So welcome everyone to our final data skills webinar of the spring semester, so to speak. And this last one will be on working with AOP's Hyperspectral Data in Google Earth Engine. So before we get started, Nian does have a quote of conduct and we encourage you to explore more at the URL at the bottom. I'll be sharing a lot of little tiny URLs throughout the webinar today, so please look at those as you as you see fit. But just briefly, Nian, the National Ecological Observatory Network, welcomes contributions from everyone who shares our values of unity, creativity, collaboration, excellence, and appreciation. And listed below are some of our values that we ask you to respect and follow while you're participating in any Nian event and working with Nian data generally. All right, so in this webinar, I'll just walk you through what we'll be covering, but we'll give a brief introduction to AOP's Hyperspectral Data Set. This is just very condensed, so we do assume you have some previous knowledge of Hyperspectral Data and we have a lot of resources to point you to if you don't have that background. And then we'll give some updates on our efforts to add our AOP data to Google Earth Engine and then we'll get into a live coding section, which will be the majority of the workshop, and that will be about 45 or 50 minutes. And we'll leave five minutes at the end of the hour first survey, which we'd ask you to fill out. So Nian is constantly trying to improve our workshop offerings and educational resources. And so we'd like your feedback on that. And then as John put in the chat, if you have any questions throughout, please feel free to pop it into the chat and he'll be monitoring that. And then we can address any longer questions at the end. And I think we're getting a few more people in the waiting room. So John will be adding those people as well. And then lastly, from one to one 30 mountain time, we'll leave some time for questions and answers. And I'll also give a shout out to Kello Marker, who's from Google and he's been helping us get our data into Earth Engine and he's the expert on Earth Engine coding and all that. So we're lucky to have him here today if you're able to answer questions as well. All right. So in a nutshell, this is our Nian's imaging spectrometer. We call it NIST. We use a lot of acronyms. But we basically are flying our plane along in like a long mowing the lawn pattern. And we collect the data in a push room configuration. So we're collecting data at 1000 meters above ground level. And this allows us to get one meter squared spatial resolution. And then we collect bands between 380 to 2500 nanometers. So that's from the visible to the shortwave infrared portion of the spectrum. And each of our bands has about five nanometers width to it. So this is very high spatial and spectral resolution, especially compared to the satellite data. And we have a lot of requirements that we follow while collecting our data. Our first requirement being that we aim to collect only in clear sky conditions with less than 10 percent cloud cover. So the photo on the right is would not be a great flying day, but that we might have to fly in conditions like that if we don't have any other opportunities. We also fly each of our sites typically covers a 10 kilometer by 10 spatial area. And these are for our main terrestrial sites. And then lastly, we fly at what we call peak greenness, which is when the leaves are most most the leaves on the trees are most photosynthetically active. And this is to try and obtain consistency between collections from year to year. And John recently made this nice app, but we seek out those peak greenness conditions by looking at satellite data year over year. And that's how we optimize our schedule. And then lastly, this is just a really brief picture of what you might be able to do to detect using hyperspectral data. So on the left is a false color image of using our spectral data of an area that has been had a major fire. This is the Miriam fire in Washington state. And the spectral curves on the right show you what you might see the green curve shows what you might see with a healthy vegetation with a nice spike in the near infrared portion or the red edge portion of the spectra. And then the red curve here shows what you might see with a burned area, the spectra of a burned area. And we'll get into this in a little bit in the code, but I just wanted to give a high level overview of kind of some of the things that you can image with hyperspectral data. So I know that was quite the whirlwind, but like I mentioned, the Neon website and our tutorial page has a lot of a lot more detailed resources going into this. Okay, so for those of you who have been following AOP and our work on getting data into GE, I'll just give a brief update on where we are. So we are currently working on ingesting five of our data products, our AOP data products, into Google Earth Engine. And these are the bi-directional surface reflectance or hyperspectral data product. And that's the product that we're going to go into today. And then we're also ingesting three of our LiDAR rasters, the digital terrain, digital surface models, and then the canopy height model or ecosystem structure data product. And then finally, our RGB camera injury. So to start, we don't have all of these data products ingested so far, but we do have a small subset that we have to work with, and we're planning on rolling out the rest of the data throughout the rest of the year and potentially into next year. We're not totally sure how long that will take at this point. And I'll show you this link in a little bit, but we do have a little tutorial app that shows what we currently have ingested, and I'll also go through that in the live coding to give you a preview. So our data are not currently searchable in the GEE public datasets, but we are actively working on this and expect it to be done no later by the end of June. So this has been several years in progress. John Musinski has been working on this for, I don't know exactly when he started, but we have gotten AOP data in and we have some pilot had some pilot data sets in before this year, but we have a few updates this year that we're excited about. The main one being that we are working on getting these into the public Earth Engine data catalog so then so people can search for it in the same way they would search for other satellite data sets. And then we've also added to our data. So the main addition is that we've added in some QA bands that this lesson will go through. And these allow you to find and understand the data sets in the way that they're intended. So things like the weather quality information and more details about the data sets and the descriptions of the metadata and all that. So we do have a number of educational resources and this is also we're in we're currently working on updating our resources that we created last year for this newer data set and to introduce the public data. But the tutorials that we have last year are created or are available in a series that is still relevant and it has a lot of code that you may find useful. They're just maybe small tweaks to it that we adjust as we as we get this new data set in. And then we also have a couple of new tutorials for this workshop that we'll cover. And if you want to follow along on the website if that's easier for you you can use these links below. And the first one that we'll be going into is this intro AOP GE 2023. John if you could a minute to add that to the chat that would be great. These two URLs at the bottom here. And then as I mentioned we will be adding we will be updating our old tutorial series to reflect the changes that we've implemented this year. Okay with that to get started hopefully everyone got a chance to register for Earth Engine and you can use this tiny URL here and that will open up a repository in Google Earth Engine and that's where we'll be working from today. So I'll go ahead and copy this into the chat and everyone can click on that link and authenticate. Thank you John. And then we will we will get started with the live coding. So I'll give everyone a couple minutes to do that and I'll click on the link myself. Actually I think I have it open. Okay hopefully everyone can see my code editor now. And just to interject you all should be able to find these under in the scripts panel to the upper left. And then the list of the scripts should be under reader. Yeah so it would be under if you can see where my mouse is here it would be under this reader and then it would show up under users. Yeah. And then Neon AOP intro. Thanks John. Okay so I'll go ahead and just give a really brief overview of the code editor and we do encourage everyone to explore the Google Earth Engine developer resources. They have a lot of information on working in the code editor some sample scripts and things like that. So to start I'll just I'll just start with all the panels that if you haven't worked in Earth Engine it's pretty similar to a lot of other IDEs or interactive development environments where there's a handful of different panels there's different tabs and the main difference is that there's this nice map panel on the bottom that hopefully will look familiar to you from Google Maps or Google Earth Engine. So as as John mentioned the scripts is where you can create new scripts that will actually populate in this middle window here and these are integrated with Git and but it's actually managed through Google Earth Engine. So basically how I shared the repo with you earlier was through this and you can do the same thing you can create a new Git repository and then share with with your colleagues or anyone in this way. So it makes it really nice for creating and sharing code. There's documentation in the stocks tab so you can search for let's say anything you're trying to do I'll just show image collection because that's what we'll start with although you might have to scroll down and then lastly there's the assets and this will look different for you but this is where you can add your own datasets or see what datasets are already in your repository there. The code the main section where you'll be interactively coding is in this middle window here I'll just mention to hit save because if you try to exit out of a code and you haven't saved it will prompt you and then on the right we have things like the inspector the console which is where if you print any statements to try and troubleshoot your code or things like that that will appear in the console and then tasks and these have things like in my case we've been adjusting some data so that would have tasks like that but I think it would also have exports