We're in James chapter four. We're gonna be looking at verses seven through 12 as we continue our verse by verse traveling through and going through the book of James, our exposition of James. James is dealing with situations now in the church. Chapter four, we'll be looking at that, but we've already looked at it, the first several verses by introduction. And there are what are called church wars. There are problems that are taking place that in this portion of scripture, James has to begin to address. He's addressing, according to verse one, wars and fights that are occurring in the church there, and the church is really that he's addressing in the book of James. And so that's what we're gonna be looking at because I'm gonna be laying the foundation by speaking about the context of division, division in the church and all, and we'll be looking at that in just a moment, but we'll be looking today at verses seven through 12. And again, chapter four is dealing with conflicts and wars that are taking place, church wars that are taking place amongst the believers. So beginning in verse seven and reading to verse 10. James writes, therefore submit to God. Resist the devil and he will flee from you. Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, purify your hearts. You double-minded. Lament and mourn, weep. Let your laughter be turned to mourning, your joy to gloom. Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord. He will lift you up. And so James again is dealing with strife, division. He speaks of wars and I mentioned in verse four when he said, where do wars and fights come from? I mentioned to you that the word wars can also be spoken of as quarrels. And when the word fight is used, it can also be translated strife. So where do the quarrels and the strife come from? And so this has begun to be commonplace among the churches that he's writing to, quarrels and strife. Now that kind of church life reveals carnality. It reveals spiritual immaturity. But it's something that occurred in the early church it had to be dealt with. When you begin to read your Bibles and you start looking at the book of Acts and you start going from chapter one and just flow through the book, you're gonna notice that the church was birthed. It came to be in the second chapter of Acts. It records how that on the day of Pentecost that the Holy Spirit fell upon 120 who were in an upper room there in the city of Jerusalem. And that they were baptized in the Holy Spirit and they flowed out of that upper room. And they went out there in the area surrounding it and began to speak in languages they hadn't learned. They were speaking in tongues. And as they came out and they were speaking in these languages, there were people who were beginning to be drawn and they assembled and began to mock them. And they began to say things about them including, oh, they're filled with new wine. And you remember how that the apostle Peter stood up amongst them. And he said, men and brethren, he said, these men are not drunk as you suppose. It's too early in the morning. The bars haven't opened. He says, but this is that which was spoken of by the prophet Joel who said in the last days, I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh. And he began to preach out of the Old Testament Scriptures given an explanation for something spiritual that was happening. And as he did that and as he proclaimed this message of the gospel, people began to listen and many were saved. Acts chapter two, verse 41 tells us that around 3,000 souls were saved that day. And so you have 3,000 or so brand new believers in Christ. And so in verse 42 through 47 of Acts chapter two, we're told that the new believers continued steadfastly in the apostles doctrine and fellowship, the breaking of bread and in prayers and goes on to say the result of it was that many people came to know the Lord Jesus Christ. According to Acts 247, the Lord added to the church daily those who were being saved. So they began with 3,000 but on a daily basis people were being added to the church. And so you see that in the original church in the first days of the church, the church began to explode. When you get to chapter three, the third chapter of Acts records how that Peter and John performed a healing on a man who was crippled. He was there at a gate that is called beautiful, the beautiful gate. And Peter and John were about to walk in and the man looked at them as Peter looked down at the man and scripture says that Peter said to the man, look at us and the man looked up expecting to receive something because he was there at this particular site because the pilgrims who had come in would be generous to those in need and they would give what is called an alms. They would give a charitable donation and so he looking up expecting to receive something was I would assume at first a bit surprised that the words of the apostle when the apostle Peter said silver and gold but such as I have give I thee in the name of Jesus Christ they say to you rise to your feet and walk and the Bible says that Peter reached down and took the man by the hand and began to lift him and the man received strength in his ankles and throughout his legs he was able to stand and he began to walk and he began to leap and the Bible says and he began to praise God and when this miracle happened because this man had been there for so long and people knew him. A crowd begins to gather around and once again that gives the apostle Peter opportunity to speak to them concerning Jesus Christ. Men of Israel, why do you look upon us as if this miracle was done because we're good people is how he goes about speaking to them. He said this was not done because we're good people. Let it be known to you that it's at the name of Jesus Christ whom you crucified. It's by him that this man has made completely whole and as he began to preach once again sharing with them about what Jesus has done the result was that this crowd began to listen and according to the book of Acts in chapter four verse four many who heard the word that was being preached believed and the number of the men came to be about 5,000. And so now you have an initial 3,000 you had people being saved another 5,000 apparently are added and the church is exploding. Miracles are being performed. The church is growing but in the midst of all of that opposition begins to exist and now the apostles are being persecuted. They were arrested, they were beaten, they were forbidden to speak in the name of Jesus Christ but instead of closing their mouths they began to rejoice that they actually were suffering for Jesus Christ. They didn't stop them from preaching it energized them to continue to do so. You see the devil did not succeed by inspiring persecution by an attack from the outside. So if you can't beat them, you join them. And so in the initial stages of the growth of the church from chapter two, three, four, five now you enter into chapter six and there's a division. A division begins to occur between cultural Jews those who were from Israel and they were culturally Jewish and what they called the Hellenized Jews the Greek speaking and culturally Greek Jewish people and they were in the church and there was a division that began to occur it was related to how widows were being treated differently the Jewish widows were being treated differently than the Hellenized Greek Jews and the Hellenized Jewish widows were being neglected in what it was called the daily distribution and because of that that's where you begin to see a little division start and the church at that time actually was led to form the deacons who began to serve in the church leadership the apostle said it is not right that we should leave the word of God in prayer and wait on tables. It wasn't because they were too good to wait on tables it was just that this is not our call what we need to do is we need to be in the word and we need to be in prayer we need to spiritually lead but we need help and that's how the deacons and they chose out from amongst themselves seven men filled with wisdom and the spirit and all who were able to do the work but it all began because division occurred and that was very early in the church all the good things that were taking place people being saved, miracles that were occurring even though persecution came the fact of the matter is when the persecution came it only strengthened their resolve to remain faithful to the Lord whether it is right for us to stop preaching in his name you decide but as for us we ought to obey God rather than men was the response of the apostles to that and so what do you end up with? Well if I can't beat you by coming on coming against you on the outside I'll just infiltrate I'll just inspire division I'll inspire argumentation I'll inspire these kinds of things because a house that is divided cannot stand so the enemy has tried for so long to divide from the outside but he began to work from the inside and that's what James is beginning to speak about here in the fourth chapter of the book of James he says that there are wars and there are fights among you and he's rebuking the churches for that you see love for Jesus Christ is intended to produce a unity not competitive divisions amongst believers in Ephesians in chapter four verse three we are to be endeavoring to keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace Paul told the Ephesians and when Paul was writing to the Romans in chapter 12 verse 18 he said, if it is possible as much as depends on you live peaceably with all men now as much as depends on you do your best, seek peace, pursue peace live it peace with all men now we know as believers that the fact is and it's a simple fact but the fact is sometimes when you come to faith in Christ it does create a division it creates a division in your family not every family member is happy hey maybe you guys had a great thanksgiving because you have a lot of believers in your family and you were able to sit down and you were able to devour that turkey and the ham and whatever else you ate and you all kind of just sit around patting your bellies going, oh, we're so blessed but not everybody's that way, right? Not everybody's that way sometimes before you go to things like that not to say your family's bad it is, but not to say it not to say your family's bad but sometimes it's tough, isn't it? Sometimes it can be tough to be with your family grandma's not always nice you know, that's a fact you know, she's not always nice sometimes she's been, you know putting a little brandy in this and a little more in her and then at the end of the day she's not too happy you can have conflict at the table sometimes it's nice, sometimes it's not well, you kind of expect that in some ways Marie and I before in earlier days in our relationship, you know there were times that that she and I would pray before we went somewhere you should always keep what you're doing in prayer anyway but we would say, Lord you know help us, but we're here to remember who we are that was kind of our prayer to remember who we are and we're believers, help us remember that because sometimes it may get a little conflict a little, it could be a little tough sometimes so you know, you pray and I can remember we'd go and I'd say Lord Jesus help us remember who we are then I'd drop her off and drive away and let her deal with it no, I wouldn't do that well, you kind of expect you kind of, you're prepared and Jesus said in Matthew 10, 34 through 36 Jesus taught, he said, do not think that I came to bring peace on earth I did not come to bring peace but a sword for I've come to set a man against his father a daughter against her mother and here you go ladies and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law underlined that one man's