Welcome, everyone, to our third policy practice seminar for state and local COVID responders, this one on reopening schools. I'm Dr. Margaret Bordeaux, the research director for the program in global public policy at Harvard Medical School and co-chair of the Berkman Client Center's Digital Pandemic Response Working Group. The purpose of these seminars is to delve into COVID response issues that really sit at the intersection of policy, science, and delivery. And that is to say, how do you take the policy, the science, and the resources at your disposal to implement effective COVID response strategies? Today, we're talking about reopening schools as safely as possible. We will be focusing on two strategies that do require overcoming operational challenges to implement. In the first half hour, we will discuss modifying the indoor environment of schools to decrease the risk of transmission in the school building. Dr. Joe Allen, the director of the Healthy Buildings Program at the Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health, will lead us through a discussion of this issue. In the second half of the program, we will turn to setting up screening testing at school to be able to detect and prevent outbreaks quickly. Dr. Tony Monaco, president of Tufts University, will present his experience in helping stand up one of the first school screening programs in the country in Somerville, Massachusetts. We will then turn to a panel discussion about school screening testing, moderated by Dr. K.J. Sung, chief of strategy and policy for partners in health's Massachusetts COVID-19 response. Panelists will include the vice provost of Tufts, Dr. Caroline Attardo-Genko, and Honorable Joe Kurtatoni, the mayor of Somerville, Massachusetts. I would like to say from the outset that while I, like many, am very optimistic about vaccinations and the current shape of the interjectory of the epidemic curve in the country, we still do need to maintain an aggressive offensive posture against the virus. It is critical that we invest in making indoor spaces as safe as possible and stand up widespread screening testing to prevent a resurgence of the epidemic. So with those two things in mind, I would love to turn it over to Dr. Allen. Hey, thanks so much, Dr. Bordower. Appreciate the introduction and the invitation. Nice to join you all. And I'm going to try and set the stage here and talk about the critically important question of how to keep kids and adults safe in school and, importantly, as new stimulus funds flow, what we think are good strategies and maybe even some pitfalls to avoid. So I don't think I can zip through the beginning here. I think it's pretty clear by now the severe consequences of having millions of kids out of school in this country for so long. Consequences that were predictable, and we're seeing them escalate and accumulate. And I think this is just the beginning of these kind of reports in terms of virtual dropouts, food insecurity issues, decreases in physical activity, reports of abuse, neglect, exploitation. And of course, we're seeing increasing reports of mental health issues in kids. Also want to recognize that a room full of 20 or 30 people is different when the majority of the people in that room are kids. We know some things are quite different, less likely to get infected than adults, certainly less likely to suffer severe consequences if they do get infected on the order of 10 to the minus 6 or 1 in a million for likelihood of death for those under 14, about 10 to the minus 5, or 100,000 for those under 18, really under 24. Third bullet there, less likely to transmit. I think there's lots of debate there in the sciences mix. Looks like the younger kids, though in particular, looks like they transmit less. I want to be very clear that the plans we put forth, and this report my team first released in June and reissued in November of last year, is designed to protect both kids and adults in schools. This is not just a conversation of kids. It's how to protect everyone in the school building. I've done this for a long time prior to joining Harvard as a professor at the School of Public Health. I led forensic teams investigating sick buildings. So sometimes these were severe issues, multiple people dying in buildings, health care setting, schools, worked at the military bases. You name it. I think I've seen everything that goes wrong in buildings. And so really understand how to assess a hazard and importantly put in controls to mitigate that risk. So I run the Healthy Buildings Program at Harvard and have been applying that background and practice into helping people reopen safely, everything from biotech, finance, the arts, police departments, a special advisor to reopening jury trials in Massachusetts across the board and including schools and universities. And I'm a commissioner on the Lancet COVID-19 Commission where I chair the task force on safe work, safe schools and safe travel and interacting with my colleagues around the world on this topic. So the what to do is clear. The playbook is known at this point. The way we framed it was across these five healthy areas. I'm not going to talk about all of them in our report, but I will draw your attention to the Healthy Buildings because this is a key topic right now. In particular, our recommendations, and I'll reiterate these in a little bit, on what to do in the building, specifically bringing in more outdoor air, better filtration, use of portable air cleaners and what you should avoid. We've seen a lot of schools spending millions of dollars on unproven technologies. This is very concerning to us. We have a new report, my task force for the Lancet COVID-19 Commission is working on a report. We worked through the weekend writing it, trying to publish this soon. So fewer schools continue to make those mistakes. In terms of why we care about the building, that's because the evidence has been clear for over a year that airborne transmission is happening, far-field airborne transmission, transmission beyond six feet, in conditions of low to no ventilation where aerosols, respiratory aerosols can accumulate. I've been writing a lot about this, but I think probably the most effective thing that's happened is this work we did with the New York Times. It's published as a digital tool a couple of weeks ago, but yes, there is a front page in New York Times showing what happens in a classroom, real classroom, New York City classroom. And so I'll walk through the series of slides because I think the visuals make the case better than anything I have ever written or said on this topic. So first, this first picture is a typical classroom airflow and those streamers or tracers are really just people's breath normally. So in a typical room under typical ventilation, we breathe in about 3%, or let's say it better, 3% of the air you breathe in is air that just came out of the respiratory system of everybody in that room. It's about 3%, called the rebreats fraction. You wanna keep that under 5%, preferably lower for a highly infectious virus like this. So we're constantly breathing in other people's air. In this situation, we have a low ventilation rate. Now what happens in this simulation, and this is a computational fluid dynamic modeling. Here we have an infected student we introduced and you see the plume rising up. So we have a natural thermal plume. Students wearing a mask, a lot of the escape happens through the top and the side of the mask, but you still have this thermal plume or thermal mask. Very quickly, the aerosols from the respiratory system will spread out and accumulate in the room. They're too small to deposit out within six feet. That's a total mistake that respiratory aerosols and the size fraction we're interested in drop in six feet. That's a mistake. They will accumulate around and act very much like a gas until they're diluted out of the air through ventilation or cleaned out of the air through filtration. And as this simulation shows, it accumulates pretty evenly throughout the room very quickly. As we know, we've studied this for decades. This is really nothing new to be honest. Here's another shot of that same classroom, but I added this one. This event, the story goes on to page six. If you wanna follow it or you can look at the digital version, but on the right, there's the overhead view and you can see the accumulation of the aerosol concentrations, right? Highest concentrations depicted by the darker color, the infected students in the bottom right in the overhead view there. And you see generally a pretty uniform concentration certainly higher as you'd expect around the infector. Problem is, of course, we don't know who's infected in a normal school. We don't know where they're sitting because we have asymptomatic transmission and emissions. Now look what happens when you start to add ventilation rates. So in this case, we introduced one window open. So the concentration overall is lower depicted by the lighter colors. You still have a higher concentration around the student. But if you look in the top right, the overall steady state concentration, the level at which the emission rate hits a constant, well, the emission rate stays the same, but the concentration in the room hits its max level in balance with ventilation or air cleaning and the emission rate. And here it's constant emissions. Now we add in an air cleaner in the back. We've now achieving six air changes per hour, which our targets have been four to six air changes per hour and the overall concentration in the room is diluted again. You can see by the lighter colors. So for most of the people in the room, and I'll explain something very interesting that we intentionally kept in this in a minute, the concentration is much lower. This is important because all of the outbreaks of three or more people have been attributable to time spent indoors and nearly every single high profile outbreak you've heard about or read about, restaurants to ice hockey to spin class to gyms have been conditions with time indoors, low to no ventilation with attack rates that can approach 90%, meaning one person can infect 90% of the people in the room. It's because of this long range aerosol transmission.  