The implementation of the port community single-window is considered a priority on the ease of doing business agenda for St. Lucia. For the government information service, I am General Norville. And here's a look at what's happening to us weather-wise. Saharan dust haze will continue to cause a reduction in visibility around the eastern Caribbean region. Two tropical waves located over the central and far eastern tropical Atlantic are moving westward near 23 miles per hour or 37 kilometers per hour. Tropical cyclone formation is not expected over the tropical Atlantic during the next five days. The tide for Castries Harbor was low at 12.48 p.m. and will be high again at 7.13 p.m. The tide for V4 Bay was low at 2.15 p.m. and will be high again at 8.20 p.m. The sea is moderate to locally rough with waves 5 to 7 feet or 1.5 to 2.1 meters. Small craft operators and sea bathers are advised to exercise caution due to brisk winds, rough seas, and reduced visibility. The sun will rise Saturday at 5.37 a.m. And that brings us to the end of the NTN Nightly. Join us next time at 7 p.m. with a repeat at 7 a.m. You can also catch up with us anytime on the St. Lucia Government Facebook page or YouTube channel. I'm Nisha Trouse.


Hello and welcome to the session. I am Deepika here. Let's discuss a question which says a solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it touches the bottom. Find the volume of the water left in the cylinder if the radius of the cylinder is 60 cm and its height is 180 cm. Now we know that volume of cone is equal to 1 by 3 pi r square h where r is the radius h is the height volume of hemisphere is equal to where r is the radius of the hemisphere volume of cylinder is equal to r square h where r is the radius h is the height of the cylinder. So this is a key idea behind our question. We will take the help of this key idea to solve the above question. So let's start the solution. It is given in the question that a solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and this is the height of the cone 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a hemisphere of radius 60 cm. The volume of this solid is equal to volume of cone plus volume of hemisphere. Now this solid is placed in a cylinder full of water when this solid is placed in a cylinder full of water it displaces some water and the water it displaces is equal to its own volume. We have to find the volume of water left in the cylinder when this solid is placed in a cylinder. Volume of water left in the cylinder will be equal to the volume of water in the cylinder minus volume of this solid the volume of this solid. Now we are given the height of the cone is equal to 120 cm let us convert it into meters. So this is equal to 120 upon 100 meter because 1 meter is equal to 100 cm and this is again equal to 1.2 meter and radius of cone is equal to 60 cm and this is equal to 60 upon 100 meter and this is equal to 0.6 meter. Now the radius of hemisphere is equal to 60 cm and this is equal to 60 upon 100 meter which is again equal to 0.6 meter. Therefore volume of this solid is equal to volume of cone. Volume of according to our key idea volume of cone is equal to 1 by 3 pi r square h. Volume of hemisphere which is 2 by 3 pi r cube let us take 1 by 3 pi r square common so we have volume of solid is equal to 1 by 3 pi r square into h plus 2 r and this is again equal to 1 by 3 pi. Now r is 0.6 meter which is 1.2 meter plus 0.6 meter this is again equal to 1 by 3 pi into 0.36 into 1.2 plus 1.2 meter cube and this is equal to 1 by 3 pi into 0.36 into 2.4 meter cube and the volume of the solid is equal to 0.8 into 0.36 per the cylinder is 60 centimeter which is equal to 0.6 meter and height of the cylinder is 180 centimeter which is equal to 1.8 meter. Therefore volume of water in the cylinder is equal to pi r square h because this is a formula for volume of cylinder and this is equal to pi into 0.6 square into 1.8 meter cube and this is equal to 1.8 into 0.36 pi meter cube. Now volume of the solid is 0.8 into 0.36 pi meter cube and volume of water in the cylinder is 1.8 into 0.36 pi meter cube hence volume of water left in the cylinder is equal to volume of water in the cylinder minus volume of solid this is equal to 1.8 into 0.36 pi meter cube minus 0.8 into 0.36 pi meter cube let us take 0.5 common volume of water left in the cylinder is equal to 0.36 pi into 1.8 minus 0.8 meter cube and this is again equal to 0.36 into take pi is equal to 22 upon 7 into 1 meter cube and this is equal to 7.92 upon 7 meter cube and this is again equal to 1.131 meter cube approximately. Hence the answer for the above question is that volume of water left in the cylinder is 1.131 meter cube approximately. I hope the solution is clear to you. Bye and take care.


In this video, we're going to discuss the solution of question six from the final exam for math 12-20. And in this question, we're asked to find the Maclaurin series for the function f of x equals x times e to the x. Well, we could try to, you know, just make this thing from scratch, but it is a multiple choice question. Probably there's a much simpler way than doing that. And so the idea here is that we know the Maclaurin series for e to the x. This is one of the most important Maclaurin series that we're told to memorize. Or at the very least, we put that, we put that formula on a note sheet that we can use on this test. In which case e to the x, we see that its Maclaurin series is the sum or n equals zero to infinity. We get x to the n over n factorial. And so to get the Maclaurin series for the function we want, we're going to times everything by x. But as this is a sum, we can distribute the x through, in which case this gives us the sum where n still goes from zero to infinity, that didn't change. And the power of x is going to increase by one, we get x to the n plus one over n factorial. And so we then would select choice f, which is the correct one there. And so you can see that, I mean, this one right here is just the Maclaurin series for e to the x. So you're so excited you found the right Maclaurin series for e to the x, you forget. You didn't adjust by x. This one right here is actually the Maclaurin series for sine. This one right here is the Maclaurin series for cosine. I should be exiting those because those are not correct. And then the other two are if you multiply sine. So this is the Maclaurin series for x times sine of x. And this last one is the Maclaurin series for what's happening there. It looks like x squared times cosine of x or something like that. And so neither one of those are correct. You didn't have to go through an analysis, but just kind of give you some idea where these things come from. You're going to want to know the Maclaurin series for e to the x, for sine of x, cosine of x. Natural log of one plus x, the geometric series, arc tangents, geometric series, the binomial series. Those are the important ones. You're going to want to memorize for an exam like this. Not just so you can answer this question type quickly, but it'll be useful in other questions as well.


