Hey everybody J.R. Fisher here. It is a bright sunny day here in Southern California in San Diego. I wanted to start this series where I actually go live every day every day at 9 a.m. Pacific time and I'm gonna do this Probably through the end of this month maybe longer. I mean if I get a good response, you know I have no problem doing it longer But I just wanted to give you guys an outlet when I started my business I literally had no idea what I was doing. I didn't really have any help I didn't have anybody I could ask a question of so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do this live on Every day you know every day at 9 a.m. To help you guys out I'm gonna let you know what I'm planning to do for the day I'm gonna let you know what you can do to grow your business And what I want you to do if you don't mind put any comments in the chat there This is really designed to help you guys and nothing else. I'm not selling anything. You know, I'm not giving anything away I'm not doing any of that stuff. You know on Saturdays. I always do a live where I'll talk about a particular subject But this is an open forum so anything that you guys want to ask I want you to feel free to ask what I've done is I've got my computer set right here But I've got a iPad right here so I can actually Converse with you guys and answer questions and the thing is a lot of you want to start an online business And you have no clue where to start. I mean you just don't know what to do And that's what this forum is for so that you can ask me questions. If you don't know anything about me I've been doing this for 11 years now I started in 2009 and I've sold millions of dollars of both digital and physical products online and You know, I want to I want to kind of give back and share with you guys what I've done So that you can get some good results too so that you can quit your job so that you can you know Have some financial freedom some time freedom some location freedom Essentially an online business is gonna give you freedom.  Okay, which is the first part That's what we all want to do, but it's more than that. It's it's not just making money It's it's about having freedom and when I say freedom You're free to work when you want now. What does that look like a lot of people say? Well, gee, I only have to work two hours a day and that's that'll be my online business and nothing could be further from the truth The fact is that I was working last night up until about 8 30. I started at 7 in the morning Did I work the whole day? No, I stopped and I had an eye appointment I had to go to and take care of that but the point is that I could I could fix my day the way I wanted now Friday's is probably my laziest day and you say why Friday's and I'm almost I don't know We just we selected that years ago my wife and I we started doing this thing when we would do a Friday lunch and we would pick a restaurant and go out somewhere and you know get a bite to eat and Then it turned into a little bit of a lazy day But the point is you know with an online business I can do what I want each day now I'm gonna give you kind of a synopsis of today because today is supposed to be that Friday lazy day But I know it's not gonna be We are in the process of building a house in Austin, Texas And I got to put some money together so to put that money together I need to work and the one thing that I'm working on right now is a webinar Masterclass type thing and she is too so every day we sit down and we do like two or three more slides now some of you have attended some of these webinars online and It looks pretty easy. It looks like wow that's simple just sit there and talk for a couple minutes Man they are planned out. They're really planned out every word is planned out every slide is planned out So that's what we're working on right now Now if you have questions about anything that you know, you're trying to get going online I want you to put it in the comment section. I want to give you a little background too As far as what I did online. I initially started in 2009 and I didn't know what to sell So what I did is I looked on eBay and I found the the biggest selling item on others What what item sells more on eBay than anything else does and it turned out at the time that it was cell phone cases So I said, okay cell phone cases well, I'll buy me some cell phone cases and I'll sell them because everybody's buying cell phone cases and Back then there really wasn't drop shipping or anything like that So you would have to buy you know 50 or 100 of these cell phone cases and that's what I did And I you know, I bought you know a whole bunch of cell phone cases and I started to sell them online now At that point it was just me. Okay. There was no help whatsoever So, you know, I would list a cell phone case online and somebody would place an order I mean keep in mind these cell phone cases. I mean, I was selling for three or four dollars. They weren't expensive cell phone cases and When I would sell them, I would have to package them up I'd have to put a label on them to put them in there I have to take them to the post office and I was making maybe 50 cents or a dollar on each one So you could imagine you would have to sell a lot of cell phone cases and what happened to me at that time Was that, you know, I sell cases. Yeah, a lot of them sold online But the problem was that everybody had a different type of cell phone and the cell phones constantly changed So I would buy a hundred cell phone cases and maybe sell five or ten or twenty of them And then all of a sudden that cell phone case wouldn't sell any more because people had switched their phones Now I didn't factor any of this in okay But what I would do is I would take those extra cell phone cases and I had a little walk-in closet I would just put them in there. I'm like well at some point I'll deal with it Well after a few months of this that closet was full of cell phone cases And I came to the realization that that might not be my product that might not the one I would want to sell So I end up with all these cell phone cases. I ended up just wholesaleing them and getting rid of them And I didn't make any money at that But what it did do what it did do for me is it got me started it got me selling Something online and if it gets you to do something if it gets you to sell something online you tend to learn Okay, so at that point I learned how to list an item on eBay Okay, I had that going for me I could list an item on eBay and I learned how to set up my PayPal account And I learned how to buy from wholesalers. So I learned stuff. Did I make money at it? No, I didn't make money at it then I moved on to camping and equipment and then One day somebody Contacted me about survival food and I started selling their survival food that went real well I mean it went really well matter of fact I started selling you like thousands of dollars a month on it and then one month I sold like $80,000 and I thought well, wow, this is my ticket out You know, this is my ticket out So I will quit my job and I'll give me a little warehouse and I'll sell this survival food And that's exactly what I did. I went in and quit my job got a small warehouse and started selling the survival food Unfortunately for me what happened was the company that was shipping it out for me I got really far behind and all of a sudden it was a week delay. There was two weeks delay There was three weeks delay. I got my eBay account shut down I had PayPal take $20,000 out of my bank account because they had so many refunds and That was the end of that or was it so I had uncovered something I had uncovered that There was a market for survival food. Okay, and this was like freeze-dried foods and buckets that type of thing and I Didn't really like the product to start with I mean it didn't taste that good. It was kind of salty So I came out with my own brand of survival food and when I came out with my own brand of survival food I thought wow, I'll just I'll build a website Okay, and some of you guys maybe thinking the same thing I said I'll build a website and I'll put the products there and everybody will come and buy from me I'll get rich and what really happened was I built the website and I sat back and I looked at the screen and nothing happened Nobody knew I was there. Nobody knew that I had products. I was out of a job. It was a single dad I was raising two kids and Literally had no business whatsoever. I mean nobody was buying from me. Nobody. I was like, ah, what do I do now? So, you know, I was sitting there one day and I was thinking, you know There's a lot of websites that have a lot of traffic on them a lot of survival sites Camping sites a lot of that type sites and I thought man if I had the traffic they did I would do really well So I started studying SEO search engine optimization so that my website would get traffic and In doing so I discovered a lot of sites that did have traffic I discovered a lot of sites that had you know hundreds of thousands or even millions of visitors a month and I thought wow You know, man if I had that kind of traffic, I would crush it But I didn't And after trying to figure out SEO and realizing it's really hard to rank your website first Which funny now because if you if you search survive, okay food now we come up number one But back then we did not because nobody had heard of us I Looked at some of these sites and I thought to myself well if my product was on their site And they already have all this traffic Maybe they could sell my product and I could ship it out for them, which was I think a good idea So I started sending emails I started calling all these websites and I started saying hey I've got this product.  I mean that was that was when I when I finally discovered Hey, I had a product and I can ship it out for other people now There was one problem with this idea I had and that was nobody had ever heard of me So when I called these websites and when I sent them an email I could just got crickets They just weren't interested. They just didn't want to do it And then I finally got this one guy in New York and he said he says I'm gonna build a website And I want to put your products on my website. I was thrilled I got this this folder this vanilla folder and I put all this paperwork in there I had this application everything was really kind of funny And I had this application in there and I filled it all out and this was gonna be my first retailer This was gonna be the guy that was gonna sell my product So that motivated me enough to keep calling websites to keep emailing websites to keep asking Morad what's going on buddy? I see you in the morad I'm in there. Good to see you man And that motivated me to keep doing it Then I finally got a few more and a few more and a few more than all of a sudden Some of them actually started selling my products. They actually started selling it. I thought wow, this is pretty cool Now let's go back to the first guy who said he was going to sell my product He never did he never built a website nothing ever happened with him But he was my motivation that one little success that one guy saying he was gonna sell my product Got me motivated enough to where I called more and more sites and emailed more and more sites And it grew and people started selling some of my products, but then they started telling me they said You know this this food you have is okay, but what we really need is protein. We need meat And at the time I was selling freeze-dried foods and I said well, maybe I could do freeze-dried meat And I got some samples of freeze-dried meat and it was awful. I mean it was bad guys I'm not kidding you it was like it was like crumbles like almost like sand or gravel And you added water to it and turned into this mushy meat Imagine imagine trying to eat that so that didn't really go over too well So I said well, I can't sell that I can't market that But I did come up with a process where we could actually can meet and slow pressure cook it in a can and it was delicious And to this day that is one of my number one products that I sell and survival cave food can meet you can Google it right now You'll probably get 20 30 million hits for that And it was really really good. Let me jump in here and look at a couple of these comments here More ads is it's really cool live mr. JR hate morad.  