the Parisian connection with the projectile multi-prolibrational properties and Cote-au-mache-sieau. Okay, thank you. So my talk is going to be about multi-prolibrational properties, and the aim of my talk is to show that it's to argue that multi-prolibrational properties are projectible against an argument which has been proposed by Jai Womkin. So very briefly, my talk has three parts. So first of all, I'm going to give you a bit of background about multi-prolibrational properties and each of the scheme's arguments. Then I'm going to go to actually one reply which has been already proposed by Ned Block, and then I'm going to tell you why Ned replied is not fully satisfactory and then I'm going to provide my two scheme's arguments. So first of all, so the multiple resability is the idea that some properties are realized by multiple different physical substrates. So first of all, for a property, for a high-level property to be realized, that means for the high-level property to obtain, in virtue of the fact that the low-level property, the realizer, obtains, right? So the classic example is that pain, which is a high-level property, it is realized in, for example, in humans by C fibers and by A delta fibers. These are fibers of the brains of the human brain. And whenever these fibers fire, then the subject feels pain. So that's what it is for a property to be realized by another low-level property. And multiple resability says that some high-level property, for example, pain, are realized by different physical substrates. For example, in human, pain is realized by C fiber and A delta fibers. But in other species, for example, octopuses, who have different narrow substrates from ours, they have different realizers of pain, let's say, octopus fibers, and then other species, they have different physical realizers of pain, for example, Martian, so species that we have not discovered yet. And so the claim of multiple resability was put forward by Larry Patnam in the 70s. And the claim it was supposed to be an argument against reductionism. So reductionism is the idea that all properties or scientific properties are actually physical properties or are at least explainable in physical terms, right? So basically all properties are actually physical. But if some high-level properties are multiply realizable, then reductionism cannot be true because in one case we have a high-level property which is realized by a given physical substrate and that physical substrate is supposed to explain the occurrence of the high-level property. But we have different cases in which there are different realizers. And so none of the realizers that you see down in the schema, which is from the classic paper from Fodder, none of the realizers alone would be sufficient in order to explain the occurrence of the high-level property, right? That's what multiple resability says. And so the argument is supposed to be reductionism is false. But Jagon Kim says that this is actually not true because so multiple resable properties cannot refute reductionism and to refute reductionism actually it's important to... How do I go back to the... Oh, left should probably... left arrow. So if reductionism is false, so since multiple resability is supposed to refute reductionism, it's also supposed to justify the autonomy of special sciences, right? So special sciences are sciences other than physics. So for example, psychology, biology, sociology, economics and so on. And the fact that reductionism is not true means that these science are actually autonomous from physics, right? But Kim says that that's not the case because actually multiple resable properties are not scientific and that's the argument he provides. So the argument goes as follows. So first of all, first premise is that scientific predicates, scientific properties and kinds are projectable kinds. So we are going to see what that means in a second. Secondly, multiple resable properties, they are not projectable and therefore multiple resable properties and predicates they are not scientific, right? And just to point out the importance of this kind of debate, if that's true that multiple resable properties are not scientific and if that's also the case that special sciences properties are multiple realizable, so if the properties studied by special sciences are multiple realizable, then you follow that special sciences are not science after all because they don't study scientific properties, right? So we have to find an answer to Kim's argument. So let's see what the premise is actually. Why they are supposed to hold the momentum they mean. So first of all, scientific kinds, we can characterize scientific kinds in the debate, they are characterized fairly minimally as the properties that appear in scientific laws. So just to be clear, here I say properties but actually I should have said predicates because scientific laws, they are formulated in linguistic terms. Actually there are predicates in scientific laws but if they are scientific, they are not properties, right? So predicates, scientific predicates, they are supposed to be not properties and if they are scientific again, they will be not scientific kinds so sometimes I will use these terms interchangeably but obviously they are not the same, right? So predicates, they are not always the not properties and even if they do, maybe these properties are not scientific but then if there is some misunderstanding, we try to make it clear. Otherwise they will use these terms sometimes interchangeably. So this is the first sense we have and then projectability. So projectability is, so I should say that Goodman talked a lot about projectability but I am not going to talk about Goodman's sense of projectability. This is how Kim characterizes projectability and this is the sense of projectability that I am interested in in this talk. So projectability is the characteristic of scientific, of low light generalization, sorry, of being confirmed by positive instances of a given type of phenomenon, right? The phenomenon that this generalization talked about and so for example the low light generalization metals are good conductors of electricity is projectable because it is confirmed if we find an example of a metal, right, which conducts electricity and that contrasts with for example the following generalization, all coins in my pocket are copper because if you find a coin which is in my pocket which is made out of copper that doesn't tell me anything about the material of other coins which are in my pocket. So projectability concerns first of all generalizations but we can talk by extension let's say of projectable predicates whenever this predicates figure in projectable generalizations, right? So predicates are projectable insofar as they appear in projectable generalizations but so the important point to keep in mind here is that the unprojectability, the fact that some generalizations are not projectable might be due to the nature of the predicates which appear in this generalization but if so the relation between the projectability of predicates and that of generalizations is kind of tricky but this is what's important for me that some generalization might be non-projectable because of the nature of the predicates. So this is the argument in support of the second premise namely that multivariable properties they are not projectable and that's from Kim. So the argument goes as follows. So first of all, multi-pluralizable properties and predicates actually are nomologically co-extensive and therefore equivalent to the disjunction of the realizers of the multi-pluralizable properties. So this is what Kim says. Now to be co-extensive, so first of all the extension of a predicate is the set of things to which the predicate applies to, right? So the extension of the predicate red is the set of red things and to be co-extensive means to have the same extension. Now what Kim says about multi-pluralizable properties, this is the scheme I just showed you, is that they are not co-extensive at a high level properties, multi-pluralizable properties, they are not co-extensive with any of the realizers alone, right? But they are actually co-extensive with the whole disjunction of the realizers because whenever