And so it's critical that we do not have air flow that's blowing across anyone's face. So I prefer the fan blowing out and the air cleaner closer to the room. The next in the simulation, which is not in the print shows this example, the air blowing out, air cleaner, a bit more centered in the room. All right, I think that's probably the most effective way to show that far field airborne transmission matters and so do ventilation and filtration. So the next question becomes, what do I do about it and what are the targets? Here is where I think a lot of the major organizations have failed us in the past year. That includes ASHRAE, the standard setting body for ventilation rates, WHO and CDC. CDC failed to acknowledge this for over a year. They're all now talking about the importance of ventilation, which is excellent. Dr. Walensky, a terrific new head of the CDC, as expected, turning us around there very quickly. But still, CDC, WHO, ASHRAE, no one has said what the target should be. They'll say, bring in more outdoor air. That's great, but I've worked with schools and many businesses, as soon as you say that, they say, well, what number should I target? So as far as I know, we're the only group to put out a number, which is really quite shocking a year into this. But here's what we recommend. Minimum four to six air changes per hour through any combination of higher ventilation rates, better filtration through MERV 13 filters, or the use of portable air cleaners with HEPA filters. You'll notice something on here. And if you've read anything I've written or I've been presenting on this for a year, it's intentional that you don't see other technologies listed here. I've been very careful to put forward solutions that are practical, cost-effective, and proven, meaning we have years of peer-reviewed science on their efficacy. So it's the basics is what we really need to do right now. In terms of the how to, we've been releasing a lot of tools and I should say all this information is available on my Harvard Healthy Buildings Program website at fourhealth.org, F-O-R-HELP. We have a page dedicated to schools, schools.fourhealth.org, all of these tools are there. Last August, we went out to schools and started measuring ventilation rates because we heard a lot of feedbacks and says, well, how do we assess this? And so we do it how we've done in my field for a long time and then use that field work to write up a guide. So not just here's what you need to do and here's what the target is, but how do you do it? And we put in many examples. I won't go through all of them. It's a five-step guide. Some of it is if you have a mechanical ventilation system, a unit ventilator like in this class, that blue device is just an airflow capture hood and we call it a volometer. It's measuring the airflow coming in through that, an air intake that's covered for a unit ventilator on the other side of this classroom. We also walked through examples of how do you assess a ventilation rate for naturally ventilated places like places that have window opening. In this case, we used a technique, we used dry ice to elevate the CO2 levels and watch the natural decay curve. We have other tools on the website where I think there's some people out there measuring steady state CO2. So I'm measuring CO2 in my office right now. It's just under a thousand parts per million. I can use this to understand the ventilation rate in my office. I could do this in schools. And we have a tool on our website where you can enter in number of students in the classroom, number of adults, your target air change, level of activity you're doing, you're doing light reading, you're doing moderate activity. And it'll tell you a do not exceed CO2 level in case other people are using these kind of tools. And this is what some of the examples we have look like. Oh, sorry for the top there. But here we look at the decay of CO2. So what happens, CO2, we're the main source of CO2 indoors. It builds up in the classroom when people leave or you remove the source, in this case, the dry ice. You can see how the CO2 dissipates or leaves. And based on the slope of that curve, you can actually estimate the air exchange rate with windows open, with door opens. And we find minimum two air changes per hour with windows open, even a couple inches, up to 14 air changes per hour, depending on what's happening with the weather and the cross flows in the building. So really simple strategy to start getting air changes for those buildings that can do this. All right, I wanna cover two other things before I end and then happen to answer some questions or talk with Dr. Bordeaux. I wanna talk about this key questions of distancing in the context of airborne transmission. So been very vocal since November that the six foot distancing is inappropriate for student to student interactions. It's the key limiting factor. And keeping many kids out of school, three foot distancing is okay from an exposure and risk standpoint. These are our rationale back in November that's now been supported by additional studies showing several additional studies showing that risk can be kept low even with student to student interaction at three foot provided robust infection control measures are in place. Remember, a lot of times we think about these controls in isolation. So we think about distancing only. Distancing came in last February and March before universal masking. So universal masking, if you do any of this modeling of indoor air quality and risk, even close contact or far field, masking is a single most important measure. When you have that distancing becomes less important and what you're trying to do with ventilation and filtration is prevent the accumulation of the aerosol around the room where you could get attack rates in the 70, 80 or 90% range, not just one on one. So the evidence there is really quite robust. I'll make the case quickly and I can share these slides that we're not the only one saying this. This is a group of experts from around Harvard and the hospitals in Boston, also drew a similar conclusion in November. More recently, about 60 physicians, top infectious disease physicians from all of our top medical centers from around the state of Massachusetts have signed on to this as the approach. There are many more people supporting this. Unfortunately, the new CDC guidance that came out last month, my view has two really critical mistakes in it. I wrote an article with a colleague at Harvard School of Public Health. One is the reliance on six foot. I think that's going to ensure that kids don't get back full time. If there's a strict read of that guidance, kids won't be back full time, maybe not even in the fall. The second one is the use of community spread metrics to determine the level of reopening. We know that community spread, well, first, community spread is important, full stop. Two, we know that the risk within schools or any building can be decoupled from community spread risk when robust infection control measures are in place. And that playbook is well known, good masking, good hand hygiene, and also ventilation and filtration. The last point I'll make is on that hand hygiene. We've been spending too many resources and both time and real money on a risk that's de minimis. It's low. We actually don't have a verified, peer reviewed, documented case of fomite transmission. So transmission through contaminated services. Yet if you look at what's still being recommended, it's one of the first things people are saying to do, enhanced cleaning. There are some schools, unbelievably to me, that are staying closed for an entire day for deep cleaning. Don't really even know what the definition of that is deep cleaning, but certainly it's not tied to any real risk reduction. At the same time, you're introducing high levels of VOCs, volatile organic chemicals, which can be respiratory irritants into these indoor spaces. And most importantly, can fomite transmission happen? Sure, is it going to lead to super spreading? No. And most importantly, it's very effectively controlled through good hand hygiene, hand washing and the use of hand sanitizer. I'm going to stop there. I will let you know that all these resources again are at schools.forhealth.org. We have that five step guide, the full 60 page risk reduction report. And a few calculators you can use if you're trying to figure out what size portable air cleaner to buy for the size classrooms and that CO2 tool. I just mentioned, if you want to use CO2 as a way to gauge risk in any room. So thanks for inviting me and happy looking forward to the conversation, Dr. Burno. Thanks so much, Dr. Allen. I think one of the questions, and I think it's piggybacking on some of the things in the Q and A, the first response I get when I've talked to local leaders about making investments in ventilation and air filtration in their schools is, oh my gosh, that sounds like a pretty big capital project and investment is going to be needed. And we can't even talk about that until next year and making those kinds of changes. Aren't we talking about something that needs to occur? It's going to take a big effort a year out. And then I get the reverse, which is, isn't the epidemic going to be over? Why make these investments now? Because vaccines are going to save the day. So I don't know what your answer to those two sentiments are. Yeah, it's a great comment and great set of questions. So first I'd say we have to think about the right now. What needs to be done to get kids back in school and keeping kids and adults safe? Here I think it's the simple