and other things and then finally down here we'll explore this a little bit later but there's an interactive map panel with some things you can add in a marker to get geometry add in polygons move around and then there's a layers option that will show up a little bit later so I'll just get started with this first script and you'll see that there's a lot of green text in here and this is all just comments and so just a quick keyboard shortcut if you do controls and then forward slash that will comment or uncomment to section so as we're going through a lot of these a lot of this code at the bottom has been commented out and to go line by line I'll just start on commenting and then explain what the code does we try to do live coding when we can but I think in this case to avoid typos and things like that we'll just stick with this method so let's see what we're doing and I'm not going to go too much into the details of the JavaScript syntax Google Earth Engine especially or particularly in this platform uses the JavaScript API but I will just cover some basic things here as we go through so all of the syntax basically starts with declaring a variable and here all I'm doing is reading in image collections knowing the path so currently all of our AOP data is saved in this in this project called neon proud earth engine and then under assets and we have the data product identifier and if you're familiar with the neon data from the data portal this follows the same naming convention that you can find that data so first I'm reading in this SDR or surface directional reflectance collection as using this image collection and then pointing to the path and then I'm doing the same for all of the other data sets so the RGB camera this is the data product ID 30010 the canopy height model that has the data product ID 30015 and then the DEM which is the digital terrain in digital surface model as a double band image and then we're reading that in so I just see from the chat that we have at least one person who can't access the data so perhaps John can reach out to her I don't know if everyone's having this problem but we did provide read access to everyone so it could just be a registration or authentication issue all right I'll go ahead and continue so you'll see that all of these variables are underlined and there's this little prompt that says SDR coal can be converted to an import record so if you convert that you'll see that the variable pops up at the top of the script and then here you can click on this link to the data product ID and then if you click on the image tab you should actually be able to see all of the images that are loaded in the in this image collection so you can see we don't have a ton right now but we do have some from various sites and if you click on the image ID in here you can see the path to that direct image so we encourage you to explore this and this is one way to see if the data set you're interested is currently in google retention and we'll show you another way to do that shortly as well so just a quick trick if you click control z or undo that will bring that variable back in and we just recommend if you're sharing scripts with anyone to make sure to have those variable declarations to the data sets directly in the script because otherwise if it's only saved up here if you share that script those variables will not be shared with the script okay so as I mentioned you may first be interested to see what variable or what data sets are currently available in earth engine since we haven't adjusted all of them and so all I did here was I uncommented this second chunk of code from lines 13 to 15 and the print statement is a nice way to just show what you have in the console so if I do this and click run I'm printing out the images in the sdr collection and if I expand this and expand this window you can see here a list of all of the images and the information that you're most interested here at the end is the year site visit and then the data set so in this case these are all sdr data images and so this is the full list of the data that we have currently in g all right we have some some people who are who are trying to follow along and aren't able to access the script and yeah first make sure that you are able to get into the earth engine code editor and that just requires your login information so if you haven't yet registered for earth engine that would definitely be a reason you can't access this code editor and kel's giving some telling john or giving some couple tips in the chat as well maybe we could pause for just one minute to see if anyone who is having difficulty accessing the repo is able to open the code editor and then make another attempt at reading in the repo okay yep sounds good and yeah if we could draft the chat to that repo again and have people just have that available okay the other the other thing i can do is just share a link to the code directly i think that might be yeah maybe you could share yeah that's another thing try to get the link right yeah yeah yeah so yeah this is another nice feature of earth engine you can just use this get link button copy the link and i'll just copy it here in the chat and you should be able to click directly on that link to see just this script so hopefully that helps for those of you who aren't able to pull in a full repository okay so yeah for those of you who can't see the scripts in the repository click on the link i shared in the chat oops and i realized i just sent it to the waiting of participants so i'll send it to everyone okay try this link and you should be able to open just that first script that we're going through okay it looks like mike has been able to open the script okay great if any of you continue to have problems just let us know in the chat okay otherwise maybe you can continue great yep okay so now that we've seen what images that are available we're just going to start with a single image and i chose one in soaproot saddle this is one of our sites in california collected in 2021 and this site is particularly interesting because there was a fire and i may forget the year of the fire john probably knows but there was a fire before this year and so there's a nice there's some nice imagery showing the burn scar and i guess nice in the sense of interesting scientifically not nice that there was a fire so i'll go ahead and comment out this next chunk of code from line 17 to 21 and this is basically just using some filtering properties based off the image to select certain things like the date of data that we're interested in this case we use filter date to select data only between january and december 2021 and so say you don't know the exact name of the image or the visit or things like that you can always use this filter date to subset the data and this is similar to how you would do it or how you would subset satellite data as well and then we can also filter on the metadata and here we have a property called neon site and that is the four digit neon code in this case soaproot saddle so actually before i run this i'm also going to print our let's let's see if this works i'll print the sdr collection or actually i can even expand here so if you expand any one of these collections we had previously printed each data set as a list up here but if you expand and look at the properties you can see at the top of this all of the a number of different properties that we included with the with the data so these are things like the visit number in this case we've visited the the site that i've selected great smoky twice um a description the flight year the data product id this will be the same for all of these sdr data sets the data product url this clicks and goes to the data product page i'll just show you real quick it's opening up here so this is actually the page on the neon data portal that gives information about this data product and we really encourage everyone to explore this before working with the data and then we have other information here like the site product type and and so forth and then we'll get into this information at the bottom but this is the information pertaining to the individual bands so the wavelength and full width half half next to each of those bands so when i'm doing the filtering here in this next section all i'm doing is pulling out some of these properties to select a single image and then the first at the end here just pulls out the first uh of if say we pull out several images from this to select the first one i know in this case that there's one only one image that fits these criteria but we still have to use that first so that it pulls out an image instead of an image collection so when i run this chunk of code which i just quick run at the top you'll see it doesn't really do anything different than what we did before because all it did is read in this variable and we didn't print anything else out so we'll go through these next lines of codes which will actually do something so the next set or the next thing i'm doing here is just selecting three of the bands and these are bands that correspond to the red green and blue wavelengths and and you could determine that by going into this bands and then actually sorry the properties and you could pull out the information this way so for example band 53 you can see on the right here corresponds to a wavelength of 644 nanometers and so that's in this case the red portion of the electromagnetic magnetic spectrum so again i just read in a variable but i didn't print anything or map anything so i'll go ahead and uncomment the next line here and next all we're doing is setting up visualization parameters and this has been preparation for creating a map that will display in the map image below so if you don't know the minimum and maximum values that you're you need to use i can show you how to do that interactively coming up but all this is doing is setting a range of values and our reflectance data is typically reflectance data is a number between zero and one it's a unit list value but we scale ours by 10 000 and this is basically to save on the storage thing so that we can store it as an integer instead of as a float and so keep that in mind when working with data here and you can also rescale by applying this scaling factor but for now we're just going to assume or we're just going to use the values from zero to 10 000 and the optimal values we're picking here are from 100 to 2400 and then for another thing we have to do before mapping data is to tell the map where to center and so here i've just selected the latin long of our stoprid site this zooms in on that area in california and 12 is the zoom level so you can play around with that as well but it