What's up guys my name is Michael and welcome to my YouTube channel today. We're gonna do another leak code easy This is called middle of the link list So I actually skipped three problems that I didn't actually which I did finish But I didn't actually create a video for it But here are some the three problems that I didn't create a video of even though it's part of the be code easy So yeah, this is one of them middle of the link list given a non-empty string You just want to return the middle of the link list Given a lot non-empty single link list you just want to return the middle of them so originally my solution was to basically keep going to the Go through the whole link list and add up the length of the number of nodes inside the link list Once you do that you divide by two and then I go through the link list again until I reach that number That I divided it by right that then the length over two and that would be the middle But there's actually a much easier way to do this which is actually to have two two two pointers pointing from the Essentially you have one pointer pointing at the beginning and The say is another point of pointing at the beginning also, but what you're gonna do is you're gonna have one pointer Go twice as fast as the first one and then when that pointer reaches to the end Your first pointer is going to be at the middle Do you guys don't understand what I'm saying? So if you have like if you have Let's say you have this node point to here Let's say you have like One two three values one two three So what essentially what we're gonna do is we're gonna have two One pointing here one point here is gonna be the fast one I'll call it F fast okay fast and this is gonna be the slow one and basically fast is gonna Go twice as fast as a slow one.  So it's just gonna go here. So then when fast reaches to the end Slow is gonna be in the middle. So that's basically how it works So I'm gonna code that right now and then see I'm gonna give you guys how to do it. So we're gonna have like this node Begin is going to point to the beginning Actually not beginning. We're gonna make it fast and we're gonna have a Pointer pointing to the slow also to the beginning. Okay, so while fast fasts next value While slow is not equal to null and Fasts next value is not equal to null. What we're going to do is fast is gonna go to fast next fasts Equal to okay slow is gonna equal to slows next Fasts next value is going to equal to Fast next next Not fast next fast. It was a fast next next Okay, and basically in the end you're gonna just return slow. That's basically how this would work Um, let's see. Yeah one three five. Okay. That's expected submit it. Okay. We got runtime error. There's a null pointer Oh, let's see No pointer with a null point of title. Let's not do to do to fasts. No so fasts Slow is not equal to null fast next fast next Think it's like this No, that's not it. That's not it. Okay. I think it's we have to check if the next Is not equal to null. Just a minute Runtime error. Let me see. All right. Well, let me let me just look at my solution again one more time Yeah fast next fast again the next next fast next fast. Oh, okay So yeah, we have to check if fasts are not equal to null my bad. So fast Is not equal to null and yeah It's basically it. It's basically the solution Yeah, and I got accepted So just keep a two pointers and make you keeping track one is gonna go twice as fast as the first one the first one It's gonna go just the next one and then when the the fast one reaches the end the slow is gonna be in the middle So yeah, that's how you do this question rate com subscribe. Hope you guys enjoy this video. Peace


All right good Friday morning everyone. It is time to talk about the markets with Jim Kramer on the floor of the New York stock exchange Jim we had some weaker than expected job numbers, but what did you think? Well, look I don't think I don't want the Fed to have to tighten four times of course the bank stocks sell off They won they won six tightings. By the way, let's say I always like to credit Carl mentioned Doug Cass You should go read Doug Cass to get a little always have to keep the negatives in Your face so you understand a negative thesis and walk you go wrong with you with the yield curve And that's very very important But I thought that in general I was disappointing and I just the disappointments in retail And I know there were some people on Twitter really putting a hate on me this morning Saying you know what Jim? It's not just Amazon. It's taking the jobs Amazon is code for e Commerce so lighten up. Well, you know, we had declines in retail jobs in December Barclays upgrading lows and target. I I thought that the lows upgrade was good is having an impact Target you're coming in on top of all this Amazon to buy targets. So it wasn't crazy about that I did like Wayne Hood's piece by the way On why you should buy Macy's that was very powerful the Transports I love it when the markets led by Union Pacific and FedEx those are good signs But against that as I recognize that things have gotten a little euphoric and you know Maybe do for a pullback. Remember, I did a piece the other day about the Commerce Department coming out on 232 Which will then the bears will surface take off their bull costumes and say look, so I told you there's a trade war with China Hey, there's been one forever. We've been losing and I just think you want to keep in mind the negatives when you have The beginning of a very strong start and that a lot of that is because there's a lot of index money comes in the first Couple of days and that may be tapering And also I think to some degree People were saying I thought the economy was really really strong and riding on the back of jobs numbers And are we losing that prop and that's the kind of chatter here Well, it's interesting because this Barclays note said that 42 companies have made public statements about investing in employees based on tax reform Yeah, no 80 companies have offered bonuses And I think that what you keep what you hear now is that there's going to be expansion And job and payment increases, but when you hear the quarters You're also going to hear about the buybacks and the dividends and that's going to be generally Rosie snare. All right, meanwhile city downgrading Roku. What did you think of this? You know, look at when the key line is first time people talk about is there's a March Blockup expiration and they did a sliver of the deal and it's live only a sliver of the company was sold when they came Public March expiration when you get to February that's going to put more pressure on the stock Roku fit bit Okay, Roku go pro these different device companies that excite you now Roku It did have a great quarter right out of the shoot But I just don't get too enthusiastic Because if there's a lockup expiration, there'll be more supply a lot of people are short broken and the note also refers to competition Of course Google Amazon Google. They're all Apple, but that didn't that's what caused the short selling So that's kind of old news the new news is is that people are going to be talking about this lockup expiration And when you get that additional supply, it's going to hurt the stock or Jim Who do you have coming up on med money tonight? Well the most the stock that's the most down in the S&P is Constellation Brands STC. I've got Rob sands. I mean I want to find out whether there really is revenue weakness or not because there's 3 billion dollar buyback The company had some great gross margins and great earnings So those who continue to sell it. It's in our bullpen for action alerts I'm getting more intrigued, but I want to see what Rob is to say I'm glad you mentioned action alerts because you're also hosting your monthly call next Wednesday And I've got some things kind of a some predictions for the year a bit of a look back, but also What we're talking about in the bullpen and what we bought because I really want people to understand why we're buying Okay, and you and I are going to continue the conversation right now on action alerts plus calm so everyone should go join us there. Thank you, Jimmy