According to renowned photographer Sean Miller, he has discovered something pretty remarkable that appears to be a Moai statue like the ones found at Easter Island. Only this one is in the water of Japan 8,000 miles away. Wait till you hear this. At first glance, this is exactly what it appears to be. An ancient statue of the Easter Island Moai in Japanese waters. But how could that be with the discovery of the monument remaining skeptical? And even suggesting it was planted there for an underwater treasure hunt. Apparently discovered after Typhoon Trammy destroyed a lot of coral life in the region to reveal the monument back in 2018. Found at a depth of 45 feet at the dive site of Kadena North Steps at Okinawa, Japan, 300 miles north of the Yanaguni Monument, the statue is thought to be much smaller than the Moai statue, so perhaps it was brought here as a trade item in antiquity. The amount of surface growth also suggests the stone monument has been there for a very long time, but as we say, it could simply have been placed there as part of a treasure hunt or something like that anyway. But what are you guys thinking? Comments below and thank you for watching.


Hi from TC Helicon and today we are doing the Sing Thing video manual so that you know all the ins and outs of the Sing Thing and can get it up and running so that you can make some awesome music. The Sing Thing is a personal monitoring system. It's also fully loaded with all of our awesome effects from the very popular Voice Live play. It's great for rehearsing or performing with your band. You can hear yourself so clearly, the monitors right in front of you, lots of effects that you can use. It's also a great tool for at home for writing or practicing or coming up with those sounds that you want to use for some of your songs. So the Sing Thing, what is in the box? Wow, you almost have everything you need to get started which is why we love it so much. You've got a microphone, it comes in this really great little case and this is our TC Helicon MP75 and it comes with mic control which we'll get into later but a really fun feature. Of course you've got your XLR cable so that you can plug your microphone into the Sing Thing. There's a quick start guide to get you quickly started on your Sing Thing. And then we have a 8th inch auxiliary cable. So you can plug in your iPhone, your iPad or any audio information source that goes into the Sing Thing if you want to do some backing tracks or karaoke style music or whatever it is that you like. Keys often have an 8th inch out so that will work for that. We've got a mic clip so you can put your mic on a mic stand and this is a USB cable that works with our voice support software which we'll get you to download but it lets you do firmware updates as well as there are tons of presets there that you can use and put onto your Sing Thing. We've also got a 8th inch to quarter inch adapter as well. Power, very important. And last but not least, the Sing Thing. So as you can see it's lightweight, it's super portable and it clips right onto your mic stand. There's a great display, lots of buttons, we'll get into all of that but the first thing you want to do before you set anything up is do a firmware update. So what you're going to do is you're going to go to our website, TCHelicon.com and go to support and then you're going to go to software downloads and the voice support too is there. I've also got a link in the description so you can check it out there and it'll take you right to the place you need to go. What you're going to do is you download that software, plug in your device and go from there. We also have a video called How to Upgrade Your Firmware Updates so we'll put a link for that in the bio as well, in the description as well. Great, that's first things first. Don't forget to subscribe, follow us and any comments or questions down below and we'll do our best to answer them.


So, last year, Congress passed the PACT Act, which automatically grants a service connection for numerous illnesses from veterans made sick by burn pit smoke in Iraq and Afghanistan to other exposures dating back to the Cold War in Vietnam. However, a recent AARP report found that nearly two-thirds of veterans don't know they're eligible for this care, and the deadline to register an intent to file is fast approaching. Dan Neves, the ambassador for Wounded Warrior Project, is here with me now with details. Dan, how are you? I'm doing well. How are you? Good, good, good. So tell me all about exactly like this deadline and what it covers and all of that. Yeah, absolutely. So it's really important to know first and foremost the deadline to get retroactive benefits to the day it was passed a year ago is Wednesday in a couple of days, August 9th. And so it's super simple. The VA has made it super simple to just go on and do an intent to file saying, like, hey, I served in these areas where toxic exposure was pretty imminent. There's a simple screening for that. And, you know, I want to say that I'm going to go get checked out. I might have any of these number of illnesses, predominantly cancers. And they have a year from that date to file and still get retroactive benefits. Now, at any time in their life, if something manifests a symptom, some sort of cancer or something, they can still file. They just won't get retroactive benefits to the day the law was passed. So that means like if you don't file and let's say like you've been hospitalized or whatever and you miss this deadline, that hospitalization isn't going to be covered. But if you sign up for the deadline, you're good. Right, exactly. So that that way you're saying, like, hey, I've been in these areas. You get a screening, say, like, hey, I'm eligible. And then so that way you're you're covered. The VA and the government has basically admitted if you served in all these areas, there's a whole host of cancers. The guy survived still today. Stage 3 colon cancer as a result of toxic exposure for my time in Iraq. Yeah.  You know, like, okay, I feel fine. Like, why should I go file? And that's sort of who I was until I got a cancer diagnosis. Right. And I was like, oh, wow. Like, okay, so I lost both legs below the knee in combat. I'm like, okay, just one more thing. And that's that's sort of the reality is cancer doesn't discriminate. No. So I don't care how good you feel.  My diet was impeccable. I felt great. I was at the top of my game and then out of nowhere, bam, cancer diagnosis. Yeah. And it's all related. So is this kind of like blanket coverage in the sense of I guess I'm asking because when I think about like, if a company legally dump some toxins, right? The first thing they say when when cancers pop up is that like, oh, well, you can't directly connect that because we don't have the scientific proof that that actually happened. But what you're saying with the army, what the military is doing is basically like saying, like, no, we're just going to go ahead and cover it. Right. Yeah. It's a whole list of present. They're like, if you have these giant list of types of cancers, like all reproductive cancers, lung cancers, liver, intestinal cancers, digestive, like so many cancers are covered. It's it's easy to find out. Just pop on the pack. Yeah, just Google it and you'll see the whole list. And it's pretty extensive that they're saying we automatically assume that these conditions that you're having now, these cancers are coming from your service in these certain areas. Yeah. I mean, in my family, my uncle was exposed to Agent Orange. And with my brother came back from the Gulf War, the first Gulf War with the Gulf War syndrome. I mean, he seems to be doing OK now. My brother's crazy. So who knows? Mine, too. All right. It's a thing, right? Brothers, but but but yeah, definitely like this is the type of thing that he should be signing up for. Oh, 100 percent. Well, and so this is sort of why I get so preachy about it to people is it doesn't hurt you at all to go get your screening and go get checked out.  Matter of fact, in colon cancer, it's relevant to me because that's what I had. My oncologist practice is like a majority of them are under 35 years old. And so there's happening younger and younger and then just in general. And then you link that to toxic exposure and you have a whole generation of veterans who are, I don't want to say ticking time bombs to make it sound so dramatic, but I want people to feel like there's a little sense of urgency here because it's if it's not for you. And God forbid, like, I mean, I hope everyone's as healthy as possible, obviously, but with the rate of these cancers popping up in the world, I'm like, why don't you just take some time right now? While this there's like a reason to go get checked out and get it done because it's not just you either. So now if I ultimately succumb to this illness, because I'm enrolled in the PACT Act, there's a thing called the dependency and indemnity compensation that the VA has that will take care of my family once I'm gone. And if you don't enroll, that's you're never going to get it. You're never going to get it. Yeah.  