just tells you how big you want the map to display and then finally this last line of code is what actually adds a map to the image and it's this map dot add layer and so we're adding our rgb this is our true color image that we've pulled up those three bands the visualization parameters which we called rgb biz and then lastly we kind of give a title so this is so 2021 and actually this title should actually be rgb reflectance imagery so if i go ahead and run this you can see the imagery pop up and expand this below so this is our reflectance data over so fruit saddle in 2021 and then in the right you can see this layers tab if you click on this lock it will keep that open so it doesn't keep disappearing and you can click on this layer click on the settings and then you can play around with visualization parameters in here so before when i mentioned the range that just that's the range of values to to use here and it looks a little bit dark here so say you wanted to play with some different stretches you could say 98 percent apply and that actually makes it look a little darker even let's try 90 percent and this is just applying different histogram stretches to allow you to look at the imagery with different contrast essentially all right so that was just a super brief intro to basically making a plot finding the the surface directional reflectance data making a plot and and playing around with some of these visualization parameters so hopefully everyone was able to follow along with that does anyone have any questions right off the bat feel free to pop them in the chat since for those of you who are not able to import the repo the repository you could save as the script you can save as sometimes the save button is grayed out and that's if you haven't made any changes to a script that you previously opened so you just need to have you make one minor change and then you have to save as appear and you can save to your local owner repository and I think if you're only reading and you've opened it up you're able to open up from the repo you would have to save any changes to your local repository good point thank you john so I'll go ahead and save and last thing I would just say in terms of trying to brighten up the appearance the visualization you could play with the the range of values there and maybe up the you could do it in the script itself or maybe change the custom and auto altered them in some way yeah right so yeah stretching by one sigma makes it too great to try playing around these different standard deviation histogram stretches so this one actually looks pretty good three sigma I think looks more realistic and so that would be something like zero to 1260 I'll go ahead and apply that here and you can see how that might change so go ahead and rerun and then that applies those visualization parameters and actually I think for those of you who were able to get the repo these changes this is I'm working directly on that repository so all these changes and uncommenting will actually be saved to that repository so you can come back to this exact script from this from today okay so with that we'll go ahead to the next lesson and this this lesson is actually new this year and it involves reading and weather quality information which is now part of those extra QA bands and then we'll use that information to get an idea of what the weather conditions that were during this particular site when we flew over the site on the different days and then we'll also mask out data to include only the good weather data which is something we recommend everyone does when working with AOP hyperspectral data and so the lesson that I shared earlier and that John put in the chat on whether QA kind of goes into a little bit more written detail on this then we encourage you to look into that if you're interested but I'll try and talk you through everything here today as well so I'll go ahead and share this script again for those of you who weren't able to get the repo to pull in and I'll put it in the chat so yeah again you can just click on this link and it should open up this same script into your code editor okay so we're going to start at the one of the first steps from that last lesson just by pulling in a single image over so fruit saddle this time I'm pulling in an image from 2019 instead of 2021 and this mainly because in 2019 we actually collected data in all three of our weather conditions so actually I'll just take a step back real quick and I will I'm going to share that web page or the tutorial page briefly actually I think it's in here so so this is that tutorial that we mentioned and all I want to show here is this first image which basically shows that the different kinds of weather conditions that AOP collects in so we of course always try to collect in less than 10% cloud cover but this isn't always possible because we have a tight schedule and we're trying to capture all of not all of the sites but many of the neon sites every year in peak greenness and so this means we have a limited amount of time that the planes are deployed at each domain and so sometimes we get unlucky and have four weather conditions the entire time or we only get a couple clear weather days and this means that we might have to fly in some optional weather conditions so the figure on the left shows what we aim to fly in which is clear sky conditions you can see here there's a little bit of haze and it really comes down to a judgment call on the part of the flight operators on what they call the sky conditions but in this case there's just haze on the horizon and otherwise looks clear sky so they might call this a clear green we call it green weather day less than 10% cloud cover the middle image shows the flight over the northwest where we had some serious clouds and this this they called a yellow weather day or 10 to 50% cloud cover because of those high serious clouds and then the figure on the right shows what we would call a red weather day where there's a lot of clouds but they still had to fly because that was just the best opportunity they had so this is really important for interpreting neon's reflectance data because any clouds over the the plane can obscure the incoming light source which is the sun and so that can affect the reflectance values just depending on how many clouds and when and where they were yeah the cloud percentage and so we try to relay this information as best we can into the final data product so that information is saved in what we call a weather quality indicator band and that's what this lesson is getting into so again we're just going to read in this data from the first site and then this next line of code if you uncomment I actually didn't mean to comment this comment we'll just print that to the console and I showed this a little bit earlier but what I want to show now is if you scroll in the properties down to the bottom of this long list this shows all the bands of their bands of data that we have but if you go all the way oops and I realized I actually want to go into the bands but if you go all the way down to the bottom of the bands here you'll see that after band 426 which is our last data band we have a number of bands called starting with aerosol optical depth and then the second to last one is this weather quality indicator so these last I think there's 16 of them 16 or so bands are are all qa bands that include things like inputs and outputs to the atmospheric correction and then the weather quality information and also the acquisition date which may be of interest if for example you have field data that you're trying to match closely with or something like that so what we're going to focus on in this lesson is this weather quality indicator band okay and before we do that I'll just show you another way that so it was kind of annoying to have to scroll down to the bottom here and because I'm familiar with the data sets I know that all of the bands start with some with b and then the band number so 001 to 426 and then all of the qa bands start with something other than b so here in this next line of code is just a shortcut that pulls out a regular expression so we would all the b bands starting with b and then if I run it I can display the qa bands only in that way so here and now you can see it's 0 to 15 so that shows just those qa bands so you probably won't have to do something like that regularly but it's just one way to show you how to pull out a subset of information from the bands and that's using this dot select feature in google earth engine okay so now that we know which band we're interested in this next line is just going to pull out the weather information into a variable called soap weather by using select and then we can select just that band name so similar to before where we selected here we selected everything that doesn't start with capital b here we're just selecting the band that has this exact name and again this isn't going to do anything since i'm just reading it into a variable so another thing you can do um and more and this information will be a little more transparent once aop becomes a public data set but the weather quality information is saved so that one chorus the class one corresponds to the green or less than 10 data two corresponds to yellow or 10 to 50 cloud cover data and then three corresponds to red or greater than 50 cloud cover data so anything that from this band that equals one is our zero to 10 cloud cover so all we're doing here is just pulling out all the weather data from that band that is equal to one and then we can use this update mask to um basically to apply that that filter that we or the the all the pixels equal to one we can apply that to our original soap sdr variable that we read it up here so that's our reflectance data set so we're updating the mask to only include data where the weather quality was equal to one or in this case the best um weather data so um these next two lines of code should look a little bit familiar all we're doing is selecting the true color image um but this time using our clear weather data only and then we can display it using the map dot right layer and then we want to center it so we'll include that line as well so if i run this next slide of code uncommented down to line 36 we can see the reflectance data from this time from 2019 it's zoomed out a little further um and this is only the clear weather data so um in the final section of this code all i'm doing is showing i'm creating a plot of all the weather data but and colorized by using a op's color convention so we use that um stock plate type convention where red is bad and yep and green is good green is go so um i'm creating a color palette here for green yellow