A heavy blow to the attacking Russian army, Russians were crushed. The general staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has reported that the Russians continue to attempt to occupy the territories of Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts. The enemy continues to focus its main efforts on attempts to capture Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts completely. Over the past day, Ukrainian air defense forces repelled 21 enemy attacks. In total, over the past day, the Russians launched three missile strikes, two of which were delivered from S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems against Kramatorsk and 13 air strikes. They also fired about 30 times using the multiple-launch rocket systems at the positions of our troops and settlements. On the back-mount front, the invaders conducted unsuccessful offensive actions west of Kromov. On the Morinka front, Ukrainian defenders repelled 14 Russian attacks in the vicinity of Morinka. At the same time, Horivka and Pobyeda in Donetsk oblasts also came under Russian fire. Over the past day, the Ukrainian air force carried out four strikes on clusters of Russian military personnel and equipment, as well as three strikes on Russian anti-aircraft missile systems. Ukrainian defenders destroyed three Russian UAVs of various types. Ukraine's rocket forces and artillery struck two command posts, two clusters of Russian military personnel and equipment, two ammunition storage points, and another important Russian military facility. Russia's loss of manpower in Ukraine is about 206.6 thousand people, 400 of them were destroyed in the last day. In addition, Russia lost three tanks, seven armoured fighting vehicles, 11 artillery systems, as well as nine trucks and two special equipment during the day.


Why do I feel like I'm on a game show? I know. Well, and today I'm your host, Harry Mead. We're on investor-survivor. OK, so I'm going to throw these out, because we're already off track. Before I start, I want to make sure that you all know that this is not a diversity and inclusion panel. We are focusing on investing. And how this all came about is, and I feel it's important to set the stage. Back in over the summer, I was at a venture summit in Napa, California, and where I met Monique. And Monique was talking about flipping the table. And one of the things that became very, very obvious is there seems to be a misalignment between market demand in underserved markets and the investment dollars. And it became very, very clear when there was a white male investor who asked the question, is the black market big enough to support startups and invest dollars? At which point, I realized that we really need to address this misalignment. So this is why we have Monique here today speaking with us. And then one of the other areas is investing in women. And Albert is on the board of Clue, where Ida Tin, CEO co-founder of Clue. And I saw her last year on stage here in Helsinki. And she is the one who coined the term femtech. So in order for us to begin, let's go ahead and start with our first question, which I think is really very obvious, which is, why don't we see more venture capital going to startups focused on building and providing products and services for the underserved market? Seems like a no-brainer to me. Women control 70% of consumer spend in the US, 80% of household health care spend. So why aren't we seeing more of this? So I think if we talk about why capital isn't going to some of the companies that already exist in these markets, I think we have to talk about the numbers of venture capitalists who are women, the number of venture capitalists who are black or Latino. Because I think those things are related. Less than 1% of venture capital goes to teams with a black or Latino founder. And roughly 1% of all venture capitalists are black or Latino. And then for women, Albert, I think you had the stat that 7% of the GPs at the top 200 funds are female GPs. Yeah, and that's up from only 3% a few years back. Right. So if you look at these numbers, where on the investor side of the table, there's underrepresentation, then that leads into the fact that there's underrepresentation in the way that venture capital dollars are moving. I can take it as an example. One of our portfolio companies is called Maven. And the founder and I have known each other for years. And when Dishan was raising money for Maven, which is a hair extensions business, essentially, the pushback that he got from a lot of white male investors was, I don't understand this market. Why don't you let me introduce you to someone else? And so when there are so few venture capitalists who are black or women who might understand this market, that's really not an option. So imagine if an investor had an AI startup in front of him and said, I don't understand anything about AI.  At this point in the game, you would say, that investor isn't really willing to do the diligence on his or her side of the table to understand a market that is going to be really big. And that investor isn't doing their job. When we led the investment in Clue, there was a comment online where somebody said, oh, venture capitalists really jumped the shark investing in these niche businesses. And somebody said, wait, for women, there are roughly three and a half billion women that's not a niche market. I do think there's this problem of what people call the availability bias, right? So in order to understand statistics, you have to actually spend time and effort on understanding them. And it's much easier to just judge on, instead of looking at statistics and drilling into market sizes, it's just much easier to judge on what's immediately available to you, which is what your own immediate personal needs and demands are. And so I think that makes certain businesses much harder to fund, given what Monique pointed out. And a lot of times when VCs see a company that has something to do with women, they'll say, oh, let me go ask my wife. Well, that's not a good answer because your wife isn't necessarily the target market for what's in front of you. Which is what Jennifer Hyman encountered with Runt the Runway. I was just about to bring that up. We see we are. We are simpatico, friends. So, well, let me focus on, so I know you're particularly frustrated with VCs who see investing in black and Latino markets or LGBTQ or women, looking at it through a diversity lens, rather than looking at it as creating products and services for underserved markets. Over 50% of the population is comprised of women. We are not a niche market. And if you look at the statistics in terms of multi-ethnic consumers in the US have a total buying power of $3.4 trillion. That is not niche. That is not small. So what do you see? And that's just in the United States. That's just the United States. That doesn't count other parts of the world. So what is the market shift that you see so clearly and how should VCs be capitalizing on the opportunities for significant and real returns? So the biggest opportunity that I see is really around demographic growth. And so the first of that is, of course, the US. By the year 2044, people of color will be the majority in the US. And 37% of those people will be black or Latino. That points to a major shift in the way that people use and consume technology. And then if you look globally, Africa has the fastest growing population in the world. And nine of the fastest growing economies happen to be on the continent of Africa. So I think that there's a big global opportunity that a lot of investors are just missing. And so when you start taking into account these demographic shifts, the way that people use technology differently in each of those communities and in each of those areas, I think you come away with this big market opportunity. And people are seeing it as diversity, but really it's about plain old market opportunity and returns. If you start to invest in some of these companies, yes, your portfolio may start to look more diverse, but honestly, that's just the organism working as it should be, right? The organism should be more diverse. And when you start investing in these areas in a certain way, then your portfolio looks more diverse. And I would say that right now, Silicon Valley and at some extent technology industry writ large, the organism isn't necessarily working as it should be because it is not as diverse as it needs to be. So I think that diversity is a byproduct of investing well. Okay, so Albert, can I, I'm gonna address the next question to you. So I wanna talk about the recent IPO of Stitch Fix. And for those of you who don't know what Stitch Fix is, they deliver clothes to customers door primarily for women, but they recently expanded into the male market. Do you think that this is something that will ignite the interests of investors and startups that are targeting the female customers? Yeah, I think there have now been a number of success stories. I think this is a particularly important one because it is a female founder targeting female demographic and capital flows to where people are earning returns. So I think this has been sort of part of the pernicious cycle here is that people don't get businesses funded because they don't get them funded. There aren't any exits because there are no exits. People are saying, well, they've never been in the exit so we won't fund anything. The Volvo Ocean Racing, which is a big sailboat race just did something really interesting where they basically changed the rules to give some benefit to mixed crews, male female crews. And the main argument was that unless there are female races with ocean racing experience, you won't get them onto crews and how do you get them onto crews if they've never been on it? It's sort of the circular thing. And so I think the reason the Stitch Fix IPO is so important is because it now is something that people can point to and say, look, here's an example of how this type of business is venture-fundable and produces venture scale returns. I think examples are really important and capital flows towards where returns have been earned. So I do think this makes a big, big difference. Well, what's really interesting about that is they raised $42 million in venture funding before the IPO, which was $120 million raised in the IPO. They were profitable after eight years and are now worth somewhere between $1.2 and $1.6 billion. It's very good execution, very capital efficient execution. A lot of companies have raised way more money than this in the private markets and are having a hard time going public now. So I do think it sets a lot of really good