measures. Opening up the window, bringing a little more outdoor air, better filters, that's a couple of dollars. Use of portable air cleaners, those can be a couple hundred dollars per classroom, relatively affordable against the costs of having schools closed. These are stopgap measures. I don't think permanently we have portable air cleaners in every classroom going forward. So now is the time we use those and the stimulus dollars to say, let's get a handle on the real problem. The first thing I think everyone should do is bring in a commissioning agent, an engineering firm to understand what your systems are. I think most right buildings are designed and then often forgotten about or the budget's not there to maintain them. And commissioning is just equivalent to getting a tune up for your car. What are my systems doing? And how can I improve them? You'll find that some systems can, you can enhance things and others, you have to actually pay for a capital upgrade. It'll also save you money. Commissioning can save about 15 to 20% on energy and improves indoor air quality. So that's the first step. And then you could start to think about, well, then talk to your mechanical engineer contract or what should I be doing in this space? In terms of, yeah, the pandemic, hopefully we'll be getting through this next phase, why invest? So plexiglass goes away, but these other things should have been there all the time anyway. We've written about how the school building influences student health, student thinking and student performance, same for adults in that building and things like higher ventilation rates and better control of temperature in the classroom, for example, are associated with better scores on reading comprehension tests, better tests, better scores on math tests. And by the way, this is from kindergarten up through high school and even university students. We did a study in university students showing better performance on cognitive function tests, better sleep quality, reductions in asthma exacerbation, lower student and teacher absenteeism. So across the board, these are things that should have been done. The current ventilation standards are bare minimums. And we're saying push above that for infectious disease, the bare minimums are not set for control of infectious disease. And they also provide all these other health co-benefits beyond the current crisis. So lots of reasons to keep investing in the school infrastructure. So I think that's a great point that it's both about short-term investments that are relatively inexpensive and certainly should be able to be covered by the federal funding that has just been released to schools. And then also an assessment of what you can do to make those changes and improvements in ventilation and air quality in general over the long-term will pay dividends in terms of student and staff health. I think the other issue that came up, I was talking about this with a teacher and I was comparing the experience of being a physician in a hospital. I said, you know, us doctors, we work and we know that buildings can be made safe because we are working kind of close together in a hospital setting, but we have not had a lot of outbreaks in hospitals, which is very unusual. Most epidemics, usually the center of the epidemic is the hospital. And you know, she really looked at me and she said, yeah, but you have an army of infectious disease and infection control specialists that work in the hospital and you trust that they will do their jobs. And I think she was making a very fair point that there's not always the trust of a school staff member in the whatever, government or a school board or whatever is making decisions about the quality and the safety of the building they're entering. So I wanted to sort of frame the question of what could an individual teacher do to really assess the quality of the air they're breathing in their school. And I think that that will piggyback a little bit onto some of the questions in the question answer about what are useful brands of CO2 monitors or how would that be assessed? Yes, that's a really great comment and I understand the anxiety. I'm a parent of three kids, so I fully get this and I understand where teachers are coming from in that regard is real clearly quite different from what's happening in a hospital. That said, there's some of these things that are really, let's say quite verifiable. So I've toured some of these schools, you can open your windows, make sure you see an airflow coming in, you can feel it, you can look at the, if you have a portable air cleaner, you can look up the spec and use our simple little tool, it'll tell you how many air changes you're getting. So we put out that target four to six, you can actually very simply size of your room, look at the spec on the device and know, okay, I'm getting four air changes per hour. So regardless of what anybody's saying, if you have that in your classroom, that looks pretty good. I know some have started to say, well, I'm going to monitor CO2 and then there the question is, well, how do I know what's a safe level? And so we built that other tool, generally rule of thumb under 1,000 parts per million, we like it under 800 parts per million, have to be very careful though, filters do not capture CO2. So you can have high CO2 in your classroom, but because you have great filtration, the risk is low. And so you have to be careful with the CO2 measure, there's a little bit more nuance there, I've seen it simplified out in social media, it's useful, you have to be careful there. And the last thing I'd say really importantly is before you get vaccinated, any adult in the school, and with new variants that are more transmissible, it's time to up our mask game, we're all wearing a mask anyway, why not wear a good mask? Surgical mask, 70% effective, you can double mask, get you to 90%, that's a surgical mask with a cloth mask to improve fit. I like a KF94, the one out of Korea fits great, 94% efficient, not everyone can get an N95, even healthcare has had a hard time getting that, unbelievably for the past year. So we can upgrade our mask game too for an extra layer of protection until adults are vaccinated in schools. Fantastic, and fantastic point about CO2 only measuring the ventilation, not the other party equation, the filtration. I think Katie asked a good question, can you give a good answer for why four to six air changes per hour? Shouldn't you try to get to six? Isn't that a lot better than four, or does it, what is the trade off there? Yeah, I'd say get as high as you can. Here's where the numbers come from, and I'll put it in context. So if you're meeting minimum ventilation standards in a school, it's about three air changes per hour. Most schools actually get one and a half because they haven't been kept up to the minimum. A typical home gets half an air change per hour. Why the four to six? This is actually right in line with what hospitals do. And the mechanics of it, the physics of it are really quite simple. You think about air exchange rates and how quickly, if I'm infectious and emitting respiratory aerosols, just while I breathe, talking more, talking loudly, even more, they'll accumulate in this room. But if you're increasing the amount of turnover of the air, then how long they'll stay in the air is greatly diminished. And importantly, that steady state concentration is much lower. So if you think about that New York Times report, if you go back and look at it, compare the low air exchange rate versus the six air changes per hour, and you'll see across the whole room, the steady state concentration is much lower. It's really a competition between emission rate and how much air is diluting that and how quickly. So it's really derived from a health-based benchmark that we know works in hospitals. And you'll see other people putting out numbers based on infectious disease modeling. If you're doing that, I'd say we built these models too. They're great, but they're largely built of infectious disease, big super-spreading events with adults. So I've seen the misapplication of these other models applied to risk in schools, and then using that to set one of these targets. That's a mistake, you're overestimating risk by a lot. So anyway, we feel really confident and when we put these controls in place, this is part of the suite that we've seen has been effective. Fantastic. Just thank you so much for your time. I mean, it sounds so, I don't know, it's sort of intuitive, right? It's like we up our mass game, we get on that ventilation and air filtration to get the air exchange rates as high as we can between four and six. And we have hand-washing. And I feel like that's a really great recipe for safety. And I really appreciate you sharing that strategy with us. I know there are a few other questions on the question and answer. I may just ping them over to you, Dr. Allen, to follow up with one and one in a second, but we just really appreciate you joining us today. Yeah, thanks for having me. Great. So now I'd love to pivot to President Monaco to talk about the other strategies. So here we're talking about making the indoor space as low risk for transmission of the virus as possible. And then we did this other issue, which is how do we detect infected people that are coming in and out of the school, be they students or staff quickly so that we can catch and prevent outbreaks, at least while the vaccine is still rolling out. And of course, we believe that children will be sort of at the end of the vaccine distribution process as we collect more data about safety of vaccines. So here to talk to us a little bit about how you do it. How do you stand up a screening program to catch outbreaks or prevent outbreaks from occurring is the president of Tufts University, Tony Monaco. Thank you, Margaret. And it's a pleasure to be here with everyone. I'm gonna share my screen now for a