Welcome back everyone to our lecture series Math 12-20, Calculus II for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'm your professor today, Dr. Angie Misselein. This video represents the first video for lecture 22 in our series. And so what we're going to do over the next couple of lectures is look at some, we'll continue looking at some applications of integration. We've learned recently about arc length and surface area, which are inherently geometric applications. We want to kind of step out of the realm of just pure mathematics and look at some applications from physics and engineering, some of which are selected from a section 8.3 of James Stewart's Calculus textbook. Now in this lecture and the subsequent videos, what I want to do is introduce the notion of hydrostatic force and hydrostatic pressure and see what this has to do with how we can use integration, I should say, to help us calculate these type of problems. Now before anyone panics, because some of the things we're going to talk about, because again they're very physical in nature, some of these questions and some of these problems are going to feel a lot like what we saw previously when we talked about physical work. And honestly speaking, those work integrals that we had to set up, some of them were quite challenging. And many of us were overwhelmed at the time probably when we learned about it. And so before anyone panics and think this is giving the same thing, there's going to be some stark differences going on with hydrostatic force problems. And those differences are actually going to make these things feel a lot easier. Now one reason it's going to feel easier is first of all, there's a lot less variability when it comes to a hydrostatic problem as opposed to the work problems we've seen before. Basically the variability will come to the shape of our plate, but that's about it, right? And also another thing I want to point out is one of the reasons these problems are going to feel easier is because as a learner of calculus, we are much better at setting up integrals than we were when we first learned about work, at least with respect to this lecture series here. And so have some faith in yourself and I think you're actually going to find this to be quite satisfying, these type of problems here. So to introduce this idea of what do we mean by hydrostatic force and hydrostatic pressure and such.  Well, one thing that deep sea divers realize is that water pressure is going to increase as they dive deeper and deeper and deeper.  And this really is just a result of the weight of the water above you is going to increase the farther down you go. So imagine for example that we have some type of horizontal plate whose area is given as A and this plate can just be any oddly shaped thing. It sits here at the bottom of say our pond or ocean or whatever. And it has some fixed area A and it's submerged into some fluid and we'll assume this is a liquid and it'll be water for nearly all situations. So it's submerged in some fluid and it's a depth of D feet from the surface of the water. So we can see kind of like this continuum this conduit of water that just kind of sits on top of this thing. And so it is D units deep. All right. Well, if this fluid has a density of row. So we have this density. Often we denote this with the Greek letter row. Then the force exerted by the fluid onto the plate is that is to say the hydrostatic force. This is going to be the weight of the fluid above the plate because as this water sits above the plate, right? This water has a weight. Gravity is pulling down on that water and that water is applying a weight on the plate based upon its force, the so-called hydrostatic force. Now let's say that the volume of the water above the plate is volume A. Now there's some things that you can very easily say about this volume. The volume or the water that sits above the plate, we can think of as a geometric prism, right? It's a two-dimensional shape that's been stretched throughout the third dimension. So the volume of that plate can be computed as the area of the plate. So the volume of the water above the plate, I should say, it will be the area of the plate times the depth. So we have one face of the prism, which is the plate itself and then how long is the prism? So the volume of this water tower is going to be just the area times the depth, all right? And so if we were to multiply the volume, if we take the volume of the water and multiply by its density here, this density, we're talking about its mass per cubic unit, its mass per volume. That's what this density is measuring here. So in fact, the mass of the water is going to be rho times V. That's kind of a poorly drawn row there. Let's try that again. There you go. So the mass of this thing is going to be rho times V. And so applying Newton's second law of motion here, the force is going to be equal to the mass times acceleration, for which acceleration in this situation, since we're talking about weight, the acceleration will be, that is, the acceleration due to gravity. So force is gravity times mass. Well, like we mentioned, mass is going to be rho, the density times volume and volume is area times depth. And so be aware that gravity is going to be a constant, right? It depends on the planetary body we reside on. And so this will be Earth for nearly most examples we never consider, right? And also this row here is also going to be a constant. It's a constant with respect to the fluid. So with respect to water, this would be 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter or 62 and a half pounds per cubic foot, things like that. And so because these are constants, we're going to bring the row and G together. You're going to see this number right here. Oftentimes, it'll be like 9,800. That is 9.8 meters per second squared times 1,000 kilograms per meters cubed. And so then our variables will be consisting of the area of the plate which could change and then the depth. So that's an idea that gives us the basic idea behind hydrostatic force, the weight of the water crushing the plate from above. And so the deeper you get, the more forced there is because the depth is increasing. Now another concept we need to talk about is the physical interpretation of pressure. Now pressure in terms of physics is the ratio of force to the area which the force is distributed. Or mathematically speaking, pressure is equal to force divided by area. So this is like when you step on the ground with your foot versus when you like regular ground versus when you step on a nail with your same foot. The force is essentially your weight, right? So the force you feel in your foot is the weight of your body pressing down on your foot.  