Hey everyone, my name is Carlos. I'm the founder and CEO of product school and today I'm here with Jackie Babato Who's the co-author of cracking the PM career? Hey Jackie. Hi, thanks for having me. Thanks for joining the show I know this is not your first book definitely your latest one So why don't you tell us a bit more about kind of your thought process from the original book cracking the PM interview to now Cracking the PM career Yeah, so both this book and my original book have some it's a lot in common so Cracking the PM interview was really inspired by my experience of seeing that When I applied to be a to be a PM. I got rejected my first time applying to Google Made it in a year later, and then I interviewed hundreds of people and while I interviewed them. I realized that Some of the reasons people passed or failed the interview weren't directly related to their skills and how good of a PM They really could be but were more related to how well they had prepared for the interview and how much structure they added to their answers And I thought That if we want to have more great PMS in the world We should really level the playing field and any advice I'd be willing to tell a friend of a friend I should be it willing to tell To tell anybody on the internet or anybody in the world who want to find the book to really make it possible So that everybody has a good chance to become a PM and I really see the new book as and I've got I was gonna show my little This is all in a binder format. It's not printed out yet But I I would say my idea, but now it's sort of the sequel it's saying let's say you've got the job now now how do you succeed as a PM and how do you advance in your career and Just like I saw there were some sort of hidden secrets to the PM interviews I found that there are also some sort of hidden secrets to succeeding as a PM There are some like tips and tricks that if you just understood them a little bit better You could get on the right path. You could build products that that did better in the marketplace and you would able to be able to work better with your manager and with your cross-functional partners and And advance so that you can actually get all the recognition that you deserve So just to give more background on you You've been one of the most influential product leaders that I know out there even before I started pro school I was I was reading your articles the the first book cracking the PM interview was a total best seller He'd see thousands of people read that in order to to get that first product management job And and you mentioned that it's inspired in your own experience as a PM So whether you tell us a little more about your life, you know Before being a PM and then your career as a PM Yeah, so I studied computer science and econ in undergrad And I'm one of those lucky people who got to go straight into product management. So I I became an intern at Microsoft while I was after my sophomore year of college and loved Microsoft decided to go work there full-time and I worked there full-time for about three years and When I was moving to New York, I I Microsoft didn't have any PM jobs there and I love product so much. So I wanted to do that So I applied to Google. That's when I got rejected the first time decided to stay with Microsoft as a Microsoft consultant for a little while and Then switched over a year later to become a PM at Google loved Google stay there for three years and I One day get a message from a friend. I knew from Microsoft saying hey, I'm at this new company Do I have a coffee and learn about it? And I was like, well, what harm would a coffee do and that's how I ended up as the first PM at Asana and Asana was an amazing experience. I started as the first PM and became head of product management and Grew the team to be over 20 people. So during that time I got to become a manager I got to become a manager of managers have all these experiences I got to write my own career ladder is to try to help coach people on my own team to grow and And absolutely loved it and then about a year a little over a year ago I decided it was time for something new and that's when I left and I've been working on the book and Handling the pandemic and a preschooler at that time, too totally well and for for people to know like Asana went public in late 2020 It's one of the most popular tools for product managers. So in a way you also go to build something for people like ourselves. Yes Yeah, it's a great tool. I like to think of it as a project management for people Who don't like to do project management? Love that. I mean a constant bother to explain people that product management is different than project management So in in in your case now as a as a book author It's at the end of the day It's also like a like a baby at least in my experience Writing a book as well. So at the same time you have experienced building detailed product So what are some of those parallels between building something physical and building something digital? Yeah, so I think the thing that they have most in common is that in both cases you should really have a goal and And you have to sort of understand why are you why are you building this product? What's problem is it solving? Why and what will success look like an exact same thing for a book is? Why do you want to write this book? What problem is it solving and? And what will success look like? I'd say that Some of the biggest difference though for me is that as a product manager Everything you do as a product manager you get done through other people You really you work to influence the people around you influence the designers influence the engineers And at the end of the day You're not the person who's sitting there typing the code So with a book you get this difference Which is that you actually have created something tangible with your own hands at the end of the day which can be a nice A nice break from the sometimes thankless job of product management Totally and now that it's out there the thing is you can't really iterate it much Right like you can go back to the code base and make changes So obviously there is probably a lot of thinking process behind the scenes So you notice obviously that there is a need for people to continue growing in their product career After they get that first job and then how do you structure the the course the book? Because I can imagine there are so many different ways you can grow your PM career, right? Yeah Great question. So the way that we've structured the book is that the first chapters are on the product skills And so what I did is I have I talked to lots of product leaders lots of different companies looked at the job ladders And what I found is that the job ladders look very different from company to company every every company groups The skills together differently, but if you if you pull apart those groupings and look at what skills are underneath the groups They're very consistent from company to company. So I group them as product execution strategic and leadership But there are lots of correct ways. There's no one right way to group them So for example is communication a leadership skill or a strategic skill, you know, you can move them around But in all cases, you know, the product skill is data insight is that strategic or product? But the skills were very common. So we go over those break it down into You know many maybe probably more than 30 sub skills here And that's the first chapters of the book we have a whole section on people management and what it takes to move into people management and the new skills you need when you're there and then at the end of the book we have We really talk about career paths and career ladders. So the skills are the are the individual practices and frameworks And responsibilities you need to really succeed at your job. But when you want to translate being good at your job into getting promotions It's not a one-to-one match And it's not a one-to-one match between skills and being good at your job. So what I mean by that is you might have the best possible User insight and data insight But if you can't use those insights to ship great products that help people and solve problems then Then you're not really having the impact that you want to have and then and then that you won't be getting those promotions And you won't be advancing. So in that end of the book, we really talk about what what does the career ladder look like? What differentiates a an APM from a PM one from a senior PM from a PM lead and a director all the way up to head of product And then we've done interviews with a lot of successful PMs and talked about their paths and what they've learned along the way Yeah, then let's dig deeper into that because I always find it fascinating from the outside that some companies like Google would call Almost everyone a product manager. Even if someone will have a lot of experience So it's hard to decode that from from the outside unless you know the internal Ladder Microsoft calls some people product managers instead of product managers You know for for people who are not in those companies, how would you describe like the different career ladders? So so there's really three phases to what I've learned through this research is of three phases to a PM's career To a career and product. So the first phase is the PM phase and that's when you're focused on shipping products The and so this is a lot of like when you think about your PM interviews And what you might be doing for your first five years as being a product manager, it's really all about shipping great products It's all about, you know researching what researching the customers Validating your designs may be running AP tests analyzing them iterating improving and shipping things that are successful And you get better and better and better at that but to get to senior PM There's actually the role the role changes and you don't get to senior PM by just becoming better at shipping products You get to senior PM by getting better at product strategy So that means not just how do we sit take this product and ship it really well, but what products should we be building? What goals should we be going after? What should we set our roadmap? What's our long-term vision? How do you set a long-term plan that will help your company win in the marketplace? And that's that's a new set of skills and a new set of work that you do as a senior PM that as an APM You might not have even realized existed and it's sort of interesting as a new PM when you look at the senior PMs on your team You might you might not you might wonder like oh, what makes them a senior PM? I don't see what they're doing that's so great And that's because a lot of it is behind the scenes a lot of that is going to be the strategic work They're doing the strategy They're creating the times that they go to an executive and they convince them to that we need to hire People who know AI so that can be ready for the moves. We're going to need to make two years from now And so you get better and better at product strategy deciding what your what your company needs to do to win in the marketplace And they say great. I reached the top. There's nothing else to learn But it shifts again, and there's the third phase of product careers, which is organizational excellence So once you move into people management the The the focus now is not on shipping great products or creating Product strategy, but instead on building a high-performing team that can create good strategies and ship good products so now the role really becomes about hiring people and Coaching and developing people setting up processes helping different departments at the company work well together removing obstacles Finding these these huge multipliers on your team success that will help the whole company succeed even though Without you're having your fingers in on every little product decision and what's interesting is some heads of product will still be very very involved in product review and making those small tweaks and and so as an 8 p.m. Let's say when you think of what your head of product does you might think that most of their job is This feedback you're getting in product review that most of the job is the Is the way that they like knew exactly how the design should work or that kind of thing but that's really a small part of their job and the larger part of the job is building the team and Coaching the rest of the company on company strategy So for people who let's say enjoy getting their hands dirty and being the front line with engineers designers And they might not want to become a head of product and a built-in for they still want to grow in their career I've seen that there are