Hey everyone, welcome to Tutor Terrific. Today, I'm going to do a short tutorial for you on the TI-83 Plus. We're going to specifically look at converting between decimal degree farm and degrees, minutes, seconds farm or DMS. This would be something you would do if you're in a pre-calculus or trigonometry course, the equivalent course in integrated mathematics, maybe Math 3 or something like that. And these graphic calculators do the job very well. So let's say I have an angle and for example, 63.26, or 63.36, rather, degrees. Now, I haven't stated anything to the calculator except what the number is that I'm dealing with. I'm going to convert this number to degrees, minutes, seconds form using the calculator. Now, the way to get to DMS on the calculator, like this, this is true for the TI-83 Plus and the TI-84 Plus calculator line. We will select second apps and this gives us the angle menu and you can see the yellow word angle above the word apps. Here we have a couple options that we were going to deal with. We're not going to look at five, six or seven or even three, but one and two we'll look at later. For now, we are going to select number four, which says arrow DMS, which stands for convert the number before treated as an angle and convert it into degree, minutes, seconds form. So right now it's considering 63.36 as a decimal degree form of an angle. So when I press enter, I get the following. 63 degrees, 21 and this little dash, it's a little apostrophe that means minutes and it's a little double quote or apostrophe that means seconds. So this is 63 degrees, 21 minutes and 36 seconds. Now let me take a moment to explain for those of you who might be lost here what minutes and seconds are in angle language. A minute is a 60th of a degree and a second is a 60th of a minute. So this is like base 60 in a way. It's like base 60 counting of small subdivisions of an angle or in degrees. Notice how it doesn't matter what mode you're in for your angles. You could be in radian or degree mode and you will get the same result because we the calculator when you use that function will consider your number not to be in radian mode, but in degree mode. So let me do the calculation one more time 63.36 second apps for and enter. You get the exact same answer in degrees. So it doesn't matter what mode you're in for these operations. Now, what if you had an angle in your book or on your handout for your problems that was in degrees minutes seconds form to start and you need it in decimal degree form instead. Well, it's very easy on the calculator if you know where to find those particular symbols. So let me show you. Let's say you had 65 degrees two minutes and 17 seconds. 65 degrees two minutes and 17 seconds. So first I type 65. Then I go to that same menu for I found DMS second apps and I press this time number one see that little angle that little degree symbol. So now I have 65 degrees. Okay. Now what I'm going to do is type two because I have two minutes.  That means two minutes on this calculator.  It's not here. Which is a little frustrating to me. I don't know why it would be placed somewhere else. But it is.  If I zoom in for you, it's dark green on this color combination for this calculator. Above plus it's dark green, which means you have to press the alpha button to get to it.  Now you might be saying, wait, where do I tell to convert to decimals? Well, you don't. You just press enter and it does it automatically. Aha, 65.03, etc. That is decimal degree form of this angle. Now again, I will prove to you that it doesn't matter what mode you're in. Currently I'm in degree mode. I will switch back to radiant mode. It's not going to give me a different answer here, guys. So quit this menu, bring up that same calculation again by pressing second enter and press enter. Same exact answer. It will be in degrees even though you're in radiant mode. Now this does not apply and it does matter what mode you're in when you are doing a trigonometric expression. For example, let's say right now I want to find cosine of six. I'm in, let's check, radiant mode. So of course that's going to find the cosine of six radians, 0.96. Six is near two pi, so it's close to one.  Now according to me, I told you that that means degrees, but I'm in radiant mode. What happens? Boom. It converts it to degrees for you. So if you're in radiant mode, you could still plug in angles into trig functions in degrees and this is cosine of six degrees. It's different than the cosine of six radians. So guys, I hope this has been helpful to you to show you how to convert between dms and decimal degree form on your ti83 plus or your ti84 line of calculators. It's the same. All right, guys. Thanks for watching. This is Falconator signing out.


probably turn this around hey any good filters in here maybe this one so many people get in here how's it going guys good to see you tell me if you'll join what's up guys welcome welcome got 15 people on here hello hi hello hey dude hey welcome was popping not much how are you guys doing nice cream I don't know what that means okay hi hey guys welcome hey before we start if you guys go to the link in the description of this video everything on my website is 35% off so if you get one piece or two pieces or three pieces that entire order that you get will be 35% off so go check it out the link is in the description of this video or go to johnnyqart.com we're doing an end-of-the-month sale so if you want some spin art like if you want some spin art like these right oh link in my bio right or that piece pretty dope should I subscribe yeah please subscribe why not there's also this one look at that piece pretty dope anyway everything on the website is 35% off right now we have 12 people on the website so we have see here we also have like these little mini guys look at that six by six mini spin arts we have this piece right we got that piece that piece that piece that piece ready oh we also have to a colts fan colts fan there this piece this piece so some of these are like $9 some of them are like $12 some are 15 some are 20 so if you guys want some Johnny Q art now is the time to get some also have pieces like this just go to the link in the description below this video and we'll go from there so look at that also if you guys didn't see my community post today I've been thinking about doing some new content on the channel and I thought about what if I did a spin art would you guys want to see some spin art ASMR let me know what you guys think about ASMR should I do ASMR what do you think got two yes three yes four yes love revenge they are fire thank you people are saying yes yes so people really want me to do ASMR someone said no we had over yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes okay what kind of ASMR do you guys want to see also let me show you some more look at this cosmic 80s look at that piece how cool looking is that so that's also a website right you also got pieces like this boom you also got pieces like this ready look at this piece pretty dope but uh okay if I do ASMR content what kind like eating tingles like should I crinkle up some wrappers like what do you think I should like popping bubble wrap as ASMR that'd be kind of funny wouldn't it would be kind of cool I think maybe we'll do like an ASMR popping bubbles what do you guys think like bubble wrap should I do bubble wrap I think I'm gonna do it I think I'm gonna do it so what I'll probably maybe I'll make it really quick tonight but if it does come out you guys got to like be sure to like it and subscribe and all that stuff in comment so we also got this heart that's also in my bio just go to the website johnnyqart.com or go to the link of this go to the link in the description of this video can you do one right now okay here let me show you I will do I will do some ASMR of popping bubbles and we'll see if you guys want to do it if you want me to do it on my YouTube channel give me one sec alright bubble wrap let me put in my my headphones you like how I whipped up that how you like how I whipped up that uh bubble wrap so fast give me a thumbs up if you can hear me send me a thumbs up can you hear me send me a thumbs up if you can hear do you do request commissioned I do so if you want me to do any kind of custom work send me an email at johnnyqart at gmail.com okay let's let's try to do this you are so enthusiastic and what do you guys think should I do this should I make a YouTube video a really quick one what do you guys think this is a cringe fest do you guys you guys think that I cry myself to sleep I don't what if we did what if we did someone said I'm reporting for what being awesome ASMR so why not I was like why not try ASMR you know looking nice today Johnny thank you stop flexing this is what I'm gonna do vote yes or no should I make a ASMR video and post it tonight say yes or no yes or no it is a very important stuff okay vote for yes yes yes yes yes five yeses six seven eight people are saying that I should do some ASMR so ASMR video but it's gonna be awesome I'm gonna try to I'm gonna try to do this now hours so so you guys better


I feel super lucky to be in the generation that knew about sunscreen, you know, that knew that you had to start wearing sunscreen to protect your skin from skin cancer and, you know, aging and getting wrinkles and all that kind of thing. So, yeah, when the sunscreen stick first started becoming a thing, I was probably like, you know, young, like maybe 12 or 13, and everybody thought it was so cool to have the sunscreen lines on your face. And so, we were really lucky because not only were we protecting ourselves from a young age, but we also looked cool doing it.