the high level property occurs it must be the case that at least one of the disjuncts which is the realizer occurs too, right? Even though not all of them occur, but one of them occurs too but that's a disjunction. So the disjunction and the high level property they apply to the same set of things, right? Of the scheme to some extent. And they are co-extensive. The true predicate, the disjunction, low disjunction, the high disjunction, they are co-extensive as a matter of nomological necessity, let's say. So that depends on how the laws of nature of our universe are made. And because here we are talking about generalizations which are supposed to be laws and the realization-relation scheme says should hold as a matter of nomological necessity. So given this strong correlation between the two properties we can consider that the two properties, the high level properties, multiply the realizable and the low level disjunction of the realizers they are actually equivalent. As far as the extension goes. And this is the first premise. So the second premise is that actually disjunctive predicates heterogeneously disjunctive predicates they are unfit for projections. They are not projectible because they would functionally illegitimate, not legitimate confirmation procedure and that is because the reason for that is because disjunctions, they are satisfied even though only one of the disjunctions is satisfied. So if we try to project, if we try to confirm a disjunction the disjunction is confirmed even though only one of the disjunctions is confirmed, right? But that's illegitimate. We cannot confirm something without confirming all the things that it mentions, right? Intuitively. And therefore disjunctive predicates are not projectible because the disjunctions would be confirmed without being tested. And given the equivalence between multiple realizable properties and the disjunction of the realizers it follows that actually multiple realizable properties are not projectible, right? And so here is an example from Kim's paper. So Kim says, consider disjunalization. Namely, sharp pains administered at random intervals cause anxiety reactions, right? This is a putative law of psychology. And he says, suppose that disjunalization has been confirmed for humans should we expect on that basis that the same generalization will hold for species that we have not yet discovered or test the law upon? For example, Martians, right? And he says, no, we shouldn't expect that. We shouldn't expect that if we accept the physical realization of this, right? Which is the this that a high-level property are realized by physical entities. So this argument goes in support of the second premise. And therefore he concludes that multiple realizable properties are not scientific. So I'm going to skip on further supply, but if anyone is interested we can talk about that in the Q&A. So here is how block thinks about this problem. How block tries to solve the problem. So block distinguishes between two types of properties. What he calls D-proper... Oh, that's kind of... Question? Yeah. Okay, he distinguishes between D-properties and R-properties. So D-properties, D from design are properties which are... So that's bad, because design is selected. But so D-properties are properties which are selected by what he calls forces of convergence which are forces such as evolutionary force or consciousness design or learning. So this force converge on some high-level say properties which are selected because they have a certain function. They do something which is important for these forces. So D-properties that contrast with R-properties which are properties or actually phenomena so here what blocks us in mind is actually generalization, not properties. But properties are so to the extent that generalizations are so. Let's say. But we are going to see an example in a second. So D-properties they contrast with R-properties which are properties which depend on how a high-level property is realized in a certain in a certain realizer. So these are properties which are due to the peculiarity of the realization base and not to the function that the high-level property has for does. So here are two examples. So as an example of a D-property we can actually put that in flow which is sharp pains that we insert random intervals cause anxiety reaction and that can be considered as a D-property it's a D-generalization involving D-property D-properties cause that's plausibly, let's say that's plausibly evolutionary useful to have this kind to show this kind of pattern so that whenever we have pain we are anxious because we want to avoid the pain, right? And so the two properties which are mentioned in the generalization they are D-properties because they appear in a generalization which is let's say we can consider, we can assume which is shaped by a force of convergence which is an evolutionary force in this case and that contrasts with the second example I'm providing which is a phenomenon which is called aridontalgia so that's basically stimulating nasal mucosa that recreates previous dental pain previous dental pain so basically you touch the nasal mucosa and the subject has some previous dental pain you have at some point of his life and this this thing, this phenomenon this is really due to how dental pains are realized in humans because the realization is connected to some how to nasal mucosa, right? So all of the distinction is kind of clear and now what Bloch says Bloch uses this distinction to say that actually the questions of whether a property is projectable and whether it is a scientific kind these are relative questions, these are relative because these are relative to the property with respect to the first property is being projected, right? So we cannot say that a property is a scientific kind or not, we should ask the question in relation with the property with respect to which this property is being projected because actually what we project are generalizations not properties and therefore the question of whether a property is a scientific kind or not is graded because we have in difference so depending on the type of property there are different degrees of kindness or sensitivity so for example going back we have that pain is more of a scientific kind in the first case because the generalization is more projectable than the second and the second is less scientific kind because that's due to the realization base and so Bloch says that actually Kim's apparatus, conceptual apparatus is just wrong and these questions cannot be answered in absolute terms they have to be relativized to the property with respect to which the property we are considering is being projected and that's the sensitivity is graded is graded because also in the case of the R property there is some reason to think that other, so in the first case, in the generalization case, Bloch says that we have a lot of reasons to think that actually other species will obey the law because the law the generalization is highly projectable because it's a big generalization because it is selected and in the second case we have very low reasons to think so but actually it says that we do have still some reason to think so because there are some constraints which are put which are that the realizers have so a thinker cannot be made of just whatever because there are some constraints that the realizer of the thinker realization of the thinker must obey because for example a thinker cannot be made out of water because that's not solid enough and so and therefore there are some reason to think also that to some extent lower extent than the first generalization other species will obey the second law and that's what he calls Disney principle but well I will not tell you why but maybe you are interested so that's what he says the forces that create complex functions can only move into certain channels the ones provided by the restrictions mentioned in Disney principles these are the constraints and then he says when I can expect different strengths of productivity with respect to different sorts of properties in the Disney principle there is a non-zero probability of similarity even in realization of properties and he goes on to say is this gentleman kind he