enemies, I have a great mother-in-law I better say that, Marie's here a man, no she is, I love her a man's enemies will be those of his own household your brother, your sister, your mom, your grandma your man, man's enemies in the home they're not always happy they don't kill the fatted calf because you came home saved now that division if you will is between a believer and non-believers that's gonna happen Jesus didn't come to bring peace but a sword there's gonna be a division and he prepared us for it you see people can resent having friends leave them and they can get mad because that friend came to faith in Christ and so they condemn their faith in Jesus Christ and that kind of division is a result of believers being rejected by non-believers and that kind of division is common in the world but it's not to be common in the church you see division isn't birthed by the Holy Spirit division very most often is a result of our sinfulness our flesh, Paul identified this kind of contention and dissension as a work of the flesh in Galatians 5, 19 through 21 and he described it he said works of the flesh include hatred, tensions, jealousies, outbursts of wrath selfish ambitions, dissensions, heresies, envy and also told you in time pass that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God so that is works of the flesh is what the scripture says so because of their carnality James is calling the church adulterers and adulteresses in verse four when he says adulterers and adulteresses do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God you see they have adopted the world system as their standard for behavior and so doing it reveals an unfaithful heart towards the Lord you know we live in the world but we're not of the world it's not that we should run around and change the way that we dress and everything and try to dress quote unquote Christian cause that's kind of a hard thing for me to be able to define what does it mean to dress Christian you know I'm sure that you can dress with modesty and things of that nature obviously that's true but I'm not saying that if some style's out that I can't wear that jacket or that pair of shoes or whatever I'm not saying that and I'm not saying that to you and there's sometimes in the church the church has adopted such a distancing from the world and in terms of its appearance that you'll see that even to this day you see the Amish will wear a certain way of dress a certain way and wear certain mirrors and don't use electronic devices and things of that nature because they're saying they're trying to stay separate from the world and all of that there are some churches that will tell the women that they need to wear a certain kind of dress and they have to wear their hair in a certain way and that they can't wear makeup makeup's a good thing but they'll say you can't do these things you can't wear jewelry and all of that and they'll take scriptures and out of context apply them to you and put you in some rigid format that is all on the outside it's all outside the short hair on the guys and the suits and the ties and the nice shoes and all of that Sunday dress we used to call it we're in our Sunday best and you dress like that and it's all on the outside it's like dressing a chimpanzee in a tuxedo I mean it's a nice tux but it's still a chimp it's the nature that has to be changed and that's what God does God changes the heart He works on the inside and there's so many of us that are caught up trying to clean the fish before it's caught but the Lord says no you know once once you get caught by the Lord then you begin to read your scriptures and you begin to understand what it means to stumble somebody else begin to understand what the word modesty means you begin to learn how to use your finances properly these are the things you learn you know and it's not because you know if somebody's got a tattoo I remember that years ago my dad hated tattoos and my dad was from the Navy my dad served in the Navy during World War II and he got out of the service and my dad hated tattoos he just thought it was a mark of a criminal it was a mark of something he didn't appreciate and now that was my dad's opinion you know and I honored and respected my father for his opinion but that isn't something that I necessarily had to to follow my life saying all tattoos are bad because I don't think they are and I don't have a problem with them at all you know some people have them all over the face that's a little extreme but sometimes they needed it you know the piercings and things like that so we get caught up on the outsides when I'm saying we get caught up in the way they're looking and all of that but I discovered a long time ago that sometimes a person who gets saved from a lifestyle and he has the taggings of that lifestyle will say on his body or her body that they are people that actually have a whole mission field that they speak to who are not put off by that and can respond to that so who am I to say oh go out and get it all lasered off and this and that I don't do that I don't do that because God wants to change the heart it's the heart that he works on and it's a heart that he wants to fix because it's the heart that's evil and so in their carnality because they're adopting the world system James says this is revealing an unfaithful heart towards God so he points out in verse six that instead of judgment God actually has provided his grace because without his grace the church would never accomplish what it's intended to do it's through his grace that we master our carnality and it requires humility to receive the grace that is offered by God he says God resists the proud but gives grace to the humble so it requires humility to receive the grace that is offered by God so God's grace extended to us gives us opportunity and time to repent and turn to him so how are the churches as well as modern believers to overcome carnality what are we to do to experience and obtain his favor well he begins to tell us in verse seven and he says in verse seven first therefore submit to God resist the devil and he will flee from you since God opposes the proud and gives grace to the humble submit to God instead of resisting God submit to God James suggests that the unfaithfulness of the believers is due to the enemy's influence I want you to note that submit to God and resist the devil he's saying that the enemy is provoking them he's provoking this and that's what he does he brings division he provokes differences and so he says the answer to this is first and foremost submit yourself to the Lord now the word submit speaks of a voluntary attitude of yielding cooperating or assuming responsibility so submission is the yielding of one's will to God which leads to obedience in the attitude of humility yield to what he has said is necessary for our good because it's when we submit to God that we're able to resist the devil now that word resist he says resist that word resist is to withstand or oppose so he's saying withstand or oppose the devil instead of resisting God's will for us and we do this in faith we wear the armor of God we're aware we are in spiritual warfare the Bible tells us that we're in a spiritual war and that the weapons of our warfare are not carnal but are mighty in God for the pulling down of strong holds he says casting down imaginations every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God and bringing into submission every thought and to the obedience of Christ so though we're in the flesh we do not walk according to the flesh and God has given to us spiritual weaponry in Ephesians 6, 10, and 11 my brethren be strong in the Lord in the power of his might put on the whole armor of God that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil so it's a spiritual war that he's speaking about we submit to God and that way we resist the devil we don't resist the devil in our own strength there's no way we could defeat him we resist him with the armor of God and faith in God knowing our sure victory is in God having done all we stand is what Paul said and when he said having done all to stand that word stand in the Greek language means they have your feet planted in a pose of victory we already are victorious because of what Jesus Christ has done you need to understand that you're already victorious we're more than conquerors in Christ a lot of times the enemy will whisper propaganda into your mind saying you cannot win and that's not true we've already won we stand in the position of the victor now that does not mean that there aren't still battles that continue but we always are on top in Jesus Christ we always end up on top we are more than conquerors we are victorious in him and nothing can take you down we resist the devil he will flee from you now it's not because you're so bad because you're not it's because he's bad I was six years old once I went to school for a little while in Manabello at a school called Fremont Elementary School and I was on the playground and they were playing some kids were playing with those little rubber balls that they would play kickball with and the ball came rolling to where I was and so I picked it up and some big kids said to me hey, give me that ball I didn't like his tone so I turned around and I kicked it in the opposite direction he didn't like that and he jumped on me I still remember it he's right on top of me his little face was so angry and I'm just looking up as he's strangling me and all of a sudden this angry angry red face he had an angry face and his teeth were gritted all of a sudden his expression changed to one of pain and he's coming off of me see, I had a big brother who went to the same school and my brother Frankie saw this kid jump on me and Frankie came and pinched his neck I still remember he had him by the neck and picked him up and put him off of me and the kid ran away well, you know what? I got a big brother who does that to the devil all the time all the time so do you the enemy may come after you and he does and when you're trying to serve Jesus Christ you know this when you're serving Jesus he comes after you even harder if you're backslidden you're on his side you're not doing any harm for his kingdom you're actually expanding it because people know you're a Christian but you're out there living for the world not the Lord so I've got him already that's no problem but when you stand up for Jesus when you say here I stand and I will go no further this is what I'm gonna do for him then he comes after you and the weapons of our warfare are not carnal though they're mighty in God I have the victor on my side Jesus Christ who said it is finished he filled me with his powerful Holy Spirit he stands beside me I'm walking through that valley but I'm never alone he carries me in my troubled times and he gives me victory I am always victorious in Jesus Christ I am more than a conqueror because of him and that's how you need to understand it so you resist the devil you resist him not with puffing your chest out and posing like whatever you saw Bruce Lee do in one of those movies that you like so much but in Christ in faith you stand up and say here's the shield of faith and here is the sword of the word and my feet are shod with preparation the gospel of peace and I've got my waistband of truth you know my helmet is on the one of salvation and my breastplate is of righteousness and in Jesus Christ I can do all things and here I stand and I'm not gonna fall for this that's what he's telling us to do James is making that clear he says submit to God resist the devil and he will flee from you it may take a while it's not always as fast as you want is it it's not always as fast as you want sometimes I wish that he just wouldn't bother me at all I always wish he wouldn't bother me at