The ambitious goal to make your own wafer, well, you might be in the right talk now. In the following lecture, I couldn't resist our presenter, Nudl, will explain how to perform electron beam lithography, do it yourself. Let me switch over to Nudl, who is really down to the atomic level. Of course. So hello. Hi there. Hi. Talk us about how to make your own crappy PMMA-based resist for EBL. So it's not that it already works perfectly, but you know, it's kind of a start. Our primary interest is in kind of on-ship photonics, if you will. So by that, we mean integrating photonic components like waveguides or gratings on a ship scale level. And we're also interested in making our own MEMS devices. So yeah, I guess that sums up what we're trying to do. Of course, you could also use EBL and masks generated by it for semi-conductor stuff. But that's kind of off our scope, to be honest. But also very fascinating stuff, actually. So we want to make EBL at home. Besides an SEM, which is actually relatively cheap, between €400 and €1500 if you lurk long enough on eBay. So besides an SEM, you need the chemistry. And the thing is, the chemistry the pros are using for lithography in general is price-wise pretty hefty. If you go to those go-to vendors, it easily adds up to much more than the price for a used shitty old SEM itself. So what to do? Right, cook your own soup. And maybe it's good enough for your and our purposes. So what is EBL? EBL stands for electron beam lithography. In the end, it's simply using the rig we all know for scanning electron beam microscopy for lithography. The scanning beam changes the chemical properties like the solubility of a resist. And that's the way you can draw figures into the resist with a beam. What sucks? It's super slow compared with other lithography principles. The electrons are charging the resist and maybe interfere with a substrate or whatever you want to EBL in a bad or maybe destructive way. To prevent this, you could try to coat your stuff with a thin, hopefully not disturbing conductive layer. But sometimes that's not possible because it could undermine what you're actually trying to accomplish. It's also necessary that your workpiece is somehow vacuum compatible. If not, maybe it's not the right process for it. On the pro side, you have the fact that it needs no mass. Of course, there are other maskless processes like using DLP, DMD based projectors or laser writing, awesome stuff to be honest. The other thing is that in principle, you can achieve pretty high resolutions with EBL. Because you're using electrons, you can neglect the de Broglie wavelength above 100 nanometerish resolutions completely. There is a wide variety of resists you can use for EBL. They have different fields of application. We have tried nitrocellulose NC, but it didn't work. So we switched to one of the most common EBL resists, PMMA. PMMA comes in chains of different lengths or molecular weight. You can cut or cross link them. As far as we know, PMMA is the best documented resist for EBL. It's easily available and cheap. You can use many different solvents. Some of them aren't really toxic. If you let modern resists like ZP side, PMMA can achieve the highest resolutions and aspect ratios. We use PMMA as a positive resist. That means that the electrons induce a chain-cision process, which cuts the PMMA chains into smaller parts, which makes them easier soluble in the developers. The positive process itself is relatively easy. You apply the resist via spin coating. Then you have to pre-bake it to remove the remaining solvent from the resist layer. After that, you put it in your EBL system and expose it. Then you remove the exposed resist parts with the developer. We are using MIBK for that. After that, you can do the next process step like physical vapor deposition or electroplating to get the final structures you want. The developers' composition we are using is IPA with MIBK 3-1. There are many applications of structured resists. You can use it as a mask, as already explained, but you can also use it as a structural component for chemistry on ship applications or in MEMS or as a structural dielectric for high-frequency and optical components. As the EBL system, we are using an old SEM, a kind of retrofitted it using a red pitaya as the signal generator. To design your masks or geometry in general, you can use every CAD tool chain you want. If you use hardware like the red pitaya, you have access to a wide variety of tools and scripts doing the boring stuff like file parsing for you. We should also mention the most common mask file formats. First, there's GDS2 and the more modern OASIS. And then there is an idea we had during the last days that it could be worth it to try to define yet another file format for that task, simply because those two that we mentioned are both lacking many modern features, which you know from modern CAD formats. There are multiple strategies to scan or expose only the parts of the resist you want to be exposed. The most common ones are line-style scanning with a fast beam on the dark parts and a slow beam on the bright parts and scanning fast between the polygons and slow inside the polygons you want to expose. We are using red pitaya because they're readily available and do the job. Using simple Jupyter notebooks makes it easy to script your experiments. Electron optics is pretty similar to normal optics from the user perspective, so you also have distortions and such effects. But you can transform your exposure scan to compensate for that. For finding the so-called camera intrinsics and also for fiducial detection, if you are in need of multiple exposure passes, we recommend OpenCV. Most algorithms you need are readily available. Another annoying effect comes from the fact that the beam itself is not infinitely sharp and from the scattering of the electrons in the resist and back-scattering from the substrate. That's really the resolution killer if you go for high resolutions. There are different ways to counteract that. One is to increase the electrons energy to make the entry region tighter. An additional way is to correct the effect via deconvolution. To generate the necessary deconvolutions kernels, you can measure the effect or simulate it. PECEBL is one open source tool for doing that. And that's one form of PMMA we used. You can easily buy it on Amazon. Normally it's used to fix fingernails, I guess. DCM is one very popular solvent, but it's also not very healthy. Xylol also works, and it's not that bad. Toluol is pretty good, but also relatively toxic. Anisol could be the solvent of choice. It's not toxic relative to the other stuff. And it works good with PMMA. But you have to heat it up to 70 to 90 degrees Celsius. That's our improvised spin-coater. It's a Dremel with an SEM stub holding the substrate piece. After spin-coating, you have to pre-bake it at approximately 100 degrees Celsius for a couple of minutes to remove the solvent. OK, that's the test pattern. And our first result, not that good. The reference square is 100 micrometers. Another try. The distance between the scale lines is 10 micrometers. One example of accidental crosslinking. Most of the resist was removed, but some parts with high dosage are of decreased solubility. That's a better example. Another example of accidental cross linkage we made last night. Both squares are 10 micrometers. And thanks to Sleepy Old Joyce for providing us with the wafers. So thank you. Yeah. Thank you. Any questions? Thanks for the talk. So let's have a look. Do we have questions? No. We don't have any questions here at the moment. Guys, if you want to ask something, if you want to ask Nule, go ahead, use our communication channels, Twitter, Macedon, and IRC. Otherwise, let me quickly ask you, Nule, what's about the resolution range you can get with this technique, with yourself technique? Your question is how far we got, right? Yeah. So yeah, in the sub-micrometer scale. OK. But it's still work in progress. So yeah, if we figure out how to achieve 100 nanometers, I hope. Mm-hmm. So somebody's interested if the slides of this talk are going to be published? Yeah, I can publish them. OK. How can they be found? I put them on GitHub. OK. And link it on our Twitter account. That sounds good. The Twitter account, yeah, is available. So we got it. Thanks. So far, no more questions. Yep. Let's see if something drops in. Is there anything you want to add to this talk here at this moment? No, not much. OK. Yeah. So yeah, there's one thing. You mentioned one substance which was not as healthy as it, well, should be or could be. So what's the toxicity of this one component you mentioned? Which one? Toluol or DCM? Both are, yeah, give you cancer if you're not. Oh, OK. Yeah. So gloves and everything. OK. Well, yeah. And I would recommend a fume hood and stuff. Yeah, yeah. Well, the kitchen's possible. But you don't want to mess around with those chemicals in your kitchen, I'd say. Yeah, that's true. OK, more questions. That's good. So we have some questions coming up. What structures, actually, do you want to achieve by the end of this project? Is there anything you have in mind, something dedicated, dedicated goal you want to go for and say, OK, we got it now with this type of process? Optical gratings for 400 nanometer laser light, certain application waveguides, and gratings. Oh, OK, that's cool. To implement kind of external, small external cavities for diode lasers. Yeah, OK, OK. Are those lasers also, do it yourself type of lasers or do you buy them or do you have a lab accessible for that type of work? I buy the diode lasers, so normal laser diodes. OK, yeah. Fabry Perot, the laser diodes. I want to modify them, yeah. Yeah, sure. What's the output power of those laser diodes? In the load, I want to use them, yeah, 10 milliwatts, not very high power. Well, I think you can already destroy your eye with that. Can you? Maybe. And I shouldn't look in. Not sure. Well, we don't want to experiment that. We don't want to recommend anything like that. Well, folks, you're out there, you know it anyway. Next question is, what does the wafer cost IRL and how much is an electron beamer? So our electron beam device is an very old electron microscope, a scanning electron microscope. And those are around 500 to 1,500 euros on eBay. On eBay? Really, OK. Yeah, used ones, pretty old ones. Sure.  So how much power does it suck? So what's the? Including the pumps, it's two kilowatts, one kilowatt. Wow. That doesn't. I haven't measured, so I'm not sure. But nothing special needed so you can actually Yeah, exactly. Plug it in more or less. Cool. Well, have you actually tried optical UV before using EBL? No. Why? Just because you're interested in electron beamers? Yeah, that's one thing. The other thing is that I'm not sure how to achieve the resolution I want to have. And I guess in all in all, an EVL system is a more simpler system. OK. OK. Micrometer resolutions. I see. All right. There's another question here. It's about frequency or so. How fast can the IC switch? How fast can you actually clock it? What? Well, yeah, somebody's asking how fast you could actually switch. I mean, if you produce an IC with that technique, how fast can you? OK. So we don't want to produce semiconductor devices like processors or something like transistors. It's more about means with micromechanical devices and optical devices. Oh, OK. That's our focus. I see. I see, yeah. Next question, of course, where can you buy the chemicals? Do you need some special license for that? For example, chemical license or so. I mean, some poisonous license, at least. In Germany, they are available. So you can order them at some online shops, like S3 chemicals, if someone is interested. So normally, if you are a larger research facility or something like that, you are able to order them at Sigma Eudrich, but they don't talk to mortals like me. So I see. OK. Next question, so they're flowing in now. That's pretty nice, actually. Do you package the IC somehow? Not yet. So it's not IC in the common sense. Currently, I'm figuring out how to mix the proper resist. So I'm in the very early stage of doing it. So no, I see packaging necessary currently. OK, yeah. How long have you been actually working on that project when we're talking about timeline now? Yeah, a couple of months. So, yeah. That's pretty short success then. Another question here, how do you bond those parts? Actually, what material do you use to pack them up? Something like epoxy? So at the current stage, there is no bonding. So but you can use epoxy glue to glue the chip or whatever on the holder. Yeah. There is another question, more like a motivational question. If you could probably name some exemplary projects that can be tinkered together, which wouldn't be possible without that type of approach you are pursuing here? Yeah, compact optical devices. So I guess it's the only way to make that. OK, goes back to your answer before. That's my motivation. So I know that there's different other stuff you can do with it, but I'm not into it. Yeah, so you're more into optics. OK, there is another question that got in. Would it be possible to do those chips with gates and everything or do you need other more exotic stuff? Yeah, for that, which isn't available. If you want to build semiconductorships with transistors, you need a diffusion or ion implanting and such stuff. So it's much more complicated than only the lithography for the masks. OK, and well, just my imagination. Where did you guys actually set that all up in your cellar, in the garage, somewhere, some rented space or headspace? Where are you actually doing that? Our laboratory is more or less in the basement, if you want to. OK, is it somehow, well, how shall I say? Is it can it be influenced by motion, not by motion, by disturbed, basically, by vibrancy? Yeah. Yes, if you go for really high resolutions, we are far away from that kind of super high resolutions. You have problems with oscillations induced by some traffic or something like that. Oh, OK. Traffic. Yeah, exactly. Something outside shakes a little bit. That would be a problem if we want to crack a hypothetical boundary like 10 or so nanometers, I guess, if that's not easily possible in a normal room. So in a normal house without the proper isolation. The theoretical limit with this technique would be achievable, 10 nanometers, that's pretty small. Yeah, theoretical, it's possible, with EBL in general. Not with our rig, but with a professional one, you can get down to five nanometers or less. So I don't know what the actual limit currently is. So yeah, my question popped up. So do you further treat the finished wafer after etching? So something you do there? My plan is to electroplate some structures on it, electrochemical plating and physical vapor deposition. That are the two things I want to do in the first place. And maybe a little bit of unisotropic and isotropic etching of substrate. So but first, I want to have a reliable and repeatable resist. OK. Yeah. And somebody is interested if you could actually use, if you could dose the material somehow to get fats. OK, yeah, that's the semiconductor stuff. So with diffusion or iron implanting, that would be possible, but I don't own the tools for that. So I don't know. I'm an optics guy. OK, yeah, back again to the optics. I completely understand, yeah. All right, let me see if there's anything popping up question-wise. We had a lot already. I think there was very, very much feedback at the moment. Don't see any new questions popping up. I thank you again. I apologize for the mega delay we had. Take off the glitches, but we made it. I'm happy about that. And thanks again. And let me quickly announce now, in a couple of seconds, we're going to switch over to the Harold News Show over there. Oh, OK. Yes.