says no because they are disjunctive and they are not projectable and Bloch says the answer is yes and no in various degrees these judgments are kind of relative to psychological design properties but to a lesser extent relative to physical chemical properties however there are some problems with how satisfactory is Bloch's reply and the problem is that Kim's point actually remains and what I want to point out is that there seems to be an inductively relevant difference between two cases the first case is when we project a generalization whatever whichever type of generalization on the same type of entities with respect to which it had already been tested before so we test we have a generalization you take just whichever generalization a de-generalization or a generalization you test it on humans and then we have some high degree of expectancy that new instances of humans not tested yet but of the same type of entities will obey the law so this is the first case so the same type of entities when the generalization is projected on the same type of entities and on the other hand when we consider whether a generalization that we test on humans is projectable to other species and that is true it seems to me regardless from whether the generalization is a de-generalization or an air generalization so what I say is that the difference between a degree of certainty that other humans by contrast to autopuses of marching will obey both their dental jaw law and their anxiety law so in both cases we have a lot of more reasons to think that humans will obey the law than other species even though in one case we think that the deep property will hold and so what I say is that Blocks Reply is not able to differentiate between two cases but this is what is needed to meet Kim's challenge and so why is this so? So why is Blocks Reply so unsatisfactory? seems so unsatisfactory and the reason is that actually Kim's points concern the structure of disjunctive predicates which is an a priori fact it seems to be an a priori fact the structure of disjunctive predicates whereas Blocks Reply it's about empirical a posteriori fact so the fact that our universe happens to be such that there are some forces which have made some laws more believable for other species than others so these are two different ways of approaching the question but that doesn't meet Kim's point it really changes the framework obviously Blocks is aware of that but it doesn't seem to be fully satisfactory and so what Blocks says is what is required for a high degree of projectability is that processes like selection and design have connected properties that would not otherwise be connected but what Kim says in his paper is that disjunction is implicated in this failure and the only thing is the following way namely what I've just said and so there seems to be two ways what I call two dimensions two ways the projectability of a property can vary two dimensions let's say but this is really terminological that's nothing substantial about dimensions right so that's really to say that there are two ways the projectability of a property can vary and the first way is relative to the other property with respect to which it is being projected namely whether the generalization is a de-journalization that we have high reasons to believe that other business will obey or not as our generalization so this is the first way projectability of a property can vary and the second is this kind of vertical dimension which is whether we are projecting the property to the same type of entities with respect to which we have already tested the properties of the property to different types of entities heterogeneously different and so this is my what I am going to say about this problem and on the same track of my previous remark I want to distinguish two types yet two types of projectability in Kim's sense so again absolutely here it just contrasts with the relative that just means what Kim means by projectability so we have to distinguish two types of projectability restricted when we project the generalization on the same type of entities that was I just said and unrestrict the projectability when we project the generalization on different types of entities so here is the point Kim's argument so Kim assumes that low multi-realizable laws that involve multi-realizable properties they should be projectable in the unrestricted sense because Kim says should we believe that the generalization will hold for Martians for example that's the unrestricted sense but is the assumption warranted and I am going to argue that it is not so here is some science I hope so this example I have taken so this is the winner of France law and the winner of France law says that very simply that metals whenever they conduct electricity they also heat up and that's because in most metals the particles which conduct electricity they also bring heat they also bring heat right sorry but the same particle do the same job let's say however so this is what the winner of France law says however this isn't finding from Lee and others that Van Aden Dioxide which is a metal violates the winner of France law because it conducts electricity without heating up and that's because in that metal the two jobs are made by different particles and so Van Aden Dioxide conducts electricity without heating up and so the question I want to ask is does the winner of France law need to be projectable to all types of metals so every type of metal whatsoever in order to be scientific and the intuitive answer is that no it does not right so to some extent we would have expected that Van Aden Dioxide would have obeyed the law but before testing Van Aden Dioxide if one tells you hey do you think that the law is is not scientific if that doesn't give us the reason to think that Van Aden Dioxide will not obey the law I think that we don't have to require that and so I say that his assumption is not warranted because no scientific property or law is projectable in the unrestricted sense, right? so why should we require that multivirasable properties have to be projectable in that sense and so what I want to say is that the semantic import actually the extension let's say of multivirasable scientific predicates has to be restricted to some extent at least as far as projectability is concerned so what I want to say is that in the well known France law before testing it on Van Aden Dioxide what metals has to refer to are just only the types the types of metals on which the law has already been tested so here is an objection that I am going to skip because I don't have enough time and here is a more substantive objection which is actually you, let me, me I'm using physical law but actually multivirasable properties and laws they are different from specific physical laws because they are multivirasable, right? because the properties are multivirasable and that is the reason actually why multivirasable properties should be unrestrictedly projectable, a scheme requires right? and so that would go against me, obviously but what I want to answer to this reply is that so first of all one might think one might try to argue that actually even metals they are multivirasable, so the high-level property of metal is multivirasable, right? because we have different physical realizers of metal, we have Van Aden Dioxide Copper and so on but independently from this issue which can be can be contested independently from this issue actually I want to propose that the realasable sentry be kinds they can be individuated without requiring them to pick out all of the realizers so we have a way of conceiving those properties without requiring them to be about all the possible realizers all the possible realizers and this is how I propose to do so this is what I call top-down individuation and approximately, right? so the idea is that actually we define a high-level multivirasable properties in high-level terms without referring to the details of any realizer, right? so we define a high-level property, so paying is the functional property, or whatever high-level property then we fix a realizer type once we have the high-level property we fix the realizer a given type of realizers on which we are going to test the property, the