What's going on? How did you find or develop your products? Did you find a private label manufacturer? No, we actually manufacture our products? We manufacture them in Ohio and I have a distribution center in Utah right now So what we actually do is we make the products at a factory and then they're shipped to Utah And we distribute them out there and a lot of people say why don't you just ship them from Ohio? I said well because that's our meat manufacturing plant. That's not a warehouse. It's a whole different deal and in Utah it is 3pl we call it 3pl. It's a warehouse that just ships our products out That's what they do. They ship stuff out and it's a huge huge warehouse. I think it's like 200,000 square feet It's enormous and they don't just ship our products. They ship a lot of different products there At one point. I had my own warehouse in how a California we manufactured there and we shipped out of there We had six different bays. It was about 13,000 square feet, but it was very costly. I mean very costly It's it's really hard to own a warehouse for just shipping purposes. It really is so We we don't use that anymore. I use the one in Utah But keep in mind guys this this this is not just about my story today Though I will tell you whatever stories you want. This is about you guys This is about me helping you so any any questions you have about growing your business This is your opportunity to ask me. I'm gonna do this every single day throughout the end of this month Maybe longer. I don't know but this way, you know at 9 o'clock one Friday's Pacific time You can come to a specific spot and you can say hey I've got a question and I want to ask somebody who sold millions of dollars worth of products How to do this thing? It can be emails. It can be whatever Now I want to walk you through a little bit what I'm gonna do today. I got up Check my emails check my stocks. I do play with stocks a lot. I love me some stocks I matter of fact the one that I really look at a lot is Tesla I bought Tesla at $137 gosh I want to say was maybe four or five years ago and the reason I bought it was because I Was in the car business for over 20 years and I saw this guy Elon Musk and I said holy crap This guy is really smart He's really gonna change the industry and everybody thought I was nuts. They're like electric cars really JR electric cars Well, that one stock now. Let me see what this is 839. Let me tell you what it is because it's split five times 839 times 5 the stock that I paid $137 for is now worth that Okay, so $4195 with that one stock is worth now. I didn't buy just one obviously. I bought a bunch of them Matter of fact, if you look I can kind of show you my portfolio of stocks there. That's quite a few of them I do like stocks and I keep most of them, you know, I don't sell them But I want to talk to you about my day today and what it's gonna consist of because a lot of you guys are like Well, what does a digital marketer do every day? You know, what are they when they get up? What exactly do they do? Well, like I said, I got up And it and I had this live today. So I check my stocks Check my emails, which I always do when I first wake up Got prepared for this which is my live as soon as I'm done with this We have to work on my masterclass or my webinar. I've been running ads on YouTube. They've been running really really well We've been doing great with them But the the actual masterclass is not converted as well as I wanted it to so I'm rewriting that and I've already rewritten it By the way guys three times. I rewrote it three times So it's a situation Where you know a lot of these things you do online, they're not gonna work I mean, I've been doing this 11 years and I do stuff all the time. It doesn't work I mean just doesn't for one reason or another, but I don't go. Oh gee that doesn't work You know, I might as well forget that no, I try to tweak it and I change it and do different things to it Paul says here. Did you develop your lead magnet report or out or outsource it? I I do all my own really in that Paul what I what I will do is I'll come up with an idea and You know, it may be, you know, nine ways to protect your home from you know Robbery or burglary or whatever it is or how to survive in the woods seven steps to survive in the woods I found that anything under ten works really well People don't want 47 steps to making survival food. They don't want that. Okay, they want something that's simple So they like steps. They like guides a lot of people when they do a PDF Paul is they think well if I give them a lot of value, you know If I if I give my 40 page report or a 50 page report, you know, they're gonna think it's really valuable and they won't understand That when you do one of these lead magnets when you do one of these giveaways They're trying to solve a problem quickly quickly So you're a whole lot better off if you do like five steps or seven steps or you know, eight ways to whatever Then if you were to say here's a 40 page report, don't do that You won't do well because people don't they don't really want to read your report You know, it's like if somebody were to get my you know, seven ways to protect yourself and your family in a survival situation If they were to get that report and they have to read it for two days, they're not interested Okay, they did what they really want to do is they want to protect their family. They don't want to read your report They they don't okay. They want the solution to whatever their pain is Let's see. I know you make fitness a big part staying healthy. How often do you work out? Oh good question? I work out about four or five days a week. I was on the phone yesterday to a friend of mine in Memphis, Tennessee He's my high school friend. We've been friends since we were like 14 years old something like that So maybe maybe a couple years, right? And he doesn't do that. He's 280 pounds. He's a very wealthy guy. He builds Huge neighborhoods. He was telling me about his Rolls-Royce Phantom.  So my fitness plan if you're interested is I like to do upper body one day Lower body the next day. So, you know, I I do some floor exercises if I'm doing upper body I do push-ups. I Do all kinds of you know upper body floor exercises and then I go outside Then I do pull-ups. I do three sets of pull-ups. I try to get 10 of each form So I'll do the underhand like this and then I do the overhand like this and then I do the widespread ones like this And I do three sets of each of those and then I also do dips And I do three sets of dips because I have this exercise thing in the backyard and that's the same day that I do push-ups I do three sets of the push-ups It's usually three sets of 35 or 40. So I do, you know, 110 115 push-ups plus other Upper body exercises in conjunction with doing my pull-ups and my dips that is one day the next day I do sit-ups. I do leg kicks and I have one of these bikes It's it's called a mixed fitness, but it's similar to a peloton or something like that And I'll spend 45 minutes on that 30 to 45 minutes on that and then 45 minutes doing floor exercises So generally what I'll do is I'll do you know hour and a half two hours four or five days a week And I hear all kinds of excuses from people. I really do I hear all kinds of excuses why they can't work out I'm diabetic, you know, I'll tell you that right off the bat. I've been taking insulin since I was 31 But that's never really bothered me, you know, I just stay in shape, you know A lot of people say well, I've got this illness or I've got this thing and I can't work out a little crap You can do whatever I had I had heart surgery in 2016 I had twin tuple bypass and my heart's strong I mean, I'm fine, but I've got some clogged arteries They fixed it and I went on with my business and that's what that's what you need to do So many people will have an event happen in their life and they're like well now I can't do this because bull you can still do it, you know I was talking to my friend from high school and he's like well, you know, I had this spinal injury My left arm doesn't work that well and blah, blah, blah I said well Steve you've got a seven thousand square foot house man walk walk do something You know, you've got a lot of room to walk you can your legs work do that Let's see here. I've got some good questions in here By the way, Mr. Friday eating out lunch. Hey Paul Nobody misses it more than you or me.  Jessica misses it. What is what it is We sometimes still go but we got to eat in the car or something, you know And it's like no, that's not that exciting to show people we're eating in our car I tell you what I did do is I got with these little trays that hooks on to the steering wheel now Which is pretty cool because I can use it from a laptop. I can use it for food Whatever, that's a cool tray. I should put a link in the amazon for that Let's see here. What's the best paid traffic for beginners? Wow Morad I wouldn't I wouldn't buy any paid traffic in the beginning.  You will lose so much money I would say if you do want to do paid traffic get training on paid traffic from somebody who's done it Excuse me I just paid somebody $10,000 for a little course on youtube ads and we're doing really well It was money well spent I I know facebook ads very well As a matter of fact, I've done a course on facebook ads and after this video is over with you'll find it in the description Click one and you you can go to a class and actually I teach you about facebook ads And then if you want to get more training you can get that But man, don't just go out and buy traffic. Don't do it.  