options. I've seen people call a principal product manager product lead So what is your your take on on that type of career? Yeah, so so What I found is that a lot of a lot of job letters have some level at which it's okay So the two things one is that there's some level which is okay to not continue advancing So so for example, you can't most companies will not let you just hang out at 8 p.m. For 10 years, you know if you've if you're on your 8th year is 8 p.m. And you haven't graduated to be a p.m. One They're gonna say hey, let's you know Great work, but like I'd rather have that headcount spot for someone who's gonna be growing faster It's really meant to be a training job you hire people in and grow them But for most companies senior p.m. Is around the level where if you're a senior p.m. You're a high-performing member of the team you're independent You create you create a lot of value on your own and for example if if work-life balance is more important to you at this point in your career If you have a side project that you're really passionate about you could spend your entire career as a senior p.m. And And the company would be really happy to have you and you don't need to continue to get promoted to stay at a company And really career success can mean such so many different things to different people that that's an entirely valid approach to your career and I think that If you make it that far you should be very proud of what you've done and you shouldn't feel extra pressure to just take on new responsibilities And then there is the principal p.m. Role So the the title between senior p.m. And principal p.m. Can vary from company to company But generally what distinguishes a principal p.m. Is that they are an expert in their industry So they're not just the here's a few things But so they're not just the best in their company at something But actually they're well respected in the industry at having been the being the person the go-to person in the industry to understand the concept Another part about being a principal p.m. Is there generally To become a principal p.m. You need to join a company that has a business need for principal p.m So that means they have a business need for somebody who is so advanced so strategic so excellent at product skills execution skills product strategy and that the the size of the work that They need to be responsible for to create a large impact that justifies their high salary But that can be done with a small enough number of engineers That you don't need to be a people manager So in the product careers a lot of times people become people managers because it's going to take 50 engineers to build your product and 1 p.m. Can't can't leave that many engineers But some places where principal p.m. Are very valued is for example in high-stakes partnerships So for example if if yahoo and microsoft are partnering on something That's the kind of place where you will really want a principal p.m. Because the actual amount of product work is small enough for a few engineers to Handle, but you really can't afford anything going wrong Yeah, and I noticed that trend when when I started pro school there wasn't really that much Definition around this it was like okay. You want to work in product great You are a product manager and the product team is the product manager and now we're seeing this entire Ecosystem of first of all careers for product people, but also different. I would say hybrid roles I've seen a product operations people product design product marketing So how are you thinking about also these kind of Structures that that we are seen as as the product evolves Yeah, I think that that's probably the the the future of product I think is really going to be that there's going to be a lot more product managers and that doesn't mean that Not every come every company especially small ones can't afford to have an extra person who only does product management So I really think that people from many different roles are going to start learning and picking up p.m. Breast practices these these kinds of product best practices like think about your goals before you start the work It's kind of obvious But that's the sort of thing that product managers are really trained in and I think we'll start seeing Lots and lots of roles can benefit from that that mindset. I agree. I think it's a mindset regardless of your title and And I've seen now this these older trend called product led growth or product led businesses How companies are trying to lead with their product and I've seen more companies having a chief product officer Which before it wasn't that obvious I product in some cases used to report to marketing or used to report to technology I've seen a lot of a lot of CEOs that come from a product background So I think all of those trends are pushing in in that direction of elevating the role of the product manager Yeah So what is in the in the career ladder in the p.m. Career? What is the kind of like the ultimate? step I Think I think there's lots of different directions So I think if you were going to go with this a normal straight career ladder I would say probably head of product which becomes not just being responsible for product managers, but also designers and Researchers and depending on the company engineers or they could be separate But that's really just the traditional path. I see a lot of people choose other careers after product management So for example, one really interesting role is general manager So I mentioned head of product might be responsible for the pms And the engineer or sorry the pms the designers maybe the engineers a general manager of a business unit is Responsible for those people within a department, but also the sales and the marketing people all of the all of the different departments together So they're really considering The both the profits and the losses and everything it takes to bring a prop up a product to market successfully So that's one of the general manager people also tend to go into various roles in venture consulting I see people move into product coaching some people move into chief of staff roles Although that's a title with an even more ambiguous In the US title than product manager. So there's both very junior and very senior chief of staff roles Yeah, so there's a lot of there's a lot of different things that you can be set up for and then of course CEO role CEO roles and founder roles Maybe that's an idea for your future book the life after the p.m. Career So In your case, I'm also very interested in learning how people learn So the same way you describe how you kind of fell into product How did you learn the skills to truly become a product leader? Yeah, so There's one framework that I was kind of as I was I was reflecting on this for the book that I put together that I really like Which I call like notice assess and improve and What I found is that so I think the best way to improve as a p.m. Is to get feedback And especially feedback from your peers feedback from your managers and also feedback from your managers peers So if you're a larger company for example, the other p.m. Managers are great source of feedback But a lot of the time the feedback that that you'll hear is a p.m. Isn't very actionable or doesn't seem actionable at first So you might hear like you need to be more strategic or you need to be more on top of problems on your team or You need to not let the date slip or whatever it is that you hear When you first hear it, maybe it doesn't resonate with you and you're like that doesn't Like I mean and sometimes you're like you're wrong like no you misunderstood the certain situation Entirely and that feedback is like unfair and invalid But if you split it up into notice assess and improve what you can say is first Notice means find the situations where this feat where this feedback might be applicable Like what are the cases where? The person giving you feedback thinks that you had a problem here What's the pattern and on that very first step when you start to look at the pattern a bunch of you might see a Bunch of different things one of these might be that you You didn't even notice these situations.  So the first step there might just be learning be like, okay Can you please just like give me give me a signal? You know touch your ear every time every time I like have a miscommunication or touch your ear every time I interrupt someone or whatever it is the skill that you're trying to notice So first just gathering of this large bank of examples and training training yourself to notice these situations And then the second step is to assess so one thing that might happen is maybe you were noticing all the time that for example That your project was late or that your dates kept slipping Maybe you're maybe you were very aware of that But they thought that they just slipped because you made a mistake but actually you had made a really intentional decision to move the date in each of these cases and So something went wrong because they they weren't happy with how it went But the problem that they that they named Might be a little bit different than the than the way that you want to frame the problem to work on it So maybe the problem from your point of view isn't that the date slipped the problem is that you didn't Loop in the stakeholders when we're moving the date and you didn't get enough buy-in and you didn't persuade people about the date So there you might say that the problem wasn't your judgment on or your execution skills on getting your team to ship as fast as possible The problem was really the communication skills So when you're able to reframe go back to the person who gave you the feedback double check of that could be true And then you can work on that final step of how do I improve? How do I like? Set up what I want to do set a goal practice it and then go back and check with someone if it improved It's sort of a long way of saying how I think you can kind of make the most out of the feedback We're getting so you can advance as fast as possible and improve your skills as fast Fascinating because feedback is a very overused word and I think that breaking it down into actionable items that are Good for you to deliver but also important for the other person to interpret because sometimes the way that message can land is Very different than the intention that the sender has and I think I tried to learn that there the hard way Sometimes we mean well and create the opposite effect So I think that creating framework is or systems. It's in a way what what is expected from a product leader There's a lot of templates out there But at the end of the day you probably have to customize whatever works for you and your team. Yeah so Now that obviously you you had you are you achieve the ultimate step in In the product career and you had to coach other people. It's very meta because you train the trainers in a way how about Mentorship and help outside an organization Is it the question, you know, how can people do that or yeah, so yeah, it's just valuable Is it something that you personally do? Yeah, yes, so I think that Mentoring is is very important for two reasons One is that if you do have aspirations to be a people manager, then mentoring is a prerequisites Is that being a mentor is is how you demonstrate those skills and build that trust that you'd be a good product leader But even if you have no interest in people management Mentoring is how you can give back to the community And especially because we are we're still in the very early days of product management as a career You're able to have a very very large impact on the world and across companies if you are able to help mentor other people different types of mentorship are One thing I've learned is that people are very are interested in different types of mentorship So some people really like one-on-one mentoring with someone some people like to get groups together some people like to do likes put together a big presentation of what they've learned and take it on the conference circuit some people like to tweet some people write to like blog articles and So if you're looking for a way to give back to the community and to mentor people What I would say is that you you don't need to fight your personality It's okay to pick the approach that that really calls to you the one that feels like less work to you the one that That you enjoy doing the most And use that to go forward And if you are doing writing the thing that I think that the community needs a lot more of is Is stories about real product management? So if anybody out there is listening and wants to wants to contribute I think that there's so much valuable that even a fairly new p.m Can have if