Hi, welcome back everyone, we got a good breather.  Just give me one second. So guys, please let me know if the audio comes through. I hope it does. Is the audio coming through? I can't hear the audio. Okay. Sorry guys, technically I'm not able to get that audio through. I don't know why. Okay, I'll figure that out in the next class and get that sorted. Okay, thank you. Thank you for being with me for three minutes. Okay, please continue from where we left off. Okay, so we ended with the last point on your page. We walk by the truth that has been revealed and search out what is unknown. We don't let the things that we don't know stop us from ministering divine healing with whatever has been revealed to us. And everything beautiful is going to be to us through Jesus Christ. And so we minister from that truth. We walk in that truth. And then we go on to the next crucial question here. Why doesn't everyone get healed? This is a question that you will have, you would have had, and you will be asked by a lot of people as well. Why doesn't everyone get healed? So we readily admit that not every person we minister to gets healed or delivered. I am sure that every great healing evangelist man or woman of God has faced this and struggled with answering this question as to why we don't see every person we minister to healed and delivered. We've all been asked the question. The answer to such a question is subjective relative since the actual conditions can vary from person to person, individual to individual. So we do recognize that there can be several things. There could be several variety of reasons, so many reasons as to why not everyone is being healed. I mean, someone known to us, some reasons unknown to us, we might not know. But the point is how we react to these failures is important, right? How we respond to these failures is crucial. We must always keep in mind that any failure is on our side and not God's side. Okay. Again, Bill Johnson puts it across like this is saying God's end of the equation is always right. That means something has to be on our side of the equation. So, you know, he's always good. We know that he wants to heal. So his end of the equation is always right. So any failure is on our side and not God's side. God is true to his word. We are in a continuous process of learning and discovering truth concerning God's kingdom. Okay. We are in a continuous process of learning and discovering truth concerning God's kingdom. Okay. We are talking about any term of being here. Right. Sometimes we tend to have this tendency of becoming all too familiar with the God we hardly know. Right. So we are in this continuous process of learning who this God is and how this kingdom functions and his ways. Right. None of us are perfect in our knowledge. We need to continue pressing in to order truth hidden in his word by his spirit. Okay. So we admit that. And in that and understanding that fact, we don't compromise the truth. Okay. Just because we see failure, like, you know, how we respond to it, we can respond to it in two ways. Right. One is okay. You know, I pray for 10 people. I have not seen anything since he a single feather of an angel come down. No gold dust, you know, nothing happened. The hairs on the body can stand. So you can respond that way because the healing didn't happen and just give up and walk away from the calling of what God has called you to do, or you can, you know, press in and not compromising the truth. Right. We do not change our understanding of God's nature, God's word and Christ's completed work on the cross. Okay. We do not compromise that truth. Okay. These are absolutes. That means it's what they are. It is in period who God is and what he has promised and what Christ has already accomplished on the cross will not change. We must refuse the temptation to modify our theology. Okay. It's amazing that we can change doctrine and the theology of God we hardly know. Right. So we must refuse the temptation to modify our theology to accommodate our experience. Okay. I pray it didn't work. So, you know, everything I've learned about God is not true. Okay. It can't be like that. I don't compromise the truth. Right. That's number one. I've learned to respond to failure by, remember I said, you know, God's end of the equation is always right.  Okay. Another thing is don't, if, if healing doesn't happen with the person that you pray for doesn't get healed and the question arises, don't speculate. Okay. I don't like, you know, just simply admit, I don't know. And I think it's okay to say, I don't know. I love that answer. I don't know. I think, so since we, again, do not have all the answers, you know, we must not speculate and pretend to know. Okay. And I think this is where a lot of ministers have gone. A leaders, church ministry leaders can fall. Is that to pretend to know that we have all the answers. Right. It's okay if we don't know.  But what is important is that you have more compromise on the truth and that you would go on and continue to pray for healing and minister deliverance. Right. When we are unsure, avoid making statements like you don't have enough faith that there is some hidden sin, there are some generational curses and so on. Okay. We might just be adding to their unbelief by doing so. You could end up hurting people when speaking out of ignorance and sometimes arrogance. Okay. It is sufficient to say, I do not know why you didn't get healed. But God's love for you is certain. And his will is that he wants you to wear. Right. So don't speculate. Simply admit I don't know. Ask God for insight and keep on ministering to the individual. Ask God for insight and keep on ministering to the individual. It is true that not everyone we pray gets healed. But they should not prevent us from pressing in and doing our best to bring healing and deliverance to every person possible. Okay. They should not prevent us from pressing in and doing our best to bring healing and deliverance to every person possible. Right. And so at APC after after our Sunday services, you know, and we started this since the pandemic is after a service, we have a post service and ministering time where people join online through zoom to get prayed to get ministered to, you know, etc. And, you know, people asking for praying praying for wanting prayer for healing and deliverance, etc. And and over the year in the last year and a half, I've seen we've had so many people that we've paid for keep coming back for prayer for the same reason. Right. And it is so important for us as leaders that as we keep praying for, you know, imagine, be as he essentially, I just pray for you last Sunday, maybe something must be wrong with you. Like your faith is less. There must be some generation of causes. Imagine how how they would respond. But the fact that we are, you know, willing to keep praying encourages their faith and they keep coming, you know, and they don't just walk away saying, okay, this is not the true. So it's important that we keep asking God for insight. We keep moving in compassion as one of you shared earlier, right. And we keep ministering just like Jesus did. Right. So we encourage that individual to continue pressing into God to keep praying, to keep believing, to keep praising God for their healing and to hold firm to God's word. Right. This should be an encouragement to you and I as well. Okay. So we encourage them to pursue him to know him more and get inside an understanding of how you can be filled and holding on to God's word firmly and finally be sensitive to the Holy Spirit and flow with what the spirit of God reveals.  In the Gospels, we see time and time again that Jesus would go alone and be alone with God and he would pray all night or early in the morning he would wake up and go and see. And, you know, one of the assignments to go ahead to go and heal the person by the pool of Etc. He must have to see that assignment is when he was alone with, you know, praying with praying to God, his father. So, okay, I want you to go to this place and heal that man and show him our sovereignty. And so in that secret place, we learn to hear the voice of the Holy Spirit. And then we keep asking, we keep asking him, okay, Father, what is your heart for this person? Reveal your heart for this individual. Reveal to me. So that allows us to move in compassion and in love, which is crucial. And then glorify God and not the condition. Glorify God and not the condition. What does that mean? So we are to glorify God and not the condition. Never magnify the sickness or the oppressive work of the devil. Don't allow yourself to be impressed by the work of the devil. No sickness or no demonic work is greater than our God.  Just because we did not see healing or deliverance, let us not make it seem that these were too difficult for our God. Oh, no, no, this didn't happen because that was stage four cancer. It was too late. Had you come a little early when you're still stage one, God would have healed. Do you think that really matters to God? Just because we didn't see healing and deliverance, let us not make it seem that these were too difficult for our God. There is nothing too difficult for our God. In that, we just need to learn how to release his power more effectively. Who needs to learn? We need to learn how to release his power more effectively. We need to learn.  If you don't show up to his class, he's not going to teach and you are not going to learn. And so if we are to learn, if we need to learn how to release his power more effectively, we need to attend his class in the room where alone by yourself with him, asking him to reveal the secrets and the mysteries of having, to fill you with his power. So in spite of the condition we rejoice, we pray always and in everything we give thanks because we know who he is. So glorify God and not the condition. Keep declaring the love of God, the goodness of God. This leading on to the next point says, God can use a person in spite of sickness, bodily ailments and any physical problem. God can use a person in spite of sickness, bodily ailments and any physical problem. Or also any spiritual condition as well. Now what does that mean? For example, so I read worship and through the week from Monday to Saturday, I've lived a lifestyle of sin. I drink, I smoke, I watch things that I shouldn't be watching, there's absolutely no preparation until Sunday. But then Sunday morning, nobody knows my secret lifestyle, but I happen to be a worship leader at a church. That's the only thing everybody else knows of the devotion as a worship leader. I get up there, I leave worship, God decides to show up, not because of me, but in spite of.  