It's going well. I have my actually next scans next week. Actually, this Saturday, I go get the scans and blood work and then Monday, I meet with my oncologist. So it's going well. I feel good for the first time. My last, well, my last open wound just closed a week ago from complications from surgery, but I feel good. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I know I lost a family member to cancer and I know that the preparing to go in for those scans can be a very scary thing.  Exactly. Yeah. It's the same. Well, it's my wife. I have to talk off the ledge all the time. Yeah. She's the worrier. And I'm like, isn't it supposed to be the other way around where I'm supposed to be? She loves you, man. I mean, that's the beautiful thing. She loves you. Oh, my God. So tell me a little bit about your work with Wounded Warrior. Oh, man, I'm I love that organization so much. They have been there. They met me at my hospital bedside. Like I got blown up November 10th, 2004. So it was like late November by the time, you know, I got to Walter Reed and they met me at my hospital bedside with a backpack and a promise that whatever I needed or whatever my family needed, they'd be there for me. And they've been there every step of my healing. I was a pharmaceutical sales rep. I worked for Pfizer before I got reactivated to go back to combat. And I left my job in pharmaceutical sales to to go work in nonprofit first for the PGA tour raising money for Wounded Warrior Project and then for Wounded Warrior Project. And then I left in 2015 to do my own entrepreneurial things. But I am still an ambassador and a spokesperson for the organization today because we're just amazing people doing amazing things for an entire generation of warriors and their families. So if I ever get the opportunity to speak on their behalf or I'm I'm here to tell everybody, look, if you're a 9-11 generation of veteran, like get involved, yeah, right? Get involved, get maybe get some help that you need that you might not be admitting your needing, especially for the invisible wounds of war, or at least kind of stand up and be part of something, right? Like to get involved, because I think one of the best things Wounded Warrior Project is it is a it's a community where other Wounded Warriors get to like meet and hang out and do things together because the reality is in modern warfare, you go home after you're deployed and you're back in the civilian world. You don't really know a lot of people that have their same experiences. And it takes an organization like that to create the experiences where those people can get together and just talk. Yeah. And there's a lot of healing that happens in our community is how we heal like we can't do it individually. We all have to do it together. Amen. Yeah. Dan Evans, thank you so much for joining us. We will be right back.


Medical school is boring, and I could not possibly disagree with this any stronger. I have seen some of the most incredible things I think I'm ever going to see during my time in medical school. And that ranges from everything from babies being delivered right in front of my eyes, to being involved in surgery, to, I don't know, crazy diagnoses and rare diseases and pathology that, you know, I feel like I might never see again in real life. There's just so many interesting cases that you get to see as a medical student that the vast majority of people, the general public will never be able to see, and it's amazing. On top of that, if your medical school has a cadaver lab, that is an incredible privilege of an experience. It's something that I don't think I'm ever going to forget, you know, physically being in front of a human being and being able to open them up and look inside them and dissect all kinds of different parts. It's truly an incredible experience. I personally, I'm always fascinated about what I'm learning, whether that's in my lectures or things that I see in the clinic. So yeah, for me, medical school has been genuinely exciting throughout the entire time.


So, what we've done so far is having, we've mixed some serious physics with serious observations and sometimes the mixture is uncomfortable. But the idea is that, of course, we're dealing with natural phenomena and it's good to have some physical guidance with the data. So, what I'm presenting is the physics and an interpretation of the observations but I think the physics are always there and, of course, there's, you must always allow for alternative explanations but the idea is that when you have some systematics as you're in the field is to look for some of the underlying physics, you might have an alternative physics but I think it's the best way to guide you through the observations. So, the models that I've presented and some of the models that I'm going to present should not be considered as true. The physics are true. Whether they do account for what's happening in one particular system of course is open to discussion. So, the last bit is we're going to stretch the time scale a little bit more and talk about how magma reservoirs get in place and how, what happens to them as they get larger and I think that's an important part that you have to deal with that we have the plutonic record. Now, plutons are fully solidified magma reservoirs whether they were once volcanic reservoirs is open to question in some cases, I will mention them briefly you can associate them with volcanic deposits so it's clear that they fed the volcanic and you can demonstrate that the volcanic are indeed compatible with the composition of the fully crystallized body that has been shown in the very large intrusion called the bushveld in South Africa which I will mention briefly. So, in many cases it's quite clear that these plutons did act as magma reservoirs and they're usually found in clearly magmatic and volcanic areas. So, that plutonic record needs to be understood and needs to be accounted for. So, we start again with the same diagram you're sick and tired of it but it's a good diagram. So, on the whole we know that we've been placed in the crust magmas that did differentiate that's what we see in volcanoes and we know that the bulk composition of the continental crust is evolved with respect to primitive magmas which are always basaltic in compositions regardless of where you look at them in or the big mantle plumes or whether you look at them in the seduction zone they're always initially basaltic and yet we end up with something which is between andesite and desite so there's two things that you need to do is to differentiate your mafic magmas but then if you want to get the residue which is fully evolved then you have to get rid of the most mafic part that's always been an issue and so I think on the whole you can see that we know that somehow we've got two stages in the evolution of a magmatic reservoir we have the differentiation and we see that in an active volcano we saw that at Mount Adams for example but then there's a final phase in which we have to lose some of the mafics now whether these are very separate in time or not is an open question so we know that magma scent is buoyancy driven so we know that we're in placing mafics that we'll show you examples that magmas are the rise to some level and many of them get in place at shallow depths maybe due to the edifice also maybe due to the fact that they encounter rocks that are less than them and I will show you one example that's based on a gravity survey of the rum intrusion in Scotland I will show you another photograph later on about the disintrusion that's a mafic intrusion and what is left now is the mafics so what you have is the cross-session that was built on the surface observations and gravity survey the deeper part given the coarseness of the gravity survey is not reliable we'll come back to that later on the shallow part is reliable gravity survey is given the scope and the size of the survey you have enough resolution for the shallow system you have the dips of the... you can see that this magma reservoir got in place close to the interface between the super-crossed hole, the sedimentary cover and you can see that it did deform it and we'll come back to that later on what's left now interestingly there are some volcanics in the area and volcanics are clearly... you can show that co-genetic with this type of liquid that might not have come for that particular system but there's a lot of volcanics in the area you can see what's left now is very dense and that's one of the problems that we'll