and red these are just text the decimal codes for those colors which you can find pretty easily online and then i'm applying that color palette to the soap weather data um and and making it a little bit okay so i run the full set of code uncommented now you can see if i unclick on the reflectance layer this is just the weather information so this area of the site was collected in green weather conditions this is probably our priority one our highest priority flight box and then others parts of the flight were collected in yellow and red weather conditions and this is so you can see here this is just masked out to include only the good weather data so you may not need to make this weather quality map every time but i think it's a great way to visualize the the the full site and get more information on okay what were the conditions during the flight what data is most valid valid to use and then from there you can work with that data with that um high quality data and if you want to just to play with this to see what it would look like when you um filter out everything with the yellow data you just need to go to the line 24 yeah and then change that to a value of two yeah two so here we could do that just for fun so this is just as john mentioned this would just be the data collected in yellow weather conditions or a very factional this really shows the the speed of earth engine in being able to display very large in this case hyperspectral datasets very quickly and filter them out in in ways that you want so you know cloud environment is very useful in that respect yeah that's a good point so yeah if we were to give the slides of the dataset the hyperspectral dataset as a whole it may be on the order of uh 150 gigabytes of data yeah yeah we could look at it so this is this vast dataset and here you can see it's 140 gigabytes so yeah quite large okay so that was um the main thing I wanted to go over with live coding but before we pause for to do this survey I just want to share this last script those of you who have downloaded the repo you can click on this but instead of going through this I just wanted you to interactively explore on your own so I'll go ahead and share this link but this last one basically um does the same thing where we're plotting in the spec the true color image of the data but we're also creating an interactive spectral signature plot on the left and um it's taking a little bit to run so basically what this does is if you can click on any area on the map on at least in the reflectance dataset and it will show you the reflectance spectra or the spectral signature of that pixel that you clicked on and so this is kind of neat to look at this is one this is a site as I mentioned that burn had a major fire the um I'm forgetting the name of the fire but it had a major fire before 2021 and if you click in the burned area down in the southwest corner of the site you can see that spectral signature and how different it is from live vegetation so on your own if you want to take some time and just play around with this I think this highlights again some of the power of having this data in this cloud computing environment and um interactively exploring the dataset okay we have a question can we export the selected reflectance profiles and yes you can if you click this upper if you click this little arrow in the upper right corner you can say download and you can download it as a csv or as an image here so hopefully that answered your question okay so we have another question during the first script a comment was made about the acquisition date if you wanted to coordinate data if you're selecting among pixels and areas to get certain cloud value are you are these composite images like modus images from multiple dates so yeah that's a good question and these data that we've imported are are what we call level three datasets which are mosaic datasets from different flight lines and so the way we mosaic data are based off of a series of rules and the first rule is we select the highest quality weather data so if data were collected on two different days and one day was worse weather data and one day was better it would only select the good weather days and then we also select the native most pixels um and so those are the two main rules and then yeah to get the time span so I can show you here you could go into the um and we we could do this as a separate exercise or tutorial but you could read in that weather um or sorry the acquisition date band similarly to how we read in the weather band but let me just see if I can find it here so bands if you scroll down to the um sorry we have to go to properties again oh this is a maybe this isn't the best here I'll go back to the first lesson here so I'm just going to print the sdr code here and actually I wanted to print the so I'm just printing the single image we've read in and if I look at the bands here this is all 442 bands including the qa ones if you go down to the acquisition date or is it in the property done um to find the minimum and maximum values of the data where would that be well I can show you a quick way so sorry what the pixel acquisition dates yeah so we can also look at it in the accent so before then you can navigate to this through that variable in the top that should be in the bands um I don't know if they will have access to this particular view of the asset um until we have them in the yeah you can't look at the individual images but I think it will be in the band right it should be in the yeah so it should show up um and I can get back to you on this but you can see the minimum and maximum and you may not be able to see this yet but once the data are publicly available there'll be a better way to display this I believe but here's a difference I guess good explanation that there is an acquisition date property which will give you the date of the data set I believe that's in there is that correct yeah this so this one and then there's a band right the band will be the acquisition date for each pixel so um you know we could have been flying over a period of two weeks there could have been three different days when we collected data over the site and assuming those are the best quality pixels in the final data set they could be from multiple dates and so the each pixel might have a different um acquisition date you know there might be three different acquisition dates contained in the pixels and you could similarly to yeah pull this out here yeah so you could do so say we wanted to just show dates you could do something similar to this yeah extract of the acquisition dates and then you could plot that and then see the range of values or even just pull out the range of values from here so if I do print let's see if this shows anything now and it's always good to include what you're printing so maybe you may have to look at min max yeah I'm not sure how that looks on dates but right the you could display it then in some way and you would there thereby be able to differentiate among the different dates in the right right right yeah so we can add that well after this we can add that into this script event and then you can look at the repo and that may be important for people who are comparing um the aop data to satellite overpasses or maybe even some ground data that might have been collected yeah so um since I know it's almost the top of the hour I'll just share the I'll add this survey link for those of you who have to go and we just ask that you fill out this quick survey about this tutorial and then we're also sorry about this webinar and then we're also seeking input for future webinar offerings since this is the last one of this spring for example we're deciding whether to continue this webinar series so any feedback you have is greatly appreciated


What's good YouTube? This is your boy T world back at y'all again. I'm still up tonight So I decided to make y'all another video If you're new to the channel go ahead and subscribe makes you click post Notifications, so you will be notified every time your boy drops on heat In today's video, I will be showing y'all how I make the beats as you hear in the background of my videos And my speed art videos and my tutorials. I'm gonna show y'all how I do it First thing I do I open up FL studio. If you ain't got that program and you want to make beats That's the program that go to so lift it up. You know I'm saying I Open up FL I'll drag a couple of samples in And then I just flip Come in so straw


So what we're going to do today is we're going to go through and talk about the logistics of the course, how you're going to get graded, what you have to do to get a decent grade in the class, and then we'll start talking about the statistical mechanics. You haven't found it yet. Here's the URL. What we want to do is just sort of click through some of these links because they contain all the information for the course. That's what I'll do. So, oh, I stole this from some beautiful work. That's been done in the area of molecular dynamics. And we're going to be hopefully talking about molecular dynamics at the end of the course. And if you want to know more about this picture here, which depicts something called a conical intersection. So that's a carrot concept. You can go to this paper right here.  You can read more about it. It might not make an enormous amount of sense until we get to the point where we talk about this subject later in the course. Okay. So the very first link on the website is something called announcements. Now, this is where I'm going to be posting announcements that I want to make in the class. I'm really not very good with Facebook, and I'll talk more about that in a second, which is the reason why I post my announcements for this page instead of doing something more intelligent because I know you are all Facebook experts. But what I will do is I will post my announcements here. They will be in inverse chronological order. So the most recent announcement will be at the top and then there will be a list of all the announcements that we made during the course. So you'll have sort of a record. If you miss some, you can just scroll down and find them. And I'll probably post an announcement or two almost every day. So it would be a good idea to just check this bookmark, this link announcements, and check it once a day or so to see if there's anything. Maybe I changed the homework assignment. Maybe there's some information about the quiz that's coming up on Friday. Maybe there's sample midterms. All of that stuff's going to be posted here on this announcement stage. This is the syllabus. We'll go through this in a little bit more detail because this is kind of important. But the first thing I would like to impress upon you is that we don't want to print everything from this website. We don't want to carry around a folder of stuff. All of the links to this course are up. We don't want to print everything out of all the homework assignments. Everything is going to be electronic in this class except for the quizzes and the exams. And virtually everything else will be electronic and that's the way we want to keep it. We want to converge towards having a perfectly paperless course. We're not there yet, but we want to try and get there because, ecologically, it's a lot better. Okay, so please don't print every slide from every lecture. Stick that in a notebook.  