you just tell the story about a product decision you made and how you thought about the choices the interesting things You learned and how it turned out and maybe what you learned after that and how you've done it differently I think that Each of those stories is valuable And so there's no there's no chance of the world being too filled with that stories everybody will love to learn those specific ones and it's and you really are the expert on your story And you can kind of work with your company to make sure that you're keeping it as You're not going to any secrets that they don't want you to I like your point on Picking the right format for both the the the teacher and the student because at the end of the day I think part of lifelong learning is that you have options you can try you can do this You don't have to over commit you can do this on the side You can change if something stops working for you and and I think we went from there's nothing out there Or very little to oh my god It's probably too much information now It's important to also curate and filter those those sources because there's good product management And definitely your book is a really good source, but I've also seen very contradictory advice that can create a lot of confusion in the industry Yeah, yeah, sometimes there's things that apply in one case, but not another Yeah, and part of it. I think it's because there wasn't really a playbook So a lot of us are trying to create that playbook by also Thinking back in on other that have experienced in different industries And and I think it's beautiful that we are co-creating these new industries and and good practices for the rest of the world Taking a product mindset knowing that some of the things that we were saying many years ago might be different And that's okay. And at the same time we cannot do this alone I don't think one person has the single truth on and here is how you do product. Yeah So what is what is next for like what is the goal with with the book? Obviously, you are about to launch and I appreciate your time You've been giving back to the community since the very beginning I think the first time you participated at one of our events was 2018 and your author Gail Participating 2015 so I'm very appreciative for for everything that you do for for us and for the community And what is your own goal with with this book? Yeah, so yeah, so the book cracking the PM career is coming out next week And it's it's a you can pre-order on Amazon now if you'd like and we are working on the layout for the Kindle version So that will be not too far after And in terms of the goal for the book There's a few different goals we have but one of the ones That I really like is so high level my goal for the book is to create more great product managers in the world because I want there to be more good products in the world and Every time I see a product that has a terrible UI, you know, I feel I'm like oh I wish they had a better product manager there Um, but also there are these products where the entire product and the thousands of hours people put into it fails You know as steam a quippy recently and so many people put so many so much effort and so much energy and so much love into that product Um, but it was it was sort of some of the premise was flawed from the start and better product management I think could have could have Prevented that waste of energy so So I'm really hoping that through the book that that more people improve their pm skills that we create better products and And again, I'm really hoping to level the playing field so that the people who are really skilled into the people that are the best at their careers Are able to get a fair shot at at Expanding their scope and their impact and getting the promotions they want so that they're able to have as much influence as they deserve I agree and and I think one of the beautiful things about Having this content very affordable for the rest of the world is that it's not a secret in silicon valley anymore I remember come as an outsider I used to think that oh my god I need to be in silicon valley need to meet someone from google in order to learn and now they can come to your house yeah So all that democratization of education I think ultimately benefits the work to make better products and um Now I think for us we have a big responsibility to continue Updating some of those mental models that maybe were useful at some point and now They are changing like for me personally. I just don't understand why We keep talking about agile so much when this is something that was invented 20 years ago Yeah, I think is the kind of the the future. How is this product management? Discipline going to evolve going to evolve.  And I think what I found is that product managers spend so long being like i'm a product manager not a Project manager that then when it comes time to do some project management at your team. You're like, no, I can't do it It's not my job um But but but to have your team be successful in the ownership products. You do need to do some um some


I wonder if this is Chapman's free-kick. This is Harry, yeah. He's certainly lined it up. Standing side-on towards the ball, so he'll be looking to wrap his right foot around it. There's a four-man wall standing in front of him. 25 yards out. Harry Chapman hits once towards goal! Eyes brilliant! Pin-point position from Harry Chapman! Breaks the deadlock in this EFL trophy quarter-final. Direct free-kick, curls it over the wall. And into the bottom corner of the goal. And Bradford City take the lead, and they have the advantage over Don Castor-Overs. 57-minutes gone. City won. Don Castanil. What a strike from Chapman! What a wonderful strike from Harry Chapman. We talked before the game about a variation on free-kicks and set-plays. That's exactly what we were talking about. Harry Chapman said, listen, this is my rage. Brad, get away from it. This is me. He took side-on to it, ran to the ball, and wrapped his foot right into the ball to put it nestle it into the bottom corner.


Well, welcome to this Cube's presentation and with Unstoppable Domains, it's a showcase. We're featuring all the best content in Web3 and with Unstoppable Domains, it's a showcase. I'm John Furrier, your host of theCUBE. We've got a great guest here, Matt Mitskovich, who's the Chief Revenue Officer of Unstoppable Domains. Matt, welcome to the showcase, appreciate it. Thank you for having me. So the theme of this segment is the potential of the Web3 marketplace with Unstoppable Domains. You're the Chief Revenue Officer. You guys have a very intriguing, interesting concept that's going extremely well, congratulations. But you're using NFTs for access and domains. Of course, the metaverse is huge. People want their own domains, but it's not just like real estate in the sense of a website. It's bigger than that. It's a lot going on. So take us through what is the value proposition and what is the product? Absolutely. So for the past 20 years, most of us have been interacting on the internet using usernames issued to us by big corporations like Facebook, Google, Twitter, TikTok, Snapchat, et cetera. Whenever we get these usernames for free, it's because we and our data are the product. As some of the recent leaks in the media have shown, incentive individuals and companies are not always aligned. And most importantly, individuals are not in control of their own digital identity and the data, which means they can economically benefit from the value they create online. Think of Twitter as a two-sided marketplace with 0% revenue share back to its creators. We're now living in the creator economy, and we believe that individuals should see the economic rewards of what they do in create online. That's what we're trying to do here at Unstoppable Domains is provide user-owned and controlled identity to four and a half billion internet users. It's interesting to see change that's happening with Web3 and just in cultural terms, users are expecting to be part of the creator, the personality of the company. There's almost this disintermediation of the middleman. Whether it's an ad network or a gatekeeper of any kind, people going direct, right? So if I'm an artist, I can go direct to my fans. Exactly. So Web3 really shifts the power away from aggregators. Aggregators and multiplicates have been some of the best business models the last 20 years onto the internet. But Web3 is going to dramatically change that over the next decade, bring more power back in the hands of consumers. What type of companies do you guys work with and partner with that we see out there? Let's give us some examples of the kinds of companies you're doing business with and partnering with. Yeah, so let's talk about use cases first actually. Well, the big use case that we identified initially for NFT domain names was around cryptocurrency transfers. Anyone who's ever bought cryptocurrency and tried to transfer it between accounts or wallets is familiar with these awkwardly long hexadecimal strings of random numbers and letters or even if you make a single type of money is lost forever. That's a pretty scary experience that exists today in a $2 trillion asset class with 250 million users. So the first set of partners that we worked on integrating with were actually crypto wallets and exchanges. So we allow users to do is replace all their long hexadecimal wallet addresses with a single human readable name like john.nft or mattsmitzkiewicz.crypto to allow for simple crypto transfers. And how do the exchange work with you guys on that? Is it a plugin? Is it co-locating code together? What's the relationship between exchanges and unstoppable domains? Yeah, absolutely a great question. So exchanges actually have to do a little bit of an engineering lift to work with us and they can do that by either using the resolution libraries or using one of our APIs in order to look up an unstoppable name and figure out all the wallet addresses that's associated with that name. So today we work with dozens of the world's top exchanges and wallets ranging from OKEX to Coinbase wallet to trust wallet to bread wallet and many, many others. I got to ask you on the wallet side, is that a requirement in terms of having specific code and are there wallets that you work well with? Explain the wallet dynamic between unstoppable domains and wallets. Yeah, so wallets all have this huge usability problem for their users because every single cryptocurrency held by every single one of their users has a different hexadecimal wallet address. And once again, every user is subject to the same human fallacies and errors or if they make a single type where their money can be lost forever. So what we enable these wallets to do is to make crypto transfers simple and less scary than the current status code by giving the users an unstoppable name that they can use to attach to all the wallet addresses on the back end. So companies like TrustWallet, for example, which has 10 million users or Coinbase wallet. When you go to the crypto transfer fields there, you can just type in an unstoppable name and it'll correctly route the currency to the right person, to the right wallet without any chance for human error. You know, when these big waves come, I got to ask this question because a lot of people on the mainstream are getting into it now. It reminds me of the web wave that hit. The big thing was how many people are coming online. It was one of the key metrics. And how many web pages are being developed was another metric, which meant that people were building out web pages.  