PowerPoint presentation. Hope everyone can see that. So we know that currently over 3.2 million children have tested positive in the US. In Massachusetts, the zero to 19 year olds make up the largest group of those testing positive, currently 23% of the total. And while serious morbidity and mortality is low in this age group, we don't know the long-term effects. Most schools in the US have closed or reduced in-person learning to minimize spread. And we know one of the concomitant things to that has been an increase in suicides amongst adolescents, substance misuse and increased medical and ER visits for behavioral and mental health disorders. And this has also highlighted known health disparities in the way we provide services or access to services for these issues. We do know that the spread of COVID-19 in schools remains low. However, virtual schooling, keeping students out of schools in person has had a negative impact on academic achievement. In-person learning is very important for enhancing the social-emotional skills of these age group. It provides exercise and food security and access to mental health and other support services through the schools. As I mentioned, the pandemic we know has disproportionately impacted marginalized communities in the infection rates, the health inequities and access to both testing and vaccines. And we know that 20% of teens lack a computer or internet connection at home. At TOPS, we've responded to the COVID-19 very early on, working with our local cities of Somerville and Medford to open up our campus to provide, during the summer, places for first responders and even COVID-positive patients to be housed. We learned a lot from that and we set up a number of committees, including my own office, the Office of the Vice Provost for Research, Caroline Jenko, who's with us today, our Technology Services Office, Health Services and Government Relations to think about the number of areas where we need to get ready to open up our campus in the fall and that included in particular surveillance testing. We worked with the colleges across Massachusetts and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT to set up surveillance testing, usually twice a week or once a week testing, individual testing for all students, especially residential students and faculty and staff that were working on our campuses. This slide shows the test positivity throughout the fall semester and up to current times for the state of Massachusetts. This is the number of positives out of the number of tests that have been administered across the state. The dark blue line shows that our current rate is 1.7% and you can see here the post Halloween or post Thanksgiving or Christmas and then the peak around January 1st and the steady decline since then plateauing at around 1.7% currently. What you can also see here is the massive amount of testing that has gone on in higher education using the program I outlined. You can see the weekly cadence of testing with fewer tests being done on the weekends and then in dark blue here at the bottom, you can see the number of cases. If you subtract out from the 1.7%, that is the total test positivity for Massachusetts. If you subtract out of that, the higher education, you get a higher rate, which is significantly higher because higher education has been able to keep the test positivity 10 fold lower than the state by surveillance testing quite frequently. At Tufts, we've been able to do about 18,800 tests per week and we've run over 420,000 tests since August. This provides a lot of data about viral spread on our campuses and our off-campus residences as well. All faculty, staff and students attending any Tufts University campus is required to participate in the surveillance testing as well as wear masks and provide other healthcare protocols as you've heard. Over the last seven days, we've had 15 positives through this out of 15,506 tests for a test positivity of 0.1%. It was very important for us in the fall to think about how working with our local municipalities of Somerville and Medford, how could we share the resources and expertise that we had created and generated to keep our community safe? How could we share that with our municipalities to help them address the logistical and regulatory requirements to open up K-12 schools? We did this by providing test sites within the K-12 schools for COVID-19 testing. We used a dry swab method, the method that's been used by the Broad Institute and we conducted training by school nurses, nursing students and EMTs to provide this type of screening and surveillance testing in the K-12 schools starting late in the fall semester and currently now in the spring semester. We've been engaging with our local communities and this slide shows how we've been supporting that reopening and you see there's eight schools in Medford, 11 schools in Somerville and it shows some of the demographics of those school districts which are very similar to the state. I would note that Somerville has a much higher percentage of Hispanic students and families compared to the state and then a concomitant decrease in the number of white students and I think an increase in economically disadvantaged students and families in that district. We have switched from individual testing at $25 a test to pool testing which is similarly priced $25 for a pool test because limited resources in schools made us require a more cost effective method than individual testing. We knew that this would be a barrier so Caroline Jenko who's with us worked on volunteers in Tufts to figure out a pool testing method that would work with the Broad. We're currently using 10 to one pooling so here shows the cost per person in your surveillance cohort compared to the positivity rate in that cohort. Here in this blue rectangle is the current rates that we are experiencing on our campus and in the schools somewhere around 0.1 to 0.3% since the comeback in the spring semester and you can see that individual testing is quite expensive at $25 a test but if you can do 10 samples in a pool it's quite effective at $5 really about the cost per test. We decided to use the PCR test because it's the kind of gold standard and also because of its sensitivity allowed pooling of 10 individuals to a tube so that you could get equally sensitive, efficient and reliable results. So if there's 10 individuals in a tube when we get the results back from the Broad most of the pools will be negative and if we have a positive pool then in a second round which we call reflex testing one requests individual samples and then you can figure out who the positive student is begin isolation protocols, contact tracing and very importantly since we know that 90% of cases in Massachusetts are from households it allows us to help stop the spread within households. The both in Medford and Somerville and I think this is true across many school districts in Massachusetts split their cohorts when they came back into half the students being attending Monday and Tuesday and the other half of students attending Thursday and Friday with Wednesday being virtual learning. So we could collect pool samples on Monday for cohort A get the results back early on Tuesday if possible and then set up the individual reflex tests and similarly for cohort B on Thursday. In K to one we're doing administered swabbing either from school nurses or nurses in training or self-swabbing from grades two to 12. We've set up a technology platform led by Chris Sador at Tufts to support the scheduling the order submission, the labeling the results monitoring of large scale testing operations. Through this we've been able to reduce the cycling time so the arrival of a student to sample collection to departure is approximately two minutes so this is not a bottleneck for schools and the testing platform integrates well with both the school institutional systems as well as the testing platforms such as the Broad Institute. We can obtain detailed demographic information on testing participants to support the tracing of individuals in a positive pool but preserving subject confidentiality. At the beginning we did baseline testing of both Medford and public schools in Somerville. Medford opened up earlier so we got more tests done we did over 7,800 tests individually and in Somerville over a thousand and then we switched to pool testing where in Medford we've been doing over 1,200 pools so far in Somerville, less so because they were slightly later in getting started. Interestingly, we found very similar positivity rates to what we find on our surveillance testing of individuals on the Tufts campus showing that this is an effective method for identifying positives and following up. So we currently are continuing this engagement with our host communities. We're doing a lot of data analysis and we'll have a lot more data to analyze as we move forward on consent on how that features with the demographics of individuals in our surveillance testing program. We can define the incidence of transmission and how that relates to the broader community and particularly household spread and we'll be genetically sequencing positive samples to see how that relates to certain variants. We feel that answering these questions will be essential to ensure the equitable impact of surveillance testing in the community and help prepare us for the fall semester coming up. I'd like to thank my colleagues at Tufts here and also the Somerville and Medford public schools as well as the Mayor, Curt Atoney and Mayor Longo Kern who have been our partners as well as those at the Broad Institute. So I'll stop there, Margaret, and allow then the panel to take questions. Thank you. Thanks so much for laying that out for us. It can't have been an easy time to be leading a university in the middle of this, wow, this most unprecedented event. And I think the partnership between Tufts University and surrounding