Maybe it'll work out It won't work out. I'm telling you you need to really study ads ads is a real real art Like I've got youtube ads right now and I've got I think 110 different keywords we're targeting And probably 47 different audiences. I've got five different videos and we You know, there's a whole process to putting those out there in all these different areas Then every day you have to go back and tweak them and see which keywords are working Which ones aren't and adjusting them and knowing when to tweak them. So like our kpi, which is our Key performance indicator Is ten dollars to get a lead on our youtube ads And we will spend up to 20 dollars Okay On that and and sometimes 30 dollars on that but we have to start getting some results So if we've spent 20 dollars and we don't have any conversions, we will kill that particular keyword But not that ad. So, you know, it's not just an ad. It's all the keywords within that ad Now we will also spend up to 30 dollars if we've had at least one conversion Because we have a chance of getting one or two more and hitting our kpi which is 10 dollars That's what I'm saying. This stuff is complicated Get training if you want to do facebook ads look in the description after this video Check out my course on that get training. Do not do not do not do that. Uh, let's see. What else we got Do you ever think you would relocate the business all to texas? Well, paul It's really not in san diego to be honest with you. I mean my office is here We have employees here But um, I am moving my business to austin texas, which is really georgetown texas As far as manufacturing that's in ohio. Okay, it's been in ohio for 10 years 11 years And uh, distribution my distribution warehouse is in utah So, you know, it doesn't matter really where i'm at. It's irrelevant where i'm at like, well, i'm doing this video right now You guys don't care where i'm at.  It's gonna be 90 degrees, which is nice. I think it's 90 What is the temperature today? That's interesting that uh, you would mention that Weather channel says today in san diego It's going to be Where is it? Where is it? Where is it? You know, well, i've got all kinds of ads popping up here But it looks like It looks like Okay, yeah, it's gonna be 89 Where is it? There we go. Yeah, it's gonna be 89 today 90 degrees, which is nice Now austin will not be that warm, but that's okay Because i can't handle the taxes here.  What's it gonna be at austin today? austin is gonna be 57 which is not bad. I mean it's it It's a little bit cooler there and a little bit warmer in austin, but that's where we're we're building a house in uh, georgetown Let's see. You see when you started out Did you start as sole proprietor or do another setup to protect your business? I did start off as a sole proprietor paul You know, it was just me And it was me in my bedroom, you know with the computer in the corner of the room And that sounds so funny now because i mean literally we've sold millions and millions of dollars worth of products and uh Gee, i don't know where all that money went. We don't let money go I guess i've lived a pretty good life since then i've traveled around the world and done all that But uh, yeah, and then what happened was when i started manufacturing my own food You know, i talked to an attorney and they were like man, you need product liability insurance and you know Somebody where to get sick or somewhere to happen and you were to get sued you need insurance So we we then switched over to an llc and we're a s-corp right now. I think it's called Uh, but we're it's it gets so complicated. Um, we started in virginia. So i was an s-corp in virginia Move to california became a foreign business within california So and we're still a virginia corporation operating in california And you know the accountants and the lawyers will tell you why i do all that I don't know why i do all that But i do it I would like when i move to texas to make it a texas corporation But some expert's gonna tell me if i can or can't i don't know i don't know You know, they'll let me know what i can do Uh, let's see just thought texas offer better tax incentives They do Uh, and and i will i will be able to capitalize on that because there's no personal income tax in california right now It's 14 percent. Um, the corporate tax in california. I think is nine percent eight or nine percent and in texas it's one percent So between those two things it pays for our house Pays for our house, which is pretty cool So i did want to get on with, um What else i'm gonna do today because you know people are going well, what do you do every day? What do you do? Where do you do? Where do you do? Um, it it's amazing, you know when i first started I was like, what do i do? You know, what do i do? You know, i mean, uh, i'm not selling anything right now And i listed my products. What do i do? But now it's like i have this just Array of things i can do every single day and there's tons of things and what i try to do Is i try to do the most pressing thing so The most pressing things to me is take care of customers So if there's a customer and they have an issue with a problem or a shipment or they're they're trying to inquire About where their product is that's the very first thing we do every single day We take care of that every single day. That's first level. That's first level. Okay Second level is our retailers the people who sell our products So somebody, you know may sell our products on their website and they need help or issues or you know How to list stuff or you know cost sheets or whatever that would be my second priority or second level Okay, then underneath that I look at things that i'm required to do So I have certain requirements to myself So now i've added another requirement, which is where i've got to be here at nine o'clock in the morning to do this Live for you guys. So that's a requirement thing. So I have to do that.  So today I will the things I really want to work on is I will Work on my webinar masterclass. Okay, because that's that's the that's the link that's missing in my youtube ads right now I need to work on that But I also have other requirement things like usually Tuesdays or Wednesdays depending on what my schedule is I have to shoot videos every other week. Okay, so every other week. I've got to shoot videos for my youtube channel Which you're on right now Um, and those videos Um, I may have to spend two or three days maybe four days sometimes writing the scripts I'm getting together all the information for those videos. Uh, generally I'll shoot 10 or 12 This past week, um, I was I was a day behind I actually had to shoot them on Thursday I shot 14 14 videos. Okay 14 videos takes you some time My friend you got to start early in the morning and you're going to be in there till late afternoon early evening But that's what I had to do. Uh, and then what I do with those videos Is I kind of pre edit them in other words, I'll take out the stuff that I know I don't want some mistakes I made or whatever, but I don't really do a full edit I just take out the the bad spots the lags stuff like that And then I ship them over to my video editor in the Philippines Uh, when I say ship all I do is upload him to Dropbox and then tell him he's there Uh, but before I do that I have to decide on, you know, what the thumbnail is going to say Now he makes thumbnails and he does the editing and he does the zoom in zoom out He does the b-roll that's in all that kind of stuff But I've got to give him the guidance as to know what I want done on those So if I have certain things I talked about in there if I have certain links in there that you know I want people to have I have to provide him with those links I have to provide him like I said with what the thumbnail is going to say I then he takes it from there at that point. He then takes those videos He edits them, you know, accordingly And then he will upload them to youtube Twitter facebook instagram and then he schedules when they're actually going to go live So what we like to do is we like to have a video go live every single day of the week Monday through Friday And that's what he schedules I like to keep at least two weeks of videos in youtube And you guys won't see them because they're scheduled so they they're on live But that way every single day a video goes live And then and then what I do is, you know, once or twice a day usually is I look at my stats Look at my videos And then about every week or two I will look and see which videos actually did well And the reason I want to know which videos really did well is because I could do another video around that topic And what we're really doing is we're reacting to the market So if I do a video on people Shopify stores getting shut down, which I did one the other day and it got 1200 views real quick I'm like, well that people are interested in that so I need to provide them more of that kind of information You can get caught up in doing youtube where you're just making videos That's your audience wants and you don't want to do that too much But then again, you do want to provide them with what they want So I kind of do a mix of let me get a drink of water here. I've been talking for a while I do a mix of what they want and I try to come up with new ideas too on top of that Some people will tell me That they can't come up with new ideas bull There's so many ideas all you got to do is look at your competitors and see what they're doing You know, like I have so many competitors on youtube that you know also talk about making money online I don't look at their channels, you know, if they've got some good titles and some good subjects You know, they took them from somebody else too. I mean, it's just that's what we do You know, we all look at what each other's doing and try to figure out what the market wants Uh, let's see here, uh, paul got another question here How long before you outsource your stuff to the va video guy? hmm Well, I I've always had employees since I guess probably six months in the business paul Um, you know, I had a warehouse in virginia small when I started with a 900. No 600 square foot one Yeah, I had a 600 square foot one and then I went to like a 1500 square foot one And that was when I actually did all my own shipping. We had a forklift in there I had three employees in there Two office people in there, uh forklift. I drove the forklift sometimes we had big racks And we had all the meats and stuff and freeze dried foods in there And then I moved that to california And I had a 13 000 square foot warehouse, which is quite large Uh, and I realized the expense of that just wasn't worth it. Uh at that point I actually outsourced that to a warehouse that could ship out my products for me It was a lot more cost effective as far as the videos I started the channel in 2015, but I was I was lazy. I didn't I really didn't do what I should have been doing so When I did the videos I would do them sporadically. I didn't know about you know, researching titles I didn't know about keywords You know, I I did like one and two minute videos Which were pretty much useless because you know, you need a you need a 10 to 14 minute video To really get the traction you need for a channel and for youtube to show it because If they're going to run ads on your videos, they have to have room to run ads if I do a two minute video They don't have room to run an ad. So, you know, they recommend eight minutes That's why I do like 10 to 14 minutes and they can put four ads in the video and then I get paid on those ads So I make money off that so why wouldn't I want to do that? You know, that would be the smart thing to do Uh, what else we got in here? Paul, I appreciate you being active, buddy. Not everybody's active not everybody participates Why not why not guys participate? Uh, by the way, love the videos in the free course Did desi did I can't talk did Jessica shoot that with you? Hmm