come back to that what is left is the mafic part, the fully crystallized part and this is much denser than a country rock so there's going to be... the story is going to be emplacement is dictated by the density of the initial magma and as the magma evolves then what's left in the reservoir changes and it changes in density so first phase one is emplacement so if you look at the run you can calculate the initial... that's for a dry magma there were some volatiles but we don't know that so dry magma we calculated that the pressure at which it was emplaced so you do that by using some codes like the melts that comes from the melts which allows you to figure out what's crystallizing out of initial liquid at any pressure you do have to specify the redox state but this is standard redox condition and this is what you have for the incoming magma for the run you can isolate the incoming magma from primitive dykes that are found around the body and that tells you as a function of temperature what happens to this magma so that's the bulk residual liquid plus crystals and this is the crystal cargo and of course there are breaks in the curve depending on the crystals that appear on the liquidus but you can see the basic story is that as you differentiate you start initially with a magma that was not very dense about 2.65% and then it differentiates and then becomes dancer and dancer and of course the crystal cargo is even denser very very large amounts of mafics and here you crystallize a lot of plagio clays which is less dense which is responsible for this but overall you can see the big bulk density change that occurs in a reservoir like this now of course this is erupting so the story is going to be more complicated than this but the basic story is going to be still going to be the same you have a density increase as a function of time now you can see this I've summarized a few intrusions for you that's a small intrusion which I'll talk a little bit about because it's smaller and it's been looked at in the field in Scotland also and there's no information there but it's about the same system as the rum and we have other information later on the rum is there so the host rocks they are well documented in the rum the incoming magma was about probably there you can see that the density was intermediate between the density of the supercross souls and the density of the crystalline basement Settil is a very large intrusion in Quebec very large mafic intrusion beautiful intrusion again we do know the surrounding rocks very well and you can see the incoming magma was probably slightly buoyant with respect to the country rock the bushveld in South Africa is an even larger intrusion and again the same story the incoming magma had this density was intermediate between the country rock and you can see that in all cases the density of the fully crystallized the sample that's left the mafic cumulates are much denser than the host rocks so there's a very large density change between the initial liquid system and the initial fully crystallized mafic cumulate pile so there's going to be a second phase in which they're sagging and foundering and they might not be separate in time but of course for what I will do I will consider them separately so to go back at the rum this is what you have there's a fault that runs through the system you can see the size of it that's important to have the lateral extent and we have good controls on the lateral extent even at depth you can see slightly larger at depth than just on the outcrop there's a fault that runs through the system for those of you who are interested in it it's a beautiful outcrop there's some interesting layered series we'll not go into that here and this is characterized by a big gravity normally you can see the courtness of the gravity is not great and that's an island and of course there's not a lot of gravity data I'd see unfortunately but it would be very nice to have more gravity data on those systems because gravity data of course is going to tell us a lot about what's going on the Adnamaker system that's a Google Earth system you can see this circular outline the erosion level has just cut through the magma body and therefore you can do a lot of mapping the lateral extent is about six kilometers and that's from a nice paper which summarized so that's the present level exposure there's no gravity data so you must definitely think that all this is imaginary but the important thing is that you can see here that it's definitely a thicker body because of the dips so that's what the trial is called Lopolis which is a basin-like structure which is thicker in an actual zone but what's not clearly like Lopolis and I'll come back to that is that the tilting of the magnetic layers the inward tilting increases as you go towards the axis and that's a very important piece of evidence but it's a nice intrusion it's also interesting because it's not a very large volume intrusion so there's an aspect ratio associated with that intrusion which will play a role the thickness is a few kilometers and the width is about a few kilometers so the aspect ratio is about one now how can we replace reservoirs like this if you put them very fast there's a big issue about how you can deform it in the post crystallization phase the whole system has been heated up we know there's a stress that's going to be imposed by the Mayfix we know the amount of rough estimate of the stress magnitude is simply given by Delcero the density contrast with the country rock g times the thickness of the intrusion we know the density contrast that's very well documented the intrusion thickness is also quite well documented and we know the analogy of crux of rocks and I'll show you the examples you may assume several constitutive relationships between stress and strain rate but basically for these stresses these things are characterized by effective viscosity that are in a range such that these strain rates are large so these bodies will deform so just to give you an idea and that depends on temperature so this is an effective viscosity for that even stress level that I was mentioning these are non-linear logical laws and so the diverteric stress magnitude is calculated as I shown previously as you can see as a function of temperature you can have very small effective viscosity so country rock will deform if it's carried to temperatures basically about 400 degrees C depends of course on the exact constitutive relationship between stress and strain rate but the story is that if you heat up the rock they will deform over a small time scale geologically you can relax the stresses in a few tens of thousand years at this rate so in placement first phase and the one thing you see is that there is a relationship between volume and aspect ratio so this is the Adnan-Larkin intrusion small volume 30 cubic kilometers as per ratio of all the one rum intrusion that I've shown previously larger volume 500 cubic kilometers as per ratio of 0.5 Setil, this beautiful intrusion in Quebec it's unfortunately only a bit of it are found on the outcrop and most of it is under the St. Lawrence river but this has been mapped using gravity anomaly almost perfectly circular outline beautifully and large volume very large intrusion aspect ratio of smaller the Bouchvel this is even larger that's in South Africa that's older this is about 60 million years old but I forgot now it's about I forgot about maybe sorry I forgot it has to be someone linked to the St. Lawrence river so maybe 400 million years ago and the Bouchvel is about 2.1 giga years ago so 2 billion years ago it's a much larger system and the outcrop is it can see stretches over about 400 kilometers it has an irregular outline which I think is an important thing so you can see there's a relationship in volume and aspect ratio and that's one thing that I'd like to emphasize so we've done experiments and I will show you some simple theory to account for to find out how you can inject the magne reservoir and what determines the aspect ratio that you see so you inject liquid at the interface between two layers it's a stably stratified system the upper layer is less dense the lower one and we initially inject the liquid that's hot and at its high temperature its density is between these two densities so it will get in place right at the interface but when it cools down it will become denser than the lower layer of material and then it will sink so that's a simple way of representing the big density change that I explained that is due to cooling and crystallization in a simple way but I think it tells you a lot about what happens in terms of physics so you recall this, that's the tank and these are tricky experiments because you have to monitor density to a few parts per thousand so it's a big... but you can do it if you're