There we go. It is unmuted now. Sorry about that. All right so Even though every file is only 96 bytes as you have discovered in lab 6 it will still consume an entire block. So even though It's small still consumes a block So each file will consume one block and then a file is represented by an inode So each file will need a hundred and twenty-eight bytes for the inode plus 4096 bytes for the block. So that is how many bytes I need per file, which is 4224 and then since I have a thousand files, it's just that number times a thousand So in total I need well That many bytes to store all of the files, even though they consume a lot less So you need something for the bitmaps if you really want to if you want to go into like deep-deep thought I guess but But then you don't know if all the inodes are contiguous and so on and so forth So you could do that as long as it seems like you know what you're doing And you have these two numbers included then probably fine All right, so as for the previous question. Oh, how many bytes are lost due to internal fragmentation? You may say zero bytes if that is the case. So how much space are we wasting to internal fragmentation? Yeah, so for each file Well each file gets a whole block which is 4096 But it only uses 96 bytes of that So if I subtract 96 that means I have lost 4,000 bytes due to internal fragmentation per file, and if I have a thousand files Well, I multiply that by a thousand which means I lose four Million bytes due to internal fragmentation. Yeah No, so each of them they will not share a block Because well, they'll be mapped to a page in memory at some point eventually whatever it wants to read it in and Then you might get in the case where well if they're sharing a block Well, you can only read one block in the memory So you can actually read the contents of another file even if you don't have access to it because you're just reading a block So they all need to be on separate blocks all right so question four came up and This is how I came up with this question. It's because I started copying files And you know like in Windows Explorer It'll show you how fast the progress is going and then I hit a bunch of small files And then I just saw the progress just I was like oh Students in the course could explain this now especially if I set it up like this So question says why might copying a directory containing a single large file be faster than copying a directory with many small files Even if the total size of the small files is less than the size of the large file Yeah, so if I have a single large file, what do I actually have to copy? Well, I have to copy one i node which is pretty small and then I have to copy. I don't know say it Fills almost like a thousand blocks. Well, then I copy one i node and then a thousand blocks and Since it's one large file Well, the last block might have a bit of internal fragmentation, but overall it'll probably be negligible So I essentially have zero fragmentation because it's all one big file Well, if I just have I don't know say Let's say I have even more. Let's say I have five thousand small files. Well That's five thousand i nodes plus Five thousand blocks even if each file only uses like one or two bytes of the block But it's still going to need to copy over the entire block And it won't count towards the progress of copying a file because like windows will only tell you how fast it is It actually copying the contents of the file not anything else associated with it So in this case the size of the i node could be bigger than the actual Contents of the file you actually care about so it might it might actually spend most of its time copying the i nodes and Taking more time doing that and just having more blocks Even though that this might only use like, you know 5,000 bytes in total across all the files because each file needs an i node and each One of them also need a block. It's going to be really really slow. So questions about that Yeah, so So disk usage well depending on however you report it Sometimes operating systems will lie to you and say files consume a block whenever you look at like disk usage Even though it's not technically true, but they're consuming blocks So it depends on the file systems and whatever your operating system wants to tell you so likely it'll just tell you it's full and Kind of hide details for you, but yes, you'll run out of space much faster if you have a bunch of small files So you run out of space before you expect Alright, so any other questions about that part? Alright, so next one Assume an i node has 12 direct blocks and one I guess this should be clarified One single indirect block whoops that word should be moved up One single indirect block What is the maximum file size in kilobytes that can be supported? You may skip the file calculation if you don't have a calculator or you forgot it or whatever so Go back up. So I will copy the relevant information So my page size or block size, I guess I should say in this context Is equal to 2 to the 12 and then my pointer size? Was equal to 4 bytes or 2 to the 2? So what is the maximum size of the file? I can support if I have 12 direct blocks and then one single indirect block Yeah, so well through the 12 direct blocks Well, I could point to 12 blocks and they're 4 kilobytes each so through just the direct point Direct pointers I could store up to was at 48 kilobytes But through the indirect block that's probably where most of my pointers are so Assuming that I have no other metadata I need to figure out how many pointers I can fit on a block So that's just block size divided by pointer size. Whoops. That was the wrong tool So it's just block size divided by pointer size Which means I can fit Two to the ten pointers on a block. So using that single indirect block I can point up to two to the ten more things so in total I can point to 12 blocks through the direct pointers plus another two to the ten which is 1024 and then each of them Points to a four kilobyte block so I could just multiply that by four So in that case, it's what 136 times four which is 4144 kilobytes is the maximum size of the file with this kind of scuffed I node. Yeah to the ten different thing so So the pointer size there are only four byte pointers four byte pointers. Yeah, not Yeah, not for for bit Yeah, no four byte pointers. Yeah for for bit. We would be in trouble questions about that Yep Yeah, indirect blocks. It's like one page table same concept Sorry. Yeah, it's just by definition. So if you look at the spec Especially in your lab six use an I node. So the first 12 pointers are all direct and then according to the spec Index 12 is the single indirect and then the next one is double and then the next one is triple So you just have to read the spec to know what to do That's real computing it in that shell and then you read the spec and that's wrong and then you work around it and Then you're pod racing All right, so next question is how many directories wait All right, this is already too late How many directories need to be accessed when attempting to read a file located in this path? home user uterano ec 353 labs grade dot txt assume that grade is a regular file. So how many directories do I need to go through I? Have one five Should be five. So what's the first directory always? Slash, what's the special name for slash? the root the root directory so Here it would be five. So I have to start The root directory Which would be slash and the only reason we know how to start there as it just gets a special I know number it's I know to and that is how we know where to start with a file system So we start at the root directory inside there. There would be the home directory So we would access home then site home would be user then side User would be uterano then side uterano would be ec 353 and then this is just a regular file. So in total we would access five directories because Well starts at the root directory All right next question is even more fun. So you think you should create a copy on right file system But someone who hasn't taken this class Says you don't need to because you can already do the same thing with hard links Explain to your friend why they are wrong What are the differences between file one and file two being hard links to the same I node and the concept of copy on right? Can I achieve copy on right using hard links? So hard link is no to I node Yeah, so if So if they are hard links then file one and file two Are actually pointing to the same I node and Then that tells us where to go to get all the contents. So if I try to modify file One and I save some changes and I try to access file two I'm gonna get those changes in file two. They're not going to be completely independent, which is what I want from copy on right I want them to be Independent, but I also want them to share share blocks if they can but as soon as they Differ and one tries to write then I have to make an independent copy and make sure that well through both of the files They are both independent So answer to this is no if they are hard links if I change one I change the other with copy on right I want the two files to look like they are independent even though they are actually maybe sharing information and