high-level property, right? so so we fix the realizer, so for example we have pain and we say that the realizer of pain at first is human brain, human's brain and thereby the high-level property becomes absolutely projectable in Kim's sense absolutely projectable on new instances of humans once we have fixed the realization base, right? and if that is confirmed then that will give us reason to think that new humans will obey the same law the law within which the high-level property is embedded, right? and that alone that already ensures us that the property is projectable in Kim's sense and then we can add new realizer types by using pragmatic heuristics, right? so we see that that holds on humans but maybe we think that that holds on for other animals because of some heuristics and then we add new realizer types to the initial realization basis, right? and so we gradually add the realization basis without requiring the high-level property to pick out all possible realizers and so that's how I propose to individuate multivariate properties and what I really think is that Brock's sense of relative projection should really be conceived as a pragmatic heuristic to extend multivariate scientific kinds to heterogeneous to new types, different types of entities so this is all I have to say this is a conclusion so what I conclude is that multivariate properties they are as projectable as any other scientific property which is to say they are projectable in the absolute restricted sense restricted on the same type of entities they are relatively in Brock's sense projectable to whatever type of entities because everything is because that's just pragmatic reasoning but they are not absolutely projectable absolutely in his sense projectable in the unrestricted sense which is what Kim assumes in his argument and therefore multivariate properties they can be considered scientific as far as the projectability test is concerned Questions and minutes guys no wrap over so thank you for this really interesting I did not refuse it's not a metal it's an oxide of a metal it's an oxide of a metal it's an oxide of a metal so I I'm not sure whether that's important but it's all about metals it should be able to be naked but not in the oxide and I want to resist the thing that metals are relatively realizable because I think the typical behavior that you will see in metals is uniquely realized by one or the same mechanism so surely different metals but those differences are not relevant to the way they actually exhibit the metal behavior in the same way that for example hydrochloric acid and nitric acid are clearly different chemical substances but the way they exhibit their acidic behavior is by nomating protons and they both use the same behavior so this is in a sense uniquely realized the type of question I was hoping for I'm not a physician but this is precisely the reason why I'm saying that my reply does not hinge on considering metal multivariable right and that's why I propose this way of inhibiting multivariable properties which holds regardless from whether metals are multivariable physical properties are multivariable or not and so as concerned the first question I don't know you should argue with Lee and others because what they say is that we report an order of magnitude breakdown of the weather and France law and so if the weather and France law is not a metal that's hard to understand why that would be a violation of the weather and France law right because the weather and France law concerns metal so maybe you can go and argue with that but so I should have said that actually this is really an example so the weather and France law an example because actually Kim uses the example of metals right this is Kim's example to say that some generalizations are projectable and this is what Kim says about metals and he just googled it and found this violation of the oxide and thought okay that's a super nice example but you can find a lot of examples you can take a law which is thought to be a scientific law now and then you can think so is this law going to hold for other for now untested types of entities and the answer I want to give is that we should not require them if we stick to Kim's sense of projectability right then if we go to to block sense the obvious whatever is projectable is that that's that I actually almost have the same question as you it's despite what we say they're just wrong it's not a head on so I think that's the end of the story but but I think you could find other examples yeah I think I think you could find other examples that said I wonder whether or not this is the best type of law to illustrate your point which I think is correct I think your point is correct the reason why is that this is like an empirical law that is known it's the only sense in which it's correct is if you don't measure things too precisely and most metals violate it to some degree yeah or other if you can measure them precisely enough so the thing is that baron dioxide is particular because it violates the law in so let's say high temperature which are not as high as one would think because they are 2013 to 2014 Kelvin which is really really normal temperature and that's why baron dioxide really violates that law and it's not you know so Lee and others they say I think you could do a search you'll find other examples some of them so some people have already suggested me some examples and that one Janis suggested me concerning some of them some of them some of them some of them some of them some of them some of them Janis suggested me concerned the right handedness or left handedness of some atoms but then I don't know anything about that I should leave more details but yeah thanks anyway for this this is obviously important because I cannot make the case if that's not right okay yeah thanks I was wondering whether your reply could not still be regarded as somewhat reductionist in spirit because when you have these laws like the Wiedemann Franz law as the example you gave that are not in the unrestricted sense projectable you would normally have I guess replacement law maybe that is explicitly restricted to those kinds of realises for which it works which is still projectable in the unrestricted sense maybe and if we have such a replacement law that at least first looks like better law and better candidate for like being ontologically committed to the kind of entity that appears there so I guess that reductivists could just say well this speaks in favor of our position because the real laws the laws that are projectable in the unrestricted sense they only contain the non-multiple realisable properties yeah right because you have like made all the distinctions that you end up with probably non-multiple realisable laws or properties that are projectable in the unrestricted sense so I just thank for the question but notice that I'm not trying to defend anti-reductionism this time so that's not my even if multi-realizable properties they happen to be reduced after all still they are scientific right that's what I'm defending here but I see the point but what I say to that is that just that they are not unrestricted projectable but if we find a high-level property which is so if we define high-level property and fix a realizer right and we see the high-level property holds for the realizer and then so we think the property holds for that but then we have another realizer type then the law is really multi-realizable it's hard to see how that can be reduced right because these are two different orders of sides so you say if metal is multi-realizable then that does not guarantee the anti-reductionism right but I want to what I can say is that that does not imply reductionism either and that's maybe any pretty good question whether we can reduce them it depends on whether we can find scientific generalizations which hold only so which holds for the high-level properties and that we cannot you know study by studying the realizers yeah but I may be with that okay thanks but if you want to go back to I want to make it back I was just wondering about the pragmatic heuristic you were talking about when widening the number if you just go back to this slide so when you widen the number of realizers