Which course are you talking about? I've got I've got like nine different courses Uh, and then I've got a bunch of freebie things too. So I don't know which one you're talking about on there Um, Jessica and I do work a lot together. Um, I film her sometimes. She has another channel If you you guys don't know that's my wife, uh, Jessica L. Fisher the furry family coach And you can find her channel here on youtube if you've got dogs and you want to train them She's your person. She's really good with animals She does animal rescue She collects donations for animals. They go to mexico. We do that probably weekly. We have bins throughout san diego We're a lot of these pet stores will donate products to us. They're new products And we we give it to a charity called dogs without borders Um, and they they get all those products, uh, the free 97 dollar one. Oh my gosh, uh, the 97 dollar one I'm gonna Probably be redoing that was done I did that myself and that needs some help. I think I think I need to redo that one What I may do paul is I may give away part of one of my paid courses, you know, like maybe One or two of the modules out of like, you know, 30 modules And give people that um for the free course, but yeah, that was shot Probably five years ago something like that. So I need to update that one Her channel is great too. Thank you paul. Appreciate it. Yeah, she does have a good channel She has a really good follow. She's a great facebook group. I mean really good facebook group very very active Guys, if you have animals, you'll want to check that out. It's the furry family coach That's a great great group I'm really amazing and she's uh last night. We were working on it together. I'm working on my master class She's working on hers, but she's putting together a master class man You want to attend that if you've got a dog and you wanted to get that dog You do whatever you want and that dog to love you to the end of the day You'd want to attend this master class. It's really really good I'm not selling it or anything like that because I don't have any links or anything But you could look it up if you wanted to So anyhow, so I was I want to get back to the things I do every day. So the videos, yeah The the va was the question you asked me paul of all sidetracked here. Um, I would say for the past Three years, I've had somebody helping me with editing the videos now. Um, I didn't get serious About my channel until about a year ago Uh, and that's when it really started doing well. That's when I started getting monetized That's when I started getting payments from youtube. So I actually get paid now. That's pretty cool. Um From ads that run on my videos, which is very very nice.   I would do tons of videos. Well, you got to start doing them You know, you just got to start doing them. If you start doing them, you'll start getting that money That's how it works. But you you're going to work for a long time before you see any money That's how it that's how it is, man You know, but everybody's like, well, I don't want to do anything as I get paid Well, that's not how it works if for your own business you you've got to do stuff first I've got to give you guys free training if I ever want to sell my paid training That's just the way it is. Uh, let's see. Maya Loran It's got question marks. Just question marks. What what? What are the question marks? What do they mean? Is that a question? Let's see here It's been cool to see you find your lane and format for a video The lead in the exit part and getting people to subscribe and ring the bell. Yeah. Oh gosh, that's right, Paul I forgot you got to subscribe I'm live right now, but I forget because I'm not doing my format my template But if you haven't subscribed right down there below, there's just I can't talk more water hang on. Hey There we go You have to subscribe now. I can say the word subscribe subscribe subscribe If that button down there is red you need to click it turn it gray and next to it a bell will pop up like this Need to ring the bell turn on all bell notifications so that you're notified every single time I do a new video Make sure you do that guys really. It's so important to me Your comments are super important too. Just so you know That helps the distribution of these videos YouTube looks for interaction And that interaction if they see interaction like they see you guys commenting Excuse me. They will show my video to more people. So that's super important that you guys do that Uh, let's see do elan musk is the richest person in the world. Yes Elan, excuse me is the richest person in the world right now And uh, it's it's because of his holdings of his own stock Which is kind of funny here. Let me look at something Yes, it is his own stock. Um And it was funny because they told him that the other day and he tweeted about it They said elan, you're the richest guy in the world Now if if I was the richest guy in the world, I would have a different reaction But here's his reaction. He tweeted How strange well back to work Imagine that you you take over the world You're the richest human on the face of the earth and your response is how strange well back to work That was his response. Uh, but that's why he is who he is, you know That's why he could run rocket companies. That's why he can run car companies and boring companies and artificial intelligence companies And he's got so much going on guys that I know about I can't imagine what he has going on that I don't know about I just I can't imagine. He's an amazing human being And he's got a sense of humor.  Well, that's not true You know, I want to tell you the truth the truth is you got to put in a lot of hours You got to put in a lot of effort you're going to have some failures But also the truth is you can't quit if you keep doing these things You're going to get the results you want you will get them. You just don't quit don't quit don't quit I mean, that's the biggest advice that I ever give anybody and they're like, well, I've tried so many things And they don't work. I said, well, you're that much closer than getting to getting to the one that does work then So anyhow, I was talking about my day and what I'm going to do So we're going to work on that webinar today. Okay, that's something we've got to do Um, I have to set up some emails to go out because I have another live That is going to be tomorrow and now tomorrow I will talk on a particular subject. Okay So that's the difference in this daily live in my saturday lives on my saturday lives I usually give away some gift cards. We have a good time, but I have a particular subject. I'm talking about Today you can ask me anything you want. I mean you you welcome to ask me anything you want How does youtube pay you? Maya um Who there's several ways you can make money on youtube, okay So for those of you who do not have a channel or you're not monetized You don't understand the stuff. There's several ways you can make money So one of the ways I can make money and not from youtube, but just having a video on youtube is through affiliate links So below all of my videos, there's links to products on amazon that I use. Maybe it's a laptop. Maybe it's my lighting here or whatever Um, and if you click on one of those links and buy that product, I get a small commission I mean like maybe five percent not much Um, but if you buy anything else other than that, I also get paid on it. So, you know, that's one way I make money I also have an opt-in for a free course in that free course um You can opt in and at the end of that free course it offers you a paid course that you can buy So I make money by that um, I can also offer Products or courses in the links below where you can click on it and buy something from me So I can make money off that so this is without having subscribers or tons of people watching my videos I can make money off all that now when once you get to 1000 subscribers and 4000 hours of watch time in the previous 12 months you qualify Excuse me qualify to Get paid through advertising through adsense and what that means is they run ads on your videos And when they run ads on your videos, whatever that advertiser pays You get like I want to say 60 or 70 percent something like that Um, so I don't want to give you my exact what I make a month. Uh, but it's a nice income You know, it's not enough yet, but it will be it will be I don't know it'll ever be enough. Uh, but there's some, you know YouTubers that will make hundreds of thousands a month just on ads just on ads running on the videos Not counting all the other stuff and you can sell merchandise too So I could sell t-shirts and hats and mugs and whatever else I want. Somebody send me a message.  Wildly, you know, I mean it can be a dollar Per cpm, which is dollar per thousand and you get, you know 60 or 70 percent of that on up to 40 dollars Mine actually is at 36 bucks right now. So so 36 dollars is my cpm on my channel right now because My audience is people who want to make money and that is an audience a lot of people want to advertise to so Um, I get like 36 dollar cpm. Um, I think jesco and her dog channel only gets like 18 So it depends on what your subject matter is how much money you're going to make and you want to think about that You know, if you're if you're doing a channel to make money Um, you you want to look at what your niche is, you know, certainly a prank channel A channel like that they get millions of views, but they don't make much money because you can't really target people who watch prank videos I mean, who are those people, you know, they could be anybody. It's hard to target them Um, how does youtube pay you? By paypal check or other ways? Uh, yeah You can you can hook up a paypal account and they can just put it in your paypal account and pay you that way Um, I'm trying to think how mine is set up Huh, it may be a mine may be a bank. I don't even look at it. I'll be honest. I don't look at it Uh, but I will check that and I'll let you know Uh, I think it's paypal, but it could be my bank account that they're paying me on In fact, I think it is off the top of my head But anyhow, uh, and then they're going to take out taxes guys Um, so keep in mind that you're not going to get every dollar because they take out taxes I mean taxes is part of life. That's what happens. Uh, so that's how that works So if guys if you've got any more questions go ahead and pop them in there now I'm getting ready to wind down a little bit. I've been on here for about 45 minutes and you guys have really been helpful I really appreciate the questions. I like that so much Um, if you want to donate to the channel, you can also do so There's a little dollar sign there next to the chat if you click on that you can do in a dollar or five dollars Or whatever you want, uh, and it it is helps, you know pay for all this these lights and you don't see all this stuff But there's a lot of lighting around here and there's you know padding on the walls and there's Desk and all this stuff that we have to do um to actually make These videos for you guys How often do you refine or define your target audience? My youtube audience, I don't change it. I mean my target audience in youtube is people who want to make money online period That's it. Um, as far as all my courses, that's