But if you apply the weight of your body over a very small area, like just the point of a nail, that pressure dramatically increases because you have a much smaller area. And that's the difference we feel when we step on something sharp. So pressure is force per area. Or if you multiply both sides of this equation because it is an equation after all, you're going to get that force is equal to pressure times area. And so this is an observation we're going to use a lot as we talk about hydrostatic pressure here. Force will be equal to pressure times area. If you're not familiar with pressure here, I should mention that in the psi unit, with scientific units here, the basic unit of pressure is called one Pascal denoted PA named after the scientist Pascal, right? And one Pascal is a Newton per meter squared right here. So we take the scientific unit for force, which is typically a Newton and again for scientific measurements for for sort of traditional British measurements, this would be a pound. And then for area, we just take a length squared so meter squared. So Pascal is one Newton per meter squared. If we do use sort of American British units, then we would take pounds per pounds per square foot. Sometimes pounds per square inches use psi for pressure. Like if you look at your tire pressure, that's typically a PSI, but we might see something like that. So continuing on with this, we see that the pressure on the plate exerted by the fluid, the so-called hydrostatic pressure. Using this formula, we get the following. The pressure is equal to force over area. Now, if we take the hydrostatic force observation we had before, we're going to get the density times the acceleration due to gravity times the area divided or times or the area times by the depth and then divide that by area. Well, since area, of course, is the same thing, you cancel those things out and you'll just end up with rho gd. So one thing I want to mention about this is that the hydrostatic pressure is completely independent of the shape of the object. It doesn't matter how our plate is shaped. The pressure is determined entirely by the depth, right? D is the variable here, rho and g are constants that we'll see throughout. So a very simple calculation of this. Consider if we have a fluid, which is, let's say we submerge something into water. Like I said before, the pressure will be a thousand kilograms per meters cubed, not the pressure. Excuse me, the density is a thousand kilograms per meters cubed. And if the plate is submerged two meters below the surface, then the hydrostatic pressure will be 1,000 kilograms per meters cubed. Then you get 9.8 meters per second squared. That is the acceleration due to gravity. And then you times that by two meters, which is the depth in which case that then gives us when you multiply that together, you'll get 19,600 pascals. One Pascal is actually not a large amount of pressure. So oftentimes we'll write this as kilo pascals. So you see that this object, this plate when it's emerged two meters, will experience approximately 20 kilo pascals of pressure. And so calculate hydrostatic pressure is not too much of a challenge here. We basically just need to know the depth and the density and such. If we wanted to figure out the force exerted on this plate, we'd have to know the area of the plate. If we times pressure by area, we would then get the hydrostatic force. So this is sort of like the simple linear problem. As we will see in the next video is that in many situations the problem is not linear, but we'll use this linear problem to approximate using integration. So stay tuned for that coming up in just a second.


Right, let's see how we go with this one. Hopefully this will be good. Anyone want the rat? No, thank you pick quickly. Yeah Please pick pick pick We're about to go Exactly, what are we? Yeah, we've only got three people who've picked four people now. Hurry up five people. Come on boys Or was that the red team that was not that is our team Can we go please? Can we go?  This is the only way I know to go. So this is the way we're going This is the way we're going. Also, we just steamroll everybody Let's get the chest Nice, what do we get? We got Beast Moonblade not too bad Not too bad. I went the wrong way whoopsie dape see hopefully someone's getting it. Yeah, someone's getting that that'll be fine That'll be fine. We're gonna get over here Um, not over that way. We're gonna go up this way. I don't actually know where I'm going as normal as Normal to be to it some okay, someone's contested We'll go over here then go over here Diego said the greatest spectacle in the Wizard City innocent for Gosh I'm heading to start don't worry How I was going is just slightly odd. Oh wait. We need to go up this way Right, yeah this way this way for stuff Have you seen Someone hasn't seen armadillo runs with Brent's pet exactly. That's the best ever Most important thing ever. Um, right. Here we go. This should be fine. I haven't got any pips, but that's okay I haven't got any pips, but we should be fine should be fine, but that's an imperia. So it probably Would be the catacombs fights. Yeah, maybe Who knows who knows?  