careful so let's first do the physics so now we're in placing the system let's assume first that it's constant viscosity, constant density and you're in place at the interface between two fluids and we might allow for different viscosities in the upper fluid and lower fluid they have different densities it's stably stratified so density here is less than this one and the intrusion has a viscosity that's intermediate between the two so we're going to write down exactly the same balance equation that we wrote before so I will go fast it's the same type of argument but the same force is the viscosity at the top and bottom of the intrusion now the interesting thing here of course that we have continuity of velocity at the interface so we're driving flow in the surrounding liquids and the important thing is that we're driving flow over a vertical extent which is scaled to the lateral extent of the flow that's simply a result of the fact that in the Navier-Stokes equations that's the initial terms and you have a Laplacian so the Laplacian imposes that what happens in one direction affects in the other direction over the same kind of length scale so that's an important thing so you'll have the strain rate which is going to be linked to the spreading rate over that thickness and that thickness is scaled to the radius of the intrusion, the radial extent so for flow real distance r kinetic boundary extent of this r the Karatek velocity we'll call that U.S. now it's not U the subscript, spreading velocity because I'm going to compare this to another velocity so the strain rate is U.S. over r and the bulk momentum balance we've seen this before, it's exactly g' is the scaled gravity given the stratified system but it's g for all practical purposes and there's some stress at the top and bottom so you have to allow for the two sides so there's two viscosity involved you add the volume conservation it's a constant volume flow and you you get these spreading relationships so the same stuff as before no, no particular the important thing is that you'll see that the radial extent will increase as t to the 1.5 the thickness of the flow will decrease because the constant volume so it's the same thing as the constant volume flow at the surface which is spreading and becoming thinner as it spreads here it's in between two layers but it's the same principle and you can see a very simple set of relationships that of course was assuming there was no cooling so just give you an idea of what happens in experiment that's a side view and a view from the top so we're putting a fluid whose density is intermediate between these two densities when it's hot so it spreads but you can see that it spreads and then it starts deforming and then it starts thundering and it starts thundering because it has cooled and as it cools of course it has to go back down and you can see the view from above initially it does spread you see this radius here is larger than here and then we'll show you later on when it starts to go back down the radius will go back down because of course you have to feed this down occurring flow so this is what you see it has a regular extent of the flow as a function of time these are scaled because you want to compare experiments independently of the volume the viscosities but if you're dealing with one experiment it's just a straight radius in typical units you can see that this thing is spreading and then eventually it starts to sag when it's becoming denser so what I'm interested in is the aspect ratio at the stage where these things is reached at a natural extent so it's a maximum aspect ratio that you can reach before it starts to sag and that's what you find from the experiments the aspect ratio it's the thickness over the radial extent as a function of a dimensionless number which I'll describe it to all so we have data for 12 experiments and you can see there's some ratios here in between the two which I will explain but so 12 experiments it's a lot of time so what can we say? well the end of the spreading phase is such that the cooling proceeds faster than spreading initially if you spread fast then cooling will effect like the flow you remember we had this when we dealt with a lot of homophology but eventually the spreading rate has to go to decrease we have a constant volume so as the flow becomes thinner it has to go slower and so eventually we're going to have cooling because it proceeds faster than spreading if cooling spreads faster than spreading this is the time at which basically you're not going to be able to spread much farther and then you're going to start sinking because the cooling will overtake spreading so the cooling rate for some thickness h is it's simply a diffusion control so kappa is the mode diffusivity so that's a cooling rate the spreading rate you can calculate for what I've shown previously and the time for buoyancy reversal is equal to the spreading rate there's a constant proportionality and that defines a critical time at which basically cooling overtakes the spreading so you know that time you know you have the spreading relationships that specify how the radius and the height increase with time so you substitute this critical time in those values and that tells you the critical aspect ratio which is there and the nice thing is that time disappears of course and the only thing that you've left is a simple relationship which introduces this dimensionless number where gravity is reduced gravity and time velocity and that's a dimensionless number that's basically a measure of the the propensity to spread and the efficiency of cooling you can see that kappa if kappa increases this thing et cetera so a very simple relationship for those of you who like a convection it just looks like a really number and the predicted slope was one minus one third and you can see that you can calculate for the experiment and that's the best fitting relationship the experiments are not as good as you would like them to be but you can see basically the basic argument is okay and that tells you that the aspect ratio is going as this four times to the power one over three so that's important thing AI was increasing with V so that tells you that if the volume increases the aspect ratio decreases and that's basically buoyancy driven flow the thicker the flow the faster it goes and so the larger it can spread so you can rationalize this number again by simply a ratio between two velocity scales spreading rate versus cooling rate it's the same argument you can interpret therefore this number as a ratio between spreading over diffusion cooling so if this number is large spreading is faster than cooling intrusion extends to large distances smaller cooling is faster than spreading intrusion doesn't spread very far so I think that explains the relationship that we saw between the intrusion size, the intrusion volume of the aspect ratio it's a very simplified argument of course because we must feed these volumes into crust and crust is not infinitely thick so this is a very simple physical argument but it does bring up the point I think that's the largest intrusion associated with the faster propensity to spread and they will go to large distances so the bouchevelle is very large and the bouchevelle extends to 400 kilometers the argon americant is a small intrusion it can't spread very far and it chills before we can spread so that's already telling you that the size of its thickness, its lateral extent there is some control on cooling by cooling of course in nature there's going to be complications to that that's a basic story now phase 2 sagging and foundering so now we have this thing has been cooling it's going to become denser than the surrounding rock so if it's denser than the surrounding rock and so I think it's interesting also that there's clearly a trend in the complications in the way the foundering proceeds so a small intrusion regardless of what goes on this is going to be associated with a small negative buoyancy because a small buoyancy is the force is the density difference times the volume times gravity and you can see here there's the classical structure is interpreted which is interpreted as sagging of the floor but the fact that the tipping of the planes increases as you go towards the actual zone is not consistent with the flexural type of deformation it's more consistent with the foundering the fact that you start sinking so the sagging I think is another the correct way of describing this because the inward dips increase towards the actual zone it's not consistent with some flexure of the floor and it suggests an incipient foundering process if you go down to other intrusion that are larger that's a very beautiful intrusion called the Great Dike in Zimbabwe that's very well mapped because it hosts a lot of interesting