I was wondering wouldn't this like introduce some human element into some human or human human element something human yeah yeah because that's pragmatic yeah of course but then the worry is wouldn't introducing this pragmatic element somehow reintroduce or introduce the idea that it somehow not I don't know how to put it like the idea that the idea that like real I was searching for like no the idea that the science, the scientific theory it's not so if we introduce the pragmatic realizers and the science that uses them is not as real but super nice because that's what I say to block right that's actually your thing is just pragmatic and we need something more semantic to meet Kim's challenge and this is why using his way of conceiving projectivity as a pragmatic heuristic okay so you just taking one step back and saying like taking a stock like holding the pragmatic thing and saying okay I'm I'm assuming a pragmatic stance so you cannot fault me anymore no no no no no I provide my semantic stance right that we should restrict projectivity in Kim's sense and that's what's needed to meet Kim's challenge we want to make something out of block's proposal is that we should conceive it as a pragmatic heuristic right because that depends on a posteriori parts that depends on the fact that we have more reasons to believe that the anxiety law will hold for Martians more than the realizer law and that's why I think it's important to provide the semantic story right but that's obviously that's right but that goes in my direction okay yeah I sympathize with this just that many some people might have some I mean block surely you won't agree okay thank you for this so let's thank our


I'm now going to move down to the legs and in the legs you can see that there's adipose tissue that needs to be removed as well as areolar tissue that needs to be removed. So you can see just how stretchy and spider webby that is. So again using the technique of using the side of the forceps I'm going to remove this connective tissue to just get a better view of where these muscles are. And sometimes I'll close the forceps to kind of clear out a crevice without doing much damage. So that allow me to get in between this tissue or these muscles and really clear it out. And at some point you're going to run into blood vessels and you want to try to keep the blood vessels intact. However if you need to cut one in order to clear out the tissue that's fine. So again using the hand can also be an efficient way of clearing out the tissue. But I now have a vessel that's attaching this tissue and so I'm just going to clip there and just kind of clean this up. And it looks like this muscle is pretty clean. Here are some really good shot of the areolar connective tissue. It's just super spider webby. Alright that's what we want to have clear out. Alright again another really good shot of areolar tissue. Alright now you don't want to go overboard in cleaning it up because the more connective tissue that's associated with the skin that I remove the closer I get to the connective tissue that's a part of maintaining the structure of the muscle. So I really just want to get it to a point where I can see the pattern that these muscle fibers make. Alright that's that's striped in appearance and so you can begin to see that in the leg. He's really striped. At this point I can begin to delineate and isolate these leg muscles. So they're again superficial muscles and deep muscles. So the superficial muscles up top we have the sartorias. So that's more I guess the anterior muscle here and then the more posterior or in this perspective the more medial muscle is the gracilis. So they have sartorias and gracilis and they are pretty well separated by these major blood vessels that run down the leg. So what I'm going to do is just make a very light cut right alongside of these vessels and that's going to be the boundary between the sartorias and the gracilis. So now I can use my probe and just go along and I can now isolate these sartorias and get underneath it and then see where it comes out on the other side and there we are. So again we want to maintain the probe in this position because it's really going to help us know where we need to cut and where the separation is. You can see at the top of this muscle how it's already beginning to separate. So I just want to follow that separation. Again this is aerial artissue so it's really really easy. Again cutting away from me and I don't want to go too far down because this is the insertion point and if I go too far down I might just detach this muscle. So I want to leave it there. Alright and then so now I have both boundaries of this muscle delineated and now I can isolate the sartorias. If I move over to the gracilis using the same cut that I made for the sartorias, the same strategy working the probe and seeing where this probe comes out. Let's see if we can't orient this the cap and the probe comes out there. So again I want to leave the probe in place to serve as a good indicator and we're just going to follow the boundary that is created. Again this is loose connective tissue that's in between these muscles so it doesn't take very much at all to separate. So I'm going to clear out the connective tissue here just a little bit more. So I made a clear separation on either side and we now have the gracilis that's isolated.


But why should you be the only one involved? But I am involved, we are all involved! For fans of classic Hollywood, the mere mention of James Dean might conjure the brooding image of a young icon, a symbol of youthful rebellion, an unyielding spirit. Born in 1931 in Marion, Indiana, James Byron Dean's journey from a Quaker household in Fairmount to the glitzy lanes of Hollywood is nothing short of cinematic. With his unmistakable charisma, he lit up the screen in unforgettable roles in movies like Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden, and Giant. But today, we take you beyond the screen and into a more personal aspect of Dean's life, his homes. Although he didn't own this residence, James Dean did live in this Hollywood Hills house before he was the legend that we all know today. The Rebel Without a Cause star occupied the guest suite and worked as an on-site handyman for the owner and Warner Brothers executive Hal B. Wallace while he was a struggling actor. As we embark on this house tour, you'll see the charm and elegance that defined Hollywood's golden era. From the outside, this three-bedroom Spanish style home perched in the Hollywood Hills may look modest, but its walls hold the secrets of one of cinema's most mysterious art drops. It was in this very house that a casting director during an industry event noticed James Dean setting him on the path to immortal fame. Built in 1927, this authentic Spanish home with its distinctive white stucco and wooden beams captures the essence of vintage Hollywood. Yet, it seamlessly blends its historical roots with modern flair, ensuring its residents enjoy both classic charm and contemporary comforts. Spanning a generous 4,000 square feet and perched on a high bluff, the house boasts awe-inspiring canyon views. Set on a double lot, the total property space is nearly 12,000 square feet. The heart of the home is its elegant living room with exposed wooden beams and dominated by a cozy wood-burning fireplace. Adjoining it is the airy sunroom with wrap-around windows that bathe the space in natural sunlight. The chef's kitchen, a dream for any culinary enthusiast, is decked out with pristine Carrera marble countertops and high-end Viking appliances. Next to this light-filled dining area, setting the mood for delightful dinners.  