Are you with me? That's one of the spiritual conditions. And I know of so many other people, evangelists, who have beautiful healing ministries, who minister healing and deliverance, but have they all physical condition as well? Physical problems, right? One, Eric Johnson has a speech impediment problem, or I've seen, the list can go on, but God will choose to use that individual in spite of and not because of their condition. So God can use a person in spite of sickness, bodily ailments and any physical problem. However, this does not automatically mean that the condition they are in is God's best for them. Good? God is not using them because of their sickness or ailment. God works in spite of the situation. He is not limited by our limitations. He works because of his purpose and grace given to us in Jesus Christ. What does he do? He works because of his purpose and grace given to us in Jesus Christ, right? Sickness or no sickness. That is why he is God. So when God uses a person in spite of his sickness or ailment, we glorify God and not the sickness. But sickness is still something we need to fight and resist. And finally, keep pressing in for more. Any failure is on our side, not God's. Keep pressing in for more for his anointing and revelation on how to bring healing to all and as many as just the way Jesus did. Keep pressing in for more just the way Jesus did. He is our standard. We must press in to do his work and even greater works, right? So why have we covered so far in this... When we try to address this question of why doesn't everyone get healed? Where we don't know the answer. We won't always have the answer. But how we respond to that question when you are asked or when you yourself ask is very important. And it is important that you don't compromise the truth or change the theology or your understanding of God. And it is okay to simply say, I don't know. But just continue to press in. Ask God for insight. Spend more time with him and being sensitive to learning to hear his voice or recognize his voice, his heart for people. And glorify God, not the condition. Don't be impressed by the devil. Don't be impressed by the sickness. Nothing is impossible with God. Our God is greater than any sickness, any name of sickness that has ever been mentioned. And God is sovereign to use us in spite of our condition and not because of our condition. And finally, keep pressing in for more. Okay? Don't worry, we are coming towards the end of this chapter. Okay? Everybody's getting there? So the next question here is, why are some healings gradual? Okay? Why are some healings gradual? No. See, it says here, in the ministry of Jesus, other than the one incident where he touched a blind man twice, we see all other healings and deliverance happening instantly. However, when we minister, there are many times when healings take place gradually over time. Once again, a response to this question is really subjective, one, and depends on individual situation. Okay? So when you come down, we see this chapter here. In March, chapter 8 was 22 and 26. It says, then he came to Bethsida and they brought a blind man to him and begged him to touch him. And he took the blind man by the hand and let him out of the town. Okay? I'll just highlight that because it's important he let them out of the town when he had spit on his eyes and put his hands on him. He asked him if he saw anything and he looked up and said, I see men like trees walking and he put his hands on his eyes again and made him look up. He was restored and saw everyone clearly. Then he sent him away to his house saying, need to go into the town, not tell anyone in the town. So, why did Jesus leave this blind man out of town to minister to him? Why did Jesus have to touch him twice before his sight was restored completely? Why did Jesus tell him not to return to his town when there was no one in the town? Okay? So, at least four of Jesus' disciples came from Bethsaida. Andrew, Simon, Peter, Philip and Nathaniel were from the city of Bethsaida. Bethsaida was one of the cities that Lord Jesus rebuked for their unwillingness to respond to the mighty miracles they saw. That means they had an element of unbelief in them. They did not receive the works of God. Okay? So, it is obvious that the city was unbelieving and unreceptive to the miracles of Jesus possibly because of their wise and prudent people who then corrupted the rest of the residents in the city. At least one, at least on one other occasion at Jairus' home we see Jesus putting out all those who ridiculed who were unbelieving and receptive to his ministry. In March, if I was 40, we see that he goes to the house of Jairus and is in the same town. And he sends everybody out who were all unbelieving and just had his disciples before he ministered healing and deliverance. Okay? So, although the passage does not state this, it is quite possible that the reason that Lord Jesus took this man out of the town then ministered to him and gave him instructions not to go back into the town or tell the people was to separate him and secure him from the unbelief and lack of receptivity that prevailed in the town. Okay? Was to separate him and secure him from the unbelief and lack of receptivity that prevailed in the town. And quite the same reason why the Lord Jesus did not permit anyone except Peter, James, John and the girl's parents to be around when he raised Jairus' daughter back to life. In other cases of blind people being healed the Lord Jesus ministered freely restoring their sight and response to their fear. While the passage of Mark 8 in Mark 8 makes no mention of the faith or lack of faith in this blind man at Bethsaida it is possible that he may have been influenced by the prevailing unbelief in the city. Right? And so Jesus starts praying and then he starts seeing partially and then because he could see partially the first time you say okay I can see men walking like trees that must have encouraged his faith to grow a little bit. Right? And then as his belief was growing as his faith was growing Jesus heals him and goes ahead and completes the healing. Okay, so some reasons we can take back from this incident with the blind man at Bethsaida is what we learn to separate people from an environment of doubt and unbelief to help their faith. An atmosphere is super important the atmosphere you grow is important because an environment that you surround yourself can shape the way you think and you live your life, isn't it? Right? And Jesus died for us to have a renewing of our mind that means the way we think had to be changed. In other words he is just saying that we need to come out of the earthly environment and start thinking from the kingdom's perspective. Right? That is the renewing of our mind and we see that Jesus doing in this scenario is that as we learn to minister divine healing we need to learn to separate people from an environment of doubt and unbelief as leaders as ministers of God it is our responsibility to do that. We also encourage people's faith even with a gradual improvement in their physical condition and not press through till the healing and press through till the healing is complete. Right? Another question that is being asked is why are some healings partial and not complete? Why are some healings partial and not complete? Okay now the person that you might pray for might have a multiple physical condition. The person might need healing for their neck pain and their ankle pain and their wrist pain. Right? They can come to you with multiple prayer requests for them to be healed. And as you keep praying what is important again in all these questions how we respond is super crucial. Right? And as we pray if their wrist pain goes first and not their neck and ankle pain still the same you don't give up. Okay nothing is happening and you get discouraged and you take it as failure and just move on. No we can't respond that way.  Right?  Okay? Another thing we may observe when ministering healing is that sometimes people with multiple problems get healed of some conditions and continue to have other ailments persist in their bodies. Now here again we will not have all the reasons why complete healing did not occur. We must thank the Lord for every small progress in recovery that we see. We must thank the Lord for every small progress in recovery we see. If you see a small progress that's happening in a person's body give thanks. Give thanks. Don't as I said don't glorify the condition but glorify God. Glorify him that he's just ministering and then continue to pray. Keep praising God keep pressing in to see complete healing and deliverance. Continue to encourage the individual and not in any way shame or condemn the person. Are you guys with me so far? Continue to encourage the individual and not in any way shame or condemn the person. That shouldn't even be a temptation. Okay. It's a movie on the three heart attitudes that God allows God to work miracles. The three heart attitudes one is faith expectancy and intense desire. Now remember all these prawns are in line with co-partnering with God. We started off by learning about his sovereignty but he's all powerful, all known he can do what he wants to do when he wants to do because he is sovereign. Right? And we saw that there are exceptions where he steps in and ministers divine healing but that is not the norm. What the norm is that he wants to partner with you and me and so for that the attitudes that he expects is faith expectancy and intense desire. Right? So when ministering to people we must walk in faith expectancy and intense desire. We minister