only people I target people who want to make money online Um, so I don't change that at all if you if you start a channel And you define your audience and your niche and then you go and switch it you'll lose everybody you got So I don't do that. Um, I don't do that at all now. I will all my ads, you know target different people in my ads But I don't as far as my youtube channel. I don't change that Uh, let's see too At the world cup are you at the world? I'm not quite sure what that means Oh, do you want to visit katar in 2022? Me, you know what by I would love to visit every part of the world. I really would I love Traveling. I love seeing stuff. I'm not a soccer fan Um at all You know, but then again, I'm not a football fan. I'm not a softball fan I'm a boxing fan and I guess mma. I like those two things. Um, I did kickboxing Um, when I was younger and I did taekwondo and all that kind of stuff And I like fighting and I enjoyed that but uh, as far as regular sports, I'm just not into it Not my thing, uh, but I know it's a lot of fun. I know a lot of people enjoy it But yeah, I'd love to go to katar. I think they agree. I hope I'm saying it, right? You can correct me if I'm not saying it, right? Do you target age? I do not target age Uh, I do not and it's funny because I look at my analytics on youtube And um, my age is not what you think it is I mean, if you put a guess in that chat section What you think the age group is that watches my stuff because there is a particular age group that watches my stuff Um, so put that in that chat section. You guys just kind of guess who is my age group Who do you think watches these videos on youtube? Uh, and keep in mind, you know, I'm not a young guy I started my business at 50 and 61 right now. Um, but who do you think? What do you think my audience is do you think it's male? Do you think it's female? You know, is it is it 18 to 24? Is it 25 to 34? Is it 60? Is it? Well, what do you what do you think my age group is stick that in there? Paul says 40 to 50 Okay, we got the other guesses in there guys come on a guess. Um, I uh go ahead and put a guess in there One of you other people in there put a guess in there. What about you? I'm looking at some of these comments. Paul, you're really good at this, buddy I appreciate your participation. What about you moran? What do you think my age group is? What do you think the group of people is that watches my videos on youtube? It would blow your mind. Matter of fact, I'm going to see if I can pull it up on my phone first I think I can And then I can actually show it to you There's a there's an app called studio youtube studio And it tells you all your analytics Okay I'm trying to watch time views average view duration Subscriber it's one of this is going to do it Close It may or may not watch time Trying to find the actual audience here Oh, there's audience. Okay. I see it now Um It's going to blow your mind a majority female over males Okay, so I'm going to hold it up now and you're going to see that 55.9% Of my views come from one age group 55.9% uh and 91% come from either male or female. Okay, so check this out guys and see what you think Look at that. Can you wait? Can you see that? 18 to 24 is who watches my videos 18 to 24 and 91.5 male There's 34 that are what? 25 to 34 and almost nobody over the age of 34 watches my videos So if you're over that age paul if you're over that age paul You can see who's watching. That's pretty interesting, right? I see that all the time and you can see the united states is 36 percent I've got 12 in india 12 percent in india, which is interesting. I thought, you know, a lot of people in india like to watch my stuff And I have a lot of people at workforce in india. Matter of fact, um, they do workforce in india Uh, tiger lily. No, well, you were you're pretty close tiger lily. You really were I mean, that's that's the age group in there that a lot of people do watch my stuff. Um See right on age. Yes, you were you were right. You were right Um and guys, uh any of these people in chat here check out their channels to subscribe to them If they have channels, you know, some people do some people don't Uh, but if you have a channel subscribe to it So guys, did you like this little session today? Are you going to enjoy this? I'm going to do this every single day throughout the end of the month every single day sometimes It's going to be 10 minutes. You know, sometimes it's going to be 30 minutes today was 50 minutes still Well, it could be more than 50 minutes because i'm still talking but I want to answer your question So, you know, when you get off this call today, go work on your business Go think about what you'd like to do online what you'd like to sell online You know, think about stuff and write them down And then you know that tomorrow morning in the next morning you can come to me and say jr I had this question. I was doing this thing and I got a question for you now I've been doing this Hey melvin, what's going on man? It's okay if you're late. I've been doing this for 11 years. So I don't know at all. I mean, I don't I know a lot. I know email marketing. I know digital marketing I know, you know videos. I know, you know digital products. I know physical products I know sales pages, you know, I know email sequences. I know a lot of different things So, you know, I will share that information with you for free, you know So just show up at nine o'clock in the morning Or you can always watch this later if you can't be here. I get that these will be posted after we're live Do you know Via haza He makes a Loot of money A lot of money For youtube. No, I do not I will check them out though. I will certainly do that Thank you for that Was awesome really enjoyed this as well as great questions from others. Yes, it was fun. This is fun guys You know, and I appreciate you showing up appreciate being here. Do me a favor share this You know, if you think somebody else can benefit from this Do you think somebody else would like to ask questions of somebody who's been selling online for many years? And the other thing I was going to tell you if I don't know about something I'll research it and I'll come back the next day and I'll get you an answer. How about that? And this is free. This is free So you've got to go to resource right now every morning at nine o'clock through the end of this month Maybe longer depending on you know, the reception idea Of any questions you want to ask about selling online making money online, you know I can't help you with sewing or gardening or any other stuff But if you want to know how to make money online, this is where you're going to want to be every morning Every morning just just pop your head in here and see what we're talking about ask a question Do whatever you want what information was the first thing you invested in? When you started out You know, I bought a course On ebay back when they were selling digital courses And it was this little course. I think I paid like 20 or 30 dollars on how to make money online And it was utter garbage It was just Garbage as a matter of fact, I tried to contact the guy later to say how are you selling this course? And he never responded to me or anything eBay won't let you sell digital products anymore But it was utter garbage So I didn't when that happened. I didn't say to myself. Well buying courses on how to make money online is garbage I didn't do that. I said that course on trying to make money online was utter garbage and I bought a lot of other courses since then I've been to a lot of Conventions I've read. I mean, I've got a whole stack of books up there that will blow your mind You can't see them from here But I mean everything from traffic to selling to ads to I mean I read books a lot of different books I've got one now. I'm reading a Jason flatlands book on webinars a really good book. I would highly recommend a Jason flatland. I think it's called one one to many Great book. Great book. So I would highly recommend that so there's a lot of good information out there And I picked the wrong one in the beginning. I don't guess that guy's around anymore. I don't know Uh, let's see here Where are you looking to invest in now? Um, Texas my new house Texas by who else that's that's my next investment. I think uh, that'll be a sizable investment, but That's the next place. I'm gonna do that. All right guys. I'm gonna jump out of here I've got to work on that masterclass If you're interested that masterclass, you know, put a comment in here and I'll try to get up with you And it's a free masterclass. I'm doing it's going to be about an hour and a half long It's going to be all about how to make money online Uh, we're going to be running ads to that masterclass So if that's that interest you, you know, jump in there if not no big deal show up tomorrow Ask me some questions, but have questions.  What's the best way to write an email and ask me that question Uh, I don't know what what the good components are for an opt-in page What makes an opt-in page work versus an opt-in page that doesn't work and there's big differences Okay So think of some of those questions that you can ask me Come back to this and each day increase your knowledge each day increase your now I'm I'm giving it to you for free increase your knowledge each day And you'll make money online you will you can't make money working four hours a week a million dollars a year until you Get to my stage You know because now now I've got everything set up But I'm just saying in the beginning you're gonna have to work But I'll give you the information need I'll give you real information. I won't bsu.  I'll tell you the real stuff. Okay Um, you don't ask you don't get you're right paul. You're right, right? You got a wife. You had to ask, right? You had to ask, okay, so don't forget to subscribe guys.  I would really appreciate it means so much to me I'll be back again tomorrow at 9 a.m. Pacific time. That's noon eastern time Don't forget to turn on all your bell notifications Bring the bell turn on all notifications so that you know what i'm going live And I will be going live every day through the end of this month. Thank you so much. Thank you so much paul Thank you so much. Mya. Thank you so much more and thank you so all you guys man All you guys have been awesome. I really appreciate you being here. I'll talk to you real soon