All right, welcome to the Jenkins Essentials open planning meeting. I think today's going to be fairly quick. Now I'm here at some echo on the website. Did your Bluetooth headphones stop? No. So for whatever reason, now it's my headset that got disconnected. OK, we could look for some technical person to run. It's always one of us. I'm going to go ahead and mute you until you reconnect that. So I at least don't hear an echo. So you'll need to unmute yourself when your headset's reconnected. So we won't have Mandy today. I believe she's on vacation. And I don't know if we'll see Oleg or Jesse. So that's probably just you and I. See, that's still echoey. There we go. Oh, it should not be. So for, yeah. Anyway, let's just make with that. So I was looking at this just a few minutes ago. And so I'm going to start from the right to try and describe what's the current status. So the SSE gateway is basically something kind of blocked on the Blue Ocean side, because it's something we adapted for the new feature in Jenkins that lets you put logs elsewhere than in the Jenkins home slash logs. But I think Vivek is a bit worried that it would break something somewhere. So from what I understand with his last comment, I think he's kind of expecting us to bump it using our setup or incrementals. So well, I don't want to spend too much time incrementally filing SSE gateway plugin because it doesn't seem very proprietary. So right now, we have a skipped test in our code base specifically through that case, which is not great, but well, we have more pressing things in the plate. So that's kind of so well, if we want to move this forward, we will probably have to find some way to test SSE gates where it all fails or push by any way that thing forward. So for other things like, so that's great because for the other, if you come back to the board, about Jenkins 52, 584, so the wrong availability zone in essential for AWS. So that's a good and a bad news because so I think I fixed this yesterday just actually before Carlos reported it, but the very good news and nice thing is that actually somebody else than me played and actually provisioned something, provisioned the AWS flavor somewhere. And so Carlos discovered that issue which I ended up fixing like some hours before he reported it but he provisioned it the day before, unfortunately, I actually had screwed up the place where a field should be. And so unfortunately is as it's a string and not a strongly typed thing. It was correctly set by the config as code plugin for the Jenkins configuration, but only would show up when you would try to provision explicitly a given new agent. So and I discovered that testing again, I think Tuesday or Monday morning and the time spent fixing it and making sure things worked and Carlos was already testing, so unfortunate, but the rest work fine. For instance, the F3 plugin that I tested and Carlos instance was working fine, so that's great. Anyway, so it's deemed to be already fixed. And the third one is probably the most interesting those days and it's in review because the PR is filed and it's currently building, I think, yeah. And so that one is switching the code base from not fetch to using request promise and I'm using a thin wrapper on top of this to which is called promise request retry which basically integrates the retry kind of standard used a lot NPM module to retry things with the request promise also kind of standard NPM model to offer some higher and easier, nice way to retry things. So for now I've used three retries and I left the default behavior of the retry model as is, which means it's going to use an exponential backoff strategy. Going to retry first after one second, then two seconds, then four seconds. So we'll see if that proves enough or if you want to try maybe a bit more so that it goes beyond like 10 seconds or something. It could make sense. I don't know if you have anything about any opinion about that as well. I do, but I'll turn it over first. Right. And so the other things in flight right now so I've just filed the PR but so basically it's still in progress because I'm waiting for the CI completion but it's also in review for the AWS flavor testing CI. I thought I would do that later but finally I did that pretty much earlier because right now there's already a PR file by someone other than the core, I would say core team of Essentials filed by Jesse and it didn't have really easy ways to test these changes locally or in CI. So that's why I ended up doing that. And that's mostly it I need to get back then to the two other ones in progress. The SSH public key one is to never look from my side. I created AMIs manually as I said in the associated JIRAs to go quicker for now instead of using, oh my God, how it's called that tool to generate things be it AMIs or virtual box. I know that tool from Azure. Packer, Packer is good. Right, Packer, that's what it is. Packer is not going to be helpful to you anyways. Right, because I thought it would be helpful because I never used, right, good. I don't think your headset's going to work. Anyways, I'm going to mute you so I can actually finish your sentence. Is there not an AMI that includes Docker that would be helpful that's already supported and published in the AWS marketplace that we could use? That's not impossible, I missed it, but I searched for it just a bit and didn't find anything obvious. So maybe in the marketplace, but you know I wasn't sure it was better to use something from the marketplace, not really official, provided by someone, but not really more official than us or by AWS itself or by Docker, for instance, and I didn't find anything. So if we do, well, yes, it would be interesting, but anyway, I kind of suspect that then there will be Docker, but not Java, which is... Why do you need Java? No, I can't hear you, your headset. There it is. So why is Java needed? Why is Java needed? To connect an agent. Jenkins agent. You hear me? Yes, I don't understand. So how it's using under the hood when the EC2 cloud plug-in is provisioning an agent, a VM at the first stage, I would say, then it's going to connect to that agent, to that VM using the SSH connection and then it's going to run... To upload the remoting agent and then it's going to run it to connect in the standard way through the SSH pipe. So... NIC2 provisioned VM to be acting as an agent needs to have basically a GRE to be able to connect back to the Jenkins master. Does that clarify? So the AMI that the Jenkins Essentials instance needs only requires Docker. An agent AMI can be something different and that's what requires Java, correct? I'm not sure I groked the first sentence. Can you please rephrase? So the instance that's running Jenkins Essentials... Yeah, the master, right. Just going to be running a Docker container. All that needs to stop. Absolutely. However, the agent's AMI that the EC2 plug-in will provision, that requires Java. Yeah. If you unclick, exclude closed, if you grab them for AMI- you will find both PRs, both Geras, I did for both cases, which are actually two different AMIs. And I think I screwed up both. So I would be very surprised. I know on Azure, and that's where my experience is, Docker maintains a Docker on Ubuntu image in the marketplace. And that sort of equivalent would make sense for the master. I would be really surprised if there's not a Linux container, or not a Linux container, excuse me, a Linux image in the AWS marketplace that just includes the latest OpenJDK for the latest Oracle JDK. I wouldn't be surprised for one because Oracle is unlikely to well provide something like this because even the JDK itself has been problematic for years. Well, right, we will see OpenJDK. So it might be different. But then there might not be, or there might, I will have another look, something containing both. So yeah, your point is about the master. Yeah, for the master we could be able to use an official AMI. I agree. I was indeed still thinking about the agent ones. But we don't need to do both. Or like the AMI, we don't need to use the same AMI for both. This is not what I'm doing right now. There's two AMIs. It's what I'm saying. Okay. There are two AMIs, and I screwed up the same in both. Let's step back from this for a second. It is extremely important to me that we are not building an AMI that is getting baked into a CloudFormation template. We should be pulling something off of the marketplace because maintaining that base AMI is not work that I want to add to the Jenkins project. Do you know what I mean? You've made an AMI, and the next patch level for Ubuntu or Amazon Linux, that AMI is now going to be vulnerable and out of patch. Right. But how would this work then? For agents, we will probably provide some way to update the EC2 configuration. And for the master, I guess it would be standard AWS update, I guess. I mean, I see what you mean. Anyway, we don't want to be the one responsible for publishing the updated AMI. Yeah. Right. Right, right. I will just reopen the two dedicated AMIs because I created something like create a dedicated AMI for a master, create a dedicated AMI for the agent. So I'm going to just reopen both and add some comments in there to do it, to search more aggressively. And I think that's mostly it. And I was about to actually revive some hack I did, some weekend, some like now it's going fast. But yeah, two months ago, I think, I was talking about Esquid using Esquid because the good thing about the PR that is in flight right now is that it's using request promise. And request promise has a nice feature which not fetch didn't, that it should be respecting out of the box the standard environment variables, HTTP proxy and so on. And I had already some hacking available on my machine that would locally start an Esquid proxy, so that we could hack and develop more quickly instead of waiting forever to download plugins and so on when we restart the whole thing. And right now I'm using a low bandwidth connection and it's very painful. And it will be helpful for you in the bus. Yes, hacking on the bus would definitely be easier with the local proxy. So the only other thing that I was curious about is you've got a couple things around the auto configuration JEP stuff. I'm curious if you've had any time to start on that. So this is the third one you see in progress and the JEP is already filed and I think you commented on that one about the deletion. So right now it's, well, it's not blocked per se. I need to just find a spent and spent more time making sure I address every single comments when I actually think I did for some of those but I didn't hear back. So I guess I just need to push, to be slightly more pushy to actually get answers on the things that I deem addressed. I guess. Is that kind of clear? Yeah. And then there's the top left one which is, I'm not really sure what I'm going to write for that one because for now it's getting mooter and mooter I guess for the 51877. Yeah. Yeah. For now it doesn't seem to make a lot of sense with the experience we gather right now writing some kind of generic JEP about how we are going to do that specialization but at the same time it might be something we will be able to write about and yeah, when Mendy's will have completed the 51766, the safe flavor because indeed we are going to have some way to pass from the client to the server the fact we are getting a given flavor. So the other question. No I don't. There are some thoughts that I have that I need to think more about before I ask questions. The stuff that Mendy's been working on and that's going to be in flight until next week I believe. I think she's out this whole week. I started on the migrations container so the plan and I don't remember if we reviewed this at all but the plan is that for the deployment in the Kubernetes environment we are going to have a separate container that just runs the SQLized migrations and seed and then we can run that. We did discuss that. Yeah. So I started putting that together. That's pretty simple. Great. And then assuming that we can get trusted CI which is the Jenkins environment that's building containers to properly run