She's lovely Do I want to do this not really I'm gonna do this instead. Okay Okay, we have a whole squad here. We got a minion, which is nice Which is lovely Lovely little minion boy Do do do during is everybody in fight. Thank you. Everybody's in fight Set Nicole who's AFK? I'm a report Nicole That's AFK why would you be AFK so rude So rude So rude Falseporn actually drops items now. I mean he dropped items before it's just you know people didn't Didn't get them as much We're gonna remove this for now I am going to Yeah, I don't know. I'll go for elf. I guess I Guess I Mean ret is alpha's dead this time So, yeah, I was did that basically now which is good and he is gonna be dead soon as well, which is dope But it's now every fight for everyone in the drill. Wow, that's handy Imagine getting something from a boss who would have thought who would have thought that would happen, you know, that'd be crazy Crazy stuff for Right, let me do this is only 75. I need a hundred. What is this 250 on him? So I'll do this Colin see Jim fled it's fine. It's fine.  He's gonna go flip some stuff Hopefully which would be great Okay, they're not hitting me which is kind of a surprise. I'm not gonna complain about that Bye, buddy. You're gonna be down down soon Dylan with the 25. Thank you so much. I appreciate it Brings your total now to over 2,000. I mean it was already over 2,000, but it's way over 2,000 now Congratulations. Thank you for your bits. I appreciate it. I appreciate it He should be gone just handy dandy What is this okay, it's just a natural attack that's fine. I'm surprised he's not hitting me I'm really surprised because myth boosts on me.   Okay, interesting 25 Doki Blue team tech Sun nice. That's good. Oopsie. Oopsie. It's all up to me now, isn't it? Oh, no. Oh, no me and the minion boy This is gonna be interesting spirals open Very loud very very loud. Holy moly Right, do I save for this? Which is like one round or do I do this? 150 I mean we could get him out which I think I'm gonna do I'm gonna get him out I'm just gonna try and get him out. It's probably the best idea.  I could have probably gone for the myth first Which probably would have been a better idea, but we get one person out so I Mean yeah Yeah, my boy needs to go bye bye. How many pips was that like one cheese jeez Right, we are going to discard this and this and we're gonna pass Real quick because I have nothing to do apparently Absolutely nothing my cards are not with me today Okay, minion.  No way. We're first. That's right He did he did gg boys. We did it. We did it. We did it. Yes Look at me go. I can't die to this. That's fine and as many doesn't count as a person Nice work. We did it. Let's get the pip wasps. Thank you. Thank you for letting me yank them I appreciate that actually where's the health boy? Where is the health boy? Probably somewhere over here. I would say Somewhere I'm not a hundred percent sure but somewhere Somewhere is health that I need desperately Desperately needs health is me. I think it'll be where that red dot is probably. Yeah, there it is There it is. We went to get this one very for You know how to get there now we go up here. I mean the rest of you aren't in battle, but that's fine That is fine. There's like two people active and it's like a one. How many do they have? They've got what to I mean it would be a 2v2 Would be a 2v2 So what do you want me to do go and flip things that we can do already? Seems odd, but sure thing. I'll go over here and flip this one then I guess I guess that's what they want me to do If you're afk during basement basement, you automatically flag them will be unable to play in future matches. Yeah That's good that they're making that change very handy I don't want to go to spiral, but there's only one person there Like I really think we can do it. I really think we can do this like it's only one person And if it's 2v1, it's perfectly fine We'll keep them occupied here, and we'll just stall out So they don't flip anything And hopefully Everything will be okay Welcome to I'm just gonna sit here for a bit See if you have anything that you want to say I will read it now. I will read it now Yeah, I kind of want to get some chests, so I might run around and find some chests since they're not going to be doing anything For a bit, so that's fine. We'll just run around trying to find some chests and stuff. I guess I Guess that's what we will do Since we have some time Here's a chest speaking of chests. Here is one. We found one. Congrats. We're good Beast moon blessing plus eight battle coins not too bad Welcome to stalling with Brent exactly a brand-new show Hope you enjoyed this Read this place. Okay. I did that. Don't worry. I did it. I Did it. I did it. Are you proud of me Rose? Are you proud of me? Are you proud of me? Beast moon at blessings Where's our other man's? Don't know where our other man's is. Oh look we have our person who's finally Here unless they just did get kicked. I don't think they did. I think they're just finally here Right, I'm gonna go up here. Beast moon blessing again. Nice Okay, they're still both here which is interesting. I mean we've got more points. I'm not too worried about that Um Colin's gone fire. Okay Okay, Colin is fire now Dinner time now back hopefully in the next hour.  There's one up there Just to I will hear you again. Okay. I don't know what's happening. We're just gonna chill here.  You can't pull me if I'm in the corner. Okay? It's good. See found it. He hasn't found another pip yet I'm sure I'm sure he can find one. I believe in him Do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do Hopefully I Mean this is kind of boring because they don't want us to go to the first spiral which is kind of sad and They're not flipping anything to give us more points, which is even more sad So really all I can do blue team takes Sun nice. Oh Now they don't want to fight. Okay, that's fine.  