Welcome to JSA TV, the newsroom for tech and telecom professionals. I'm Jamie Scott-Octaya, here from JSA at PTC in Lovely Honolulu. Joining me today, Ms. Melinda Ferguson, Vice President, IACR of Teleax. Welcome to JSA TV. Thank you. How are you? Very good. Thanks. I'm so glad to have you here. Now, as a leader in voice innovation, can you tell our viewers about your carrier service offerings? Sure. We offer a full suite of wholesale and enterprise services, voice and domestic and international termination, toll free origination and termination, and a full suite of private label enterprise services. Wonderful. So, your Ivy software, I read a little bit about it on your website and it seemed really interesting, a very unique offering that really sets you apart and also sets up your partners for success. Can you tell us a little bit more about that? Absolutely. Private label, unified communications as a software service, and it's all private labeled. It's branded. It's billing. It's everything built in. So, it's one stop shop for our partners. Oh, we love that. We love that. And now, you offer both voice and data as well services? That is correct. We service all wholesale and enterprise customers. Oh, that's great. And your ideal customers would be? We service everybody. So, we're very strong in the wholesale space, but our 2018 goals are to grow our commercial space as well. Oh, great. Great. So, you know, and I love this question, it's like, can you please pull out your crystal ball? What do you see Tiliacs is heading and offering in 2018? Absolutely. So, our big marketing push for 2018 is our LEAP and Ivy products. So, we're wanting to reach out to the enterprise and commercial. We feel strong in the wholesale space and so that's what we want to conquer for 2018. Well, there you have it. Tiliacs, a company to watch for for sure in 2018. Thank you so much for joining us here in Hawaii. And thank you viewers for tuning in to JSA TV.


Grazie. No, effettivamente noi in comunità scientifica qualche problema con i nomi ce l'abbiamo, ma non soltanto per la morte termica o il gas di genere. Quando abbiamo costruito un telescopio molto grande in Cile per esempio costituito da quattro telescopi ciascuno con uno specchio primario di otto metri, l'abbiamo chiamato con un acronimo inglese che è VLT. T sta per telescopio, VL sta per veri, molto grande, abbiamo costruito un telescopio molto grande l'abbiamo chiamato telescopione, va bene? Va bene. Secondo la teoria della relatività del generale di Einstein noi siamo immersi in uno spaziotempo. Bene questo spaziotempo non è rigido, è deformabile. Che cosa lo può deformare? Una massa dell'energia che lo percorre, che lo attraversa. Ed essendo deformabile in certe condizioni le deformazioni possono propagarsi. Queste sono le onde gravitazionali. Bene io conosco gente che non ha mai creduto che le onde gravitazionali potessero essere rivelate. Abbiamo l'onore, il privilegio, il piacere di ospitare invece qui una persona che ha pensato che non soltanto si potessero a rivelare le onde gravitazionali ma ha convinto una comunità intera insieme ad altri colleghi naturalmente a costruire uno strumento gli strumenti per farlo. Abbiamo con noi Ray Weiss, premio Nobel per la fisica nel 2017 per il contributo per il contributo fondamentale alla costruzione di LIGO e per aver rivelato le onde gravitazionali. In mio piccolo parco con te, spero che potessi mostrare un esempio molto bello di un astronome multimessager che è stato passato a tutti noi un anno fa, un po' di anni fa, un po' di anni fa, e ci chiederò in il medio del mio parco. Però prima voglio dire un po' motivare cosa è la gravitazionale, cosa è la gravitazionale, l'astronome e cosa è la gravitazionale. Perciò, torniamo immediatamente e vediamo se questa persona, vediamo se il mio pointero funziona, andiamo a provare. Ah, buono, ha funzionato. Ma comunque, l'ultima gravitazionale che mostri di noi sapevano viene da quello che abbiamo imparato nella scuola in, probabilmente, i corsi di colleggio su la gravitazionale di Newton. E la gravitazionale di Newton è un'esponenza wonderfule di quello che è andato all'earth, sembra anche andare in i tempi. È una sintesis meravigliosa che è stata creata, e ha avuto un po' di storico e, in realtà, anche delle esperienze religiei. Ma Einstein, dopo l'anno, ha un po' di complesso con l'utilizzazione di Newton in fisica, per esplorare certe cose in gravitazionale, e due di loro, l'un di loro è che non ha lavorato per molto, molto velocità, quando le cose vengono velocemente, e non ha una funzione di notte, in modo inoltre, una cosa che ha avuto informazione che era in modo più rapido di la velocità di lucia. Inoltre, per esempio, in Newton, come interpretato dopo, da persone che hanno fatto Newton, probabilmente non come intelligente come Newton, è che se avete l'earth, e ti plugga l'earth, cioè, avete l'earth, e ti plugga l'earth, l'earth away da l'earth, è una cosa di 9 minuti per te per sapere. Ora, se calcolate in Newton's theory, cosa succede quando hai l'orbito di l'earth all'interno di l'earth, in Newton's theory, molti persone avrebbero interpretato che se ti plugga l'earth away, immediatamente l'earth avrebbe avuto un tangente, e questo non può essere vero, perché ha di prendere almeno 9 minuti, anche in gravitazione, per l'earth, per sapere che l'earth non è più l'earth. E questo è l'inizio di qualunque gravitazione è. Ora, Einstein, in 1916, ha scritto un paese, dopo che ha sviluppato l'earth in general, che ha replicato Newton's theory per avere una relazione tra la geometria e la geometria di spazio, e il modo in cui il tempo è mescolato, tanto il spazio e il tempo, come si è mescolato. Ora, in la nuova teoria che Einstein ha fatto relato con la distribuzione della mattera e dell'energia in il universo. In other words, in Einstein's theory, non è più una gravitazione forza, almeno nel modo in cui ha interpretato, e c'è una distorsione di spazio e una distorsione del tempo due alla distribuzione massima. E ora voglio mostrare il modo in cui il gravitazione è così, quindi potete avere un'immagine di come lo detecta e come diventa qualcosa che è utile. Ora, su la strada, e vi faccio pulire un altro punto, ho un altro problema che ho bisogno di qui, è che spero che puoi vedere questo. Se non puoi, puoi potere vedere il verde se puoi dire sì se puoi vedere? Ah, è meraviglioso, buono. Siamo rischiati di questo. Allora, quindi, per esempio, i sources di gravitazione sono massi accelerati, muchi come nell'electricità e il magnetismo, i sources di gravi electromagnetiche sono accelerati. I certi classi di moti sono gravitati, sono non sferici e simetrici. In other words, cose che smasciano a un altro, sono gravitazioni, o cose che guadano su un altro, sono gravitazioni. Ma cose che spasciano uniformemente, sferici e simetrici, non sono gravitazioni. E' qualcosa di che Einstein ha scoperto nel suo primo paese, nel 1916, e poi lo ha fixato nel 1918. Ma nel suo primo paese ha anche detto che gravitazioni sono kinematici. In other words, hanno propagato la velocità di litro, che è quello che ha ipothesizzato. E come vedete in circa 5 o 10 minuti, noi now know that exquisitely well that indeed they propagate at the speed of light. The other kind of, the other attribute of the wave is that they are waves very much like water waves on a pond. A water wave travels in, let's say, that direction, but the excitation of the height of the water is perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling. It's called a transverse wave. And that's also true of electromagnetic waves. And now I want to show you what it actually does. Now let's see if this animation works. If I hit this, let's see, ah, good, wonderful. What you're looking at is a gravitation wave that's coming out at you. You're standing right there where that red little mark is. And this is a distribution of matter that's been put out in space and the gravitation wave, as I say, is coming to you. Now you'll notice two things in that pattern right away. You'll notice that when there is an expansion of space, let's say in this direction, the east-west direction, there's a contraction of space in a north-south direction and that keeps flipping back and forth. I hope you see that. That's very important in the detection. There's some space get stretched in one dimension and compressed in the other perpendicular direction in which the wave is traveling. The other thing you'll notice is something as important and that is that the two dots, let's say next to you, here you are again, this dot and that dot, they don't move very much. But look at the dots that are very far away from you. That one and that one, they're moving an awful lot. And that's true in the other direction as well. And that is a motion that's very much like you would make if you made a rubber band with a friend of yours, you take a rubber band and put marks on it and pull it. And as you pull the rubber band and look at the way the marks are, you'll see that that is very much exactly that motion in one dimension. It's given and expressed by the idea that it's a strain in that space and a strain is a change in the position. Let's say the change of this point with respect to that point, how much they change, but divided by their separation. So the change in position divided by their separation is a constant, at any one instant in one dimension in this picture. And that's the way you want to look at a gravitational wave. The reason why I make a big fuss about this is the instrument I'm going to quickly tell you about very shortly is an instrument that actually measures the motion of those dots and compares a motion going in this dimension and with one that goes in that dimension by using light and timing light as it leaves from here goes out and comes back again and then it does the same thing going in this direction and the time will change. The time by the light spends in those two paths changes because of the gravitational wave. When that's standing still they don't get changed. And so here is the guy who actually told us how difficult this all would be. This is Kip Thorne at a younger age when he was probably in his 40s and he had a fancy symbol I don't know what that is. Many of you might know what that is. By the way, he said look if you're ever going to succeed with measuring gravitational waves you're going to have to measure h which is this thing I just told you about that's the strain which is the change in length divided by the length you're going to have to be able to measure things that are smaller than 10 to the minus 21. Now that's a terribly small number and many engineers who would look at that number if you brought them the idea that you should measure such a small amount of things they would ask you what you've been smoking. Okay, but let's translate it into what actually had to be done. Namely we built instruments and there are now instruments I'll show you where they all are. The ones in the United States are four kilometers the ones in Italy are three kilometers the ones in Japan are three kilometers but anyway of order four kilometers the change in length that you have to measure if you want to satisfy Kipp's condition is you have to measure a motion that's 10 to the minus 18 meters big and let me give you a feel for that that's one thousandth the size of the nucleus of an atom I mean it's just infinitesimal and that's when the engineers really will throw you out the door okay they'll understand that right away and now let's the challenge then that Kipp threw at the experimenters was that if you want to measure a gravitational wave if you want to use light to do it you're going to have to measure 10 to the minus 12 of the wavelength of light to get a meaningful result that's 10 to the 12 times smaller than the wavelength of the light that you're using and that turns out to be the easier of the two problems the other problem is you're going to have to also make measurements in an earth that's wiggling right here in this room the earth is shaking by about 10 to the minus 6 meters everywhere in the world is shaking by that there's not no place that is shaking less than that and so consequently you're going to have to get to 10 to