precedent. Yeah. Well, hopefully we don't make female founders have to work so hard with so little in order to demonstrate even having a higher mark to even demonstrate success. I think some of that capital efficiency is need-based. I mean, I think it's much more difficult for women to raise money, especially when you're working on a business that has a largely female demographic. It's much more difficult for black founders to raise money, especially when they are raising money with a black demographic. And so that creates incredibly capital efficient businesses, especially resilient entrepreneurs. And I think you see that play out in a lot of different examples, Stitch Fix being one of them. So one of the other areas we're starting to see a lot more startups is in the healthcare space. And I focus on digital health. But in FemTech and pediatric health technology. And we talk about FemTech being everything from menstrual care to fertility to general health and sexual wellness for women. One of the things we're also seeing is that these startups are not B to C. You know, like Maven Clinic is now going B to B and providing a service that they are selling to employers to offer to demonstrate that they are female and family friendly employers. So shifting from the B to C to the B to B and I'm like, okay, Albert, I'm gonna come over to you on this one. Do you see this as potentially being more attractive to the primary male VCs? Or will the startups still be overlooked because of lack of relatability or the ick factor so commonly associated with female focused companies? Well, I do think that going after B to B opportunities is something that some investors will find more attractive and will wrap the head around more easily. I think that could in the end be a mistake though because some of the most interesting opportunities today are to be able to go direct to the consumer. I think that's fundamentally what the internet has made possible. And I think the most transformative companies in healthcare and in FemTech will be the ones that go directly to the consumer. So it may make it easier potentially to raise money but if that ease of raising money comes at the expense of the bigger opportunity that might not be a great trade. Do you have any thoughts on? No, I would agree. I think I tend to be a more consumer oriented investor anyway. So I think that there are often a lot of opportunities that we're overlooking because B to B seems a little bit easier to monetize, easier to understand for a lot of investors who are on the investor side of the table. So going back to Black and Latinx markets, where are you seeing progress in getting more money into the hands of startups focused on those particular markets or are you? So I think where I'm seeing progress is seeing GPs step out and start doing their own funds, to be honest. I don't see it happening at any sort of scale in any of the existing top venture capital funds. But I do know a lot of GPs who have started their own funds and are investing in this way. I wish that I was seeing more activity at large funds, but that's just not the case yet. I think the new firms being formed is a very effective way of competing for these markets and serving these markets. Forerunner Ventures Christian Greens firm has done a phenomenal job backing e-commerce companies, serving female markets and also female founders. So I do think that's a big opportunity and some way it changes easier when you form a new entity than when you're trying to change the mechanics of an existing entity. I think something that's really important to understand is sort of the longevity of firms and of individuals within firms. A single fund cycle is 10 years. So like a three to four year investment period and then a six plus year sort of harvest period. So firms tend to be in business for a long time and they tend to not grow very much. So for instance, at Union Square Ventures before we brought Rebecca on just now, the prior GP was Andy Weisman in 2012. That's five years that we didn't add a GP. So I do think that new firms being started specifically to go after certain market opportunities is likely the faster change model. So one of the shifts that I'm seeing as well is there a number of women in the angel area who are trying to get more women to invest in order to invest in more diverse market opportunities, not just in women's products for women but also for LGBTQ and other underrepresented markets. So what are you guys seeing in terms of the expansion of introducing not just new venture capitalists or moving from one fund to another but how about in the angel space and getting women or other investors who typically wrote philanthropy checks or bought another boat or bought another piece of art or something and getting them to shift over and rather than writing that check, putting it into startups. I definitely think going to the earliest stage and the early stage is super important and whether that's individuals or a firm like backstage capital that are explicitly set up, you're absolutely right, like all the way to the very beginning. And again, this is why change will be unfortunately somewhat slower than we would like it to see because if I give you an analogy with a city, so New York City had a much smaller tech ecosystem and one of the problems was people hadn't made money in tech. The people that made money in Wall Street and they were putting, they were funding businesses that they understood they weren't funding tech businesses. It was only after we had a series of exits and so we need something similar to happen. We need, you know, and this is why it's a long change. We need female founders and female operators and managers that have been successful in tech and made money in tech that then fund the next generation. But isn't that putting the onus on the people who most acutely feel the problem? Why not put the onus on institutional LPs who should be really backing some of these GPs? It's a great point. My point isn't about trying to shift the onus. It's just, I think the change, the pace of change is slow in the industry. So LPs are the right point of leverage because that's where the money for the VCs comes from but it doesn't address the angel question, for instance. So I do think the angel question is, there's some wonderful organizations, like 37 Angels, Pipeline Fellowship, Golden Seas, some others, yeah. So we need a lot more of that. Well, and there's a portfolio in order to train them because women haven't traditionally been very comfortable with investing in this asset class. It wasn't something that was necessarily introduced to them, didn't understand it, didn't know how it operated. But one of the shifts that I'm also seeing has to do with the alignment of values. And so if you have philanthropy over here and ROI at all costs, what we're seeing is an opportunity to do well and do good at the same time. And investing in these underrepresented markets seems like a great opportunity to have more consistent doubles and triples because we may not see the huge outsized returns, but we're also not going to necessarily see the ROI at all costs. But we're seeing with Inventure, 5% return on an average basis, which is ridiculously low. So I'm also seeing the shift in terms of looking at it, looking for, not looking for a unicorn every single time from a return perspective. So, Monique, since, well, this is gonna be, this is super fun from a political perspective. Do you think the political climate in the US will have any sort of an impact on either investing in, supporting in, or the addition of new startups supporting these markets? Too, I think. Yeah, we have three and a half minutes left, so where do we go? Yeah. I think that the current political climate is making people, making the consumers more apt to support some of these businesses that are already in existence. And so you'll see more people talking about wanting to support women-led businesses. You'll see more people talking about wanting to support black-led businesses. So I think that that's a product of the political climate right now in the United States in particular. So- Yeah, I would agree. I think there's a powerful counter-reaction. I mean, more women are running for office than ever, which I think is great. I think more women are starting businesses with everything that they read about male VCs behaving badly. I actually think that the counter-reaction will be a net positive. Yeah. I mean, do you think something like the wing would have come about if there wasn't this sort of big discussion now about behavior of men in the workplace? I think that that's kind of one of the things that you see as an outcropping of this discussion, of women wanting to claim their own space and have their own space where they can go and not be harassed and not be put down and all this sort of stuff that's always happening in business and in offices. And so having something like the wing is a natural outpouring of that. Well, it gives women a comfortable place to be where they don't feel like the outsider and they can actually have some level of camaraderie around people who are like them. So final question for both of you. So if the majority of the capital is controlled by white male VCs, how do we let them know that if they don't shift their investing strategies that they're missing out on huge opportunities? So I think the only thing that speaks to people is losing out on something. And so I think returns speak for themselves. So I think when there is a big deal, a big acquisition, a big IPO that someone lost out on and didn't invest in it because they didn't see it, either they never got a chance to invest in it so they actually didn't see it or they had a chance to invest in it but passed. I think that is when change happens. When you lose something, you miss out on something. So missing out on the Stitch Fix IPO or missing out on Sundial, the acquisition by Unilever, missing out on all of these, the wing at some point, missing out on all of these opportunities, I think that's what makes people change. I second that. That and your earlier comment about institutional LPs. I think them saying we're going to move our money to firms that have more diverse teams is also going to really move the needle. So trying to encourage the source of the capital to influence the investing decisions of some of these more traditional venture capital firms. Well, we're just about out of time. So thank you very much. And thank you for listening. Do you have questions from the audience? What? We have questions from the audience. We do, but it's not 100% relevant. So I'm sorry. So thank you very much. Thanks.