I cannot achieve copy on right using hard links Because well, they just refer to the same I node same contents. There's no way to actually share it So some file systems are copy on right file systems, but it's not achieved through using hard links It would essentially need to do what you do in like lab 3 So you need to keep track of what pages are being shared and if you modify them then you create a new copy update Whatever one changed it so on and so forth same concept Yeah, if I'm reading well essentially while they're the same I know that's the same contents So it's not like they're even really sharing pages. Anyways, you're just referring to the same thing But they're hard links then if you modify one the other one gets modified What do you mean? So they're both pointing to the same I node Yeah, you could point one way, but says you can you achieve it just using hard links only Yeah, you need files because if you make them independent that they both point to a different I node Now they're independent, but now they're not sharing data They're not sharing a But here they won't be sharing anything at all. This would point to like block 12 this would point to block 13 or something like that That's if we implemented a copyright So this is like I want to implement a copy on right file system without Changing any of the details of the file system just using regular old hard links. Can I implement it? But you're pointing it to a different I node, but you're not sharing blocks or anything Yeah, you're basically saying I Make them point to different I nodes and I implement copy on right therefore I can implement copy on right Yeah, you could do it, but not just through I nodes So we got that Yeah Yeah, if you could if you just explain copy on right and you do it and like explain how you do it That's fine because yeah, it it can be interpreted in some different ways So this one was loosely marked if you actually told me how to implement copy on right using that as long as you said Same things. That's fine You'll be fine All right, so Should we do this threading question or carry on to something else Yeah, do we want to skip through some questions quick? So we got a threading question Then we have a lock question So carry on all right Then we have a locking question which has center for us Well, let's skip and then we have a memory allocation question And then we have a disk question That talks about raid and we have a file system question again And then we have virtual machine question, which is not going to be relevant to you So which one do we want to This in file system So yeah, we well, let's slip over to discs. All right. Well So inspired by the course and your data hoarding you decide to build yourself array you buy yourself eight hard drives They're four terabytes each What raid configuration would you use if you really really so there's two really's here So that's a clue really care about your data justify your answer Two separate copies, but raid so raid one is really really care So raid one is you make an exact copy of every disc So in this case if I have eight hard drives, I can tolerate Seven of them failing before I lose any data Sorry, so so raid one is just Every disc is exactly the same as one another No, it's a mirror of every single disc So raid one is a mirror of every single disc For some reason in the o-step book they call raid one raid ten But raid ten is actually a combination of raid zero and raid one Why they do that I don't know All right next one is what raid configuration would you use if you care about your data? But want more than four terabytes of total capacity So raid four is one we should always avoid because it is silly Anyone remember why raid four is silly? so Yeah, raid four and raid five are both the X or one So essentially one disc is used for parody, but in raid five or raid four We have a dedicated parody disc so it comes a bottleneck and raid five is the same idea except that parody is Distributed over the rest of the disc so we don't have a bottleneck So raid five is just a strictly better version of raid four So in this case we want raid five So if we have raid five How much total capacity can I use? 28 terabytes Yeah Yeah, essentially we use the capacity of one drive for parody information So we waste one drive so our total usable capacity is seven times four so if My math is correct that equals 28 terabytes So I can use 28 terabytes of usable space and I can tolerate one disc from failing So one disc fails no problem. I can chuck in another one and rebuild it So yet that is good justified So what rate configuration would you use if you only care about performance? Justify your answer state how much faster you read and write performance would be compared to a single disc Raid zero what's raid zero you to stripe that data across all the drives and How many Times more than a single disc am I going to improve my read and write performance with raid zero Eight times. Yeah, so I'll get eight times better performance, but if a single drive dies, I am now screwed so You get to benefit from all 32 terabytes of storage, but you know eight times read and write performance But if one fails you are now screwed so live fast die hard. All right cool Yep, that's it. So next one do we want to do this file system question All right one more quick that only took five minutes So you'll be using your knowledge of file systems to explain the differences between Ln and cp in terms of inodes and blocks Assume you have a file called my file that contains 2090 bytes The block size of the file system is 4096 so it fits on a single block as a hint I ran the Ln and cp commands and you'll find the output of LS after this so here I created Ln with just no extra arguments. This creates a hard link remember So my file and Ln should be pointing to the same inode which I can see that they do It's inode one oh one for both of these and then I see if I cp it well They don't point to the same inode. They get a different inode. It gets inode one oh two So first question says explain what happens on the file system when you run the Ln command Start your explanation with the new directory entry for Ln Dash file dot txt Yeah, so I knowed one oh one does not point to anything hard links is name pointing to an inode so we have a new directory entry for Something called Ln file dot txt Then we probably have to well if you want to go into excruciating detail We have to look at the entry for my file See what I knowed it refers to and then in this new entry we make Ln file also refer to inode 101 so Ln file dot txt that points to inode 101 and so does my file dot txt it points to inode 101 So they are both hard links So current directory we make a new entry for Ln dot txt It'd be a same assigned the same inode as my file on the inode itself Oh, it would also increment that link count by one which I didn't explicitly ask for in this question So if you said that I was happy there was no bonus marks for it Unfortunately, but would increase the number of links to that inode as well if you really want it to be super explicit about it Yes Name points to inode Yep, all right. So next one explain what happens in the file system if you run the cp command Start your explanation with the new directory entry for CP file dot txt. Yes Sorry Yeah, so first thing I would do I know points to the contents of file has all the metadata about it who owns it when it was modified all that fun stuff Yeah All right, so first one I create a new directory entry for cp file dot txt and then Well, next thing I need to do is I need to grab a new inode because I'm creating a new File that's just it's essentially kind of like fork It's supposed to be the exact copy of whatever that I am trying to copy from so I grab some new inode this case it was obviously 102 and then using that inode well, I would copy the data from Inode 101 and make 102 an exact copy of that and then Well, it points to a block. So I would have to in step two Grab a new block then I would need to on step three actually bite for bite copy the contents of of my files block zero copy my file Block zero to CP file block zero Make see make inode 102 point to that content and then I'm done now They are two separate copies that look are independent, but look exactly the same in terms of content The inode gets a deep copy sure Sure Yeah, too many words. So this was really wordy But yeah, if you say it gets a copy of everything such that it's independent or a deep copy and implies that that's fine All right, so that was six minutes. All right, which other question do we want to do? Lock this lock one. What's the center for us? This one. Yeah, there's locks and locking. So locks is mutex is locking with center for us Yeah, so yours is Your exam's appropriately named So yeah, this is just locking because I don't know So you're given four threads that get properly created and run. There's a bunch of garbage here No, this was similar to the one we saw So in this case, so we have I think by default. I just gave you Initialize gave you some functions and then gave you all the comments for them Yep, that was the solution. So Yeah, so we all forget them now, so we haven't initialized I said you can initialize your center