the Evergreen tests then we'll be able to get those containers published pretty quickly. Seems like if you're referring to the fix you did some like two days ago or something seems like it's working because sorry what? It did not fix the issue. I think what may have fixed the issue is Olivier nuked all of the agents that were connected to that environment and allowed Jenkins to reprevision some. Because I see that the backend and the Evergreen image has been provisioned yesterday many times already so it seems to have been working at least a few times. Yeah. That's what Olivier did. Not what I did. Unfortunately. Because I thought you were referring to like the issue that was like one week ago when everything was stuck. That was. Yeah, that's not what I'm referring to. I'm saying that it was deploying until yesterday in the afternoon. All right. But what I'm saying is the issue of all of the agents being stuck in trusted CI Olivier fixing that issue seems to have been what fixed the tests completing properly in our pipeline for trusted CI. Okay. I didn't change anything yesterday. But Olivier did. I think you merged something, didn't you? I reviewed a PR from you about rewriting or refactoring some tests also. Was that yesterday? I don't think that was yesterday. I mean maybe it was like two days before but then it would possibly make sense because it was starting to deploy around like you know two days ago so roughly it could have kind of matched. Anyway. Yeah. And I don't have the access to trusted CI so I'm really widely guessing. Yeah. Yeah, unfortunately getting that environment configured for safe access control is very, very difficult. Yeah. There's a lot of release keys in that environment. So the once that migration container is running properly then we'll just be continuing on some of the Terraform that we need to provision the Azure PostgreSQL environment and then it's a pretty straightforward Kubernetes configuration from there. Cool. Do you plan to actually end up doing the squashing we talked about a few times? I've thought about it. Mm-hmm. I don't think I care enough to do it. It's going to be pretty time-consuming possibility. It takes two seconds to run all those migrations. It doesn't really matter. Right. It's just that well, I mean anyway it will get messy again in the future I suppose but yeah it's just right now a bit messy to actually figure the model of everything without actually dumping the database and have a look. I know that many had to do that some days ago and yes looking at those different files you have to either mentally build that thing that model from the the DB model or yes dump the DB and have a look at what's currently available. I added a nice convenience make target for that. Yep. Exactly. And I think there was even something somewhere to actually log into the thing. Yeah, that's in the readme. Yeah, right. That's it. I remember. I used that one for first. I didn't go on. There's a hack that I was doing on the weekends that I need to commit to make it easier to use node and the node modules directly from your shell while actually going through the Docker container. I played around with that so you don't have to say dot dot slash tools node do this thing. So I'm going to wrap that up and get that submitted today. And I also spent some time poking around with TypeScript over the weekends. It actually works fairly well with feathers. I was kind of surprised. Someone already did the work about a year ago to make feathers and TypeScript work well together. I talked a bit with Mandy about it last week when we were just chatting one on one and I don't know how useful it would be right now for where the project is. But I think for the models and for some of the services side of the world, I think some type checking could be useful. It looks fairly straightforward to incorporate. Maybe when I'm awake some nights with nothing to do with sit around and wait while I incorporate that. Then you'll be able to have your nice type checking again, which I know is crazy. Yeah. I mean I'm kind of for whatever reason in my career I ended up doing mostly type kind of typed languages even C even C is more typed than JavaScript. Yeah. But having to run the thing to actually even just for instance I'm running tests for instance the code doesn't even compile or it's not even runnable code and just will run happily and say that test failed. Well, yeah, that test failed because the code isn't even correct. No. The test that didn't fail. Everything is just broken. You should just when I'm doing that in Java I'm indeed used to when everything breaks before it actually reaches the stage where tests are run. But anyway I'm kind of starting to feel more and more used to it. So it's nice. Anyway, I guess that's not the place to discuss my ability to move forward with Node here. And I actually find my first open source PR node library today. Wow. Congratulations. Yeah, I know. That's an achievement. You're officially a node hacker now. Exactly. I already sent an email to my mom. Getting back on topic, assuming my meeting load this week actually looks a lot better than it did last week. So last week I was only able to get started on this ticket. Assuming the Azure provisioning with Terraform of the PostgreSQL database goes well my fingers are crossed that everything just works the way that the documentation says. It should be straightforward to get this up and running. I might need some help from Olivier later in the week to make sure that the migrations container is running correctly. But it's right around the corner. Now there are these two tickets that Mandy had around getting some database consistency. I had asked her to try to get that incorporated before we go production. So even if I have Evergreen.Jenkins.io online by the end of this week I think we'll still have to call that like alpha and be ready to blow away the database if we need to. Yeah I guess it makes sense anyway and I've been running I will shut down Evergreen.Jenkins.io.Batman.net in the go I guess. By the way JC you are here I just saw that the PRI I filed to test the AWS favor just completed and it's green. It's great. I think doesn't the basic check doesn't run for me You mean locally you already pulled in the PR you mean? No I mean the basic check and obviously this check doesn't run Yeah yeah absolutely that's what I commented on the PR I think saying indeed it was already failing before I filed this anyway because I think you're missing some dependency somewhere from the log I mean even after I fixed the plugin issues if you look in the full request even after I fixed the plugin issues the made target fail doesn't seem to have anything to do with I can have a look anywhere second look did you comment there in the meantime we were in the meeting okay 12 minutes ago indeed I guess you'll just merge 146 and then we'll see if my stuff runs on CI but I don't seem to be able to run it locally and I probably will try your PR locally to see if I understand something okay gotta go I think we're wrapped up here so I'll see you all along get her yep bye


I'm very excited to be here. This is my first session this week in Sonata and it's a great session actually the one I'm most excited about. Accelerating the reskilling revolution. There could not be anything more important to talk about than labor and education and how to make it a win-win. And I have a great panel here to kick off with me. We're basically going to be looking at the way in which labor markets have evolved post-pandemic, the technological shifts, the green transition, all of the challenges that are added to the challenges that we were already talking about two years ago in sessions like this and the result being that there are about a billion people in the world that are going to need reskilling, training and lifelong learning by 2030. So we're going to take about 45 minutes or so to talk about what's been done so far, what needs to be done. I'm your moderator. I'm Rana Faroohar from the Financial Times and CNN and let me just briefly introduce our panel and then we're going to have some opening remarks from Sadia Zahadi who's the Managing Director of WEF. So directly here to my right is, sorry, sorry to my left is Bob Moritz who's the Global Chairman of PWC, USA, International Business Council. Welcome. And to his left is Salil Parkesh, the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of Infosys. Welcome. And we have Mariam Jamey, am I pronouncing it correctly? The founder and Chief Executive Officer of I Am The Code from the UK. And we also have directly to her left, Jeff, I'm going to try to get the name right, Magio Calda. Magio Calda. Okay, I got it. Chief Executive Officer of Coursera. And finally, at the very end, we have Nagio Boudin who is the Prime Minister of Tunisia. Welcome Tunisia, welcome minister. So we're going to get started with questions for them in just a minute. But first, I'm going to welcome up Saida, who's off to the left there to make a few opening comments. Hello everyone. Welcome to the annual meeting 2022. Thank you for being here. I think our conversation today could not come at a more crucial time. This is one of the most important issues that we're going to be discussing during our time here in the next days. The investment case for education, reskilling, upskilling is so clear. To give one example, in our collaboration with PwC, 6.3 trillion could be added to global GDP through investment in reskilling and upskilling. In other 2.3 million, the 2.3 trillion possible through investment in education 4.0. Those are just some of the financial returns that countries could have. In addition to that, of course, there are very important social returns and many multipliers. Now, this is familiar to all of you. And so two years ago, at the last time that we came together at the annual meeting, we launched the reskilling revolution initiative, a 10-year initiative to reach a billion people with better education, better skills, and better economic opportunities. Two years in, the initiative has reached over 100 million people, but more importantly, started creating the foundations for the systemic change that we need on this issue. And I hope with all of you and with our panelists and key champions for this initiative, we'll be able to double that progress in this coming year. Thank you, Rana. Back over to you. Okay. Thanks so much. I also just want to remind everybody that we are live streaming this session. If you want to talk on social media about it, it's hashtag WEF2022. And also, we'll be taking questions. I'll have a pad later on that folks can send questions to. If you're not in the audience, if you are in the audience, there'll be mics running around. So think about what you might want to ask the panel. Bob, I'm going to start with you because you've been involved in this initiative for a really long time. You've also done quite a bit of reskilling and upskilling in your own workforce, which I'm really fascinated by. I guess my question is, talk about priorities. I mean, this is an enormous topic, both at a global level, but also I would imagine at a company level, at an institutional level, how do you decide where to start when you're taking on the task? Yeah, true question. So first and foremost, as we look at the labor force today, one of the biggest issues that's come out of the research, and Sadia mentioned some of the research that we've done, there's an inherent lack of trust between the employer and the employee. And that's part, just part of the challenges you think about the great resignation that many countries and part of the world are dealing with right now. But the reality is, with all of the different challenges, the concept of engaging talent more so, enabling more trust and skilling them is an actual multiplier effect. Meaning, if I've got a challenge in terms of the education system, if I got a challenge in terms of the social disruption that's out there, if I've got a challenge in terms of an upcoming economic challenge, this is an end solution. It's not an or a bolt on. So everything that we've done in terms of rebranding