So internet users and web pages were the two proxies because then search engines came out and everything else happened. So I got to ask you, there are people watching, they're seeing them on commercials on TV, they're seeing it everywhere, stadiums are named after crypto companies. So the bottom line is people want to know how NFT domains take the fear out of working with crypto and sending crypto. Yeah, absolutely. So imagine if we had to navigate the web using IP addresses, rather than typing in the Google.com, you'd have to type in a random string of numbers that you'd have to memorize. That would be super painful for users and the net wouldn't have gotten to where it is today with almost 5 billion people online. The history of computer networks, we have human readable naming systems built on top in every single instance. It's almost crazy that we got to a $2 trillion asset class with 250 million users worldwide, 13 years after the Satoshi White Paper without a human readable naming system other than stop all domains and a few of our competitors. That's a fundamental problem that we need to solve in order to go from 250 million crypto users in 2022 to 5 billion crypto users a decade from now. And just to point out and not to look back and maybe make a correlation, but I will, if you look at the naming system of DNS, what it did to IP addresses, that's one major innovation that enabled the web. Then you look at what keyword navigation has done on top of DNS, what that did for the industry and that basically birthed Google keywords, basically ads. So that's trillions and trillions of dollars. Again, now shifting to you guys, is that how you see it? I'll say it's decentralized. So what's different? Okay, I get, so if you compare, hey, Google was successful, keyword advertising industry for the last 25 years or 20 years. What's different now is the technology inflection points. So blockchains have evolved to a point where they enable high throughput, high transaction volume and true decentralized ownership. The NFT standard, which is only a couple of years old, has taken off massively around trading of profile pictures like crypto punts and the Board Apes Yacht Club. The use cases extend much more than just a quote, JPEG that goes up in value two or three X year over year. There is the true use case here around ownership of identity, ownership over data, decentralized login authentication and permission data sharing. One of the sad things that happened on the internet the last decade really was that the platforms build out, have now allowed developers to build on top of them in a trustless permissionless way. Developers who build applications on top of some of the early monopolies in the last decade got the rules changed on them, APIs cut off, new fees instituted. It's not going to happen in the web three because all permissionless, once an NFT is minted, it's custody to the user's own wallet. We cannot take it away, it will continue to exist in eternity regardless of what happens to unstoppable domains which gives developers a lot more confidence in building new products for the web three identity standard that we're building out. You know what's amazing is that's a whole nother generational shift. I've always been a big fan of abstractions when innovation is needed, when there are problems that need to be solved, messes to be cleaned up and good abstraction layer on top of new architecture is really, really phenomenal. I guess the key question for, I have for you is, you know, theCUBE, we have all this video where where's our NFT? How should we implement NFTs? There's a couple of different ways you could think about it. You could do proof of attendance protocol NFTs which are really interesting way for users to show that they were at a particular event. So just in the same way that people collect t-shirts from conferences, people will be collecting NFTs to show they were in person, attending in person cultural moments or they were part of an event online or offline. You could do NFTs for employees to show that they were at your company during certain periods of the company's growth. So think of replacing their resume with a cryptographically secure resume that exists on the blockchain and perpetuity. Now more than half of all resumes contain lies which is a pretty not only problem as a hiring manager that we constantly have to sort through. There's ways that this can impact that side of the market as well. That's awesome. And I think this is a use case for everything. I appreciate that. And of course we can have the most favorite cube moments. It could be a cube host NFT. At Board Apes out there, why not have a board cube host going on? You're an auction for charity on OpenSea. All right, great stuff. Now let's get into some of the cool tech nerd stuff which is really the login piece, which I think is fascinating. The having NFTs be a login mechanism is another great innovation, okay? So this is cool because that's like think of it as one click NFTs if you will. What's the response been on this login with unstoppable for that product? What some of the use cases, can you give some examples of the momentum attraction? Yeah, absolutely. So we launched the product less than 90 days ago and we already have 90 committed or integrated partners live today with the login product. And this replaces login with Google, login with Facebook with a way that's user owned and user controlled. And over time people will be attaching additional information back to their NFT domain names, such as their reputation, their history, things they've done online and be able to permissionly share that with applications that they interact with in order to gain your rewards. Once you own all of your data and you can choose who you shared with, companies will incentivize you to share data. For example, imagine you just bought a new house and you have 3,000 square feet to furnish, you could tell that fact and prove it to a company like Wayfair where they'd be incentivized to give you discounts we're spending 10, 20, $30,000 and you'll do all of your purchasing there rather than spread across other e-commerce retailers for sure they would. But right now when you go to that website, you're just another random email address.  But if you could permission to share that using a login with an insoluble product, I mean the web would just be much, much different. Yeah, I think one of the things too as these, I call them analog old school companies, old guard companies as referred to in the cube talk here, but we still always call that old guard as people who aren't innovating. You could think about companies having more community too, because if you have more sharing and you have this marketplace concept and you have these new dynamics of how people are working together, sharing will provide more transparency but yet security on identity. Therefore, things are going to be happening organically. That's a community dynamic. What's your view on that and what's your reaction? Communities are such an important part of web three and the crypto ecosystem in general. People are very tightly knit. They all support each other. There's a huge amount of collaboration in this space because we're all trying to onboard the next billion users into the ecosystem. And we know we have some fundamental challenges and problems to solve, whether it's complex wallet addresses, whether it's the lack of portable data sharing, whether it's just simple education, right? I'm sure, you know, tens of millions of people have gone to crypto for the first time during the Super Bowl based on some of those awesome ads that ran. Yeah, love the QR code. That's a direct response. I remember when the QR code has been around for a long time, I remember in the 90s, late 90s, it was a device at red QR codes that did navigation to a webpage. So I mean, QR codes are super cool, great way to get. And we all using it too with the pandemic to ordering food. So I think QR codes are here to stay. In fact, we should have a QR code on all of our images here on the screen too. So we'll work on that. But I got to ask you on the project side. Now let's get into the devs and kind of the applications, the users that are adopting unstoppable and this new way of doing things. Why are they gravitating towards this login concepts? Can you give some examples and give some color commentary too? Why are these DApplication, distributed application, DApps guys and gals programming with you guys? Yeah, they all believe in the potential for what we're trying to create around user-owned and controlled identity. We're the only company in the market right now with a product that's live and working today. There's been a lot of promises made and we're the first ones to actually deliver. So companies like Cook Finance, for example, are seeing the benefit of being able to have their users go through a simple process to check in and authenticate into the application using your NFT domain name rather than having to create an email address and password combination as a login which inevitably leads to problems such as lost passwords, passwords, resets all those fun things that, you know, we used to deal with on a daily basis. Okay, so now I got to ask you the kind of partnerships you guys are looking at doing.  I noticed you guys are selling NFT, kind of like domain names on your website. Is that a kind of a current situation? Is that going to be ongoing? How do you envision your business model evolving and what kind of partnerships do you see coming along? Yeah, absolutely. So we're working with a lot of different companies from browsers to exchanges to wallets to individual NFT projects to more recently even exploring partnership opportunities with fashion brands, for example. The entire market is moving so, so fast. And what we're trying to essentially do here is create the standard naming system for Web3. So a big part of that for us will be working with partners like blockchain.com and with Circle who's behind the USDC coin on creating registries such as the blockchain and the coin and making those available to tens of millions and ultimately hundreds of millions and billions of users worldwide. We want an unstoppable domain name to be the first asset that every user in crypto gets even before they buy their Bitcoin Ethereum or Dogecoin. It makes a lot of sense to abstract away the long hexadecimal stream we all know that we all write down, put in a save, hopefully you don't forget about it. I always say, make sure you tell someone where your address is, so in case something happens you don't lose all that crypto. All good stuff, I got to ask this, the question around the ecosystem, okay? Can you share your view and vision of either yourself or the company? When you have this kind of new market, you have all kinds of, we meant that Web was a good example, right? Web pages, you needed Web development tools. You had HTML by hand, then you had all these tools. So you had tools and platforms and things kind of grew together. How is the Web 3 stakeholder ecosystem space evolving? What are some of the white spaces, what are some of the clearly defined areas that are developing? Yeah, I mean, we've seen an explosion in smart contract blockchains in the past couple of years actually going live, which is really interesting because they support a huge number of different use cases, different trade-offs on each. We recently partnered and moved over a primary infrastructure to Polygon, which is a leading EVM compatible smart chain, which allows us to provide free gas fees to users for minting and managing their domain name. So we're trying to move all obstacles around user adoption here. You don't need to have Ethereum in your wallet in order to be an installable domain's customer or user. You don't have to worry about paying transaction fees every time you want to update the wallet addresses associated with your domain name. We want to make this really big and accessible for everybody. And that means driving down costs as much as possible. Yeah, it's a whole nother wave. It's a wave that's built on the shoulders of others. It's a shift in infrastructure, new capabilities, new applications. I think it's a great thing you guys do in the naming system. Makes a lot of sense. The subtraction layer creates that ease of use. It simplifies things, makes things easier. I mean, this was the promise of these abstraction layers. Final question, if I want to get involved, say we want to do a cube NFT with unstoppable, how do we work with you? How do we engage? Can you give a quick plug on what companies can do to engage with you guys on a business level? Yeah, absolutely. So we're looking to partner with wallets, exchanges, browsers and companies who are in the crypto space already and realize they have a huge problem around usability with crypto transfers and wallet addresses. Additionally, we're looking to partner with decentralized applications, as well as Web2 companies who perhaps want to offer logging with unstoppable domain functionality in addition to or in replacement of the login with Google and login with Facebook buttons that we all know and love. And we're looking to work with fashion brands and companies in the sports sector who perhaps want to claim their unstoppable name free of charge from us. I might add in order to use that on Twitter or in other marketing materials that they might have out there in the world to signal that they're not only forward looking but that they're supportive of this huge waves that we're all riding at the moment. Matt, great insight. Chief revenue officer, unstoppable domains. Thanks for coming on the showcase. The cube and unstoppable domain share and the insights. Thanks for coming on. Thank you. Okay, this cubes coverage here with the unstoppable domain showcase. John Furrier, your host, thanks for watching.