healing and deliverance with faith in our hearts. Our unbelief can be a hindrance to the power of God flowing through us. We must expect people to get well. We must expect people to get well. When you pray for him it is possible and it is natural for you to feel a little nervous okay what if I pray and he doesn't get healed then there, right? But when you pray you must expect for the people to get well not because you are praying but you know who God is and he wants to see that individual well and whole. Expect people to be delivered and made whole. We need to have intense desire to see people healed we need to have intense desire to see people healed. As we minister to people we need to help them come into a place of faith expectancy and have intense desire to be made whole. Okay? As leaders as I keep saying as leaders and as ministers of God we need to help them we will be that we are their shepherd we need to shepherd them to come into a place of faith expectancy and have intense desire to be made whole. Okay? And finally in conclusion some of the hindrances to receive healing okay? This is not a complete list there's just a few hindrances that's list out here you know that can be like a roadblock to receive healing once again it's being reiterated here it's never criticized, condemn, blame or shame the individual and ministering. Okay? If this is being repeated at least more than once it's very important for us to remember this right? Never criticize, condemn blame or shame the individual and minister. We must not try and take the place of God in people's lives we are just earthen vessels making ourselves available in God's hands to be used for His purposes right? So there are a few reasons or hindrances one is lack of knowledge in Hosea 4.6 says my people perish for the lack of knowledge in Isaiah 5.13 he says my people are taken into exile or my people are taken into captivity due to the lack of understanding or knowledge right? Let me see lack of faith is another hindrance considering the ailments as the will of God that's a big one right? lack of persistent desire to get well not really wanting to be well given up you stop praying saying okay you try to receive prayer for this what you're going through in physical condition but nothing's happened and you just give up lack of persistent desire to get well being passive in resisting sickness wrong posture that leads to passive belief if it is God's will what will heal me in his time whatever happens is God's will and so on right? wrong heart attitude this might be the last point but then crucial wrong heart attitudes anger, resentment, jealousy, unforgiveness, bitterness and so on then all of this can just make your soul and your spirit sick a sound heart is life to the body but envy is a rottenness to the bones Proverbs 17 22 says a merry heart does good like medicine but a broken spirit drives the bones these are all the hindrances that's just been mentioned and then there are destructive lifestyles if a person continues to do things that are self-destructive to their health like continuing abusing their bodies with drugs, alcohol, smoking and so on and other unknowns we do not know every cause that could hinder a person from receiving healing and deliverance we do not know every cause so we learn to listen to the Holy Spirit and He will show us what to do in specific situations that is the conclusion of chapter 2 I just want to stop here and I don't know where but as we covered a lot of content I realized that and I think this is one of those courses that is really intense and I think it's really intense with the content I would encourage you to go back and re-read everything that we covered or at least meditate re-meditate on what it is cause each and every one of you each and every single person we are called to live life the way Jesus did we have all been commissioned and commanded to heal the sick to cleanse the lepers to raise the dead yes you and I so seek and pursue God asking him to fill your heart and learning to recognize his voice his heart for the people his love for people is crucial as we learn to minister divine healing I hope I really wish I could make that video really nice but I see something can be done by next class but the video that I wanted to play is a movie called the father of lights I'm not sure if you've heard um yeah it should take it out when you can so that's about it for today I'll stop I hope everybody's doing alright so I'll stop the recording now and and sorry I don't have the link for the video it is something that I


This is the story of the Pacific and its people, of the peaceful sea and the lands and lives it touches, and their meaning to us and to the generations to come. The Pacific Story, presented by the National Broadcasting Company and dedicated to a fuller understanding of the vast Pacific Basin. This broadcast comes to you tonight from Hollywood and New York as another public service, with drama of the past and present and commentary by Henry Loot, editor of Time, Life and Fortune magazines, and student and traveler of China. Jiang Kai-shek, Freedom and Equality. At the confluence of the Yangtze and Tia-Ling rivers of Chongqing, lay the Chinese gunboard, Jiang Sui, which means Fermanent Peace. On its top side, Chinese sailors visit themselves for a momentous event. All right, try the breach of the gun once more. Yes. That's good. Now let's see, have we got all the ammunition laid out? Yes, 21 rounds. Two horses, a crate, 10, 12, 14, that's right. This will be the first time I've ever seen a 21-gun salute. Most people never see a 21-gun salute in all their lives. Oh, there's a lieutenant. Attention, moving close. Moving close. Ma'am, to us has been given the honor of flying the salute for the new president of China. This is Nostolic Day, double ten, October 10th, the 32nd anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China. When Generalissimo Jiang Kai-shek has taken the oath, we will get the order to fire the salute. Our salute will be the signal for the people ashore to set off their firecrackers and to start the celebration. Ma'am, in the Hall of Ceremonies in the National Government Building of Chongqing, 400 Chinese dignitaries were gathered to see Chong Kai-shek sworn in to succeed the late President Lin Sen. Among the 400 who looked down were friends of historic revolutionary days, political and military opponents who are now his supporters, men who knew nearly every step of the long trail to this great moment. I met Xiang when he was 19 years old. He went to the Imperial Military Academy at Bao Ting Fu in 1906. And next year, he was sent to the Shimbogoku Military Academy in Tokyo. That is where I met him. At night in our quarters, we talked about the plight of China.  We are at the mercy of foreigners. Only a revolution can save China. His ideas were the same as those as Sun Ya Sen, who was also in Japan at that time. So he joined the revolutionists with a number of other young Chinese. Look around to here. Everywhere we see strength and authority. Japan is a military power as strong as the powers of Europe. Why is this? The history of the last 40 years of Japan is the answer, John.  Japan is strong because it has a purpose. Japan is working toward a future. One day, Japan will conquer China. China, with all its lands and people? No, John. What is a venerable history and half of Asia against a nation like Japan? But think of China's population, John. It is many times that of Japan. China, with all its territory and its hundreds of millions of people, cannot stand against Japan. China must change as Japan has changed. The man shoe rulers must be driven out as China is to be delivered from destruction. Else China is lost. The Japanese War of 1894 lost the Formosa, Port Arthur, Southern Manchuria and cost the Chinese people 200 million taels. China under the man shoes of thousands. What will happen when Japan attacks China next time? We must remember that we are on a Japanese military calendar. John spent three years in Tokyo. He served at the 13th Field Artillery Regiment of the Imperial Army. He wrote up a state. But he was interested in more than the military. He studied the Japanese and their way of thinking and their way of doing things. He studied how Japan transformed herself into a great power. And he studied Japanese politics. In Japan, John learned some of the most valuable lessons of his life. The Chinese Revolution broke out in 1911. And John returned to Shanghai. The revolution he had dreamed of had become a reality. His military career was lost. He remained in close contact with the Republican nationalist group in the Second Revolution, which failed in 1913, and then returned to civilian life. Time to time. Two people were close to him. He had few friends. When he was not working, he was to be found with them. I remember his great ability to concentrate and his great ability to relax. I remember him as a plain man with few wants. He neither smoked nor drank. He was frugal about everything he did. Never in those days, nearly 30 years ago, did I expect to see him like this today. Dressed in the uniform of a marshal and taking the oath at the presidency of China. In 1917, Sun Yat-sen appointed Zhang Kai-shek, Chief of Education in the Army. Zhang was destined to be close to Dr. Sun from this time forward. In 1922, with his help, Dr. Sun escaped in disguise from a plot on his life. And Zhang remained with him for 56 days aboard a cruiser. Thus far, Zhang