They won't dare. We did it Guys they are getting Sun Mm-hmm, I'll stay here Yeah Good job boys. Good job. I mean we're still winning so it's not too big of a deal How long does the Beast Moon run for it runs for about a week generally this one started today I believe so I'm about a week six days. I think it is until it's gone again for the month But yeah, this is the last one until they add the updates for that are in test drum currently They're actually flipping quite a bit Oh, they've got a full team. This is bad. This is bad. I Kind of just want to fight like why won't they let us fight? I Never played it before should I wait for the update before playing? No, you can play it now. It's perfectly balanced as it is So it's not too big of a deal It's just basically the the whole thing in the new update is just adding new maps to it So you can play it now if you want to Come on fight us. Why won't they fight us? They're so scared like they should just want to fight us Sounds good Yeah, I mean, I think it's really really fun and I would highly recommend you playing it I mean if they don't fight us, they're gonna lose either way like they should have fought us right at the start Yeah, go and capture Kevin Kevin go and capture will be good. We'll be good. I Mean we do have one person capturing so I'm not too worried about that actually so I mean We've got the whole thing. They're gonna start losing points now because we've got domination Um Yes, come Here we go boys.  They didn't even make it all in sad. Yeah Hit life. Okay. No life was it Key don't worry. It's fine. It'll be fine. This will do a bit. I also boost so it's fine two to five. Yes Thank you so much Missed up. Sorry. It's okay. It okay. I forgive you. I forgive you. I forgive you Yeah Welcome to actually entertaining content now because they decided to fight us or I'd finally pulled them in I Finally got them to come into fight to accept their fate Um She's he's going for that. I'm going to do this on him Real fast Yeah, bam. Okay, son is being attacked as well. Luckily. That's a 2v1 so we should be fine there as well I mean, we just need to win one and we'll be fine. That's literally all we need to do Literally all we need to do he's dead. Unfortunately life boy is out We also need to focus on the balance as well because I believe the balance has a few heels I'm not a hundred percent sure but life boy is out, which is great Okay, Amanda. It's just a dot. That's fine Hopefully life boy can heal himself. Oh, he's telling me interesting option there Do I? Do I are yes. Thank you. You are dying though Our life boy is nearly out as well, which is not not exciting not excited I could do this. I guess we'll do this. Yes That's on sword Um, of course. Oh, he fled. Why would he do that? That was stupid?  Um, hi magic man. Welcome How's it going? How's it going? Oh, this is a aoe isn't it? Yep. This is aoe boy. I think Yeah, this is a big big boy hit here. I like guys dead. Unfortunately, that's fine. No That's fine. I believe we can do this. I mean the last guy needs to just hit honestly He hasn't hit anything this right this time. So the healer is too late. Okay, that's good That's good Right myth is down, which is nice to to go Fire boy and balance boy. Hopefully we can do this I'm apparently taking most of the heat here, which is not ideal, but hey, that's how it goes What is this man's? Oh, just the same spell again Same spell again, right balance is actually quite tanky quite a tank quite a tank or two Anyway Kind of want to do this but I also want to wait one round to get a heal Um What I'm so confused on what he's saying very what by Shariah. Thank you for stopping by catch you later Catch you later. Um, right. Let's go for this Just to get some damage on it's better to just to get damage I know it was a waste of pips and I may not die, but I don't want to take the risk I really don't want to take the risk at this point. We need to just get that damage ASAP He's doing one blade What is this? I don't even know what this is. Oh, he's hitting himself to give him pips or something three pips Okay, interesting interesting there Interesting very very interesting Right, okay Okay, um, I think the wolf has AOE in hand. Yeah, I have this Um Nicole if you can hit that'd be fantastic. I Don't know what Nicole did, but hopefully Hopefully it was a hit of some big formation ish. I guess Because I think at this point I just need a bit of it supporting Mainly because my hits a big pips at the moment and I'm about to die So yeah, oh, thank goodness. It was a shark. Good job Okay, 400 that was really nice nice work nice nice nice nice Hopefully Next round is good. We have this we've won gg boys. We did it. We did it. We did it We did it and girls Gg we did it 109. Hi magic man. Welcome. How are you? Um Do do do do nice Easy clap boys. Nice work when we would have killed him anyway. So that's fun. That's fun gg look at that fan tabulous Eldritch thread Elemental fire thread and the Nari. That's what Easy clap good work


Whether you are taken backer CPA review course, Roger, Glyme, Sargent or Wiley, these courses are all acceptable courses for you to pass the exam. But there are two reasons why these courses may not be as efficient for you. The reasons are there might be going a little bit too fast. That's one reason. The second reason is they may not be covering the material in depth. And what happened is this, some of the material they're covering you either did not take it in college or if you took it in college, you forgot it or you took it a long time ago. So how do my CPA supplemental course help you pass the exam? My material goes much slower than a traditional CPA course and it goes more in depth than a CPA course. You would still need your CPA course because the CPA course will provide you with a practice, simulations. I do have practice as well. I do have exercises, but you will need your CPA course. So to show you how it works exactly, I created five FAR CPA courses each for one of the major CPA prep provider. So let me show you either course you are taken, I'll be able to help you pass the exam. First you go to farhatlectures.com, then