Let us take a look at other bedrooms this house offers. Though it might sound surprising that this $3.99 million home has only three beds and four baths, each bedroom is actually a master suite and the price tag accounts for the home's spectacular and envied location in the star-studded Hollywood Hills. This bedroom even has its own wood-burning fireplace. Perhaps the home's most iconic spot, the spacious guest suite, where James Dean recited, offers a private entrance and its own fireplace, making it an inviting sanctuary. And behold, James Dean's former bedroom. Beyond the interiors, the property promises a luxurious outdoor experience too. A stone pathway meanders through the terrace backyard dotted with mature trees, leading to a vast lawn perfect for alfresco activities. The walled courtyard envelops a big pool and spa set against the backdrop of ruling hills, a setting which is as therapeutic as it is scenic. The Hollywood property is not just a luxurious residence, it's a historical monument. Once the humble abode of a young James Dean today, it stands as a testimony to a bygone era of classic cinema. Stepping into another chapter of James Dean's Hollywood journey, we move on to another one of his former homes. In the heart of Los Angeles lies a luxurious estate. This century-old Southern colonial masterpiece once graced by the iconic James Dean in the movie Rebel Without a Cause. As you step into the house, the first thing that captures your attention is the opulent living room. Vaulted ceilings and classic furnishing set the tone for a space perfect for relaxing or intimate gatherings. Next to the living room is the state-of-the-art kitchen. Equipped with modern amenities, it's a culinary enthusiast's dream come true. For formal dinners, the hand-painted dining area offers an ambiance of sophistication, making every meal a memorable occasion. Further exploration leads to the dedicated office, a tranquil space for work or reflection. Nearby, the radiant sunroom stands a testament to the home's blend of classic and contemporary designs. The private quarters are equally lavish. The house boasts four luxurious bedrooms, each exuding warmth and comfort. Accompanying them are four bathrooms designed with precision and adorned with high-end fixtures. The outdoor space complements the interiors perfectly. Multiple balconies span the house's tiers, each providing a unique point to soak in panoramas, stretching from LA's heart to the distant Alo Verdes Peninsula. Entertainment finds space in the intimate porch, equipped with a dedicated grilling zone. It overlooks a serene swimming pool, inviting residents for a refreshing dip under the California sun. Also adding to the estate's value is a detached two-story guest house. The self-contained unit offers a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and lounge, perfect for visitors or extended stays. Nestled on Franklin Avenue and listed as available in 2021 for $4.19 million, this James Dean residence isn't only a home, it's another piece of Hollywood legacy. And while we're at it, let's take a little further trip down memory lane as we get a glimpse of the house where he spent his childhood in Fairmount, Indiana. The large farmhouse off of 150 East was where James Dean called home and drove the 1949 Ford around town and his high school prom. Few people know much about his earliest years, some of which was marked by a hardship. James and his parents moved to nearby Fairmount shortly after his birth. When Jimmy was five years old, as they called him, his family moved to California. But sadly his mother died there four years later. Jimmy returned to Fairmount to live with his father's sister and her husband, Ortence and Marcus Winslow. Jimmy did well in school, excelling in athletics and drama. After graduating from Fairmount High School in 1949, Dean enrolled at UCLA, where he majored in drama for two years. Years have gone by, but the legacy of James Dean remains undimmed. Every September, the town of Fairmount becomes a global hub as thousands gather to celebrate Dean's mark on cinema during a special festival held in his honor. The festivities are rich and varied, featuring a James Dean lookalike contest, complimentary screenings of his iconic films and a heartfelt memorial service, the Black Creek Quaker Church, where Dean was once a regular. This is followed by a poignant walk to Park Cemetery. As we conclude our journey through the spaces once graced by James Dean, we're reminded of the magic that iconic figures bring into our world. But before we go, answer this question for me. In a world full of endless possibilities, how will you leave your mark and inspire the next generation? Let me know in the comments below. And don't forget to like, subscribe and follow me on Instagram. I'm Cara the Vampire Slayer and I'll see you all in another video. Bye.


Hi, my name is James Son and I graduated as an Associate in Science in Biology. I'd like to thank my mom and dad for always supporting me and also my grandma and grandpa and my cousin Bintun Real, which also goes here. Thank you guys. Hey, this is DJ Harris and I want to thank my beautiful wife and daughter for all the support. They've taught me to never be timid when it comes to chasing my dreams. Hi, I'm Judy Griffith and I just graduated from Highline Community College in the International Business Trade. I just want to thank all my children, James, Sandy, and Robert for supporting me and my little granddaughter, Jamie, even though I watched her, I still succeeded in getting 4.0s and being on the honor roll several times. I really appreciate all your support and my instructors for not giving up on me. I graduated in the 70s, so if you think that you're too old to go back to school, you're not, because I just did it. Thank you so much, everybody. Hi, I'm Denae Lang-Holtz. I'm graduating from Highline Community College with my AA and my high school diploma. I just want to thank my mom, my dad, my husband, Brett, and my two wonderful children, Wyatt and Torrance, for supporting me throughout all this hard work. Thank you. Hi, my name is Burnetta Collins and I am a medical assistant graduate. And I would like to say a few thank yous to a few teachers. I would like to tell Terry and Laurel and Robin and Torrance. I would like to tell them thank you very much for being behind me all the way. I'd like to give thanks to my brother, Jesse Baines, and his son, Xavier Baines. And I just would like to say thank you to my daughter and to my boyfriend, Fred. And I'd just like to say thank you very much. Hello, my name is Rigo Garcia. And I'm Celine Polson. I just want to thank my family, my partner, Alex, and all the faculty and the staff over there that helped me through my two years of college. And I'd like to give a special thanks to my parents. They've supported me and I'm now here achieving my goals. And thank you also to all my family who have encouraged me and the amazing friends I've met along the way. And we did it. We did it. See you soon. My name is LeVette Ford and I'm here as you can see with my newborn seven-day-old little girl. And I just want to thank Highline Community College for their support and everything that they've done for me. I am so happy to be here. My major was becoming a chemical dependency counselor and I just never thought that I would succeed because at the time I was a real motivated. But as time went on I developed the tenacity to keep moving forward in my life and develop in my education. And from here I'll be continuing my education going to Central Washington University majoring in sociology. And I just want to thank a few of my instructors that motivated me. I'd like to thank Dan Driscoe which is my advisor for being patient with me when I had to transfer from one of my interns to another intern. I thank him for that 4.0. And then I also would like to thank Ken Pimpleton. He's a great instructor. And I would like to thank all the rest of my instructors but they just were really motivating me to really uplifting in class. And I'd like to thank all my peers that I went to school with for just motivating me to continue in my education when I found out that I was pregnant. So if you're pregnant and you think that you can't succeed and you have to drop out of school where they do have an early child care program where your baby can transition into daycare. And so she'll be going to daycare with me in the fall as I transition into other programs. And I just thank everybody. And just thank you 2014. Woohoo! Hi I'm Nikki Bain. I just graduated with my AA with an emphasis in business. And I just wanted to thank my grandparents and my parents for allowing me to get my degree and all your support and help. So thanks guys. Love you. Hello my name is Baylin Lesby. I'm graduating from Highline Community