all but guess what I'm always a conqueror in him and every wound that I've ever received is only deep in my love for Jesus Christ that's what happens that's what happens and so he is he is your strength in 1 John 5 18 the Bible says we know that those who have become part of God's family do not make a practice of sinning for God's son holds them securely and the evil one cannot get his hands on them in Romans 8 35 through 37 who shall separate us from the love of Christ shall trouble or hardship or persecution or famine or nakedness or danger or sword as it is written for your sake we face death all day long we are considered a sheep to be slaughtered no in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us and so we submit to God we resist the devil and he will flee he says in verse 8 draw near to God and he will draw near to you cleanse your hands you sinners purify your hearts you double-minded lament and mourn and weep let your laughter be turned to mourning and your joy to gloom humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord he will lift you up and so draw near to God verse 8 he will draw near to you in setting their hearts on pleasure they have ceased drawing near to God but when a soul sets out to seek God God sets out to meet that soul so that while we are drawing near to him he is drawing near to us now what do we do in order to draw near to God well he tells us verse 8 he says cleanse your hands you sinners purify your hearts you double-minded when he says cleanse your hands that's simply another way of saying clean up your life when he says purify your heart he's speaking of your thoughts your passions your desires your purposes your affections clean up your lives and purify your hearts what you dwell on is what you desire and what you worship you become like so what do you do well you cleanse your hands you say Lord I know that this is not something that you are pleased with and you purify your heart God I want to settle my attention and affection to one of those things that matter and you start today you start today you start keeping short accounts with the Lord you start learning to confess and to forsake as a habit you begin to say Lord I don't want that thought and Lord do you know where that desire will take me I'm talking about being a Christian now I think a lot of people who are Christians have have failed to actually put into practice what James is saying right now to be honest with you I think that that a lot of believers have ceased drawing near to the Lord that they have ceased cleansing their hands they have ceased purifying their hearts they've filled their hearts with so many things that that not not to be there and they haven't learned verse nine to lament in mourning and weep they haven't let their laughter be turned to mourning their joy to gloom they think if I do this what that sounds like a bummer what a bummer life that is I mean everything there's no joy there's no laughter there's nothing there's no love there's nothing it just seems like oh man what a boring life not know what he's describing here is repentance and repentance is a word that a lot of us think is a bad word but it's been said that the word repent is the first word of the gospel it's the first message Jesus gave in the book of Matthew repent the kingdom of God is at hand it's the worst word that John the Baptist gave repent the kingdom of of heaven is at hand it's the first word of the gospel it's a turning away and a lot of times we fail to realize that that is what God has called us to do and life is filled with with momentary times of repentance it's your whole life really a life of repentance and he describes what repentance looks like the word lament the word lament there means to grieve it speaks to being miserable or even a wretched afflicted the word mourn mourning is a passionate grief that people can see you see mourning at funerals you go and when you're your mom your dad grandma grandpa one of your favorite friends or relatives that has died that's mourning you see it's a passionate grief that people will look at you and know that you're in mourning weeping speaks of strong tears it's it's the times that some of us in this room have have actually wept there there's times you've cried you know you watch you know one of those YouTube videos of kittens and it's so cute that you cry no weeping is an entirely different thing weeping some of you have not all of you all of you will if you haven't weeping is when you roll up into a ball on a carpet and you just are so intensely in pain that there's nothing you can do other than just pour out your tears to God how many of you know what I mean I'm not asking to raise your hands some of you will but you know what I mean it's it's that moment in your life where you think the floor has dropped out and you're just fine you don't who's going to catch me I don't understand what is going on oh God I've done that have you done that I have done that more than once more than once I think sometimes my life has been filled with it over the loss of this and loss of that the sorrow of this or pain for that you know but again you resist the devil and he will flee from you because sometimes when you're mourning you think there's no hope in the enemy's whispering and saying there isn't any you got a friend that's unsaved you got a mom or a dad that's unsaved you got a kid that's not doing well to you parents grandparents you have a grandchild that's being raised in an environment that you know is destructive for that baby and there's nothing you can do there's nothing you can do I've been there where I've been on a carpet somewhere on my face and I've been saying God unless you do something I feel like I'm going to die God unless you move and then the enemy oh he's not listening why you even pray so waste your time that one's mine you can't have them I fought for my kids when they were in high school I still do but not to the same degree because they have come to follow Christ but in high school I have to tell you it was hard for us you know to have kids and weren't doing well and I'd be in the room and I can still remember being in the room speaking to the Lord some of you parents know what I mean some of you do others you've raised great kids God bless you I had mine they were a little tough they could be tough just because I'm a pastor doesn't mean they didn't have a sin nature just because they gave them devotions brought them to church took on missions and did all that I did for them doesn't mean that they didn't have a choice that they had to make for their own life and it doesn't mean that they weren't number one on the enemy's target list because they tell you pastor kids are the enemy is after those kids in a way that he's not after other kids that's just a fact because if you take down the kid he can take down the dad that's how that works and so I can tell you there were times in my life that I would be on the ground Marie was wasn't even around my wife was even around where I would shake my fist into the into the heavens not at God but in the direction of the enemy in my heart and I still remember doing that and I still remember saying they belong to God you cannot have them they belong to him you cannot have them resist the devil he will flee from you and you have to have that moment of fervor sometimes that passion that comes because it's so real and you know the enemy wants to destroy and you humble yourself before the Lord and you say God because in due time you will lift me up you hear my cry you know my desire I love these children but not as much as you do in Jesus' name save them in Jesus' name touch my mom in Jesus' name touch my father in Jesus' name Lord work in my neighbor you know what I mean and you resist the devil he will flee from you but you also afflict your own soul by saying God I mourn before you I lament before you I weep before you and he says in verse nine let your laughter be turned to mourning your joy to gloom in other words become sober minded take sin seriously guard your walk with Jesus Christ in 1st Thessalonians 5, 6 let us not sleep as others do let us watch and be sober now you have this attitude because you see sin for what it is and you begin to see what sin has done to this world if you watch the news at all besides the fact that you have your friends who share with you the pain that sometimes they go through this is a tough world it's a lot of pain if you look around this room here there's a lot of pain in this room and some of you know that some of you are experiencing it some of you don't know that and the person you don't know who may be seated near you that you don't know them they may be going through some pain that is unbelievable when I go out and I talk to people I do it after first service and I stand out there before service and I walk amongst anybody who's here then I talk to people afterwards and I hear their stories every week I hear their stories can you please pray for my husband just this morning I don't think I'm violating a confidence one of our ladies can you pray for my husband and she starts describing what he's going through can't be here this guy's been in our church a long time can't be here he's ill right now think of somebody that you may know that's going through something right now something painful maybe an illness maybe a diagnosis maybe something that is personal pain all of us know somebody like that and the enemy whispers and the enemy whispers and he may be saying something to you you might as well give up nothing's gonna happen how funny are you gonna pray is he God's not listening to you there's no such thing as a God he doesn't answer prayer a friend of mine was speaking to me about an atheist and a Christian evangelist it's a true story this guy's one of these preachers who likes to share with people on college campuses and all he was on a college campus and he was sharing and some guy walks by calls himself an atheist this evangelist on campus says do you mind if I pray for you and the guy says I don't believe in God if you wanna pray for me there's no God if you wanna pray for me go ahead and pray for me but I don't believe in God I don't believe in God God's gonna answer your prayers and he says so you don't mind if I pray for you and he says no pray so this guy looks at this guy this is a true story it happened on one of the local college campuses so the evangelist looks at the guy and says God in Jesus' name I ask that you just destroy this man I ask that he may have many accidents that he might break his legs than it being so and the guy's wait, wait a minute what are you praying like that for and the evangelist says then you do believe in prayer right so you do gotcha but there are people who do that and the enemy can whisper your heart can conspire and so what do you do you say God in Jesus' name I ask that you would work in me I humble myself because Lord I don't want to be causing problems because I'll way back into the context in chapter four verse one wars and fights and he's saying do you want peace? submit to God resist the devil he's provoking these things draw near to God cleanse your hands purify your heart lament more and weep let your laughter be turned to mourning enjoy the gloom and then he says humble yourself in verse 10 we've sinned against God humble yourself before him in verse 11 he goes do not speak evil of one another brethren he who speaks evil of a brother and judges his brother speaks evil of the law and judges the law but if you judge the law you're not a doer of the law but a judge instead of engaging in wars and fights he's saying humble yourselves live in peace do not gossip don't backbite your family in Jesus Christ peace and unity are evidences that you belong to him it's all built on the foundation