ourselves, everything that we've done in terms of the skills and the relevancy all comes back to how do we get our people better enabled to make them a better asset. Now, if I can't, I want to pivot a little bit because the ESG agenda, which is top of mind for everybody here in Davos, we're going to spend a lot of time talking about the east side of the equation. This is an area where we're going to focus more so on the east side of the equation. And it comes back to the employee relationship. And it goes to every angle, every angle of the supply chain of talent going from youth all the way up. And as you think about what is needed there, there's three things that we found in our research. Number one, work has to fundamentally be redesigned. And by that redesign is not only the work you're doing, but actually how the work gets done. And if you engage your people in that redesign, you'll have more trust, more connective, more engagement. The second thing actually upskilling, where the skilling exercise actually enables them and gives them more confidence. Research also has shown that our people that are more likely to leave are the ones lacking the skills. Those that have the skills are willing to actually lean in. They're willing to ask for that promotion. They're willing to engage more. They're willing to deliver more. So it's a win-win for everybody. And the last point I would say with everything going on in the world, you've got to create an environment to have safe conversations. The reality is there's so much happening and people are taking those social issues into the workplace. And if leadership is not creating an environment for them to actually talk about this stuff, that's another disruption that causes people to actually be frustrated with their job, their work environment, and ultimately move on to something else. And hope that it'll be better somewhere else as well. That's a big point. I almost feel like that's a whole other area. You probably have a team on that, but we'll come back to that point though. Philly, let me move on to you. You're in tech. We've seen nothing but digital work in the last two years with a variety of experiences, right? I mean, you know, I'm very happy about being enabled to work wherever I want to. Some people aren't. Some people don't have access. How do you see the landscape? What's going to stay with us over the last two years? What's going to change? I think tech and digital have really transformed what we've been doing here in the past couple of years. What we see is the skilling approach. What you can do with your skills has changed completely. The duration of skills has reduced. What used to be 10, 15 years is now just five years. And tech really enables all of us to re-skill at speed. And that's where we see a huge benefit. There's a second benefit where the accessibility is massive. And there we have digital platforms, Coursera being a phenomenal example of that, available in many places which were not previously available. And there, of course, you combine with content. If you have the right content, you can make a huge impact. And the third we see is there's not just digital skills that are critical, but there's also skills which have always been of value, communication or human connect. And there's ways to do both of these. So partial in-person, partial digital. This is becoming the new landscape. And we are seeing tremendous velocity, as Bob was mentioning, and how individuals want to learn. If they learn faster, they can see bigger impact for themselves in what they're doing. It's in digital jobs, but it's in all walks of life. And that's really the impact we see. We see this continuing for some time. Okay, I'm going to ask you to tease out some of the best practices of blending human and digital in just a minute. But, Maryam, let me move on to you. You're teaching girls all over the world how to code. You started in the UK, but you're in, how many countries now? 70. 70. Okay. They're all using the same platform. Yeah. Tell us a little bit about how that works and how you got started with this mission. Absolutely. I mean, first of all, I'm extremely honored to be in this room. Again, it shows that we are making progress across the world because I think for me to sit here today thanks to the Sadia Zahidi and her team is because we are talking inclusion. It means that I can represent the voice of the marginalized communities all across the world. So I'm extremely honored. It's always a joy for me to participate on the risk-killing platform and talk about it. I think the reason why I do what I do is because I'm extremely frustrated with infrastructure, content, also connectivity for girls who are coming from marginalized communities all across the world. From Senegal to Mombasa, they don't have access. And I think what COVID-19 has showed is the fact that the world is not equal. And girls are teenagers, teenage pregnancy, for example, extremely high during COVID-19, mental health for young girls and boys. You know, I work in the refugee camps, thank the World Economic Forum. You know, I've been working in Kakumar refugee camp in Kenya where they are the first girls, first refugee girls to learn how to code because we young global leaders took our time to go there. And I think what I do is try to tell the world that we can sit here at Davos today, talk about innovation, ESGs, and inclusion in diversity as much as we like. But if we don't have girls using platforms and making sure the platform is easy to be accessible, also, you know, making sure that when we give access, we give access meaningfully. That's why we're very proud to have partnered with Coursera in 2020 at Davos to make sure that their platform is being used, but it's not enough. The last mile of education is not being funded. That's what I'm trying to address right now. But the other thing is the fragmented education for boys and girls all across the world, from Asia to Africa, Middle East, everywhere. We expect Bob to hire them, but we're not giving them the skills. And skills equal money. We are right now in a time where it's absolutely critical. I didn't go to school. Somebody like me was not supposed to be in this room because I learned my alphabet when I was 16 years old in a local library in Guilford. I learned how to code seven coding languages in two years. I'm a full-stack developer. I can sit down and build an app for you right now because someone invested in my library in Guilford. So I think the point I'm trying to make, if we're going to talk about digital skills and re-skilling people, make sure that data, as Sadia just shows, go up by 2030, we need to meaningfully give people access, but invest in the last mile of education. So girls like me can sit down here in 2030 and share their stories. Awesome. I love that. Okay, Jeff, you've got a little bit of a hard act to follow here, but you've worked with Mariam and you've worked with many other educators. What lessons do you take from the last couple of years? How do we make sure that we build on all this digital learning that's happened and not lose it? There's a lot of consternation out there. Clearly, Clouse actually last night at the dinner said, the world has never faced this array of challenges all at the same time, I mean, from pandemics to wars to food crises and growing inequality. So it's easy to be a little despondent, but what we're talking about here is actual progress, actual progress. It's not just the idea of what needs to be done, things are getting done. And I think the way that this has been unlocked, I mean, the World Economic Forum talks about five drivers of social mobility, technology, education, healthcare, jobs and institutions. And when I look at those five, I see them as a system. And what happened during the pandemic is that technology really unlocked the possibility that people could continue to learn even as 1.6 billion had their campuses closed. So a huge infusion of people practicing and being introduced to online learning. And it's a platform. And I think, Amari, on what you said, I think it's really important. Platforms, it's a model that is very powerful because a platform is something, whether it's Coursera or Skillsoft or any other platform, what it allows is for a collection of institutions or individuals to supply solutions to problems that they've never even become aware of. People are using Coursera to solve problems we don't know exist. And that's the greatest thing about it is the ability to have many institutions supply important content with partner with institutions because it is a last-mile piece as well. It's the content plus the institutional support that allows people to have access to learning and to create value and solve problems that the world needs solved. So we look at the learning piece and we say technology has opened up access to learning in a way that wasn't previously possible. And with remote and hybrid work, which I think is a second major permanent shift from the pandemic, it's not every job and it's not immediate. But many, many jobs, including the highest paid, most flexible jobs, which often can be done remotely, are going to be the ones that create new opportunities for people because of remote work. So if technology has allowed anyone anywhere greater chance of being able to learn, we say skills pay the bills. You said skills earn money. I mean if people have access to learn the skills and then if those skills can be translated into economic opportunity because jobs become more available to people in regions where there have not historically been job opportunities, we have the possibility through institutional collaboration to both skill and create economic opportunity for populations who never had access to either one of those and it's happening. So I'm very optimistic. I mean there's a lot of tough things out there, but we are actually seeing real progress being made and we see that we see that I think we seeing the patterns of the solution and it's happening. Okay, I'm going to come back to you in a minute on the hybrid point, but Nigel, I want to bring you in. You're in a very unique position. You're Prime Minister of Tunisia, but you've held many senior positions in education. The conversation about national competitiveness is always about education and skills. It's always about how can we train a 21st century workforce. Every country has that conversation. So what lessons can you share from Tunisia's experience? Thank you for giving me the opportunity to to talk about the Tunisian experience and first of all, I would like to tell you that in my government we have eight female ministers and the ministers of finance, Mrs. Siham is here, the minister of energy, of industry, of mining, of trade, culture and family and all of us and myself, we are proud of the Tunisian education system. Since our independence, Tunisia has always and continues to put its compass on education and our education system provided opportunities for all Tunisians to rise the social lift and more importantly, it provided equal opportunities for girls and boys and the credo was and is nobody behind. So this strategic choice continues today and despite huge pressure on our public finances and Tunisia still ranks first globally in terms of government funding by pupil and secondary education as per percentage of GDP per capita and we ranked third on the list of countries with high numbers of women working in science and one of the well-advanced countries in terms of women's rights. I would like to say here that the world, as you all know, is transforming deeply with global megatrends such as the rising rule of technology, climate change, demographic shifts, urbanization and globalization of value change and the education systems are requested to respond to emerging and future needs and the picture appears to be contrasting but the challenges are tremendous. I would like to say here that on the one hand we in Tunisia do well globally in terms of availability and quality of human resources. We rank eight in education overall and 35 in human capital and research according to the Global Innovation Index. We are also ranked