What's happening y'all? So, Joe Blow Movie Trailers has a Marvel Cinematic Universe tribute that was developed by two other channels. Looks like here in the description box it says Nick Bosworth's channel and Joel Walden's channel. Yeah. So let's check this out. What's the end? The end of the path I started this on.  Your target is a fugitive from the U.S. government. I don't want to control it. I want to get rid of it. You know the whole. You know what I mean? He hasn't been born yet. He will be the first in a new breed of super soldiers. Who are you supposed to be? I'm from America. Do you swear to God the lives of the innocent and preserve the peace? I swear. Whoever holds this hammer, if it be worthy, it should possess the power of soul. What if I told you we were putting a team together? The Avengers are these remarkable people. See if they can work together when maybe Iran becomes and maybe it's too much but it's all on you. Damn well, sure. We'll avenge it. I'm just a kid from Brooklyn. Don't understand the power of this name. I have no plans to die today. He's making a challenge! What happens then? This isn't free. To build a better world sometimes means having to tear the old world down. We create our own demons. There's only one distinction. Challenge them is to court. Yeah. When do we start? And I will save the world. This is a good match up y'all. I'm not saving, I'm not saving. What's the galaxy ever done for you? Why would you want to save it?  It's a machine gun mouse. The Jollex. Pay for our mistakes. Isn't why we fight so we can end the fight and go home? Price of freedom. It's a price I'm willing to pay.  What do we got?  I was dying. So... I'm in man. I know. What's my idea? This is the age. That's good. This is really good. This has nothing to do with raptor training. At first, we've only scratched the surface. There were six singularities. These stones can only be brandished by beams of extraordinary strength. Go! This is what I'm fighting for. That's good. There's a little bee coming out of me right now. I did a good job on that.  I remember I made, I think I did a review where I was talking about Carla Johansson as Black Widow.  And yes, I absolutely did forget Iron Man 2. I was just thinking about Avengers and Captain America 2 at the time. And that's the reason why I wasn't thinking about it. But yeah, I definitely loved her in Iron Man 2. Especially with those long red curls. That was my favorite haircut of hers. She looked good. I was like, yeah. I didn't even know she was in the movie. It took me a few minutes to figure it out. It was her. So I'm sorry, I forgot. Yes, I did like that part. So that main fight sequence and what she did in Captain America 2 I liked. So anyway, let me know what you thought of the mashup. If you enjoyed my reaction, hit the like button, subscribe and share. Go check out their channels too because those brothers put it together. One million subscribers. Woo!


The tour of the Lake District is a 96 mile circuit starting and finishing in the popular tourist town of Ambleside. The trail takes in each of the main Lake District valleys, along lakeshores, through woodland and other remote mountain passes. Join me as I take on this winter Lakeland adventure with a mix of freezing wild camps and cozy country pubs. Welcome to another video and I'm out in the Lake District. We're doing a multi-day hike but it's in winter so I don't know, you know, it's all a lot of different kit and I've done a full review of what I've took with me, I don't know whether that's whether you've already seen that or not. I've had to have a serious think about footwear and which sleeping bag to take and what's in everything like because it is winter and there'll be some of the hikes are on top of the mountain so it could get a bit grueling. I don't really have a plan, I'm just making it up as I go as far as like where I'm going to stay and stuff. I'm all kitted out, I've got all my food and water and everything that I need so that I don't have to stay anywhere if I, you know, if I don't feel like it I can just wild camp and I've got enough food to last me all in my kit. But it's going to be exciting man, so stay tuned. I need this one for me bulb, I just needed some adventure and I thought you know what, I'm not going to wait until it gets better, I'm just going to go and do it. I forgot my titanium cup so I've had to need into ambleside. I'm looking forward to it, they say in the guidebook that it takes about nine days to complete but I've got stuff to do and places to be so I've given myself five days to do it so I'll have to maximise the daylight because I'm only getting sort of eight hours daylight so I'm just going to have to really head down and crunch some miles out and just do it that way. It's exciting, I've got the proper guidebook and that so I can show you some map time. Let's get out of ambleside and get into sticks. It's a steep one out of ambleside. My ultra fives, my yellow ones, that grip had gone and I thought if it's going to be bad weather on the mountains I need some grip so these are the sevens which I shall do a full review after this hike because I think if I put a hundred miling on them I can compare them to the fives and give you my opinion but so far so good. They look a bit garish though don't they? Look at that, like some sort of 80s shell suit or something in it, whatever. Robbing look of... You're leading the way mate, we're going to have a safe journey. As is the case with these trips I often come out of the traps like an excited whip it and do too much in first day. Day one's always like, hey, we're doing it. Then day two, what, chafing, hurting. I'm going to keep it measured and keep it level because as with all these long distance hikes there is a meaning or a message or a lesson, a lesson that I'm looking to get taught here. So being through Ringer a little bit with Noodle and this is just a symbol, I could cry mate, honestly this symbolizes coming out of Rendon. I want this hardship, I want it to, you know, I want to achieve something and this is it, it's a little goal and it means that it's just, it just means I'm out the other side, it means a lot anyway but waffle, waffle, we'll get into it, we'll talk a bit more about it all as we go because 100 mile mate, you might want to stick with me, you might not but there'll be a, maybe this is part one, if I make it, I make it, I might not even make it. I'm not chosen to run footwear in that, don't know where we're sleeping, don't know what we're doing and that's how I like it. This is a big moment, this, the first and I'm glad it's just a simple one to ease me in look, I don't care if these lads are watching, stupendous. There's a few folk about but that's because it's Sunday and it's a lovely day but it's not raining and it's not windy so it's a lovely day and so there's a few folk on this trail, just day walkers but I'm expecting it to sort of drop off during the week and when we get up into the fells because I need some solitude, that's what I'm going to get, just meant sheep, that's it, that's all I want, me sheep, and a few latches and locks, you agrees look, yes man. Oh he's put a little notch in there look, oh thank you, effortless, good to be back, that's the first one, first one I met any, thing is though, it's a tough gig when you're having this people behind you and stuff and you're like I want to get that shot, yeah I just got to do it like, there's a bloke, there's a fella, there's a fella and a lady back there and they just start to watch me just talk to a gate, oh this is a nice little bit look, a pitch on there, that's flat as a pancake, there's Joey D look, coming bouncing uphill, come to see me, Joey D, you ready, look at this, there we go mate, that's it, now they met you all right, the weather is stunning, it's perfect, perfect hiking conditions, not too hot, nah it's just perfect, it's forecast to be not so perfect tomorrow, so the mixed bag, I'm ready for it, just don't listen to mountain weather forecast because it's cack and it keeps doing me in, it's done me in multiple times, it's just cake mate, what I normally do is look for nearest village or town or whatever to where you're going into mountains and just use Met Office or BBC weather, something like that for that and then it's oftentimes it's same up in fells, you know it just had maybe a little bit colder because we're in Lake District, it's not like we're up massive mountains, it's done in fells so oftentimes whatever the weather is for like down there it is same up here just maybe a little bit colder, it works for me anyway, do as hard, do as hard, do as hard, not as hard, do as hard, lovely views of Windermere in the distance there, don't you worry about it, do I like that, oh yes, I do like that, look at that, spring look, oh failed at final hurdle look, and shoulder work, I shouldn't have to do that but that is bittersweet because look at that, powerful old spring and a botched job all welded together like that look, lovely bit of cake but then falls at final hurdle I'm afraid, there's a bit of a glare on phones, it's hard to do this but I wonder if I can, get it so it's looking like where I'm coming, so I'm coming down here you don't want to get, keep going on that path, you've got to take quite a sharp right through here which is through there, oh this looks quite interesting, oh my god, it's clearly the same fella who was doing the other one, he's some sort of a wizard didn't he look, look got that triangle bit onto chain, absolute wizardry can I, one foot it, yes, hey up, is he redeeming himself from before, let's see, let's see, clump click, oh my god, good lad, and it's in old bit of stone as well, that's beautiful and look at that, just going into, that is splendid isn't it look, from this side should we go again, oh that's a pleasure, that's an absolute pleasure, absolutely pleasurable, you know what like sometimes you go through these gates and it just blows your mind and you think what can I do and then you realise that you're the managing director of latches and locks incorporated so you whip out your phone and you pop this on latch and locks and I've not posted anything on latch and locks for months because noggin haven't been there but what a return, I'll leave a link here, no it's not a joke, that's it, job's done, we'll have to go back, just watch this, gazelle, you cross a little stream to get to this one, oh it's one of these, I do like these, of course, of course you can't see me but I'm saluting, what I'm loving is, well there's lots that I'm loving but I'm loving the fact that there's no signpost for this trek, it's not like a national trail or anything and it's, I think it's pretty underused if I'm honest and there's no path in certain bits, there's no, you just like go through this field head that way and I love that, and long make continue, I mean you're risking it up road aren't you, it's just a little bit of a road section, not too much, I don't mind it but it's nice and quiet like this, look at this beauty, the old stone gatepost, there isn't one there but you just put timber in here across and you've got yourself a gate, absolutely brutal, that's art that life, that sound there for a bit of reinforcement look, good effort, lovely views as well, let's have a look, oh I didn't see a little side unit there look, that was my fault, that was cute, that was my fault, that's good, I didn't see a little side piece, look at that, oh yeah, oh look at it, I could make just, I might just change my channeling to just actually just looking at gates and stuff in the like in the UK and all over the world, who would like to see me in Tibet looking at gates trying to keep my feet dry, because I've chosen options where trail runners and try and keep my feet as dry as I can for as long as I can