communities is so interesting in terms of providing resources to do some of this screening testing. So thank you so much for laying that out. I do wanna turn to Dr. KJ Sung of Partners in Health and helping with the contact tracing program in Massachusetts to lead a bit of a discussion here for folks who are interested in drawing from the experience of the K through 12 testing in Medford and Somerville. And to think a little bit with the panelists about how they stood that up, how you guys stood that up or the challenges, the day-to-day challenges, how it was received and how folks can go forward replicating it. KJ, over to you. Thank you, Margaret. Well, I mean, I'll just briefly say that as somebody who has been working on the contact tracing program in the state, I am just personally really excited to see the sort of screening program being scaled up in school districts. And I know that a lot of Boards of Health, the DPH have been really looking at what was being piloted in Somerville with a lot of interest. And so very happy to see to pick the brains of both Mayor Kodetone and Vice Provost Junko here today. Maybe we can start with Mayor Joe. You could tell us just maybe introduce yourself a little bit and maybe just speak a little bit about this program, how it started and how it's been going. Great, thank you. And to you, KJ, Dr. Bordeaux, all the panelists, certainly my good friend. And I just want to give a shout out to Anthony Monaco, the president of Tufts. He has been an unheralded leader from the academic side. No offense to my good friend, Larry Back, our Harvard, Tony Monaco from the very beginning. He's not even outspoken. He's reached out, he's partnered. He's been innovative and creative. And I think in the community does as well as the Vice Provost, Caroline Janko, you know what motivated us to understand how we could execute our responsibilities to interrupt the transmission of virus from person to person is a public health crisis. And we're oriented by one goal and still are today, keep our community healthy, safe and alive. Today we have 77 people who have died as a result of COVID and some of whom we know Massachusetts has a fourth highest COVID death rate in the nation. And in the context of schools, we want to make sure is how do we do it and request to the Commonwealth and Desi, the Department of Early and Secondary Education and getting guidance in consultation weren't received or were not responded to. So we turn to our allies and folks like Tony Monaco and others to understand how do we understand how the pandemic is evolving, not just in our community, but within each individual classroom. How do we build upon what other universities were already doing there, over 110 colleges universities by late summer had contracted with the Broad Institute. How do we leverage that expertise to get our schools not only open in a safe way for everyone, our educators, our staff, our students, and the families in our most vulnerable neighborhoods and allow them to be open, remain open in a sustainable way. We did not want to have to go to a whack-a-ball approach. There's a case in a classroom, the whole school closes down and we're all dead clean in the school. We know that's not effective. So that led us to really seek out again, prioritizing opening schools, saving sustainably, helping us to identify how we can isolate asymptomatic students and teachers. That was critical. We knew that at the time. Summable at that time was the first city in the Commonwealth to actually test asymptomatic members of our community, the general public without charge and publishable Cambridge Health Alliance. We know testing has been or continue to be an important tool to fight the pandemic.  We already guided so many or else, some plans to figure it out. And that's why we undertook the plan to seek the expertise and the plan to allow us to give us the tools. And I hope I get to answer a question that Q and A as well as the filtration piece to tools to craft for the pandemic, no matter what was going on in our neighborhoods and community in terms of transmission, although that's relevant, but we would know real time within a classroom, within a cohort, what was happening and people to continue and interrupt that transmission. Thank you, Mayor. And Dr. Jenko, I know you've been really, we've been working so hard on this pilot project for many, many months. Maybe you could tell us a little bit about what that experience has been like. Thank you, Kay Jane. Thank you for the invitation to serve on the panel. So I have to say that one of the fantastic aspects of this project is really the partnership, the partnership between our host communities where our campuses set and that's Summerville and Medford. I'd also like to acknowledge the partnership with the Broad Institute. And so, you know, when as President Monaco indicated, and we spent a lot of time putting together protocols to bring our students back to campus in the fall of 2020. And we had the infrastructure to be able to do that and we had the partnership with the Broad Institute, but we realized that we could certainly help our host communities by applying the technologies that we had and kind of the brain power that we had at Tufts to help our host communities. And so really this idea came from President Monaco in August of 2020. How can we help our host communities? Can we start to look at pool testing? And at the time in the summer of 2020, no one had really tested the ability of pool testing to work using a dry swab method that the Broad had developed. So we put together a quick IRB protocol to test this in our student population and we got great consent. We consented over 2,000 students to participate in this pool testing pilot. And we showed very quickly within three weeks that it actually worked. And so then we started to operationalize it with our host communities. And I have to tell you, extremely rewarding to be able to work together with our host communities to make a difference in the communities. Now, early on in the fall of 2020, we were doing individual testing, using again the Broad PCR based testing modality. And part of our rationale for that was to establish baseline because these students were just starting to come back, many of them in a hybrid model. And we wanted to establish baseline of what positivity rates were in those students. And so for about a month, we did baseline individual testing of both students and staff. And I should say, we started first with the staff. We were doing individual testing with the staff for a couple of weeks to get them comfortable with it. We went on site as President Monaco indicated and trained those school nurses. We were also able to get some nursing students from Northeastern to participate as well as EMTs. And so we felt very comfortable. And I think the teachers and the staff felt comfortable that this would work. And then we transitioned over into pool testing in the new year in 2021. And I can tell you that really what was fundamentally important is the IT infrastructure to do that testing. And that was developed again at Tufts. I'd say in Medford, we have had fantastic consent, 85% of the parents consent to have their kids come to be part of this surveillance testing. I know in Somerville, it's a bit different because in Somerville, students have to be tested to be able to come back to campus. So I don't have the consent rates there, but I'd say in general, the consent has been great. One of the problems that we've had is some of our kids don't have email addresses. Their parents don't have email addresses. Obviously they don't have internet access or computer access. So one of the requirements to be part of our surveillance program is to have an email address so that the parent can be notified. Now, in the case the pool is positive, all the individual parents in that pool would be contacted. The kids come back in for reflex testing and the reflex testing is either the PCR based testing or the rapid antigen testing. And all the contact tracing is done by the school districts. So in general, I can say that from an operational standpoint, it's worked really, really well. One of the things that we're working on right now is most of the kids are tested throughout the day. We're trying now to test the kids as soon as they come in. And the reason we wanna do that is that the test, the results will come back much quicker. So if kids are not tested till the middle of the day, those samples aren't sent to the road, we don't get the results back till maybe the next day. So we're trying to operationalize it now so that most of the kids are tested as soon as they come to school. And it varies by school district. In some school districts, kids are tested in the cafeteria and the gym and their classroom. Again, it varies by school district. And then in some schools, we pool classes together. And in other school districts, it's more random. In general, we've been mixing teachers and staff with students because we don't wanna put all of our staff or all of our teachers in one pool because if we have a positive pool, more of those teachers and more of those students will be out. So I'd say that a lot of what we're doing now is optimizing for each school what works best for those schools. Thank you, Dr. Janko. I'm glad that you're really touching on some of these operational issues. So I'd like to ask the mayor too, because that's really, I think that's the major questions that school districts have, who haven't started this yet. It really does seem intimidating. Really, what were the major operational problems that schools were encountering and how did they address those problems? So that's a good question. And carrying over from one of the vice provost just mentioned, it gives good context in the answer to this when we were thinking about how to set up the program or what program would help us achieve our goals. For