Honestly, it's true. If you go back, the very first websites we created, like in 1995, all of that stuff is still on the internet. It never went away. So we don't need to print all this stuff. Let's not do that. Now, we're fortunate that we've got two lecture teaching assistants, Steven Hulsey. Steven, are you here? Steven's right back there. Steven's an expert psychologist. He knows everything about the subjects that we'll be talking about this course. Don't let him tell you anything else. In G. Mark Johns, he was a T.H. who last courted you in 131B. Maybe you know G. Mark. He's back there. These two guys are going to be teaching all the discussions. I'll have more to say about them in just a second. Steven's going to be moderating our Facebook site. Facebook site's going to be important to you, but since I don't know anything about Facebook, Steven's going to be the one to moderate everything that goes on there. So you'll be interacting with Steven through Facebook and seeing them also in discussion. All right, we know what lecture is. We know where my office is. It's in SI2, room 2137. Now, everyone know where the SI2 is. Yes. 2137 on the second floor. And it's in this hallway that's behind a set of doors, the purpose of which is to keep people from randomly walking in to these offices. But you shouldn't be discouraged from coming to find me. Right, this office is right in the front of the building. You can open that set of doors, walk down the hallway, find my office. The doors are virtually always open. But I'm in there and the door is not open.  But most of the time, if you need to talk about something, having to do with the class or the materials, if you have a question about something, you can just come and ask me. We're also going to have office hours that happen sort of right after lecture. There's usually a shady chair in the park right outside this door where we can sit and talk. And so some of you already know what we want to need and some of you will have other classes. But if you don't and you have a question about lecture, what I found is the best time to ask that question is when that's really refreshing your mind. You just heard it. You didn't understand it if you wanted some clarification. All right. So I'm going to try and sit over in that chair and answer my email. And if no one shows up for five or 10 minutes, I'm going to go walk back to my office and have lunch myself. All right. So if you need to find me, that's where I'll be right after lecture. This is the text. I know you all have it because we needed it for 131C. There's our Facebook link. The way we're hoping Facebook works and the way it's worked effectively in the past is that students talk to one another on the Facebook page and offer hints as to how to answer various types of questions and it turns out to be very, very useful. In other words, Stephen doesn't have to answer all the questions although he will stir the pot and answer questions when he can but you can talk to one another about problems, quiz questions and so on and answer each other's questions and in the past things have sort of automatically worked that way. It's a miracle. So hopefully it'll work exactly that same way this quarter. That's what we're hoping for. This is the normal boilerplate that we always have to post. It has to do with dags and drops. You can read it. There will be quizzes almost every Friday. This is coming Friday. I'm going back to the quiz system. If you had 151, we tried to get away from it. That was meant with enormous existence. I got a lot of feedback about homework with 151 and almost all of it was negative. Moving away from that model. In this class, the problem is there really is no electronic homework option for us. In other words, even if we wanted to do electronic homework, there isn't any mechanism for doing it. Paper homework, logistically, is a nightmare and a class that decides to do well. So there will be assigned homework. None of it will be graded. No one will ever know if you do it except that. If you don't do it, the quizzes are going to be focused on trying to find out whether you did it or not. So it'll be helpful for you to do it. All right? We will usually have a quiz for the first 20 minutes of each Friday. Except you'll be able to do all the quizzes with a lot. 200 points out of 600. There will be seven quizzes only. You can choose the top five. In other words, you can drop two quizzes for any reason. If you're going to be done, you don't need to talk to me. You can completely blow a quiz. Or sleep late. I don't know how many. You don't need to worry. You've got two dropped quizzes, not just one. We're going to average those. We're actually going to total those five quizzes to get those 200 points. Each quiz is going to be worth more than the points. Times five is 200 points. All right? Each quiz will be multiple. Yes, that might seem like a giveaway to you. But none of the above will be an option on every question. And the questions, many of them, in fact, most of them are going to be numerical questions where you have to work out a problem, choose the right answer. If the right answer is not there, the answer is none of the above. And none of the above will be an option that we use. Okay? So these quizzes are actually quite difficult. Previous classes have told me it is non-trivial to do well on these quizzes. There will be five quiz questions. And what that means, as I'll explain in just a second, is if you missed one, you've still got an A. If you missed two, you've got a B. If you missed three, you've still got a B. If you missed three, you've got a B. Or you've got a C. So you can afford to miss one. You can't afford to miss more than one. Most of you want an A in this class. Okay? Oh, here's the, I don't know why. Here's our Facebook. Here's Steven's notes. Welcome statement. All right, check out the Facebook page. We have a chance. Okay. In addition to the quizzes, we're going to have two midterm exams this quarter. We have different from previous quarters. One on April 27th, one on May 25th. These are both on Fridays. They're going to both be in class. They're both going to be worth 100 points. They're both going to be completely problem-oriented. And I'll have a lot more to say about this later on. The finals on Tuesday, June 12th. That'll be comprehensive. It's worth 200 points. There are six discussion sections listed here. Here's where they're located. Here's who's going to be teaching them. You can go to one, two, or all six every week. No limit. The way these discussion sections will be structured is that Steven and Jean-Marc are going to prepare a discussion study guide. Many of you are familiar with this concept from the classes that you had with me before. Probably other products. The discussion study guide has three or four problems on it but we consider to be central problems to the material that we're covering or are covering during that week. What will happen to discussion is they will take your questions on any aspect of the course that you have. Ask them any questions that you want. If you run out of questions, we're going to work through this discussion study guide together, maybe in small groups and make sure that we understand how to do these key questions. We're going to pulse these discussion study guides on the lecture page. You'll see where there's a link for those. If you want to look at it before discussion, try these problems out. We'll be able to do that. We're going to pulse them on for this week, later on this morning. We've been working on it this weekend which should be done right about now. Hopefully early in the afternoon, I'll post it if you can look at it. We have a discussion tomorrow. You can be prepared for that. Okay, homework problems will be a sign-on money. Tweaks, blah, blah, blah, blah. I'll show you the homework page in just a second. Your class standard will be continuously upgraded on the Triple E website. Okay, and the way the grades are going to be assigned in the course, again, if you have 151, you're already familiar with this scheme. You need to get 80% of the course points which in this case is 480 points because there's 600 total course points. All right, you have to get 480 to get some flavor of A I decide where the dividing line is between A and A minus and I do that depending on where there's a break in the distribution. All right, but I guarantee you if you get 80% of the course points you're going to get some flavor of A. If you get between 60 and 80 you're going to get some flavor of B again, I don't draw the lines where it makes sense to draw them but that's a hard cut-off between 60 and A to 60 and 61 that's where the D cut-off is NCs, analogous, and so on. Okay, so in principle everyone in this class can do well and historically everyone in this class the vast majority of the people in the class can do quite well I'll show you in a second. All right, is there any regrading academic that's on the scene? All right, lectures. Here's the lectures that I gave last year. You see how there's an asterisk next to each one of these lectures? So if you want to see what the next lecture is going to be about you can click on this lecture from last year a pretty good idea. Now believe it or not I take each one of these lectures and I try to improve them so there will be a new and improved version of this lecture posted later on today. It won't have a star by it it won't have an asterisk that'll be the new lecture for this quarter. I did make some changes and so but I am lazy enough to tell you that the lecture that I'm going to give you today is closely related to the one I gave last year which I worked really hard on by the way. Okay, here's the discussion study guide for this week it's not actually posted yet but we'll be posted later on today. And in principle there will be a YouTube video of this lecture which is a new experiment that I'm doing the concept very frightening. I'll post that over here if I continue to do this experiment after one or two lectures. Okay, here's where the exams