the minus 18 isolate the motion of whatever you're going to look at to 10 to the minus 12 of the motion of the earth and that's the real tall order okay so this is Kipp's statement of how hard it was going to be and here is I won't walk you through this diagram completely but I do want to walk you through it a little bit so you will understand the nature of what was done okay and um the so now to relate that picture with the dots this device right there which we call the beam splitter which will be a source which will break light from this laser break it up so half the light goes to that mirror and the other half the light goes to that mirror so this will be that place where I put the red square that's where you're going to be standing and these are the distant points that are those most distant dots this in the y direction that in the x direction and down comes the gravitational wave now before the gravitational wave comes along you have arranged something very interesting here let's not worry about these three mirrors that that's something we'll talk or these four mirrors these four mirrors are all needed to trick it up so that you can get this very high sensitivity on the other hand what you have now is you're going to make it so that the light spends equal time in this from here to there and from here to there and when that is the case no light goes to the photo detector none and when the gravitation wave comes down and disturbs us by pulling this guy in a little bit and pushing that guy out a little bit that puts light at the photo detector and that is the basis of the detection of LIGO all these other mirrors which I'm not going to describe you can ask me about them in the questions later are to enhance the ability to do that but the basic idea is to use the laser light split at the beam splitter have it go down to that mirror spend time in here have it go through that mirror spend time in there and then come back to the detector and if you see light at the detector that means something has disturbed the system so that's the way it works I wish I could spend more time on that with you but maybe if you want to ask me questions we can we can go a little better so here are now the detectors that are around the world that are built on this principle there are two in the united states one is in the northwest corner of the united states there's another one in the southeast that's in louisiana that's in washington state and then there are detectors in europe there's a research detector in hanover germany which is about 600 meters long these are both four kilometers long then there's a detector in kashina which is very close to pisa which is three kilometers long it's probably of all the sites the prettiest one of all the sites and then there is a detector that has just been built and is being commissioned now in the mountain the same mountain that you heard was in which the neutrinos were detected this is now in the it's called kagra and it's in that same mountain and they're gonna try some new ideas there especially cold things and being inside of a mountain which might help a lot and then there's a detector being planned in india which is very much based on the american detectors so those are the number of detectors and now the story I'm gonna tell at for the moment is mostly associated with these two detectors because they made the initial discovery but I do want to say a good bit about Virgo because they have made an enormous contribution also so let's start by showing you what we detected what we detected back in about September of 2015 on a morning early morning was this we saw this signal this is the strain and here is a number that is like kip's number 10 to the minus 21 and this is the signal we'll get to that here is time this is time about 0.2 seconds is from here to there and here is the signal in Livingston that's in the south of the United States this is the north of the United States northwest and you'll see this is junk this is absolute noise and if something begins to emerge out of the signal and it becomes coherent and it gets bigger and bigger and then this is junk again unfortunately those two regions are junk say a very similar thing happens in Hanford in Pacific Northwest this is junk and again something emerges out of the junk and you wind up again with junk at the end and now you can superpose these two and you get what made us somewhat confident that we detected something very interesting because now what has been done we've taken the two signals and we delayed the signal from from Hanford by we made it no we delayed the signal from Louisiana by seven thousandth of a second so we could put the two signals on top of each other and now they're on top of each other this is junk but now you can see both signals they're not perfect there's noise they look like they have very similar signals and this is junk again this is the first discovery of gravitational waves and it was interpreted by well before I say interpreted that's the next slide but at first I want to say we there's another way to think about it because it's important for you to understand this second way of thinking about it and that is that this is now expressing the same thing in in time again and here is that same time series as you saw before this is southern this is the western united states but on top of that now the axis is the frequency of the of the light in here and now you plot this is plotted the brighter this is the more of that frequency is in this signal so for example right here 256 is middle c on the piano and here is middle c on the piano in this same and you can see something quite similar in these two things they're not perfectly the same and what if you could hear this it would go like that that's all you'd hear nothing very long be a little chirp but very very short one and what did we interpret that to be is actually this picture this picture and now this has a story associated with this picture although the experimental development was very profound to get to the point where we could measure 10 to the minus 21 the thing is there was another development that was just as important which was the ability to solve the Einstein equations by computer that's called numerical relativity and it turns out the experimenter development of these instruments was about parallel with the people learning how to program computers to do the Einstein equations so it turns out here is the Einstein solution of a thing which is two black holes about 30 solar mass black holes going around each other at a distance from the earth of about a billion light years 10 to the 9 light years away and here is the waveform that's made we begin to see it out in here and here at the end point the two black holes have gotten close enough so they smash into each other and they make a new black hole and this then is a waveform which matches the signal the best and this comes from numerical relativity as well as also analytic calculations down in here and so one of the g whiz things about this is this curve right there which shows you the vola this is now the time of the collision and this tells you the velocity of the the relative velocity between the two black holes as a function of time and in units of the velocity of light so when they crash into each other these two objects which are bigger than our sun are moving very close to the velocity of light it's sort of unbelievable when you get to this the magnitude of what's going on in this collision and that was our first experience and what happened is none of us really believed it it was too big we didn't really expect it and luckily there were others and this is what later I mean this is the event we this is the event we've been talking about this is again 10 to minus 21 up in here and this is the event we just been talking about there's another event and you can identify when they were this was in September of 14th of 2015 and in October 12th of 15 we had another event we were not so sure of but then by Christmas of that year this is November this is December 26th the day after Christmas in the United States they celebrate on the 25th you had a signal that we all believed again and now over here are the parameters of these signals for example the first one had masses of 36 and 29 solar masses in those individual black holes and three solar masses were thrown out into gravitational waves at that moment that collision for the very time it lasted that point two seconds in which it lasted it was brighter than the entire universe which is sort of amazing brighter in terms of the energy per unit time that was being emitted so that was an enormously powerful thing and then you can see this for other ones we've seen now different masses and the different amounts of radiation that went away and we've now seen something like 10 of these and there's so it's not that it's ordinary it's still pretty spectacular but there's one that is really very profound and very important to the whole field and here is where one begins to get a feeling for multi-messenger astronomy because an event that we saw in October 14th of 2017 was seen not only by the United States detector but was also seen by the Virgo detector and the Virgo and that made a profound difference in a place that we hadn't been paying enough attention to or we couldn't do much with and that's shown in this picture right here this picture shows you sort of a sky map where in the sky was this kind where did this black hole collision take place it still took place 10 to the nine years ago but still we could not determine where it is better with LIGO alone with this sort of banana-shaped thing right here and then when we found that you could add now the fact that Virgo also saw it and look at the timing differences between Virgo and the United States detectors you could make a much smaller error bar right in here you could this was about a thousand square degrees in the sky of uncertainty this had now come down to the size of about 30 square degrees now that's still for most astronomers a terribly big unknown ma è una grande scelta avanti e vedete in la prossima cosa che parliamo è stato profondo e fondamentale che Virgo era sull'errore quindi questa è la prima deteczione con tre detectori e ha fatto l'obbilità di vedere la sorsa dove era in il cielo sempre così meglio e nessuno ancora che ha avuto un telescopo ha avuto in alcuni di questi per esempio persone avuto in questo erroro bar in qui e non avevano visto niente ora magari non deve essere niente visto da black holes colliding io spero in futuro magari ci vedremo qualcosa da black holes colliding e magari ci vedremo qualcosa per esempio da qualcosa di cui mi sono andato a raccogliere la prossima che è, credo, uno dei più spettacoli cose che hanno avuto in tua vita certamente in mine ma ora è ora che vedete un po' di cosa come interpretare questi signoli questo è il tempo e questo è la frequenza di la gravitazione e ora guarda questo questo è per 10 secondi tra qui e lì e c'è un signolo che fa molto, molto tempo e avventually it goes off the chart we can't see it anymore and it goes from like that like that that's what it does I wish I could play it for you but I can't and so now here is what happens it was also seen in a gamma ray telescope that was on a satellite