for us to whatever value you want Huh? Oh, we're good Okay. All right, so we have four threads here thread one Calls f1 and then f2 thread 2 calls f3 and the comment says that this should run Only after f1 completes in thread 3 we have f4 that runs only after f1 completes In thread 4 we have f5 that should only run after f2 completes and then f6 that only runs after f3 and f4 complete so Using center for us. How would we make all of the comments true? So when we have a center for question, we should first think to ourselves Well, what do we want to prevent from executing? So in this? Should I prevent thread one from executing at all? No, no, it's good. It can just go full bore Should I prevent thread two from executing at all? Yes. Yes, so I should probably have a weight So I'll just uncommon it. So I'll need to wait on some center for so I'll just make one called SEM one So if I make one called SEM one All next I should probably argue about its initial value. So what should its initial value be? Zero because I want it to not continue. So thread or sorry Center for one All this right shorthand gets an initial value of zero possibly but Your library would probably quickly get more complicated than actually just doing center for us So next one thread three. Do I want to prevent thread three from executing? Yes. Yes Oh, well, I guess what I want it to wait on F one So it should be waiting on the same thing that F Or sorry that thread two is waiting on so this should also probably wait on SEM one and Current value is zero. So I prevent it from running All right thread for I need to prevent from running So should this be the same as SEM one or should it be a new center for? New center for I want to prevent it from running So I will have a SEM weight of SEM to and what should the initial value of SEM to probably be? Zero because I don't want to do anything All right. So now we're at this point. So SEM to equals zero so now Let's tackle fixing thread two from executing so Thread two should only execute after F one complete. So how do I make sure that thread two can actually call F three? Yeah Post after I'm done F one right so post All right. So if I just have one post there, is that good enough? So if I only have one post that would change the value from oops, sorry from zero to one and then well either thread Three or thread two will execute next say this one goes and Decrements it from one to zero and then it runs at four and now. Oh, guess what? Thread two can't run Yeah, so after F three what? So you you want You want to move this here You want to move this here. I'm not saying thread one has to run before thread three Yeah, well, that's what I just said. I said what if I move this line here essentially No thread three could unblock to your thread to yeah You could have a then both post if you want it'd be weird All right, so But that doesn't matter really right All right, so now we got this check and this checks right? We're good for those All right, let's tackle something else So We have a wait for some to So that wants to run only after f2 completes so Can we fix that one? post them to after f2 So post them to here we all We all agree with that Alright, that looks good. So then we have this check All right, so the last condition we have is f6. We want to run it only after f3 completes and F4 completes. So how do we do that? wait twice So yeah, I should probably have a wait I probably need a new center for so some three and what should the initial value of some 3b? Probably zero So now in this case, I want to make sure that it runs only after f3 and f4 complete So that probably means I need to post some three here and also post Some three here which creates a bit of a problem because right now Well f6 could execute after f3 or f For complete because I only have one way so in order to make sure both of them Complete. I yeah, I just wait twice so now I can go ahead and Give it the old check and then make sure that I'm not criminally insane See that was wait through some three post them three post them three All right. We're good. Yay Yeah, yeah, yeah for which one Send three oh Initial values cannot be negative as how are they defined the value is an unsigned int Unsigned ints cannot be negative. Well, then it would be yeah Well max it would fit technically Max it would be Some weight definition is that it will decrement but if it cannot If it the current value zero and it would go negative It will block until that's something what one another thread increments it and it can actually decrement it and continue No, it cannot go negative So if the current value zero it blocks until someone else increments it so I can decrement it back down to zero or Some positive number Yeah, yeah, it cannot be negative one alright, so The next question was for each function state which functions could run in parallel not including itself Write none. So which functions can run in parallel with let's say F1 None of them can write in parallel with it, right? So they all wait for something else. So nothing else can run in parallel with F1 What about F2 what could run in parallel with F2? F functions So F3 could run at the same time as F2 so could F4 could F5 run at the same time as F2 No, because it's waiting on it, right? so Well about F3 so that should be able to run at the same time as F2 F4 and can it run at the same time as F5? Yeah, can't run at the same time as F6 No, because it's being waited for All right, so what about F4 so F2 can run at the same time as it and F3 Can F5 run at the same time? Yep Can F6 run at the same time? Nope. All right, what about F5? So can that yeah commutative so it should be run as the same time as F3 Run as the same time as F4. Can it run as the same time as F6? Yeah Yeah, no it's running in a thread. So a thread has to run sequentially. It's a thread Yeah, so what can run in parallel with F6? Nada All right, so let's see. Is that good? Hey, it looks good all right, so What question do we want to try and speed run in five minutes? Memory allocations. All right, probably good You decide to use a buddy allocator to handle a bunch of fixed size allocations It was too early and you slept through slab allocators. Yikes So your allocator needs to be able to handle eight allocation of 10 byte each How big of a memory block does your buddy allocator need at minimum to be able to handle every allocation? Justify your answer. So So yeah for each allocation Well, if it wants 10 bytes, it needs to be a power of 2 So each of them is going to be 16 bytes and if I have eight allocations. Well, I have 16 essentially times 8 So that is 128 total You have different allocations each allocation has to be a power of 2 So if it had a slab allocator, you could move them all right next to each other That would be more efficient, but we have a buddy allocator All right, so next question is how many bytes are lost due to fragmentation and what type of fragmentation is this? Justify your answer Internal fragmentation. So for each of them, I'm losing six bytes because I get 16 and I only use 10 of that So I am wasting six bytes per and I have eight allocations So that equals whatever that equals was that equal 48? So I have 48 bytes lost due to internal fragmentation. Yeah External fragmentation is wasted space between or yeah between blocks themselves So in this case I Might be able to consider with buddy allocators typically you've way less internal fragmentation But say I had like eight 16 byte ones Something like that and then I well so right now we don't have any blank space between the blocks 16 Something like that and then say I went through and I freed a bunch some of the allocations So let's say I freed this allocation. So now this one is free and now this one is free So in total I have 32 bytes free, but now if I have a 32 byte allocation Oh, I can't fit it anywhere because these free blocks are not contiguous So that would be considered external fragmentation because I have wasted blocks essentially All right, so anything else real quick Slab allocator works do lab six Lab lab six is a slab allocator needs a bitmap you do a bitmap in lab six and All the blocks are essentially a giant array of inodes. That's a slab allocator. I don't know Yes, all right with that just remember going for you. We're all in this together