but I think it's in vain, it's going to happen innit, you're going to get drenched, there we go, can't lose the squealers, yeah didn't let me down, it doesn't even reach look, come on guys, who's done that because our way mate, that is a botched job innit look, he's put actual thing too far that way look, didn't reach, come on, let's see what he's done at this side any better, so otherwise I might, if they both nacked I'm reporting it to uh, to the government, how could you get that one right and then just miss it by so much on the other side, 10 to 5 on a Friday job innit, it's not good enough mate, see you later, so peaceful mate, around all towns and villages, especially on a Sunday when it's nice weather, you do get a bit of an infestation with humans and a lot of day walkers and that, which is fine you know, I encourage it but sometimes just like, I just want peace and quiet and then you're like walking side by side with like a screaming kids and dogs and all that, which you get when you get close to towns but then when you get up in fels and especially the good thing about multi-day hiking is it gets late on it day and everyone's just, everyone does one, so you're sort of left on your own, which is just what I'm looking for, so like normally I would do a foot, like you know, put a shift in, put like over 20 miles, but I can't, just don't have enough light so, yeah so it's going to be a short day today, I don't know how much, what sort of distance I'll have done but I'll check all that in 10 because I'm going to have, I'll tell you what, map time is going to be good on this series because I'm going to be in my tent from five o'clock onwards, which is a long time innit, good job I've got the guidebook and I can, I've only plotted about a quarter of it into my GPS so that'll give me something to do because I quite enjoy that, even though it's painstaking, I do quite enjoy it because I'm a nerd, go let's go and we're into woods, look at that, just a, just a bent nail with a chain over it, is sometimes all you need, look at that, property of the national trust, Beatrix Potter, it's absolutely glorious man, we've just been past an old, that old white cottage which is a grade two listed building that I believe Beatrix Potter gave to the national trust, more on that later when we do map time, all right we've got multiple choice questions, let's have to get on map, map time, should we do a live map time will ya, let's have a goose, I'm there, should it go down, I think we're going down here, they're close together though aren't they, is it worth a risk, nah let's refer to the guidebook, this is it mate, Belton breaches, amblesides connoisseur, bear right, that's this, that's this, delightful, oh look at this, come on guys, leaving it unlocked look, I'll sort it look, there you go, not down hill then back uphill, day one though isn't it, it's day one stuff, so I've briefly joined part of the Cumbria Way which I can remember from summer when I did it with Fern, although the foliage was a lot different, there's a lot more green, I think I'm going to make it to Coniston which it's not it's not a mega shift really but considering the the daylight I've had it's not too bad, but Coniston's quite built up, it's a little town or village whatever so and I don't want to stay in a pub or in B&B or anything like that, I might do near the end or halfway around as a little treat for myself but not now, not now I want to rough it, so my choices and my options are do I stop before I get into Coniston or like look for somewhere, it's only half three but because at the time of year in an hour an hour and a half it'll be dark, five o'clock we'll be getting there, so do you look for somewhere before Coniston, before you get into Coniston or do I just gun it and get to other side, we'll see but let's try not get squashed first there, come on come on, try not get squashed away being as look, sweet as, I think I'm going to get to Coniston and then push on through, it's the only way really and just keep going until it starts to get dark, keep going I've got me a touch I'll talk through what I'm carrying this in my little chest pouch but head torch is in there because it's winter and I'm going to be setting off early at morning and walking till it's too dark so we'll see, so you have made me mind I'm going to push on through Coniston and get out the other side of it and then look for somewhere to camp once it starts getting dark, look at this, I'm coming into Coniston just as the sun's setting over the hills and the temptation, it's Sunday isn't it, Sunday, the temptation to get a just like a Sunday lunch and a Sunday tea, I just have a couple of scoops, he's very strong, they're very strong urge to do that but if I do that then I'm definitely walking out into it sticks it dark out to pitch up it dark just because of a couple of scoops but then you can stay warm can't you, stay warm, couple of scoops on till about and a bit of food till about seven or eight and also it's the start of a full moon today so it'll be light and then I'll just go front pub after a couple of gauges and then just keep on outside of town, just get away from my houses and then pitch up in dark or do we bat on, bat on, I think we bat on, I don't know, the next shot is going to be me in a pub isn't it, took it into a lasagna or something, a bit pie or whatever, right that's a tough gig, I've just walked past four pubs, four to instead take on this, I mean it doesn't look steep on here, it doesn't look steep on here but it's steep coming out of Coniston, you've got to do it aren't you, I find somewhere to camp now, look at this, it's a bit wet it's dripping in fact, shall we go have a look, I ain't got time for this, doing it anyway, doing it anyway, shit, oh I've got wet feet, look at that, hello, I wonder how far that goes, I've got wet feet that's it, all day I've managed to avoid getting wet feet and then right at the bitter end double trouble, careless mate, careless whispers, right no more the sidetracked, this you're not going to get sidetracked by that though, look at it oh it's nice, I've conquered that hill, pissed it mate, pissed it and chasing sunset, it's deal or no deal but we like for camp spots in it when you're going like this because it's like wobbling Oliver, these make me a little thing broke, it's all a bit wobbly oh if we get some pine pitch, if I find some pine pitch, I find some pine resin, I'll fix that but anyway sorry for wobblyness, so I'm trying to crunch out as many miles as I can but then the sun is slowly going down over hill and I'm like well that's a good place and that's a good place but then do I want to get around corners or a better place, deal or no deal, no deal, no deal, no I'm going to keep going, no cheers, sun's going in and the temperature's dropped obviously we're getting higher up as well so that cools things down a bit and the wind chills coming in from this way so I'm going to try and either hug the side of this or find just a natural hill or some rocks whatever and get behind it and get a little bit of shelter I got windy up there but I've just dropped down just behind here and look at this haha absolute jackpot mate, oh he's boggy so it's not quite jackpot but it's jackpot enough I think it's jackpot just enough, maybe up here a bit less boggy, yes oh here we go that's my spot, still a bit windy but nothing like up there I look at my vistas, oh well we're just going to pitch here anyway because it's getting dark oh I'm sweet though, the skies are doing something good at them, right one of these, there we go just a little, a few little fine adjustments but yeah, oh looky here, you're full of it mate can't hack it, too much hiking, look at this, beautiful skies, I managed to get my tent up we're here a few days man, we're back, back at Lanshan too, so I'll peg you out and then because it's winter and I'm in lakes I've brought four, four of these bad boys and I'm pop the mini not four corners now and then we're going to move in, so yeah I've got my delta pegs in the corners now, I just pegged it out with the other pegs provisionally and then the delta pegs go in and then I've used my other pegs just doubling them up so you've got your bitter cord on your peg and then your secondary peg goes through that loop so it's belt and breeches so she's not going anywhere so if winds do pick up like winter winds, I'm all good, light is fading fast man, you can see it better if I go this way around look, that's how dark it is look now so I'm going to get in wigwam I think, just warm digits up and brew some hot water and get so much to eat, there you go, last look, I was filled with joys, I pitched the Lanshan in the glow of the fading sun because I knew I'd already achieved my goal, the real battle isn't getting to the finish line, the real battle is getting to the start line, stunning, tea's on, well water's on, it knew, I helped Kit look, I've had to buy it because I forgot man, no windshield just use bag as a windshield or whatever you've got, stick the bag on its side and it's happy days, I've got the outside closed, I leave the walking poles a little bit high so I've got a good clearance and maybe, I don't know, half a foot or whatever just so I can get some a bit of breeze so I don't get too much condensation, don't have to deal with that, obviously if it's really windy then I'll just drop it down but for now I'm in this little valley and everything's all right, oh mate I'm hungry what we're going to have for tea, minced beef hot pot, adventure food is not the best but it'll do for night one, there we go, welcome to map time, I have bought all the big os maps for the lake district and I've plotted out the route, by going from the guidebook I've transferred it all onto this bigger map because you get a lot more detail than you do in the guidebook because it's zoomed in more so I thought map time would be a lot better doing it by this so I wasn't able to do it at the end of every day, I've had to remember everything as best I can and then here we go map time but I've put some effort in because look drawn it all on so welcome to map time, ample side so this is where I pulled up to ample side I was a little bit late and I had to go into the center of ample side to get myself a new pot to do to bomb the watering so I was a little bit late in setting off maybe set off about 11 half 11, I parked in this car park here you can pay I think it's 30 quid and you can get a full weeks parking ticket for that so you can just leave your van or your car or whatever your donkey leave it there you're good for a week off I went down this path here round and I was so excited just to be setting off on a trail man and it is a lovely little little place ample side I'm up here over this cattle grid and then we start our first sort of leg pumping climb up onto the tops through a couple of lovely gates and some lovely views over windermere this is where I saw Joey D down this hill it's just lovely and it was lovely I was treated to some beautiful weather as well come down here it's easy walking all the paths are pretty pretty well trodden in it's a sharp turn here you don't you come off the trail so this would normally take this way but you turn here and there was a wonderful gate here and this was like it'd been a long time since I'd filmed a gate and put it on latch and locks and this one was an absolute blinder a return to form I really enjoyed that one and that sort of set me up for day that such a good gate I had a spring in my step so here there's multiple choices to go you can go up and around but I stuck by the side of Luffrig tan round here onto the road you join the road but only for a couple of hundred meters and then you're back off it again and up there's lots of trees and stuff round here it was quite nice and then you come