example, what would be the test and modality? And I think that's all embodied in this question and the answer is in the fall of 2020, the city, we had already set up an incident command structure system, the only city in the Commonwealth to do so back at the beginning of 2020 in advance of understanding how the pandemic would possibly hit us and what modeling was telling us, but that structure allowed us to be ahead of things, to understand what the best informed experts in science is telling us what we should be looking at in the context of schools, to not only open schools, but be sustainably open. So in the fall of 2020, our staff conducted an exhaustive research of the test available at the time. In fact, we evaluated 20 different, 23 different approaches, from saliva to anterior nasal and we evaluated flexibility, sustainability, acceptability, reliability, ability to test minor, rapid results, all things that, when you think about operationalized and execute, you have to consider, but the end again, we landed on the opportunity provided by Tufts and the Broad to use a clue testing protocol, which was by far the most favorable. And it is labor intensive. Some of the public schools is currently recruiting right now, 36 individuals to run the testing program for a school who would replace the current staff. It's an all hands on deck approach though. So currently we supplemented, supported our efforts with staff who are part of that incident command system, because it's been all hands on deck beyond our traditional roles and duties and the municipality and the schools to fight the pandemic. And we're recruiting other individuals to support that effort. And there's cost involved, we get relief on that coming right now from the federal government. So getting everyone registered and ensuring that they're moving through the process, as has been alluded to, is in a physically distant way. It's probably the most staff intensive thing, but as part of our efforts, we're also gonna be hiring or recruiting, hiring a COVID ops manager, just to make sure we have enough oversight and execution of plans at the nine sites, especially as we move towards five days a week in person learning. Thank you, that's a really good point. Sometimes we focus in the public health, well, the cost of this program is just the cost of the testing. But I think what you're making a good point, there's other costs here that school districts have to think about, including additional staff. And I think we're coming towards the end here, but I'd like to ask both of you, what overall has been the response of the teachers and the parents? This has got to be very new experience for both of those really important groups of people. Maybe later you could go first and then Dr. Janko, you could go next. Well, we've actually conducted surveys of our staff. I'll say overall response has been very positive from the public, from the people working in the schools because everyone wants to be safe. We're not fighting each other here.  I have two kids in the sum of the public schools. I'm more than anyone, while my kids in the schools, and there are those who have kids with higher needs, and I can't understand what even they're going through. We have a lot to do as a society to not only help them get back to where they were but advance, and it is immeasurable impacts as we know it in our children, but we all want to be safe. We're fighting the pandemic here and people want to feel safe. So we actually surveyed staff participating in the program, and that shows that assurance testing, that assurance testing increases their sense of safety in returning to school. So you more than 45% say the weekly assurance testing program is very reassuring to them and the safety of being in-person learning and almost about 34% say they're modeling reassurance, almost 80% of staff. And you have to have confidence from the people, all our stakeholders and allies, no matter what one expert or a mayor or academic institutional academic president will say, we have, they have to have confidence that we're all for the best interest and guided by the health and safety and well-being of everyone in the community and keeping people alive. No one wants to be the person that gets someone else infected. And we surely don't want to be a case. We know in-school transmission has happened. In fact, most schools were closed and they weren't, that's to come what was not testing asymptomatic kids. And what we don't want to have in some of our community is to have a case transmitted to an intergenerational household of a home in one of our most vulnerable neighborhoods in our community where people are dying at higher rates than most of us on this call. And that's why it builds confidence and helps us get, not just for the pandemic, but for the long run as well. I hope you can ask me that other question in the Q and A after the vice provost talks. Cage, I just wanted to add that I think in general, I would agree with the mayor that it's been a very, very positive reaction to doing the pool testing. And what I can tell you, as we started to do the testing and realize that the rates are very, very, very low, I think it assures all the parents and the teachers that in fact, this is true, that the transmission is quite, quite low in the classroom. So I think just starting to get more information and data, there's more confidence in folks coming back to the classroom. But the one thing that I'd like to just kind of close on is while this has all been really positive, we're still missing a group of parents and kids who aren't consenting to doing surveillance testing. And we're really interested in trying to understand what are the barriers to having parents consent to have their kids be part of these pooled surveillance programs, because I think that will also teach us a lot about vaccine hesitancy. And again, it seems to be that hesitancy is higher and more at risk communities. And so we think that by trying to understand what is it and to do that, I think we need to have more engagement with parents and our communities and try to understand what are the barriers and how can we help to facilitate getting those kids tested? Because that's the one thing that I worry about the most, who are we actually really missing? We have the pool testing up, we know how to do the PCR, we know what we have the IT infrastructure in place. We have all the parts to make it happen, but we are still missing some kids. And I think it's important for us to try to understand who we're missing and how we can get them to be part of these programs. This has really been a fascinating discussion. And I think we're really benefiting from your early experience doing these sorts of programs. I think we're going to get a lot more experience in the state. Margaret, I think we'll kick it back to you to close this out. Thank you so much. And I think that the two of you, Mayor Carditoni and Vice Provost Jenko, you have really highlighted some important points here. Partnerships, to stand up a screening testing program really does require a pretty robust set of partnerships from the lab that's going to do the test, what modality they're going to use, the workers that are going to perform the testing, the IT involved, and then also the partnership with the community and explaining what's going to happen. And I think, KJ, if you were on for a few more moments, you'd probably also echo that issue that one of the biggest issues that we, I know through the contact tracing program have really honed in on is the need to explain to people what's going to happen if they get a positive test and to reassure them that they're going to receive their support that they need in order to stay away from others for a certain period of time until they're no longer infectious. And I think that that, instilling confidence in people that it's going to be okay, that they can make their way through a period of either isolation and they're going to receive that support is also really a critical ingredient here. But there's also a lot we don't understand about how folks are responding to various COVID response measures that we need to study further. So I just will wrap up with an enormous thank you to everyone who has presented today. I mean, these are very, very, very tough moment here. And everyone who has come and leaned in with what they have to offer is just to be absolutely applauded. So I really appreciate everyone participating and hopefully we'll see folks next time.