Well, we will begin everybody comfortable and ready for this special occasion. Yes, we will get started with today's city council swearing-in ceremony here in our city hall council chambers with an invocation by the Reverend Dr. Thurman Bowens, Jr. of the Trinity Baptist Church, followed by the presentation of colors from our city of Columbia Honor Guard and a national anthem and our return to the podium. Thank you. Let us pray. Father, we do thank you for this awesome occasion. We thank you, dear Lord, for your grace and your mercy. And Father, we thank you for where you've brought Tyler and the position that you have in me. Now, God, we pray that it will be one that will be a blessing for all of Columbia and that, dear Lord, that his only motive will be to serve the people. And we pray, dear Lord, for our entire city council, that God, they will have that spirit of taking care of your people. So we thank you for getting the right man at the right time for the right position. We give your name, all the praise and all the glory and all the honor. For seeing Jesus, marvelous, magnificent and majestic name, we do pray that us all say amen. Please be seated. Again, welcome. This is such a very special occasion for the City of Columbia family, and we are very thankful for the presence of all Columbia citizens, whether you're here with us in person or hopefully watching at home. Every time we do a swearing in, there's a lot of the same things said, but never is there an occasion in which the staff and I take more pride, because even though it's the same protocols, et cetera, we follow, there's always this sense of a special energy, I feel like, of new beginnings, particularly when it's the beginning of a new year, and the hope, I think, that comes with public service and what that means to these individuals who give their time, talents and treasures, and so we don't take that lightly at all. I want to thank today our program participants and the podium guests, of course, Mayor Daniel Rickerman and Columbia City Council. Thank you to Reverend Dr. Thurman Bowens, Jr. of the Trinity Baptist Church and Reverend Dr. Anthony McCallum of the Bethlehem Baptist Church. The honorable Daniel Kobel is with us, and Dr. Stacey Van Pelt Brennan is here, as well as our City of Columbia Honor Guard that you just witnessed. And of course, we have Councilman Brennan and Councilman Alette Bailey and their families. We also want to send our regards to Councilman McDowell, whose oath was previously administered, but we certainly are thinking of him and his family today as well. I would also like to acknowledge several members of our community who are in attendance, members of the clergy. I'm not going to ask everyone to stand. I'm just going through the protocol, have to establish protocol. Our neighborhood leaders, elected officials in the room and appointed administrators, presidents, representatives of any higher education institution, state agency heads and members of the judiciary to include our own municipal court judges who are with us today. I also want to ask to acknowledge and some of them may be standing, if not ask them to stand and personally thank our former mayor Kobel. I know I saw Bob Kobel in the room and members of City Council, Howard DeVall. Yes. And I'm just going to go ahead and speak it into fruition because it's done Senator Tamika Ise Devine. Any other count is, oh, where is Ms. Enclare? Oh, Ms. Anson Clare. Yes. The legend, the legend Ms. Anson Clare and certainly all of their legacies are forever cherished to us, particularly to me and the staff. I'm sorry. Luther, the other legend. Luther Batiste. Do you see what I get asked myself into when I start calling the names, right? Because I don't like to miss anybody, certainly not Luther Batiste. Yes. Is he in it? No, did he just come in the room? So y'all have to help me out. Where is Mr. Davis? Hi, Mr. Davis. Mr. Sam Davis. Yes. Too many legends to count on Columbia City Council over the years. Okay. Well, we cherish every single one of you for sure. Because I work so closely with each of these council members, I recognize the sacrifices that they and their families made to serve our community every single day. Councilman Brennan and Lauren and the children, your parents. Thank you. You know that the staff and I will continue to work really hard with you, particularly as you emphasize beautification efforts and the pride you have in all of our communities. And Councilman Alec Bailey, Elise and the children and the parents, the brothers, I think. We are really excited about the energy you bring you and I have taught. And I'm really excited for you, really here to help your eagerness is infectious and we are here to help you as you learn and share your talents with us. So with that, I will thank everyone in advance for your willingness to serve. Thank our citizens and you as this community who support us in what we do and recognizing the sacrifices that these councilmen will make for Columbia and her citizens with that we will begin the administration of the oaths of office. At that time when the councilman are given their oath, they can give a brief remarks after that if they so choose and they will take their seats with their colleagues on City Council to get started. We will have Councilman William Brennan district three with the oath to be administered by his mother, Dr. Stacy Van Pelt Brennan. And at this time, if you all could come for William, if you will repeat after me, please. I do solemnly swear that I am do we swear that I am duly qualified according to the Constitution of the state to exercise the duties of the office to exercise the duties of this office to which I have been elected and that I will to the best of my ability and that I will to the best of my ability discharge the duties thereof and preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of this state and of the United States as Council Member of the City of Columbia, I will equally, fairly and impartially to the best of my ability and skill to the best of my ability and skill exercise the trust reposed in me exercise the trust reposed in me and will use my best endeavor will use my best endeavor to preserve the peace preserve the peace and carry into effect according to law and to carry into effect and according to law the purposes for which the purposes for which I have been elected. So help me God. You can you can tell my mom and I didn't really work on that. So we had to work on the pace there at the beginning. I apologize. Tyler, how about this? Look at everybody that came out to see you, Tyler. This is this is fantastic. This is fantastic. This is fantastic. It just it just lets you know the time is now for our great city. You know, I've had the honor of serving under two, two mayors serving with now a state senator and a group of elected officials that just love this city. My former colleague, Howard DeVall, I guess I can say, well, you're not former yet. About five minutes, right? But Howard used to or he tells a story of teaching the course at the Municipal Association about you've been elected. Now what kind of a elected official 101? But I didn't take that course. I missed that course. I let me tell you, I missed that course, but luckily we have Mr. Teresa Wilson at the helm of this wonderful city and the team that she has pulled together truly are innovative, hard working and outgoing. And that taught me so much about city operations. The first four years were very educational for me about how important our city functions are to the quality of life for our citizens. Working with our city staff has been great. This Wilson has built a wonderful, wonderful team. Our assistant city managers have surrounded themselves with talented, hardworking people and I look forward to working with them for another four years. I'm just going to run through a couple highlights. Clint Shealy, Frank Askeridge, Dana Higgins, Tiffany Latimore and all the Columbia water team. Thank you for your drive to improve our infrastructure. Missy Gentry, there's Missy over there and Krista Hampton and all the staff and planning and community development. Thank you for helping our communities and commercial districts grow in a responsible approach. Mr. Simons, Henry Simons, thank you for your team and facilities and parks and recreation for believing that our parks and our neighborhood communities are the core and that we need to keep investing in them. Mr. Palin, Money Man, where's Mr. Palin? Jeff Palin in the economic development team and the finance teams. A special thanks for pushing our economic development pursuits and thinking of innovative ways to provide our public with important capital projects. Miss Benjamin, Pam Benjamin and her staff, you really create a great work environment that is so important to keeping our recruitment and retention efforts successful. Shanique, where's Shanique? Shanique, you know, we wouldn't be anywhere without your organization. Thank you for taking care of all the little details for us. Chief Jenkins and our fire department team, we thank you for your drive to do the best you can do with what is available. And we're going to work to change that. Chief Holbrook, you have a fine CPD and code enforcement team. And I've been impressed with the professionalism I've witnessed in the community from Captain Blondowski and the South region team in district three. And then there's the employee that hears from me the most. Our public works department is a hardworking group. My buddy Robert Anderson, Robert Anderson and your team. Thank you for all you do keeping this city together. I promise I'm gonna keep calling you. So let's give a round of applause to our city, our city staff. You know, city council members do more than just show up every second Tuesday and sit up here and set policy for our wonderful staff to follow through on. You realize you get appointed to boards and commissions. We're assigned to a few as each elected official. And I have been very fortunate to serve on two regional boards that are so important to the growth of our city, our county and our midlands. Growth has come to South Carolina. And how we respond