are. Notice that each quiz is listed here's quiz one, week two, here's quiz two, here's quiz three there's no quiz in week four because there's a midterm okay so there's a lot of information on this page remind you where the quizzes are going to be. Here's the homework page here's the homework page homework one is to do all the odd problems in chapter 13 here's the key right? Every problem's worked out click on this and you download a PDF of the key here okay, likewise for the other chapters here's all the homework going to do this course, a thing of beauty results as we get them they will be posted to this website this will end up being a long table there's a lot like this here's last year's table quiz one, quiz two, quiz three here's the key to the quiz here's the grade book in which the quiz grade is tabulated here's the midterm exam key and so on and so forth, every once in a while I post how am I doing in which I work out what your effective course grade is if there's some unusual weighting in this case I don't think there will be in other words you can just look at your course points and if you're 80% or higher if you're doing 68 you know you've got a theme on here's what the histogram of the class is going to end up looking in all likelihood because this is how it looked last year these are all A's see all this red line that's the 80% line I'm going to draw that right through the middle of a big group of students like this because I'm going to promise you that if you get more than 80% of the course points you will get some flavor of A the other side of the coin if you get more than 90% of the course points you're going to get some flavor of B of B plus but I'm going to draw that line right at 80 and I'm going to draw that line right at 60 and then these blue lines I draw see how there's a break in the distribution here boom see how there's a break in the distribution here boom alright I draw the lines between the pluses and the minuses see fair enough you might not like it but you'll know how you're doing except you won't know necessarily if it's a plus or a minus okay you ready so I use PowerPoint you all know that by now I'm trying to get better at PowerPoint so if you have suggestions for me maybe you're really good at PowerPoint you could say you could do this it would be way better you can talk to me you can tell me that I'm not going to be upset I would be happy to receive your criticism these presentations are closer to the website one to ten minutes before or after each lecture usually after take notes so I can look at each slide so not everything that you need to know is written down on these slides I try to keep the slides free of a lot of text and clutter so that they're easier to understand there's a lot of what we need to be knowing for each slide and if I was sitting in your seat and I was taking notes in my notebook I would write the slide number and then anything that you think is important and then the next slide number each slide will have a unique serial number this is slide 19 as it turns out lecture one this is supposed to be one it's a serial number every slide is important if you want to come and talk to me in the park I didn't understand something on slide four 76 I can go right to that you can talk about it that tends to be a useful thing to be able to do many of you know how my system works I will talk to you in lecture write these lectures post all this stuff together Steven and Gianmarca and I are going to write these discussion study guides so you're going to be getting a lot of information from me you're going to be seeing me for almost three hours a week then you're going to see one of these two guides or more if you go to more than one discussion they're going to be teaching the discussions hopefully they will tell you the same stuff I'm telling you a different way tell you it in a way that makes more sense to them kind of said it really makes sense to me but here's another way to explain the same thing that makes a lot more sense that's the whole reason why we have these guys teaching the discussions they're going to put a different spin on the same material that tends to be very helpful for you then you're going to do the homework and that's the most important part of this process in terms of actually learning the material doing problems yourself find out you guys all know that's the key to doing well in a class like this and so hopefully it's made it easy for you to do the homework we've posted solutions the way to do the homework is not to look at the solutions and then go and do the homework is to attempt the homework work really hard on it and you can't get it then go with the solutions you understand all that right okay so quiz Friday we're going to get started with this craziness right so hopefully not too much longer than that and we'll take it right at the beginning of class so it's important that you be here right at the beginning of class there'll be a stack of scantrons in the back there somewhere pick up a scantron when you come in please take just one even though we're going to quiz this all quarter I would really appreciate it if you didn't take 10 scantrons because these scantrons are expensive for us and if that starts to happen we're going to have to do something dumb you don't want the scantrons yourself at the bookstore I mean we don't want to do that we want to bring just the right number of scantrons for the class each week right so please take just one alright now I said I didn't know what the name of the class is and then it has to be true but let me tell you what's going to be it because that'll be it at the beginning of week one we've got 10 weeks we're going to start off by talking about statistical mechanics and thermodynamics so first of all let me just back up and say in 131A you learned about quantum mechanics and quantum professor concepts in 131B you learned about spectroscopy from professor Martin in 131C in principle we have to cover all the rest of physical chemistry now I'm sure you agree with me that this is a foolish way to organize a three class sequence that we understand now and we're going to reorganize this class in future years but this corner we're going to cover everything else in this 131C curriculum what that means is it won't be an in-depth study of all of these revealing subjects it won't be, it can't be because we don't have time to do it but I'm going to try and convey to you what I consider to be some of the most important concepts I hope you'll agree there's cool stuff in this class because I think there really is okay so I know you started to do chapter 13 with professor Martin but we're going to go back from the beginning of the subject because this is a super confusing subject the statistical mechanics we're going to stop by talking about that if you read chapter 13 at the end of the last quarter great, if you have it please read it now this is confusing stuff and as I indicated the quiz on Friday to be on the stuff started in the first half of chapter 13 here's where the midterm is going to be notice that the midterm is not aligned so if I stop right here I may try to push this block back to the left but in the past I have been successful in doing that it's hard to shorten the subject this happens to be a very important subject a lot of courses have this whole 10 weeks dealing with this subject that would be the appropriate way to teach this subject because you can't do that at school then we're going to talk about chemical kinetics again this is a whole class we're going to condense it down to just a few weeks we're going to hit the high points try to convince some of the main themes chemical kinetics and finally, underlying chemical kinetics is this subject called reaction dynamics I'm not sure if we even got to this last year alright this subject tries to take up a whole 10 weeks I would try and find room for this because it's important to understand what it's about at least a few concepts here's where the midterms the dates of these midterms are selected based on my travel schedule because I want to be here for as many lectures as possible so on days when there's a midterm I'm not going to be here those two guys are going to give the midterm exam I don't think that'll present problems for anybody but in terms of me being here that's absolutely the best way to do this any questions on anything having to do with logistics of the course can it be similar to the homework problems in a quiz? yes they will will the quiz questions be similar to the homework problems? yes they will what I will do is I will post a sample quiz tomorrow or later on today so you can look at what quizzes look like what quiz questions look like I want you to be calibrated on that so those will be on the announcements page of our site hopefully later on this afternoon if not tomorrow any other questions? so what is statistical mechanics who invented it why did we need it and how do we start thinking about this subject quantum mechanics was discovered in 1924 this is a timeline from 1800 there's 1900 there's 3000 here's when quantum mechanics was discovered in a period of time starting in 1924 and I know this is one thing that you understand extremely well after studying it for 20 weeks these are the pioneers of quantum mechanics Eisenberg, Schrodinger de Broglie Durrack, not shown here what does quantum mechanics tell us? among other things it tells us that if we assume the potential for the electron we're going to generate energy levels as soon as you confine the electron you force discrete energies, allowed energies to be produced and quantum mechanics allows us to calculate what those eigenvalues are also to figure out where the electron is we can calculate the complex conjugate of the electron spatial distribution depending on what that confining potential looks like so quantum mechanics taught us that there are discrete quantized energy levels in atoms and molecules we didn't know that for sure before quantum mechanics came along and in fact all of the time before 1924 this would have been considered to be an extremely controversial issue in fact when were atoms discovered? anybody know? proposed by a man named Dalton hi there might have been a great deal yeah so Dalton was the guy we actually said atoms got to exist based on all of this experimental data that we've got, the one thing that explained all of this experimental data is 1806 okay, did Dalton discover molecules? my name is Amogadro proposed molecules Dalton guy later on in the 1800s right about here did everyone just hear about atoms and molecules and buy into this concept? not at all the existence of atoms and molecules was controversial during this whole period of time here