All right, let's see, we want to talk about, so I think we've talked about kind of the outline of what's going on in Iran. It's good to remind you the Iranian regime which came to power in 1979 by deposing the Shah of Iran. It is a, it's a theocratic regime. It's a regime that from the beginning has crushed its opposition. It's interesting, again, I don't know how much you know about Iranian history, but when the Atul Khomeini came to power originally, he allied himself with the left. He allied himself with the socialist left, and he promised social reform, he promised a welfare state, he promised to help the poor, and many on the left, including many French intellectuals of the left, supported Khomeini as he came to power, and the left, the secular socialist left, was actually very powerful in Iran, and many of those students who were demonstrating, who were supporting the revolution, who were out there, were not Islamist nuts, they were actually secular leftists. But of course, as soon as Khomeini achieved power, he immediately made sure to eliminate that element of, you called it, his coalition for power, and he basically killed, murdered many of these Iranian leftist leaders who had supported him and had helped the revolution come about in Iran. Khomeini instituted an authoritarian dictatorship, ethiocracy, ethiocracy where he, Khomeini, was the supreme leader who was supreme leader for life. There were nominal elections, but the candidates for the elections had to be approved by a council of clergymen, a council of Islamic imams, this is still true to this day, so only those who were approved by the religious authorities could run for president, they were chosen to election, there was a parliament, again, where all candidates were approved by the theocrats, by this council of clergy, by the council of imams, and for 40, what is it now, 43 years, this has been one of the most brutal, one of the most authoritarian, totalitarian, one of the most oppressive, barbaric regimes on planet earth. They have, you know, tortured, imprisoned thousands and thousands of people, they have murdered, they used to actually have in their budget, in their official budget, they used to have a light item called terrorism, international terrorism, where they would fund international terrorist groups around the world. After they were sued in the United States over terrorist activities, they took that line item off, but they are, they have been the largest fund of terrorism in the world for decades, since really the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. Iran has been, and you know, George Bush called it the axis of evil, it has been the most, I would say, evil regime in the world for the last, over the last 40-something years, I mean, it's a close call with North Korea, I guess. There are no, there's no freedom of speech, there's certainly no freedom of religion, there are no economic freedoms, basically the country is a totalitarian, authoritarian nightmare, and it has been so for 43 years, 43 years in which the West started out by loving, you know, many Western intellectuals, really admired the Islamist ideology partially because of its implicit socialism partially because it was a rejection of the Shah, which was viewed as a right-wing authoritarian, and the Shah of Iran, who was there before the revolution. And then later on, as the West might have condemned some of the so-called excesses of the administration, they continued to negotiate, they continued to trade, they continued to treat Iran as a regular member of the called global community, world community. Iran has often been, I guess, chair of the Human Rights Commission of the UN. The Iranians have been treated just as any other country in the world. In more recent times, there have been sanctions against Iran, sanctions go in and out over time. The sanctions were imposed in Iran primarily because there was evidence that the Iranians were developing nuclear weapons and they were hiding this fact and not allowing the various regulators of nuclear power to come in and check. So sanctions were imposed on Iran, but then there were negotiations, sanctions were lifted somewhat and then were imposed again. And on and off we go with no principle, no guiding principle, no idea of what you're dealing with. And it continues today. Every few years, every few years there is an attempt with Iran to reject the authoritarian regime, to reject the totalitarianism imposed on them, whether it is a student rebellion as there was in the late 2000s, early 20s, particularly during the Obama years, or whether it is economic as it was during the Trump administration where millions and millions of Iranians went out into the street, I think it was 2019. Every few years there is, and of course there was demonstrations early on in the Khomeini administration in the early 1980s, early 1980s. Those were crushed brutally. The grandmothers of the kids that are demonstrating today were killed and brutalized and imprisoned back then. It was already very much a woman-led kind of movement partially because a lot of these religious Islamic dictates affect women more than they do men.  They are brutal. In 2019 it is thought that about 1500 Iranians were killed in the streets. And generally the West's attitude towards all of these has been mealy-mouthed, general vague notions of support, and at the same time business as usual, negotiating, buying oil, treating Iran as again a civilized part of the world community, or in an era of sanctions, continuing to deal with them, while Donald Trump in both sanctions in Iran took the U.S. out of the Iranian nuclear deal, which was a good thing, he then spent most of his demonstrations time in terms of dealing with Iran in trying to get them back to the negotiating table because Donald Trump is the great negotiator and he thought he could cut a better deal. So there was no, there was none of this idea of we don't deal with evil, we don't negotiate with evil. Any deal we have with these guys would be a disaster. And indeed when the 2019 demonstrations were happening in Iran, it wasn't like the Trump administration was cheerleading and supporting them and maybe sending them, I don't know, stealth weapons or whatever. You know, the easiest, best thing for America would be an internal revolution in Iran to get rid of a regime, a regime that is not just being hostile to its own people, but a regime that's being hostile to Americans, being hostile to American interests, but more importantly, hostile to American lives. This is a regime that has killed Americans over and over and over and over and over again. And we do nothing about it. We do nothing about it. And then we don't support the demonstrators who could actually save us a war by actually getting rid of this regime and replacing it. But no, we don't want to take too strong of a moral stance on issues like this. Anyway, one of the requirements of Sharia law as interpreted by the Mullahs in Iran is that women should not be seen in public exposing their hair, their, you know, their, their hair, their head, they need to be covered. They don't require the covering of the face necessarily, but they do require the covering of the head and the hair. It turns up, this is, I think, based on scientific evidence that the Mullahs in the sheiks in Iran have a reference, that when men see women's hair, they go nuts.  And of course, it's not the men's fault. They're just like that. We're, you know, we're just wired to rape and pillage as soon as we see a strand of a woman's hair. So it is the women's responsibility to cover up as to prevent us, animals as we are, from going berserk and raping them. Now you might laugh at all this. You might think this is pretty ridiculous. But this is, this is the way they rationalize this. And by the way, it's the way ultra orthodox Jews rationalize the same thing. You know, you're not supposed to shake hands with a woman.  And it's not because of anything the woman has done or, I mean, there is some issue about women maybe have a period and therefore they were unclean and you don't want to touch a woman who's quote, unclean. But mostly it's to prevent men from doing something they might regret because they touched a woman or because they saw a strand of a hair or God forgive God, you know, forgive an ankle or knee or something like that. Yeah, ultra orthodox Jews, ultra orthodox. No, orthodox a little better. But even orthodox Jews are pretty crazy about this stuff.  They'll always have a kind of they either wear a wig, when you see ultra orthodox Jewish women not without a hair covering, they're wearing a wig. So they have to have some covering. Anyway, the whole thing is bizarre. But a lot of it has to do with these, this notion of men of women as being fundamentally seductresses and women fundamentally bringing out the sexual in the men, which I guess is true, some men anyway, but women, you know, being the seducer and men being unable, weak to resist the temptation and you know, goes back to the Garden of Eden where, you know, the woman is seduced by the snake to eat the apple Eve. And then she goes to Adam and he just, he can't resist the her charms and eats from the apple and commits this great sin of knowledge. And so it all goes back to Eve. The Garden of Eden is, is after all the founding myth of so much of the judo so-called judo Christian tradition. But yes, so in Iran, women have to cover up. They have to go to school, cover it up. They have to, when they go to work, they have to be covered up. They, when they walk in the streets, they have to be covered up. Now, there's no question that Iran has a pretty modern youthful culture, their parties, they are often held by the heads, you know, by senior people within the state where women are dressed sexually and women dress in all kinds of ways that are not reflective of this. But that's done so-called in secret. That's not official. That's in the underground. That's, and theoretically the punishment for that is severe. So a woman by the name of Masa Amini who was occurred was not clear exactly how much of her she was revealing, but she obviously did not wear the burqa according to the way the authorities would require it. She was arrested, she was beaten, she was murdered by the state authorities. That murder has sparked a whole series of protests around Iran. In the beginning it was primarily around her murder and it was primarily around the idea of a burqa. And it was primarily women, you know, demonstrating against the nature of this regime as oppressing them. But this grew. And women and girls, and you can see stunning videos of girls from Iran demonstrating at schools and universities and in the streets where they're taking off their burqas. And now it's beyond just, let me wear what I want to wear.  She was 22 for showing a little bit of hair.   It has now become at least a call for revolution if not a revolution itself. It has become about liberty, about freedom, more than just what women can wear, what women can say. It has become what we as individuals can and cannot do. It has become about individual liberty. And again primarily women are demonstrating, primarily girls are demonstrating. I mean the courage of 15, 16, 17, 18 year old girls in high school taking off their hijab on video, sometimes cutting their hair, yelling and screaming about the need to change a regime.  