second globally in the percentage of graduating STEM in science, technology, engineering and math and on the other hand we have to drastically improve the impact of our education research and innovation in transforming knowledge into economic value and social fair. In short, we produce good knowledge but unfortunately we absorb little of it. We produce good doctors, engineers and scientists but these talents are living the country and the brain drain is taking a very concerning magnitude. One third of our engineers live the country, open graduation and the rates are more concerning in areas such as ICT where entire cohorts of freshly graduates are living the country. This is a net loss of the investment and moreover a big shortfall for the countries need to achieve prosperity for its people and in our developing countries not only the skilling is needed but also retaining the skill and workforce is of critical importance. This is what I would like to say here. Okay great thank you. All right well that's a good sort of scene setting. Let me come back around and follow up on some of the points that you all have made and kind of connect some of them. Bob you talked about ESG and skilling being a part of ESG which is is everywhere. I mean I feel like that is part of almost every conversation that we're having this week in Davos and certainly everything I'm writing about. Is the skilling part harder than other parts of ESG and what do employees, what do stakeholders, what do customers expect from you guys in that area? How is it evolving? So I don't think it's any harder. It's just another techno or tactical skill that has to be addressed. So the question comes back to and I want to go to where Maryam and Jeff went in particular which is how do you make sure people have the ability to connect in and avail themselves to those learning opportunities to enable lifelong learning? Number one. Number two the quality of the education no matter where it may come from education systems at the corporate level or in any other digital format or virtual format has to be of sufficient quality to enable a changed behavior and that changed behavior then enables then an opportunity from an economic perspective personal economics as well as otherwise. The third place that's got to be done here though is you've got to continue to ensure that there's entrepreneurship coming out of that innovation new job creation etc and this goes to Saudi's point in terms of where that economic opportunity is. Yeah and so encouraging that is another systemic issue otherwise you'll have refugees leaving where our citizens of countries for example in Tunisia are saying okay yeah I've got to move elsewhere where's the opportunity going to be for me and we're going to see that a lot more especially in Eastern Europe as you look at the Russia-Ukrain situation right now and the last point I would say is how do you actually empower the youth to not necessarily be just the beneficiaries of this but actually drive this own this and enable this and as we step back and Miriam knows this Jeff knows this I'm part of an organization called Generation Unlimited which is under UNICEF and the UN where we're focused on those four things and the reason we're focused on that is not to take a great example that Miriam has but actually figure out how do you scale it because to Jeff's point we're really seeing a tremendous amount of entrepreneurship and innovation and optimism but it's not fast enough it's not big enough yet we got to scale as fast as we possibly can. I'm curious if any of you have seen an idea or are taking part in an idea that is scaling you know that you that you can see what what can we learn what are the what's the silver thread. I'll happily pick it up here so one of the things that this organization Gen U is doing is in India right now that connection point has actually enabled itself to connect to 300 million people so now we're talking real numbers in terms of how do you actually get those that are underprivileged etc that are not equipped you got to connect them and then send them to lean into that opportunity and make it easy and available to them to actually take advantage of that and what's going on and the lesson learned becomes this it becomes a public private youth partnership to get everybody aligned to actually get people equipped to avail themselves to it leveraging it and benefiting from it and it's the output that comes from that not the connectivity but the output. Maryam you're nodding. I think this week you will hear quite a lot about the shared humanity and you hear that everywhere in rooms and I think it takes some time kindness compassion and empathy to really think about these people you have to go to Kakumarofishi camp to realize the camp has been there for 32 years 258,000 people you know will be useless to the United Kingdom to Germany to all these countries because they don't have the skills and the time is so critical for us to change our mindset in the way we give people but don't give them because we feel sorry for them because we are giving them because coding for example you know make economic sense you know right now Google is for example hiring people in London they paying them $100,000 a year a 25 years old young man what I'm trying to do here I'm building the world's largest pipeline of coders in the world in 2030 you'll come back to me and say Lady Maryam I would like to have 100 Java coders I will give them to you but if you don't invest now 2030 don't ask me for my Java coders because I will not give them to you and so we need to really start thinking economics and how job creations create work in Rwanda you know they have a Rwanda coding academy and you have young boys who are so smart and girls who are coding I mean they really building the really amazing applications and solutions but the world don't know about this and for me to sit here to share these stories they're real stories but the refugees we must include the refugees in everything we do that are smart people they really don't know they know how to do things we need to give them the jobs give them the opportunity the content the infrastructure and the really really thing that everyone is struggling right now is connectivity it's not everyone who's got Wi-Fi it's not everyone who can go and connect to the Wi-Fi so we really need to look into our heart again and and think about what can we do to take care of our people because as I said to my president if you don't take care of people they will take care of you. Jeff how do you go about getting you know across all your platforms getting the services to people who don't have connectivity I mean where do you you know who are you working with tell us the process. Yeah the a lot of it has to do with institutional collaboration just quickly on the speed and scale piece we have seen extraordinary need arise quickly and you know pretty amazing scale the in 2020 when the pandemic broke out UNESCO said in April about 1.6 billion students had their campuses closed we collaborated with 3000 universities in seven months 3000 universities had 3 million students take 30 million courses in seven months so this so the lesson is work with institutions who have access to populations in need and supplement that with fundamental connectivity on the question of and by the way just in terms of what has happened recently with the Ukrainian crisis the Ministry of Education contacted us they said we have a number of displaced students now and can can we somehow provide continuity of learning within 30 days we were live with 135 universities and now 10 000 students have logged 30 000 courses in 30 days so isn't we really are seeing the patterns of incredible speed and scale and then the final thing I'll just say with respect to connectivity it is essential when when people ask me like what role must governments play in trying to bridge inequality gaps as with water and electricity and and good sanitation fundamental primary education is critical for individuals who don't have the basic literacy and numeracy they're going to be left further and further behind by those that do because you cannot avail yourself of these types of platforms if you don't have the fundamental knowledge and skills to do it when you're young kind of K through 12 so I say investing K through 12 and then on the connectivity side not only is learning opportunity accessible through technology job opportunities increasingly are accessible through technology so if you don't have connectivity you are starving both the access to the skill development and the access to the economic opportunity that's a problem that governments need to solve and I think they can do with telecom providers zero based rating where certain websites you go to your telecom operators and say if you want to provide telecom service mobile service in our country you know there's going to be no data fee if our people access these educational based sites we see a number of countries doing this and then the the final thing I'll just mention is it's none either or we have a number of countries in the Middle East and Latin America around the world where there's not continuous access to broadband but there's intermittent access to broadband there's not continuous access to power but there's intermittent access to power if you can charge a mobile device long enough for it to run for an hour or two and if you get to a hotspot where you can download courses yeah you can work offline pretty much anywhere go through the courses do your assessments and when you get back to a hotspot you can sync it back up so you at least provide and I think Columbia has done an excellent job of this provide public hotspots where people you know hopefully not too far from where people are located where you can at least have intermittent access to the internet does not have to be all the time and with data plans it's pretty expensive wi-fi is really valuable backbones to public wi-fi hotspots is very valuable in Nigeria 30% of monthly expected of average income is is is the is required to buy two gigabytes of data last time I checked this was like a couple years ago it could be very expensive to buy data with with lower disposable income and so I think it's really important to have these public wi-fi hotspots really interesting I mean everything that you all are saying is you're kind of getting at the edges of basically a fundamental reshaping of the educational system but also it seems like much closer ties between education and business in some ways so I'm curious maybe just to get thoughts from the whole group about how you see what has happened over the last two years shifting k through 12 shifting whether we are going to continue to see four-year colleges or whether we're going to see more of these sort of six in four programs where you know you get an associates and then you work or or are we going to see just kind of hybrid forever and what is that going to look like or credentials because so leil as you pointed out you know the the skills that you need are changing very quickly so do we need just a kind of pot of credentials that you add on maybe you can start it's it's a so the the points you made a vast array of changes that are going on I think first what we had as education I don't think is disappearing but there is tremendous amounts that is being added on and so the overall number of people that can access the skill-based training is expanding what we are seeing is a lot of recruitment is focused more on skills than simply education but it's not to say that education in the traditional sense is disappearing we enhancing it massively now and here everything that we've seen with online learning we find a value in expanding what is available but we also find tremendous need for traditional connected learning because there is a value in that social interaction of learning that we see as well and what people are now figuring out is what is the most efficient way what is the most scalable way of doing both so we had a bit of with what we saw in the last two years the pendulum shifting almost entirely to digital and now we're