of loving God and loving someone else he says in verse 11 he who speaks evil of a brother and judges his brother speaks evil of the law you see both the law of Moses and the teachings of Christ forbid believers from judging harshly and by disregarding God's word you're saying that it's not true and that you're above it when you look at the law in the Old Testament the law of Moses is called it's really summed up in loving God and loving one another in Galatians 5 14 through 16 it says all the law is fulfilled in one word even in this you shall love your neighbor as yourself but if you bite and devour one another beware lest you be consumed by one another I say then walk in the spirit you shall not fulfill the lust of the flesh the whole law is summed up in love and anyone who claims to love God but doesn't love other people that person doesn't understand what a Christian is according to 1 John 4 7 and 8 beloved let us love one another love is of God everyone who loves is born of God and knows God he who does not love does not know God for God is love that will help you when you begin to hear of these people who blow themselves up for the love of God and they kill people as they do that well John would say if you don't love people you don't love God you don't really have a love for God you see the essence of love is the willingness to sacrifice your interest on behalf of somebody else and that's best demonstrated by God's willingness to send Jesus to die for us on the cross and it's that kind of love that God gives to us and it empowers us to give that kind of love to somebody else in John 5 12 and 13 it says this is my commandment that you love one another as I've loved you greater love has no one than this that it'll lay down one's life for his friends and so love is the birthmark it's a birthmark of a believer identifies us as God's children it's the kind of love that God gives to us and he uses that kind of love to reach others in John chapter 13 34 and 35 a new commandment I give to you that you love one another as I have loved you that you also love one another by this I will know that you're my disciples if you have loved one to another that's how they know that's your birthmark so a person who says I love God but hates people doesn't know God you know my mama used to say that David I love God it's people I have problems with I say yeah mama but that's not the way it works I love ministry but I don't like people no ministry people are ministries mama and mama didn't understand that if you ask a non-Christian to describe a Christian sometimes the answers can be interesting many of the people who respond to such a question will say something kind of negative some will describe a believer by what we're mad about today or what we are against but if you were to ask an ancient pagan to describe a Christian something else might be said Chuck Swindoll says one of the most profound comments made regarding the early church came from the lips of a man named Aristides sent by the emperor Hadrian to spy out those strange creatures known as Christians having seen them in action Aristides returned with a mixed report but his immortal words to the emperor have echoed down through history behold how they love one another that was the mark of the early church listen guys that's the kind of thing that you heard me before the service began where I was saying to those who came on thanksgiving and served here made meals served put tables out took the tables down cleaned everything up that's the kind of thing I'm talking about that kind of thing that on Tuesdays when we have our men's studies you know the study begins at 6.30 a.m. that's early for it pretty much for anybody 6.30 but we have guys here at 5.30 and these guys who are here at 5.30 are out there making burritos and things so that they can serve their brothers who are gonna come later on to me that's a tremendous thing I love that I love that and like I mentioned we have guys who took off right after Thanksgiving drove all the way up north to the Oregon border and they're there in a prison right now ministering to people who could not get out on thanksgiving but they came and brought the love of Christ you see that's what the Bible says we're to do is to love one another to get along with one another to put up with one another sometimes you have to put up with one another to receive one another to pray for one another to comfort one another to care for one another to show compassion on one another to be patient with one another and not to cause divisions James is saying not to have wars and conflicts not to be that way not to speak evil of one another in verse 11 not to speak slander you can destroy people with your tongue and when you do that God's love isn't being revealed it's been said that slander destroys three people the speaker the one spoken to and the one spoken of in Proverbs 16 28 a perverse man stirs up dissension a gossip separates close friends so instead of tearing one another down we build one another up he says not speaking evil that refers to any form of speech against somebody else it includes speaking what may be true but with a heart to destroy or hurt somebody Christians are different we're to encourage and to love one another our goal should be grace and love truth it should be unity our speech should reveal that and our goal as believers must be for the body of Christ to be edified and unified and that's evidenced in the way that we speak to and of one another and to love is the decision that we make through the power of God's spirit listen we all know people who are difficult to love we may be married to them we may be raising them but we all know people that are hard to love if you don't know anybody you must live in a box cause we all know people like that and yes they can be irritating of course and of course notice how I say they I'm probably that person to somebody else right now to a lot of you yeah I know what you mean Pastor David how do you handle that how do you handle that when this church was very new I was standing in front of the building that we used to meet in back in the 80s about 83 and somebody came up and they were one of these difficult people and I stood there and I listened talked to him and all of that and I had my worship leader standing right next to me for some reason he was there while this person was speaking to me and they were they were one of these irregular irregular people you know irregular people you know that term right you go to a store and there's something on sale and they're called irregulars because maybe one of the legs is an inch longer than the other and there are regulars or maybe the sleeve or maybe it's just sewn but they call them irregulars they used to be called irregulars you go to the store and they had irregulars and they're regular sales and there are people who are regular people they're kind of like hey how you doing they're just different in the heart it's not hard to love the lovely is it it's not hard they think you're the greatest and you see tell me more they're the greatest but what do you do with the one who comes in complains and whines and cries and every time they're on Facebook you have to pray for them because something bad just happened you wonder what happened before Facebook who'd they complain to pray for me my feet hurt okay pray for me I have the wrong color of nail polish and I'm dying I'm in such a trough okay I pray they I'll pray for you you know I mean we're trippy people human beings are trippy they really are that's an old saying some of you understand it crazy is a good word we are cuckoo how do you handle that and so this person came in was an irregular person and spoke to me for a while and walks away and my music minister said something I've never forgotten obviously it just comes to mind as I'm teaching you just came to mind and he says to me how do you do that and I said do what do what how did he said because she was kind of different because he said you stood there and you didn't you didn't leave you didn't you listened to how do you do that because he couldn't do that at that time and I said how did I do that he goes yeah I said you love them you love them that's how you do that that's not a new idea is it you love them because you know what I think I think this and this may sound bad and maybe I shouldn't say it but I will I don't think it's that bad because this poor person wakes up with himself every day can you imagine how painful their life can be they wake up like this every day that's their life and I'm going to make it worse by not giving them my time why would I make their life worse when maybe just by loving them for a moment it might help them in their future people have done that for me I've been the irregular person I've been that person that nobody wants to be around I've been that person that was going to be the failure I was that person that that I'll give you an example I was in in 10 years old I was 10 years old and a friend of my name Bill and I decided to cut school and we got caught we weren't the best I got better later and so the principal had us in the office and he called my friend's mom and he said I want to make a recommendation keep your son away from this boy David he is a bad influence and I was sitting right across from the principals right there and I'm sitting here and he's looking at me as he's speaking you keep your son away from him he's a bad influence and I'm just sitting there looking at him that was my best friend and the principal is saying keep your son he's a bad influence you know the principal was right I was a bad influence I confess but guess what my friend Bill comes and meets with me every month so I can disciple him in the ways of Jesus Christ I'm thankful for God not keeping June his mama keeping him from being near me because to this day at our age I'm still dear friends with him and ministering to him the things of the kingdom of God so when people say things like that they don't know what they're talking about and we have to be careful the way that we speak of others you know one of the good things that you can learn to do if I may is learn to speak of others as if they were standing next to you while you're speaking how would you speak if they were standing there at that moment that helps me I keep that in mind if they were listening to me right now how would I be speaking of them would I be saying or would I be speaking with charity it's an easy thing to do but that's what you do you learn to do that you have to be careful you have to be careful and not to speak evil of one another he says he who speaks evil of a brother and judges his brother speaks evil of the law if you judge the law you're not a doer of the law but a judge you've put yourself above that he's saying who gives you the right to judge you have usurped God's right he's saying God is the ultimate judge and God judges fairly and so finally verse 12 there's one law giver who is able to save and to destroy who are you to judge another you can only see the outside you never know the thoughts the motives you never know the intense of the heart we're not the final judge only God is and constant criticism and nitpicking destroys the body of Christ so instead of destroying God help us to uplift and encourage God help us to speak truth but to always do it with love to do it with love to honor him and care for somebody else to learn to do that and it is something God will teach you it is God help us to learn that