had been obscure. But the next year, 1923, at the age of 35, he emerged as a world figure. Dr. Sun made any statement on his new tie-up with Russia yet. Oh, Jeff, I've been sitting here in his anti-room waiting for an hour. No word? No, nothing. I thought this was supposed to amount to something. Oh, here he is. Oh, it's just his secretary. Is Dr. Sun going to make a statement about this understanding with Russia? Dr. Sun has authorized this statement. Zhang Kai-shek has been sent to Russia under the terms of a nationalist Soviet understanding. Is that all? Zhang Kai-shek, who is he? Is Dr. Sun going to do something about Russia himself? This is the only statement authorized. But look, my paper back here. Just what I thought. Just shadow boxing, making gestures. Oh, I don't know. There may be more to this than meets the eye. Dr. Sun is going to make the most of this understanding with Russia. And if he sends Zhang Kai-shek chances, he knows what he's doing. What does Zhang Kai-shek mean to a guy that reads my stuff back in the United States? Nobody ever heard of him. What they're interested in is something about three options. I was with Zhang Kai-shek in Russia. By the time we arrived in Moscow on 1923, Zhang was a practical military man. He had seen action, and he remembered well what he learned in a Japanese military academy. Yet he had the wisdom to listen closely to the experience Soviet military man. Red Army, you see, represents a combination of the political and military warfare. That is quite different from the Japanese military science, which is dependent on the stable constitutional system. Our revolution here in Russia is more recent. And thus we are more interested in the steps between modern warfare and the government. This means then that an army, from being the tool of a government that has been discarded, can become the spearhead of a new young government. That is right, Comrade Jin. And this is the sense in which the Red Army has become an instrument. We stayed in Russia four months. When we returned to Canton, Sun Yashen directed that a military academy should be set up with Zhang's chief. Zhang Gache established the Wang Pu Academy and began the development of a modern Chinese army. It was from this time on that Zhang rose to power. In the seasoned hands of Zhang, the cadets of Wang Pu became the nucleus of an army. All that had happened to him in the past, his training, his experience, his thinking, all this blended into the reality which was Zhang's will. Sun Yashen, his teacher and leader, was now dead. And now the task of resolving the revolution of unifying and reconstructing China was Zhang. At the age of 38, Zhang Gache became Generaless of the National Revolutionary Army. By drilling, by hammering home hard-learned truth, by inspiring his army, he prepared them for the grim days that lay ahead. His worth more than life without honor. Your own life means nothing, not his mind. We must sacrifice everything for our country and our people. On the day he became Generalissimo, Zhang started his Northern Campaign to unify China and its people to bring all of China under the Nationalist government. Zhang Gache has been stormed and captured. Hang Cao and Han Yang have been taken. Then Shang and Pugin have fallen. Gek Yang has been captured and cleaned up. Hang Cao, Shanghai, Nanking have been taken. In Nanking, after the capture of the city, when the Nanking Affair took place, it was the day after Nanking had been taken. Zhang had expelled the rebels from the Guo Ming Dong. The city was quiet when suddenly we heard gunshots. In order to incriminate Zhang, the rebels opened fire on the foreign consulate, murdered and listed. All the world was shocked. The foreign press was furious and demanded that Zhang be held responsible. In this difficult situation, in the interest of national unity, Zhang proved himself the great leader he is by taking upon himself personally the entire responsibility of the Nanking Affair. The responsibility is mine. I shall guarantee the safety and the property of the foreigners. Zhang not only straightened out the Nanking Affair, but also frustrated the attempts to overthrow him. But more trouble lay ahead. The Nationalist Party, the Guo Ming Dong, split wide open. The left wing under Wang Qing Wei joined the insurgents. They captured Wu Han, Hang Cao and Han Yang, called themselves the Wu Han Group, and set up a government at Hang Cao. As their price for coming back into the Guo Ming Dong, they demanded the removal of Zhang Kai-shek. Zhang resigned and returned to his childhood home in Shakyang, then went to Japan. General Zhang, I have been sent here to see you by Wang Qing Wei. Eh? You know that Zhang Xuelin, the great warlord from the north, is moving on the Nanking Government. Yes, I have been informed. Wang Qing Wei wishes you to come back to take command of our forces. I cannot cooperate with a group that collaborates with the rebels. But we have broken with the disloyal forces. I will return. If all military resources of the national government are mobilized to affect national unity. Zhang Kai-shek returned to Nanking and took over the command of the army and resumed the northern campaign. Two warlords, long powerful within the length of their own swords, joined Zhang. And the three attacked Zhang Cao Lin, the warlord from the north. Wang Xuelin, our right flank is collapsing before Zhang's time. Aren't we able to make a stand anywhere? Feng and Yan have joined with Zhang against us. Did you order a retreat? It was our only hope to hold their armies together. Armies? What good will our armies do against Zhang and Feng and Yan? We'll have to abandon taking in Xinxin. Our only hope of survival is to retire now beyond the Great War. That means we're lost. We shall never return. The combined forces of Zhang and Feng and Yan will reach Zhang beyond the Great Wall. Hardly, get up. Hike the flag. The flag of New China but at the top of the official buildings of Big King. Zhang's great military mission had come to a close. The realization of the dreams of Sun Yat-sen. Ahead lay another task. The time of martial exploits is tired. The peaceful work of reconstruction begins. By his skill and dynamic leadership, Zhang rose to the leadership of the Guomindong and within two years had a majority of the Guomindong leaders at his capital at Mankin. I was with Zhang at the time of the Japanese attack on Manchuria in 1931. Zhang had been occupied trying to put down the opposition forces. They had an army of 180,000. And when Zhang moved to resist the Japanese, the rebels attacked Zhang. The rest of the world looked on and wondered. What's the matter with China? Is it even going to fight the Japanese? Is Zhang going to let the Japanese conquer Manchuria without even putting up a fight for it? And even in our own country, our people looked on and said, what good is Zhang's government at Nanking? If it's unable to defend Manchuria against the Japanese. This is what the Chinese Revolution has come to. We are so weak and our government so ineffectual that we are helpless before the Japanese.  His army is no better. The world did not know, and even the Chinese people did not know that Zhang's central government was in no position to fight the Japanese. All our resources had been used to unify China. Our treasury had been drained. Zhang talked to me of this desperate situation. Before we can cope with Japan, we must put our own house in order. We must build railroads, produce guns and ammunition, equip our men, clean our armies, and make our homes run strong. We must reorganize Zhang. We cannot fight the rebels at the same time we fight the Japanese. They have struck us at a vulnerable time. We must exterminate him, yes. But we must also prepare for the future with a solid unified government. Zhang needed time to reorganize. During this time, Japan had to be appeased. Not until two years had passed did Zhang win a great victory over the insurgents. The Japanese looked on, and knew China was growing strong. And Zhang knew that Japan was watching. China will have to fight Japan. We must prepare for this. But sir, we have not yet put down the opposition groups. We must prepare for the war against Japan, nevertheless. How can we prepare to fight Japan when we are not yet united in our own country? I have no thought of jeopardizing our armies against the superior equipment of the Japanese. You should know that it is not necessary to match Japan big guns for big guns, airplanes for airplanes, weapons for weapons. We will trade space for time. We will retreat when we must trade costly for the Japanese. In this way, we will gain time. And with time on our side, we shall hang on until, perhaps with a life, we can move against the enemy. And crush him. Two years later, the world held its breath at what happened to Zhang in Shenzhen province. Zhang flew to Xi'an to put down the seething trouble in that quarter and to discipline central government troops. At 5.30 a.m. he was wakened. There's a shooting outside. A mutiny of some kind has broken out. The troops are marching here. Your headquarters are nearly surrounded. Only the path to the mountains behind the house seems to be clear. Here's your road. There's no time. Where are my slippers? We can go off the side. Let me try. We'd better go out the other way. Through the garden this way. Let me give you a boost over this wall. Put your foot here in my hand. Little higher now. Now, give me your hand. Good. Thank you, sir. There's a 30-foot drop down to the ground. I will hang down and drop. Careful, Generalissimo. Can I help you? No! Look out! Generalissimo! Are you all right? Are you hurt? Generalissimo! Zhang was stunned. His back was badly injured. For minutes he lay inert in great pain, unable to move. Bodyguards help him into the mountains. Put him in a cave hidden by shrubbery. Is it cave? Let's shoot him. No, no. Not now. Come in here yourself. Keep your gun on him. Watch him. I will guard the entrance from closer. Don't move from where you are. I am the Generalissimo. Do not be disrespectful.  