through this caravan park down there's a couple of air louses here and then you're to this waterfall you can make a little detour just off the track there check out the waterfall which I did this is all lovely track it was pretty busy because it was a Sunday but it's lovely walking all the way along here to Ella water there's a pub in Ella water and places you can rest and eat but I didn't do that I carried on there's a little bit of road work here and then you're off up over the tops through some lovely woodland it's so peaceful over this little road here over this bridge nice little gate on there that's where we had that lock that was unfortunately not up to spec and again through these woodlands it was a lovely there's nothing too high on this first day we're getting to that later on in the hike but just these woodlands and moorland it was beautiful especially through here with the sunshine and through the trees and then we come up here and this was the Beatrix Potter house the white cottage that we saw along this is just a bit of road but it's no cars whatsoever it's pretty quiet lovely views over the valley we cross over the main road and this is where we joined on to the Cumbria Way which was lovely to be back on the Cumbria at a different time of year so I could see all the different foliage and how it looked in winter it's pretty good through here which is spectacular multiple choices here you just stick to the side at lakes through here it's quite busy you get a lot of day walks and stuff especially on a Sunday up here towards this car park come over here there's some lovely views to be had from the top of this road you come down the road now this is where I goofed I've drawn it where I actually went on the map but I was supposed to go through here and keep going on the Cumbria Way which I wanted to do because there was some stuff that I wanted to see that I'd seen last time with Fern and wanted to see what it looked like in winter but I goofed so too busy chatting waffles at camera so I carried on down here and it's just pretty much a road it's not very busy but by the time I got to about here I'd realized I'd never mind because if you if I zoom out you can see this is where I'm trying to get to Coniston so it was either go through that way or you just come down the road this is what I did and then there's a bridal way at the side of the road you can follow that boom to the edge of Coniston water and then follow it it's just that there's a there's a decent track at the side of the road all the way in to Coniston itself where I had to remain strong and not go for a gauge which I did that start on to the next map so with a heavy heart and a dry mouth we avoided the pubs of Coniston and we cracked on up here bit of a leg pumper coming up here and this was where I got sidetracked by like cave we've got a bit of a soggy trotter going in there a couple of soggy trotters late on in day which was a bit wounding but never mind we splodged on up here and this is on road this following down all quiet roads till you get to here which is a car park and then I was off chasing the sun looking for a decent spot but beautiful hiking started to get a little bit cold we know this because this is where I am now and I believe this was where the walk that little stream that I'm near and I just came off and that's where I'm parked up for tonight with some lovely views lovely views right I think that's everything covered for map time we're back we're back and we're paying attention to map time and there you go if you're not subscribed already consider subscribing and you can hit the bell notification if you want to be notified when part two is up but for now thanks for watching and I'll see you on the next one


So, the next equation we are going to develop is abba is from the material constitutive behavior. So, how and that will explain or help us understand how is volume or change in volume related to change in pressure and so on and so forth. This piece of fluid which we are considering it could behave in a range of ways and we have to figure out which is the most appropriate model which predicts its behavior. So, this could be behaving in an adiabatic way that could be one model or the fluid here could be behaving in an isothermal way or it could be behaving in an isobaric way and so on and so forth. So, the question is how is gas behaving in this piece of material volume? Is the behavior adiabatic? Is the behavior isothermal? Is the behavior isobaric or is there some other thing and how do we know which that what is the exact behavior of this piece of fluid? So, this question was also address by Newton himself and he made an assumption that as sound propagates in air the fluctuations in pressure and fluctuations in volume associated with this propagation of sound they are related in a way which mimics an isothermal behavior. So, in that case he said that p times v is constant and if I use this relation then I can figure out how the wave is propagating. But it turns out that Newton was not correct in this particular assumption that propagation of sound is an isothermal phenomena. Later Lord Rayleigh he also tried to understand this question and answer this question and he made an assumption that the propagation of sound is essentially an isentropic happens in isentropic conditions that is my p times v to the power of gamma is constant or in other words it is an adiabatic behavior. And subsequent measurements showed that he was indeed correct and Newton was in error. So, the question is that why is that the case what was erroneous about Newton's assumption of isothermal behavior and what was correct about Rayleigh's assumption of adiabatic or isentropic behavior. So, to understand this we have to see how heat propagates in fluid medium and how sound travels and then we see how are these two phenomena interlinked and how do they influence each other at a physical level. So, if I compress a piece of gas it will generate heat now that heat could leak out from the gas and go away get dissipated or it could remain contained in it in the gas itself. So, the question is it leaking out in such a way that the temperature of the gas remains constant then that would be an isothermal behavior or is it contained in the fluid volume in some sense and if that is the case then that would be saying that the behavior of gas is something close to an isentropic process or adiabatic process. So, to understand this let us look at some again let us look at some observed data. So, let us assume that I have a sound wave and it is propagating at 10000 hertz. So, my auditory range is from 20 hertz to 20000 hertz. So, I am assuming that there is a particular tone which is propagating in air at 10000 hertz. Now, as it is propagating in air in some parts air is getting compressed and in some parts air is getting expanded where it is getting compressed heating is getting generated where the air is experiencing rare fraction heat is being absorbed or cooling is happening. So, there is some thermal process also associated with this acoustic process and the speed of travel of this heat wave which is also called thermal diffusion wave. So, thermal diffusion wave speed at 10000 hertz is 1.5 meters per second. This is based on some observed data as available in engineering literature which means that the wavelength of this heat wave wavelength of this heat wave at 10000 hertz is velocity of heat wave which is 1.5 over frequency. So, that is 10000 and that comes to 1.5 times 10 to the power of minus 4 meters. 1.5 of this wavelength is essentially this number divided by 2. So, that is 7.5 times 10 to the power of minus 5 meters. When sound travels the speed of sound as measured at room temperature conditions is about 345 meters per second. So, lambda for sound is lambda for sound at 10000 hertz is velocity of sound which is 345 divided by frequency. So, that comes to 0.0345 meters and half of this wavelength is 0.01725 meters. So, now consider medium and what I will do is I will plot the sound wave. So, let us say this is as this is a pure tone it may be it will be having some sinusoidal shape. So, this is my x. So, wave is travelling along the x direction and this is its amplitude of pressure. This number is 0.01725 meters and here x is 0.0345 meters. So, in the first phase of this sound wave first part of this sound wave pressure is rising above atmospheric pressure and what that means is heat is getting generated heating is happening and in this phase cooling is happening. Now, when heat is getting generated and that happens in this 0.01725 meter of a range and then in the next 0.01725 you are having cooling. The first thing as heating is getting generated heat travels at an extremely slow speed which is 1.5 meters. So, the travel of heat as it is getting generated it does not travel far enough to enter into the cooling range and by that time you have the next cycle of the sound coming up. So, what is happening is that heat is getting generated in a small place a fluid it moves a little bit because of its propagation at this speed 1.5 meters per second and then once that happens sound starts experiencing in that area you have rare fraction of the pressure and once that happens you start having cooling. So, heat is getting generated moves a little bit and it has not moved sufficiently enough to leak out of the system and then you have cooling happening because of rare fraction because the sound velocity is extremely high 345 meters per second. So, heat is not able to leak out from the system in an appreciable sense and essentially what that means is that we have an adiabatic process adiabatic process is something which captures this kind of a behavior fairly accurately. So, it is for this reason Rayleigh when he made the adiabatic assumption he was correct and Newton when he assumed that the gas is behaving in an isothermal way he was in error in context of sound waves. So, using this understanding we will develop the gas law for sound. So, we know for adiabatic process adiabatic process P T V T to the power of gamma equals constant where gamma equals 1.4 it is a gas constant and the value is 1.4 for gases which are diatomic in nature whose molecules have 2 atoms. So, I now differentiate this so essentially what I get is d P T over d T times P T to the power of gamma plus P T V T to the power of gamma minus 1 times d V T over d T equals 0. So, I am differentiating this equation in time and then if I rearrange this essentially what I get is d P T over d T equals so I move this on the other side of the equation. So, what I get is minus P T over V T and I am sorry there should be gamma here times gamma times d V T over d T. Now, we know that P T equals P naught plus P. So, essentially what that means is the differentials of P T are same as differentials of P naught which is 0 plus d P over d T. So, using this understanding I can replace d P T over d T by d P over d T. So, I get d P over d T equals minus P T gamma over V T times all also I know that V T equals V naught plus tau. So, differential of volume V T with respect to time is differential of V naught which is 0 because it is a constant plus differential of tau with respect to time. So, this thing I can rewrite it as d tau over d T. Further I know that P T is approximately equal to P naught. So, I make that change here and my final relation is so or my next relation is d P over d T equals minus gamma P naught over V T times d tau over d T. Making one final simplification we know that d P over d T is partial derivative of pressure with respect to time plus partial derivative pressure with respect to x times del x over del T and that is u times partial derivative with respect to x.  