Welcome to this lecture series on aspects of western philosophy module 33. In continuation with what we were discussing in the previous lecture, phenomenology of Edmund Wiesel, this lecture will focus on the problem of reduction, the three types of reduction. We have already mentioned about the three types of reduction in the previous lecture itself. So, we will elaborate a little bit on this and again we will concentrate, we will focus more on the concept of transcendental subjectivity, because it is normally stated that though phenomenology is often associated with particularly Husserlian phenomenology is associated with a method. This is what I was trying to highlight in the previous lecture that in Husserl phenomenology is both a philosophy and a methodology. So, quite often historians of philosophy associate, I mean phenomenology is predominantly treated as a kind of method, but again there is a very important aspect of it, because ultimately there is a ultimate objective of phenomenology is to arrive at the pure ego, the pure subject, the transcendental subject. And method different types of methods ultimately foster this, the arriving at the pure subjectivity. So, we will try to see these issues in this lecture. So, the method of reduction is as we have already mentioned it in the previous lecture, but I will just try to a little bit elaborate on this topic in this lecture. It is a method to build a science of essences, because phenomenology is primarily treated as a science which deals with two things, number one consciousness, number two essences and essences have to be found in the consciousness. So, in that sense it is a method of science of essences and again it tries to exclude what does not lie in the mental act itself. There are several when an object is given to us or when we try to understand an object or when we perceive an object. There are many things which we may know about the object. So, all these things are not actually given in the mental act of knowing that object. So, what is it that knowing a particular object consist of? That is a concern of phenomenology. So, in this process the method of reduction aims at excluding what does not lie in the mental act itself of intending or understanding it. To find the essence of consciousness which I have already mentioned and by excluding what is non-essence. So, there are actually two aspects of it a positive as well as a negative. So, the methodology adopted begins with the negative by excluding bracketing you know put it in bracket and then gradually moves on to what is positive. A method that helps us overcome the natural attitude which considers consciousness as a thing among other things in this world. We have already mentioned about this thing called natural attitude. The kind of attitude which we all have when we live in this world the kind of taken for granted attitude which we move around in this world. So, this attitude needs to be suspended according to phenomenologist. The imminent that which is imminent to the consciousness. So, the adequately self given pure phenomena when you experience when any object you consider when you experience any object there is something which is given to the consciousness. So, that is the that is so imminent to the consciousness in the very knowing process in the very process of becoming conscious about an object there is something which is there in consciousness which is a mental phenomena that needs to be known. So, that imminent phenomena needs to be captured and which is an intubitable absolute data according to phenomenologist and it does not point to anything outside of itself. So, which is self contained in that sense you know it is there in consciousness and a phenomenologist is concerned about a study of consciousness not something which the object which is there in the outside world that is the business of a scientist. A phenomenologist would be dealing with objects which are there inside the consciousness which are imminent to the consciousness. What is intended is adequately given in itself and this imminent is beyond all epistemological questions. We have already discussed all these things in a brief manner in the previous lecture when I introduced Husserlian phenomenology. Now, we do not have to go to the details here we will straight away try to understand the imminent is beyond all epistemological questions. So, now let us see what happens in the process of reduction already mentioned this that it involves a kind of bracketing and when you bracket something say for example, you know many things about an object for instance I have taken the example of a pen in the previous lecture. This pen is made up of plastic is an information which I already have about it it is black in color and many other things you know my intention is to understand a ballpoint pen I am telling you that this is a ballpoint pen and in your consciousness the pen as such is given and there are many things about this pen which are already known by you which is not really important to understand what a ballpoint pen is. So, just want all of us to bracket it. So, by bracketing empirical data away from conservation by refraining from making judgments about putting them as I keeping them as I and we are not going to deal with them. This information which I know about the pen made up of plastic the length of the pen color of the pen all those things are unimportant and I am not going to mention about it at all in my phenomenological intervals. Now, what I will do is that I am trying to capture the pure phenomena and the pure ego which understands it. So, which is understanding the pen to which the pen is given are the residue of phenomenological reduction. So, in the process of reduction the process of bracketing finally, you reach a stage where further bracketing would become impossible that is the essence of the object which is given and you find that essence in consciousness. So, this is the process what phenomenologist intends to pursue then again it concentrates only on the inner content of our conscious acts and distinguishes the imminent object of the act from the actual object. The actual object sort of thing what is there in front of me actually it is given to me to my consciousness and since I understand it in one sense is imminent to my consciousness. So, there is a mental phenomena which is presented to my consciousness and this is presented by the object which is there outside. So, that is why the intentionality principle was discussed in the previous lecture. So, the imminent object of act has to be distinguished from the actual object which has got several qualities and it is also it has got a history. So, all those things are an important and now let us see another very important I have already mentioned about him Martin Heidegger we are going to discuss his philosophy in the next lecture. So, Heidegger was a disciple of Edmund Ruzel and also a phenomenologist of a different kind of course. So, what he says about phenomenology is that phenomenology is to let a thing show itself from itself the way in which it shows itself from itself. So, it is a very interesting code it says that I repeat phenomenology is to let a thing show itself. So, it is a thing which shows itself to us from itself the way in which it shows itself from itself all other considerations are unimportant. Now, again the method of reduction which we have been talking about which is the phenomenological method what is it what kind of a method it is here Ruzel clarifies that it is not an empirical or a deductive method empirical method which is adopted by the scientist and deductive method is largely adopted by the mathematicians. So, this method is different it is pointing to what is given and elucidating it and it fixes gaze directly upon whatever is presented to consciousness. So, it is a kind of gazing it is a kind of looking into consciousness and identifying locating or isolating that data which is the imminent that is a kind of positive aspect concentrating on that essence which is given and on the negative side you exclude all that is not generally imminent or adequately self-given I have already discussed this. Now, again phenomenological reduction was introduced in Ruzel's 1906 or 7 lectures on logic and theory of knowledge and the purpose was to found a radically presuppositionless science which we already seen in the previous lecture. So, there are 3 different stages of reduction which Ruzel mentions in his works actually when you talk about these 3 stages it is not that at one stage one stage of his career he was mentioning about the phenomenological psychological reduction and at the next stage he talks about idetic and finally talks about transcendental it is actually does not come in that way. In one sense we can say that phenomenological reduction actually is constitutive of all the 3 stages they are all important because all of the employee reduction the process of reduction the process of bracketing the only difference is that they are going to elucidate the differences between the 3 the different stages are not clearly articulated in Ruzel's work Ruzel never says that there is a heading under which he is going to discuss phenomenological or psychological reduction and another heading under which nothing of that sort we would find in Ruzel's work. So, these are all scholars after reading Ruzel's work they have come across different stages of reduction and they finally articulated it as 3 phenomenological, idetic and transcendental the process of bracketing is employed in all the stages and the ultimate aim whatever it is the ultimate aim of philosophy and phenomenology according to Ruzel is to expose the transcendental structures of consciousness. So, the phenomenological