So you losing confidence out of back-end web developer where you reach right video. Let me explain This video is brought to you by digital academy You're number one source to learning programming fast and get to that six-figure freelance salary you desire our courses include our SQL project course our freelance kickstarter our pipeline course and our interview programming course and much much more So if you haven't already go ahead and click the link below to get to our free Seven-step freelance guide so that we can help take your career to the next level. I'll see you guys in the course All right guys, let's jump right into it I made me some points here so I can make sure I cover these three main reasons you lose self-confidence and really put things in So let's start right off with the problem guys The reason you are losing confidence is that you haven't solved any problems lately I don't care what you've done in the past. How great you've been if you do not deliver What have you done for me lately?  Just give me some insight So I want to kind of see where everybody is as far as just their confidence level how you improve it Where are your sticking points and what do you trying to do to solve it? And hopefully once you are probably once you watch this video You're gonna be in a lot better position so that you can have your confidence level high and it maintains and stay high So that being said guys if you don't take one thing from this video you need to understand that solving problems Builds your confidence level as you solve more problems. Your confidence level goes up You've got to understand that for you guys who've been in the game for a while You've been programming for a couple years now If you haven't solved a problem in a while that confidence that you built up will start to slowly Come down to the point you look around two or three years You haven't really had an impact on the company then you will lose confidence You will doubt your skills and we want to put you in a position so that you do not get there guys That being said I can't cover all of my points in this video But in my seven-step guide links are below We go into this in detail so that we can give you all the tools you need to keep your confidence level up as a Back-end web developer guy. So go ahead and sign up for that free Seven-step guide and if you already signed up for my seven-step guide enroll in the Academy guys We got a lot of resources for back-end web developers courses That's gonna allow you to keep that confidence level up put your position so that your career path can stay on the Increase so that being said guys, let's go into some of these guys. I want to go over to number one Let's go to first point guys The longer it takes you to solve problems the longer the more your confidence level Goes down. I was talking about that earlier in the video, but I want to get into detail now. So Guys, we're human we make mistakes If we make mistakes we feel doubtful about what we do which is okay But the opposite side of the spectrum when we actually do something good we get rewarded for it Oh, we get that boost and then the more wins you get the more of a boost you get the more losses you get the more of a Decrease you get well, let's just say you do nothing right you do nothing And you just you you on the high right you made some projects. You did good. Let's just say 2019 you was on a high note as a developer. He was killing it in your company. Well, kovic hit You're working from home. You don't have all the resources, but you still work for the company work from home If you don't solve any problems and I guarantee this has happened to a lot of you developers start to do this Even if you're not Winning you're not losing but you your confidence level is still going out That's us as human guys. We just lose confidence if we're not reminded of Our abilities you lose it it gets dull So that's why I always tell you guys always be solving problems Because if you don't this is going to happen to your confidence level your coding skills your career So i'm not asking you every day to be like this this this but you got to have a trend like this You know, you have your ups and downs ups and downs, but it should be trending ups That's what you need to be if you're not doing that You will probably over time over a long period of time lose confidence doubt yourself And unfortunately once you start dialing yourself you start to lose more and more kind of like a snowball effect It can work against you or it can work for you You know how you're building a snowman is hard to build it at first And then you finally get that momentum building that big snowman and it's awesome But on the flip side of it if you're trying to um do something positive and then you You're so far down it takes a while to get to that good spot. So I want you guys to really understand that Now that you understand that we need to go to number two start off small number two solve Small projects first you don't go through the big impact project. You don't go in trying to build an entire Python application in your web development. No You find a script that a counting person needs. Hey, right. I manually move this data I mainly had to do this on spreadsheet every day Is there a way I could type this in the in the interface and then you guys move that data over there in the back end Yes, no great Customer happy you happy you got that quick win. Great. All right Two weeks from now same customer company. Hey, right. You fixed the other thing for me. I got something else for you a little bit Bigger project. You already know the main elements because you've already done project number one now.  He solved good problems now other people in the apartments other areas of the business the leadership Everybody finding out that you know how to solve these problems. Guess what they're gonna do to your confidence level We're gonna go through the room And that's what you guys need to be And I want you guys to be that in number three We kind of already covered that the people outside of your IT department your end users your bosses the co-workers all these people Build or take away from your confidence level guys depending on how many problems you were solving Do people see you as a problem solver or making things worse? If they see you making things worse, guess what's gonna happen if they see you as Um solving problem.  That's the takeaway here guys always be solving problems Yeah, you're gonna have a little bump in the road here and there That's why I tell you he's gonna do this but it shouldn't be trending up It shouldn't be trending up over time If you're not you in a wrong company, you need to change companies get yourself in a position so that you can solve more problems That being said guys Like subscribe to the content if you have any questions Comment below. Let me know where you at as far as your confidence level was this helpful And what your struggles put it all below in the uh comment section And if you haven't already go ahead and sign up for my seven step guide Or better yet support your channel and enroll in the academy. We got a lot of courses for you guys Go check that out links below for that I'll put a link to the seven step guide on the screen and I'll see you guys in the course


This lecture could be subtitled No More Dirt. We're actually going to have results today, a few. And here is the outline. I'll be talking first about the BICEP2 instrument and its data and the BICEP2 claim of the detection of inflationary B modes. And then I'll talk a little bit about work that followed that claim, joint work between the Planck team and the BICEP team. Before I go any further, are there members of the BICEP team in the audience? So I'm going to do my best to represent it fairly and to say some very nice things about the strength of the experiment. Then I'll talk a little bit about future B mode searches. And then because you heard the nice lectures on gravitational lensing of galaxies, I thought I'd talk a little bit about gravitational lensing of the CMB, its advantages and disadvantages. And we'll see that there is a lensing B mode in addition to the inflationary B modes. So before BICEP2, this was the observational situation. A large number of groups, as I mentioned earlier, trying to detect B modes, both those that arise from inflation. And you recall that the inflationary B modes rise up and then drop away at L of order 100 or so. And also the lensing B modes, which I'll talk about at the end of today's lecture. Every one of these points, as you can see, is an upper limit. In the range of L, or multiple moment of interest for inflation, the experiments before BICEP2 were already probing the 0.1 micro-Calvin level. And again, let me remind you that 0.1 micro-Calvin can be compared to 3-Calvin for the CMB, which can be compared to 200-Calvin or so for your instrument. So these are very sensitive experiments and not easy to do. And roughly speaking, the limits set on R were of the order 0.3 or something of that sort. So this is all before the BICEP announcement in March of 2014. The BICEP2 team is a large team consisting, among others, of researchers from Berkeley, Caltech, and Harvard. It is, as you can see here, located at the South Pole. The decision on the part of the BICEP team was to do a very deep integration on a fairly small chunk of the sky, small, solid angle. The notion was to look at a large enough solid angle so that they could make statistical statements about the B modes, which, as you recall, have a characteristic scale of a degree or so. But they didn't want to cover the entire sky. They wanted to concentrate their sensitivity on a relatively small region. They also worked at a single frequency. And you recall from the lecture I gave yesterday that is, in a sense, a warning flag. Since the BICEP team made observations only at a single frequency, they had to use external data to measure and try to control the foregrounds. They could not do it internally, as it were. They did have some 100 gigahertz data as a check, slightly longer wavelength. There was very strong and very careful attention paid to the control of instrumental errors. And systematics. You recall that if you're looking at the quality of an experiment, you should check to see how many levels of modulation are included. Many were included for the BICEP experiment. For instance, they could rotate their entire apparatus. At the South Pole, the sky, of course, rotates around you once a day. So they had that control as well. And switching and so on and so forth. So lots of attention to systematics. And I'll show you some of their null tests that show that instrumental effects are not responsible for the B-mode signal-A detected. The actual detecting devices were 512 polarized millimeters, like the ones that I showed you in my first lecture. They also employed a halfway plate, a polarizer, which provided an additional level of modulation. That is, you're looking at a particular chunk of the sky with the apparatus in a particular configuration. You can change the polarization sensitivity by moving a halfway plate ahead of or on top of the detector. So lots and lots of different modulations, as I said. Here is the reference for the result, March of 2014. And here is their site, very near to the South Pole. Here is the horn, which defines the size of the beam on the sky, that is the solid angle to which they're instantaneously sensitive. And then they can move the horn around a little bit, wait for the sky to move, and map out a region. And this is the ground screen to prevent radiation from this 250 Kelvin background from reaching the horn antenna. And here's the camera, the detecting device. There's the halfway plate. You'll notice that to prevent emission from the halfway plate itself, they cool it to 4 Kelvin. Lenses, focal plane unit down here and so on, and the whole thing is refrigerated. Even at the South Pole, you need a refrigerator because you try to keep the millimeters cool to about a 10th of a Kelvin to maximize their sensitivity. So lots and lots of care