figuring out there's obviously things lacking if it's only digital and there we see the future developing so for us you know when we see graduates joining a company we can see with online learning that some of the team building skills have been missed out on a couple years so we sort of and over compensating for that in in the shorter term to make that happen but having said that the overall education that's available now between traditional skills online in person is making sure that more and more people have access to it and that's phenomenal Nausala would you like to jump in on this question at all yeah of course um let me tell you that we in Tunisia sorry for focusing on our experience in Tunisia we have experienced online learning we have one that you need in university virtual university and since 20 years and we are developing many of spooks mooks for developing life skills language skills and we have linked it with the certification of skills this is very important for our of our youth to to have an to have a job and and we have many of very nice pepits especially in young universities and they have developed mooks and spooks for improving language like french in collaboration with your french universities and many of for instance about 600 engineer graduates in chinese universities are are attending the the mooks and the spooks in in a small university in tunisia and this is we are very proud of that we have very nice pepits in tunisia nowadays according and in a relation with online education that's interesting so it's education online education is becoming an export yeah of course we can generate resources with that and we need generation of resources and if you permit i would like to to take to tell you more about our priority and how we prioritize our our education in in tunisia according according all the the financial difficulties that we are challenging nowadays and our dilemma is following in in times of economic difficulties while the education is the top priorities and why we spend a lot of on education the question is how to dedicate more resources to reforms that are not quick wins yeah how to keep investment in basic education at and at the same time invest more in lifelong learning and the skilling but the transformation is inevitable and as for us the the path the path is clear we are continuing to invest massively in in education and mainly to move into high high value added segment in select economics priority sectors with a target to to promote growth and employment for for everybody and nobody behind as i told you before lovely um bob you had a point i think in the mirror do the entire education system is going through a number of different shifts to your question and i want to point out four really quickly number one you've got the concept of lifelong learning being more accepted by society at large and that goes to the government as much as it goes to the corporate so this public private partnership is really important number two you have business that i think because of the demands from an esg perspective are actually much more engaged on willingness to help with the connectivity the quality and the ultimate education so you see that benefit and you've got a couple like coserra with jeff and what i described microsoft is another great example where they have something called passport to earnings which connects the world in terms of what's happening with that connectivity or even without that connectivity the third thing that's important is every institution now is looking at how do i help with skills enhancement and yes certification or accreditation against those skills and that's going to be really important but what's going to be needed is we got to have mobility of those credentials move from place to place to place yeah because if celil actually says okay i'm going to only hire people that have my credentials and i'm going to only hire people that have my credentials we'll never have the economic upside that's um uh sadi talked about earlier today and last but not least is this concept of prioritization now with the education system and being top of mind that it's a crowded agenda it's where you started and unless we actually bake that into everything we're doing we're going to miss the opportunity if you look at the amount of public and private partnership economic contributions that have gone into the education system it's a minuscule in the last two and a half years to what it needs to be and obviously all of that went to covid and pandemic and everything else but actually there was some upside here if a little bit more was provided in we'd actually get that scalability and ultimately that connectivity that sadi talked about we first opened up the session mariam do you want to make a comment absolutely i'm just picking up what the prime minister said you know we need to think about certification as a dignity when young girls have certifications they feel so proud of themselves and they really like you know you can see this on their faces they're like oh i got this certificate i've got this certificate so i think again we need to always think about the 75 million young people who are in education but don't have jobs right now and so we need to also change our mindset in saying what can we do to give them access to Coursera at i am the code what we have done we get we know we have a 12 weeks blended curriculum where the because of the fragmented education these young people have been having for so many years we made it structured so they can go through coding skills and they go to life skills and leadership skills they learn really something very very practical and at the end of the 12 weeks you know they can start getting jobs or you can really see this i think what i'm calling on on again i'll share humanity but when we're designing solutions when we are creating these platforms we need to think about people at the end the refugee girls i work with over 7 000 right now in kakuma they are so proud of themselves because they can get certification all of that need to be talked about this week then when we go back into our offices design things that are simple that can be used offline online and make sure that you know is understandable uh you know it's dignified and we can help people ultimately get jobs okay we've got about 15 minutes left so i think i'd like to open and up to the floor now for questions and we already have a bunch so um if we can get some mics here and then over there got one coming here you hi uh ronnie shruwala i'm grad india um great conversation everyone just two questions i think we've been talking a lot about the need and bob you've lifeline the scope exactly of how large and the impact can be but do we all see the challenge that actually the actual consumer the person really needs to change their lives haven't yet actually found the sense of urgency to do that and what in our ecosystem that we're creating where the soul is willing the body is willing but from that point of view so if you run one of the largest it companies in the world but yet uh you still also run one of the largest training campuses in the world because the people you get in still you feel have not on their own up skilled so that was just one question of how are we going to be able to create the sense of urgency to actually meet that because the two parts have to meet and i think the second one for everyone here because we've heard a lot about lifelong learning is the importance of soft skills because i think if we're just going to conquer skills over the next 10 years and we know that 50 percent of all change is going to happen through soft skills what's our thought and process it's a great great point who wants to grab that i'll start with this maybe and uh bob can join in so thanks ronnie i think you you have tremendous experience in this area with what you've created what we see on the urgency is absolutely appropriate what you describe uh there's a set of people who have a tremendous urgency but a large number of people don't have it and part of it is creating a certain level of excitement and fun with the content in addition to depth in the content so what we do for example at in our university set up in my sort and we also have an online platform within the company is to make sure that that ability to learn in that engage manner comes about uh there is definitely an interest that we see because uh in our own small context people immediately jump on to projects when they finish some internal certifications and there's a value to that but the urgency certainly needs to be pushed more and we need to think of how it can be done on the soft skills i'll come back with bob go ahead yeah the um the point i want to pick on is that we've got to actually segment the populations of the world that need help in different ways to your point some of who's employed today and i'm going to use pwc as an example you want them to lean more into the upskilling that's necessary and you've got to make it interesting and exciting enough for them to want to lean into those opportunities and the way we thought about it we created a program called new world new skills where we said look if you're going to lean in because you're all worried about job security if you're going to lean into that opportunity we're not going to guarantee you a job but i am going to increase the probability that you're going to be employable at pwc or anywhere else and it's going to be citizen led meeting our employees not top down bottom up and this way take away the passive resistance uh because anytime something's built at the center and forced on people human behavior such that you're not going to get that upside but let's go to the other side of the equation which you've got to take some of the walls out of the system so those that are underprivileged in various parts of the world there may be a family that says my daughter should be staying home or getting married at a really early age and kenley doesn't have availability and shouldn't go to school or avail themselves through those online courses so we've actually got to knock that wall down which actually doesn't go to the individual it goes to the surrounding environment that's around them that we got to attack and say here's the opportunity so there's a whole cascading of communication that has to happen to create the incentive for people to want to do this on a going forward basis and to your latter point on soft skills you have to look at the totality of this right there's digital skills which you talked a lot about there's esg skills that are going to be needed as we transform work going forward the softer skills are going to enable this to happen and it goes a little bit to where i opened up one of the other things that's going to be needed is the soft skills to enable that environment to have conversations around social issues and if we don't have the eq to actually have those conversations trust me people have the conversations at home you're going to want to have them at work as well and we got leadership that's going to need to actually equip for that to happen and we're ill equipped to have that happen a lot of our survey data actually tells us that probably 70 percent of the organizations today are not allowing for those conversations to happen in their organizations which is another negative to the willingness to actually be employed by that organization as well boy i'd love to hear you at some point endavas on on that conversation and and some of the things you've seen um we have mike over here yep camila camila from global shapers community basically you are talking about non-formal non-formal informal education um you're talking about certificates but this small business is the major responsible for jobs for like youth and they don't recognize this though informal and non-formal certification so how uh what the way to make the government recognize those and the company is also because if we if we are like re-skilling people uh the employee the employers don't recognize the certificates though doesn't work you know that's a great question i want to actually add in