method involves a process of bracketing and a process of bracketing is a process of suspension which we have already mentioned a suspension of belief a suspension of judgments. So, it suspends the spatio-temporal world and the focus is on pure mental processes. So, this is the first stage of reduction where the suspension begins of the spatio-temporal world and the focus is on pure mental processes this is called the phenomenological reduction where the process of bracketing is employed and if the aim is to see the origin of our knowledge which has been lost sight of. So, due to various reasons we have lost sight of the origins of our knowledge this is actually the major complaint which Ruzel raises against philosophers. There are several factors and emphasis on epistemology for example results in what you call forgetfulness a term which has been widely used by phenomenologist they say that there is a kind of forgetfulness about the reality the essences. In fact, this is a term which Heidegger uses in a different sense. So, what happens is that the origin of our knowledge we have lost sight of and phenomenology tries to recapture it. So, what happens in bracketing for example let us take a very concrete example we bracket we see a beautiful painting with all colors and textures and other things and we appreciate it as a beautiful painting. So, in spite of being a beautiful painting a painting which has got some aesthetic value it is an object in the world. So, I am perceiving this object, but my perception is not just perceiving an object like a person in a chair or something else, but I am perceiving I am understanding a painting which is beautiful which I can appreciate as a beautiful object. Now, all those characteristics with which it was appearing in our perception remain the same just because I am bracketing many aspects about the painting does not mean that the painting will lose all its characteristic features like for example I am not bracketing that it is no longer beautiful for me it is no longer a canvas for me it no longer depicts a particular scene or you know its original characteristic features everything is retained even after bracketing or even in the process of bracketing all remains the same as beautiful and attractive even after reduction then what is the major difference here. So, he says that in the phenomenological reduction nothing is lost none of the characteristics we take the object has are lost then the only difference is nothing happens to the world the world remains the same we are trying to see the world and experiencing it it remains the same though we are bracketing many things in this world reduced objects are still taken to be out there we are not taking them inside our consciousness and viewing them, but they are still out there I recognize that the beautiful painting is there hanging on a wall now what is the major difference what happens in bracketing this is what happens in bracketing our attitude towards the world is changed. So, we are changing our attitude the way we perceive the world is changed instead of naively positing the world around us we focus on how the things are given to us how they are given to us directly to our consciousness what are those aspects which we need to emphasize when we try to look at the world when we apply the process of bracketing. So, here again there is a difference there is a kind of distinction maintained between appearances and appearances of every appearance is an appearance of something. So, this offness this aboutness which we have mentioned in the previous lecture is an integral part of consciousness the intentionality of consciousness. So, the perceive object appears in several modes to us. So, we can actually perceive the object from several angles and it appears to us differently from different angles and different perspectives, but at the same time fluctuating multiplicities of modes of appearances that is true like where I can see one object from different angles the and different perspectives. Each mode of appearance, but is an appearance of say for instance I take this water bottle. So, this water bottle can be seen from this angle it can be seen from this angle this angle various angles and it presents itself from different angles as I look at it from different perspectives. Now, there are multiplicities of modes of appearance of this water bottle, but what is important is that each mode of an appearance of this bottle is an appearance of this object the object as such completely is given to me it is not that a façade or an aspect of the object is given to me or one mode I mean in each mode of appearance the entire object is given to me. So, that is something which I will find inside my consciousness if I look into it that is the essence of the object. So, appearances are there I know I am quite aware of that, but these appearances depend on the object of which their appearances of. Each appearance synthetically produces the consciousness of one and the same thing same bottle is being the all appearances of the same bottle which remains there out there in the world. Again it is description of mental acts free of theories and presuppositions. So, that is another very important aspect I have already indicated this the suspension of natural attitude. Natural attitude is not only a commonsensical finitude towards the world, but also our scientific understanding is also part of natural attitude. So, all these approaches or all these environment of what you call the object is given to us need to be suspended. Refrain from taking any natural objective position and it focuses our attention on consciousness and its experiences. So, looking into your consciousness rather than looking by suspending you know focusing more and more the consciousness and how the object is given to the consciousness rather than that process what you do is that you bracket you suspend all other information you have about the object. Refrain attention from the various external objects with which consciousness is normally occupied. So, every object is given in a context there are several other things to which is related. So, all those things are bracketed and natural attitude is bracketed nature is the universe of spatio-temporal objectivity given to us constantly we are always seeing it that is always there in our background and the purpose or rather the task of a phenomenologist is to isolate the object from this context from nature from universe. Focus only on that object every object is given in a context in the world it presents itself in the world. So, but now you have to isolate it from that context and try to focus on it in bracketing this nature is put out of action suspended and we cease to take part in it and all presuppositions about the world must be suspended or set aside and bracket the assumption of a real natural world to which our intentions relate we do not know we are not actually bothered about that whether there is a world or not for us what is important is to concentrate on the object to focus on how the object is given to us in consciousness. So, believes about particular objects and all the theories of natural sciences are bracketed search for evidences sent centers not on the objects that we ordinarily intent, but on the intention themselves and the ego who undergoes them. So, that is why it is normally stated that phenomenology is it science or it is a science of consciousness it deals with consciousness, consciousness primary object the object as it is given to the consciousness is to read not object as such out there. Now, we are now moving to the next stage this is the first stage of reduction where you adopt actually bracket you actually suspend what is called the natural attitude. And this is a little negative so we are trying to exclude everything that is unimportant which you already know which you take for granted which is the context in which an object is given to you. Now, there are certain limitations of this so called phenomenological reduction which needs to be overcome by a phenomenologist. First of all it achieves only the broad rudimentary form of phenomenology one which is not yet distinguished from psychology. So, it is a kind of psychological endeavor we can see that all these exercises which we were performing isolating the object which is there in front of me from all other things this is a mental mechanism the mind does it. So, how is it different from psychology so that is the reason why the first stage of reduction is called psychological reduction or phenomenological psychological reduction. It takes place within the natural attitude so it is not actually free from natural attitude though it is trying to bracket and suspend natural attitude it takes still it is within that natural attitude is bracketed only as it applies to the objects of our everyday intention. So, objects of our everyday intentions are concerned all the objects which I perceive and experience are concerned I have successfully bracketed or suspended the so called natural attitude. But there is a serious problem what about me not bracketed this attitude as it applies to ourselves and our experiences we ourselves our own understanding about ourselves when we understand ourselves we understand ourselves as an object or as a subject in this world someone who lives in this world as a part of this world there are so many other things about us when in our self-understandings. So, the kind of bracketing the kind of suspension of belief is incomplete we still consider ourselves as part of nature and situate ourselves in a natural context. So, this needs to be overcome now again we continue to affirm our belief in the existence of ourselves as natural persons we all understand ourselves our