mineral deposits including platinum deposits and that's the cross structure through the Great Dike in Zimbabwe so it's very well characterized because you have a long strike of the Dike, the Dike extends over a total distance of 500 kilometers so you have depending on where you stand you have observations at different levels and we'll come back to that later on but so basically you have the tilting of the igneous layers and you have the basic structure from the gravity anomaly the observations we'll see them later they stop short of about this level so classically this is interpreted as a feeding structure that's a feeder zone I think it's a wrong interpretation as a feeder zone it's just too wide you have a kilometer wide system here and a kilometer wide fracture that would feed magma it's just way too big it would allow buoyancy driven flow faster than the speed of light so this is not a proper width I think it's a foundering feature and clearly you have a different shape you can see that maybe the adenamercan is an intrusion that's recording some of that feature but stopped before it reached that point and so there's the suggestion of an increasing deformation with increasing volume sagging fellow structure sinking if you sink completely then of course you have no record left the other thing we can see there's complications when the reservoirs are very very large that's the bush vell and there's an interesting story for those of you interested in this about the way the gravity anomalies were handled it took about two decades to sort out the story here but that's the end story it's been checked by gravity anomalies local and large scale it's also been checked by seismics because that's hosting the largest platinum deposits in the world and that's the story now but 20 years ago this was not established because the gravity data had been misinterpreted and for those of you who are interested maybe in a discussion session and that's the structure that you see you can see this thing is extended over very large distances I think that's on account of its large volume these larger insurance can spread very far but it's very regular it has lobes northern lobes, western eastern lobes, southern lobes the southern lobes is below the sedimentary layers in cross-section it has a complicated shape interestingly enough there's a difference between the basal series the most mythic parts there are ultramaffects basically you have theonites and paroxonites for those of you who like these types of rocks and then later on you have periphytes you have more complex mineral assemblages but the central part is missing the ultramaffects very interesting there's a general lobulis shape and at the edges you have these very thick lobes at the end the lobes are thicker at the terminus and that's also very so you can see a complicated shape the central part of the intrusion which is thinner and which has lost some of the ultramaffects and thickening at the edges you can also track the dips of the layers at the edges so there's an inward dipping layers over there and so there's quite a bit of information about the structure so I think the story is a sequence of increasing deformation with increasing volume complex shapes for small aspect ratio intrusions even more complex for large aspect ratio intrusions so we go back to our experience and see the kind of flow patterns that we can develop now we have to deal in 3D and so smaller volumes for large aspect ratios you're in a teardrop regime where you just developed this teardrop if you think in terms of the final shape structure like the gray dye it doesn't stretch the imagination very fast we see that this is consistent with these type of shapes but if you increase the volume and the size these things will spread farther and you get into very complicated patterns so that's side view there's a reflection of the light reflections of light there's a too complicated thing here but then you can see from the top what happens that's what we call the jellyfish regime it's nicely outlined in the view from the top what you have is thickening at the edges and the edges start sinking but there's also this pattern of lobes going down what you might call diapers going down in the center of the pattern and then eventually it goes down you can see the ring starts to become stable to smaller scales and drops forming out of the periphery so a beautiful picture and this is perfectly controlled you can make experiments with slightly variations of volume and come back to that later on it's perfectly reproducible pattern now what you see is therefore you look at the thickness of the function of distance at different times eventually the flow starts to spread but then it starts to become stable and it starts to thicken towards the edges and sinking in the center and then developing into this jellyfish pattern so the jellyfish pattern you can observe it at different volumes so within the limited experience you have only a factor of about 5 between the smallest volume and the largest volume and of course the largest volume the larger the structure and of course the bigger the structure that you form bigger diapers so there's some nice scaling that come out of that there's a simple physical control of everything that goes on in this system there's another regime that develops when you have a slight difference in the viscosity ratio between the intrusion and the surrounding material and instead of using the jellyfish you only thicken at the center and it's a matter of just a wavelength of the most unstable instability that develops and there's only sinking at the edges and you develop these low-bate structures thick at the edges, low-bate structures but you can call that as a variant of the jellyfish regime I'm not going to develop the why there's different regimes the aspect ratio is an important feature you only develop these regimes these complicated regimes at large aspect ratios for very good reasons I don't have time to go into the details but we're going to track these regimes I'm going to find the equivalents in nature so this is what you see so small volume so it's large they would produce a teardrop regime if you have a larger volume you would produce larger smaller aspect ratios and you would go into these regimes here so larger volumes, larger values of AR smaller aspect ratios and the break is about there but definitely there's more theory to be handled so the story is that the larger the volume you would produce the largest intrusions and you would produce the most complex patterns it's not really that surprising and again these patterns are nicely developed I think this is very similar to the low-bate pattern that we had in the annular regime you produce these thicker edges and these low-bate structures and then it's tempting to associate with this type of structure that we had and in the idealized cross-section with staining it's a bit idealized because there was no gravity data at this stage it's clearly second at the edges and it's exactly what we have in these structures the low-bate structures and thicker edges and I'll come back to that later on with slightly better models for these structures so what we've seen is that intrusions are things that might evolve with time they will evolve slowly with respect to the time scale of an eruptive sequence these things are, if we are right about the typical discourses and typical rates that the crossroads can deform you will change the dimensions thickness, size of your reservoir over time scales that are maybe some things like 100,000 years and so this is an important factor and so this is slow compared to the time scales for the volcanic system itself but it's something to be taken into account when you want to interpret the igneous record we have the igneous record with the plutons the plutons are recording the final stages of a volcanic system and so of course it is not exactly what happened during the volcano but it is recording things that did happen as the volcanoes were active now the last thing the experiments have done I've shown you before they show you these very complicated patterns that can develop there's just a typical instabilities that you would expect in stratified food systems no surprise there the pattern however, like this were never described before because it involves the air spreading and the cooling and the thickness that the igneous things like this have never been reported but these instabilities are in food layers so as soon as you've got some buoyancy force the food deforms and everything goes down so the end result of all our experiments was all the fruit ended up at the bottom of the tank which is not what happens in nature because in nature the rocks can deform but the rocks have some strengths so the rocks can sustain strengths and we of course we see