But do not subject me to indignity. The word of Zhang's captcha sped round the world like wildfire. Zhang Kai-shek has been kidnapped by young marshal Zhang Suliang. Zhang was somewhere in the Shansi province. All efforts to make contact with the kidnappers have thus far failed and it is feared... I remember Zhang there in Shansi. Generalissimo refused to eat. He became thin and haggard. Madam Zhang learned where he was held prisoner and she flew northward and dared to walk into the lair of the kidnappers. They talked for days of the young marshal and his generals. Zhang made it clear that he intended to fight the Japanese after Zhang was unified. Zhang was released and seven months later he was fighting the Japanese. The Japanese have attacked at the Marco Polo bridge. Generalissimo Zhang Kai-shek is rallying all of China against the Japanese. He sits like a mountain. He moves like a dragon and he walks with a step of a kite. First way to win a war is to be sure that you do not lose it. That was Zhang's strategy. Magnetic warfare allowed the enemy out until his lines were extended and then to counter-attack. I saw it happen again and again. Zhang hung on tenaciously. He held the Japanese on the same line for three years and when the United States came into the war in the Pacific Zhang rose to his true stature as one of the four leaders of the United Nations. You see him standing there in full dress uniform with marshal with the decorations gleaming on his breast. Ready to take the oath of office as president of the Republic of China. One of the greatest living men. The 400 Chinese dignitaries in the hall of cinema is a Jung king. Look down with solemn admiration as Zhang Kai-shek took the oath. There's the solution. The gun boat in the river gorge below. Zhang has been handed the great Jade seal wrapped in red silk. And all the world listens to this man who has become the living symbol of mankind's fight for freedom. I will observe all laws and respect public opinion in order to set an example of democratic rule in China. Our ultimate victory is in sight a great future for China is dawning at this time when China's war of defense begins to rage. The national reconstruction is beginning in all earnestness. I shudder at the thought of the great task that falls on my shoulders. President Zhang has sown the seeds of freedom in China. His influence stands in the borders of China and stands for freedom for all peoples and equality of all nations. To tell the underlying meaning of the struggle of Zhang Kai-shek NBC presents Henry Luce a program and Fortune magazine who has traveled widely in China and who has met and talked with a generalissimo. The next voice you will hear will be that of Mr. Luce. We take you now to New York. Ladies and gentlemen we have been hearing tonight about Zhang Kai-shek the man who has done most to make China strong. This program has done well to give us even a hint of the difficulties of his task. For the measure of the greatness of Zhang Kai-shek is the greatness of the difficulties he has faced and overcome. The founder of the Chinese Republic Sun Yat-sen died in 1925. Sun Yat-sen bequeathed to his people a vision of a new society. He also bequeathed to them in the sad hour of his death, chaos and the likelihood of national extinction. In that hour the Republic of China was a bitter fiasco. Then two years later in 1927 Zhang Kai-shek set out to unify and liberate all China. Zhang Kai-shek made no promises. His job was to redeem the promises. The golden promises of Sun Yat-sen. Let us try to picture the difficulties Zhang Kai-shek faced. Think of 450 million people with no government they could turn to no laws they could trust and no gods but the painted clay of broken idols and deserted temples. Gropingly eagerly these people were seeking a new way of life but the very air they breathed reaped with the living corruption of a dead empire. Civil war, banditry, poverty, plague, famine, ignorance, superstition, these were the difficulties and there was another difficulty even more ominous. Japan had already begun the enslavement of China. Her plan of conquest was already in operation. To keep China divided to keep China corrupt to increase the opium traffic to bribe warlord against warlord and at the proper time to take over. All this even then deeply concerned America thoughtful Americans saw that war to the death between Japan and America was almost inevitable. Consequently their genuine interest in China included the hope that the spiritual comradeship finding the people of China and the people of America would grow into a comradeship in arms when the day of supreme trial came. There were times when this seemed a one and impractical hope. Both Americans and Chinese who prayed for China to grow strong for her own sake and for America seemed to feel that only a miracle could save China. Part of the necessary miracle was that China should produce a great soldier of all miracles. This was the most unlikely since no country was ever so hopelessly pacifistic. But way back in 1907 one extraordinary American with the gift of prophecy found in China's history a parallel for the miracle that was needed. The name of this American was General Homer Lee. This time goes back to the 14th century when a great soldier came forth from a Buddhist monastery saved China and became immortalized as the Marshall Monk. So in 1907 Homer Lee wrote as follows the Chinese people have now to confront the most critical period in all the ages that have been allotted to them since that dim morning when first they gathered themselves together on the plain of Shanxi unless there arises a militancy of another Marshall Monk. The hour has come when this ancient kingdom shall make its final salutation to mankind. So wrote General Lee and what happened in 1927 was that at last late late in fulfillment they're throwed out upon the vast and confused stage of China another Marshall Monk. Zhang Kai-shek the soldier and Zhang Kai-shek the Christian sworn with the fierce earnestness to occupy and to liberate all China. Zhang Kai-shek has made his mark in many fields of statesmanship. Of all the world's leaders none has spoken more profoundly and clearly of how we must organize a just and durable peace but it is Zhang Kai-shek the soldier that I would ask you to remember tonight for we are up to forget what the soldier Zhang and his soldiers have done.  The army Zhang Kai-shek had created and fathered before Japan attacked seven years ago was mostly destroyed so he created another army in the western hills of Japan where there are no arsenals in the western hills of China where there are no arsenals Zhang Kai-shek created an army of three million first line troops and the first army that he sacrificed the first born of his genius and the greater army he created in the west these two armies the living and the dead they stopped Japan after Pearl Harbor Zhang's army of the west was completely cut off from all supply his army and his people have endured the direst blockade in all human history nevertheless his army has held a line two thousand miles long and in all these two years it has yielded scarcely a mile to Japan genius in those hills of the west genius and the product of genius a great army of foot soldiers tough, disciplined, brave and willing to die for China, for the generalissimo and for us those soldiers have helped us in the past just how much we will never know someday when we make contact with them they will help us again in battle and by battle they will help us not merely to kill Japanese they will help us make a world where brave men of every race can live happily and honorably at peace so let us salute tonight the greatest soldier of Asia the father and teacher of soldiers generalissimo Zhang Kai-fek thank you Henry Luce you have been listening to the pacific story presented by the national broadcasting company and dedicated to a fuller understanding of the vast pacific basin a reprint of tonight's pacific story program is available at the cost of ten cents send ten cents in stamps or coins to the University of California Press Berkeley, California the address again University of California Press Berkeley, California the story is written and directed by Arnold Marquess the musical score is composed and conducted by Thomas Palusso your narrator Gaine Whitman this program has been presented as a public service national broadcasting company and the independent radio stations associated with the NBC network the program came to you from Hollywood and New York this is the national broadcasting company