their beat to that and Jeff if you want to jump in something i noticed even in the formal um education processes that are public and private i'm thinking about like the ibm p-tech schools or you know it's not it's not a one size fits all um there are a lot of companies doing different things sometimes the companies don't know each other's process so how do we get to a more centralized place while still allowing some flexibility i think it gets to what salil was talking about um i'd say traditionally formal education has been almost the only type of a system and credential recognized so if you have a credential from the formal education system then you get certain you know opportunities and if you don't then you don't a lot of people talk about oh is the degree dead is it micro credentials yeah we sort of see a hybrid everything um we have at corsera we work with universities uh interestingly universities create content but industry also creates content universities consume the content and also industry consumes the content we have companies like uh like uh implicit pwc etc using university content to upskill their employees at the same time we have universities well nmyms university in india is a great example they offer a b-tech a batches of technology in that curriculum they have integrated industry content for credit where when you graduate you get a b-tech degree with honors in data science and that honors track is actually coming from industry content provided on a platform you know like in this case corsera but again it doesn't have to be corsera there are other platforms so the ability to have hybrid learning online and on campus is here to stay the ability to have hybrid credentials is it a college degree or is it a microcredential it's both you literally graduate with a college degree and a microcredential and you actually got credit towards your college degree by doing that industry credential and then at work you're upskilling taking courses from you know algorithms from princeton it is it is really blending together and i think a spectacular way and i think what's going to happen is individuals over the course of their lives will build a portfolio of credentials which will be valued for different reasons you might have a bachelor's degree that says something about your understanding of of of liberal arts and and sort of human sort of history and what it means to be a human and you might have a cfa which is a certified financial analyst which means you understand certain things about finance and investing and then you might have a professional certificate from IBM and artificial intelligence and that's all part of your portfolio credentials that say to an employer these are the things that i know and if you think that that's valuable you know please hire me or give me a chance to accelerate my career i love that idea but i think she makes a great point on on certifications because many not many government recognize some of the certifications especially if you are a refugee or living in urban kenya or you know really tough places because you have accumulated so many certifications and if you don't show something tangible you're not going to get jobs i think also is a policy makers the digital the minister of technology in in in countries to actually you know make this a mandatory thing like kenya right now they've made coding compulsory the government of kenya has made coding compulsory rwanda is the same so many countries are making technology and now you can have access to corsa courses i mean over 197 you know universities are inside corsa for young girl to have a you know a certificate from mit is a big deal for her and her family you know in a sitting in in mombasa so i think we also need to ask government to recognize this lifelong learning certificates so they don't you know stop the you know the people who are learning you know in their own time there were two things that were embedded in your question one was the sort of credentialing and the recognition of that the weft actually has an initiative under way to actually think about what are the sectors and what are the skills that are needed in that sectors and then can we actually connect the dots with governments to actually recognize those kind of skillsets that are necessary what's the name that actually i don't i can't remember the name so actually it's um uh saudi and the team are actually working this right now but what was also embedded in your question was actually the importance of the small and medium-sized enterprises right and let's not forget that because government actually working with business has to create the entrepreneurial mindset to create the jobs on the other side because if we do a great job of getting the billion people skilled and if there's no jobs you're going to have more social unrest than we have today so let's not forget this is a supply and a demand issue that we actually have to be focusing on both of those and government business have a role to play on that entrepreneurial job creation side as well awesome there was a gentleman with a question up in front and then we'll take one over here thank you excellent insights this morning thank you for that my name is the banker trihan i am also represent the global shapers community my question is while there's a lot of conversation around skilling and education for people who are in some format in formal sector of education and training what about the people who are unaccounted for how do we extend education and skilling to them just to put things in perspective in india alone about 175 million people are unaccounted for they're not in education they're not in training they're not in jobs how do we extend education and skill initiatives to them thank you great question who wants to grab that i mean i can i can that's a very good point that's a very good question um that's what i've been fighting for for how many years now you are right the last mile of education we must invest in that right now we're all comfortable in in creating platforms and giving it to the people who look like us and and you know universities and communities but when you go to places where you know there is no infrastructure meaning it's a building connectivity uh you know train the trainers all of that you know it will be part of our share humanity i've been saying the whole morning so again it's our job to redesign what we are trying to do here the way to reach out to those girls is me traveling you know seven seven hours from london to Nairobi getting into the refugee camp talking to all the schools and and you need to train the teachers on the ground because the refugee girls you know they may end up getting married if we don't intervene so i'm doing an intervention a really critical intervention with the unhr who are really trying to do their best but these refugees when they want to resettle in america in london you know unless they are useful to the government of those countries they will not resettle they will stay in detention centers you know i've been to detention centers all across the world it's awful it's absolutely horrible to sit in detention center for six months nine months one year two years waiting for somebody to come and rescue you no one is coming right nobody's coming so i think that's why we need to really think about the last mile of education even the Coursera platform is is answering the needs how can we make it offline online how can we make it different languages uh for these people to have access to it but also we need to take the plane or we need to go to the people technology must go to the people it must not come to us we need to go and give it to the young girls and boys all across the world and right now it's absolutely urgent it's so urgent for us to go out there because the data we are working towards right now for me i will not be satisfied in 2030 until you know all of my girls are included in this data because this death will be inaccurate in 2030 if we have not included the left to behind and the missing millions you just mentioned okay final question here hi i'm a global shaper from japan my name is atoka i'm a founder of a liberal arts summer program in japan and so i'm wondering so in this continuously changing and evolving society i believe that what we learned today can already be considered outdated in a few years and so in that in that in that case how do you manage to provide education or education platforms that doesn't just that doesn't just educate or educate the people to be equipped for the now but to be equipped for the future so leil do you have heard bob or sorry jeff go ahead maybe i'll start off jeff you know i think critical critical point that you mentioned we clearly see that what was learned in the past which was with us for say 10 15 years today the duration is much shorter so one of the things which i think are important to learn as as students and all through life is really the ability to learn the thing that's critical is to realize that whatever you learn today is going to change and that's not something which many students in school at least when we were in school was was that evident it was evident that we had to learn what was around us but not to learn how to learn ongoing and that's a little bit of a mindset change which needs to come into more school level thinking because then people are ready to to do this it's a bit of a shock because you suddenly realize when you're in the in the work environment that literally in five seven years you are not at the right skill level and that that's not something that people are used to so it's almost critical to internalize that you really need to learn how to learn on an ongoing basis okay and i i totally agree with that the the other thing i would encourage you to think about is what you might think of as the half-life of certain knowledge and skills there are certain things that i learned a long time ago when i was in college in high school that haven't changed you know physics has changed a bit but the basics of physics have not changed the basis of biology have not changed mathematics guess what most mathematics is not changing it's very important to know mathematics and statistics so i would i would a lot of liberal arts understand what it means to be a human it's changing a bit because our context is changing but there are a lot of things that are very durable and they don't need to change all the time and i would i think a lot of traditional systems that maybe aren't so agile should focus on those more durable transferable skills and complement it with a higher velocity training platform for the tools that change fast the techniques that change fast a lot of the ways that people team and technology is changing fast and complement those two things together i really think that's also a hybrid kind of answer there are things that are durable and there are things that have a very high rate of obsolescence try to have different mechanisms to bring those to your students i just want to add the at the world academy at the risk killing platform we have something called the taxonomy of education i would recommend you go and have a look at that it's really comprehensive report we've done a couple of years ago last year it's really fantastic because you can see what's happening today what's happening in the next couple of years and we would love to you know hear from you as a shape or community if you can help us shape this because you know for me to sit here as a coder i'm 47 years old maybe in about in 50s in 2030 it'll be totally different so please have a look at the taxonomy of you know of the education we have at the risk killing platform it's really fantastic okay well we are at time i feel like we could have gone on several more hours in this conversation but you know my takeaway is in challenge opportunity you know i mean i can already see a lot of brainstorming going on between our panelists and the audience um and within the conversation we've had today so thanks for sharing thank you for being here and i'm sure we're going to be talking again about reskilling next year at delvos as well