self-understanding as human beings as so and so I mean I when I say I am not just a abstract I am a concrete I who belongs to a particular place who has got a definite identity. So, this is always there in the back of my mind when I leave as psychologically functioning conscious egos we are all and we understand ourselves as psychologically functioning egos we continue to treat our intentions as natural events making up this egos psychological reality. So, all our intentions are part of our natural make up my egos psychological reality. So, now in this context Husserl proposes another form of a slightly higher form of reduction which is called aeditic reduction I have already mentioned it in the previous lecture where egos means essences we are trying to be a little more positive about phenomenological reduction and trying to isolate the essence of the objects or gaze is on the essences. So, it is a positive endeavor where we try to isolate the essences moving from fact to essence in the positivistic sense where elevates the egos or essences. So, that is what I mentioned we are focusing on the essences and trying to elevate it. It is not just isolating essences by removing all those or by suspending all those other aspects which are non essential, but concentrating and focusing more on essences when we perceive an object the object is perceived from a perspective, but the whole object is given to our consciousness. I have already discussed this explained this with the help of this bottle water bottle when it is given when I perceive it I perceive it from a perspective, but the whole water bottle the whole object is given to me to my consciousness and now aeditic reduction would try to see that capture it the unity of the object is maintained the different views of the object are given to consciousness as continuous as views of one thing. So, I can actually go around this water bottle or go around this computer and try to see what it is different profiles will be unraveled to me if I see it from different angles, but at the same time they are all views of one thing the computer or the bottle one thing is there. Now give themselves the essences we are talking about which the aeditic reduction is interested to capture are given to consciousness all at once something which is given to consciousness directly given to consciousness they actually themselves give to consciousness and again all individual features are eliminated in order to grasp the essence. So, as I mentioned I mentioned this example of the pen water bottle anything any object for that matter you can see that all these objects have some individual characteristic features which is so common to that call it a bottle, but it is violet in color it is a particular shape it contains water it has got certain other features all these are individual characteristic features of this bottle which may not be shared by other water bottles. So, when I say water bottle try to understand a water bottle so all these individual features have to be eliminated if I am trying to capture the essence of water bottle from this actual concrete water bottle which is given in front of me what I have to do is that I have to eliminate all those individual factors which makes its unique different from other water bottles. So, every say for example, if there are 10 water bottles here each one of them is called a water bottle, but at the same time each one of them would be different in the sense that the color would be different the size would be different the shape would be different there are many factors that might make them unique and different from each other, but at the same time there is some factor which makes all of them a water bottle the essential factor that makes all of them a water bottle. So, capturing essence means that I have to capture that object that essence phenomenology places itself in the presence of pure essence and ignores all other sources of information. So, everything else all these individual characteristic features all those factors which might contribute or simultaneously given to me when I see an object are unimportant as far as my understanding of that particular object is concerned. What we intuit is not limited to perceivable individuals, but includes forms the individual invariable structures that reveal themselves in the process of intuiting. So, I will invite you to this bullet what we intuit is not limited to perceivable individuals, but include forms. So, what is the perceivable individual here this particular bottle with a certain color and shape and other very individualistic characteristic features, but this is not what is being intuited by us what we intuit is the form the structure the invariable structure of that object that is the essence. Now, locating essences is when we intuit a group of things we can intuit necessary similarities between them and that is what when necessary similarities between say for instance several bottles which are kept in front of me what is that necessary similarities between them though in spite of the fact that they are all different from each other through free variation of the individuals in our imagination we should find out what characteristics these things have in common. So, identify that common element among all these individuals and locate the invariant forms which are essences. Now, this is idiotic phenomenology a method for turning the focus of any study from the concrete to the general from individuals to the essences. I emphasize these terms from concrete to general from individuals to their essences that is what idiotic phenomenology does essences or idos or properties tines or types their ideal species that entities met exemplify and again properties of the individual that cannot be varied belong to the essence. So, every object might be having a set of properties, but there are certain properties which might change for instance if I pour some hot water into this bottle it will change its shape because it is made up of plastic all of us know that. So, the shape is not something which is invariable the shape is something which can change even the color of this object can be changed, but there is something which makes it a water bottle in spite of the color shape and other things which are varied. So, properties of the individual that cannot be so varied belong to the essence of the object turn our attention to the type or essence itself and to what is necessarily true of all individual entities. So, this is what idiotic reduction does and now what we are going to see is that though we can see that we observe a kind of advancement from the phenomenological reduction to the level of idiotic reduction. It has become more positive and also there is a look for essences and the conceiving phenomenology as a science of essences the idiotic reduction stage seems to be a little more matured stage than the psychological phenomenological reduction stage. But still there are certain so idiotic phenomenology has got certain limitations for example, it only describes what is given to us again the problem is that what is the fundamental objective of phenomenology the fundamental objective is to understand pure ego transcendental ego or transcendental subjectivity.  But still consciousness itself or ego itself is never been subjected for your analysis. So, it only describes what is given to us phenomenology is not just the study of essences it is more than that phenomenology is the study of pure ego transcendental ego the ultimate goal of reduction is reaching the transcendental ego. So, here is a quote from Spiegelberg about the ultimate goal of reduction I quote transcendental subjectivity is the goal it indicates that reduction has the purpose to inhibit and take back as it were all references to the transcendent as the intentional correlate of our acts and to trace them back to the immanent or transcendental acts in which they have their source unquote. So, immanent or transcendental acts in which they have their source so, that is the foundation that is the source. So, we have to actually reach that stage so, in this context the third type of reduction is being initiated or being discussed about the transcendental reduction. The only means to uncover hidden intentional acts which project transcendent object to have a better understanding about cognitive processes to realize the absolute existence of consciousness which is not akin to the existence of things in nature. So, this is very important considering the foundational the fundamental objective of phenomenology as a study of consciousness as something which aims at understanding pure transcendental subjectivity. So, here the absolute existence of consciousness needs to be understood which is what does it mean the absolute existence of consciousness means that it is not akin to the existence of things in nature. Consciousness is not another thing like other things in nature find here in this world it is actually not a part of the world whose own even would say that it is consciousness which makes the world possible I am coming to that. As Udall says without consciousness there would not be a world at all even the world depends on the availability of consciousness. Again phenomenology has to study the realm of pure consciousness and the essential formations found there so, that is the actual purpose of phenomenology to study the realm of pure consciousness and the essential formations found there. So, here comes the real ego the transcendental ego, but when we talk about ego for that matter it is actually there are several misconceptions about ego what is an ego for instance our usual task of ego brings the natural attitude into picture when you usually talk about ego what we mean is that we mean the empirical