to the city, county and region is so important right now. As we welcome new large employers to the region, transportation and our transit system are more important than ever. Getting world class talent to world class job is something that the comet board is focused on every day. The comet stepping up to the challenge of growth and the effects it has on transportation. And it's been an honor serving on that talented board. It was the ultimate nod to be elected the chairman of the Central Midlands Council of Governments. Serving as vice chair under my friend, Newberry Mayor Foster Sin, who's here today will foster a wave your hand, taught me so much about the importance of all the services our cog provides to the residents of Columbia, Richland Lexington and Fairfield counties from providing services for seniors to infrastructure planning to workforce development and more rolling up my sleeves and working with elected officials from all over the Midlands has been refreshing. Please remember one thing, the more we work together as a reason more great things we can do. I truly love serve serving our city of Columbia. People ask me why all the time, all the time. And I think it's knowing that we can catch those opportunities are out there for our city and and being a part of that drive is something that keeps me going every day. But of course, none of this would be possible without the support I get from my family, my parents, my sister, Katie and Mack and most of all my life Lauren public as Ms. Wilson said public service is not just a personal sacrifice. It's a family sacrifice. And I would not be able to continue my service to this city without your love. So thank you so much. Thank you so much. The time is now for this great city and I look forward to the next four years. Thank you so much. Okay, Mr Bailey, your turn at this time. Councilman elect Tyler D Bailey at large with his oath to be administered by the Honorable Daniel cobalt Fifth Judicial Circuit Court Judge Mr Bailey of Lisa family. I know that feeling. Tyler, if you're able to repeat after me, I do solemnly swear that I'm duly qualified according to the Constitution of this state to exercise the duties of the office to which I've been elected and that I will to the best of my ability discharge the duties thereof and preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of this state. End of the United States Constitution of this state and the United States as a council member of the city of Columbia, council member for the city of Columbia. I will equally fairly and impartially to the best of my ability and skill to the best my ability and skill exercise the trust proposed in me exercise the trust imposed on me and I will use my best endeavors and I'll use my best endeavors to preserve the peace to preserve the peace and carry into effect according to law carrying into the purposes for which I've been elected the purposes of which I've been elected so help me God so help me God congratulations councilman. So Will you're right there's a lot there are a lot of people here for me so you know when you've done it a couple of times like well it's your second time I believe. Your first time I wanted to make sure all my family and friends and supporters were here so I appreciate all y'all for coming. Before I get started this is probably the biggest speech in my life and I did not prepare a speech. I was talking to my wife about two nights ago and she said you go to court all the time and you make arguments. I said well when I go to court sometimes I just shoot from the hip and just let what flies out right but it usually works but you know when I ran for city council in 21 and in 23 I never prayed for me to win what I prayed for is if it was God's will for me to serve that the people would elect me and democracy I believe there are really no winners and losers everybody who serves they're serving the people and so when I did not win in 2021 and the people of Colombia elected a fantastic council woman out of the bustles I was okay and I believe there was my time God had something else for me and truthfully that year and some change was good for me my family and you know this role is so important city council we serve the people of Colombia everyday people you know I think local government is the purest form of democracy big enough that you need a whole campaign team small enough that you feel responsible for every pothole and Colombia is a big diverse city and what I did every day was I woke up and I worked hard I went out to neighbors neighbor meetings knocked on doors listen to their concerns and the people of Colombia believed in me to serve in this role so this is going to be the greatest honor in my life what I do promise y'all is work hard with integrity to be accessible and the work with everybody on council to move the city forward and the staff work with the staff as well I have to thank my wife Elise Bailey who's a fantastic lawyer and she's really behind everything that I do not behind me but beside me and a council member of county council always told me the first vote and most important vote that you can get is a vote of your spouse and she was a hard vote to get she was a hard vote to get and what I what I promise in 21 when I ran and again in 23 is that I would make sure to always put my family first to make sure that I'm not going to be the type of leader who forsakes his family for the sake of everybody else and so you serve everybody else I watched my dad pastor countless people my I come from a long line of preachers and the pool of service is all demanding at times but I have to serve my family first and you can do both things that's what I'm going to do on city council I have so please give my fantastic wife a round of applause for voting for me I could not get up here and not think it's fantastic city staff that we have I'm not gonna name everybody individually but the city manager Teresa Wilson and everybody Columbia staff has been so helpful to me they brought me in I have my orientation where they brought me a bunch of binders and books and said go fish it was it was a bunch of stuff but I they were helpful and they've been accessible and I look forward to work with the city staff and city council in the years to come and finally I have to thank the people of Columbia who voted for me and the people of Columbia who believe in democracy I ran a citywide campaign I did not focus on specific demographics or specific neighborhoods I'm gonna be a representative for all people who voted for me and people who did not vote for me and we have we have a great city council we have a great team I think the best days are in front of us we have a great mayor a great council Howard DeVall was a great leader and I'm I'm humbled to serve coming behind councilman DeVall he was the type of leader who was accessible who cared about people who cared about neighborhoods and always wanted to put people first that's the type of leader I plan to be and thank y'all I'm gonna need your prayers we need your support in the years to come but we have a lot of things to be excited about I'm humbled to be before this mic right now and uh thank you all I know about you all but I'm charged up and ready to go I better be right I mean I I absolutely have to be so I'm so thankful and proud of this leadership and all the wonderful things that are in store for the city of Colombia as we prepare for the benediction I too want to thank the staff they always pay attention to every detail down to getting the right flowers I like to be in this room for these events I thank you thank you thank you I won't begin to name names except for our wonderful city clerk Erica Hammond who keeps us all going we will ask Reverend Dr. Anthony McCallum to come forward of the Bethlehem Baptist Church for the benediction and please join us for a reception to be held in the city hall lobby immediately there after the swearing-in ceremony thank you so much for being here let us all look to the Lord for this benediction our gracious God as we stand before you in this hollow moment of prayer we pray for our mayor city manager city councils county commissioners police chiefs our judges and all who serve our local communities strengthen them all with wisdom and grace for the heavy burdens they may carry may they all manage the affairs of this city with integrity and love as they work in the best interests of the citizens of Columbia that they are called to serve now may the blessing of God that he may keep us and guide us may the Lord make his face shine upon us and be gracious unto us may the Lord lift up his countenance upon us and give us peace on this day in every day and forevermore amen


And Professor Issey Sage is chairman of the Presidential Advisory Committee against Corruption. He has described the director of publicity and advocacy of the Northern Elders Forum, Dr. Hakim Baba Ahmed, as a northern irredentist. He believes Dr. Baba Ahmed should be ignored by every right-think in Nigerian. Baba Ahmed had said heaven will not fall if a northerner is elected the next Nigerian president. He maintains that northerners are not second-class citizens. He said the North will not accept to serve as a second fiddle in 2023.