for sensitivity and systematics. And since I keep talking about the importance of null tests, here are some bicep null tests. Take the data and chop it into two halves. Let's say the data recorded on even number days and the data recorded on odd number days as an example. Sum them, and you see the fluctuations in the CMB. Difference them, and you see nothing. So the null test is passed. That is, there's no spurious introduction of temperature fluctuations from the instrument. And the same is true for large-scale polarization signals. Here's the Stokes Q parameter, Stokes U parameter, summed and differenced. All you see in these two images is noise. So again, careful attention to checking the null tests. And they also looked at the null signals. You recall that I pointed out that some cross signals like EB and TB, where you look at the temperature fluctuations and cross correlate them with the b-mode signals, should be null. And they are. Observations up here. Tests where you inject a null signal down here. The null tests were passed. And that leads me to the following statement. There was a lot of care to make sure that the polarized b-mode signals they detected were real. They weren't instrumental. There's something on the sky that has a b-mode signal detected by bisap. And here are the essential results. These are the power spectra for temperature and polarization fluctuations, plotted in terms of temperature squared. So you can see the units here, microkelvin squared, versus L or multiple moment. And there are a whole bunch of them here. But the ones to focus on are TT. The line here, the solid line, is the accepted standard cosmological model. And there are the bicep observations in pretty good agreement. The same is true for the e-mode signal. Good agreement with the known spectrum. And also with the cross of Te, which is non-zero, not null. So the temperature in the e-mode signals that bicep observed were consistent with what we know from other experiments and standard cosmology. As already pointed out, the TB and EB signals are null, as they should be. You notice a very different set of units here. And then finally, here are the BB results. B-mode detection. There are two sets of points shown here. One is yet another null test, the blue points. And the black points are the measurements. So it is on the basis of these few data points that the claim of the detection of inflationary B-modes was made. The dash curve here is the predictions of a B-mode signal for R equals 0.2. And this rapidly rising curve are the lens B-modes, which I'll discuss later. So the inflationary B-modes are down here. And there are several data points that suggest the detection of inflationary B-modes. And here is their B-mode picture. This is a map of the microwave background with hot spots and cold spots indicated by the color bars. And then imposed on it is the decomposition of the polarization in the B-mode. So this is not exactly a picture of polarization. It is instead the B-mode signal as a function of position in the sky. Now you recall when I introduced the B-modes, I pointed out that they have this curl-like dependence. I probably forgot to say that the curl-like dependence has the opposite sign for cold spots and hot spots. So now let's look at this curl-like pattern or not sure that people are familiar with the word a pinwheel, a little thing that blows around in the wind.  There's a pinwheel pattern here with a certain handedness around this hot spot. Here's a cold spot and the handedness is the opposite. So not only are they seeing B-modes, they're seeing B-modes with the correct behavior in a sense with respect to the microwave background. The other point I want to make is that the strength of the signal really is determined by these two chunks of the sky. And one of you yesterday asked a question about whether there could be some other astrophysical effect that might be dominant. If you want to find an astrophysical problem, you might want to look at declinations minus 52, right ascension zero, declination minus 62, right ascension about trying to do this quickly. I had 350 degrees, something like that, or 23 hours, 10 minutes. Is there anything funny going on there? But this is the result. There clearly is sort of B-mode signal that's dominated by these two blobs and the power spectrum makes sense. Back to the power spectrum again. Not only is it there, but the angular dependence, the way the B-mode signal changes with angular scale is consistent with the models. Sorry, this didn't reproduce very well, but this dash curve again is the predicted B-mode signal for R equals 0.2. Has a certain angular dependence. It rises up and then falls away again at L of 100 or 200. And these points sort of march along the predicted path. So everything looked quite solid and convincing and I want to give full credit to the bicep team. They worked very hard to make sure that instrumental effects and so on were not causing problems. However, as I already mentioned, they needed to depend on external data to remove foregrounds, do the job of peeling away galactic emission in particular. And because of the frequency they elected to use, there was at least the possibility that both galactic synchrotron and galactic dust emission could cause problems. The dust emission at 150 gigahertz is a little stronger than synchrotron, but the polarization of synchrotron emission is higher than that of dust. So there was a possibility of both signals contaminating the result. And again, the bicep team did a number of things to make sure that foregrounds were not the cause of the problem. First, they worked in a region of the sky well away from the galactic plane, as I've already pointed out. They could not, because of their location at the South Pole, easily reach the South Galactic Pole, but they observed in a region that they believed from other data was fairly free of dust emission and certainly pretty far away from the galactic plane. They were also able to demonstrate, and I'll show you that that's correct, that the synchrotron emission at these high latitudes was not a problem. It was subdominant to the dust emission. So what they did was to use the little bits of publicly available Planck data that they could get their hands on in March and some Archeops data and other external data sets to make models, many models, boom, boom, boom, boom, of the dust power spectrum. Here's their BMO detection. Here are their models for dust emission. You notice that the dust emission, as I showed you in yesterday's lecture, tends to have a fairly flat power spectrum, not strongly dependent on L. Different models, all subdominant to their detection. Okay, in a sense, unfortunately for the BICEP team, they didn't have available the final Planck results. They were coming and they emerged shortly after the BICEP claim. Okay, so BICEP came up with a claim of R equals 0.2. The chalk seems to have vanished. Meanwhile, using entirely different methods, not based on the B modes, Planck had derived an upper limit on R and I'll go through how that upper limit was determined and then demonstrate that it was in substantial conflict with the claim by BICEP. So let me put in parenthesis here that this was based on the B modes. Planck's observation was that and it was based instead on temperature. So let's look briefly at the physics of the Planck upper limit on R. And I wanna emphasize that these are two entirely different methods. One relies on the detection of the B modes, which can only be produced by tensor fluctuations, inflation, and so on. And the other is slightly different. Okay, if tensor perturbations are present in the early universe, as we believe is the case for many models of inflation, they produce tensor fluctuations. However, the gravitational waves also produce a small scalar component, which adds to the signal that's produced by standard scalar fluctuations. What I'm trying to make is the following point. If we make a plot of the power spectrum induced by scalar perturbations, it has this familiar shape, micro Kelvin squared versus L down here. But the gravitational wave perturbations also produce a small addition to this. If that addition were independent of L, all it would do would be to add a little bit to this curve or bump it up slightly. But remember that the gravitational wave perturbations are strongly damped away on small angular scales. So the gravitational wave contribution does not have a flat dependence now. It falls off rapidly. So if there are tensors, if there are gravitational waves, what we get is a small addition to the spectrum at low L but not elsewhere. And the sensitivity of Planck across this range of L was adequate to look for this small bump, increase at low L. In the temperature fluctuations, we didn't use polarization for this test at all. So the tensor part appears only at low L. There's a small increase or bump and Planck detected that. However, the amplitude of this bump is model dependent. And furthermore, the measurement of the bump depends on precise knowledge of other properties of the TT spectrum. For instance, I could get the same increase here by simply tilting the TT spectrum slightly. So the Planck results, which depend on this effect, are very strongly model-dependent. The B mode signal is the clean one, we really wanna get that. But at least Planck could set plausible upper limits, assuming a reasonable model and the upper limits that we set and published in 2013 were these. So there was an immediate conflict, yes, Val. Well, just what I've been describing. For instance, let's imagine a scenario in which the inflationary signal really is zero. Can we make an apparent inflationary signal, in other words, can we raise this part of the spectrum? We can do that to some approximation by building in a bigger tilt, okay? So the tilt of the spectrum, NS minus one, to speak technically, is degenerate with this R detection and so on. There are other things you can do. So it's model-dependent, but we know the model reasonably well. Hence, with reasonable conviction, indeed 95% confidence, this was the Planck preliminary limit. Well, the two are clearly in tension. What do we do about that? Well, first you can look at the consequences of this tension. What I've done here is to show the Planck upper limits. There it is, less than 0.11. And crudely, this is just something I drew on my own, the bicep results. There's a clear conflict here. They're placed on a plot of R, the tension-to-scale ratio, versus the tilt in the spectrum. And you recall, I hope, from the first lecture that in many theories of inflation, there is a link between R and the tilt of the spectrum. And here are a bunch of different potential kinds of inflationary models. You can pick the one you like. They trace out either a point in this graph, or a trajectory in this graph. But it's pretty clear that the models down here that Planck favors are going to be very different from the models up here that bicep favors. So there's a tension here. And here are some of the consequences of that. I don't intend to go into the details of the N plus two inflationary models, but Planck favors concave, low to moderate R, this class of inflationary models. It rules out convex ones, power, law, inflation, and so on. And if we look at bicep, it's almost exactly the opposite. It favors high R, favors this kind of inflationary model, rules out concave, and so on. Low scale, Susie, Straubinsky models, all ruled out by bicep, but perfectly acceptable to Planck. So there's a real tension going on here. As soon as the bicep result came out, there were immediately concerns raised about contamination by dust. Are the models adopted by the bicep two team reasonable? The questions arose both within the Planck collaboration where we had data and outside the Planck collaboration where people were suspicious of how low these models were predicting the dust contamination. About four months later, Planck finally emerged with its images of the contamination by dust. Remember that these plots, which I showed yesterday, show the amount of contamination by dust in terms of R. That's the logarithmic scale here, running from R equals 0.01 to R equals 10. This is the bicep region. It's right about in the middle of this color bar, roughly speaking. So the amount of residual dust contamination after the subtraction of Planck's best dust model was of the order of 0.3 and R. In other words, very close to what bicep was seeing. What that means is that these models were underestimates. The real dust contamination is higher. And that's shown in the following image. What's shown here is a plot of the b-modes. This did not come through. Can anyone see color there? It must be very faint. This is a plot of the b-mode signal, assuming R equals 0.2. In other words, assuming the bicep result. And imposed on it in broad bands of L are the contributions from dust, as determined by Planck. So what you see here is that it's certainly plausible that the entire signal they saw was produced by remnant dust.  