ego when I say I want to go there I want some water. So, these are all usual ways in which I am mentioning about my own ego, but there the reference is not to the transcendental subjectivity which is my foundational which is my ultimate nature, but I refer to an empirical ego who lives in this world who is part of this world. So, when I say I have a class after this or I am engaging a lecture now this I is essentially a part of this world it is an empirical I. So, our usual talk about ego brings the natural attitude into picture because you know I am conceiving myself as part of this world. So, this world is presupposed when I say I have a class after this lecture all these things you know there is a world there is an institute there is a classroom there are students coming into the classroom all these things are assumed in that. So, the natural attitude I am I am still within that I am unable to get out of it. The ego and its acts are conceived in naturalistic terms and as an essentially non-physical entity causally interacting with the physical world. So, here again when I say I am a little concerned about myself and thinking about who am I the mind I would normally say that I have a mind or my mind according to me when all these statements are made what I do is that I am conceiving myself as a non-physical entity, but is causally interacting with the physical world in several ways. Talk of the ego and its experiences presuppose the general theses of natural attitude and the method of bracketing should be extended to the ego and to its intention. This is the next stage of reduction or rather the giant step which Husserl makes in his phenomenology is to apply the method of reduction to oneself to one's own ego bracket the ego and then see what happens. So, far you are bracketing the world and trying to isolate the essences of objects now you are applying the same method to yourself. So, the transcendental reduction consists of bracketing the ego and its intentions not to affirm the ego as an empirical or psychological reality to get access to the transcendental subjectivity or transcendental ego through a transcendental experience. So, ultimately we can see that though it has been presented as a method the method of reduction is being presented as a method by Husserl gradually he seems to be certain that it is not just a method it is actually a form of experiencing the world as I mentioned sometime back nothing in the world changes the world remains the same a beautiful paint still remains as a beautiful picture a beautiful paint I mean a picture which is hanging on the wall it still remains as a beautiful picture even after or even when I bracket it and try to understand even when I perform the phenomenological exercise it remains the same then what is the difference the difference is my approach my attitude towards the world to get access to the transcendental subjectivity or transcendental ego through a transcendental experience. So, Husserl says that actually the method is employed or rather the method accounts to amounts to a kind of transcendental experience where the pure ego is being understood a pocket or bracketing a form of transcendental experience now transcendental direction again bracketing the empirical elements in consciousness to access to transcendental ego and its pure acts. So, this kind of a transcendental reduction or a transcendental experience I am now going to use the word transcendental experience it consists in accessing or reaching out to the transcendental ego and its pure acts. So, describing consciousness independently of naturalistic affirmations the inner life of consciousness will be revealed and again the reflection on the transcendental elements of consciousness is a transcendental reflection. So, it consists a transcendental reflection and a transcendental experience which takes us to the ego the pure ego the pure subjectivity which is not part of this world which is actually a condition of this world which is actually a condition of all our experiences about this world. Transcendental reflection describes intentions of the transcendental ego this intentions are the pure content of the ego which phenomenologist tries to understand. So, here it is very interesting in this context to mention about Descartes because Descartes also we have seen is one philosopher who employed some sort of a method of bracketing suspension of beliefs. He also started doubting everything that can be doubted and suspended the existence of material world to some extent unless you are certain about it you suspend them. So, Descartes ultimately reached the Kojito the famous Kojito ergo zoom and this according to Husserl is actually a very significance in a phenomenology. He was very close to the phenomenological reduction terribly close we can say to the kind of phenomenological reduction which Husserl was initiating, but what happens is that what remains after the transcendental reduction which is free from all assumptions about what the ego is in fact like a natural and empirical reality learning from Descartes mistake. So, he says that Descartes actually commits a mistake here he misconstrued the Kojito as the thinking substance instead of going a little further a little deeper than Kojito and discovered that it is not just the thinking substance, but the transcendental subject. So, what is the ego's role I have already briefly mentioned the ego's role here. It is primarily synthesizing or uniting our mental experiences into a single life. That is what primarily the ego does synthesizing or uniting our mental experiences into a single life it is mine it is given to me and pure ego remains absolutely self identical in all possible changes of experience. Nothing around me changes my conceptions of things may change my perception of the world may change my ideology may change everything will change because natural world is subjected to change, but the pure ego remains absolutely self identical without any changes. Not a real part or phase of experiences it is actually the condition of experience. This is what Dermot Moran says in his introduction to phenomenology page 138 I quote ordinary acts of perception has a temporal structure of retentions and anticipations and the unity of the ego's psychic life suggests that there is a unifying factor underlying the temporal spread of consciousness. So, somewhere you know this emphasis on that unifying factor the ego unites the world as it is exhibited is a result of the ego's synthesizing abilities. So, you have experiences belong to the ego and ego belongs to experiences. So, there is a kind of mutual way experiences belong to the ego and ego belongs to the experiences all of them as belonging to one single stream of experience that is transcendental subjectivity. So, experiences of an object we can have different types of experiences being directed towards an object for instance being occupied with an object adopting an attitude towards something undergoing something all these are you know connected with our experiencing an object and all these acts are something from the ego. So, they all presuppose the ego they are all something that what happens to the ego experience necessarily involves the ego the pure ego is the necessary prerequisite for experience to occur. So, that is what Husserl said you know the world itself comes to being because of the ego because of the transcendental subjectivity not one more thing in the world, but the agent of intentional life. Now, being said all this you know I will once again come back to the kind of a comparison a very brief before I wind up this lecture a very brief comparison between the empirical and transcendental egos. So, the empirical ego is thing in the words occupies space endures through time and has physical and psychic features. So, it is a thing in the world it is a spatio temporal entity it occupies a place and it exists at a particular time. On the other hand the transcendental ego is the center of disclosure it is to which everything is given. So, it is at the center of disclosure to whom the world and everything in it manifest themselves. So, without that the world does not exist it is a precondition of the world agent of truth responsible for judgments and verification. So, everything is because of this ego and it constitutes the world for me. So, that is a precondition of the world in that sense not part of the world. Empirical ego is being projected as a subject against the world which is an object yet it is part of the world it is empirical, but here this is transcendental. So, pure ego is the absolute being which natural words being presupposes. The absolute being which the natural words being presupposes is pure ego and again it is the source of all meaning because it is the source of all intending. All intending is done by the pure ego. Since all intending is done by the pure ego it is the source of all meaning. Phenomenology is essentially an ecology it talks about the ego, study of ego and its self experiences and the true focus of philosophy is the region of self experience the transcendental ego. Phenomenology is fundamentally ultimately a science of transcendental ego. Now, this is from Husserl from a Scottishian meditation and introduction to phenomenology what he says is I quote this world with all its objects derives its whole sense and its existential status which it has for me from me myself from me myself from me as the transcendental ego the ego who comes to the fore only with transcendental phenomenological apache. So, I just I just repeat the first sentence the world with all its objects derives its whole sense means meaning and its existential status which it has for me from me myself from me as the transcendental ego this is from