And indeed, seeing a number of videos of 15 and 16 year olds who have been killed, who the regime had taken into 15, 16 year old. The story is, I mean it's hard to verify these things, but the story is that she was arrested, raped repeatedly, beaten to death and buried. Her body was never recovered by her family because the regime did not want the family to see the brutality with which she was treated. We're talking about a 15 year old girl.  Think about your sister.  Because they want liberty, because they want freedom. Girls are disappearing regularly. Hundreds have been killed already. And girls are disappearing regularly. Many girls are protesting, but with their backs to the camera so that the camera doesn't capture their face because the regime takes those photographs, finds them, arrests them. And as I said, treats them with the worst kind of brutality possible. I mean, I know why anybody is surprised here that they would be raping. After all, they're just doing what men do when women tempt them. That's their ideology. That's their belief system. That is the barbarism, the sheer barbarism of dogmatic religious belief, the sheer barbarism of Islam in Iran today. This is a barbaric ideology, a barbaric religion. And these girls are getting killed. These girls are getting raped. These girls are disappearing. And what is the world's attitude? I mean, there's a little bit of condemnation here and there. Some French actresses have gone on video and cut their own hair in solidarity. And I appreciate that. And that is good for them. That brings attention to the issue. But where are the world leaders? Where's Macron? Where's whoever runs Germany these days? Where's Joe Biden? Where's the Republicans? Where are the voices of the political leaders of the world condemning this, telling Iran to go to hell, shutting them down? I think the Biden administration today put sanctions on seven Iranian officials. I mean, what does that even mean when we've had sanctions on Iran for decades? And I don't know. I'm not saying we should go to war over this. But where's the moral outrage? Where's the bully pulpit? Where is the... We won't have anything to do with Iran. We won't have anything to do with the regime that treats its own people this way. Where are the Republican women? Where are the leftists? I mean, I have to say that looking at Twitter, and now this is not scientific, this is me just scrolling down Twitter, I barely see any condemnation from anybody famous. And if I do see condemnation, it's from the left, not from the right. And it's from women, not from men. Where's the outrage? Where is the condemnation? Now, I get it. So Larry Elder in California, he used as an opportunity to slam the leftists, the leftists, the Democratic leftists who are not speaking out. What are they called? Those four congresswomen. What do they call them? Not the gang, the something, you know, and they're not condemning it. So Larry Elder used this to slam them for not condemning it. But okay, fine. But where are the Republicans condemning this? Where's everybody? Where are the voices? The squad. The squad. Where is... I get it that the squad is not going to condemn this because the squad are half of them are Muslim and sympathetic to Islam. But where's everybody? Why isn't Congress outraged? Why are political leaders speaking up?  Really?  This is a regime in response to what they're doing right now. Any decent half-human political leadership would say, we don't want to have anything to do with you. We're not going to negotiate anything with you. We're not going to negotiate a nuclear deal with you.  And by the way, if you start building nuclear weapons, we will bomb them out of existence, whatever the cost. But no. The fact is that we live in a world where if you don't slot it in nicely into left or right issue, nobody cares. Nobody cares. I mean, if this was leftist doing it to conservatives, everybody would be outraged. If this was conservatives doing it to leftists, everybody would be outraged. But it's not clear. It's Islamists. And of course, nobody wants to criticize religion. Everybody's afraid to criticize religion, particularly the religionists, who should be the most outraged people of all, right? Supposedly. They're supposedly moral. They supposedly want to protect women. Evangelicals, Catholics. Where are they? Evangelicals and Catholics. Where are they?  I don't see it. I scan Twitter. I scan Twitter every day. I'm looking for it. Where's Elon Musk? Where's anybody? Anybody? A voice. A voice to defend these young girls. 15, 16, 17, 18-year-olds and women. Todd, thank you. Todd, $500. Wow. That's amazing and generous. He says, thank you for my three daughters. I am disgusted. Good for you for being disgusted. We should all be disgusted. And we should all be demanding. Well, on every issue, but better for our political leaders. It is so disheartening.  I kind of get it. It was China. They were super, you know, they've got nukes. They were a powerful country. And we trade with them.  And I don't know. And it was stealth.  They just took away their liberties quietly, quickly, effectively. But Iran, why does anybody care? Why is anybody afraid of them? It truly is one of the most, if not the most barbaric regimes on the planet.  I encourage you to watch the videos. Go to Twitter. Find the videos of the demonstrations. Like them. Retweet them. Show your support by liking and retweeting and getting them out. I'm liking and retweeting a lot of the videos. And I hope when you see them on my stream, you like and retweet them and keep them going. You know, there are all kinds of videos. I mean, the videos of the morality police, right? In Iran, trying to arrest somebody and a woman kind of stepping in and saving him and him running away and other men come and help him out and fight with the police. And there's some real examples of fantastic acts of courage that are showed in these videos.  It's so inspiring to see young people standing up for their own freedom, for their own liberty. You know, we are so spoiled in a sense in the U.S. We take our liberties. We take our freedoms of granted. We quibble and argue about the smallest of things. I mean, often important, but the smallest of things. And here are women fighting for the real, for actual elementary, elementary, the basic freedoms. We should support them in any way that we can. And one easy way is to like and retweet the videos and the expressions of their courage. It's inspiring. So I encourage you to watch it. I, you know, what you're going to see in the next few days, I expect, is a lot of death. A lot of death. It was already 80 something people were killed in, you know, in, I think, in a province in Iran where the security forces opened fire on a demonstration. I think man are going to join the demonstrations, but people are going to just get killed. And it's going to be really, really, really, it's going to be horrific. And we'll see.  Iran has no access to internet. Somebody sent me an email from Iran. He says, I listened to your show, Iran. And you're usually right, but unless you were wrong, we all have VPNs. We figured out ways around this. We have servers. We have this. We have that. We are getting the internet. We're getting stuff out there. And of course, these videos are testament to the fact that people are using their phones, taking videos, putting them up online, finding ways to put them up online. And it's an amazing thing. And, you know, the courage is amazing. And it's going to get very, very brutal out there. So it would be amazing, amazing if this turned into a real revolution, if this regime was overthrown. I just don't see it. When you go back and you study what happened during the Shah, three things happened with the Shah that made his overthrow inevitable. One, he was weak. He came out and said, I understand the demonstrators. They've got a point. And then he didn't really, you know, push out the security police to brutalize them. So he was weak. Second, oil workers in the oil fields of Iran stopped working in support of the Islamic revolution, right? In a position to the Shah. So the money spigots were shut down. There was no oil produced. Third, the markets, not financial markets, but the markets, the physical markets where trade has happened, the merchants shut their stores. They went on strike in support of the revolution. Today in Iran, the oil fields are controlled by the military, by the National Guard, by the Iranian National Guard, Republican Guard. It's hard to believe that they will go and strike. The consequences to them would be horrific. The marketplace is religious. The merchants are religious. There's no indication that they're going to join this. This is primarily young people. This is the next generation. This is their time. But do they have the capacity, the political leverage? Do they have support within the military, within the police, within somebody in government? Is there support somewhere that can help overthrow the regime? I just don't know. I just don't think so. I think this will be another wasted moment. And of course, given that they're not getting the support, they're not getting the encouragement, they're not getting the moral encouragement from the West, it's hard to see. It's hard to be hopeful for them. It just, it looks pretty futile. It's their future. They'll fight for it. But how long, how much, how many people have to die? Thank you for listening or watching the Iran Book Show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star locals, and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those, any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran Book Show grow, please consider sharing our content and of course, subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get an announcement when we go live. 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