you would click, since I'm showing you FAR, click on the supplemental course CPA exam FAR. And once you do so, you're gonna come to my course catalog under CPA exam FAR and I do have five different courses for FAR. One for Wiley, Glyme, Sergeant, Becker, and Roger. So for the purpose of illustration, I'm gonna click on Becker, you click on Becker. And first you have the summary of the course. So this course is best for people who are taken Becker. It tells you what I have, hundreds of hours of lectures, 600 multiple choice questions, PowerPoint slide note, 100 plus exercises, which are quasi CPA simulations. You could also have access to 500 CPA questions and 50 plus solved AI CPA questions. Now you click on preview to see what the course looks like. So this is what's inside the course. First I have two sessions that Becker don't have them, which is F0 module one, F0 module two, F0 module, I always have those module at the beginning for whatever course you are taking. Those are basic accounting concepts in case you need them.  Then I have F0 module two, which is the time value of money. I believe that's important, that you learn this before you dive deep into bonds, leases, deferred taxes, so on and so forth, as well as notes payable. Then I have my course organized just like Becker, F1 module one, the conceptual framework and financial accounting. So basically what it does, it's structured the same way as Becker. So first, if Becker is going too fast or not in depth, you can come here, cover the material slowly, more in depth, then go to Becker and Becker will make much more sense. Then I have F1 module two, then I have additional questions solved by me about F1 module one. Then if you want to go F1 module two, you go to F1 module two, same thing, I have the same material covered similar to Becker, but a little bit more in depth. So this is Becker, but this concept apply to all the other courses other than Becker. I'm just showing you Becker for illustration, but if you're taken Wiley, Gleim, Sargent or Roger, the same concept apply. I have the same structure and you'll be able to learn the material slowly, much more in depth, then go to your CPA prep course and take advantage of the teaching style. So first you learn it, then you go and you review it. You don't review it if you never learned it. And if the CPA prep course is not covering something in depth, I do cover everything much more in depth and on a slower pace. So I believe that's the key for you to pass the exam. I hope this helps. If you have any questions, you could always email me. Good luck, study hard.


We're joined here now by Jamie Bernstein of Women Thinking, Inc. all the way out from Chicago. Jamie, how are you? Hi, good, thanks. Now, tell me a little bit about the vaccine clinic that you put on this year here at TAM. Well, it's not me. It's all of Women Thinking, Inc. It wasn't just a solo effort? You by yourself? No, I wish. But basically, we had 250 free vaccines, Tdaps, that we were giving out to anybody at TAM who wants them. A lot of people, a lot of adults just don't know that they need their booster shots. Also, a lot of insurance companies do not cover it, do not cover booster shots for adults. So, we come here and try to, instead of you having to go to a clinic, we try to bring it to you and make it a little more convenient and maybe more people will get vaccinated. And this is the second year you've done this, right? Yes, this is the second year. Bernstein, have any adults walked out of here autistic after getting one of these booster shots? Not one, not one reported, but you know. All right, so tell me a little bit about Women Thinking, Inc. What is it that you guys do? So, we really have kind of two things that we do. The first one is just general science and women in science and that kind of thing. So, we put on a lot of events. Most of them are in Chicago or the Midwest. So, we do a big camping trip up in Wisconsin every year. It's a star party camping trip. This year, we brought in Nicole Gugliucci, the noisy astronomer. We came, we went up to Wisconsin. It was a whole weekend. We went camping and we looked at stars and we visited an observatory. So, we do stuff like that, just kind of fun things. We also did a trip to Fermilab to see the Tebatron before it was shut down. So, science stuff like that. And then kind of the other side of the other thing that we do is we do vaccine outreach, just pro-vaccine stuff. Some of the stuff, part of that is coming to like skeptic events like this and running vaccine clinics. The other part of that is talking to parents or creating material for parents, non-skeptic parents, parents that maybe aren't sure about vaccines. So, we create material. We try to talk to them and try to convince them to get vaccinated and get their children vaccinated. And if they get vaccinated, they can actually get a hug because check out the shirt and the sign here. Hug me, I'm vaccinated, vaccine clinic here. So, where did that come about? How long have you been doing that? The logo or the hug me and vaccine thing came up before I was real involved, but I'm actually pretty sure that we came up with that first. And then we're like, we love this, we have to do something. Like maybe we should start talking to people about vaccines and it kind of grew from there. But yeah, we will trade a hug for a vaccine and everybody loves hugs. It's not a bad deal, folks. Let me tell you. Now, what is it that you like most about TAM, aside from the vaccine clinic? I just seeing all my friends. It's great to come, this is my fourth year. And it's great to come back and see people. There are people that I only see at TAM that I basically never see or even not even like every other year at TAM, maybe they go. But I feel like we're like, I see them again and it's like we haven't even been gone. Great. Well, enjoy the rest of TAM. Congratulations on your success with the clinic. And good luck in the future with the Women Thinking Inc. Thank you.