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So far, I have talked about cars and phones, but I've also mentioned about food processing, etc. In food processing, chemicals, metals, there are no components, but they are raw material. And therefore, the processes are more biological, chemical, mechanical. If you are processing, let's say steel sheets. So that's where the processing part comes in. And especially in food, it could be as simple as grinding, which means taking the husk of the cereals. To have highly sophisticated chemical processing with adding preservative and other components to increase the taste or the shelf life of the food. So if you look at different kinds of food processing, in the picture on the left side are the ones that are minimally processed. The simplest is a coconut, which needs to break open to eat the coconut. And then there are process like juices. And then there is ultra process, which you'll probably get in a restaurant, cookies or chips. All of these need different degrees of food processing by the company which is providing them. Let's look at a different aspect now of beverage. Let's say if you're having a beverage, a soft drink, you will drink a bottle, but the company has to produce a million or a billion or 10 crores or 100 crores liters of that beverage. And it could be as simple as pure water, bottled water. So the processing will include the purification of the water and then various steps which adds different chemicals to the water to make a soft drink. And then the bottling into thousands or hundreds of thousands or millions of bottles every day. And some of these bottling lines can go up to 1000 bottles a minute or 2000 bottles a minute in terms of pouring the juice into the bottle and capping it. That's what food and beverage. Let's look at steel and making of steel rolls from raw steel. These are all highly sophisticated, capital intensive, very large factory based production processes. And then very different is a chemical plant which can create millions of liters of an end chemical based on multiple entry chemicals, component chemicals all running into millions of liters. So that was about assembly line for product companies like ours, phones, food and chemicals and metals. So we've covered some of the components of mass manufacturing, the product specification, the sourcing of the components, the assembling of the components. Let's look a little bit now into the movement of the goods because to bring in the components or the chemicals or the commodities in the factory and take them out. And all of that together is called logistics. So logistics is essentially the efficient flow of goods but also the flow of information associated with the goods. Because if you bring in a million tons of something or you ship out a million pieces of finished goods you still need to keep the information flowing as well. And logistics can be at different stages coming into the plant, going out of the plant. And there can be various modes of trucks, warehouses, ships, planes. And I'll show you some examples later on which all go into this concept called logistics. So what are the logistics services? What are the different components of logistics? First of course is what is called warehousing and fulfillment. Warehousing essentially and I'll show you some pictures and case studies are where you store a lot of product together.  So that's warehousing and fulfillment. And then you have transportation and distribution. Again I'll show you examples later on. But this is about movement of goods at different stages. But you also have something which you may not think of as a customer. Which is if you bring in goods from outside of India into India there are taxes which gets levied which is called customs. And you pay those taxes. And there's always a risk that the goods will get destroyed or burnt in transit. So there's insurance of the goods. And then there's a risk of storing the goods, fire, chemical leak. So all of this needs to manage as part of logistics services. And then there is this integrated logistics concept where you're managing the entire flow end to end. And I'll show you an example later on of where all the pieces are integrated. And the last piece is what is called green logistics. Which means that you reduce the carbon footprint of logistics activities because logistics can emit a lot of carbon as you're moving the goods. As you're storing the goods and using electricity for light or air conditioning or for the movement of assembly lines. So green logistics. But let's look at a few case studies. I talked about warehousing. This is what a large warehouse will look like. You can see the racks. And you can see the cartons where actually the goods are stored. And this could be components. And this could be finished goods. And in between you can see what is called a forklift truck or a jack, pallet jack. Which moves the goods within the warehouse. And this is how goods can be moved from the warehouse into a truck. And you can see a forklift truck there. Because remember, if you're moving a thousand pieces or 10,000 pieces or million pieces, you cannot just move them one at a time by hand. You need machinery to move them quickly and in large volumes. So that's where material handling comes in. And forklift is one example which you can see the picture. So warehouse, you have loaded them into the truck. But it's not just for trucks. A lot of components are sourced across countries. A lot of components comes in from China or US or Europe. And remember, this is not one piece. These are millions of pieces. So across the ocean, goods are moved in what is called containers. And you can see a picture of a container ship. So there's a large ship and those boxes that you see are container boxes. They are looking small in the picture. But in real life, they could be 40 feet long or 20 feet long. They can be very big actually carrying thousands of pieces inside them. So that's on ship. You can also move it on planes. Most of you may have seen or written on aeroplanes. These are passenger aeroplanes. But a lot of goods also travel on aeroplanes. And here's a picture of an inside of the aeroplane and goods being stored on the inside of the aeroplane. So logistic services which are airborne. And these are trucks. All of you would have seen that. These are trucks which are carrying large quantities of goods. 9 tons. Each of those trucks may carry 9 tons or 12 tons or 20 tons. And some of the big trucks can carry 20 tons or 40 tons of goods. Thousands of pieces of goods. So we saw ships. We saw planes. We saw trucks. These are tankers for chemicals or milk. So this can be a tanker which is carrying petroleum products to a manufacturing plant for fuel or usage. It could also carry milk. Some of the tankers are for milk. They're carrying milk into a chocolate plant because the chocolate uses milk. And the milk then has to be temperature controlled. So these are carrying commodities and milk or chemicals. But that was about how goods are carried in bulk. Now let's look at a case study of Indian fast moving consumer goods supply chain. And this could be food items, rice, onions, potatoes, wheat, atta, maida, biscuits or washing powder, soaps, detergents, shaving, perfumes and deodorants. These are all what are called fast moving consumer goods. Let's look at a case study of how outbound logistics will look like. We talked about manufacturing in a plant. So on the top left, you'll see the manufacturing plant. But the manufacturing plant is producing thousands and millions of pieces every day. You cannot store it. So as soon as it is produced, it will go out in trucks or ships or airplanes into what are called carrying and forwarding agents which are basically warehouses run by the company. From those carrying and forwarding agents or the company warehouses, it will move to different kinds of trade formats from where a consumer such as you can buy the packet of biscuit or the deodorant or a pen or paper. And I'll show you some examples in a minute. So here is a case study of where it goes from step by step from a manufacturing plant into a company warehouse into different kinds of stores from where you can buy. That's called outbound logistics. So I talked about warehouses. A warehouse is something where you cannot walk in and buy one piece. The warehouses will stock the company's goods in large quantities. So you can see in this particular picture goods being stored in cartons. And that one carton can carry 12 pieces of bottle of water or 24 pieces of a biscuit packet or 100 pieces of a small blade packet examples. So that's a warehouse, outbound. Here is another warehouse of vegetables, onions and potatoes. A customer such as you will not buy a whole sack load of potatoes and onions. You will probably buy half a kilo, one kilo, two kilo, three kilos. But to get you that one kilo, two kilo, three kilos, the stores buy in sacks and they break it up and give it to you in small loads. So these are also warehouses. You looked at the big ships, containers, aeroplanes and the big trucks. But imagine the small Kirana store next to your house or your village. That Kirana store doesn't need a whole truck, big truck load.  So these are delivery vehicles also called last mile. And if you're ordering food from a food delivery service, a Suiki or Zomato or any of those food delivery services, you'll find even smaller lots, a small parcel of food coming with a person who's coming in a scooter or a bicycle or a bike. That's called the last mile. Which is coming to the last house of the consumer or the last store from where you buy. And what are the last mile destination looks like, where a customer like you can buy. So this is a Kirana store. This is where you can buy actually one piece of a packet of chips or biscuits or bread. It's a small store, what you probably have next to your house.  