College with an Associates of Science in Computer Science and an Associates of Science in Engineering. I just wanted to thank my family and my teachers for their support and their wisdom and their encouragement without whom I wouldn't be here today. So thank you. Hello my name is Anna Burikova. I'm graduating with a transfer A degree in Drafting. I'm really excited for graduation and I would like to thank all of my family and my boyfriend's family. And thank you very much. Hi, this is Raquel Chase. I just wanted to thank my mom and my dad so much for supporting me through this, through Running Start and through my college career and how they're going to continue to support me. Just thank you so much guys. I love you so much. Hi, this is Lily. I'm graduating with my pre-nursing and with my Associates degree in pre-nursing. I want to say a big thank you for my mom, my dad, my sister and my whole family. Thank you for my friends for supporting me. I want to say a big thank you for Moussey. That I'm always going to lose count the rest. That I'm going to lose count the rest. Thank you. Hello, my name is Michelle Bahadori and I am graduating with my Associates of Arts. Hi mom, dad, dad, my colleague. I just wanted to thank all of you for your support. I just wanted to say thank you to all of you for your support. I just wanted to say thank you to all of your friends. Bye. My name is Harrison Warren. I'm graduating with my Associate in Business. I'm the best parents anybody can ever ask for. I want to just make you guys proud and I really hope I did. Thank you and thank you. Hi, my name is Emilio Ganga and I'm graduating today with my Associate in Applied Science of Hospitality and Tourism Management. I'd like to send a special shout out to my family, my mom and my brothers and all my friends who made this happen. Thank you and thank you for your support. My name is Manuel and I'm a shift program. I'd like to be a college student. Thank you, Kate. Thank you, Kate, for helping me with my school work. And that's it. My name is Brittany Anderson and I am just excited to say that I am very happy to finally made it after all these months of coming to this program. I want to thank my parents and I want to thank all my friends and other family members and I love you guys very much. I'd like to thank my mom and my dad and all my friends and pretty much my whole entire family for coming and I can't wait to start my whole new life. Thank you, everybody. Hi, I made it. 2014 graduates. I just want to thank my parents who came out from California, my beautiful daughter, Paris, for supporting her mother through this endeavor and all my advisors, Jonathan, Nori, Ayesha, you guys were the best and I'm going to miss all the CLS and my business club. We graduated. Hi, I'm Ty Pong. Hello, everybody and congratulations for graduating. I am a running start student and I will be graduating with an AA, just a basic AA and I wanted to say thank you to all my friends and family and everybody who suggested I go into the running start program because it got me two years ahead and actually now I'll be able to take a year off and do what I've always wanted to do and travel for a little bit. So thank you everybody for being there. Hi, my name is Nayeli Rivera. I'm an engineering student graduating with my AS 2014. I want to thank everyone in Highline that has supported me as well as my family. They've put up with me through very long nights of studying and missing a lot of dinners. So I want to say thank you very much. Gracias, mamá y papá. Los quiero mucho. Gracias por ayudarme a llegar hasta donde estoy hoy. Este logro es para toda la familia. Muchas gracias. Los quiero. Y sí se puede. Because I'm happy clap along if you feel like a room without a roof. I enjoyed my colleges as the best experience I've ever had and I can fly higher than an eagle now. Yay! I want to become a Highline alumni student and I would like to say thank you to everyone who supported me throughout my years. Hi everyone, my name is Glenon Domingo. I would like to thank my parents, my friends, and everyone who supported me. And I'm proud to say that I'm graduating with my AA in pre-nursing. Thank you for coming to this special day. Hello, my name is Annika Demet. I'm graduating with an AAS degree in early childhood education. I just wanted to take the moment and thank my family, my friends for all the support. I would not have been able to make it through this without you. I'm so grateful to have you and I hope you guys enjoy this ceremony as much as I will. Thanks for coming. Bye. Hi, my name is Mazrae Butler. I got my degree in personal training and I want to give a special shout out to my mom, my dad, my girlfriend, my whole family for supporting me through this long journey in college and finally made it. So, time to get this money. Hello, I'm Maricely Sparza and I'm really excited to graduate today. I want to thank, first of all, God, my parents, my family, my advisor, Sonny and Cesar and Liz and all my friends. Thank you so much, you guys. Hi, my name is Passion Johnson. I want to thank my mom and my family and God, of course. And lastly, JB from the Center for Leadership and Service for really helping me to get to where I am today. So, thank you. Hi, my name is Larissa Baconi and I'm graduating with my AA in communications. I would like to give a big shout out to my parents, Jose and Trinity Baconi for being so supportive, along with my family and friends and my church family. I thank you all for all the great support. Thank you, Highline. Have a wonderful day. My name is Colleen Bavins. I am graduating with an interior design degree and I want to give a shout out to my mom, dad and my sister, Rachel. Hi, my name is Jessica Hebert. I'm graduating with my degree in accounting and I want to say hello to my mom and dad and thank you so much and thank you to my boyfriends and my brothers and sisters. I love you. Hi, Mom. Hi, Munchkins. We did it. Thank you so much for your support. You guys were my pushing edge when things got tough and I didn't want to do it anymore. You guys have always been in my heart and on my mind. One step ahead and I look forward to seeing you guys at your graduation. Hi, everyone. My name is Maureen Brown. I'm a graduate of medical assistant applied science program here at Highline. I want to use this opportunity to say thank you to everyone at Highline, especially my medical assistant instructors and most especially my husband. Thank you for being there for me. Thank you for the patience. Thank you for enduring this last few years at school and you got me now. I'm all free. I'm a graduate. Thank you. Hi, guys. Hi, friends. Hi, family. Hi, Highline staff and students. My name is Lanelle and I'm very excited to be graduating today. All right, thank you. Hi, I'm Erica and I'm graduating with associate arts degree at Highline and I'd like to thank my mom and my dad for supporting me through the process. Hi, I'm Kaylee. I'm graduating with my AA from Highline as well and we would like to thank our family as well as our boyfriends and our dog, Timmy. Hi, my name is Eric Butler. I just earned my degree in human services and I'd like to thank my friends and family for helping me get this far with their support. Hi, guys. I'm Narmada Nand. I'm a biology major at Highline Community College and I just want to thank all my friends and family for all the support they've given me and I'm so glad to be graduating this year. Hi, guys. My name is Brigette Williams and I am graduating with a chemical dependency degree. I'm really excited and excited. It's been a long, rough trip for me but I'm glad to say that it's the end and I made it. Hello, I'm Ryan Harmon and I'm trapped in a jumbotron. Hi, everyone. My name is Farida Massoud. I am so overjoyed to be here today. I am graduating in administrative management in an associate's degree. It's been such a long and tough journey. First, I want to thank God for making my dream possible. Secondly, I want to thank my parents, wherever they are, back home in Kenya. They have motivated me in so many ways. Then I want to thank my immediate family, my husband Martin, my children, Sharon and Sydney, and my brother Yusuf. Most important, I want to thank Highline Community College