the Fermi satellite and here's where we thought the collision happened right there and the gamma ray telescope saw a gamma ray burst about 1.7 seconds later there it is and another instrument on the same satellite saw the same thing and then a completely different satellite with another instrument also saw this so now all of a sudden we had an electromagnetic counterpart to the gravitational wave signal and now we know what that is we believe it to be two neutron stars that have collided and I'll get to that in a minute a little more but first I want to show you the importance of Virgo and LIGO together and what happened here here's again a picture of the sky and this picture of the sky has the uncertainties from here's the bananas from LIGO alone that's banana and that banana and here is the uncertainty of and it's very interesting story here and you should have people Virgo tell you this story they did not see anything that's sort of but there is a circle of zero where you can't detect gravitational waves that there's a certain pattern of the antenna pattern of such a detector that's a big L and it turns out what we guessed and they guessed too is that they should have been sensitive enough to see it and it must have thereby been in that zone of silence and knowing that you could make a circle now for where this source was now adding Virgo's non detection which should have been there because we knew they were sensitive enough in here that spot was identified right in there someplace somewhere in there and here is sort of the uncertainty of the Fermi satellite and it was much bigger than the uncertainty from the gravitational waves that was enough information to have a whole bunch of telescopes start looking at it and one of the most important ones was a telescope in the southern hemisphere that 20 days had before this event had taken a picture of a galaxy either the galaxy's name is important to some people I don't understand it that's okay and here is this galaxy and then here are stars in our own galaxy and there you can see the three stars and then you look up about some number of hours 10 hours after we made announcement that Virgo and Lego had seen this lo and behold they're the same stars here's that same galaxy and now there is a hot spot right there and that made all the difference and people looked at that hot spot and they found out a lot of information a tremendous amount of information again and this is the example what I must say where multi-messenger astronomy became a powerful tool because every element of that message came from different places and all of it when put together made a much better understanding of what was actually being found and so here's the thing that is the model for what was being seen here are two neutron stars by the way I didn't explain neutron stars to you neutron stars are stars that are about the mass of the sun but they're only about the size of a city like Bologna I mean imagine something they are enormously dense they have a density of 10 to the 14 grams per centimeter cubed at least maybe a little more than that you couldn't put teaspoon into it and measure its weight you couldn't lift it you couldn't lift the teaspoon just out of question so here these two neutron stars they have collided they're about to make a new black hole but before they do that they emit a gamma ray burst at an angle and on top of that they have this huge mess of nuclear material that's all around them and they make something called a kilonova and that kilonova is a place where a lot of things were discovered people watched this kilonova for a while with telescopes for a couple of weeks they watched it they watched it decay sent people with radio telescopes saw a jet form so they knew that was a black hole and then people gamma ray telescopes again x-ray telescopes excuse me saw the same thing so the whole evolution of that picture was sort of seen but here's sort of an interesting one and this is something people ought to know just because it's a standard piece of chemistry but this is the periodic table and the periodic table which you probably learned in chemistry or maybe you've learned in high school in grade school maybe in the United States kids learned about this in high school so they have a color code which you don't normally see on a periodic table everything that's blue was made in the big explosion that made the universe and everything green and yellow was made subsequently in stars and you'll see stuff that is purple in here and that was made in merging neutron stars and now you'll notice something interesting the things that were made in the initial explosion where we know about is hydrogen and helium that's the two things we know about but then most of the rest of the stuff all the stuff a little bit of lithium but most of the stuff we're made of and interesting stuff is all made in the stars and then thrown out in supernova as you heard before in the other lecture but people did not have a good concept how you made the things heavier than iron and here for example some favorite things that men adore you know gold and platinum seem to be all of it well at least we think right now much of it maybe not maybe all of it is made in neutron star explosion and that's where the density of neutrons would be high enough to do this so that's one discovery I think I'm gonna go over this the hell with this one and I wanna go to the where we're gonna wind up and this is actually so you can imagine where will gravitational wave astronomy be at the time when the K'sharankov telescope array is actually operating so this is a picture which is a little more subtle it's ready for the experts but I'll just quickly tell you the better the detector is the better you go down in this the more sensitive it is the more you go down here is the frequency of the signal you might be looking at and here is here is here is a 1 kilohertz here is 100 hertz middle C is right about there and you can see that here is for example with the current state of Virgo and it's making detections right now as is LIGO but it's up in here and they're getting better here is where LIGO was in 2017 where we made all these discoveries and we worked very very hard in the last two years to try to make an improvement and here is where we are now on LIGO but we made no improvement at low frequencies and we made some improvement here by using techniques which I'll go into in a lecture tomorrow here is the design sensitivity for LIGO it's below that's where it's supposed to be and we're not there yet and here is something we have planned for the future in about middle 20s of this next decade called LIGO plus and Virgo has a plan for Virgo plus and down in here way below this is now a huge factor down it's a factor almost 10 down are two ideas that are both emergent in Italy and in France as well as in the United States and that is to make a gravitational wave detector that it's not 4 kilometers long but 40 kilometers long and those are the curves for this and I'll show you some of the things that would come from having made such a detector and this is a very pretty little picture that shows this this is a picture which shows you the redshift is a radial distance so for example a redshift of 1 is about there 10 over here 100 over there and this picture over here are all the black holes that we believe are in the universe they end right about at a redshift of about 10 we think we're not sure of that but here are the detectors here's A plus this is the best we can do now we get some of them but if you go to A plus which is that which is being done both by Virgo and by Blago you would get right into the middle of this distribution of black holes but if you build these 40 kilometer things you're way outside you will have detected all the black hole binaries in the universe that's spectacular and over here are the neutron stars the things that made all the fuss just recently and again here you have to build a little better you have to go even better than the first cosmic explorer which is the 40 kilometer you have to do the very best we can to get all the black all the neutron stars that's a very pretty picture to show what the future might have and here is the last slide and this is sort of a give you feeling of where the field is right now and what we've been talking about is this is all let me tell you what this is first this is frequency of gravitational waves this way here for example is 10 kilohertz there's 1 hertz here is 10 to the minus 4 hertz so you can do it up here with time minutes, hours, years, age of the universe all the way over here so this is time going older and older this is frequency getting smaller and smaller and here is strain so for example here's what we've been talking about and these are the sources you know a little about now there's another project which is a space project called lisa which is the laser interferometer space antenna which has sort of sensitivity from hours to minutes and it will look at the black holes like the one in the middle of our galaxy a million mass black hole things falling into it it will also look at white dwarf stars going around each other and it's a very completely different frequency this is a short wavelength these are much longer wavelengths then there's another project going on right now which is using pulsars in our own galaxy to measure gravitational waves that are coming through our galaxy and for example the measurement consists of looking at all the pulsars in the northern sky and all the pulsars in the southern sky and if you notice that all the ones in the northern sky and the southern sky have speeded up a little bit in their pulsing and the ones in the east and west have slowed down in their pulsing you may have detected a gravitational wave of a very long period that's coming through our own galaxy and they're looking like that with radio telescopes and that hasn't yet succeeded but it's a very nice experiment and then this experiment is probably the most dramatic of all this is an experiment that thought they had a result about three four years ago they were looking at attributes of the big explosion that made the universe and the electromagnetic radiation come from that very early days and people were looking at the way the electric fields point in that radiation and there would be patterns in the way the electric field go points namely the polarization of those waves which would look like little spirals and that if they have that pattern or more what are the things that people when they blow on them they turn I can't get the word right now for a thing that kids blow into and they spin spinning wheels okay never mind anyway that pattern would be seen in these and they thought they had seen this pattern and they and what would that pattern be due to it would be due to primordial gravitational waves that were made very very long ago way before anything was any matter was created way before any stars were made and hopefully we might some day see that it coming from the origin the very moment the universe was created now these people thought they saw this about two three years ago and unfortunately what they were seeing is the polarization by dust in our own galaxy but they're still working on it and I hope they see something so thank you