Hi everyone, nice to see you this afternoon. Thank you for joining me on this very last session that we're having. I know that it's between me and you getting to leave, so I will try to make this interesting and helpful for you to see what types of jobs are available in data science. And I'm going to be able to answer your question on what skills employers are looking for for data scientists. There's a perfect setup for me, so I appreciate that. My name is Jeffrey Krauss. I'm the Associate Director of Career Services at the School of Information Studies here at Syracuse University. I'm also in charge of data analytics at the school as well. I handle all of the student data when students graduate from the iSchool. I track them, if you will, and find out where they're going. And then I keep track of that data and then I share that data with the school and with the dean and all of the directives. So that's my role that I play. I speak with students on a daily basis. My specialty is graduate students who are interested in data. So I talk with students all day long on preparing the materials to get ready for data, analysts, data scientists type roles, helping you with interviews. And when you do get an offer, I then help you devotion. Awesome. So those are all the different types of things that Career Services has to offer. So as I go through the presentation today, if you do have any questions, if you have any comments, I encourage you to ask them or to say them. This is a workshop that I just opened up for you. So if there's anything you'd like to talk about as we go through, please feel comfortable to do that, to say that, you're welcome to talk about anything you'd like to talk about. Okay. All right. So having said that, we are talking about the current and future state of applied data science. That's going to be our focus. What is this thing we have up here? Is this online? Yeah, because I don't know anything. All right. So data scientists, they create business value through informed decision making and effective product management. The role encompasses different activities, which vary depending on the business needs, the business size, and the business resources. And as you can imagine, I'm going to be sharing a lot of data with you today. It's always helpful to show you graphs and charts versus actual numbers. And I encourage you when you do get into these types of roles, data visualization is very, very important. And you're going to see it's much easier to see it in a graph than it is to see numbers. Now having said that, I'm sharing numbers with you. So we'll start there and then I'll show you some graphs. So what do these numbers mean? The employment rate for data scientists is expected to grow by 36% from 2021 to 2031. So I've done some research on the industry and I'm sharing what the research is telling us. So 36% is pretty robust. Does anybody know what the average growth rate is for the average job? That's a great guess. Yeah, it's actually 5%. So 36% growth over that time span was pretty amazing. So that's something to think about. Yes, please. That's just like AI. So we're going to actually touch upon that, but yeah, we're focusing on applied data science specifically. Yeah. 39% of the job ads I'm linked in are in the IT and tech industry. So that's pretty interesting as well. Almost 50% of the jobs that are available are in the IT industry. The 6% of the data scientists job offers I'm linked in are in anybody in other state. Good guess. Not in New York, California. That's right, California. And that's the highest, by the way. And that's been true now for a couple years. So California, as you can imagine, has a lot of the data science jobs that are available. However, there's a lot of companies that have left California recently. Do anybody know where they've gone to? That's in New York. It's not New York. It's Austin, Texas. Yeah, they went to Austin, Texas. That is true. The most independent technical skills for data science experts are Python and SQL, which I will show you. So in general, on average, most people who are looking for data scientists in their organization are looking for people who have skills in Python and SQL. And I'm going to show you that it's actually Python, but I would argue that SQL actually is probably more important than Python is at this point. Entry-level positions accounted for 55% of job offers. So that's interesting too, especially for U.S. students or most of U.S. students. 55% of those job offers were entry-level positions, just starting out positions. The average salary for a data scientist in the U.S. is $125,242. So it is a pretty robust industry. As far as salary goes, keep in mind this is the average. This doesn't mean you're going to make $125,242, but the potential is there for you to make that. So let's take a look at this graph. Now, there has been a mountain play in jobs recently. And if we were talking, having this conversation last year, I would tell you that we're in trouble. The economy is bad and a lot of employers are not hiring. In fact, a lot of employers were laying off at this time last year. The problem is that they over-hired for COVID. They thought that everyone was going to continue to use technology to the rate that they were using it during COVID, and that wasn't the case. A lot of companies are calling people back to the office, which means that they don't have to use technology at home. So they find themselves having to lay off a lot of people. So what's happening in the industry is not only are students going up against other students when it comes to finding jobs, but they're also going up against now professionals who lost their jobs, who have multiple years of experience trying to go for the same types of jobs. So we've struggled through that. I think that there is an uptick in jobs that are available now, and as you can see this graph just pointing out, the jobs are getting better. There's a tool that we use called Handshake, which is a tool that houses jobs and internships specifically for Syracuse University students. And if you go into Handshake right now and type in data analyst as a position, you're going to find over a thousand opportunities available. So the opportunities are there, and we're finding that the market is getting a lot better than it was just a year ago. Okay, so I have some data to show you for even as recent as August of 2023. Looking at hiring year-over-year shows just how far the industry still needs to go. Year-over-year openings are still much lower compared to 2022. Data science and data engineering goals haven't even come close to rebounding from the late 2022, early 2023 mass layoffs in Silicon Hong Kong. The one standout is machine learning, where positions managed to increase by 16 percent year-over-year. However, this could just be a variance given the relative rarity of this position compared to other job openings. This is the relative new position that's opening up. And if you look at the hard numbers, you might be thinking 16 percent is pretty high, it's pretty good. It actually went from 618 job openings to now 722. So it's a little over 100 more jobs, which boosts it up to 16 percent, right? So it looks impressive, but when you break it down by number, it's really not that many more openings that are available. Now, let's take a look at this chart. You might be seeing that there are data scientists, data engineer, and data analyst and machine learning jobs. The one thing that I tell students is when you are looking for a job in the data field, I encourage you to look at all three of those job positions, because companies don't know the difference between those three positions. So a lot of times, they're going to advertise for a data engineer, whereas if you look in the requirements of the job, what they're really looking for is a data analyst. So you're better off if you search all of those jobs and don't judge a position by the title, judge it by the requirements. So I'm going to encourage you to check out all three of those positions if you're looking for a job in this field. Looking at this chart, a return to P3 2022 layoffs isn't immediately in the cards, but the situation isn't proving. However, the class of 2024 should keep an eye on the rearview mirror. There's been huge growth in business analytics and data science programs. As the funnel continues to get more crowded at the top, job competition will only grow, especially if the market doesn't bounce back progressively. So basically what that means is there's more and more colleges out there that are realizing the value of having a data type program in their school. You're going to see more and more students getting into those types of growth, into those programs, which means there's going to be a lot more competition as well. So what we're hoping is that the job market keeps up with the amount of talent that we're going to have available. I will share that with you. It's a combination of resources that I'm using. So let's look at the top 10 companies based on number of openings that they have. So if you're in the market and you're looking for a data job, these may be some companies that you're interested in looking at. You're going to notice that the IT software development and recruiting sectors are predominant. DiverseLinks is a staffing and consulting company and right now they have 200 job offers available. Recruiting from Scratch is a recruiting service provider in the IT sector with 31 jobs available. Accenture is an IT company with 27 jobs available. Symmetric is a software development IT recruiting and upscale firm with 24 jobs. Discover is a finance with 23 jobs. Deloitte the largest professional services network with 14 jobs. Oblastone Energy and independent trading firm with 10 jobs. Server is a peer-to-peer payments technology business with 7 jobs. Aditi Consulting