and the administrators for all the support and dedication. I would not have made it without any of you. And last, I want to thank all my friends and students who have supported me through this mission. Thank you very much and thank you for being here. Hey, my name is Evans Ojuang and I'm graduating today with a degree in web development and database and I want to give a shout out to my mother and my stepfather for really helping me out and encouraging me to go back to school and get a degree. Hi, my name is Lisa. Surprise, surprise to my family. I know a lot of you didn't know that I was graduating, but I did it and I'm extremely proud of myself. Thank you. Hi, my name is Akeem and I'm graduating this year with a degree in administration of justice and I just want to thank my mom and dad for just helping me get through this school year and just the whole adventure of it. Thank you guys. Hi, my name is Jessica Kim. I'll be graduating with my AA in pre-nursing and I just want to thank my mom, dad and my brother for all the support they've given me throughout the years. Hi, my name is Cherie Page and I'm graduating with a degree in human services. I would like to thank my son for all his support and keeping me going and my family for all their support. My name is Erica Hernandez and I'm graduating with an AA with an emphasis in education and I would like to thank my friends and family for making this possible, especially my parents for all their support throughout this time. Hi, my name is Tasha and I'm graduating from Highline with an emphasis in political science. I just want to say thanks to my friends and family for all the love and support they've given me. Thank you so much. My name is Sakarain and I'm from Burkina Faso. I'm so happy to see all of you guys today and I want to wish you like all of the best doing like a disgraduation and your future life at the same time. So, as soon as you get here you're going to Aburo. You know what I do and I also want to thank you. Hi, my name is Kenneth Liu and I am getting my AES degree in engineering. First off, I would like to thank my friends and family and of enemies to my parents. So, thank you so much for all your support throughout this time. Thank you so much for all your support throughout this time. Thank you so much for all your support and for all your support. And to my friends and family thank you for all the support you've given me especially to the teachers how they're all the way for all the many times I've come to stop by your office and to get the help all the help I need and by the way completely hearing this we made it, right? We made it. Hi, my name is Cara Balvin and I am graduating with my AA degree in art and I wanted to thank you Mom and Dad and Stuart and Teresa for all your support for me this past quarter and year and through everything I just want to thank you for being there for me. Hello everyone my name is Mahal Faye and I'm graduating Highline with my general AA and inshallah we'll be back in Europe Thank you Thank you I thank all of my family my friends I couldn't do it without you guys Thank you Thank you everybody Thank you Hello, this is graduation 2014 I'd like to thank God for letting us be here I'd like to thank my home girl for sticking with me through all the rough times and all the bad times and now all the good times No, he did it No, you actually did it We did it together We're patting each other on the back because we made it so Graduation 2014 Let's get it Hi, I'm Joahe to graduating with the AA in education future CWU student I want to thank all my friends my family and the crew Hi, first of all I want to give thanks to my Heavenly Father God and to all the instructors and my family here at the instructors at Highline and my family for putting that with me I'm a dialysis patient for seven and a half years and just to shout out to all the people with different physical disabilities do not ever give up It's been a long haul but I've been graduating with the Associate in Arts degree in business Thank you all God bless you Hi, my name is Matthew Motsmodo and I'm graduating at Highline with AA in the emphasis in music and I would just like to thank all the different faculty at Highline for all the help and support that they've given me over the years and I pray that all of you graduates would have a wonderful career in your colleges and wherever you go after this Hi, my name is Nasser Atola Fawad and I am going to be graduating with an AS degree in medical assisting and I would like to give a thank you first of all, thank God and then I would like to thank my family starting from my mother, my sister my wife, my kids who have supported me and I would like to thank my faculty and staff who stood behind me through tough times and I would like to thank everybody who are coming here and supporting me and I would like to say congratulations to all of the graduates today that are graduating go out there and show what you can give to the world from what you have learned at Highline Community College Thank you Hi, my name is Jessica and I just wanted to thank my mom and my dad and especially my husband for supporting me in my career I am so happy to be done with this I am an education major Yeah Hi, my name is Arturo Orta I am getting an associate in mathematics and I want to say thank you to my mom and dad for all their support throughout the years I want to say thank you to my friends and family to my friends and family who couldn't make it and to my friends and family who are here I want to say thank you to all the faculty and staff at Highline Community College for the vast amount of knowledge that you have passed down to me I want to say a special thank you to share Omlog without you, I don't know where I would be I will always appreciate everything you've done for me and I want to say thank you to all my people at the Tutoring Center without your help I wouldn't be able to walk right now and I want to say thank you to my second family at the Mesa Center Thank you for all the laughs, the good times and the support and last but not least I want to say congratulations grads we made it and never forget where you come from and in the words of Bob Marley one love Congratulations Hi, my name is Stevia Costa I'm graduating this June and I'm getting my AES in accounting I would like to thank my family especially my parents and my grandma and my great grandma for supporting me all the way and pushing me to go harder keep on studying and never give up and I thank you very much for supporting me until the end, thank you Hi, I'm Marianne I've been in Highline for almost two years now I get to graduate, I'm super excited I want to thank my parents first of all for helping me through this journey and my friends for helping me study and understanding that I'm not always there to have friends and this is the next step to my life hoping to get to a university and get my bachelor's so I want to congratulate every graduate who's going to graduate today and to myself it has been a long road but finally we're there, yay This is pretty special because I'm the first of six children in my family to get a degree and it took me until age 55 so I'm a little excited about that I'll take a second to thank my family and friends and instructors especially my two sons and my daughter who were very supportive and especially my wife and if I could just mention I'll probably leave people out but a couple of instructors maybe three of them that I had multiple classes with at a little Vicky Price very special people but I'm leaving people out and feel bad about that but my Highland experience was a good one and I'm excited for this day Hello everyone I'd like to thank my parents and my family and friends for what they believed and for what they came today to share with me so I'd like to congratulate my daughter Friends, family and administrators I want to thank you guys for being at this graduation especially for me I also want to take this great opportunity to thank my parents for being there for me for all these years I also want to thank them for the advice and the thought they have given me for the past years so I'm graduating with an associate in pre-nursing so my name is Langua Gati and I approve this message