Husserl. Another quote from Husserl which talks about the absolute status of pure ego the previous one actually deals with something else here it deals with the absolute status of pure ego I quote we can undertake the thought experiment of imagining the very destruction of the world the entire world we can imagine is totally destroyed becoming non-existent the world annihilation we can call it yet we can see that consciousness survives as pure absolute being. So, because consciousness is not part of the world yet it would survive that is from ideas and it is a realm of necessary existence because existence of the world and its objects are contingent everything will change everything might perish, but consciousness is absolute it will remain it will never perish it constitutes the world as a world of meanings and as a world of objects and here is again what Dermot Moran says probably a very interesting aspect of phenomenology very interesting dimension of phenomenology, but unfortunately no not much of literature is available on this and Husserl himself has not written anything about this aspect because by the time probably he would have died this is what Dermot Moran says Alfred Schultz recalls that Husserl in his last conversations together as Husserl lay dying he was on his deathbed talked about the fact that he would die, but his transcendental ego would live on. So, something which is eternal something which can be comparable to India's art man I would say something which never dies something which is never perish. So, he talks about you know the body will die famous distinction which Bahut Gita makes about Deha and Dehi the Deha will perish body will perish and die, but soul will remain. So, something like that the transcendental ego will never die because it is a essence and we will conclude our this lecture with just a very brief outline of what we have discussed today I mean and also a kind of summary of Husserl's philosophy. We have seen that most important concept in this phenomenology from where he begins with and hence with is the notion of consciousness. And when he talks about consciousness there is one important feature of consciousness he highlights that is the intentionality aspect of consciousness. Consciousness is intentional and then we have discussed the natural attitude which Husserl was trying to overcome through his psychological or phenomenological bracketing reduction. Then the concept of essences and the immediately given the concept of something which is immediately given to the consciousness directly given to the consciousness imminent to the consciousness. So, all these things are important themes in Husserlian phenomenology and then the various reductions just to remind you that you know reductions does not mean that they are entirely different from each other that is a process it is a process of reduction which ultimately culminates in transcendental protection. So, basically talks about Husserl talks about an attitude one should have towards the world and towards oneself. Notice that the world is not the world of perishable objects, but it is basically a world of essences and the world of essences exist there because the world can be intended in such a fashion by a subject by an ego. Now the understanding now the there is a need to understand what is this ego. So, here a distinction between empirical and transcendental ego are made and finally, Husserl comes to the conclusion that the transcendental ego which is the absolute being to which everything is given and it is because of this being which is a condition of all experience which is the condition of all reality and the world the world exist. We will wind up our lecture on Husserl's phenomenology and a very important philosopher no doubt and very unique kind of a thinker because there is hardly anyone who actually talked about something like a transcendental ego and subjectivity like Husserl in western philosophy. And now we will see what happens after Husserl because as I already mentioned Heidegger is Husserl's most celebrated disciple and himself a phenomenologist, but at some point of time Heidegger deviates from Husserl and adopts a mentally different project and that is which he calls phenomenological hermeneutics. We will discuss this in the next couple of lectures right now we will wind up. Thank you.


Hey this video is part of a short little series just demonstrating some software I wrote and basically it's a template for creating 2D games using Phaser2D and HTML5 utilizing JavaScript. Now again this is part of a series there should be an annotation somewhere in this video hopefully that will bring you to the full playlist. I recommend watching the first video or two before this one to get a quick overview of what the project is before we dive into the code and this is not a step by step tutorial on creating games. I would love to do step by step tutorials and creating simple games using Phaser2D but the videos I make are decided by my Patreon supporters and what they want to see so if you want to see that consider becoming a Patreon supporter by going to patreon.com forward slash metal X 1000 there should be a link in the description and that way you have more of a say and a vote on what gets done. But again this will just be an overview and even if you decide to use this template I do recommend learning Phaser 2D beforehand and creating a very simple one-page games here and there. This template does a lot of stuff for you, creating a load screen, a menu screen, an info screen, a pre-level page, the level page, and an exit screen. So you don't wanna get into all that before you learn the basics, it's gonna be a lot. And again, we're just gonna go over a quick overview on what the template is here as far as the code. If you go to github.com forward slash metalx1000, my username is metalx1000, you should be able to click on repositories and search through my repositories. Right now it's at the top, but it may not when you go to find it, you'll have to search through my repositories. It's called Phaser Game Template. You can click on there, you can see the code, and as I showed in the previous video, you can get a live view of what it looks like by clicking on here, it's the latest versions always on my website. Now, you can click download to download the zip file, but I'm gonna use git to pull it down. So I'm gonna copy that URL, go into my shell here, and in my folder that my web server is hosting, I'm going to say git clone, and the name of that URL. It's under three megabytes at this point, and most of that size is due to music and images. The code itself is very small, you can see that it's not very big at all. Again, if I have mentioned this in previous videos, you don't need a web server to run this. If you try to run it just as a file in your web browser, most web browsers will block you and not let you run the game. You'll get files not found due to cross site, blah, blah, blah. There's options you can pass to Chrome, and I'm sure other browsers as well, to bypass that little security thing, but I do recommend running it on a web server.  I've done series on that before in the past. If you're on Windows, you might have to, might take you five minutes to 10 minutes to get one set up. And if you're on Mac OS, you have Python installed, and probably other options as well, but as I showed in previous videos, if you look through my previous videos on setting up servers using, web servers using Python. So you should be set, be able to get a web server up and running in 10 seconds if you know what you're doing on most operating systems. But how we decide to do it, I'm using Apache here. I'm gonna go into the actual project here, and let's go back to our web browser. I'm gonna go to my local host and the folder that it's in, click here and the game starts up. By default, it's in vertical mode, you know, portrait mode here. If I click anywhere inside the game, it goes full screen, but still in vertical mode. I can mute the music if I need to. Let's go ahead and look at changing that so that in case you want to be, you know, wide. You know, I have it set up here kind of like for holding a tablet or a phone, which you can also do in landscape mode. Let's say you want your game mainly to be a wide screen game. Let's go ahead and go back into our code here. And if we go into our main directory here, there is an index HTML, which is a rather short HTML file with some basic header stuff here. You know, loading up a favorites icon, title of the page, some JavaScripts. These right here, all the scripts I wrote that are the actual template that we load up. They're different scenes, your boot screen, your preloader, game template, you know, the actual game and level, game over, info and all that stuff. Some basic CSS to allow it to go full screen without any borders.  