is a recruitment company with 5 jobs. And Pacific Northwest, one of the US Department of Energy's national laboratories with 5 jobs. Just to give you an idea of the companies. Now I will tell you, if you've never thought about getting into the energy sector for data, to me that's the most exciting sector. That's my opinion. And the reason why I say that is because I had the event, the availability of a energy company and they were showing us how they use their data. And one of the things that they showed us was a grid of a neighborhood. And on that grid you could see there's one pocket where there was like a red light showing up. And what this was showing was someone had just purchased an electric car and they were using more electricity than everyone else around the neighborhood was. And they were able to determine how much electricity they were using and they had to determine how much electricity they had to give. So they're trying to determine if this is becoming a trend, they're going to have to build up their network to be able to handle the electric output that people are going to need. And they were showing us how they were using that data to determine that. And it's just fascinating. Like if you're into data man, that's the place to go. It's really, really exciting stuff that they're doing with data. I encourage you to check it out. See for yourself if that's something that you're interested in. And you can see that there's a couple companies in this list that deal with energy. So that's a good sign as well. Okay, so here's the number of job offers for industry. So you're going to see that job offers span 50 seconds, 50 different sectors, but they're not evenly distributed. The most significant demand is in the IT and technology sector, which according to LinkedIn is 49% of the jobs that they have listed is in the IT field. The financial services and staffing recruiting sectors are far behind accounting for only 14% and 11% of open positions respectively. 4% of job offers are in the industrial sector and 3% are in healthcare. With 18 openings, defense accounts for only 2%. Biotech education, logistics, oil, entertainment, retail, energy and real estate only have about 1% of job openings each. So you can imagine that they are just getting into the field of data. They're just now realizing the value that the data can bring to these types of organizations. So in my view, you're going to see more and more jobs opening up in these sectors. Once they start to get more mature like other companies are, you know, realize what data can do for them. One of the industries looking for data scientists shows that more businesses recognize the benefits of data science. The best industry for your data science career might not be the one with the most job openings. So consider other options too. So that's why I give you the example of energy. Maybe you never thought of working for an energy company before, but I can tell you they're doing some cool things with their data. This chart is a little hard to see, so I'm just going to briefly explain it to you. It's basically showing you where the data science jobs are and we already talked about California has the most. The percent of all of their ads for jobs, 13.6% of them are for data science and there's currently 110 jobs as of my data that I found that are available right now in California. Texas is next, Virginia is next, and New York comes right up after it. Are you going with that? Got New York. New Jersey, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Illinois, Washington, and finally, we end with Georgia. So compared to the 2020 data, nothing has drastically changed. California has been at the top since we've been looking at the data. Next came Virginia, Washington, and New York. The top 10 states for data scientists are the same just in a slightly different order. So hopefully you're interested in working at one of those states because those are the states that consistently have the most openings for data science jobs. All right, now let's get into what can employers expect from a data science candidate? So these are the types of degrees that employers are looking at for people to have when they're getting into this field. Data science is a relatively new field, although it's becoming much more mature now than it has been in the past. It's been around now, I would say, for a good five years at least. So employers don't expect every person may hire to have a data science degree. As a matter of fact, when companies were first realizing that they wanted to use their data for more than they were using it for, they would just pick people in their organization and they would say, you're a data analyst now. We want you to work on our data. So the problem that the companies were having, and this is what they tell me employers, is we have a lot of data people on our staff. And what they're able to do is pour a lot of the data from our versus that we hold data. And what they do is take all that data and throw it on my desk and say, here's your data. So I don't know, I'm supposed to fill in that data. That's what they tell me. So they're looking for people that can do three things. And this is what I encourage you to focus on if you want to get into the data field. And around the data, they need someone who can look at the data and figure out what the data is telling them. Where are our best products, worst products, best areas, worst areas, best time of year, worst time of year. They need someone to visualize the data. As we talked about, they might try to see it and charge them numbers. And finally, they need someone who can present their data. It's very important. They need someone who can present to executive level employees what the data means. So analyze, visualize, and present. If you can do those three things, and you can do those three things, well, you're going to be fine. And those are the types of things that I encourage students to highlight on their resumes, because that's what I know employers are looking for, because that's what they tell them. So even though they don't require a data science degree, they do refer candidates with higher education in a related field. So you can see they're also looking at students who are going into statistics or computer science, engineering, mathematics, even economics, data engineering to a certain degree, and even architecture, too, which is interesting. So really, when looking for, I mean, if you're doing an architecture, but you can still show that you can analyze, visualize, and present data, who cares what degree you're in. You can believe that you can do those things. They're going to want you on their staff. So here's the skills that employers are looking for. So as the graph shows, Python and SQL lead the way 100%. There are must for every data science role, even if they are explicitly mentioned in the job description, which, by the way, most job descriptions have either Python or SQL or both. The number of job ads mentioning Java and other software engineering tools is increasing because of the growing importance of data engineering and machinery in the data field. So my computer, from what I've seen, if you have, I always tell students, if you come away with five skills and five things, you're going to be fine. So Python, SQL, and R, those are the three things I'm working with data. You have those skills you're going to be fine. But also, to have low and power BI, if you have those five skills, you're fine. Like, I'm going to be able to get you a job. But you've got to be able to have those five skills, and you've got to know those five skills clearly. Because in an interview, you're going to go through what's called a 10 up around, and the employer is going to expect you to open up your laptop and start coding in Python. And if you can't do that, then you're not going to be able to go through the employee. So you've got to be able to do things on the fly. You've got to know that well to be able to use it. So I always tell students, you've got to be able to use it without using Google. That's your focus. Now, I know that Python is equally important as I mentioned. Also, to have low and power BI, and you can never get away from Microsoft Excel. Yes? Microsoft Excel is still very, very important for you to know, which is why a lot of schools, even here in Syracuse, offer the Excel certification for free. And if you're in a high school and you're not certified in Excel, you're crazy. There's no job that you're going to take. I'm telling you, when you're not using Excel for something, you're going to be using it for something. You need to know Excel. Like that's baseline. Everyone should have that on their resume. Everyone should have Microsoft Excel certified on their resume. So iSchool is out there. It's my iSchool. Raise your hand. All right, I'm looking at you. I have a photographic memory. By the way, I see all of you. You've ever been Excel certified by the time you graduate. It's free. Check this out. This one should make you happy. salaries. Let's talk about money for a little bit. Naturally, scientists salaries depend on their seniority level, but even if you have the experience and expertise, obtaining a high-level position is challenging because there's just not a lot of high-level positions available. And as we talked about over 50% of the jobs that are available is entry-level, right? Pission to the high requirements and expectations, they are fewer than junior positions, so the competition is tough to get one of those positions. But man, if you can get into it, it does pretty well. Good. Good salary. Make this salary in Syracuse. You are king, queen. You have anything you want. Here. Pay off your house.  