Yes, to this one. If the signal was induced by dust, the signal had to be produced largely in these two regions of the sky. Planck doesn't have the sensitivity combined with angular resolution to look particularly at those two regions. But if something funny is going on in these two regions, if dust happens to be particularly emissive and polarized in those regions, it could explain the results we see. So again, I think it would be interesting for somebody in the audience to write down these coordinates and look to see if there's anything interesting going on in terms of dust emission there. Now I'll go back to the main burden of the talk. So this is the problem. Dust can explain this signal. So in terms of the correct way to proceed scientifically, the clever thing to do would be for the Bicep team and the Planck team to work together to combine the sensitivity of Bicep with the multi-frequency coverage of Planck. And I'm happy to say that that's exactly what happened. There was very good and very amicable collaboration between the two teams to produce a joint paper in which we made use of all of the Planck frequency observations and we made use of Bicep's higher sensitivity at one frequency to produce a joint paper. And here are some of the results. The paper is now out incidentally in fissure of letters, it's been out some months now. We use the fact that Bicep is less noisy and that Planck controls the foregrounds better. And what we've got here are some of the results. So let me talk about a couple of particular issues and then at the end I will show you the results. First, Planck remember also can control the synchrotron emission because we've got low frequency channels where the synchrotron emission is dominant. So we can ask the following question. If we change the model of synchrotron emission in the Bicep field, does that alter the conclusions? And here is the answer. There are two curves here. One including synchrotron and one not as I recall and there's essentially no change on the preferred value of R. So synchrotron is present but is not dominant. The other issue which I've already raised before is that Planck's model of polarized emission from the galaxy, from dust in the galaxy produces a result that I find a little bit anomalous that the B mode signal is much weaker than the E mode signal. That's still a residual worry even for this set of results, at least in my mind. Okay, finally the Bicep team has a new instrument, the Keck instrument which by the time of this joint paper had begun to produce results. And what I want to show here is that the tension and values of R in a sense is really internal to the Bicep team and is less between Bicep and Planck than between Bicep and their new instrument called Keck. Again, I can't see the colored curves here because I've got a bad angle, but I can over here, okay? And what I hope that these demonstrate is the following that if you look at the agreement of the results between Planck and Keck, you get reasonable agreement, but if you look at the agreement between Planck and Bicep 2, the agreement is not so good. So the tension in a sense is internal to that team. But what we can do is to put the Keck data, the Bicep 2 data and the Planck data together in a variety of ways. For instance, we can take the Bicep data and run it through the Planck pipeline analysis. We can do the Planck data through the Bicep analysis and so on to produce a joint result. And it is here, shown here. This is the likelihood of a value of R as a function of R. You can see that the chance that R is as large as 0.2 in this combined data set is really very low. And indeed, the formal limit, combining the Bicep and Keck data with Planck, the limit using the B-modes now. This is a different way than the limit I quoted here. But the joint analysis now using the B-modes is R less than 0.13. And I would claim that a value of R less than 0.11 or 0.13 is a sort of state of art for limits on the tensor to scalar ratio R. It is interesting that the likelihood, shown here, peaks up at R of 0.06. But the chance that it exceeds that value is quite substantial and for that reason we prefer to report an upper limit rather than a detection. However, the fact that this likelihood peaks at R of 0.06 means that intrinsically the sensitivity of Planck, particularly combined with Bicep and Keck, is capable of detecting values of R below 0.1. So if R happens to be, let's say, 0.03 or 0.05, the final Planck analysis looking for the B-modes may provide a detection instead of just an upper limit. But as I said yesterday, in order to do that we've got to beat down and control better the dust emission. It all goes back to this problem, which I keep showing, of dust emission. In order to reach down into, let's say, of order 0.1 which would be here, we have to do a better job of controlling the dust over much of the sky. Okay, so I'll leave up the final results here, R less than 0.13 or R less than 0.11, and then re-emphasize that the new joint results are also based on the B-mode detections like this initial claim. So this is bicep two plus Planck, R less than equal 0.13, again at 95% confidence. Okay, needless to say, many other experimental groups in addition to Planck are now pursuing as rapidly as possible better measurements of the B-mode. And by better measurements I tend to mean both better instruments and better control of the foregrounds. But this is where we stand at the moment. Then in the remaining few minutes, I thought I'd make a brief excursion to try to link some of the things I've been saying with some of the things that you learned from Bouvnice-Jane's lectures in the last couple of days. There are two other B-mode signals that are cosmological, that is they're not foregrounds and they're not instrumental. They're the lensing B-modes produced by gravitational lensing. And they're also B-modes produced at the epoch of re-ionization. And I'll run through the physics of both of those and show the current status of the observations. Okay, requires a brief detour. And that is a detour to consider the possibility of gravitational lensing of the CMB. I'm going to draw a cartoon of the situation that Bouvnice-Jane showed you the other day. You have galaxies here. You have intervening matter, which distorts the wave fronts, causes deflections and magnification by gravitational effects, and you have some sort of detector here. Many galaxies, and you make some sort of statistical average, which he described. The situation with the CMB is rather different. We have a surface with structure on it at a known and fixed redshift. We have the intervening matter, which distorts the field and we have a detector here. The advantages of using the CMB are that we know the redshift and furthermore, it's the same for all sources. Disadvantage, in a sense, of using the optical measurement of galaxies is that the sources are different redshifts and those have to be measured. And therefore, the intervening path length is different. So it's a more complicated problem to unfold. So there's certain advantages in using the CMB, but I also list some disadvantages. Galaxies can be defined as little hard round dots, okay? And they're stretched and magnified by the action of gravitational lensing. The CMB fluctuations are much softer or floppy than the hard images of galaxies. So it's a little bit harder to use them to detect the deflection, magnification, shear, and so on of the intervening matter. In addition, the fluctuations in the microwave background are typically larger in angular scale than the kinds of deflection angles that gravitational lensing produces. I seem to remember from Mouvnish Jane's lecture that he was talking about angular scales, typically between one and 10 minutes, okay? Planck's data alone shows that the RMS value for the deflection is 2. something arc minutes. That's small compared to the size of the main temperature fluctuations in the CMB. So it's not an ideal source, but it's a well-defined source distance. So there are advantages to both. While I have this slide up, let me also make the fairly obvious point that if you start with a temperature fluctuation that has circular symmetry, you'll recall from his lecture that the first order effect is to stretch that into an ellipse, okay? A circle has a certain characteristic angular scale, so a certain value of multi-pole moment. If you stretch it, you're mixing modes. You're adding lower L and higher L modes, okay? So keep that in mind. And as I'll show in a moment, the effect is to smooth over the temperature power spectrum at high L. So let me do that next and go back to this cartoon. This is the power spectrum of the CMB and I want to look at various features of it. This will be familiar material to many of you, so I'll just run over it quickly for those for whom it's not. Why does the temperature power spectrum have these various features? Okay. First, this flat region out here at low L, which means large angular scale, is just a remnant of the Harrison-Zeldovich scale invariant spectrum that you expected inflation. Next, remember that if inflation is to end, it can't be exactly Harrison-Zeldovich. There's got to be a slight tilt, a few percent tilt to the red, tilting the spectrum a little bit, so there's a slight tilt. If I really plotted Harrison-Zeldovich all the way out, it would look like that. Not quite flat and L. This structure here are the Sacheroff oscillations, sound waves on the surface of last scattering, resonant sound waves, which amplify up the magnitude of perturbations. And the fact that the signal decreases is the so-called silk damping has to do with the diffusion of the photons out of the Sacheroff oscillations. So there's a sort of envelope that multiplies a signal that otherwise would look like that. So that's a very quick cartoon version of why the power spectrum looks the way it does. Let me point out that what silk damping does is to decrease the amplitude of the power spectrum. It damps it. What gravitational lensing does is instead to smooth it over. You're mixing modes at different L, so you're mixing low points and high points in this plot. So the effect is to smear or to decrease the contrast because of mode mixing. And that's a detectable effect. And Planck, among other instruments, has detected it. Okay, I'm gonna put this up. This is an advertisement for Nice Place to go to read about these things. In addition to the references that he provided, you might want to look at a nice primer or introduction to gravitational lensing of the CMB on Wayne Hu's