But he was killed essentially by, I think, somebody like Blackwater, right? I wouldn't say that. I'm continuing my research in that area. But I think that even the evidence that's in Family of Secrets, and there are four chapters just on the Kennedy assassination, that people would say, well, that's a book about the Bush family and their influence and where they came from and what was really going on. Actually, what it is, is a series of endless revelations from my research, one of which is in relation to my discovery that George H. W. Bush claimed he couldn't remember where he was when Kennedy was shot in November 1963. And I became so interested in that and I thought, well, let me just find out where he was. And that led me into years of research on both him and the Kennedy assassination. And so these chapters are all really, they're a microcosm of the Kennedy assassination related to the Bush family circle. And when you see that and you learn that George H. W. Bush was in CIA not just in 1976 as the outsider who was appointed director purportedly, but that he was actually an insider, that he'd been in CIA all those years, that he was in CIA in 1963 in Texas when he couldn't remember where he was. And so then you begin to see that, no, that's not Blackwater, that's Yale, that's banks, that's giant general dynamics that have contracts at stake and they're huge investigations of graft and fraud. And people are going to go to jail unless prosecutions are stopped. Wasn't he living in Texas at the time? He was a Texan, that's right. Midland, I mean, so... Well, he was living in Houston, but he was a candidate for the U.S. Senate and was on the road in Dallas and other places at the time, campaigning against Kennedy. So, of course, that's a tantalizing thing about where was he and why did he claim he didn't remember. And the answer takes us down this rabbit's hole. What I want to emphasize, I think this is important, is that I am not a person who carries very strong theories and certainties about why particular things happen and who did it or something like that. I'm not that kind of person. I'm very much of a serious investigative reporter where I go into every story fresh again with the idea. So, for example, I won't buy it that because I heard that George Bush is dumb, that he's actually necessarily dumb, I want to see the evidence. Now, Richard Nixon was in Dallas the day before. Yeah, he was there that day, actually, and he lied about it. He actually lied about it to the FBI. He said he had left several days before, but he didn't. He left several hours before. Could an argument be made that there's the Academy Awards? You suddenly find, oh, my God, Steven Spielberg and Jeffrey Katzenberger in the same room. Is there a conspiracy? Why were they all, well, it was the Academy Awards. How big an event was John Kennedy coming to Dallas? I would think Kennedy coming to Dallas was a big thing and that a lot of people showed up for it because it was kind of like a convention of opportunists. No, it actually was not a big thing. It was only a big thing in the sense that certain people who I believe were setting up the scenario, this is again a classic intel thing that people like Howard Hunt and David Attlee Phillips, they had done the same thing. Who's David Attlee Phillips? These are top CIA operatives. They had done the same things in Guatemala and in Iran and later in Chile and so on. This is what they do. They go and they lay the groundwork. And so the whole idea is that Psyops, it's all what the public thinks. Psyops plays an enormous role in everything. It's psychological operations. It's directly related to advertising and public relations, which are how do you manipulate people to perceive things in a way that is favorable to you. And that's what politics is. That's what entertainment is. That's what almost everything is. You're channeling people toward a desired result. And so in Dallas there were a number of factions and things going on, but there were desired results. One of them was that the people should conclude that Kennedy was actually in a place where there were lots of people who hated him, that it was a dangerous milieu just in general. This is part of this thing of presidents. In the history of the United States, many presidents have been shot or attempted, there have been attempted shootings, dozens and dozens of them, as recently as a man shooting into the Obama White House. Several shootings at Gerald Ford, et cetera, et cetera. People don't know how many of these there are. And we are told that all of them, all of them, 100% were by crazy people. Now, given the fact that the United States itself sponsors non-crazy people doing the exact same thing to remove or kill leaders elsewhere, how logical is that? Statistically, it's a total impossibility. It doesn't make any sense. And so as a serious thinking person, you have to be open to the idea that somebody is deliberately misleading you into thinking that 100% of these things are nuts or loners.   But the people who actually were behind the ad were people who thought, well, let's blame it on the Jews. And this is all Psyops. Well, he didn't get shot in the temple. That's an old joke I think about Lincoln getting shot in the temple. Anyway, this is going for a joke. Yeah, well, why not?