So, I can replace d P over d T by just its partial derivative. So, my final equation in differential form for the adiabatic process is partial derivative of pressure with respect to time equals negative of atmospheric pressure times gamma over V T times d tau over d T. So, this is the second equation and this is essentially the equation for adiabatic process, but in a differential form with the assumptions embedded into this equation as they relate to propagation of sound. So, I have developed an equation for momentum and now I have developed an equation for adiabatic gas process. So, the third and final equation which I am going to develop and then after that I will start synthesizing all these three equations. The third and final equation is it relates to conservation of mass and it is also called continuity equation. So, the basis of continuity equation is that this there may be some inflow from this side of the surface in this fluid and there is some outflow happening from this and if I add these two numbers up that the total amount of variation in mass should remain 0 because these are constant mass particles. My outflow minus inflow equals change in volume. Now, once again I will draw the same picture this is inflow here position is x and u is a function of x and time I have an outflow here u is a function of x plus delta x and time. So, my outflow is u which is a function of x plus delta x times time and time minus inflow velocity outflow velocity minus inflow velocity and then that I have to multiply this area. So, that area is delta a and as this is velocity I have to also multiply it by d t and this equals change in volume because I am assuming that changes in density are negligible. So, this is the equation I am getting. So, I can rewrite this equation as u x plus delta x time minus u being a function of x and t and then here I am dividing this by delta x and multiplying it by delta x. So, delta x times delta a. So, I have multiplied by delta x and then I am dividing it by delta x times d t equals change in volume. This term delta x time delta a is v t. So, I can replace that by v t. So, I can rewrite this as u x plus delta x t minus u is a function of x and time and in this case what I am going to do is I am going to take time and move it on the right hand side of the equation. So, I get delta tau over d t. So, actually these are all finite quantities small, but finite quantities. So, I am going to replace d by delta. Now, if I assume that the size of this fluid volume is extremely small such that it is approaching 0 that is one assumption and I am also assuming that the amount of time which is getting elapsed which is delta t is also extremely small. Then in that case I take the limits for this expression and the limit for this expression and what I get is here I get partial derivative of u with respect to x times v t equals derivative of volume with respect to time. So, this is my third equation and this is continuity equation. This is the third equation and the continuity equation. So, next I synthesize the continuity equation, gas equation and Newton's law and try to develop one single equation for pressure. So, let us rewrite these equations. So, continuity equation is v t times del u over del x equals d tau over d t. I call this a, this is my continuity. Then the gas law is del p over del t equals minus p naught gamma over v t times d tau over d t. This is gas law, adiabatic gas law. So, this is equation b and the Newton's law or the momentum equation is negative of rate of change of pressure with respect to x equals rho naught times rate of change of velocity in time and this is equation c and this is momentum. This is the momentum equation. So, what we are trying to do here is that we have three equations and we are trying to eliminate other variables such that we get one final equation for pressure or we can do something same for velocity also. So, in this case all what we are trying to do is develop an equation for pressure as to how pressure is changing in x and in time. So, if I use a and b, these two equations, they have this d tau over d t term and if I use these two equations to eliminate the tau variable, then what I get is, so del p over del t equals minus p naught gamma over v t and here I have d tau over d t which equals this term. So, I get v t times del u over del x. So, I get partial derivative of pressure with respect to time equals minus p naught gamma times partial derivative of u with respect to x and now if I differentiate this whole equation. So, again my aim is now to eliminate u from this equation and equation c. If I eliminate then I get an equation in pressure and see I can figure out how it is changing in x and time. So, that is what I am trying to do. So, the way I am going to do is that I will differentiate this equation with respect to time and I am going to differentiate my momentum equation with respect to x and then eliminate u in that way. So, if I differentiate this equation with respect to time what I get is second derivative of pressure with respect to time equals minus p naught gamma times second derivative of u with respect to del t del x. So, I call this equation d and then from c I get if I differentiate this whole equation in x what I get is second derivative of pressure with respect to x equals rho naught second derivative of u with respect to x and t. So, here if we assume that del 2 u with respect to second derivative of u with respect to x and t is same as cross derivative of u with respect to t and x because if we are assuming here that u and its subsequent derivatives in x and t at least up to the second level they are continuous and if that is the case then this equation this relationship will hold to. In that case I can eliminate the terms encircled in green color from equations d and e from equations d and e and I can get the final equation. So, that is what I do and finally, what I get is by eliminating u from d and e what I get is negative of 1 over p naught gamma times second derivative of pressure with respect to time equals negative second derivative pressure with respect to x into 1 over rho naught or I get del 2 p over del t square equals p naught gamma over rho naught times second derivative of pressure with respect to x. So, this is 1 d wave equation for pressure this is 1 d wave equation for pressure.  So, if I replace this by a constant called c square and we will understand the meaning of c square later then the final equation which I get is this where c square is p naught gamma over rho naught. The value of c if I compute through this relation is c equals 344.2 meters per second the value of c comes to 344.2 meters per second. If I measure the speed of sound in air then what measured data tells me is that speed of sound equals 344.8 meters per second. So, this again from published literature. So, what appears here is that c is awfully close to the measured value of speed of sound and what we will try to find out is the how speed of sound and c are related and we will find out that in few minutes from now that they are actually exactly the same c is actually the speed of sound. But before we get there let us try to solve this equation and develop some understanding of this equation. So, what we are going to do is first we will solve this equation and after that we will try to understand the implications of this equation and how they relate to propagation of sound in one dimension. So, what we will try to do is we will first solve this equation in a general sense and then try to understand what is the meaning of this equation in context of wave propagation in one dimension. So, you have this equation where you have on one side differentials in x and on other side differentials with respect to time only and what that immediately tells you is that if we use a variable separable approach where pressure is dependent on x and time in a variable separable form of sort of way then that kind of a format may work out in terms of solution for this equation. So, we assume that let p x t be a product of p 1 which is dependent only on time actually let us say x times p 2 which is dependent only on time and now we plug this form of pressure into this and what we get is c square del second derivative of pressure not pressure p 1 with respect to x equals p 1 times del 2 p 2 over del t square or we can also write the same thing in shorter format as c square p 1 prime prime times p 2 equals p 1 times p 2 double dot. So, now I separate the variables I bring everything dependent on x on one side and everything dependent on time to the other side of the equation. So, what I get is c square p 1 over p 1 p 1 double prime over p 1 equals p 2 double dot over p 2 and this equation can be only true this can be only true if the terms this term in parenthesis and this term in parenthesis they are both constants they do not dependent on time or in x because this equation has to be valid for all values of time and all values of x. So, we assume so based on that we say that p 1 prime prime over p 1 and the term on the right side is equal to a constant and this constant we call it as k square and this k can be complex this k can be complex. So, then we have two columns. So, so what that gives me is c square p 1 prime prime over p 1 equals minus k square this is the equation in space and the other one is p 2 double dot over p 2 equals k square this is equation in time. So, now we solve both these two equations separately for p 1 and p 2 and once we get the relationship for p 1 and p 2 we multiply those two using this and we get the actual value of p. So, we have a column for equation in space and then we have another one for equation in time.  So, now we will guess. So, let us guess that p 1 equals upper case p 1 times e to the power of g x and here we guess p 2 equals upper case p 2 e to the power of h times t because it is dependent on time on that side.  So, here g equals plus minus k over c j and here h equals plus minus k times j and again p and g and h all these things can be complex p 1 p 2 h and j all of them they can be complex. So, my p 1 is upper case p 1 e to the power of minus k over c x times j and p 2 is upper case p 2 e to the power of plus minus k j t. So, finally I now synthesize these multiply these two and I get the pressure. So, pressure which is a function of x and time is p 1 times p 2.  So, I can write p 1 times p 2 is p then this is essentially p e to the power of plus minus k x over c plus minus k t j. So, this is the solution for the wave this is the solution for the wave. So, this is one approach, but in a more general sense I can also say I can also say that p x t is nothing, but a function f 1 which depends on t minus x over c or excuse me or it could also be a function of another function f 2 which is dependent on t plus x over c and this relationship also we see holds true of in this case because if I take k out from the parenthesis essentially I get x plus c plus minus t and so on and so forth. So, we will finish today's lecture at this point and in the next lecture what we will do is we will try to understand the implication of this form of a solution and it will help us understand some very fundamental concepts as they relate to propagation of wave in one dimension what is a forward travelling wave, what is a backward going wave, why is c the same as speed of sound which is the speed at which sound wave propagates and so on and so forth. So, what we have done in today's class is we have developed the wave equation using momentum equation, continuity equation and adiabatic gas law, we synthesize them and we developed the wave equation for pressure in one dimension and we have developed a solution for this wave equation and in the next class we will elaborate on this particular format of the solution and see what it tells us in terms of characteristics of one d wave. So, with that we conclude today's lecture. Thank you very much.