right up until Einstein observed Brownian in 1906 right about here alright everybody know what Brownian motion is? you know how many people have looked through an optical microscope at a bacteria you know all that thing wiggles around when you're looking at it it's jiggling that's Brownian motion what it is is it's collisions of atoms and molecules with the bacteria that object is small enough so that those collisions are not isotropic in terms of the perimeter of the bacteria there's more water hitting it in one direction and then more water hitting it in another direction so it jiggles based on this influence of these collisions and when that was observed by a physicist named Brown of course Einstein correctly interpreted his observation he said what's happening is atoms and molecules are colliding in a catastrophic way with this tiny microscopic object and that's the source of these fluctuations and that was the only explanation that made any sense so right up until 1906 this subject was discussed in scientific meetings there were the so-called positivists who believed in the existence of atoms and molecules this was considered a controversial issue for almost 100 years that's pretty amazing what's really amazing is that in the middle of this controversy all of these guys together figured out statistical mechanics and thermodynamics and as you'll see knowing that discrete states exist is absolutely essential to really putting this construct of statistical mechanics together if you don't have states it's hard to think about statistical mechanics which has something to do with the occupation of these states the statistics of that it's astonishing atoms are discovered here molecules are proposed somewhere around here and here there's just this vitriolic discourse that's going on in the middle of this these guys put together thermodynamics and statistical mechanics really quite extraordinary these are the guys mainly responsible for the statistical mechanics part Maxwell, Boltzmann, Gibbs those are names that you probably know already here's Maxwell this guy was a genius Stocksman maybe one of the less important things that he did was contribute to the Maxwell-Holtzmann distribution he actually derived Maxwell's equations which are unbelievably important he invented three-color photography it turns out in a spare time theory of compound color he did the first three-color separation to generate a photographic image and here it is this is a ribbon a Scottish tartan it turns out appropriate because he's Scottish he told the photographer how to do this three filters, three photographs all three of them black and white RGB red, green, blue filters put them together to generate a color rendering Maxwell did that guy was full on genius Boltzmann can take first character volatile grown to depression eventually hung himself when he was 62 years old because he got so depressed at one point in time depression is a terrible disease Maxwell-Holtzmann distribution pretty essential for thermodynamics and statistical mechanics S equals K log W how many people have seen that equation on the side of the license plate Professor Gavias is Prius that's his Prius with it K log W nobody in his car in this is his grave in Vienna S equals K log value make sure you're wondering that was his idea Willard Gibbs one of the first great American chemists this guy is an Austrian this guy is a Scotsman it's nice to have an American make an appearance we don't hear about any Americans in quantum mechanics it's all Germans the Brawley French guy Gibbs entered Yale when he was 15 years old stayed there got his PhD you're sorry got the first PhD in chemical engineering in the United States go ahead on here something like 1863 stayed there as an unsalary professor of mathematical physics just worked there this was not uncommon at that period of time if you hadn't published papers you could still get appointed as a professor or you had to work your butt off teach classes, do research but you got paid nothing this was not uncommon in the U.S. and Germany at this time but eventually he worked out of thermodynamics during this period of time when he was unpaid and Johns Hopkins offered him a $3,000 a year salary so then Yale countered with a $2,000 a year salary and he took the job stayed at Yale and his family was there he loved New Haven at that period of time if you've ever been to New Haven let's just say it was a nice town in those years he died in 1903 so this guy was one of the first great American chemists and he's buried in the famous Grove Street Cemetery if you're ever in New Haven, Connecticut Yale for some reason maybe you go to grad school there this is a beautiful cemetery in hundreds you can go in there, you can find these two in fact Grove Street Cemetery is one of the few cemeteries that has a great website you can put anybody's name in here just buried there it'll show you there are gravestones pretty cool okay why do we need to discuss thermodynamics we've got thermodynamics we can calculate things about bulk amounts of molecules so we can look up in any CRC handbook why do we need statistical mechanics what does that bring to the table here's a Wikipedia a piece of a Wikipedia page on ammonia standard enthalpy change of fusion standard enthalpy of formation heat capacity standard enthalpy change of formation standard molar entropy we can use these numbers and use them and that's what thermodynamics is all about is how to parameterize the physical behavior of substances the problem is is it makes no connection to the attributes of molecules in other words, I can look at this number here heat capacity but there's no way for me to calculate this number starting with the molecular properties, for example, methane CH4 I know what the structure of methane is I know what the bond distances are I know everything about that molecule measures spectroscopic properties but I can't calculate anything having to do with the thermodynamics of that molecule from thermodynamics thermodynamics doesn't give us the tools to do that statistical mechanics builds that bridge it allows us to go from the properties of ammonia to the bond angles, bond distances number of atoms, number of normal modes it allows us to calculate these numbers from these molecular attributes that's the key and I think you'll agree that's an amazingly important thing to be able to do we can take the molecule we can learn about its structure and then when we're done learning about the structure we can calculate the thermodynamic parameters from that that's really, really important this is one of the first papers where that was done for ammonia back in 1939 by these two guys and here's the equation that we're going to be familiarizing ourselves with later and the important thing in this equation is a parameter called Q this is something called the partition function it is this central construct statistical mechanics Q is the key if we can understand Q it's linked between molecules and their structure and thermodynamic variables we're going to be getting to that we want to really get to the point where we understand Q in some detail now I use to teach this stuff I use a really great book by a guy named Leonard Nash can you see how thin this book is it is a thing of beauty it is perfectly concise easy to understand and it explains this really esoteric subject in a clear, understandable way how many of you hope to have a career in science or engineering I hope by now that's a lot of you you appreciate the fact that you can't find all the information that you need on what you need it's not this some of it's wrong there's a few key books that you ought to have in your library and this is one of them particularly because it costs like $4 it's down here on my list of all time greatest hits buy all of these use the course don't buy any new books but these are all irreplaceable books that you will use throughout your life every time you open some subject you're reading something in science magazine that you don't understand in the area of biochemistry you open up this book right here it's in there you know what I'm talking about so this is one of these gems there's no replacement as far as I'm concerned for this book it is special in terms of how clear it makes this explanation of statistical mechanics okay now we're not going to finish this lecture but let me just tell you let's get started I think you guys recognize this is a Morse potential these are the bound vibrational states of this molecule here's the harmonic approximation to that potential I'm not telling you anything that you don't know everybody knows about vibrational spectroscopy in this room am I right now we can approximate this green guy here with this ladder right here right this is the B equals zero state that's the ground vibrational energy level one two three four okay and so we can talk now about the three dimensional array of molecules here this is my sharp form notation for a molecule let's just forget about the zero point energy for now there's an energy level there's another one they're evenly spaced in energy and there's three molecules here A, B, and C that's what that denotes okay now if this is such that three molecules has zero energy our energy level diagram looks like this if it has zero energy then all three of these guys have to be zero and we're going to be collecting now the zero point energy let's just call B equals zero to zero for energy in this system everyone agree that's the only molecular configuration that's going to add up to zero energy for molecules A, B, and C if there's no way for any of these other energy levels to be occupied otherwise the system will not have zero energy now let's consider the case where we've got three quanta of energy distributed over three molecules alright how can we do that? well we could put all three quanta into one molecule put it in A, put it in C put it in B that's one way to distribute these three quanta of energy to one molecule put all the energy into one molecule there's three ways to do that another way to do it would be to put two quanta of energy into one molecule one into another zero into the other and it turns out that there's one two, three, four, five six different ways to do that if you work it out and here they are that's two quanta into one one quanta into the other and zero into the other six different ways to do that and finally you could put one quanta in each of the three molecules and there's really only one way to do that I think you can see intuitively okay so there's one two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten ways to put three quanta of energy into three molecules everyone agree? so we're going to refer to each one of these