McMillan Audio presents The Checklist Manifesto, How To Get Things Right, by Atul Gawande. Read for you by John Bedford Lloyd. Introduction I was chatting with a medical school friend of mine who is now a general surgeon in San Francisco. We were trading war stories, as surgeons are apt to do. One of Johns was about a guy who came in on Halloween night with a stab wound. He had been at a costume party. He got into an altercation, and now here he was. He was stable, breathing normally, not in pain, just drunk and babbling to the trauma team.  He was of moderate size, about two hundred pounds, most of the excess around his middle. That was where they found the stab wound, a neat two-inch red slit in his belly, pouting open like a fishmouth. A thin, mustard-yellow strip of omental fat tongued out of it.  They'd need to take him to the operating room, check to make sure the bowel wasn't injured, and sew up the little gap. No big deal, John said. If it were a bad injury, they'd need to crash into the operating room, stretch her flying, nurses racing to get the surgical equipment set up, the anesthesiologists skipping their detailed review of the medical records. But this was not a bad injury. They had time, they determined. He lay waiting on his stretcher in the Stucco-Wald trauma bay while the OR was readied. Then a nurse noticed he'd stopped babbling. His heart rate had skyrocketed.  He didn't respond when she shook him. She called for help and the members of the trauma team swarmed back into the room. His blood pressure was barely detectable. They stuck a tube down his airway and pushed air into his lungs, poured fluid and emergency release blood into him. Still they couldn't get his pressure up. So now they were crashing into the operating room, stretcher flying, nurses racing to get the surgical equipment set up, the anesthesiologists skipping their review of the records, a resident splashing a whole bottle of betadine antiseptic onto his belly, John grabbing a fat number 10 blade and slicing down through the skin of the man's abdomen in one clean, determined swipe from rib cage to pubis. Quatery. He drew the electrified metal tip of the quatery pen along the fat underneath the skin, parting it in a line from top to bottom, then through the fibrous white sheath of fascia between the abdominal muscles. He pierced his way into the abdominal cavity itself and suddenly an ocean of blood burst out of the patient. Crap. The blood was everywhere. The assailant's knife had gone more than a foot through the man's skin, through the fat, through the muscle, past the intestine, along the left of his spinal column and right into the aorta, the main artery from the heart. Which was crazy, John said. Another surgeon joined to help and got a fist down on the aorta above the puncture point. That stopped the worst of the bleeding and they began to get control of the situation. John's colleague said he hadn't seen an injury like it since Vietnam. The description was pretty close, it turned out. The other guy at the costume party, John later learned, was dressed as a soldier with a bayonet. The patient was touch and go for a couple days, but he pulled through. John still shakes his head roofily when he talks about the case. There are a thousand things that can go wrong when you've got a patient with a stab wound, but everyone involved got almost every step right. The head to toe examination, the careful tracking of the patient's blood pressure and pulse and rate of breathing, the monitoring of his consciousness, the fluids run in by IV, the call to the blood bank to have blood ready, the placement of a urinary catheter to make sure his urine was running clear, everything. Except no one remembered to ask the patient or the emergency medical technicians what the weapon was. Your mind doesn't think of a bayonet in San Francisco, John could only say. He told me about another patient who was undergoing an operation to remove a cancer of his stomach when his heart suddenly stopped. Identifying details were changed at John's request. John remembered looking up at the cardiac monitor and saying to the... Sample complete. Ready to continue?