But we're also going to see here, as you can see here, it's loading up the phaser game based on variables for height and width. And right here, if we want to change it to, hard as our landscape rather than vertical mode, we can comment out that line, uncomment this line, and you can change the resolutions to whatever you want. I'm going to save that and exit out of my text editor. By the way, I'm using Vim, but you can use whatever text editor you prefer. Now, if I was to go back here and press F5 to refresh this, you notice it's still in vertical mode here. That's because I do have a manifest file set up with this project. What a manifest file does is, it tells your browser here, save all these files, only update if this manifest file changes. This allows you to run the game in offline mode. You can close your browser, come back later. As long as you haven't cleared out your cache, the game can be played offline at any time once it's been loaded. Now, so here's the manifest file. We can have a quick look at that. I mean, that would be a topic for a whole another thing, is basically it's just caching any file you tell it to in here. And one of those files is the index file. So, it doesn't matter if I change, delete whatever that index file, if your browser has run it, it's already going to run it now. And it goes based on the version number here. Now, what I can do, you could go in there and change the version number, but I do have an update script, so you're going to have to be on a system that has a shell, a bash shell, for this little script to work. But basically, besides changing the manifest file, if you add other files, this script's going to search through all the directories and add any images and sounds and scripts that you add. So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to type in dot slash update SH, it's been updated. And now, if I go back here, I can hit F5 to refresh. There you go, I had to do it twice for some reason the first time it didn't take. That happens sometimes with manifest files. But now you can see the game is in a widescreen format. Again, mute that music. So, any changes you make, be sure to run that update script or manually update the manifest file. I just made that little script to make things easy on you. That's the whole point of a template. Let's go back here, Ctrl-L to clear the screen. And let's go ahead and look at our files here. If we go into the data folder, there's two files here, images and info.js. Let's have a look at the info.js. And if you look in here, it's a very simple JSON array with some text and URL. The text, let's first one says game template by Chris Acapinti. And then there's a URL of films by Chris. There's a license line and there's the GPL for that or the URL for that. And there's the source code and there's a URL for that. And if you haven't figured out yet, this is the info screen. If we go back to our browser here and click info, you can see it says game template by Chris Acapinti. The licenses, the source code is music by and more games. You don't see any of the URLs because they happen when you click. So if I click on that one, it brings me to films by Chris. So this allows you to not have to go in to the code and find all that. You just modify that JSON file. Let's go ahead and do that. We're gonna go in here. We'll just change this. Let's change it so instead of Chris Acapinti, I'll change it to my screen name, which is middle X 1000. Save that. And if we come in here, even if we refresh a few times info, you can still see it says Chris Acapinti and that's again because of that manifest file. So let's go back to our shell here. Go back to the main directory here and type in update.sh. It updates our manifest file. I'm gonna refresh the screen twice here just to be sure. You can see it now says metal X 1000. So remember any change you make, run that update script. Now, going back to our code here, let's go ahead and have a look around. Let's see. Now, most of our main code is going to be under our JSON, or JS, our JavaScript folder. So again, we have our boot. Let's go ahead and have a quick look at that. That's very simple. It's basically our load screen.  Basically, that's a rotating cube, which actually this point is actually a progress bar as well. That's something I need to change to where there's the rotating cube and a progress bar, but it's functional and there's something on the screen letting someone know that the game is running. And I do have a console output saying that the game is loading for, you know, checking that stuff. Now, next it's going to run the, well if you look at that again, you know, it's gonna start state, what state is gonna start the preload, which was called preload in our index file, if you remember.  And this is gonna preload a lot of our images and a lot of our music and sounds so that they're ready to go. They're already downloaded and ready to go. It's not like you click on something that's supposed to make a sound and you gotta wait for it to download.  So something like this sound, there's only one sound listed there, but I'll give you an example of some sprites. I put some of the stuff in arrays so you don't have to. So like here, I'm loading two different player screens here, but let's say you have a couple of sprites, animated images that are each frame as a 64 by 64. That's why I set this loop up four. So I called it sprite 64 and created that array. If we exit out of here, let me start up my file browser here and go up and go to our RES file, which is our resource files. Click in here, you can see the, you know, the brick icon that's repeated for the ground level and a bunch of our text and animations here, but we have sprites here. We have a few, we have five. These two are larger, the front view of the character, which if I haven't already stated it is a character I created in Blender, so it's actually 3D, but I render out as a 2D character. But ones that each frame or 64 by 64 are our mute button, our player walking and our player two walking, which is the same thing, just tinted blue. So, which can actually be done in the code, but I think at this point you're better off doing it this way because some browsers have issues with that, trying to change the color stuff, plus you need to use bitmats for that to work, I believe. Anyway, looking back at our code, you can see those three sprite names right there. So we have mute player and player two, player, player two and mute doesn't matter the order. It's gonna loop through those and what it's doing here is gonna create a sprite sheet for each of those and it's gonna give it the name, which is the name and the variable. So the first one would be player and the next one would be player two and the next one would be mute. It's gonna say, okay, it's in the resource sprites folder. It's gonna be called that, so player, player two, player, or mute dot PNG, which is what they are named and each frame is 64 by 64. So I created loops like that for different things to help you streamline stuff. So let's say you added another player or another sprite that is 64 by 64 for each frame. You can just come in here and let's say it was a bad guy. You can say, comma, bad guy, if that's what you named the file, save that update and it will load that file. You don't have to create a line for each one. That's just something I did in there to move things along. You also see the music loading here and progress bar starting here. So that's just a quick look at that. I'm not gonna save any of that here. And again, this is a quick overview so I'm just gonna show you a little bit more but we'll go ahead and have a look at the title screen. So we'll go Vim into game title. You can see here that we're loading up the different sprites. This one's the game title, which if we go back into our game here and go to our main screen, that would be this My Fun Game here. And so for a lot of that, you don't have to worry about the code. If you're just gonna have a title screen like this and you want the title screen to look like that, you have three different things here. You have My Fun Game, Play, Info, and you just wanna change the title and change the font. You can just create new PNGs and replace the old ones. If you don't like the look of this mute button, you just create a new PNG and replace it. So a lot of that stuff on screens like this, it's just gonna be replacing the PNGs. I do have the character going here as an animation. That is also in this code here. So you can see, as far as updating, for each update it's moving the position of each player, player one or player two, whether they're going left or right, creating some buttons here, loading, I do wanna point out, if you do just change the image of this, this does link to the gentleman who made the music for the game. So that's a button there. You can change that here. You just change the URL if you want that to link to something else. Here is loading the players. To load the players, I create this function and you pass it a few different things, like the position, the x, y position and the direction and what type of player it is, whether it's player one or player two. And this is set up for those particular sprites, but you can just modify the number of frames here and how fast you want them to move and you're probably gonna want them to loop if they're gonna be walking like that. So that's that code. Again, there is a lot more to this entire game template, but I just wanna give you an overview of it. Again, something I would like, I would love to do more tutorials on, but again, all my tutorials are based on votes from my Patreon viewers and so far, this isn't a big interest for the few Patreon supporters I have. So, but I thought I would share this. If you already are familiar with Phaser 2D and if you're not, and you wanna make 2D games, I do recommend it. Lots of code out there, lots of... It's great, it's greatly documented. I've done videos talking about their documentation before. I recommend you check it out once you get past the basics and you feel comfortable creating a small game. Then you can utilize this template to get your basic game going so you don't have to write the same mind-numbing stuff that's done over and over again at the beginning of this game design. It's all set up for you here with simple scripts to update stuff. So, again, as always, I hope you enjoyed this series. I hope you're enjoying these videos. I hope that you have a great day. As always, please share, like, and subscribe if you enjoy these videos. And as always, visit filmsbychrist.com. That's Chris the K. There should be a link in the description. And I hope that you have a great day.