these guys that guy, that guy these are microstates that's what we're going to call them there's one over there here's one down here alright there's ten of these guys ten microstates now there's ten microstates but there's only three configurations of microstates three configurations it's easy to see that these ten microstates exist let me just press my finger see this does this look confusing and cryptic? now it's easy to understand that's the number of quanta in v equals zero that's the number of molecules in v equals zero two two here, these are all the same configurations so that's two, that has to be two and that also has to be two that's the number of molecules in quantum state one zero zero zero quantum state two zero zero zero quantum state three one one one alright so this guy is two zero zero one, boom that's his configuration you with me? look at this guy one one one one one, so that's a one one one one that's a one right there and one one one one that's a one right there and then zero that guy describes the configuration of all of these okay, so we've got this shorthand notation that we can use for the configuration this guy is zero three zero zero boom okay okay now, we need to count the number of microstates associated with each configuration is there a formula that we can use in other words, are we going to have to go through the exercise of making these diagrams where we've got oligodra as a number of molecules that could be tedious we need a formula can we derive a formula that allows us to figure out something about these microstates starting with the first two quantum make-up we're going to okay, so let's look at this guy let's say I want to put a two quantum two uh I want to occupy b equals two I can put it in there or I can put it into b or I can put it into c in other words, there's three ways that I can put that first quantum that first b equals two into these three molecules we can go to molecules a, b or c then if I choose a, there's only two places left over where I can put that's one quantum of energy then the second one quantum either of the reading of two molecules and finally, zero is going to have to go right there into molecule b that's the last parcel of energy so this system has three quantum energy alright and the number of ways to generate this is three three different places to put that first quantum times two and then the second quantum times one, only one remaining place to put that last quantum three times two times one is three factorial equals six boom that correctly predicts the number of micro states in this configuration three factorial now let's try the same thought process with configuration one whether it's b equals three starting with the three quantum energy rc if I choose a here then the next two are going to be zero so the next two are going to be zeroes we can put the first zero here or here it's got to go remaining two so we start here we can put the two zeroes here we can start with b, we can put the two zeroes here the difference is that there are two verbally distinguishable ways to put these two guys in the molecule I can put three quantum into a and then I can put this guy into c and that guy into b or I can do it the other way around I can put b in first and then c after putting a three quantum energies into a alright so we have to adjust the number of quantum states here by a factor of two factorial it turns out because there are two distinguishable ways to insert these two guys or these two guys that one going first and that one going second or vice versa alright, when we make that adjustment we're going to have three factorial divided by two factorial or three possible microstates configuration three that's this guy where we have all three of these guys in quantum state one starting with the first finger making one of the three models the second we're going to be reading two third we're going to be reading three but there are three verbally distinguishable ways so it's three factorial divided by three factorial or one in boom there is only one state so this is our equation the number of microstates w that's n factorial states occupied in zero number of molecules that have zero one, number of that have one, number of that have two so take this random example apply those numbers in to our equation and you get 168 microstates for this guy I think you have to agree it would be messy to work that out now let's come back, we're going to do this again on Wednesday so if you didn't get any of that because I went fast, don't worry let's do it again


What's going on guys, it's your boy DPJ here today with another Destiny video and today I bring you this top 5 trials and so's plays of the week and if you guys do enjoy the video leaving a like is much much appreciated. Remember to submit any baddest clip you've got to the email I've just linked in the top of the video description and I'll catch you guys on that next one. It wasn't even a...


Everyone she better one thousand here got something pretty cool to share with you guys tonight, so Stick around and let's see what it is Okay, so As you can probably tell from the title picked up some foot footsteps. Okay, so I heard it Monkey likes to watch my videos Like when I upload a video and she's not here or whatever she she didn't get to see the whole livestream that I did today So we was watching a little bit ago and we picked up some footsteps and it sounds just like They're stomping down the hall getting ready to come in the door As you'll see nobody came in Her and her mom both were gone. She had to take her mom to a doctor and So I'm gonna play this for you a couple times and loop it I shouldn't have to enhance the audio on this. So I'm gonna go ahead and play it for you right now Unedited and untouched.  Let me know in the comments. What do you think because that's that's pretty neat that we caught that She was like you hear that I'm like, yeah, she's like do that again So I got back in it up and we kept listening to so I wanted to share that with you and see what you guys think It'll be under the paranormal If you want to watch it later, it'll be under my hauntings and paranormal investigations playlist so Check that playlist out if you're into the paranormal. That's pretty good stuff in that list so anyway, I'm gonna play it for you one more time and In the meantime, I'm gonna say she better met me and a legend. I'm gone for now We'll see you in the next one. Take a listen again. We'll see you soon But I have to get my solder and That's crazy


When it comes to working with trauma Should you focus on your thoughts your beliefs your core beliefs or should it be automatic and body work or? Is that Kind of a meaningless distinction So some people will say it's all about your belief system. You know you bring a defective belief system out of your Trauma your childhood trauma your complex trauma, maybe and The name of the game is to get to those beliefs and to to reprogram them a lot of them are unconscious beliefs and I Can understand why people have been critical of that approach, you know Especially I think back in the 70s and 80s Maybe there was that whole kind of it was it was almost a very cognitive approach to healing or an approach like almost a positivity movement or Even positives affirmations things like this People would look at themselves in the mirror and they would say nice things about themselves trying to reprogram that negative self-talk and those core beliefs a Lot of people went crazy doing that, you know, it's it's not it's very difficult Especially if the core belief is the exact opposite the standard front of the mirror and say those things and Not create kind of a cognitive dissonance within yourself Where now there's this conflict taking place? so That's not to say that there's not some help from from that that positivity, right? I'm not totally saying that that should be thrown out, but it certainly isn't quite that simple However, here's maybe the more interesting thing from today's video is I often hear people say to I think to go to the opposite extreme, which is Just whatever is coming up in terms of trauma. Maybe it's a reaction to something Some trigger is to sit with that and bring awareness to it now is the is the practice of Sitting with feelings and bringing awareness to it helpful hugely helpful hugely helpful. I think it's fundamentally helpful But is that enough? I'm not so sure that that's enough because I think a lot of the time we do that We actually do sit with the trauma response and you know, I can remember times when I've sat with my own responses and It came up again, and I've talked to a lot of people in therapy and they've said I've done that the sitting I've sat with the reactions and it keeps coming back up so it's not only That because I think there's another layer of inquiry into the the response and Because there's this distinction between The emotion and the belief we need to get rid of that or it's kind of a then you go into the debate But which came first the did the feeling and the body was it pre-verbal and then did a belief form or did the belief form and then it embedded itself in the body Chicken and egg scenario, but I Think an awful lot of these these energies or these traumas or these Somatic things that we carry in the body due to trauma Have got an art of our story or belief around them So they can also while we bring awareness to them. We can also start to to invite questions to start to become Kind of curious about them. Where is this coming from? What is this about? Why do I keep seeing this again and again? To do inquire even like a Byron Katie inquiry Questioning some of it if we can find out that there is a thought behind it or a believer behind it So I guess the idea behind today's short video is really just It's not purely a cognitive approach or a purely mindful approach That is going to be the answer to every experience of trauma I think it's both and quite often both Simultaneously at the same time the cognitive and the simple sitting in awareness But I hope that's a useful video guys. I Think It's about becoming more sophisticated in our approach to handling Trauma and healing trauma and I think when you do that and you start to inquire into it actually What you'll notice over time is that you actually really are healing now you're beginning to understand Yes, you're bringing presence to it with that awareness, but you're also beginning to understand yourself more And what's it you feel you can find finally understand things more, you know You're making the unconscious conscious really at that point things tends to go away. It's not not recur So I'll leave it there for now guys, but thanks again for being with me and see you next time