On January 8, 2020, around 250 million Indian workers are all set to go on a national strike. This is probably the largest ever strike in the country's history and maybe even in any country across the world. Workers are mobilizing against the far-right Narendra Modi government and its policies at the economic and at the social level. Ever since coming to power in 2014 and especially since returning to power in 2019, the Modi government has launched an all-out war against the working class. The government is carrying forward a policy of mass privatization, underfunding of the public sector and dilution of labour laws. Through this, it aims to weaken the organized working class, which is the major barrier to the supremacy of the right wing in India. To resist this, 10 national trade unions and a number of other independent workers' associations have jointly given the call for a country-wide strike action. The call was given at a national mass convention of workers held on Parliament Street in New Delhi on September 30. The strike will see the convergence of various worker struggles that have been going on for the past decade. Nearly 175 farmers and agricultural workers' organizations will also take part in the national strike. They will be protesting against the increasing debt and the refusal of the government to ensure remuneration to prices for the produce. This has led to large-scale economic distress and even suicides among the farmers. So who are the organizers of this strike? The central trade unions are the CTOs, namely the INTUC, the AITUC, HMS, CITU, AIUTUC, TUCC, SEWA, AICCTU, LPF and UTUC are the main organizers. Along with them, about 60 organizations of students and elected office bearers of several universities have extended their solidarity with regard to raised fee structures and opposition to the commercialization of education. What are the key demands of these trade unions? According to data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, the unemployment rate in the Indian economy was almost 10% at the end of September 2019, a record 45-year high. Unemployment among youth between the ages of 20 and 29 is increased by 73% over the last two years, reaching 28%. As many as 30 to 35% of those who do have jobs are categorized as under-employed, which means their work does not match their qualifications. As many as 4.7 million people have lost their jobs. The workers are demanding an immediate solution to the crisis of unemployment, which threatens the very future of the country. Another key demand is resolving the economic crisis. The government has been assuming that its neoliberal policies will automatically hike up the growth rate. However, the opposite has happened, with the GDP hitting a 6-year low of 5% in the April-June quarter in 2019. There has been a sharp decline in the purchasing power of common people because of rising unemployment, stagnant wages and the increasing cost of necessities. These include electricity, public transport and medicines. Due to this, the demand for basic commodities has sunk in the domestic market, leaving 25% of the productive capacity of the industrial sector unutilized. Amid all this, corporate net profits grew by 22.3% during 2018-19. Social inequality has risen to such an extent that the richest 1% cornered 73% of the total wealth produced in the Indian economy last year, leaving a mere 2% to be shared among the poorest half of the country's population, which is about 6-70 million people. The working class of the country is bearing the brunt of this economic crisis and is demanding an answer. Another key issue is the revoking of regressive labour reforms. Amid all this economic crisis and unemployment, the assault on labour continues. The main aspect of this attack is the replacement of 44 central labour laws with 4 labour codes. The Modi government has introduced a series of changes in existing labour laws, which have taken away even the limited protection offered in terms of job security, wages and various benefits. In fact, the new labour codes entail a regime of more working hours, more workload and more dependents and on-owners for retaining jobs and less rights to organize or legally challenge exploitative practices. The new laws which are in the process of being notified will ease penalties and management for violation of laws. It will make it more difficult for workers to nail down such violations and hollow the labour inspection system that was supposed to implement these laws. This will definitely pave the way for more unbridled exploitation. At the same time, there is also a huge hike in prices. Cereals, pulses, cooking oils and the big 3 vegetables that is potatoes, onions and tomatoes are staples throughout India. The prices of most of these items are soaring. Wheat prices are up by 56% and flour by 26%. Potato prices have shot up by 67% and onion prices have increased 5 times. Displied clueless and desperate measures by the government like importing some onions, nothing is changing. Data shows that in November 2019, food inflation was 8.66% compared with the general inflation of 5.54%. Along with record levels of unemployment and stagnating wages, this back-breaking price rise is destroying the lives of working families. Another key demand of the workers is an end to disinvestment and stopping foreign direct investment in public sector units. The public sector in India, that is companies and concerns that are owned by the central and state governments, are the repository of huge national wealth. This includes land and minerals and vital infrastructure. The BJP-led government, however, has decided to allow 100% foreign direct investment in such strategic sectors of the Indian economy, like defence, railways, telecom, civil aviation, satellites, petroleum, mining and coal. This will not only destroy the existing public sector companies which provide jobs to millions, but will also compromise national interest and leave the country at the mercy of private players. In addition to this, the central trade unions are also demanding the withdrawal of the Land Acquisition Amendment Bill or Ordinance, which helps big corporates take over large tracts of land while the owners suffer. There are a number of other demands put forward by the unions as well. Some of these are. In addition to all of this, the central trade unions have also taken a strong stand against the discriminatory and divisive Citizenship Amendment Act and the associated National Population Register and National Register of Citizens. These steps will end up making Muslims second class citizens inside the country and will lead to huge religious and ethnic violence. India's working class has been a pillar of resistance against Narendra Modi-led government. The strike of January 8th will once again see the workers of the country present an alternative vision for India and renew their struggle to achieve this vision.