This is a bigger self-service store, which you'll see in a big mall like this.  Let's look at a slightly more sophisticated case study for those of you who want to make supply chain as a career choice. So they're very good supply chain companies across the world and in India. And they provide very good career options. And as entrepreneurs, you could also start up a supply chain company. So let's look at a bit more complex supply chain case study. This is about DHL, which is the largest supply chain company in the world and how they have an automotive set of services. So if you go to the website and encourage all of you to visit the website and read the material there, the link is at the bottom of this slide, you'll find all the activities that an automotive manufacturer has to do to manufacture thousands of cars or millions of cars every year and how a supply chain player will support the automotive player. And if you look at the screen, you'll find there are steps of supply chain starting with planning, sourcing, making. What making means is that if you have an assembly line where the body of the car is moving, you have to fit supply small components at every assembly station. So that's called line side logistics. And then you get into delivery of the finished goods because the cars have to taken out in specialized large vehicles. And also sometimes there are returns. The car may be returned to the factory. So there's a whole inbound, outbound logistics involved in automotive manufacturing. And again, to give you case studies, this is what a typical assembly line of a car will look like. I'm using car as an example because it's a very sophisticated product and a very complex manufacturing process. Again, I told you before of how at every station components are being fitted into the car, manually or by robots. And this will be the typical warehouse where lots and lots of components are just criss-crossing coming in from component manufacturers going out to the assembly line. So this is what a sophisticated logistics operation will look like. I have talked about many parts of the manufacturing process so far, except one. So far I've talked about the product specifications, sourcing the component as part of the product specifications, assembling the components or the chemicals or the food or the metals. I've talked about inbound logistics which is bringing in the components and the raw material and the packaging material and the chemicals and the commodities like sugar or milk into the factory and taking out the finished goods, a pen, a pencil, a packet of chips, a biscuit, a packet of detergents, car, phones, taking it out from the factory and step by step reaching out to customers such as yourself. The last part and the very important part is now the aspect of quality management. If a customer like you buys a product, you assume first of all that it works as per the specification sheet or the data sheet. It does what it is supposed to do. And B, that it doesn't break down or stop working or malfunction after a while. Or if it's food, it doesn't go bad. Or if it's detergents, 10 packets of it work well but the 11 packet somehow doesn't work. It doesn't clean clothes anymore. And that's the aspect of quality management. And again, it is a career option by itself. And some of you may choose a quality management career for yourself. But looking at quality, a good place to start are a couple of quotations. The first is by Mr. Tata who said, what's on the screen, aim for perfection, 100% accuracy, 100% quality, 100% compliance. And if you aim for that 100%, you'll get to excellence. But if you don't care, chances are your products will not function or start breaking down and you lose all the customers that you have. And the second part is that quality is remembered much after the price is forgotten. So if you buy that phone which you have waited to buy and saved money for a very long time, after a year, you may not even remember the price because the price keeps changing. But if the quality is good for that phone, you will enjoy using it and I will tell others and that's quality. So what does quality management involve? Obviously, if you're making a million pieces every day or week or if you're making millions of liters of a chemical or a beverage or you're making a million tons of a metal, you cannot check every piece. It's just impossible. So there is a set quality management process which at a high level looks like this. You first set the standards and I'll show you later on some of the standards are required by the government. But you set the standards and say, my product will work like this with this kind of failure rates, this kind of tolerances, etc. Once you've set the quality standards, you cannot test everything, every piece. So what you do is you start taking samples, maybe 1 per 100 or 1 per 1000 or 1 per 10. You take the sample and you test it. And if you take the sample and it works well, chances are the whole batch, the whole lot will work. But if you take a sample and it doesn't work well, then you analyze what is broken. Why is it not working? Why is it not doing what it's supposed to do? Why is it breaking down? And that's called the variation analysis. And once you have found the variations versus what it's supposed to do, then the company or the engineers have to spend a lot of time doing what's called a root cause analysis. Trying to find out what is causing that failure. And then of course, take a corrective action. It could be on the design itself or the formula. It could be on the component side. The component was bad. For example, if you are having a fruit juice and you're adding some sweetness or flavors, maybe one batch of flavors was bad and therefore the entire fruit juice stays bad. Then the component is bad. So it could be any of the reasons why the final product is not as good as it's supposed to be. It doesn't meet the quality standard. So you fix it. And then you keep going back round and round till you make sure that your products are okay. 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%. If you're making a million pieces a day, example, or a million liters a day, 1% of a million pieces can be a very large number of failures and a large number of customers who are not happy.  Others will also feel uncertain as to how good the product is. And therefore quality management is a key component. And even from a government perspective, there are a lot of laws and regulations which requires that the company follows certain standards because the government is trying to protect customers such as yourself from bad products made by bad companies. And if you look at the list there, you'll find that there are many aspects and manual regulations on different kinds of products. Food. To protect customers such as you from adulteration, which is fake food, bad food, counterfeit food, there are laws. Meat, milk, there are laws around weights and measures. For example, if a company sells its 1 kilo product, it has to be 1 kilo. It cannot be 900 grams because the company is then cheating customers such as yourself. So that comes under weights and measurement act. And then there are certain purification marks. For example, if you're going gold, there's a purity mark on gold. Or even if you're buying a food product like ghee or butter, there are standards that have to be made. Explosive acts, energy conservation acts. This is to make sure that as companies are making the products, they don't do anything which is harmful to the society. So be aware that not only does a company have to fulfill the quality obligations or the quality standards, they also have to comply with government regulations. So these are all the aspects of manufacturing starting with the product specification, sourcing of the components, assembly and processing into the finished goods, the inbound logistics where everything comes to the plant, the outbound logistics where goods go out from the plant and the factory into customers, and then above all the quality control. I would now like to think and encourage you to think about what we have learned so far. So think of a product that you're using. Don't think of a car or a phone. Now think of a packet of chips or a detergent or a deodorant or rice or atta or even vegetables, onions, potatoes, whatever. Think of a product that you're using. Where did you buy it from? So what is the outbound logistics? If you bought it from the Kirana store or the mall or online, how do you think the logistics were before the product reached you from the factory? Look at the packaging of the product and think about what components, what packaging material went into the packaging of the product, plastic, bottle, paper bags. What is the packaging? Study the quality aspects of the product. Are the chips fresh? Is there a bad smell? Is there a bad taste if it's a food product? Does it leak? So what are the quality aspects? And think of two or three ways by which you can improve the quality of the product because if you want to start your own business, these are the aspects which you have to be very confident about to build a successful business. I encourage you to spend three minutes thinking and then writing down in your journal about what I've asked you to do in the slide. So with this, we come to the end of the sixth module. Thank you very much. Till the next module, good luck.