website. And here is the reference. And I'll put that reference and others up at the very end so that you've got them in front of you. Now, what this shows, and you already know from Bookness Jane's lecture, is that the gravitational lensing effects depends on the gradient of the potential, of the projected potential. And that, in turns, depends on how matter is distributed between you and the source. And let me remind you that the CMB is the source at a known redshift. So all of the CMB goes through the same amount of intervening matter. So, if you have a model for cosmology, and we do, you can make predictions of what the power spectrum of this deflection field should be. And here are the Planck predictions. You'll notice that there's some model variance. It depends, sorry, this is a mess. It depends slightly on the matter density. But in general, you can make a pretty accurate prediction of what the gravitational lensing potential should be. If you can make that prediction, and it works for the observed fluctuations in temperature, you can also make that model for the observed B-mode, lens B-modes that I'll describe in a moment. So, does it work? Well, here's that same model, the midpoint of that set of models. And superimposed on it are experimental or observational results from Planck, South Pole Telescope, Atacoma Cosmology Telescope, boom, boom, boom, right along the predicted value. What that tells us is we can have confidence that we can reconstruct the statistical properties of this intervening matter. Exactly the problem that was raised by Ms. Jane. We can do it with galaxies, we can do it with the CMB. The difference is that the CMB can do it only on fairly large angular scales. And here is a map of the integrated matter distribution between us and a redshift of a thousand. It's fuzzy because we can only do it at low resolution, but this is essentially a photograph of all the matter in the universe, along each given line of sight. The little holes here, remember, are masking. We get rid of strong foreground emission. So there's the distribution of matter and, just to go back for a second, here's the power spectrum. Theory is the bold line, observations by many groups, the points. Now, in the previous two lectures, I kept talking about how important it is to do checks. So, I'm presenting some Planck results here. Did we do these checks? Yes, we did. Here, for instance, is a measurement of consistency. All of these measurements are different ways of chopping up the Planck data. One frequency at a time, different methods of subtracting the foreground. Do they produce consistent results? Yes. So, what we're seeing is real. And we also did many, many null tests. I won't go over these in gory detail, but you can see here that there was substantial attention paid to, for instance, the TB cross test. Should be null, is null. So, we are taking the kind of careful steps that I kept asking experiments to do in the previous lectures. Okay, now I wanna switch gears from gravitational lensing in general to gravitational production of B-modes. And the trick here is that as E-mode polarization passes through this deflection field, E-modes originating here, passing through this deflection field, some of it gets converted into B-modes. It's another kind of mode mixing. Instead of going from one L to another, you're going from E-mode to B-mode. And here, again, pinched from Wayne, who's a nice website, are some actual pictures, vastly overstated or magnified. But what we have here is the CMB, temperature, E-mode polarization.  What does it do? Well, this is what it does to temperature. This is what it does to the E-modes. It distorts them. It mixes modes, as I've already said, okay? What does it do to the B-modes? It produces B-modes, non-zero B-mode signal when there was no initial B-mode present. So, lensing basically takes those nice, radially symmetric E-mode patterns and introduce some curl-like behavior, so it generates B-modes. But remember, we know the power spectrum of the E-modes, and we also know how much stuff there is between us and the surface of last scattering. We know the power spectrum of the deflection field, so we can accurately predict what the B-mode lens signal should look like, and here it is. We know the effect of intervening matter, and we know what the E-mode input spectrum is so we can make predictions, and here they are. This is predicted B-mode signal as a function of, sorry, I've made a mistake. This is not the right graph. This is the predicted temperature spectrum, which tells us the effect of intervening matter, but since we know that, we can also predict the B-mode lensing signal exactly, and I'll show you that next. Here it is, mixed up with the results. This red line is derived from the E-mode power spectrum, which we know, and the deflection field, which we know, so I claim that this is an exact and unalterable prediction of the theory. Do the experimental results agree? And here are some experimental results from Bicep and from Polar Bear, which you saw in the lecture, I believe it was on Wednesday, by Poletti. So Polar Bear has higher angular resolution than Bicep and was specifically designed to detect the lensing B-modes. Bicep too has adequate angular resolution to begin to detect things at L of order two or 300 and also saw this same trend. So the claim is that the lensing B-modes have been moderately well detected. And of course, these are the Bicep points and this is R equals 0.2, the inflationary modes. Well, I have this slide up here. If we want to detect accurately the inflationary modes at levels that are much below 0.2, so this curve moves down, we have the problem that the lensing B-modes are gonna get in the way. But since we know this curve exactly, we can delens the images and get rid of that effect. It's yet another foreground. This stuff, B-modes produced by gravitational lensing of the E-mode signal can be subtracted. Probably not, okay? You'll notice that they're a little high, okay? And remember, this is a log scale. So when I say they're a little high, they're a factor of too high. So my guess is that dust is not only explaining the inflationary B-mode claim, but is also a responsibility for these points being a little high, good eye. I can't put myself into the mindset of the bicep team except to say that they did their very best to model the dust and they just got it wrong, okay? Nature wasn't kind to them. You can be less charitable and say that they really wanted to detect the R-mode. So do I, right? They really wanted to detect the R-modes. So once they saw that B-mode, sorry, the B-mode, once they saw the inflationary signal, they were happy to go with it. And little concerns like these points being a little high compared to the lens signal didn't stand in the way, okay? But let me make the point that although this is still rough, we have detected, we being the community, have detected the lens B-modes and they're roughly the right amplitude. There's nothing seriously wrong or skew in the detection. Okay, I have just a few minutes. So let me end with yet another kind of cosmological B-mode. You learned in previous lectures that the universe was initially ionized. It settled out at a redshift of about 1,000 to be neutral, but then was re-ionized by early stars, early galaxies, early quasars, at redshifts of order six or 10 or something like that. Once the universe was re-ionized, there were again free electrons. And if those free electrons saw an anisotropic radiation field, they can once again reintroduce polarization. So there's a second source of polarization in the CMB, produced by the free electrons, which re-emerge at re-ionization. Oh yes, I still have a whole half hour. I've been talking too fast. We'll go to coffee early or there'll be questions. So these electrons again allow Thompson scattering. However, there are two issues that have to be taken into account. One is that the characteristic scale of polarization now becomes the horizon scale at a redshift of order eight, instead of a redshift of order 1,000. So the angular scales are different. The values of L are smaller because the angular scales are bigger. So we're going to see this effect of the re-ionization B modes only at very low L below roughly speaking 20. It's this bump here. In addition, the amount of polarization you get, B mode or E mode, doesn't matter, depends on the optical depth. That is, even though the universe is completely re-ionized, and we know it is from earlier lectures, even though the universe is completely re-ionized, the optical depth to Thompson scattering can be quite small. And indeed, that's been measured by Planck and other experiments. And the optical depth is of the order of 0.1 or below. So intrinsically, any polarization produced by re-ionization is going to be weaker than the polarization induced at a redshift of 1,000. So these bumps will be lower in amplitude, weaker. Than the inflationary E modes and B modes. The variation shown here is shown for a cosmological or inflationary value of our 0.01 and depends on the optical depth. But they're certainly substantially weaker. We now know what the optical depth is. Here's a reference to it, 0.08 is a little lower than was assumed for these drawings. So, what hope do we have of seeing these re-ionization B modes? I want to be fairly pessimistic about that. The characteristic scale, as I've said, is tens of degrees. L less than 20 corresponds to angles bigger than roughly 10 degrees. It's experimentally very awkward. It's essentially impossible to make these observations beneath the atmosphere because atmospheric variations are just too dominant. So a space experiment would be required.  And in addition to fighting the galaxy, if you want to see re-ionization B modes with a characteristic scale of 10 degrees, you've obviously got to look at a large chunk of the sky to get a statistically significant sample. For instance, if you want 10 patches of roughly 10 degrees on the side, you have to look at 1,000 square degrees of the sky. And the amplitude is tiny. Even worse, as I pointed out, it scales with tau the optical depth of this re-ionization, the optical depth to Thompson scattering, and the Planck results are favoring a smaller value of that parameter than has normally been the case. So it looks a little pessimistic. In any case, what we're really interested in is not so much these re-ionization B modes, but the inflationary ones. This peak here at around 100 in L, that's what we're really looking for. And for those, we really do need to wait on additional experimental results. As I've said before, there are many groups out hunting for the B modes. In a variety of ways, both single frequency observations, which will make use of external data sets to control foregrounds, and multi-frequency observations on a variety of angular scales. Most of these groups now are claiming sensitivity that will reach something like 0.01 in R. Whether that's achievable or not, I think is going to depend primarily on their ability to control foregrounds. So the problem is yesterday's lecture, not Tuesday's lecture. Okay, at least I hope that you now know how to read the papers that will emerge from these groups, making claims of B mode detections or better upper limits on B modes with a much more critical eye.  One is to thank you for your attention for patiently listening to an incredible amount of experimental and foreground detail, but that's not my fault. I was told by Paolo, Ravi, and others that I had to give such talk, so I did. And also for good questions. And now I'll invite questions, and what I'll do is to leave up a list of useful references for those of you who are interested in copying them down. Okay, so we're going to go to coffee early unless there are lots of questions.