Now, my house. All right, so let's talk about iSchool specifically now, since when you raised your hands, most of you were iSchool students, not all. Data science experts are needed in every job sector, not just in technology. As a matter of fact, the five biggest tech companies, Google, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, Facebook, only employing one half of 1% of US employees. Think about that. One half or one percent. So when you people go to Google, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, Facebook, you can see why it's so hard to get into those companies. Everybody wants to get in there, but it's only one half or one percent, right? However, in order to break into these high-paying and demand roles in advanced education is generally required, data scientists are highly educated. 88% have at least a master's degree. 46% have PhDs. And while there are no more receptions, a very strong educational background is usually required to develop the depth of knowledge necessary to be a data scientist. This is why the School of Information Studies has invested in not only a master's degree in applied data science, but also just recently got approved to offer a bachelor's degree in applied data analytics as well. So that's pretty exciting for undergrad students. Definitely a good thing for our grad students that we have that as a degree. All right, talk to you about data for our students. So here's a four-year overview of how our students have done these. This is just for data science. Our students who have graduated with a applied data science degree. So placement rate means that they either got a job or they went back to school. So if you got a graduate degree, most of them got jobs. There's one or two that went back to school. So you can see that we're in the high 90s, especially in 2022. We did pretty well. 2020 was during COVID. So it wasn't as great as we had hoped it would be. You can also see that the average salary for our data scientist students, it has drastically gone up as well. So these are stats that our students have told me that they have got. They told me they got a job. And then they told me this is what their salary is. Okay, so this isn't something that I made up. This is something that students are telling me. And it's the average, the average salary. So you can see the green line is the average overall for all grad students. And then you can see the orange line is what data scientists are doing or have done. Employers just showing you the top four at Amazon, one 360, the one EY, and Goldman Sachs. Those are our five. And it's been the same for two years already. These are the companies that are hiring our grad students. Now keep it on, you guys, that these companies do not hire like 10 grad students. It's like we have a lot of companies that are onesy twosies. They hire one student or two students. So it's not like I'm going to say Amazon hired five of our students last year. They hired one or two students. But overall, these are the companies that we consistently see that are hiring our high school students. And we data science used to be EY and Deloitte was solid, solid grad, cross the board, 20 grad students, no problem. And then a couple of years ago, they completely flipped the script. And they said, we're not hiring grad students anymore. We're hiring undergrads. That's really weird. So now we, if you look at our data, it's now it's 20 undergrads. And it's one grad that they hire each year. It's really weird. So we start telling enrollment, stop saying that we're going to go to EY and Deloitte because they only hire, they only sponsor certain positions. They won't sponsor a lot anymore, like they used to. Okay. So finally, we're perfectly hiring. Man, we're going to design this specialist. And as you can see, there is a growth chart from 2021 to 2030. When the decision-making is becoming the norm, it's more and more companies realize the importance of big data for business growth. But this realization comes to need for specialists to help leverage the informational goal line, small, mid-sized and big businesses sit on. The amount of data and the need for someone to generate meaningful insights from it is likely to continue. So the data scientist job will continue to be in demand. In fact, the demand is still growing. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that the employment rate for data scientists will grow by 36% from 2021 to 2031. This is a mind-blowing increase compared to the average growth rate, as we said, of 5%. And for all these skeptics out there, show rapid technology development will inevitably lead to the automation of some of the data science dysfunctions we see this happening for many roles. People use chat GPT to write code, generate marketing and business strategies and so on. But behind every new technology is a highly-skilled team of tech and big data experts. So the much-enriched jobs will be those involved in creating such technologies. The skills required to succeed might change, but the future of data scientists is bright. Data and business analysts, machine learning and data engineers and other data science roles will continue to be in demand. In my opinion, that is the current and future state of getting a job in data science. Thank you very much. Appreciate it. You thank the outlook for the city of Syracuse and the surrounding area. I know that there's Syracuse surge and microns supposed to be coming and all that stuff. What do you think it looks like around here in the future? So I think the future is just as bright here as it is in any other place. I think that companies here are also realizing the value of data. We are establishing a lot of relationship with local companies who come into our career fairs and they come in and table in our lobbies. I'm looking for data scientists. So we're noticing more and more that they are getting more interested in especially what the iSchool is doing. Unfortunately, the iSchool doesn't have as good a reputation as engineering or Whitman does, not in terms of anything we did bad, but in terms of just they don't really know what we do. So once we can educate them on what it is that we have to offer, we're getting a lot more interest. And I can tell you that micron for us is going to be huge. So when micron comes in, they're going to be looking at engineering and the iSchool to help them with a lot of the jobs that they need to build. We're all very excited about that. I think we are in the, I have to call it right now, some sports like sports. Is there increase in sports analytics over years? Is there been a downfall or the specific areas in sports, which are like more exciting, like more jobs are coming, whereas in other sectors it's not that much in sports. Let's say, maybe we have more than other ones. So from that point to now, still, they're realizing the value of data, right? Every organization uses data to that extent today. So you can go to any team and they are using data to their sports extent. So there's no, there has been no drop off when it comes to that piece. It's huge. It's very popular. And as a matter of fact, we just had an undergrad who went to the New York Rangers as a data analyst. He just got it this summer. So he's very excited about that. So the opportunities are there. And if you're interested, like me, can I do to him? I think this gentleman had a question. Yeah, that's a great question. I'm going to give you my opinion. So I have 24 years of experience in the IT field. That's where I came before I came to Syracuse. I also talk to recruiters on a regular basis. You don't need a graduate degree. You just don't. You can, you'll be just fine being a bachelor's degree and being able to be successful, especially in the data industry. So the students who are getting graduate degrees is because the programs weren't offered in the areas that they're in. But if an undergraduate data science program is available, you absolutely want to jump on that 100%. Now, I would say for the higher level levels of maybe data engineering, data scientists to a certain degree of PhD can certainly help you in that role as far as making more money goes. But you can still reach that level just from your, the base degree that you get and the experience of doing that job. That's my view. I guess great minds, because I kind of like what I was going to ask, but it's more specific to machine learning law. I find that I'm, I'm in my last class before I go to the flight in science. And so I started looking at jobs, you know, and first of all, it seems like you have to have all those skills in one person. Because if you have there, plus more, that's the impression that I get. That is that, you know, I felt like the entire idea of science course was at least 50% focused on machine learning.  But while looking for the job, I got the impression and I couldn't go on and that's why I'm asking the question, violation. Who do you feel like there's a preference for PhD graduates when it comes to working with machine learning engineering and, you know, just thinking of the models, working of the models in general, or I'm asking the supplies. I mean, what's the real point of doing that? Yeah, so I have not seen the need for PhDs. I haven't had companies clamoring looking for PhDs so at all. So my answer would be absolutely not. I would not invest in that. You don't need to. My argument to you would be I can take the skills that you have and I can help you get to where you need to be. There's a way to do things that's going to help you. So oftentimes it's not but the skill that you have is how are you translating a model so that in four years I recognize those and those are things that we can help you with in career services. All right, we good guys? All right, have a great weekend. Enjoy today. Let's get a good call. If you don't have any of your coat, make sure you go out by one. You guys know who I'm talking to and I will see you at the ice boiler on campus. Thank you very much.