plutons the plutons are there they are shared with gravity anomalies so they represent a load on the crust and this load in the case of the bourgeois this load that's being there for about 2 billion euros so it's safe to say that the crust withstands that load and so we have to go to more complicated physical considerations to see what is the preserved shape that you can get so what I'm going to show you is a result of numerical calculations done with a code that handles elastic deformation brittle deformation and plastic deformation ductile deformation so I can't describe the code in any detail it's been checked we checked it against the laboratory experiments that is in the limit of no elastic behavior no virtual behavior and the purely Newtonian relationship between stress and strain rate it does reproduce things it's a 2D code and it takes quite a bit of time to run calculations but this code is going to be able to show us what happens when the reservoir goes unstable but also what is left because the shape of the body that will be left is the shape of the body that can be sustained by the strength of the rocks so what you have is that's the basic setup of these calculations we mostly did calculations over the crust so at the base of the crust we allow for definition of the crust if you deform the crust you have a restoring force because the crust is buoyant with respect to the underlying mantle so this is so-called Winkler restoring forces so if you deform the crust there's a push-up because you're trying to push buoyant fluid into a denser fluid and at the axis by symmetry there's no velocity you can't spread away from nowhere and no shear stress it's a maximum and at the far edges and the calculations we made sure that they were not influenced by the lateral boundary at the top were a free surface the free surface can deform the surface and that's included in the calculation so we start with an intrusion we start with a half width of L now it's another radial intrusion it's 3D of a thickness H we're going to track deformation using several layers so these layers are initially the rock has the same density of rho i so we're not allowing for different densities between the different layers but the color scheme will just allow you to track deformation as this thing goes down and initially this thing is we start at the stage where the intrusion has spread it's now denser than the country rock and we're going to follow what happens again a stratified system and we're going to track deformation now so we're only looking at the foundering stage not the initial emplacement stage so we found three regimes one is the sinking regime if you're dealing with a big density difference and or very weak surrounding rocks and weak surrounding rocks can be either because the geology is intrinsically weak depending on the geology you can be weaker than others but also you can change that by temperature these two can offset one another so you have weak country rock or big buoyancy force you sink and you don't leave much at your initial emplacement so that's the initial intrusion and it starts to sag it starts and then it develops this very thin down-going you might call that dive here and in that particular case we're spreading at the morrow because that's the base of the crust and we can discuss that later on if you want to that's also an interesting phenomenon for coastal differentiation of this talk plan and that's the temperature nothing particular, that's the temperature field and you can see this thing deforms now I would like to stress the fact that you can see the time scale hundreds of thousands of years the geology is just a geology that's a soup of coastal rocks and the load is the load that we know so this deformation unless these calculus are completely far off it's exactly what would be predicted and you can see that indeed this initial state is not stable it has to go and deform into these bodies we haven't imposed deformation at all the other thing I'd like to stress is that in this particular case not much is left at the initial emplacement level and then at final several years there's still a bit of deformation but not much so what you're going to be left with is a slight sliver of stuff over a very thin zone which might be taken as a dike actually the temperature field is you start hot because you're reservoir is hot and of course it sinks and of course there's an advection of heat as you go down and of course that's the intrusion because it's hot heats up the surrounding rock and weakens the surrounding rocks so why does the green layer of the black no because you have the return flow that's the question which one over here there there it's okay everything is entrained by this thing so it's things here and because you've got this temperature difference here there's a bit of uplift there also it's been the intrusion is out sorry? well okay we will discuss that later because I'm not allowing for my boundary gradient stops here so the only way I can go is there so depending on the density of this thing in reality this will continue to go down in this denser fundamental and it might spread if it's that's where we're very deep you're here I've taken a cross of 60 kilometers to stick here that's the cross of 60 kilometers to stick here yeah but you can change the cross of thickness if you're I'm not sure what you want to drive at there's two things here the cross of thickness is assumed to be 60 for the bourgeois now is about 40 kilometers we know it was thicker but we've lost a lot of overburden and so that was to be able to restore the lost overburden and the spreading here is an artifact of this calculation depending on the density difference between the stuff that goes down and the mantle if it's dense without the mantle it will continue to go down but in the bourgeois it didn't go down and that's something that's very interesting we can discuss that if you want to so that was the sinking regime at the initial emplacement level there's not much that's left there's a residual intrusion regime in which you're having rocks are slightly colder the tank control here is the weakness of the surrounding rock they were all intrinsically weak and now that's a consequence of defamation and you produce a final look at the time scale here these things deform very slowly because they're colder so the definition occurs much less rapidly than in previous case and in the end you end up with a stable structure again spreading at the morrow but that's an artifact of the calculation and that's a final structure that is stable at 9 million years there's no more defamation there's a bit of defamation left it's negligible, it's less than 10 to the minus 20 second minus 1 so negligible temperature field nothing surprising but that's the important thing we have a residual intrusion regime because there's a big body that's left at the initial emplacement level however it's been strongly deformed it has, you can see the difference between here and there there's no, there's not a simple relationship between the two the residual body is not the same as the initial one but basically we've lost half of the volume to the morrow and we've left half of the volume at the so we'll come back to that later on you can see the layers how they deform, these are supposed to mimic the individual thickness layers and you can see that they thicken toward the center, you can see that the basal layer got stretched and in fact only lined up the wall to below a certain depth so there's apparently some discordance that you would record in the layer of the universe rocks and I'll come back to that later on so there's some very specific features of this type of instability and the way the defection of the body is reflected into the the layers that are left so the foundering proceeds differently depending on the intrusion aspect ratio these calculations are done exactly the same conditions just to show you so now we have a different larger aspect ratio and what you start developing instead of a centrally central down-sigging what you will produce is a series of instabilities which are akin to what are called relative instabilities but the instabilities always occur first at the edges because this is where the intrusion is coldest because there's a competition between these different and producing these residual intrusion the interesting thing is that you've thinned the central part you have a thicker outer part and with dipping layers and there's no dipping layers there a complicated pattern which reflects the you can see again the time scales because we're in this residual intrusion regime the rocks are not deforming fast so the time scale is large now this is the best we could to do the bushveld so much shallow intrusion and because it's shallow, at shallow depths you've got very cold rocks so it's going to be very hard to deform those rocks so most of the defection will occur at depth and you can see how the pattern evolves and the end result, 2 million years then basically nothing happens after that you're left with a thick outer lobe and a thinner central region and the thinner central region has lost its basal parts very important features that we saw in fact I'll come back to that later on so that's the residual intrusion regime it's the most interesting one how can we match this to with a geological record so before I go into this let me summarize I think what we've done so far is to say okay do we want to look at the emplacement stage because of course as we emplaced magma in the Earth's crust we have a buoyancy force that's acting and it's unlikely that the reservoir will remain static it will deform there's going to be eruptions of course which will withdraw liquid etc but that thing is likely to deform and if it's likely to deform it's likely to spread and so to spread to large distances and that's going to be a function of the volume that's available it's also important to track the aspect ratio and the lateral extent of this body because as it crystallizes and cools then it will generate different types of behaviors when it starts to founder there's no doubt that most basal intrusion should be involved in foundering because we know that the mafic accumulates that they produce are denser than the country wrote and I've shown you examples from the geological record geological record of course you might have a complex situation in which you're still having a layered magma body with dense ultramafix and lighter evil rocks, they are anothozytes at the top and we can discuss anothozytes for those of you who are interested anothozytes have plagioclates accumulate and so there's going to be a density stratification within the reservoir that's of course the next step this characterization was done a year ago there's many different things that we can investigate but the basic story I think is that you're going to start losing your mafics and there's a second stage in your magma body when it's almost fully crystallized that's going to generate a completely different structure and this is the structure that you're going to be able to observe in the field when you go to plutons so does it make sense that's a cross-section of this great dog of Zimbabwe why it's because we've been studied in the last section you can see the lowest exposed stratigraphic level is over there because this is stretched over 550 kilometers the beautiful structure I could have shown you in fact it shows up very nicely on Google because it's so long and so big you can see the width something which is more than 10 kilometers wide a big fat intrusion body and there's always some puzzling features for this type of intrusion is not the only intrusion of its kind there's many other ones there's a nice intrusion called the Muscox which is nice in Canada there's also the Jimbalana in Australia and it's always been a puzzle to petroleum the fact that the layers could be dipping at such large depths in fact the Jimbalana is almost vertical and all the mechanisms that can produce a new slurring are always gravity driven so it was always a puzzle and it disappears by gravity processes against a vertical wall so of course this problem disappears if you assume that this thing was not horizontal when crystallization occurred first thing, second thing there's always these funny discordant structures at the wall you can see the border group which is the earliest crystallization crystallized part and you see that it lines up the wall but it disappears somewhere there's a discordance between you would expect crystallization sequence to proceed from border the night this is a typical sequence that you see in many of these intrusions but the border group has been truncated and the other layers are also truncated so these discordance are always been a puzzle and of course the best way is to find out to assume that this is not the way the intrusion crystallized it's the way the intrusion did deform after it has crystallized and could do this very dense cumulates if you look at this structure here that's the final structure that we saw and you can see we have the same features this lower layer that's the border group it gets truncated and there's of course you disappear some of these disappear as you go up along the wall and also the other thing that we notice is that the layers are thicker at the center so all these features are I think can be simply explained by this type of post crystallization definition same story we could do higher resolution calculations these calculations are not that long but they take now on a fast they take about three days we could have done something a little bit more softly again you have to deal with the definition of a larger distances laterally because as we saw if you deform over 40 kilometers vertical you have to at least have several times that distance horizontally to make sure that you're not influenced by your lateral boundary so your domain is much larger than this blow up if we go back to that structure to the rum structure if you remember it's an interesting structure because it has again I think this route now this route is not well outlined by gravity so that's the best the gravity people could do since then people think the gravity can't extend that deep so I'm not going to say this is proof that there's a funnel structure there but it's proof that there's this big fat thing here which is dense because that's mapped by the gravity field and I think it's very likely that it's due to the foundering we don't have the the interesting thing is I will show you things near the edges that's what you see near the edge of the rum that's the country rock it's layered you're sitting on the top and very nicely there's some interesting structure here so the rock has been obviously suffering but you can clearly see that these the same areas dip towards the intrusion, the intrusion is here you sit on the intrusion here and so that they form and I think that's also consistent with this type when you're higher up in the intrusion you deform the country rock but you don't of course completely you're still left and you just have this amount of deformation in the country rock and I think that's remarkably consistent with what we see here now last but not least the different regime that we saw so for a given reology the depths of emplacement plays a role but a small role so here we're not very sensitive to the surface but I've shown you cases for that's the summary of the different intrusion regimes and different final regimes sorry, as a function of background temperature so as you increase temperature you of course make the country rock weaker and so you're going from sagging to sinking what I would like you to introduce here these caverns were made just with the hot initial intrusion the country rock was cold or at its ambient temperature so there was no thermal halo around the intrusion and you can see how sharp the transition between these regimes are the residual intrusion regime is confined to a temperature interval of about 100 degrees C, not big and so you go from sagging to sinking quite rapidly sinking there's not much left in your geological record sagging there's a lot of left intrusion record and residual intrusion on it but if you allow for thermal halo this is the end stage of your working system you've had a lot of magma inputs in your system you've developed a thermal halo the thermal halo was scaled to for example the dimension that we see in the bush veil because the bush veil we have the metamorphic oriental if you have thermal halo that very sharp transition translate into a much wider transition because simply you've got a wider area of weakened rocks so the residual intrusion regime is in fact occupying a much larger parameter space and that's the end thank you


Here's another one from Stephanie in Newark, New Jersey. Are you hearing about any other nonprofits who are adjusting their wages down to accommodate staff members who do not want to return to the office and maintain a work from home status? I have been asked by a valuable team member if we would consider this. Wow, that's a big question. I actually have not heard of any organizations that are adjusting their wages down because of team members not returning to a physical workplace. In my opinion, it's not about where they're working. It's about the value that they bring and the productivity and the results of their work. I mean, that's what the compensation is all about. It's all about their experience and how they're moving the needle for your mission and organization. This is just my opinion. I mean, it's not where they're sitting to get that work done.